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[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目17(a)", "宏观经济政策问题", "国际贸易与发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "从多哈回合贸易谈判结束的前景看，多边贸易体制面临很大的不确定性。同时，国际贸易的结构和方向发生了一系列变化。中间产品贸易的增长，与国际生产的蔓延相关，已在近几年加快，经常包括强有力的的区域组成部分。随着区域贸易协定的扩散，推动区域主义的努力将在今后几年的贸易政策议程上成为一个主要焦点。有利的经济现实，也有助于扩展南南贸易，同时还加强南南合作。把握得当，这也可以为普惠性和可持续发展作出贡献。不过，多边贸易体制需要重新注入活力，而多哈回合谈判结束时，也需要纳入较强的发展层面。早先关于最不发达国家的一套办法可成为向这个方向迈进的第一步。然而，如果想使贸易促进更具包容性的发展道路，就需要在国际贸易体系各不同层次和组成部分——多边，区域，双边和单边——的全部范围内促成更大的一致性。预定于2012年4月在多哈举行的联合国贸易和发展会议第十三届会议将调动国际努力，向以发展为中心的全球化迈进，这有助于促进普惠性和可持续的增长和发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/142号决议编写的，大会在该决议中请秘书长与联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书处合作，向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于多边贸易体制事态发展的报告。", "二. 国际贸易和发展趋势", "A. 近期的发展", "2. 继2009年急剧萎缩之后，以数量计算，世界商品出口在2010年录得其有史以来最大规模的扩增，即剧增14%(按价值计算则为22%)。在发展中国家，出口和进口的扩张速度(分别为16.7%和18.9%)要比发达国家(12.6%和10.2%)更快，这就表示，不仅发展中国家在大力推进出口，而且由于许多地区的强劲复苏，导致蓬勃的进口需求。亚洲的情况尤其如此，在亚洲，贸易是通过国际生产网络进行的。2010年，世界服务出口总额增加8%，但其价值仍然低于危机前的2008年水平。", "3. 贸易情况的优劣取决于它所凭借的经济发展。2009年，世界经济增长萎缩2.0%，紧接着，在2010年增长3.9%，估计今年的增长速度将放缓至3.3%。2010年，发展中国家继续成为全球经济复苏的引擎，它们合计的国内生产总值增长率高达7.5%。商品价格高企和激烈波动，金融市场脆弱及主权债务危机的发生，加上大规模失业，继续影响经济复苏。鉴于这些持久的威胁存在，随着今年产出增长减速，出口增长速度预计将减缓，突出显示，在一个相互依存的世界上，贸易体系持续的脆弱性。", "4. 2010年商品价格上涨，推动商品出口的名义价值升高，但对粮食安全和宏观经济稳定构成了挑战。所有食品合计的价格指数突破了2011年初的历史高峰。随着一些石油出口国局势动荡，石油价格也在飙升，对许多国家的增长前景增加了额外压力。价格波动如此激烈，很大程度上反映了具有破坏性的的供应冲击(如气候状况)，但有人认为，在已金融化的商品市场上进行的投机活动，放大了对价格的影响(见A/66/207)。虽然价格升高，对净出口国有利，但因为许多发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家，是粮食和能源的净进口国，价格升高很可能对减少贫穷产生不利的影响;单单在亚洲，近期的价格上涨可能会将超过6 000万人推进贫穷深渊。[2]", "B. 不断变化的国际贸易景观", "5. 过去十年间，贸易增长速度持续高于国内总产值(2009年除外)，导致出口占国内总产值的比例不断上升。平均数字从29.5%上升到2008年36.0%。过去二十年当中，发展中国家在世界商品出口中所占的份额已从24%增至42%，并在世界产出中，从17%增加到32%，显示收入将来可能会趋于接近(见图一)。因此，外部市场的重要性和出口对产出增长的的贡献大幅升高。虽然出口总额迅速增长，这种增长并没有导致在国内的增值幅度提高。出现这种情况的部分原因是：生产分割化加剧意味着出口需要大量进口中间投入。", "6. 在亚洲国家，和其他一些新兴经济体(例如，金砖四国，即：巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度和中国)的强劲增长，创造了新的贸易机会，特别是同其他发展中国家。发展中国家在世界进口中所占的份额从2000年的22%上升到2009年的39%，占世界进口增长的47%。亚洲出口产品的进口含量高，有利于其他发展中国家融入全球供应链。南南出口目前占发展中国家出口总额的53%，而2000年为43%。南南服务贸易估计占全球贸易的10%。", "图一 发展中国家和金砖四国在世界产出和出口中所占的份额，按地区分列，2000至2010年", "(百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "7. 2000至2010年期间，虽然23个发展中国家出口的年增长率超过10%，接近三分之一(48个国家)的出口萎缩(见图二)。这种情况提醒人们，收入逐渐接近并非全球经济更加开放的必然结果，而且，在国家和国际各级，两极分化仍然是决策者面临的挑战。", "图二 2000-2010年，发展中国家商品出口和产出年均实际增长率的分布情况", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "8. 世界贸易格局不断变动也可以从产品的组成看出来(见图三)。交易蓬勃的机械及运输设备不成比例的快速增长，带动发展中国家出口增加，而商品价格上涨，增加了矿物燃料的份额。轻工业产品所占份额不断下降，部分原因是：随着低工资国家进入市场，价格感受压力，从而竞争加剧。", "9. 各区域产品的组成不同显示区域专业化程度提高，亚洲集中生产制成品，拉丁美洲生产农产品和基于资源的产品，非洲和最不发达国家生产矿物和其他商品。1995至2009年，机械和运输设备在亚洲出口的增长中占40%以上，而矿物燃料则是最不发达国家出口增长60%的原因。虽然近期商品价格上涨已经帮助后一组国家增加出口收入，有人仍然担忧，其经济结构的多元化不足可能会阻碍长期增长前景。", "图三 发展中国家出口产品构成，2010年 (百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "10. 世界贸易的方向和动态不断变动，尤其是沿其南南轴线进行的合作，一直同全球生产链的生产程序分割加剧有着密切的联系(见贸发会议的报告TD/B/57/3和TD/B/C.I/16)。运输和贸易成本不断下降，其中包括关税，扩大业务和基础设施服务等费用，而蓬勃的外国直接投资流向发展中国家(占全球外国直接投资流量的43%)有助于全球生产网络的建立。[3] 中间产品的国际贸易一直蓬蓬勃勃，并从1995年的2万亿美元增加到2008年接近7万亿美元，占非燃料商品贸易的48%。(见图四和方框1)。这种贸易鼓励不同经济体专营不同的加工活动，导致“任务贸易”，即沿着全球生产链增加产品的价值。然而，专门从事劳动密集型活动的国家可能会被锁定于低增值活动，因此，可在国内保留的价值有限，尽管出口量有所增加。例如，为了增加竞争力和盈利能力，依靠创新技术的公司越来越多地采用“封闭式供应链”，也就是利用专门生产最终产品独特部件的供应商，从而获得较高的利润率。因此，对力求有效从全球生产链获益和在增值链楼梯向高端爬升的国家而言，国家的生产能力，人力资本和技术的精密程度关系重大。", "图四 非燃料世界贸易 (十亿美元)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议。", "方框1全球生产链和贸易的计量\n全球生产链越来越兴旺给国际贸易统计带来了测量问题。与国民所得统计不同，贸易统计以产品价值的毛额，而不是增值来计量贸易值。随着在贸易蓬勃的全球生产链中生产增多，国际贸易的价值虚增，因为零件跨越国界好几次，每次都计入。例如，虽然苹果公司是总部设在美利坚合众国的一家公司而iPod在中国(完成最后组装)生产的部分增值很少，大部分利润由苹果公司保留和应计入美国(如零售商)账目，在美国每售出一个价值300美元的iPod，就会使得美国对中国的贸易赤字增加150美元(即工厂成本)。如果按增值部分计量，中国对美国的双边贸易顺差估计将减少40%。^(*)\n^(*) Greg Linden，Kenneth Kraemer和JasonDedrick合著“在全球创新网络中谁获取了价值？：苹果公司iPod案例”，ACM通讯，第52卷，第3号(2009年3月)。", "11. 在发展中国家出口中，农产品所占份额很小(不到10%)低估了它对一些国家以及该部门更广泛发展潜力的重要性。许多发展中国家仍依赖农村经济创造就业机会，收入和出口创汇。农业在发展中国家的就业中平均占52%。而这些国家在世界农产品出口中所占的份额已从2000年的31%，增加到2009年的36%，2009年，主要是由具有竞争力的拉丁美洲出口商驱动。有些国家(如巴西)已能多元化经营，并提升其农业活动，实现更快的增长。一些高附加值产品已表现出强劲的出口活力(如园艺和加工食品)。然而，加强专业化已使许多发展中国家，甚至以农业经济为主的国家，变成主食的净进口国。这使得粮食安全成为一项迫切问题，特别是与出口限制相关的供应难以预测，导致20国集团最近决定，对为人道主义援助购买的粮食，取消其出口限制。", "12. 服务业，特别是基础设施服务，不仅本身十分重要，也可在经济的所有部门，帮助提高工作效率和竞争能力。(见TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8号。服务代表在发展中国家商品和服务出口总额当中，服务业占15%，而在其本国产出中占51%。这些百分比都低于世界平均水平(20%及67%)，显示发展中国家的结构转型水平普遍较低。然而，发展中国家的市场份额都在不断扩大。从2000年到2010年，它们在世界服务出口中所占的份额从23%增加到30%，许多进展都来自亚洲，特别是中国(旅游和商务服务)和印度(计算机和信息服务)。旅游和运输两个主要分部门，2010年分别占服务业出口的1/4和1/5。它们的重要性正落后于现代商业服务，后者表现出强劲的经济规模和外部因素，并吸收了高技能的劳动力(见图五)。尤其是对那些在制造业未具比较优势的国家，服务提供了一个结构转型的现实机会。", "图五 1990-2010年在世界服务贸易中一些选定服务亚类所占的份额 (百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "13. 与贸易和发展相关的移民问题已开始成为一项重大挑战。劳工流动性增高，和服务提供者的迁移，使得工人的汇款流量大增，有助于减少贫穷。2010年，全球移民人数高达2.15亿，即世界人口的3%。2010年，世界汇款流动量高达4 420亿美元，其中三分之二汇往发展中国家，6%汇往最不发达国家(见表1)。汇款是外部供资的重要来源，整体而言，占发展中国家国内总产值的1.5%(2000年占1.2%)和最不发达国家则占5.2%。虽然汇款对长期发展有什么影响仍不很清楚，如果把汇款引导到生产部门，包括金融部门的发展和教育，可以加强所生的影响。[4]", "14. 为了增加汇款流入，需要在所有各级，包括在多哈回合关于贸易总协定模式4的服务谈判中解决影响临时移民需要的措施。政策保持一致性和采用综合办法都是至关重要的。有必要进一步在国内和国际两级——包括原籍国，过境国和目的地国之间——加强和改善合作和协调以及交流经验。", "表1 2010年，汇款占国内总产值的比重，和世界汇款总额 (百分比)", "在国内总产值中的份额\t在世界总额中的份额 \n 发达经济体 0.3 25.9 \n 转型经济体 1.5 6.8 \n 发展中经济体 1.5 67.2 \n 非洲 2.5 9.0 \n 拉丁美洲 1.2 13.5 \n 亚洲 1.5 44.3 \n 最不发达国家 5.2 5.9", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "15. 通过创造就业将贸易活力转化为更大的创造收入机会，这是对包容性增长的一项重大发展挑战(见TD/B/C.I/15)。危机已在世界各地留下数量庞大的失业大军，2010年人数高达2.05亿。有证据表明，长期而言，贸易开放不见得会影响就业的整体水平，自由化可能会导致短期内职业净损失，因为进口竞争部门所造成的职业流失可能会超过出口部门所创造的就业机会。虽然贸易和就业之间的的实证关系尚待进一步研究，这表明，将贸易提高效率的潜力转化成就业增长，并不是水到渠成的自然发展，需要政府作出积极和谨慎的干预。这种贸易就业之间的关系需要在国际贸易体系中认真考虑。", "三. 多边贸易体制的发展", "16. 上文所述的变化是国际贸易体系更广泛变革的一部分。这一转变正在向下列目标推进：分割生产程序，多极化，区域化，一体化，并在不同国家以不同速度进行。这种转型体现在，多哈回合谈判目前陷入僵局，多边主义面临的更多困难，还提出了更多区域倡议，以之补充多边进程并与之竞争(见TD/B/58/3)。", "A. 概览", "17. 多哈回合谈判于2001年启动，原定于2004年年底结束。对农业的持续分歧已推迟全面进展。2011年加紧努力，力图在12月之前完成这一谈判。然而，悬而未决的关键问题无法取得重大进展，导致4月份面对了严重障碍。非农业市场准入谈判的一个主要问题是：如何使部门自由化更加深化。虽然各部门的参与被认为属“自愿性质”，有些发达国家力图确保较大的发展中国家参与三个关键部门，即化学品，工业机械和电子产品，中的两个部门，以便在这些经济体实现更加深入的自由化，包括取消关税，使其幅度比适用一般关税削减公式更为深入。发展中国家发现，这种要求不均衡，因为根据一般的关税削减公式，它们已削减的约束关税按比例计算已比发达国家幅度更大。由于对其劳动力市场的影响，部门自由化是特别敏感的问题。其他部门包括：高层次保健，森林产品，原材料和宝石及珠宝首饰。其他领域也存在争议，包括发展中国家在服务贸易总协定模式3中作出的强有力承诺，结合现有的开放水平(例如，外资股权限制)和发达国家在模式4中作出的承诺和农业特别保障机制。", "18. 分为三种速度的办法-是快速、中等速度和慢速通道，这是世界贸易组织总干事2010年5月提出的建议，作为寻求部分协议，同时保持单一承诺原则，向前推进的方法。涉及最不发达国家的各项问题，包括：免税和免除配额的市场准入、相关的原产地规则，最惠国待遇豁免，以支付可能的优惠服务和棉花，将是2011年12月第八届部长级会议所针对，希望早日解决的问题。“最不发达国家加”的各项问题将在“中间速度轨道”讨论，将包括贸易便利化、农产品出口竞争、特殊和差别待遇的监督机制，渔业补贴以及环境商品和服务，以便取得适用服务整体的平衡和解决主要贸易伙伴(如美国)的关注。关于农业，非农产品市场准入和服务，以及与贸易有关的知识产权协议相关等问题的谈判，建议推迟到2012年。", "19. 在2011年12月有效获得早期成果，对2012年的后续谈判至关重要。有人担心，旷日持久的谈判影响到多边贸易体制的信誉，并使得某些谈判的问题同当今的经济现实不那么相关。作为原始多哈发展议程的一部分，发展中国家需要解决乌拉圭回合谈判悬而未决的问题，而一些发达国家(如欧盟各国)呼吁解决新问题，如投资，竞争政策，政府采购，出口税和气候变化。需要迅速采取行动，解决新的“21世纪问题”，以维护多边贸易体制不断变化的经济现实的相关性。贸易自由化和协议需要作出积极贡献，解决更广泛的发展挑战，包括扶贫，就业，生产能力，持续和包容性增长，粮食和能源安全，公共卫生和获得用水。需要强有力的领导，包括来自新兴国家，以便重振多边贸易体制架构。", "20. 在危机期间，各国重申，需要维持一个以规则为基础、稳健的多边贸易体系，反对贸易保护主义。从2008年10月至2011年4月推出的限制进口措施，估计最多涵盖世界进口的2.7%，仅产生了极其有限的效果，边境措施更仅达0.25%，而救市措施为0.75%。主要由于各国遵守世贸组织的规则和承诺，以及许多发展中国家的强烈的克制，使得过分的保护主义受到约制。世贸组织发挥了催化剂的作用，动员努力解决下列问题：贸易融资短缺(80-90%的贸易利用这种融资)和为促进生产能力、与贸易相关的基础设施、竞争力和调整提供的贸易援助。尽管财政资源有一些增加(2005年至2010年增加60%)，如同七月份第三次贸易援助全球审议指出，主要挑战仍然是确保额外资源，提高效益和发展成果。2011年，世界贸易组织报告说，危机后出现了保护主义加速的迹象，在增长减速和失业率高企的背景下，更加频繁地诉诸提高关税，非自动进口许可和出口限制。[5]", "B. 多哈回合的福利效应", "21. 多哈回合未能圆满结束，可被视为错失了一个机会。贸发会议分析了多哈回合谈判在货物方面取得的成果对贸易和福利可能产生的影响，最近的一次分析认为，全球进一步自由化的成果是有益的，虽然好处不大，估计每年约达700亿美元(见表2)。最近进行的其他研究证实了收益的幅度。基于模型分析的福利效应当然取决于模型的规格，基础数据和模拟情景。早先的研究，如同世界银行2003年进行的研究发现，全球福利收益3 580亿美元，但随后被大幅度下调，这种情况指出，需要谨慎解释根据模型获得的结果。即使这样大的收益也仅占国内总产值的一小部分。这表明，国内配套政策的重要性，这些政策可以提高本国的生产能力和就业机会，扩大贸易自由化的好处。", "表2 多哈成果每年可能对福利和贸易产生的影响", "多哈 多哈附加部门", "福利^(a) 出口^(b) 福利^(a) 出口^(b)", "欧洲联盟 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "美国 -351 1.48 -2 127 2.21", "日本 6 432 1.94 9 643 3.08", "其他发达国家 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86", "凯恩斯集团出口国 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84", "中国 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "印度 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "印度尼西亚 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "巴西 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "墨西哥 -1 322 -0.53 -2 543 -0.95", "东南亚 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "南亚 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "东欧和西亚 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60", "美洲 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "拉丁美洲(巴西除外) 345 0.29 41 0.15", "北非和中东 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41", "南非 178 0.60 35 0.48", "撒南非洲 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "共计 70 457 1.09 77 867 1.73", "资料来源：贸发会议(GTAP数据库)", "^(a) 百万美元。", "^(b) 百分比。", "22. 所获得的福利收益并没有在参与者之间平等分享。欧盟和日本对农业(如糖，肉，大米)提供高度保护；减少对农业的保护就可以提高效率，使消费者，纳税人和外国供应商受益。类似的收益也可来自工业界，例如服装和汽车的关税削减。对于大多数发展中国家的收益估计要小一些。对贸易条件产生的不利影响可能会大幅超过其他收益，导致负面的整体影响。这是墨西哥和美利坚合众国的情况。遭受损失的风险也存在于撒哈拉以南的非洲国家，但作为一个群体，在这个模拟情况下，它们的福利效应是有益的。这种损失可能会造成优惠侵蚀和进口粮食价格上涨。实际上，一些研究发现，确实对它们的福利产生了不良的影响。[6]", "23. 在发达国家以及巴西，中国和印度，对化学品，工业机械和电子产品等部门采取撤消保护措施，可以增进全球福利，收益为770亿美元。这些地区的出口和进口会增加，比基准情景为佳。一些地区(例如，南非和拉丁美洲)估计会比基准情景要差。虽然参与的发展中国家在福利方面获得利益，与基线相比，对有关行业的生产和就业会产生负面影响，对其工业发展和就业目标也具有影响。这些估计强调，诸如2005年在中国香港举行的世界贸易组织第六届部长会议宣言所规定，各部门的参与必须是自愿的，这一点十分重要。", "24. 对发达国家和发展中国家而言，服务贸易自由化也会带来好处。如果贸易壁垒降低10%，就可导致服务出口增加2.7%。[7] 对全球国内总产值的影响估计约为460亿美元。欧盟和美国的出口将增加100亿美元。多边临时工作签证的计划(发展中国家技术工人和非技术工人的配额大约占发达国家劳动力的3%)估计在全球范围产生2 000亿美元。[8] 如果贸易的交易费用降低1%，估计在全球将产生430亿美元的福利收益，其中65%将由非属经济合作与发展组织成员的国家获得。", "C. 多哈回合的挑战", "25. 目前的僵局再度引起人们辩论挫折的原因和多哈回合谈判的未来前途。国际贸易景观的结构变化已严重影响了谈判动态，而全球性危机已转移了决策者的关注和在政治上难以解释为何让步。危机也改变了经济思想，主张制定更强有力的市场法规和赞成国家更积极务实的进行干预。多边贸易体系的系统性问题也影响了谈判的过程。", "26. 非农产品市场准入的部门自由化是造成僵局的直接原因。部门性目标将是：对发达国家和新兴国家贡献有差距的情况，重新加以均衡，并实现关税的协调统一。工业关税谈判吸引了越来越多发达国家的关注，由于农产品价格高企，使得关税和补贴对农业的重要性降低，同时事实证明，服务贸易自由化相当复杂，就获得商业上有意义的结果而言，面前的前景不佳。发达国家更加重视出口商的利益，可被视为试图赢得国内对多哈回合一揽子办法整体的政治支持，以便克服国内与进口竞争的利益集团的“抵抗”。当今，照顾出口商的利益需要深刻的自由化，对在全球供应链内进行贸易密集的现代化生产而言，自由化至关重要。在全球供应链中，即便是一个轻微的关税，就可以不成比例地增加生产成本，因此有人大声疾呼部门自由化。鉴于关税已大幅削减，非关税贸易壁垒越来越重要，还没有得到充分处理。", "27. 发展中国家提出异议，因为这样作违背了自愿参与这些举措的商定原则，而且对发展中国家来说，谈不上充分互惠。发展中国家的“关税水分”，也就是约束和应用税率之间的差异相当大，引起人们注意有效削减应用税率的问题。发展中国家指出，就是它们过去自主的自由化的努力才引起这些水分。1990年至2010年，就发展中国家而言，对最惠国适用的平均关税已从32.5%降至8.2%。这突出表明，关税灵活性作为产业政策工具的重要性。部门自由化也被视为是对发展中国家危机后的发展目标十分敏感的问题。这些目标是：建设本国生产能力和就业机会。在未来几年内，全球经济增长的一半以上将由发展中国家创造，它们的经济份量加重，有利于采取更加决断的立场。", "28. 世贸组织成员数目和多元性增加，使得谈判和讲价还价更加复杂。由23名成员在1947年开创，关税和贸易总协定/世界贸易组织成员已增至154个。需要制定一个单一承诺、基础广泛的谈判议程，才能在许多与会者之间，调和大不相同的利益，作出跨部门的取舍。然而，范围广阔的议程，看来使得谈判人员难以应付，从而减少了对核心问题(例如，内置的议程，源自关于农业和服务业的乌拉圭回合的已确定议程，与发展问题)的重视。在众多参与者之间确保透明度和包容性变得越来越具有挑战性(见方框2)。事实证明，不同的问题之间的权衡取舍十分困难，因为这样做需要一种最低限度的立场趋近。单一承诺的办法，加上协商一致的规则，被看作是纵容例外，给予个别国家寻求特殊待遇的余地。", "方框2贸易争端\n许多困难和新出现的问题越来越多地通过贸易争端，而不是谈判解决。争端的数量预计将增加。欧盟，美国和墨西哥成功地挑战中国对某些矿物(例如，铝土矿，镁)施加的出口限制，理由是：这些措施歧视外国制造商和向国内下游生产商提供不公平的优势。有些争端涉及推广绿色技术的政策。欧盟质疑加拿大安大略省对可再生能源的关税方案，欧盟认为，这样做违背世贸组织禁止当地含量补贴的规则。对于国家是否能够在前途光明的环保商品和服务市场支持本地产业而言，这宗案件将会产生影响。", "29. 鉴于有系统性因素造成僵局，人们公认，世界贸易组织机构改革将是一个长远的目标，内容包括：贸易协定和政策的执行和监测，在更多的合作框架内解决贸易问题和提供贸易援助和支援能力建设。可能的机构改革需要确保，多边贸易体制的规范和文书，在经济现实和发展需要不断变化的情况下，成为至关重要的关键因素。因此，可能有必要调整现有的规则和做法，使其符合较长期的发展目标，诸如加强工业能力，创造就业机会，管理粮食安全，获得基本药物和服务，从而促进千年发展目标的实现。这意味着需要更广泛地确认特殊和差别待遇以及政策空间。", "四. 前进的道路", "30. 关于最不发达国家的一揽子办法，可能还包括对“最不发达国家”的一套办法在2011年12月及早获得有效协议，这被视为2012年后续谈判的关键。对帮助最不发达国家实施在5月举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议所通过的“伊斯坦布尔行动纲领”而言，关于最不发达国家的一套办法也将是重要的。然而，国际社会提供更多辅助性支援，仍然是必要的，因为单单这样的一套办法是不够的，不足以帮助最不发达国家达到目标。从目前情况来看，就早期的一套办法获致协议，机会可能是有限的，因为它难以在各方利益之间取得平衡。", "A. 免关税免配额的市场准入", "31. 2000年以来，在扩大最不发达国家免关税免配额的市场准入方面，已取得了重要进展。香港部长会议决定的目标：覆盖至少97%的税目已在美国之外的所有发达国家中实现，而在美国，目前已覆盖83%的税目。美国需要在普惠制计划(2010年到期)的延期和大幅度改革方面作出努力，扩大产品的覆盖面，才能达成目标。扩大产品覆盖面可能需要平衡非洲和亚洲最不发达国家的利益争夺，因为撒哈拉以南非洲国家(例如，莱索托，马达加斯加)体验到，通过《非洲增长和机会方案》获得的优惠利益，特别是在服装方面，遭到侵蚀，因而受到严重影响。覆盖范围可扩展到目前来被免关税免配额办法排除的农产品(如烟草，肉类)。作为最不发达国家出口的产品，选定那些产品，事关重大，因为最不发达国家的出口高度集中；在高收入国家从最不发达国家进口的产品总值中, 百分之3的税目占95%的份额。重要的是，通过创新的支持措施，在真正意义上解决某些撒哈拉以南非洲国家面临的调整和竞争力的挑战，使生产者得以留在该部门，增加附加值和参与全球供应链。", "32. 最不发达国家得到全面免关税免配额待遇所带来的好处可能达40至80亿美元。如果所有发达国家都向最不发达国家提供这种待遇，最不发达国家的潜在福利收益每年估计达48亿美元，出口增加2.4%。然而，收益在各国之间的分配将很不均匀(见表3)。这是服装，纺织品，并在较小程度上包括烟草驱动的结果。由于服装出口增加，亚洲最不发达国家是主要受益者。来自柬埔寨和孟加拉国的出口总值将分别增加18%和8%，为非熟练劳力创造的就业增长达到10%和3%。如果巴西，中国，印度和南非也向最不发达国家开放市场(其中一些正在这样做，方框3)，最不发达国家的收益将会增加到77亿美元。", "表3 免关税免配额市场准入的福利效应", "福利 出口 就业非技术工人 (百万美元)", "柬埔寨 916 18.0 10.1", "孟加拉国 2 100 8.2 3.2", "埃塞俄比亚 144 1.1 0.5", "老挝人民民主共和国 5 0.2 0.1", "马拉维 161 7.4 4.7", "马达加斯加 7 0.1 0.1", "莫桑比克 106 1.7 1.5", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国 130 1.6 0.7", "塞内加尔 221 2.1 1.9", "乌干达 3 0.1 —", "赞比亚 42 0.6 0.5", "西非其他国家 355 0.5 0.6", "中非 108 0.6 0.3", "中南非洲 -2 — —", "东非其他国家 498 0.9 0.5", "欧盟，美国,其他发达国家和发展中国家 3 897 — —", "资料来源。贸发会议。", "方框3发展中国家免关税免配额举措\n一些发展中国家把免关税免配额待遇扩及最不发达国家。印度-非洲论坛于2008年4月印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上首次宣布，印度的免关税免配额举措对85%税目授予免关税免配额市场准入和对另外9%减少关税，分五年实施自由化，从而使得免关税免配额计划覆盖94%的税目，包括棉花，可可，甘蔗和服装。巴西制定的计划最初将对最不发达国家80%的出口给予优惠待遇，并随后于2014年扩大到100%。中国向撒哈拉以南非洲31个最不发达国家95%税目(例如，可可豆，皮革，铜)提供的优惠幅度平均为10.4%，而最不发达国家90%的进口(如石油)已通过最惠国待遇免税进入中国市场。大韩民国的计划向85%的税目提供免关税免配额市场准入，到2012年将覆盖95%税目，包括铜，烟草原料和胶合板。", "33. 使原产地规则更简单，更透明一直是最不发达国家的主要目标，由于严格的规则约制有效利用优惠待遇。有证据表明，服装产品在欧盟面对比较严格的原产地规则，规定需要从纱线而不是从面料缝制服装，从而减少了优惠待遇的利用率。随着新的欧盟普惠制原产地规则在2011年1月开始实施，在这方面已取得重大进展。新出台的规则专门针对最不发达国家的工业产品，包括服装(又见方框4)，现在更灵活的规则允许“单一转型”(即允许使用第三国面料)。累积的区域范围扩大到四个区域集团，但没有泛非累积的可能性。相比之下，加拿大对最不发达国家的普惠制方案规定，所有普惠制的惠益可以全球累积。最不发达国家呼吁，根据一律的增值标准和有利的区域累积规则，制订通用于不同发达国家的统一原产地规则。", "方框4超越无关税无配额市场准入，以支持伊斯坦布尔行动纲领 \n最不发达国家的一套办法十分重要，如同《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》所述，可协助最不发达国家完成指标，在2020年以前将其在世界出口中所占的份额增加一倍。从2000年至2010年，尽管最不发达国家的出口在世界出口中所占的份额仅为微不足道的1%，但其增长速度超过后者，份额加倍。然而，在下一个十年当中，再次重复这种成就将是一项重大挑战。^(a)假定2011至2020年之间，世界出口每年增加4.7%，将最不发达国家出口份额加倍，其出口将需要每年增加12.2%。这是雄心勃勃的目标，因为，第一，过去十年出口名义价值的增高是由商品价格上涨所驱动(见下文的数字)。第二，最不发达国家运往发达国家的产品当中，几乎有一半(46%)是运往进口增长乏力的国家(6.7%，与此相比，发展中国家占12.0%)。绝大多数最不发达国家无法达到使其出口份额加倍的目标。 1990-2011年，最不发达国家在世界出口中所占的份额和商品价格 \n [] \n 资料来源：贸发会议统计。 \n这意味着，达到行动纲领的目标在很大程度上将取决于未来商品价格的发展以及特定产品在特定市场上的价格表现。举例而言，孟加拉国的出口高度集中于服装，市场也高度集中于欧盟和美利坚合众国。据估计，免关税免配额举措将促成大多数最不发达国家出口一次性增长1%左右，会有帮助，但不大可能足够。这些需要国际社会提供强有力的贸易援助支持，以克服最不发达国家生产能力和基础设施薄弱的弱点。^(b)还应探讨创新的措施。大家都看到，中国同非洲的贸易呈现爆炸性增长。在非洲几个最不发达国家，中国支持建立经济和贸易合作区的主张，这样做可以进一步增加非洲的出口，特别是制造业产品，并使其多样化。^(a)参看《2010年最不发达国家报告：25个最不发达国家迈向新的国际发展结构》(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.10.II.2.5)。 \n^(b)贸发会议，《使贸易更容易输送、繁值和更加包容最不发达国家》。可参阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd20nd1_en.pdf。", "34. 免关税免配额市场准入举措和国际社会继续致力支助最不发达国家，很可能会引起单方面优惠计划的进一步变动。欧盟在其尚待通过的提案中，力图从2014年开始全面修订其普惠制计划，基本上把惠益导向最不发达国家，和其他低收入和较低中等收入国家。所用的办法是：头一次减少受惠国数目，从现有的176国减至大约80个国家。令人关注的是，惠益是否能如同期望，为最不发达国家获得。被剔除的国家基本上都是高收入和中等偏高收入的国家，不一定需要同最不发达国家竞争。限制受益国家也可以把发展中国家作出进一步区分，对世界贸易组织的不歧视和特殊和差别待遇原则会有影响。根据世界贸易组织的判例，“欧洲共同体——对发展中国家给予关税优惠的条件”，[9] 这种区分可能是允许的，如果它是以客观标准为基础，并以非歧视的方式管理。", "B. 棉花", "35. 雄心勃勃、具体和迅速地降低和撤消对棉花的补贴和关税，仍是尚待全面解决的问题。这个部门高度集中，拥有五个最主要的生产国(中国、印度、美国、巴西和巴基斯坦)，占全世界产量的五分之四。2009年，美国是世界最大的棉花出口国，占全世界出口量的三分之一，随后是印度、乌兹别克斯坦和巴西。最大的棉花进口国是中国(23%)，土耳其和孟加拉国。在主要的进口国降低棉花关税将有助于使最不发达国家的出口获益(见图六)。", "图六", "棉花主要进口国的最惠国税率和优惠关税", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议(贸易分析和信息系统)。", "36. 雄心勃勃地减少对国内棉花的支持是问题的核心。2010/11年度，政府向棉花产业提供的支助，总额估计高达13亿美元，比2008/09年度的55亿美元已见减少。2010/11年度，棉花价格高企导致补贴急剧下降，因为许多支助方案未能达到触发点。提供补贴的主要国家有：美国、中国、希腊和土耳其。2005年，美国耗资42亿美元，而据国际棉花咨询委员会称，中国最近已成为最大的棉花补贴国，主要是向种子提供支助。从一段较长的时间看，世界上得到政府直接援助的棉花所占的份额，已从1997至2008年平均55%增加到2008/09年度估计高达84%。如果取消对棉花的补贴可能会使棉花价格上涨10-20%，幅度相当高，特别是如果棉花从当前的高昂价格下跌。", "37. 许多发展中国家，特别是非洲的20个最不发达国家，出口产品高度集中于棉花(最高达到85%)[10] 部分是由于市场环境不利，迫使它们转换到其他产品，“四大棉国”(贝宁、布基纳法索、乍得和马里)的棉花产量下跌50%。此外，由于诸如中国和印度之类国家越来越多加利用生物技术品种，非洲生产国一般无法赶上它们生产力的增长。因此，非洲国家的市场份额已从2002/03年度的8.8%下降到2007/08年度的5.6%。有效削减棉花补贴可以使它们的出口收入增加20%左右。加强生产能力的措施，包括增加价值、基础设施和技术，有助于使它们更快应对较高价格增加供应。", "C. 服务豁免", "38. 豁免授权国家对服务，特别是对最不发达国家给予优惠市场准入，而无须向其他国家提供同样待遇。这样做将帮助最不发达国家利用不断增长的服务贸易。这种优惠的市场准入，特别是模式4，有助于提升最不发达国家的出口。原产地规则应当确保优惠性准入的好处保留给最不发达国家供应商(例如在最不发达国家境内有大规模商业营运者)。豁免也将允许对国内法规的若干程序给予优惠待遇，诸如较低的许可证费用。亟需确保给予最不发达国家的优惠应当是加在最惠国待遇之上的额外惠益。要使豁免真正具有意义，就需要提供有效的优惠市场准入。", "D. 加入世界贸易组织", "39. 最不发达国家一再强调，需要改进世贸组织的加入程序，虽然这并非是多哈工作方案的一部分。目前，在30个处于加入进程的国家当中，有12个是最不发达国家。瓦努阿图预期可在今年加入，佛得角于2008年加入，柬埔寨和尼泊尔则在2004年加入。成员资格没有预先确定的客观标准，而谈判程序的讨价还价结构不对称，导致加入国需要作出深入严峻的承诺。例如：约束关税偏低、参与部门性关税统一、有效和基础广泛的服务业自由化承诺；禁止农产品出口补贴和出口关税，私有化、加入不然可保留选择余地的政府采购协定；和禁止出口业绩和要求外国投资者转让技术。这种做法限制了加入国家政策上的灵活性。", "40. 2002年最不发达国家加入准则的有效实施和运作，有助于改善加入程序。不妨通过制定市场准入和其他承诺的基准，例如根据现有最不发达国家成员对关税和服务作出的平均承诺，澄清预期最不发达国家作出那些承诺。最不发达国家成员现行的平均约束税率是：农业产品，77%；非农业产品，45%。与此相比，柬埔寨和尼泊尔在加入时作出的承诺大致为：农业产品，28-41%，非农业产品，18-24%之谱。关于规则，所有最不发达国家可以自动享受所有特殊和差别待遇条款，辅之以法规和政策方面的行动计划。作出这种澄清是有益的，可以同最不发达国家的一套办法一起达成。", "E. 最不发达国家加包", "41. 有人认为，最不发达国家加包对于在世贸组织成员形形色色的利益分享和负担分担之间获取平衡来说，可能会是必要的。旨在改善海关程序的贸易便利化可以降低贸易成本，给出口商带来类似于降低关税的效果。有些发展中国家对执行费用感到关注，因为某些贸易便利化措施(例如单一窗口)将引起可观的费用，而有效的特殊和差别待遇和能力建设支助一直是关键的谈判问题。有人宣扬环境货物和服务潜在的环境效益，但也有人关注，对各种各样拟议的“环境商品”，其中大多数是与能源利用效率有关的制成品实施更加深入的自由化，会导致类似于部门自由化的深切自由化效果，而其涵盖范围不小，举例来说，占最不发达国家所有进口的20%。", "42. 到2003年取消农产品出口补贴，是已经存在的承诺。1995年至2000年期间，这些补贴普遍存在，全世界合计，每年价值高达62亿美元，其中90%源自欧盟，主要是支助乳制品和肉类(牛肉)。由于此后数额大幅减少，将其取消的效果有限。关于渔业补贴，因为这方面的规律尚未充分开发，有人建议，现有补贴“停留不动”，以便限制其对过度捕捞产生的不利影响。可能建立的规律将禁止有助于过度捕捞的某些补贴(例如对建造新船的补贴)，而反对者认为，对鱼类资源管理不善是造成鱼类枯竭的主要原因。提出的其他问题包括：对解决争端谅解书进行一次审查、区域贸易协定和停留不动规定，包括关于关税的规定，以防止保护主义倾向。", "五. 区域贸易协定", "43. 向区域贸易协定推进的趋势很可能会加速，边境背后的承诺也会深化。对多边贸易体制来说，优惠贸易自由化是一项重大挑战，目前已有大约300个区域贸易协定生效。最近关于区域贸易协定的谈判牵涉到更多规模庞大、活力充沛的市场，尤其是亚洲、资源丰富的国家和发达国家。最近欧盟向“竞争力导向”的区域贸易协定推进，以及美利坚合众国参与一项跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，都是在这方面可以看到的行动。通过诱导更深入的自由化和监管协调，它在世界贸易中的覆盖份额越来越大，可能会进一步影响对多边主义的激励。南南协定现在占所有区域贸易协定的三分之二，发展中国家的努力，是这种协定数量急剧增加的重大因素。", "44. 区域贸易协定所涵盖的贸易价值已增加到世界贸易的51%，尽管实际得到优惠待遇的贸易所占份额低得多(约16%)，因为世界贸易有一半已通过最惠国待遇得以免税。[11] 优惠待遇的利用率可能相当高(例如，涉及欧盟和美国，根据区域贸易协定进行的比例分别高达87%和92%)。根据区域贸易协定进行的贸易自由化对全球福利一般具有积极的作用。参与者往往在福利、出口和经常在就业方面受惠，尽管从关税得到的政府收入可能下降，但不参与者往往因为贸易转移而遭受损失(见表4)。表4所示的模拟表明，一些可能出现的区域贸易协定，其全球受益可能是负数，表明非成员的估计损失超出成员获得的收益。较小的国家将蒙受损失，如果在形成区域贸易协定时，它们被排除在外。", "表4 可能的区域贸易协定的潜在影响", "区域贸易协定参与者 区域贸易协定非参与者", "福利^(a) 出口^(b) 福利^(a) 出口^(b)", "欧洲联盟-日本 9.7 0.36 -9.5 -0.11", "欧盟-东盟 12.8 0.44 -4.9 -0.18", "泛太平洋伙伴 7.4 1.08 -8.8 -0.07", "亚洲太平洋经济合作 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01", "资料来源：贸发会议。", "^(a) 十亿美元。", "^(b) 面分比变动。", "45. 2009年，全球贸易加权平均最惠国关税为4%。税率如此之低，以至于没有给关税优惠留下多少余地，而后者是区域贸易协定传统的理据。最近的区域贸易协定将范围扩及投资、竞争，服务、标准、政府采购和知识产权，以及劳工和环境标准。动机看来日益变成：需要通过确保深入的监管一体化，建立免税和不存在非关税壁垒的贸易环境，以便为区域供应链建立一个平台。实证分析证实，在零部件贸易——生产网络的代理——之间有积极的联系和深入的协议。举例来说，在东南亚国家联盟地区，区域内进行的优惠贸易协定中间产品贸易相当普遍。", "46. 区域化协定数量大增、质量深化表明，多边贸易体系和区域贸易协定之间需要达成一致性。根据世界贸易组织制定的区域贸易协定透明度机制，增加透明度，有助于加强区域贸易协定的可预测性。推展工作需要连贯一致，使得根据多边贸易体制提供的特殊和差别待遇以及政策空间不至被区域贸易协定推翻，因为在谈判区域贸易协定时，议价能力是不对称的。需要确保监管的连贯一致，包括通过多边区域贸易协定某些要素，诸如原产地规则和部门自由化。区域贸易协定也可以促进更广泛的合作。经济、金融、监管和体制合作计划，和汇集资源开发区域基础设施和贸易便利化，都能大幅度提高效益。多哈会合的圆满结束也将有助于达成这种连贯一致性。", "A. 南北区域贸易协定", "47. 对涉及低收入国家和/或依赖有限产品和市场的国家来说，市场准入条件是应当注意的考虑因素。锁定根据单方面优惠安排获得的现有优惠条件，是某些拉丁美洲国家同美国缔结(农产品)区域贸易协定，以及非属最不发达国家的一些非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家同欧盟缔结(例如，根据科托努优惠，关于香蕉和糖的)经济伙伴关系协定的主要动机。举例来说，根据区域贸易协定，某些拉丁美洲国家获得了欧盟降低香蕉关税的待遇，增加的优惠幅度达每吨3至39欧元不等。", "48. 在根据区域贸易协定有效保障市场准入方面，较大的发展中国家面临挑战。区域贸易协定经常对进口敏感的产品保留高关税，这些产品，包括乳制品、糖、谷类和服装，在最惠国待遇的基础上得到高度保护。优惠关税导致全球贸易加权平均关税降低，但幅度只有一个百分点，因为对农产品和劳动密集型制造业产品维持了高关税。举例来说，27%的农产品被排除在外，与之相比，制造业产品仅有1%被排除。这种情况可能会改变，因为最近的南北区域贸易协定规定，到过渡期结束之时，发达国家几乎所有产品，包括对进口敏感的一些产品(例如糖)的关税都应取消。", "49. 发展中国家的一项重大关注是：确保其自由化有适当的内容、节奏和顺序，原因是：鉴于经济不对称，对它们而言，互惠性取消关税的效果更有利。然而，它们承担幅度较小和速度较缓的自由化的能力，受到了世贸组织规则的制约。这项规则要求区域贸易协定将“实质上所有贸易”自由化，这经常被理解为：要求在十年期间将90%的贸易自由化。某些发展中国家要求修订这项规则，纳入特殊和差别待遇的原则，以便使区域贸易协定允许“不完全的”互惠。最近的区域贸易协定已纳入一个自动扩大更深入自由化的机制，将区域贸易协定某一方根据未来区域贸易协定向另一方作出的自由化承诺，例如亚洲、加勒比和太平洋国家同欧盟之间根据经济伙伴关系协定制定的“第三方最惠国待遇”条款扩大适用范围。这种做法对南南区域贸易协定和根据美国区域贸易协定所选定农产品适用的类似规定，可能会产生冷却的效应。", "50. 在南北区域贸易协定中，服务业贸易十分突出。全球区域贸易协定中有三分之一规定了服务承诺。服务业自由化的两个模式是：根据否定列表法进行的“北美自由贸易协定模式”和合并肯定和否定列表法进行的“混合模式”。这些模式的范围一般涵盖跨境服务、(经常与货物投资并存的)商业存在、自然人的移动和针对特定部门(例如金融服务)的监管问题。同服务贸易总协定相比，根据区域贸易协定作出的承诺，数量多得多(见图七)。举例来说，根据欧盟和非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家加勒比论坛之间缔结的经济伙伴协定，其中列出了75%的分部门。某些区域贸易协定纳入了关于服务业条例的规律，可能会限制它们监管的权利，而服务贸易总协定则与之不同，规定了“必要性检验”。对于发展中国家利益攸关的部门和模式，特别是在开放程度有限的模式4，南北区域贸易协定可能有助于提供真正意义上的市场准入。", "图七 服务贸易自由化承诺指数", "[]", "51. 区域贸易协定经常纳入关于知识产权的“与贸易攸关的知识产权协定附加条款”，这些条款影响到从保健到创新的各种各样公共政策。它们扩大了好几类知识产权的覆盖范围，所有者权利和适用期限，并规定了更加严格的强制执行办法，因此根据与贸易攸关的知识产权协定，可以运用的灵活性经常受到限制(例如，进口基本药品的强制性许可)。有些规定拖延了非专利产品进入市场(例如，保护药品的试验数据至少五年)。有些估计数字表明，这种规定可能会使药物价格提高10-40%(例如，在哥斯达黎加)。", "52. 南北区域贸易协定已开始着手政府采购自由化，这个市场占国内总产值的10-15%。发展中国家的供应能力短缺，经常不能得到真正意义上的互惠。相反的是，长期以来，政府采购被它们当作是支助本地供应商和促进技术发展的重要的工业和公共政策工具。国内的优惠政策关于当地含量的规定历来有助于建立某些战略性工业。尽管如此，这种政策一般遭到禁止，(对非属政府采购协定缔约方的大多数发展中国家)只有在世贸组织框架下进行相关的政府采购时才被允许。这种重要的政策灵活性日益受到区域贸易协定的限制。", "B. 南南一体化", "53. 南南一体化与合作日益为充满活力的南南贸易提供一个平台(见方框5)。大多数南南区域贸易协定范围涵盖货物贸易，而许多国家开始着手采取范围更广泛的监管与合作措施。它们准许利用规模效益作为跳板，以便加入全球一体化、促进非传统商品贸易，它也有促进多样化的潜力。[12] 在发展水平类似的国家之间，比较容易采用较宽松的原产地规则和相互承认标准。这样做可促进区域性价值链的发展。", "方框5非洲共同市场的潜在效益 非洲内部贸易，包括中间商品贸易的水平很低。为了克服市场分散和规模太小，非洲各国力图在2023年以前建立一个泛非洲共同市场。有利的经济条件为具有真正意义的非洲一体化议程创造了合适的环境。南部非洲发展共同体、东非和南非共同市场以及东非共同市场之间的三方倡议显示，各国已作出承诺，致力促使彼此重叠的非洲区域贸易协定获致一致性。到目前为止，一体化进程的重点主要放在关税上，但“发展方面的一体化”结合贸易自由化以及监管与发展合作大有发展余地。非洲区域内的关税和非关税壁垒经常导致基础设施缺乏或行政程序繁琐。如果把它们削减50%，就可以产生高达65亿美元的福利收益，并在所有地区产生创造就业的效果，在西非国家经济共同体区域，最高可提高就业率4.8%。非洲内部贸易和产量将会增加，有助于结构变革。 非洲内部一体化的潜在效果 --------------------------------------------------------------------就业 -------------------- ------------- ---------------- ----------------福利 非技术工人 出口 百万美元 (百分比) (百分比) 北非 1 188 0.66 1.72 西非国家经济共同体 1 814 4.78 7.04 东非和中非 1 329 0.07 3.19 南部非洲发展共同体 2 177 2.04 3.12 \n --------------------------------------------------------------------\n 资料来源：贸发会议", "54. 2004年，在第十一届贸发大会上，发展中国家启动了全球贸易优惠制度谈判。第三回合的谈判于2010年12月结束。这项活动为区域间的南南贸易合作提供了动力。各国协议，针对70%的应课税产品，将其适用关税降低20%，从而同时照顾到有效削减和政策灵活性。由此产生的关税减让将产品覆盖面扩大到47 000个税目。在优惠制43个成员中，有22个国家参与了这一回合的谈判，并有11个国家交换关税减让。[13] 贸发会议的估计显示，11个参与国家将会得到25亿美元的福利收益，如果参与这一回合的所有22个国家都采取关税减让行动，这种收益还可能增加到58亿美元。扩大和深化自由化，结合加强的原产地规则，并把合作和自由化的范围扩及非关税壁垒、贸易便利化、贸易融资，并最终扩及服务贸易，可以大幅度提高其潜力。", "六. 结论", "55. 过去20年来，充满活力的贸易和投资关系一直是促进某些发展中国家经济增长和结构转型的关键驱动力量。这种动态已开始改变经济景观和重定重点，针对：加强生产能力所需要的配套政策，扩充就业机会以支助可持续的普惠性发展，以及更加有效地应对外部冲击。需要更加重视农业和服务部门。对在各国国内和跨国之间实现更公平分享财富和机会而言，协调一致的综合性贸易、工业、劳工和社会政策还大有发展的余地。跨市场交易系统是一个重要的催化剂，可以促进贸易效益的实现。在旷日持久的多哈回合谈判背后作出的努力，迫切需要引向具有真正意义的发展收益。最不发达国家的一套办法应作出重大贡献，促进伊斯坦布尔行动纲领的实施。应当更加重视关于建立一个开放、公平、有章可循、可预测和非歧视性的多边贸易和金融体制的千年发展目标8。重新振兴多边贸易体系和为21世纪的挑战做好准备都是重要的工作。在经济状况不断迅速变动的情况下，各项重大的发展工作需要考虑到跨市场交易系统的规范和工具，诸如通过扩大促进发展的政策空间和在多边贸易体制和区域贸易协定之间，以及在国际贸易和金融体系之间，在发展方面实现更高度的一致性。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 经济和社会事务部《2001年世界经济现况和前景，2011年年中增补资料》，可查阅www.un.org/en/development./desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wespupdate.pdf。", "[3] 《2001年世界投资报告：国际生产与发展的非股权模式》(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.11.II. D.2。", "[4] 参看TD/B/C.1/EM.4/2和Devesh Kapur所著《汇款：发展的新口头禅》，《20国集团讨论文件综述丛书》，可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/gsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf。", "[5] 世界贸易组织，《总干事向贸易政策审查机构提交的关于与贸易相关发展的报告》。可参阅www.docsonline.wto.org。", "[6] Sandra Polaski著《赢家和输家：多会合对发展中国家的影响》。可参阅www.carnegieendowment. org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf。", "[7] 彼得森研究所，《搞清楚多哈回合》，可参阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/roses_e/dialogue_papers/ Feasglob.pdf。", "[8] Dani Rodrik，《可行的全球化》。可参阅www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf。", "[9] 世贸组织，《欧洲共同体——给予发展中国家关税优惠的条件》。可参阅http://docsonline.wto.org。", "[10] 贸发会议，《2011年泛非洲棉花会议，概念纪要》。可参阅www.unctad.info/upload/SUC/PACM_ Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf。", "[11] 最近的分析，参看世贸组织《2011年世界贸易报告：世贸组织和优惠贸易协定：从共存走向一致》，可参阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/books_e/arref_e/world_trade.report11_e.pdf。", "[12] 贸发会议，《使南南贸易成为包容性增长的引进》。可参阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb 20093_en.pdf。", "[13] 阿根廷，巴西，古巴，埃及，印度，印度尼西亚，马来西亚，摩洛哥，巴拉圭，大韩民国和乌拉圭。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 17 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Macroeconomic policy questions", "International trade and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The multilateral trading system is facing major uncertainties regarding the prospect of the closing of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which comes on top of a series of changes in the structure and direction of international trade. The growth of trade in intermediate goods, linked to the spread of international production, has been accelerating in recent years and often includes a strong regional component. Along with the proliferation of regional trade agreements, the drive towards regionalism will be a major focus of the trade policy agenda over the coming years. Favourable economic realities have also contributed to increased South-South trade, along with increased South-South cooperation. Properly harnessed, this too can contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. Still, the multilateral trading system needs to be reinvigorated and the Doha Round concluded with a strong development dimension. An early least developed country package could be the first step in this direction. However, greater coherence needs to be built throughout the different layers and components of the international trading system — multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral — if trade is to contribute to more inclusive development paths. The thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, scheduled in April 2012 in Doha, will mobilize international efforts towards a development-centred globalization, which contributes to inclusive and sustainable growth and development.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/142, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit, in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments in the multilateral trading system.", "II. Trends in international trade and development", "A. Near-term developments", "2. Following a sharp contraction in 2009, world merchandise exports recorded their largest ever annual expansion of 14 per cent in volume (22 per cent in value) in 2010. The speed of expansion was faster in developing countries for both exports and imports (16.7 and 18.9 per cent, respectively) than in developed countries (12.6 and 10.2 per cent), suggesting not only developing countries’ strong export drive but also vibrant import demand thanks to robust recoveries in many regions. This was particularly true in Asia, where trade takes place through international production networks. In 2010, world total services exports expanded 8 per cent, but their value was still below the pre-crisis 2008 level.", "3. Trade performance has been conditioned by underlying economic developments. The world economy grew 3.9 per cent in 2010, after a contraction of 2.0 per cent in 2009, and is estimated to decelerate this year to 3.3 per cent. Developing countries continued to fuel the global recovery in 2010, with their collective gross domestic product (GDP) growth reaching 7.5 per cent. High and volatile commodity prices, fragility in financial markets and sovereign debt crises, and pervasive unemployment continue to influence the recovery. Given these persistent threats, along with the deceleration of output growth this year, export expansion is expected to slow, highlighting the persistent vulnerabilities of a trading system in an interdependent world economy.", "4. Rising commodity prices in 2010 boosted the nominal value of commodity exports but posed challenges for food security and macroeconomic stability. The all-food price index surpassed its historic peak early in 2011. Prices of oil also surged following instabilities in some oil-exporting countries, putting additional strains on growth prospects for many countries. Such high price volatility largely reflects negative supply shocks (e.g. weather conditions) but the price effect is believed to have been magnified by speculation in financialized commodity markets (see A/66/207). While higher prices are positive for net exporters, since many developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, are net importers of food and energy, higher prices are likely to have negative effects on poverty reduction; the recent price hikes could push more than 60 million people into poverty in Asia alone.[1]", "B. Changing international trade landscape", "5. Over the previous decade trade grew persistently faster than GDP (except in 2009), resulting in an increased exports-to-GDP ratio; in developing countries the average figure rose from 29.5 per cent to 36.0 per cent by 2008. The share of developing countries in world merchandise exports expanded from 24 per cent to 42 per cent in the previous two decades, and from 17 per cent to 32 per cent in world output, pointing to the possible future income convergence (see figure I). Consequently, the importance of external markets and the contribution of exports to output growth increased significantly. While total exports have grown rapidly, this growth has not led to a proportionate increase in domestic value added. This arises partly because increased fragmentation of production implies that exports require a significant amount of imported intermediate inputs.", "6. The strong growth in Asian countries and several other emerging economies (e.g. the BRIC countries, Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China), has created new trading opportunities, particularly for other developing countries. Developing countries’ share in world imports increased from 22 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2009, contributing 47 per cent to world import growth. The high import content of Asian exports has benefited other developing countries integrated into the global supply chain. South-South exports now account for 53 per cent of total developing countries’ exports, up from 43 per cent in 2000. South-South trade in services is estimated to be 10 per cent of global trade.", "Figure I Share of developing countries and BRIC in world output and exports by region, 2000-2010", "(Percentage)", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "7. While 23 developing countries experienced real annual export growth rates of more than 10 per cent between 2000 and 2010, close to one third (48 countries) experienced export contractions (see figure II). This serves as a reminder that income convergence is not an automatic consequence of a more open global economy, and that polarization remain a challenge for policymakers, at the national and international levels.", "Figure II Distribution of developing countries by growth in annual average real merchandise exports and output, 2000-2010", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "8. The changing pattern of world trade is also observable in its product composition (see figure III). The disproportionately fast growth in intensively traded machinery and transport equipment drove the expansion of developing countries’ exports, while higher commodity prices have increased the share of mineral fuels. The declining share of light manufactured goods arises partly from increased competition, with the entry of low-wage countries putting pressure on prices.", "9. The differing product composition of regions suggests increasing regional specialization, with Asia concentrating in manufactured goods, Latin America in agriculture and resource-based products and Africa and the least developed countries in minerals and other commodities. From 1995 to 2009, machinery and transport equipment contributed more than 40 per cent to export growth in Asia, while mineral fuels were responsible for 60 per cent of export growth in least developed countries. While recent commodity price increases have helped increase export earnings in the latter group of countries, worries remain that their weakly diversified economic structures could hamper long-term growth prospects.", "Figure III Product composition of developing countries’ exports, 2010", "(Percentage)", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "10. The shifting direction and dynamism of world trade, particularly along its South-South axis, has been closely linked to the increased fragmentation of production in the global supply chain (see UNCTAD reports TD/B/57/3 and TD/B/C.I/16). Falling transport and trade costs, including tariffs, expanding business and infrastructure services, and buoyant foreign direct investment flows to developing countries (43 per cent of global foreign direct investment inflows) contributed to the development of global production networks.[2] International trade in intermediate goods has been dynamic, and expanded from $2 trillion in 1995 to almost $7 trillion in 2008 to represent 48 per cent of non-fuel merchandise trade (see figure IV and box 1). This trade encourages the specialization of different economies in different processing activities, leading to “trade in tasks” that adds value along the global supply chain. Countries specialized in labour-intensive activities, however, may be locked into low value adding activities, so that domestic value retention is limited despite increased export volume. For instance, to increase competitive edge and profitability, companies relying on innovative technologies are increasingly using a “closed supply chain” among suppliers specializing in components unique to the final products and wherein profit margins are larger. National productive capabilities, human capital and technological sophistication thus matter for countries that seek to effectively benefit from the global supply chain and upgrade their value-chain ladders.", "Figure IV Non-fuel world trade, 1995-2010", "(Billions of United States dollars)", "Source: UNCTAD.", "Box 1Global supply chain and the measurement of trade\nThe growing global supply chain has exposed a measurement issue ininternational trade statistics. Unlike national income statistics,trade statistics measures the value of trade in terms of the grossvalue of a product, rather than value added. Increased productionin trade-intensive global supply chain has inflated the value ofinternational trade, because parts cross borders several times andare counted each time. For instance, although Apple is a companybased in the United States of America and the value added to theproduction of the iPod by China (where final assembly is done) issmall, with the bulk of profits retained by Apple and accruing tothe United States (e.g. retailers), every $300 iPod sold in theUnited States increases its trade deficit with China by $150 (i.e.factory cost). If measured in value added terms, China has anestimated bilateral trade surplus with the United States that is 40per cent smaller.*\n* Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Who capturesvalue in a global innovation network?: the case of Apple’s iPod”,Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, No. 3 (March 2009).", "11. The small share of agriculture (under 10 per cent) in developing countries’ exports understates its importance for some countries as well as the sector’s wider development potential. Many developing countries remain dependent on the rural economy for employment generation, income and export earnings. Agriculture accounts on average for 52 per cent of employment in developing countries, while the countries’ share in world agricultural exports increased from 31 per cent in 2000 to 36 per cent in 2009, driven by competitive Latin American exporters. Some countries (e.g. Brazil) have been able to diversify and upgrade their agricultural activities to achieve faster growth. Several high-value products have exhibited strong export dynamism (e.g. horticulture and processed food). However, increased specialization has turned many developing countries, even those with predominantly agrarian economies, into net importers of staple foods. This has made food security a pressing issue, particularly with regard to the unpredictability of supply associated with export restriction, resulting in the recent G-20 decision to remove export restrictions on food purchased for humanitarian aid.", "12. The services sector, particularly infrastructure services, is not important only in its own right but can help improve efficiency and competitiveness in all sectors of the economy (see TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8). Services represent 15 per cent of total exports of goods and services for developing countries and 51 per cent of their national output. These percentages are lower than the world average (20 per cent and 67 per cent), indicating the generally lower level of structural transformation in developing countries. However, developing countries are gaining market share. From 2000 to 2010, their share in world services exports rose from 23 per cent to 30 per cent, with many gains originating in Asia — particularly with regard to travel and business services in China and computer and information services in India. Travel and transportation are the two dominant subsectors, representing one fourth and one fifth of services exports in 2010. They are losing ground in favour of modern exportable business services that exhibit strong economies of scale and externalities and absorb highly skilled labour (see figure V). Services provide a realistic opportunity for structural transformation, especially for those countries without comparative advantage in manufactures.", "Figure V Shares of selected services subcategories in world services trade, 1990-2010", "(Percentage)", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "13. The issue of migration with regard to trade and development has emerged as a major challenge. Increased labour mobility and movement of services providers have created increased workers’ remittance flows which contribute to poverty reduction. The number of global migrants reached 215 million in 2010, or 3 per cent of the world population. World remittance flows were $442 billion in 2010, of which two thirds went to developing countries and 6 per cent to the least developed countries (see table 1). Remittances are an important source of external financing, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP for developing countries as a whole (1.2 per cent in 2000) and 5.2 per cent for the least developed countries. Although the long-term development impact of remittances is still not well understood, the impact can be strengthened by channelling remittances into productive sectors, including financial sector development and education.[3]", "14. To increase remittance flows, measures affecting temporary migration need to be addressed at all levels, including at the Doha Round services negotiations on Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Policy coherence and integrated approaches are important. There is a need to further strengthen and improve cooperation and coordination nationally and internationally — including among origin, transit and destination countries — and also to share experiences.", "Table 1 Remittances as a share of GDP and of world total remittances, 2010", "(Percentage)", "Share in GDP Share in world total", "Developed economies 0.3 25.9", "Transition economies 1.5 6.8", "Developing economies 1.5 67.2", "Africa 2.5 9.0", "Latin America 1.2 13.5", "Asia 1.5 44.3", "Least developed 5.2 5.9 countries", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "15. Transforming trade dynamism into greater income opportunities through job creation is a critical development challenge for inclusive growth (see TD/B/C.I/15). The crisis has already left a large worldwide pool of unemployed, totalling 205 million in 2010. Evidence suggests that while trade openness does not affect the overall level of employment in the long run, liberalization can lead to net job losses in the short run, as job destruction in contracting import-competing sectors can outpace job creation in export sectors. Although the empirical relationship between trade and employment warrants further research, this suggests that transforming potential trade efficiency gains into employment gains is not automatic and requires proactive and careful government intervention. Such a trade-employment nexus needs to be critically accounted for in the international trading system", "III. Developments in the multilateral trading system", "16. The changes outlined above are part of a broader transformation of the international trading system. That transformation is towards fragmented production, multi-polarization, and regionalization, with integration proceeding at different speeds for different countries. Manifestations of the transformation include the current stalemate in the Doha Round negotiations, increased difficulties facing multilateralism and the increasing regional initiatives that complement and compete with the multilateral processes (see TD/B/58/3).", "A. Overview", "17. The Doha Round was launched in 2001 and scheduled to conclude by the end of 2004. Continued disagreement over agriculture has delayed overall progress. Efforts intensified in 2011 to finalize the round by December. However, the absence of significant progress on key outstanding issues led to a serious blockage in April. One major issue was deeper sectoral liberalization in non-agriculture market access negotiations. While participation in sectorals was deemed “voluntary”, some developed countries had sought to secure the participation of larger developing countries in two of the three key sectors — chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics — to achieve deeper liberalization, including tariff elimination, in these economies than would result from applying the general tariff-cutting formula. Developing countries found such a demand imbalanced because, under the general tariff-cutting formula, they would already be cutting bound tariffs in proportionately greater amounts than developed countries. Sectoral liberalization was found to be particularly sensitive owing to its labour market implications. Other sectors include enhanced health care, forest products, raw materials and gems and jewellery. Other areas were also controversial, including the issue of stronger commitments by developing countries in Mode 3 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services to bind existing levels of openness (e.g. foreign equity limitations), Mode 4 commitments by developed countries and the special agricultural safeguard mechanism.", "18. The three-speed approach — fast, medium and slow lanes — suggested by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in May 2011 as a way forward consisted of seeking partial agreement while preserving a single-undertaking principle. Issues involving the least developed countries — duty-free and quota-free market access, associated rules of origin, a most-favoured-nation waiver to cover possible preferential services market access and cotton — would be targeted for early harvest by the Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011. “Least developed country-plus” (LDC-plus) issues would be discussed in the “medium track”, which would also include trade facilitation, agricultural export competition, a special and differential treatment monitoring mechanism, fisheries subsidies and environmental goods and services to strike an overall balance and address the concerns of major trading partners (e.g. the United States). Negotiations on agriculture, non-agriculture market access and services, as well as issues related to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), were proposed to be deferred to 2012.", "19. The effective delivery of an early harvest in December 2011 is critical for the subsequent negotiations in 2012. There is concern that prolonged negotiations have already affected the credibility of the multilateral trading system and made some negotiating issues less relevant to today’s economic realities. Developing countries stress, as part of the original Doha Development Agenda, the need to deliver on outstanding issues from the Uruguay Round, while some developed countries (e.g. those in the European Union) call for addressing new issues such as investment, competition policy, government procurement, export taxes and climate change. There is need to move expeditiously to address new “twenty-first century issues” to preserve the relevance of the multilateral trading system to changing economic realities. Trade liberalization and agreements need to contribute positively to addressing broader development challenges, including poverty reduction, employment, productive capacity, sustained and inclusive growth, food and energy security, public health and access to water. Strong leadership is required, including from emerging countries, to reinvigorate the multilateral trading system architecture.", "20. The robustness of the rule-based multilateral trading system against protectionism was reaffirmed during the economic crisis. Import-restrictive measures introduced between October 2008 and April 2011 are estimated to cover at most 2.70 per cent of world imports and incur a limited effect — 0.25 per cent by border measures and 0.75 per cent by bailout measures. Aggressive protectionism was contained, thanks essentially to countries’ adherence to WTO rules and commitments and strong restraint exercised by many developing countries. WTO was catalytic in mobilizing efforts to address trade-finance shortage (used in 80-90 per cent of trade) and Aid for Trade support for productive capacity, trade-related infrastructure, competitiveness and adjustment. Despite some increase in financial resources (60 per cent from 2005 to 2010), major challenges remain regarding ensuring additionality of resources and enhancing effectiveness and development results, as noted in the Third Global Review of Aid for Trade in July. In 2011, WTO reported signs of accelerating post-crisis protectionism, with an increased recourse to higher tariffs and non-automatic import licensing and export restrictions, against the backdrop of decelerating growth and high unemployment.[4]", "B. Welfare effect of the Doha Round", "21. The failure to conclude the Doha Round can be seen as a missed opportunity. The latest UNCTAD analysis of the possible trade and welfare impact of a Doha Round outcome in goods finds that global gains from further liberalization are positive although modest, at around an estimated $70 billion annually (see table 2). The magnitude of gains has been corroborated by other recent studies. Welfare effects of model-based analysis depend, of course, on model specifications, underlying data and simulation scenarios. Earlier studies, such as by the World Bank in 2003, found global welfare gains up to $358 billion but were subsequently revised significantly downwards, pointing to the need for caution in interpreting model results. Even such large gains represent only a fraction of GDP. This suggests the importance of domestic complementary policies to enhance endogenous productive capacities and employment opportunities to increase the benefits of trade liberalization.", "Table 2 Potential annual welfare and trade impacts of Doha outcome", "Doha Doha with sectorals\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)", "European Union 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "United States -351 1.48 -2 127 2.21", "Japan 6 432 1.94 9 543 3.08", "Other developed 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86 countries", "Cairns group exporters 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84", "China 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "India 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "Indonesia 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "Brazil 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "Mexico -1 322 -0.53 -2 543 -0.95", "South-East Asia 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "South Asia 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "Eastern Europe and West 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60 Asia", "Central America 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "Latin America, excluding 345 0.29 41 0.15 Brazil", "North Africa and Middle 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41 East", "South Africa 178 0.60 35 0.48", "Sub-Saharan Africa 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "Total 70 457 1.09 77 367 1.73", "Source: UNCTAD (GTAP database).", "^(a) Millions of United States dollars.", "^(b) Percentage.", "22. The welfare gains are not equally shared among participants. The European Union and Japan have high protection in agriculture (e.g. sugar, meat, rice); reducing that increases efficiency and benefits consumers, taxpayers and foreign suppliers. Similar gains also arise from tariff reductions for apparel and motor vehicles in the industrial sector. Gains for most developing countries are estimated to be smaller. Negative terms of trade effects may overwhelm other gains and lead to negative overall effects. This is the case for Mexico and the United States of America. The risk of losses also exists for sub-Saharan African countries, although as a group their welfare effects are positive in this simulation. Such losses could arise from preference erosion and rising food import prices. Indeed, several studies find negative welfare effects for them.[5]", "23. Sectoral elimination in chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics in developed countries and Brazil, China and India could raise the global welfare gains to $77 billion. Exports and imports in these regions would increase more than in the basic scenario. Some regions (e.g. South Africa and Latin America) are estimated to be worse off compared to the baseline scenario. Although the participating developing countries gain in welfare terms, production and employment in the sectors concerned are negatively affected compared to the baseline, with implications for their industrial development and employment objectives. The estimates underscore the importance of voluntary participation in the sectorals as provided in the declaration made at the 2005 Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, China.", "24. Services trade liberalization could also yield gains for both developed and developing countries. A potential reduction of 10 per cent of the trade barriers could lead to an increase of 2.7 per cent of services exports.[6] The estimated global GDP impact is about $46 billion. Both European Union and United States exports would increase by $10 billion. The multilateral temporary work visa scheme (quota for skilled and unskilled developing country workers at 3 per cent of the developed-country labour force) is estimated to generate $200 billion globally.[7] A reduction of 1 per cent in trade transaction costs is estimated to generate $43 billion in welfare gains worldwide, of which 65 per cent would accrue to countries not part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.", "C. Doha Round challenges", "25. The current stalemate has resuscitated debate over the causes of the setbacks and the future of the Round. Structural changes in the international trade landscape have significantly affected negotiating dynamics, while global crises have overtaken policymakers’ attention and raised the political challenge of justifying concessions. The crises have also changed economic thinking in favour of stronger regulations of market and a more proactive and pragmatic intervention by States. Systemic issues of the multilateral trading system also influenced the course of negotiations.", "26. Non-agriculture market access negotiations sectoral liberalization was an immediate cause of the stalemate. The objective of sectorals would be to rebalance the disparity in the contribution between developed and emerging countries and to achieve harmonization of their tariffs. Industrial tariff negotiations had attracted increased attention from developed countries as high agricultural commodity prices made tariffs and subsidies less relevant in agriculture, while services liberalization proved to be complex and without immediate prospects for a commercially meaningful outcome. The increased attention given to exporters’ interest in developed countries may be seen as an attempt to win overall domestic political support for the Doha Round package in order to overcome “resistance” from import-competing domestic interests. Addressing exporters’ interests today requires deep liberalization which is essential for modern trade-intensive production in a global supply chain wherein a small tariff can disproportionately increase production cost — hence the call for sectoral liberalization. Non-tariff barriers — increasingly important given substantial reduction in tariffs — have not been sufficiently addressed.", "27. This was contested by developing countries as contradictory to the agreed-upon principles of voluntary participation in such initiatives and less-than-full reciprocity for developing countries. While large “tariff water” in developing countries — the difference between bound and applied rates — had drawn attention to effective cuts in applied tariffs, developing countries pointed to their past autonomous liberalization efforts, which had created such water. Between 1990 and 2010, average most-favoured-nation-applied tariffs decreased from 32.5 to 8.2 per cent for developing countries. This highlights the importance of tariff flexibilities as industrial policy instruments. Sectoral liberalization was also seen as sensitive to developing countries’ post-crisis development objectives of building endogenous productive capacity and employment opportunities. The increased economic weight of developing countries — home to over half of global growth in the coming years — allowed them to take an assertive position.", "28. The increased number and diversity of members in WTO has increased the complexity of negotiations and trade-offs. Starting from 23 members in 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization membership has increased to 154. A broad-based negotiating agenda in a single undertaking was required to reconcile diverse interests among many participants by allowing cross-sectoral trade-offs. The large agenda, however, appeared to overload negotiators, and resulted in diluting attention from core issues (e.g. the built-in agenda from the Uruguay Round of agriculture and services and development issues). Ensuring transparency and inclusiveness among numerous participants became increasingly challenging (see box 2). Trade-offs between different issues proved to be difficult, as they necessitated a minimum convergence of positions. The single-undertaking approach, together with the consensus rule, was seen as amenable to exceptions, as the approach gave individual countries leverage to seek special treatment.", "Box 2Trade disputes\nMany difficult and emerging issues are increasingly addressed intrade disputes, rather than through negotiations. The number ofdisputes is expected to increase. Export restrictions by China oncertain minerals (e.g. bauxite, magnesium) were successfullychallenged by the European Union, the United States and Mexico onthe grounds that the measures discriminate against foreignmanufacturers and give unfair advantage to domestic downstreamproducers. Some disputes were relevant to policies promoting greentechnologies. The European Union challenged Canada regardingOntario’s feed-in-tariff programme for renewable energy, which itargues go against a WTO rule prohibiting local content subsidies.The case will have bearing on the ability of countries to supportlocal industries in promising environmental goods and servicesmarkets.", "29. In view of systemic factors contributing to the stalemate, the case for WTO institutional reform as a long-term objective has been recognized, including in respect to implementing and monitoring trade agreements and policies, addressing trade issues in a more cooperative framework and providing Aid for Trade and capacity-building support. The possible institutional reform needs to ensure that the norms and instruments of the multilateral trading system are a critical factor in evolving economic realities and development needs. It might, accordingly, be necessary to align existing rules and practices with longer-term development objectives such as strengthening industrial capabilities, creating employment opportunities, managing food security and providing access to essential medicines and services, thereby contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. This implies the need for greater recognition of special and differential treatment and policy space.", "IV. The way forward", "30. The effective delivery of an early harvest of least developed country packages, and possibly “LDC-plus” packages, in December 2011 is seen as critical for subsequent negotiations in 2012. The least developed country package will also be important to help the least developed countries to implement the Istanbul Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in May. However, additional complementary support by the international community is still essential, as such a package would not be sufficient to help the least developed countries meet the targets. As things stand, the chance of agreement on an early package is likely to be limited, as it is difficult to strike a balance of interests among all parties.", "A. Duty-free quote-free market access", "31. Important progress has been made in expanding duty-free quota-free market access for the least developed countries since 2000. The Hong Kong Ministerial Conference decision’s target for covering at least 97 per cent of tariff lines was achieved in all developed countries except the United States, which currently covers 83 per cent of tariff lines. Renewal and substantial reform by the United States of the Generalized System of Preferences scheme (which expired in 2010) to expand product coverage is needed to meet the targets. Extending product coverage could require balancing competing interests of African and Asian least developed countries, because sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Lesotho, Madagascar) could experience preference erosion of their African Growth and Opportunity Act benefits, especially on apparel, and be severely affected. Coverage may be extended to agricultural products currently excluded from the duty-free quota-free initiative (e.g. tobacco, meat). The selection of products matters, as exports from the least developed countries are highly concentrated; 3 per cent of tariff lines represent 95 per cent of the value of high-income country imports from the least developed countries. It is important to meaningfully address adjustment and competitiveness challenges facing certain sub-Saharan African countries through innovative support measures, so that producers remain in the sector, increase value addition and participate in the global supply chain.", "32. The benefits accruing for the least developed countries from full duty-free quota-free treatment could amount to $4 billion to $8 billion. In a scenario where all developed countries provide such treatment for the least developed countries, the potential annual welfare gain for the least developed countries is estimated to be $4.8 billion, with an increase of 2.4 per cent in exports. However, the gains would be very unevenly distributed among countries (see table 3). Results are driven by apparel, textiles and, to a lesser extent, tobacco. Asian least developed countries are the major beneficiaries, owing to increased apparel exports. Total exports from Cambodia and Bangladesh increase by 18 and 8 per cent, respectively, generating employment gains for unskilled labour of 10 per cent and 3 per cent. If Brazil, China, India and South Africa also open their markets for the least developed countries (as some of them are doing — see box 3), gains for the least developed countries rise to $7.7 billion.", "Table 3 Welfare effect of duty-free quota-free market access", "Welfare Exports Employment, (millions of (percentage) unskilled United States (percentage) dollars)", "Cambodia 916 18.0 10.1", "Bangladesh 2 100 8.2 3.2", "Ethiopia 144 1.1 0.5", "Lao People’s Democratic 5 0.2 0.1 Republic", "Malawi 161 7.4 4.7", "Madagascar 7 0.1 0.1", "Mozambique 106 1.7 1.5", "United Republic of Tanzania 130 1.6 0.7", "Senegal 221 2.1 1.9", "Uganda 3 0.1 —", "Zambia 42 0.6 0.5", "Rest of West Africa 355 0.5 0.6", "Central Africa 108 0.6 0.3", "South-Central Africa -2 — —", "Rest of East Africa 498 0.9 0.5", "European Union, United States, -3 897 — — Other developed and developing countries", "Source: UNCTAD.", "Box 3Developing countries’ duty-free quota-free initiatives\nSeveral developing countries have extended duty-free quota-freetreatment for the least developed countries. The duty-freequota-free initiative by India, first announced at the India-AfricaForum Summit in April 2008, grants duty-free quota-free access to85 per cent of tariff lines and duty reductions on another 9 percent, to be liberalized over five years, so that the duty-freequota-free programme covers 94 per cent of tariff lines, includingcotton, cocoa, cane sugar and garments. The scheme developed byBrazil will initially grant preferential treatment to 80 per centof the least developed countries’ exports and subsequently expandto 100 per cent by 2014. China offers 31 sub-Saharan leastdeveloped countries an average 10.4 per cent preference margin on95 per cent of tariff lines (e.g. cocoa beans, leather, copper),while 90 per cent of the least developed countries’ imports (e.g.oil) already enter China duty-free through most-favoured-nationstatus. The scheme by the Republic of Korea provides duty-freequota-free access on 85 per cent of tariff lines and will cover 95per cent by 2012, including copper, raw tobacco and plywood.", "33. Making rules of origin simpler and more transparent has been a key objective of the least developed countries, as stringent rules inhibit effective use of preferences. Evidence suggests that relatively stringent rules of origin on apparel products in the European Union, which required the assembly of apparel from yarn and not from fabric, had the effect of reducing preference utilization. Major progress was made in this regard with the implementation of new European Union Generalized System of Preferences rules of origin in January 2011. The new rules introduced more flexible rules, specific to the least developed countries, for industrial products, including for apparel that now permit “single transformation” (i.e. allowing the use of third-country fabric) (see also box 4). The regional scope for cumulation was extended to four regional groupings without, however, the possibility of pan-African cumulation. By comparison, the Generalized System of Preferences scheme by Canada for the least developed countries provides global cumulation of all Generalized System of Preferences beneficiaries. The least developed countries have called for harmonized rules of origin common to different developed countries based on across-the-board value added criteria with facilitated regional cumulation rules.", "Box 4Beyond duty-free quota-free market access to support the IstanbulProgramme of Action\nThe least developed country package will be important to help theleast developed countries meet the target of doubling their sharein world exports by 2020, as set out in the Istanbul Programme ofAction. From 2000 to 2010, the least developed countries’ exportsoutpaced world exports to double their share, albeit to a meagre 1per cent. Repeating this success for the next decade is, however, amajor challenge.^(a) Assuming that world exports will expand by 4.7per cent annually between 2011 and 2020, doubling the share willrequire exports by the least developed countries to grow by 12.2per cent annually. This is ambitious because, first, the increasein the nominal value of exports in the last decade was driven byrising commodity prices (see figure below). Second, almost half ofproducts from the least developed countries are destined fordeveloped countries (46 per cent) where import growth is lessdynamic (6.7 per cent, compared to 12.0 per cent in developingcountries). The majority of the least developed countries fellshort of doubling their export share.\nThe least developed countries’ share in world exports and commodityprices, 1990-2011\n [] \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Source: UNCTADstat. \nThis implies that meeting the Programme objective will largelydepend on future commodity price developments and the performanceof specific products in specific markets. For example, exports fromBangladesh are highly concentrated in apparels and in EuropeanUnion and United States markets. The duty-free quota-freeinitiative — estimated to generate a one-time export increase ofaround 1 per cent for most of the least developed countries — helpsbut is unlikely to be sufficient. Strong Aid for Trade support bythe international community is urgently needed to address the weakproductive capacities and infrastructures of the least developedcountries.^(b) Innovative measures should also be explored. Tradeby China with Africa has witnessed explosive growth. China issupporting the establishment of economic and trade cooperationzones in several African least developed countries, which couldfurther increase and diversify exports from Africa, particularlymanufacturing.^(a) See The Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a NewInternational Development Architecture for LDCs (United NationsPublication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.5). \n^(b) UNCTAD “Making trade more development-transmitting,multiplying and inclusive for LDCs”. Available fromwww.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf.", "34. The duty-free quota-free market access initiatives and continued international efforts to support the least developed countries are likely to induce further changes to unilateral preferential schemes. In its proposal yet to be adopted, the European Union seeks to overhaul its Generalized System of Preferences scheme from 2014 to redirect its benefits essentially to the least developed countries and other low- and lower-middle-income countries by reducing the number of beneficiaries, for the first time, from the existing 176 to some 80 countries. Concern exists as to whether benefits would be captured by the least developed countries as expected, as countries being removed are essentially high- and upper-middle-income countries that do not necessarily compete with the least developed countries. Limiting beneficiaries can further accentuate differentiation of developing countries, with implications for the non-discrimination and special and differential treatment principles of WTO. According to WTO jurisprudence,[8] “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”, such differentiation may be permissible if based on an objective standard that is administered in a non-discriminatory manner.", "B. Cotton", "35. Ambitious, specific and expeditious reduction and elimination of cotton subsidies and tariffs remain to be fully addressed. The sector is highly concentrated, with the five largest producers (China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan) representing four fifths of the world production. In 2009, the United States was the largest cotton exporter, accounting for one third of world exports, followed by India, Uzbekistan and Brazil. The largest cotton importers are China (23 per cent), Turkey and Bangladesh. Reductions of cotton tariffs in major importing countries would contribute to gains for exports from the least developed countries (see figure VI).", "Figure VI Most-favoured-nation and preferential tariffs on cotton in major importing countries", "[]", "Source: UNCTAD (TRAINS).", "36. At the core of the issue is the ambitious reduction of domestic cotton support. Total government support to the cotton industry is estimated at $1.3 billion in 2010/11, down from $5.5 billion provided in 2008/09. High prices for cotton led to a sharp decline in subsidies in 2010/11, since many support programmes were not triggered. The major subsidizing countries are the United States, China, Greece and Turkey. The United States spent $4.2 billion in 2005, while recently China became the largest cotton subsidizer, according to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, mainly providing support to seeds. Over a longer term, the share of world cotton production receiving direct government assistance increased from an average of 55 per cent between 1997 and 2008 to an estimated 84 per cent in 2008/09. Elimination of cotton subsidies could increase cotton prices by 10-20 per cent, which is significant, especially if current high cotton prices fall.", "37. Many developing countries, especially 20 least developed countries in Africa, have a high concentration of exports in cotton (up to 85 per cent).[9] Cotton production in the “Cotton Four” countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) decreased by 50 per cent, partly due to unfavourable market environments that made them switch to other products. Furthermore, African producers in general have been unable to keep up with productivity growth in countries such as China and India that make increasing use of biotech varieties. Consequently, the market share of African countries declined from 8.8 per cent in 2002/03 to 5.6 per cent in 2007/08. Effective cuts in cotton subsidies could increase their export revenues by 20 per cent. Measures to strengthen productive capacities, including value added, infrastructure and technology contribute to increasing their supply response to higher prices.", "C. Services waiver", "38. A waiver authorizing countries to grant preferential market access in services specifically for the least developed countries without having to extend the same treatment to other countries will help the least developed countries to exploit the growing services trade. Such preferential market access, particularly Mode 4, would contribute to increasing exports from the least developed countries. Rules of origin should ensure that preferential access benefits are reserved for suppliers to the least developed countries (i.e. those who have substantial business operations in the least developed countries). The waiver would also allow preferences regarding certain procedural aspects of domestic regulation, such as lower licensing fees. It is important to ensure that preferences given to the least developed countries should be in addition to most-favoured-nation treatment so as not to raise barriers for other developing countries. For the waiver to be meaningful, effective preferential market access needs to be provided.", "D. Accessions to the World Trade Organization", "39. While it is not part of the Doha programme of work, the least developed countries have repeatedly emphasized the need to improve the WTO accession process. Currently, 12 of 30 countries in the accession process are least developed countries. The accession of Vanuatu, expected this year, follows only those of Cape Verde in 2008 and of Cambodia and of Nepal in 2004. The absence of pre‑established, objective criteria for membership and asymmetric bargaining structure in negotiations has resulted in deep and stringent commitments undertaken by acceding countries. Examples are low bound tariffs; participation in sectoral tariff harmonization; effective and broad-based services liberalization commitments; prohibition of agricultural export subsidies and export duties; privatization; accession to the otherwise-optional Agreement on Government Procurement; and prohibition of export performance and transfer of technology requirements on foreign investors. This approach has limited acceding countries’ policy flexibilities.", "40. Effective implementation and operationalization of the 2002 accession guidelines for the least developed countries can contribute to improving the accession process. Commitments expected of the least developed countries can be clarified by setting benchmarks for market access and other commitments, for instance based on average tariff and services commitments undertaken by existing least developed country members. Average bound rates of existing least developed country members are 77 per cent in agriculture and 45 per cent in non-agricultural products. They compare with commitments by Cambodia and Nepal in their accession on the order of 28-41 per cent in agriculture and 18-24 per cent in non‑agricultural products. On rules, all the least developed countries can be automatically entitled to all special and differential treatment provisions, supplemented by regulatory and policy action plans. Such clarification could usefully be harvested together with the least-developed-country package.", "E. Least developed country-plus package", "41. An “LDC-plus” package has been found necessary to achieve balance among diverse WTO members’ interests and burden-sharing. Trade facilitation aimed at improved customs procedures can reduce trade costs and have effects similar to tariff reduction for exporters. Some developing countries are concerned over the implementation cost, as some trade facilitation measures (e.g. single window) will incur significant costs, and effective special and differential treatment and capacity-building support has been a key negotiating issue. Environmental goods and services are promoted for potential environmental benefits while concern exists that deeper liberalization on a range of proposed “environmental goods”, mostly manufactured goods related to energy efficiency, can have deep liberalization effects similar to sectoral liberalization, and cover, for instance, 20 per cent of all imports for the least developed countries.", "42. Commitment already exists to eliminate agricultural export subsidies by 2013. These subsidies were prevalent from 1995 to 2000 and were valued at $6.2 billion annually worldwide; 90 per cent of them originated in the European Union and supported mainly dairy and meat (beef). Since the amount decreased considerably thereafter, its elimination will have limited effect. On fisheries subsidies, since the disciplines are yet to be fully developed, “standstill” on existing subsidies is suggested to limit their adverse effect on overfishing. Possible disciplines will prohibit certain subsidies contributing to overfishing (e.g. for new vessel construction), while opponents argue that poor management of fish stocks is the major cause for depletion of fish stocks. Other issues proposed include a review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, regional trade agreements and standstills, including on tariffs, to prevent protectionist tendencies.", "V. Regional trade agreements", "43. The drive towards regional trade agreements is likely to accelerate with deepened behind-the-border commitments. Preferential trade liberalization represents a major challenge for the multilateral trading system, with some 300 regional trade agreements currently in force. Recent regional trade agreement negotiations involve a greater number of large and dynamic markets — particularly Asia — resource-rich countries and developed countries. This is observable in the recent European Union move towards “competitiveness-oriented” regional trade agreements and the United States engagement in a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. By inducing deeper liberalization and regulatory harmonization covering an increasing share of world trade, they could further affect incentives for multilateralism. Developing countries contributed considerably to the sharp increase, with South-South agreements now representing two thirds of all regional trade agreements.", "44. The value of trade covered by regional trade agreements increased to 51 per cent of world trade, although the share of trade actually receiving preferential treatment is much lower (about 16 per cent), as half of world trade is already duty free owing to most-favoured-nation treatment.[10] The preference utilization rate may be high (e.g. 87 per cent and 92 per cent under regional trade agreements involving the European Union and the United States, respectively). Trade liberalization under regional trade agreements generally has a positive effect on global welfare. Participants tend to benefit in terms of welfare, exports and often employment, although government revenues from tariffs may fall, but non-participants tend to lose from trade diversion (see table 4). Simulation shown in table 4 suggests that global gains from some likely regional trade agreements may be negative, indicating that estimated losses to non-members outweigh the gains to members. Smaller countries would suffer losses if they are sidelined in the regional trade agreement formation.", "Table 4 Potential effects from possible regional trade agreements", "Free trade Free trade area area non-participants participants\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)", "European Union-Japan 9.7 0.36 -9.5 -0.11", "European Union-Association of 12.8 0.44 -4.9 -0.18 Southeast Asian Nations", "Trans-Pacific Partnership 7.4 1.08 -8.8 -0.07", "Asia-Pacific Economic 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01 Cooperation", "Source: UNCTAD.", "^(a) Billions of United States dollars.", "^(b) Percentage change.", "45. In 2009, the trade-weighted global average most-favoured-nation tariff was 4 per cent. Such a low rate does not leave much scope for tariff preference, the traditional rationale for regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have expanded their scope to investment, competition, services, standards, government procurement and intellectual property, as well as labour and environmental standards. They appear to be increasingly motivated by the need to provide a platform for regional supply chains by ensuring duty-free and non-tariff-barrier-free trading environments through deep regulatory integration. Empirical analysis confirms a positive link between trade in parts and components — a proxy for production networks — and the depth of agreements. For instance, the intra-preferential trade agreement trade of intermediate goods is prevalent in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.", "46. The quantitative proliferation and qualitative deepening of regional trade agreements point to the need for coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements. Increased transparency, as under the transparency mechanism on regional trade agreements established by WTO, is useful in enhancing predictability of regional trade agreements. Developmental coherence is required so that special and differential treatment and policy space available under the multilateral trading system is not overridden by regional trade agreements where bargaining power can be asymmetric. Regulatory coherence needs to be ensured, including by multilateralizing certain elements of regional trade agreements, such as rules of origin and sectoral liberalization (e.g. ITA). Regional trade agreements could also promote broader cooperation. Economic, financial, regulatory and institutional cooperative schemes, and pooling resources to develop regional infrastructure and trade facilitation, could significantly increase the benefits. The conclusion of the Doha Round could also contribute to such coherence.", "A. North-South regional trade agreements", "47. Market access conditions may be a valid consideration for North-South regional trade agreements involving lower-income countries and/or countries reliant on limited products and markets. Locking in existing preferential conditions under unilateral preferential arrangements was a key motivation for some Latin American countries to form regional trade agreements with the United States (agricultural products and for non-least developed country African, Caribbean and Pacific States to conclude economic partnership agreements with the European Union (e.g. banana, sugar under the Cotonou preferences). Under regional trade agreements, for example, several Latin American countries obtained a reduction of European Union banana tariffs, increasing preference margins from €3-€39 per ton.", "48. Larger developing countries face challenges in effectively securing improved market access under regional trade agreements. Regional trade agreements often preserve high tariffs on import-sensitive products that attracted high protection on a most-favoured-nation basis, including dairy, sugar, cereals and apparel. Preferential tariffs reduce the global trade-weighted average tariff only by 1 per cent, because high tariffs on agriculture and labour-intensive manufacturing goods are often excluded. For example, 27 per cent of agriculture products are excluded compared with 1 per cent of manufacturing goods. This may be changing, as recent North-South regional trade agreements provide for tariff elimination by developed countries of almost all products by the end of transition period, including some otherwise import-sensitive products (e.g. sugar).", "49. Ensuring an adequate content, pace and sequence of their liberalization is a key concern of developing countries, as the effect of reciprocal tariff elimination would be greater for them given economic asymmetries. Their ability to undertake lesser and slower liberalization is, however, constrained by a WTO rule requiring regional trade agreements to liberalize “substantially all trade”, often understood as requiring liberalization of 90 per cent of trade over 10 years. Some developing countries have called for revising the rule by incorporating the principle of special and differential treatment to allow “less-than-full” reciprocity in regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have incorporated a mechanism to automatically extend deeper liberalization that may be undertaken by a regional trade agreement party under future regional trade agreements to the other party, such as “third-party most-favoured-nation” clauses under economic partnership agreements between African, Caribbean and Pacific States and the European Union, which could have a chilling effect on South-South regional trade agreements, and similar provisions applied to selected agricultural products under regional trade agreements of the United States.", "50. Trade in services is characteristic of North-South regional trade agreements. Globally, one third of regional trade agreements have services commitments. Two models for services liberalization are the “North American Free Trade Agreement model” based on negative list approach and a “hybrid model” combining positive and negative list approaches. The models generally cover cross-border services, commercial presence (often in conjunction with investment in goods), movement of natural persons and sector-specific regulatory issues (e.g. financial services). More substantial commitments are made under regional trade agreements than under general agreements on trade in services (see figure VII). Under the economic partnership agreement between the European Union and the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM), for instance, the CARIFORUM countries listed 75 per cent of subsectors. Certain regional trade agreements have incorporated disciplines on services regulations that could potentially constrain their right to regulate, such as financial prudential carve-outs conditioned, unlike under general agreements on trade in services, on “necessity tests”. North-South regional trade agreements could help provide meaningful market access on sectors and modes of interest to developing countries, particularly Mode 4, where opening is limited.", "Figure VII Index of services liberalization commitments", "[]", "[]", "Source: UNCTAD, based on WTO.", "51. Regional trade agreements often incorporate “TRIPS-plus” disciplines on intellectual property rights that affect various public policies, ranging from health to innovation. They expand the coverage, title holder’s rights and duration of several intellectual property categories with stricter enforcement, so that flexibilities available under TRIPS are often restricted (e.g. compulsory licensing to import essential drugs). Some have the effect of delaying the market entry of generic products (e.g. protecting pharmaceutical test data for at least five years). Some estimates suggest that such provisions could increase drug prices by 10-40 per cent (e.g. Costa Rica).", "52. North-South regional trade agreements have embarked on liberalization of government procurement, a market representing 10-15 per cent of GDP. The lack of supply capacity in developing countries has often prevented meaningful reciprocity. Conversely, government procurement has long served as an important industrial and public policy instrument for them — to support local suppliers and promote technological development. While domestic preference policies requiring local content have historically contributed to the establishment of some strategic industries, such policies are generally prohibited and permissible only in connection with government procurement under WTO (for most developing countries not party to the Agreement on Government Procurement). Such important policy flexibilities are increasingly restricted by regional trade agreement disciplines.", "B. South-South integration", "53. South-South integration and cooperation increasingly provides a platform for dynamic South-South trade (see box 5). Most South-South regional trade agreements have covered trade in goods, while many have embarked on broader regulatory and cooperative measures. They allow the exploitation of economies of scale, serve as development launch pads to global integration, promote trade in non‑traditional goods and have the potential to facilitate diversification.[11] Less stringent rules of origin and the mutual recognition of standards — more easily achievable among countries with similar level of development — can promote the development of regional value chains.", "Box 5Potential benefits of an African common market\nThe level of intra-African trade is low, including in intermediategoods. To overcome fragmentation and small markets, Africancountries seek to establish a pan-African common market by 2023.Favourable economic conditions create the right environment for ameaningful African integration agenda. The tripartite initiativeamong the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the CommonMarket for Eastern and Southern Africa and the East AfricanCommunity demonstrates commitment to bringing coherence tooverlapping African regional trade agreements. Thus far theintegration process has focused mainly on tariffs, but“developmental integration” combining trade liberalization withregulatory and development cooperation could go a long way. Areduction by 50 per cent of intra-African tariffs and non-tariffbarriers often resulting from infrastructure deficiency orburdensome administrative procedures could generate significantwelfare gains of $6.5 billion with a positive employment effect inall regions, up to 4.8 per cent in the Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS). Intra-African trade and output wouldincrease, contributing to structural change.\n Potential effects of intra-African integration -------------------------------------------------------------------------Welfare Employment, Exports (millions of United unskilled (percentage)States dollars) (percentage)-------------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------- North Africa 1 188 0.66 1.72 ECOWAS 1 814 4.78 7.04 East and Central 1 329 0.07 3.19Africa \nSADC 2 177 2.04 3.12-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Source: UNCTAD.", "54. Interregional South-South trade cooperation has received impetus from the conclusion in December 2010 of the third round of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) negotiations, launched in 2004 at the eleventh session of UNCTAD. The agreement reduces applied tariffs by 20 per cent on 70 per cent of dutiable products, thereby combining effective cuts with policy flexibilities. The resulting tariff concessions broaden product coverage to 47,000 tariff lines. Twenty-two of the 43 GSTP members participated in the round and 11 exchanged tariff concessions.[12] UNCTAD estimates find the 11 participants will see welfare gains of $2.5 billion, which could be increased to $5.8 billion if all 22 countries that participated in the round undertake tariff reduction. Broadening and deepening liberalization, with enhanced rules of origin, and extending cooperation and liberalization to non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation, trade finance and eventually services trade could significantly enhance its potential.", "VI. Conclusion", "55. A dynamic trade and investment nexus has, over the past two decades, been a key driver of growth and structural transformation in some developing countries. That dynamism has begun to change the economic landscape and has redirected focus to the complementary policies required to strengthen productive capacities, expand employment opportunities in support of inclusive and sustainable development, and better cope with external shocks. Greater attention needs to be given to agriculture and services sectors. Integrated and coherent trade, industrial, labour market and social policies can go a long way towards realizing a more equitable sharing of wealth and opportunities, within and across countries. The international trading system is an important catalyst for realizing the benefits of trade, and the efforts behind the protracted Doha Round negotiations need to be urgently channelled into meaningful development gains. The least developed country package should make an important contribution to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action. Attention should be given to the realization of Millennium Development Goal 8 on an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. Reinvigorating the multilateral trading system and preparing it for twenty-first century challenges is important. Development imperatives under rapidly changing economic conditions need to be factored into the norms and instruments of the international trading system, such as through enhanced policy space for development and achieving greater developmental coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements, as well as between the international trade and financial systems.", "[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World economic situation and prospects 2011, update as of mid-2011”. Available from www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_ current/2011wespupdate.pdf.", "[2] World Investment Report 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.D.2).", "[3] See TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2 and Devesh Kapur, “Remittances: the new development mantra?”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.", "[4] WTO, “Report to the Trade Policy Review Body from the Director General on trade-related developments”. Available from www.docsonline.wto.org.", "[5] Sandra Polaski, “Winners and losers: impact of the Doha Round on developing countries”. Available from www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.", "[6] Peterson Institute, “Figuring out the Doha Round”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ reser_e/dialogue_paper_schott_e.pdf.", "[7] Dani Rodrik, “Feasible globalizations”. Available from www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/ Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.", "[8] WTO, “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”. Available from https://docsonline.wto.org.", "[9] UNCTAD, “Pan-African Cotton Meeting 2011, Concept Note”. Available from www.unctad.info/ upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.", "[10] For a recent analysis, see WTO, “World trade report 2011: The WTO and preferential trade agreements: from co-existence to coherence”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/anrap_e/world_trade_report11_e.pdf.", "[11] UNCTAD, “Making South-South trade an engine for inclusive growth”. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb20093_en.pdf.", "[12] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Paraguay, Republic of Korea, Uruguay." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 17 (a) of the provisional agenda [1]", "Macroeconomic policy questions", "International trade and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In the light of the prospects for the conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, the multilateral trading system faces considerable uncertainty. At the same time, there have been a number of changes in the structure and direction of international trade. The growth in trade in intermediate goods, linked to the spread of international production, has accelerated in recent years, often with a strong regional component. With the proliferation of regional trade agreements, efforts to promote regionalism will be a major focus on the trade policy agenda in the coming years. A favourable economic reality also helped to expand South-South trade while also strengthening South-South cooperation. Properly managed, it can also contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. However, the multilateral trading system needed to be reinvigorated and, at the conclusion of the Doha Round, a stronger development dimension. An earlier set of approaches for LDCs could be a first step in that direction. However, if trade is to promote a more inclusive development path, there is a need for greater coherence across the different levels and components of the international trading system — multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral. The thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to be held in Doha in April 2012, will mobilize international efforts towards development-centred globalization, which will contribute to the promotion of inclusive and sustainable growth and development.", "Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/142, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in cooperation with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments in the multilateral trading system.", "II. Trends in international trade and development", "Recent developments", "2. Following the sharp contraction in 2009, world merchandise exports recorded their largest ever expansion in 2010 in volume terms, with a 14 per cent surge (compared to 22 per cent in value terms). In developing countries, exports and imports expanded more rapidly (16.7 per cent and 18.9 per cent, respectively) than in developed countries (12.6 per cent and 10.2 per cent), which means that not only are developing countries boosting exports, but also that, as a result of the strong recovery in many regions, import demand has flourished. This is particularly the case in Asia, where trade is carried out through international production networks. Total world services exports increased by 8 per cent in 2010, but their value remained below the pre-crisis level of 2008.", "The trade performance depends on the economic development on which it is based. In 2009, world economic growth contracted by 2.0 per cent, followed by an increase of 3.9 per cent in 2010, which is expected to slow to 3.3 per cent this year. In 2010, developing countries continued to be engines of global economic recovery, with combined GDP growth of up to 7.5 per cent. High and volatile commodity prices, the fragility of financial markets and the emergence of sovereign debt crises, combined with massive unemployment, continue to affect economic recovery. Given these persistent threats, and as output growth decelerates this year, export growth is expected to slow, highlighting the continued fragility of the trading system in an interdependent world.", "4. Higher commodity prices in 2010 contributed to higher nominal value for commodity exports, but posed challenges to food security and macroeconomic stability. The price index for all food aggregates exceeded its historical peak in early 2011. With the volatile situation in some oil-exporting countries, oil prices are soaring, adding additional pressure to the growth prospects of many countries. Price volatility is so intense that it largely reflects devastating supply shocks (e.g., weather conditions), but it is argued that speculation in the financialized commodity markets magnifies the impact on prices (see A/66/207). Although higher prices are beneficial to net exporters, since many developing countries, especially the least developed countries, are net importers of food and energy, higher prices are likely to have a negative impact on poverty reduction; in Asia alone, recent price increases could push more than 60 million people into poverty. [2]", "B. Changing international trade landscape", "5. Over the past decade, trade has continued to grow faster than GDP (except in 2009), leading to rising exports as a proportion of GDP. The average figure rose from 29.5 per cent to 36.0 per cent in 2008. The share of developing countries in world merchandise exports has increased from 24 per cent to 42 per cent over the past two decades and from 17 per cent to 32 per cent of world output, indicating a likely convergence of income in the future (see figure I). As a result, the importance of external markets and the contribution of exports to output growth have increased significantly. Despite the rapid growth of total exports, this growth has not led to an increase in domestic value added. This is partly due to the increased fragmentation of production, which means that exports require significant import intermediate inputs.", "6. Strong growth in Asian countries and other emerging economies (e.g. BRICS, Brazil, the Russian Federation, India and China) created new trade opportunities, particularly with other developing countries. The share of developing countries in world imports rose from 22 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2009, accounting for 47 per cent of world import growth. The high import content of Asian exports facilitates the integration of other developing countries into global supply chains. South-South exports currently accounted for 53 per cent of total developing country exports, compared to 43 per cent in 2000. South-South trade in services is estimated to account for 10 per cent of global trade.", "Figure I Share of developing countries and BRICS in world output and exports, by region, 2000-2010", "(Percentage)", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD Statistics.", "7. Between 2000 and 2010, while exports from 23 developing countries grew at an annual rate of over 10 per cent, exports from nearly one third (48 countries) contracted (see figure II). This situation serves as a reminder that income convergence is not a corollary of a more open global economy and that polarization remains a challenge for policymakers at the national and international levels.", "Figure II Distribution of developing countries ' annual average real growth rates of merchandise exports and output, 2000-2010", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD Statistics.", "The changing pattern of world trade can also be seen in the composition of products (see figure III). The disproportionate and rapid growth in traded machinery and transport equipment has led to an increase in exports from developing countries, while commodity prices have increased the share of fossil fuels. The share of light industrial products is declining in part because of increased competition as low-wage countries enter markets and prices feel pressure.", "9. The diversity in the composition of products from each region shows an increase in regional specialization, the concentration of manufactures in Asia, the production of agricultural and resource-based products in Latin America, and the production of minerals and other commodities in Africa and the least developed countries. Between 1995 and 2009, machinery and transport equipment accounted for more than 40 per cent of the increase in Asian exports, while fossil fuels accounted for 60 per cent of the increase in exports from least developed countries. While recent commodity price increases have helped the latter group of countries to increase export earnings, there are concerns that inadequate diversification of their economic structures may hinder long-term growth prospects.", "(Percentage)", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD Statistics.", "10. The changing direction and dynamics of world trade, especially cooperation along its South-South axis, has been closely linked to increased fragmentation of production processes in global production chains (see UNCTAD reports TD/B/57/3 and TD/B/C.I/16). Transport and trade costs are declining, including tariffs, expansion of operations and infrastructure services, while dynamic FDI flows to developing countries (43 per cent of global FDI flows) have contributed to the establishment of global production networks. [3] International trade in intermediate products has been dynamic, increasing from $2 trillion in 1995 to close to $7 trillion in 2008, accounting for 48 per cent of non-fuel commodity trade. (See figure IV and box 1). This trade encourages different economies to specialize in different processing activities, leading to “task trade”, i.e. adding value to products along global production chains. However, countries specializing in labour-intensive activities may be locked into low-value-added activities and, as a result, the value retained domestically is limited, despite an increase in exports. For example, in order to increase competitiveness and profitability, companies relying on innovative technologies are increasingly adopting “closed supply chains”, i.e., using suppliers specializing in the production of unique components of the final product, thus achieving higher profitability. Thus, for countries seeking to benefit effectively from global production chains and to climb up the value-added chain stairs, the sophistication of national productive capacity, human capital and technology is important.", "(billions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD.", "Box 1 Measurements of global production chains and trade pose measurement problems for international trade statistics as global production chains flourish. Unlike national income statistics, trade statistics measure trade values in terms of gross product value, rather than value added. As production increases in the global production chain, where trade flourishes, the value of international trade goes up, as spare parts cross national borders several times, each time. For example, while Apple is a company based in the United States of America and iPod produces a small part of the value added in China (complete final assembly), most of the profits are retained by Apple and should be recorded in United States (e.g., retailer) accounts. Every $300 iPod sold in the United States increases the United States trade deficit with China by $150 (i.e. plant costs). If measured in terms of value added, China ' s bilateral trade surplus to the United States is estimated to decrease by 40 per cent. ^(*)(*) Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Who gained value in the global innovation network? Apple ' s iPod case, ACM Newsletter, vol. 52, No. 3 (March 2009).", "11. A small share (less than 10 per cent) of developing countries ' exports of agricultural products underestimates their importance for some countries and the broader development potential of the sector. Many developing countries remain dependent on the rural economy for job creation, income and export earnings. Agriculture accounts for an average of 52 per cent of employment in developing countries. Their share of world agricultural exports increased from 31 per cent in 2000 to 36 per cent in 2009 and was driven mainly by competitive Latin American exporters in 2009. Some countries (e.g. Brazil) have been able to diversify and scale up their agricultural activities to achieve faster growth. Some high-value-added products have shown strong export dynamism (such as horticulture and processed foods). However, increased specialization has made many developing countries, even those with predominantly agricultural economies, net importers of staple foods. This makes food security an urgent issue, in particular the unpredictable supply associated with export restrictions, leading to the recent decision of the G-20 to lift export restrictions on food purchased for humanitarian assistance.", "Services, especially infrastructure services, are not only important in themselves, but also in all sectors of the economy, helping to increase efficiency and competitiveness. (See TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8. Services represent 15 per cent of total exports of goods and services from developing countries and 51 per cent of national output. These percentages are below the world average (20 per cent and 67 per cent), indicating a generally low level of structural transformation in developing countries. However, the market share of developing countries is increasing. From 2000 to 2010, their share of world services exports increased from 23 per cent to 30 per cent, with much progress coming from Asia, particularly China (tourism and business services) and India (computer and information services). The two main subsectors of tourism and transport accounted for one quarter and one fifth of services exports, respectively, in 2010. Their importance is lagging behind that of modern business services, which exhibit strong economic size and externalities and absorb highly skilled labour (see figure V). In particular, services provide a real opportunity for structural transformation in countries where manufacturing has no comparative advantage.", "Figure V Share of selected services subcategories in world trade in services, 1990-2010 (percentage)", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD Statistics.", "13. Migration as it relates to trade and development has emerged as a major challenge. Increased labour mobility and the migration of service providers have led to a significant increase in the flow of workers ' remittances and contributed to poverty reduction. In 2010, global migration reached 215 million, or 3 per cent of the world ' s population. In 2010, world remittance flows reached $442 billion, two thirds of which went to developing countries and 6 per cent to least developed countries (see table 1). Remittances are an important source of external financing, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP in developing countries as a whole (1.2 per cent in 2000) and 5.2 per cent in least developed countries. While the impact of remittances on long-term development remains unclear, the impact can be enhanced if they are channelled to productive sectors, including financial sector development and education. [4]", "14. In order to increase the flow of remittances, measures affecting the needs of temporary migrants need to be addressed at all levels, including in the services negotiations on GATT Mode 4 in the Doha Round. Policy coherence and an integrated approach were essential. There is a need to further strengthen and improve cooperation and coordination and the exchange of experiences at the national and international levels, including among countries of origin, transit and destination.", "Table 1 Remittances as a share of GDP and total world remittances, 2010 (percentage)", "Share of GDP in world total", "Source: UNCTAD Statistics.", "15. Turning trade dynamism into greater income-generating opportunities through employment creation is a major development challenge for inclusive growth (see TD/B/C.I/15). The crisis has left a large number of unemployed people around the world, reaching 205 million in 2010. There is evidence that, in the long run, trade liberalization may not necessarily affect the overall level of employment, and that liberalization may lead to net job losses in the short term, as job losses in the import competition sector may exceed job creation in the export sector. While the empirical relationship between trade and employment has yet to be further studied, this suggests that transforming the potential for trade efficiency gains into employment growth is not a natural development from water to water and requires active and cautious government intervention. This relationship between trade employment needs to be carefully considered in the international trading system.", "Developments in the multilateral trading system", "16. The changes described above are part of a broader transformation of the international trading system. This shift is moving towards the following objectives: division of production processes, multipolarization, regionalization, integration and different speeds in different countries. This transformation is reflected in the current impasse in the Doha Round negotiations, the additional difficulties of multilateralism and the number of regional initiatives that complement and compete with multilateral processes (see TD/B/58/3).", "Overview", "17. The Doha Round was launched in 2001 and was scheduled to conclude by the end of 2004. Continued divisions over agriculture have delayed overall progress. Efforts to conclude the negotiations by December were intensified in 2011. However, no significant progress could be made on the outstanding key issues, leading to serious obstacles in April. A major issue in the NAMA negotiations was how to deepen sectoral liberalization. While sectoral participation is considered to be “voluntary”, some developed countries have sought to ensure the participation of larger developing countries in two of the three key sectors, namely, chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics, in order to achieve deeper liberalization in these economies, including the elimination of tariffs, to a greater extent than the application of the general tariff reduction formula. Developing countries find this demand uneven, as they have reduced bound tariffs proportionately more than developed countries under the general tariff reduction formula. Sectoral liberalization is a particularly sensitive issue because of its impact on their labour markets. Other sectors include high-level health care, forest products, raw materials and precious stones and jewellery. Other areas are also controversial, including strong commitments made by developing countries in GATS Mode 3, in combination with existing levels of openness (e.g. foreign equity restrictions) and commitments made by developed countries in Mode 4 and the special safeguard mechanism for agriculture.", "18. The three-speed approach — fast, medium and slow — was proposed by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization in May 2010 as a way to seek partial agreement while maintaining the principle of a single commitment and moving forward. Issues relating to the least developed countries, including duty-free and quota-free market access, relevant rules of origin, most-favoured-nation exemptions to cover possible preferential services and cotton, would be addressed at the eighth Ministerial Conference in December 2011 and would hopefully be addressed at an early date. The “least developed countries plus” issues will be discussed on the “inter-speed track” and will include mechanisms for monitoring trade facilitation, competition for agricultural exports, special and differential treatment, fisheries subsidies and environmental goods and services in order to achieve an overall balance of applicable services and to address the concerns of major trading partners, such as the United States. Negotiations on agriculture, market access for non-agricultural products and services, and TRIPS-related issues were proposed to be postponed until 2012.", "19. Effective early results in December 2011 will be critical to the follow-up negotiations in 2012. There were concerns that protracted negotiations affected the credibility of the multilateral trading system and made certain negotiating issues less relevant to current economic realities. As part of the original Doha Development Agenda, developing countries needed to resolve outstanding issues from the Uruguay Round negotiations, while some developed countries (e.g. EU countries) called for new issues such as investment, competition policy, government procurement, export taxes and climate change. Rapid action was needed to address the new “21st century issues” in order to preserve the relevance of the changing economic realities of the multilateral trading system. Trade liberalization and agreements need to contribute positively to addressing broader development challenges, including poverty reduction, employment, productive capacity, sustained and inclusive growth, food and energy security, public health and access to water. Strong leadership, including from emerging countries, was needed to revitalize the multilateral trading system architecture.", "20. During the crisis, States reiterated the need to maintain a rules-based and robust multilateral trading system and to oppose trade protectionism. The import restrictions introduced between October 2008 and April 2011, which are estimated to cover up to 2.7 per cent of world imports, have had only very limited effects, with border measures reaching 0.25 per cent, compared to 0.75 per cent for market rescue measures. Excessive protectionism had been constrained mainly by countries ' compliance with WTO rules and commitments and by the strong restraint of many developing countries. WTO has played a catalytic role in mobilizing efforts to address the shortage of trade finance (80-90 per cent of trade uses it) and Aid for Trade for productive capacity, trade-related infrastructure, competitiveness and adjustment. Despite some increases in financial resources (60 per cent from 2005 to 2010), as noted in the third global review of Aid for Trade in July, the main challenge remains to secure additional resources to enhance effectiveness and development results. In 2011, the World Trade Organization reported signs of accelerated protectionism following the crisis, with more frequent recourse to tariff increases, non-automatic import licensing and export restrictions in the context of a slowdown in growth and high unemployment. [5]", "B. Welfare effects of the Doha Round", "21. The failure to conclude the Doha Round could be seen as a missed opportunity. UNCTAD has analysed the possible trade and welfare implications of the outcome of the Doha Round negotiations on goods, and a recent analysis found that the outcome of further global liberalization was beneficial, albeit modest, and estimated at around $70 billion per year (see table 2). Other recent studies confirm the extent of the benefits. The benefits of model-based analysis will of course depend on model specifications, base data and simulation scenarios. Earlier studies, such as that carried out by the World Bank in 2003, found that global welfare gains of $358 billion had subsequently been significantly reduced, which pointed to the need for careful interpretation of the results obtained under the model. Even such large gains represent only a fraction of GDP. This demonstrates the importance of domestic complementary policies that enhance national productive capacities and employment opportunities and increase the benefits of trade liberalization.", "Table 2 Possible annual welfare and trade implications of the Doha outcome", "Doha additional sector", "(a) Export (b) Welfare (a) Export (b)", "European Union 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "United States - 351 1.48 - 2 127 2.21", "Japan 6 432 1.94 9 643 3.08", "Other developed countries 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86", "Cairns Group exporter 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84", "China 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "India 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "Indonesia 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "Brazil 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "Mexico - 1 322 - 0.53 - 2 543 - 0.95", "South-East Asia 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "South Asia 2,040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "Eastern Europe and Western Asia 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60", "Americas 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "Latin America (except Brazil) 345 0.29 41 0.15", "North Africa and the Middle East 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41", "South Africa 178 0.60 35 0.48", "Sub-Saharan Africa 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "Total 70 457 1.09 77 867 1.73", "Source: UNCTAD (GTAP database)", "(a) Millions of United States dollars.", "(b) Percentage.", "22. Benefits received are not equally shared among participants. The European Union and Japan provide a high level of protection for agriculture (e.g. sugar, meat, rice); reduced protection for agriculture can increase efficiency and benefit consumers, taxpayers and foreign suppliers. Similar gains can come from tariff cuts in industry, such as clothing and automobiles. For most developing countries, the benefits are estimated to be smaller. The adverse effects on the terms of trade could significantly exceed other gains, with a negative overall impact. This is the case in Mexico and the United States of America. The risk of loss also existed in sub-Saharan African countries, but as a group, their welfare effects would be beneficial in this simulation. Such losses may result in preference erosion and higher prices of imported food. Indeed, some studies have found that there have indeed been adverse effects on their well-being. [6]", "23. In developed countries, as well as in Brazil, China and India, global welfare gains of $77 billion could be enhanced by the removal of protective measures in sectors such as chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics. Exports and imports in these areas will increase, better than the baseline scenario. Some regions (e.g. South Africa and Latin America) are expected to be worse than the baseline scenario. While participating developing countries benefit from welfare benefits, they have a negative impact on production and employment in the industries concerned compared to the baseline and have an impact on their industrial development and employment objectives. These estimates stress the importance of the need for sectoral participation to be voluntary, as set out in the Declaration of the Sixth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, held in Hong Kong, China, in 2005.", "24. For both developed and developing countries, the liberalization of trade in services can also bring benefits. A 10 per cent reduction in trade barriers could lead to a 2.7 per cent increase in services exports. [7] The impact on global GDP is estimated at approximately $46 billion. Exports from the European Union and the United States will increase by $10 billion. The multilateral temporary work visa scheme (the quota for skilled and unskilled workers in developing countries is about 3 per cent of the labour force in developed countries) is estimated to generate $200 billion globally. [8] If trade transaction costs are reduced by 1 per cent, an estimated $43 billion in welfare gains will be generated globally, 65 per cent of which will be received by countries that are not members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.", "C. Challenges of the Doha Round", "25. The current impasse had again caused a debate on the causes of the setback and the future of the Doha Round negotiations. Structural changes in the international trade landscape have seriously affected the dynamics of the negotiations, and the global crisis has diverted the attention of policymakers and made it politically difficult to explain the concessions. The crisis has also changed economic thinking, advocating for stronger market regulations and more active and pragmatic State intervention. Systemic issues in the multilateral trading system also influenced the negotiation process.", "Sector liberalization of NAMA is a direct cause of the impasse. The sectoral objectives would be to rebalance the gap in contributions to developed and emerging countries and to achieve tariff harmonization. Industrial tariff negotiations have attracted the attention of an increasing number of developed countries, and high prices of agricultural products have reduced the importance of tariffs and subsidies for agriculture, while liberalization of trade in services has proven to be quite complex, with poor prospects for commercially meaningful outcomes. Greater attention by developed countries to the interests of exporters can be seen as an attempt to win domestic political support for the Doha Round package as a whole in order to overcome the “resistance” of domestic and import rival interests. Today, taking into account the interests of exporters requires profound liberalization, which is essential for trade-intensive modern production within global supply chains. In the global supply chain, even a small tariff can disproportionately increase production costs, and there are calls for sectoral liberalization. Non-tariff barriers to trade have become increasingly important and have not been adequately addressed in view of the substantial reduction in tariffs.", "27. Developing countries have objected because this runs counter to the agreed principle of voluntary participation in these initiatives and, for developing countries, is not sufficiently reciprocal. There are considerable differences between the “tariff moisture” of developing countries, i.e., bound and applied rates, which draw attention to the effective reduction of applied rates. Developing countries pointed out that it was their autonomous liberalization efforts in the past that caused these moisture. In the case of developing countries, the average tariffs applied to MFN declined from 32.5 per cent to 8.2 per cent between 1990 and 2010. This underscores the importance of tariff flexibility as an industrial policy tool. Sectoral liberalization was also seen as being sensitive to the post-crisis development objectives of developing countries. These objectives are to build domestic productive capacities and employment opportunities. Over the next few years, more than half of global economic growth would be created by developing countries, whose economic weight would increase and facilitate a more decisive position.", "The increase in the number and diversity of WTO members has complicated negotiations and bargaining. The 23-member General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) membership has increased to 154 since its inception in 1947. A single, broad-based negotiating agenda is needed in order to reconcile widely differing interests and cross-sectoral trade-offs among many participants. However, the broad agenda appears to be difficult for negotiators to cope with, thus reducing the focus on core issues (e.g. built-in agendas, derived from the established agenda of the Uruguay Round on agriculture and services, and development issues). Ensuring transparency and inclusiveness among many participants is becoming increasingly challenging (see box 2). The trade-off between different issues has proved difficult, as it requires a minimal convergence of positions. The single-commitment approach, together with the rule of consensus, was seen as condoning exceptions and giving individual countries room to seek special treatment.", "Box 2 Trade disputes, many of the difficulties and emerging issues are increasingly resolved through trade disputes rather than through negotiations. The number of disputes is expected to increase. The European Union, the United States and Mexico have successfully challenged China ' s export restrictions on certain minerals (e.g. bauxite, magnesium) on the grounds that they discriminate against foreign manufacturers and offer unfair advantages to domestic downstream producers. Some disputes related to policies to promote green technologies. The EU questioned Canada ' s Ontario tariff programme on renewable energy, which it considered to be contrary to the WTO ban on local content subsidies. The case will have an impact on whether the State can support local industries in promising markets for environmental goods and services.", "29. Given the systemic factors that have led to the impasse, it is recognized that the institutional reform of the World Trade Organization will be a long-term goal, including the implementation and monitoring of trade agreements and policies, addressing trade issues within a more collaborative framework, and providing aid for trade and supporting capacity-building. Possible institutional reforms need to ensure that the norms and instruments of the multilateral trading system, in the context of changing economic realities and development needs, are key factors. It may therefore be necessary to adapt existing rules and practices to longer-term development objectives, such as strengthening industrial capacity, job creation, managing food security and access to essential medicines and services, thus contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. This implies a broader recognition of special and differential treatment and policy space.", "IV. The way forward", "With regard to the LDC package, it may also include an early and effective agreement on the “LDC” package in December 2011, which is considered key to the 2012 follow-up negotiations. An approach to least developed countries would also be important in helping least developed countries to implement the Istanbul Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in May. However, more complementary support from the international community was still necessary, as such a set of approaches would not be sufficient to help the least developed countries achieve their goals. As things stand, there may be limited opportunities for agreement on an early set of approaches, as it is difficult to balance the interests of the parties.", "A. Duty-free and quota-free market access", "Since 2000, important progress has been made in expanding duty-free and quota-free market access for least developed countries. The target set by the Hong Kong Council of Ministers: coverage of at least 97 per cent of the tariff lines has been achieved in all developed countries outside the United States, where 83 per cent is now covered. The United States would need to work on the extension and radical reform of the GSP scheme (due in 2010) to expand product coverage in order to achieve its objectives. Increasing product coverage may require balancing the interests of African and Asian least developed countries, as sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Lesotho, Madagascar) experience erosion of the benefits of the African Growth and Opportunity Programme, especially in the area of clothing. Coverage could be extended to agricultural products (e.g. tobacco, meat) currently excluded by duty-free quota-free schemes. The selection of those products as exports of least developed countries was of great importance, as exports of least developed countries were highly concentrated; 3 per cent of the total value of products imported by high-income countries from least developed countries accounted for 95 per cent of the total. It is important to address, in a genuine sense, the adjustment and competitiveness challenges faced by some sub-Saharan African countries through innovative support measures that allow producers to remain in the sector, add value and participate in global supply chains.", "32. The benefits of full duty-free quota-free treatment for least developed countries could range from $4 billion to $8 billion. If all developed countries provided such treatment to least developed countries, the potential welfare gains for least developed countries were estimated at $4.8 billion per year, an increase of 2.4 per cent in exports. However, the benefits will be very unevenly distributed among countries (see table 3). This is the result of garments, textiles and, to a lesser extent, tobacco-driven. Asian LDCs are the main beneficiaries as a result of the increase in clothing exports. Total exports from Cambodia and Bangladesh will increase by 18 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively, and employment generation for unskilled labour will increase by 10 per cent and 3 per cent. If Brazil, China, India and South Africa also opened their markets to LDCs (some of which are in the process of doing so, box 3), the gains for LDCs would increase to $7.7 billion.", "Table 3 Welfare effects of duty-free quota-free market access", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Cambodia 916 18.0 10.1", "Bangladesh 2 100 8.2 3.2", "Ethiopia 144 1.1 0.5", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic", "Malawi 161 7.4 4.7", "Madagascar", "Mozambique 106 1.7 1.5", "United Republic of Tanzania 130 1.6 0.7", "Senegal 221 2.1 1.9", "Uganda 3 0.1 —", "Zambia 42 0.6 0.5", "Other West African States 355 0.5 0.6", "Central Africa 108 0.6 0.3", "South Central Africa - 2 —", "Other East African countries 498 0.9 0.5", "EU, USA, other developed and developing countries", "Source UNCTAD.", "Box 3 Duty-free quota-free initiatives for developing countries The India-Africa Forum announced for the first time at the India-Africa Forum Summit in April 2008 that India ' s duty-free quota-free initiative would grant duty-free quota-free market access to 85 per cent of tariff lines and reduce tariffs by an additional 9 per cent over a five-year period, thus allowing the duty-free quota-free scheme to cover 94 per cent of tariff lines, including cotton, cocoa, sugar cane and clothing. Brazil ' s plan initially granted preferential treatment to 80 per cent of LDCs ' exports and subsequently expanded to 100 per cent in 2014. China provided an average of 10.4 per cent of its preferential margins to the 31 least developed countries in sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., cocoa beans, leather, copper), while 90 per cent of imports from least developed countries (e.g. oil) entered the Chinese market duty-free through MFN. The Republic of Korea plans to provide duty-free and quota-free market access to 85 per cent of tariff lines and will cover 95 per cent of tariff lines, including copper, tobacco raw materials and plywood, by 2012.", "33. Making rules of origin simpler and more transparent has been the main objective of LDCs, with effective use of preferential treatment as a result of strict rules and regulations. Evidence suggests that clothing products face more stringent rules of origin in the EU, requiring clothing to be made from the veil rather than from the fabric, thus reducing the utilization of preferential treatment. Significant progress has been made in this regard with the implementation of the new EU GSP rules of origin in January 2011. The new rules are specific to LDCs' industrial products, including clothing (see also box 4), and now more flexible rules allow for “single transformation” (i.e., the use of third-country fabric). The cumulative regional scope extends to four regional groups, but there is no possibility of pan-African accumulation. In contrast, Canada ' s GSP schemes for least developed countries provide for the global accumulation of all GSP benefits. LDCs have called for uniform rules of origin for use in different developed countries, based on value-added criteria and favourable regional accumulation rules.", "Box 4 goes beyond duty-free and quota-free market access in support of the Istanbul Programme of Action. The package of options for the least developed countries, as outlined in the Istanbul Programme of Action, is important to assist the least developed countries in meeting the target of doubling their share of world exports by 2020. From 2000 to 2010, while the share of least developed countries ' exports in world exports was only a negligible 1 per cent, it grew faster than the latter, and its share doubled. However, it will be a major challenge to repeat such achievements in the next decade. (a) Assuming that world exports will increase by 4.7 per cent annually between 2011 and 2020, doubling the share of least developed countries ' exports, their exports will need to increase by 12.2 per cent annually. This is an ambitious goal because, first, the increase in nominal value of exports over the past decade has been driven by higher commodity prices (see figures below). Second, almost half (46 per cent) of LDCs' exports to developed countries are to countries with weak import growth (6.7 per cent, compared to 12.0 per cent in developing countries). The vast majority of least developed countries are not on track to double their share of exports. Source: UNCTAD statistics. This means that meeting the goals of the Programme of Action will largely depend on future commodity price developments and on the price performance of particular products in specific markets. For example, exports from Bangladesh are highly concentrated in clothing and markets in the EU and the United States of America. It is estimated that the duty-free quota-free initiative will lead to a one-time increase of about 1 per cent in the exports of most least developed countries and will be helpful but unlikely to be sufficient. These require strong Aid for Trade support from the international community to overcome the weak productive capacity and infrastructure of LDCs. (b) Innovative measures should also be explored. Trade between China and Africa has seen an explosive growth. In several least developed countries in Africa, China supported the idea of establishing an economic and trade cooperation zone, which could further increase and diversify African exports, particularly manufacturing products. ^ (a) See The Least Developed Countries Report 2010: 25 Least Developed Countries towards a New International Development Architecture (United Nations publication, Sales No. (b) UNCTAD, Making trade more transportable, efficient and inclusive of LDCs. See www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditcd20nd1_en.pdf.", "34. The duty-free and quota-free market access initiative and the continued commitment of the international community to support LDCs are likely to lead to further changes in unilateral preferential schemes. In its pending proposals, the EU had sought to comprehensively revise its GSP scheme beginning in 2014 to essentially channel benefits to least developed countries and other low- and lower-income middle-income countries. The approach was to reduce the number of beneficiaries for the first time, from the current 176 to about 80 countries. It was a matter of concern whether the benefits were as expected for the least developed countries. The excluded countries are largely high- and middle-income countries and do not necessarily need to compete with LDCs. Restrictions on beneficiary countries could also further differentiate among developing countries, with implications for the World Trade Organization principles of non-discrimination and special and differential treatment. According to the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization, “European Communities — Conditions for granting tariff preferences to developing countries”,[9] this distinction may be permissible if it is based on objective criteria and is managed in a non-discriminatory manner.", "B. Cotton", "35. The ambitious, concrete and rapid reduction and elimination of subsidies and tariffs on cotton remains an issue to be addressed in a comprehensive manner. The sector is highly concentrated, with five major producers (China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan), accounting for four fifths of world production. In 2009, the United States was the world ' s largest cotton exporter, accounting for one third of world exports, followed by India, Uzbekistan and Brazil. The largest cotton importers were China (23 per cent), Turkey and Bangladesh. Lower cotton tariffs in major importing countries would help to benefit LDCs ' exports (see figure VI).", "Figure VI", "MFN rates and preferential tariffs in major cotton-importing countries", "[Chuckles]", "Source: UNCTAD (Trade Analysis and Information System).", "36. An ambitious reduction in domestic support for cotton was at the heart of the problem. Government support to the cotton industry in 2010/11 is estimated at $1.3 billion, down from $5.5 billion in 2008/09. In 2010/11, high cotton prices led to a sharp fall in subsidies, as many support programmes failed to reach the trigger point. The main countries providing subsidies are the United States, China, Greece and Turkey. In 2005, the United States spent $4.2 billion, and, according to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, China has recently become the largest cotton-subsidizing country, mainly providing support for seeds. Over a longer period of time, the share of cotton in the world receiving direct government assistance has increased from an average of 55 per cent between 1997 and 2008 to an estimated 84 per cent in 2008/09. The elimination of subsidies on cotton could increase cotton prices by 10-20 per cent, which would be quite high, especially if cotton fell from the current high prices.", "37. Many developing countries, particularly the 20 least developed countries in Africa, are highly concentrated in cotton (up to 85 per cent) [ 10] In part due to the unfavourable market environment, which forced them to convert to other products, cotton production in the “Four Cotton Countries” (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) fell by 50 per cent. In addition, African producers are generally unable to keep up with the increase in their productivity because of the increasing use of biotechnology varieties in countries such as China and India. As a result, the market share of African countries declined from 8.8 per cent in 2002/03 to 5.6 per cent in 2007/08. Effective cuts in cotton subsidies could increase their export earnings by about 20 per cent. Measures to strengthen productive capacities, including value addition, infrastructure and technology, can help them to respond more quickly to higher prices and increase supply.", "C. Service exemption", "38. The exemption authorizes countries to grant preferential market access to services, particularly to least developed countries, without the need to grant the same treatment to other countries. This would help LDCs to take advantage of growing trade in services. Such preferential market access, especially in Mode 4, would help to boost exports from LDCs. Rules of origin should ensure that the benefits of preferential access are retained for LDC suppliers (e.g. large-scale commercial operators in LDCs). Exemptions would also allow for preferential treatment of certain procedures in domestic legislation, such as lower licensing fees. There was an urgent need to ensure that preferences for LDCs should be added to MFN. For exemptions to be meaningful, effective preferential market access was needed.", "D. Accession to the World Trade Organization", "39. LDCs have repeatedly stressed the need to improve the WTO accession process, although this is not part of the Doha work programme. Currently, 12 of the 30 countries in the accession process are LDCs. Vanuatu is expected to join this year, Cape Verde in 2008 and Cambodia and Nepal in 2004. Membership does not have predetermined objective criteria, and the negotiating structure of the negotiating process is asymmetric, requiring a deep commitment from acceding countries. For example: binding on low tariffs, participation in sectoral tariff harmonization, effective and broad-based liberalization commitments in services; banning agricultural export subsidies and export tariffs, privatization, accession to government procurement agreements that otherwise preserve options; and prohibiting export performance and requiring foreign investors to transfer technology. This approach limits the flexibility to join national policies.", "40. The effective implementation and operation of the 2002 guidelines for accession by the least developed countries contributed to improving the accession process. It would be useful to clarify the expected commitments of LDCs by setting benchmarks for market access and other commitments, for example, on the basis of average commitments made by existing LDC members on tariffs and services. The current average bound rates for LDC members are 77 per cent for agricultural products and 45 per cent for non-agricultural products. By comparison, Cambodia and Nepal entered into commitments in the following terms: agricultural products, 28-41 per cent; non-agricultural products, 18-24 per cent. With regard to rules, all LDCs could automatically benefit from all SDT provisions, supported by regulatory and policy action plans. Such clarification would be useful and could be achieved with a set of approaches for LDCs.", "E. LDC-plus", "41. The view was expressed that the inclusion of LDCs might be necessary in order to strike a balance between the full range of benefits-sharing and burden-sharing among WTO members. Trade facilitation aimed at improving customs procedures can reduce trade costs and have a similar effect on exporters. Some developing countries are concerned about implementation costs, as some trade facilitation measures (e.g. single windows) will entail significant costs, and effective special and differential treatment and capacity-building support have been key negotiating issues. While the potential environmental benefits of environmental goods and services have been promoted, there have been concerns that deeper liberalization of a wide range of proposed “environmental goods”, most of which are energy efficiency-related manufactures, could lead to deep liberalization effects similar to those of sectoral liberalization, with a wide range of coverage, for example, 20 per cent of all imports from LDCs.", "42. The elimination of agricultural export subsidies by 2003 is an already existing commitment. During the period 1995-2000, these subsidies were widespread, with an aggregate value of $6.2 billion per year worldwide, 90 per cent of which originated in the European Union, mainly in support of dairy and meat (veal). Its cancellation has had limited effect as a result of the subsequent significant reduction. With regard to fisheries subsidies, as the pattern in this area has not yet been fully developed, it was suggested that existing subsidies “stay in motion” in order to limit their adverse effects on overfishing. Possible patterns would prohibit certain subsidies that contribute to overfishing (e.g., subsidies for the construction of new vessels), while opponents argued that poor management of fish stocks was the main cause of fish depletion. Other issues raised included a review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, regional trade agreements and the stay provisions, including on tariffs, to prevent protectionist tendencies.", "V. Regional trade agreements", "43. The trend towards regional trade agreements is likely to accelerate and commitments behind borders will deepen. Preferential trade liberalization is a major challenge for the multilateral trading system, with some 300 regional trade agreements now in force. Recent negotiations on regional trade agreements have involved more large and dynamic markets, particularly in Asia, resource-rich countries and developed countries. The recent move by the EU towards a “competitive-oriented” regional trade agreement and the participation of the United States of America in a trans-Pacific partnership agreement are actions that can be seen in this regard. By inducing deeper liberalization and regulatory coordination, its growing share in world trade may further affect the incentives for multilateralism. South-South agreements now account for two thirds of all regional trade agreements, and the efforts of developing countries are a major factor in the dramatic increase in the number of such agreements.", "44. The value of trade covered by regional trade agreements has increased to 51 per cent of world trade, although the share of trade actually receiving preferential treatment is much lower (about 16 per cent), as half of world trade is duty-free through MFN treatment. The utilization of preferential treatment may be quite high (for example, in the case of the EU and the United States, the proportion under regional trade agreements is as high as 87 per cent and 92 per cent, respectively). Trade liberalization under regional trade agreements generally has a positive impact on global welfare. Participants tend to benefit from welfare, exports and often employment, and while government revenues from tariffs may fall, non-participants often suffer from trade transfers (see table 4). The simulations shown in table 4 suggest that some potential regional trade agreements may have negative global benefits, indicating that the estimated losses for non-members exceed the gains for members. Smaller countries will suffer, if they are excluded from regional trade agreements.", "Table 4 Potential implications of possible regional trade agreements", "Participants in regional trade agreements Non-participants in regional trade agreements", "(a) Export (b) Welfare (a) Export (b)", "European Union - Japan 9.7 0.36 - 9.5 - 0.11", "EU-ASEAN 12.8 0.44 - 4.9 - 0.18", "Pan Pacific Partnership 7.4 1.08-8.8 - 0.07", "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation", "Source: UNCTAD.", "^ (a) A billion dollars.", "(b) Changes in the face ratio.", "45. In 2009, the weighted average MFN tariff for global trade was 4 per cent. Tax rates are so low that they leave little room for tariff preferences, which are the traditional rationale for regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements would extend to investment, competition, services, standards, government procurement and intellectual property rights, as well as labour and environmental standards. The motivation seems increasingly to be to create a platform for regional supply chains by ensuring deep regulatory integration and a duty-free and non-tariff-free trade environment. Empirical analysis confirms that there are positive links and in-depth agreements between parts and components trade — agents of production networks. In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region, for example, intraregional trade in intermediate products of preferential trade agreements is widespread.", "46. The significant increase in the number and quality of regionalization agreements indicates the need for agreement between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements. Transparency mechanisms for regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization and increased transparency would help to enhance the predictability of regional trade agreements. There was a need for consistency in the way forward, so that the special and differential treatment and policy space provided under the multilateral trading system would not be overturned by regional trade agreements, as bargaining power was asymmetric when regional trade agreements were negotiated. There is a need to ensure regulatory coherence, including through certain elements of multilateral regional trade agreements, such as rules of origin and sectoral liberalization. Regional trade agreements can also promote broader cooperation. Economic, financial, regulatory and institutional cooperation schemes, as well as pooling of resources to develop regional infrastructure and trade facilitation, can all significantly increase efficiency. A successful conclusion of the Doha Round would also contribute to such coherence.", "North-South regional trade agreements", "For countries involving low-income countries and/or dependent on limited products and markets, market access conditions are a consideration that should be taken into account. The targeting of existing preferences under unilateral preferential arrangements is the main motivation for some Latin American countries to conclude regional trade agreements (agricultural products) with the United States, as well as for some African, Caribbean and Pacific countries that are not least developed countries to conclude economic partnership agreements with the European Union (e.g., on bananas and sugar under Cotonou preferences). For example, under regional trade agreements, some Latin American countries have been treated by the European Union for the reduction of banana tariffs, with an increased margin of preference ranging from 3 to 39 euros per ton.", "48. Larger developing countries face challenges in effectively guaranteeing market access under regional trade agreements. RTAs often retain high tariffs on imported sensitive products, including dairy, sugar, cereals and clothing, which are highly protected on the basis of MFN treatment. Preferential tariffs have led to a reduction in the weighted average tariffs in global trade, but only by one percentage point, as high tariffs are maintained for agricultural and labour-intensive manufacturing products. For example, 27 per cent of agricultural products are excluded, compared with only 1 per cent of manufacturing products. This situation is likely to change, as recent North-South RTAs provide for the elimination of tariffs on virtually all products of developed countries, including imports-sensitive products such as sugar, by the end of the transition period.", "49. A major concern of developing countries is to ensure that their liberalization has the appropriate content, pace and sequencing, because, given economic asymmetries, reciprocal tariff elimination is more beneficial to them. However, their ability to undertake smaller and slower liberalization is constrained by WTO rules. This rule calls for the liberalization of “substantively all trade” in regional trade agreements, often understood as requiring the liberalization of 90 per cent of trade over a 10-year period. Some developing countries called for the rule to be revised to incorporate the principle of special and differential treatment, so that regional trade agreements would allow for “incomplete” reciprocity. Recent regional trade agreements have incorporated a mechanism for automatic expansion of deeper liberalization, extending liberalization commitments made by one party to regional trade agreements to the other under future regional trade agreements, such as the “third-party most-favoured-nation” clause between Asian, Caribbean and Pacific countries and the EU under economic partnership agreements. This approach may have chilling effects on South-South RTAs and similar provisions applicable to selected agricultural products under United States RTAs.", "Trade in services is prominent in North-South RTAs. One third of global RTAs have service commitments. Two models of services liberalization are the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) model based on the negative list method and the “mixed model” combining the positive and negative list method. These models generally cover cross-border services, commercial presence (which often coexists with investment in goods), movement of natural persons and sector-specific regulatory issues (e.g. financial services). The number of commitments under regional trade agreements is much higher than under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (see figure VII). For example, 75 per cent of the subsectors are listed under economic partnership agreements concluded between the European Union and the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States. Unlike certain RTAs, which incorporate a pattern of regulation of services, which may limit their right to regulate, GATS provides for a “necessity test”. North-South regional trade agreements (RTAs) could help provide real market access for sectors and modes of interest to developing countries, in particular Mode 4, where openness is limited.", "Figure VII Index of trade liberalization commitments in services", "[Chuckles]", "Regional trade agreements often include “additional provisions to the TRIPS Agreement” on intellectual property rights, which affect a wide range of public policies, from health to innovation. They have expanded the coverage of several types of intellectual property rights, the rights of owners and the duration of their application, and have provided for stricter enforcement, thus often limiting the flexibility available under trade-related intellectual property agreements (e.g. compulsory licensing for the import of essential medicines). Some provisions delay market access for generic products (e.g., protection of experimental data on pharmaceuticals for at least five years). Some estimates suggest that such a provision could lead to a 10 to 40 per cent increase in drug prices (for example, in Costa Rica).", "52. North-South RTAs have begun to liberalize government procurement, a market that accounts for 10-15 per cent of GDP. Shortages of supply capacity in developing countries often do not allow for genuine reciprocity. On the contrary, government procurement has long been used as an important industrial and public policy tool to support local suppliers and promote technological development. Domestic preferential provisions on local content have historically helped to establish certain strategic industries. Nevertheless, such policies are generally prohibited (for most developing countries that are not parties to government procurement agreements) only if the relevant government procurement takes place under the WTO framework. This important policy flexibility is increasingly constrained by regional trade agreements.", "B. South-South integration", "South-South integration and cooperation increasingly provide a platform for dynamic South-South trade (see box 5). Most South-South RTAs cover trade in goods, and many countries have embarked on broader regulatory and cooperative measures. They permit the use of economies of scale as a springboard for global integration and the promotion of non-traditional commodity trade, and have the potential to promote diversification. [12] Among countries with similar levels of development, more liberal rules of origin and mutual recognition criteria are easier to adopt. This could facilitate the development of regional value chains.", "Box 5 The potential benefits of the African Common Market are low levels of intra-African trade, including trade in intermediate goods. In order to overcome market fragmentation and size, African countries have sought to establish a pan-African common market by 2023. Enabling economic conditions create the right environment for a genuine agenda for African integration. The tripartite initiative between the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Common Market for Eastern Africa (COMESA) demonstrated the commitment of countries to promote coherence in overlapping African regional trade agreements. So far, the integration process has focused mainly on tariffs, but there is much room for “development integration” in combination with trade liberalization and regulatory and development cooperation. Tariff and non-tariff barriers in the African region often lead to lack of infrastructure or cumbersome administrative procedures. If they were cut by 50 per cent, they would generate welfare gains of up to $6.5 billion and create employment in all regions, with an employment rate of up to 4.8 per cent in the Economic Community of West African States region. Intra-African trade and production will increase and contribute to structural change. Potential effects of intra-African integration", "In 2004, at UNCTAD XI, developing countries launched negotiations on the Global System of Trade Preferences. The third round of negotiations concluded in December 2010. This activity provided an impetus for interregional South-South trade cooperation. Countries have agreed to reduce their applicable tariffs by 20 per cent for 70 per cent of taxable products, taking into account effective cuts and policy flexibility. The resulting tariff concessions extended product coverage to 47,000 tariff lines. Of the 43 members of the GSTP, 22 participated in the round and 11 countries exchanged tariff concessions. [13] UNCTAD estimates suggest that 11 participating countries will receive $2.5 billion in welfare gains, which could increase to $5.8 billion if all 22 countries participating in the round undertake tariff concessions. Broadening and deepening liberalization, combined with strengthened rules of origin and extending cooperation and liberalization to non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation, trade finance and, ultimately, trade in services, could significantly enhance their potential.", "Conclusion", "55. Over the past two decades, dynamic trade and investment relations have been key drivers of economic growth and structural transformation in some developing countries. This dynamic has begun to change the economic landscape and refocus on the policy mix needed to strengthen productive capacities, expand employment opportunities to support sustainable inclusive development and respond more effectively to external shocks. More attention needs to be paid to the agricultural and service sectors. There is much room for coherent and integrated trade, industrial, labour and social policies to achieve a more equitable sharing of wealth and opportunities within and across countries. Cross-market trading systems are an important catalyst that can facilitate the realization of trade benefits. The efforts behind the protracted Doha Round negotiations urgently need to lead to meaningful development gains. The least developed countries ' package should make a significant contribution to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action. More attention should be paid to Millennium Development Goal 8, on an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. Revitalizing the multilateral trading system and preparing for the challenges of the twenty-first century were important. In the context of rapidly changing economic conditions, major development efforts need to take into account the norms and instruments of cross-market trading systems, such as greater coherence in development between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements through expanded policy space for development and between the international trading and financial systems.", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, State of the World Economy and Prospects 2001, Mid-2011 Update, available at www.un.org/en/development./desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wespupdate.pdf.", "[3] World Investment Report 2001: Non-Equity Patterns in International Production and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[4] See TD/B/C.1/EM.4/2 and Devesh Kapur, Remittances: A New Verbale for Development, G20 Discussion Papers Synthesis Series, available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/gsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.", "[5] World Trade Organization, Report of the Director-General to the Trade Policy Review Body on Trade-related Development. Available at www.docsonline.wto.org.", "[6] Sandra Polaski, Winners and Losers: The Impact of Multiple Collegions on Developing Countries. See www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.", "[7] Peterson Institute, Understanding the Doha Round, available at www.wto.org/english/res_e/roses_e/dialogue_papers/Feasglob.pdf.", "[8] Dani Rodrik, A Viable Globalization. See www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.", "[9] WTO, European Community — Conditions for granting tariff preferences to developing countries. See http://docsonline.wto.org.", "[10] UNCTAD, Pan-African Cotton Conference 2011, Concept Summary. See www.unctad.info/upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.", "[11] For recent analysis, see WTO World Trade Report 2011: WTO and Preferential Trade Agreements: From Coexistence to Convergence, available at www.wto.org/english/res_e/books_e/arref_e/world_trade.report11_e.pdf.", "[12] UNCTAD, Making South-South trade an Introduction to Inclusive Growth. Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/pressb 20093_en.pdf.", "[13] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Paraguay, Republic of Korea and Uruguay." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目76(a)", "海洋和海洋法", "联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议的工作报告", "2011年7月22日协商进程共同主席给大会主席的信", "按照大会2010年12月7日第65/37 A号决议，我们被任命为联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议的共同主席。", "我们谨向你提交所附的2011年6月20日至24日在联合国总部举行的非正式协商进程第十二次会议的工作报告。会议成果包括第十二次会议期间讨论的问题的摘要和构想。根据以往惯例，请将本函和协商进程报告作为大会第六十六届会议议程题为“海洋和海洋法”的项目的文件分发为荷。", "此外，恳请注意会议委托我们提请将于2012年在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展问题会议注意第十二次会议的成果。因此，还请将包括可提请在会议框架内注意的问题的所附文件传递会议筹备进程主席团共同主席为荷。", "共同主席", "米兰·贾亚·尼亚姆拉辛·米塔尔班(签名)", "唐·麦凯(签名)", "海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议", "(2011年6月20日至24日)", "共同主席的讨论摘要 [1]", "1. 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议于2011年6月20日至24日举行。会议依照大会第65/37 A号决议，重点讨论了题为“促进联合国可持续发展会议评估执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距，处理新的和新出现的挑战”的专题。", "2. 出席会议的有来自88个会员国、17个政府间组织和其他机构及12个非政府组织的代表。", "3. 会议收到了以下相关文件：(a) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1)；(b) 会议形式和附加说明的临时议程(A/AC.259/L.12)。", "4. 会议还收到欧洲联盟(A/AC.259/20)和太平洋小岛屿发展中国家(A/AC.259/21)的呈件。", "议程项目1和2", "会议开幕和通过议程", "5. 两位共同主席唐·麦凯(新西兰)和米兰·贾亚·尼亚姆拉辛·米塔尔班(毛里求斯)在开幕词中着重指出海洋对可持续发展的重要性，尤其是对于沿海发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家来说，因为其生计有赖于健康的海岸和海洋生态系统。海洋必须处在联合国可持续发展会议议程的显著位置。", "6. 主管法律事务的副秘书长兼法律顾问帕特里夏•奥布赖恩代表秘书长强调指出，海洋、岛屿和沿海区对于全球粮食安全和许多国家持续经济繁荣与福祉至关重要。她指出，特别是在协商进程建立后，海洋体制框架方面取得了进展，但仍有许多工作要做。", "7. 主管经济和社会事务的副秘书长沙祖康强调，全世界数十亿人的生计依赖于海洋及其资源。然而，海洋是受到最大威胁的生态系统，包括受到海洋生物多样性丧失、污染、全球升温、酸化、珊瑚漂白和鱼类种群减少的威胁。这些挑战凸显了采取行动确保为今世后代可持续管理和利用海洋资源的紧迫性。", "8. 会议通过了会议的形式和附加说明的临时议程，并核准了拟议工作安排。", "议程项目3", "一般性交流意见", "9. 在全会和小组讨论中对重点专题的讨论情况见下文第11至85段。", "10. 各代表团表示赞赏秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1)。几个代表团着重指出该报告查明的挑战和新出现的问题，同时注意到报告的结论，即虽然取得了进展，许多海洋可持续发展目标和指标的充分执行需要各国、政府间组织和其他相关行为体作出进一步努力。", "重点领域：促进联合国可持续发展会议评估执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距，处理新的和新出现的挑战。", "11. 按照附加说明的议程，小组讨论分四部分进行：(a) 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法；(b) 执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概述；(c) 在海洋的可持续发展和利用方面新的和新出现的挑战；(d) 迈向里约＋20和之后的道路。这些部分开始时由小组成员进行演讲，随后进行了讨论。", "12. 各代表团着重强调这一重点专题的及时性和极为重要性，同时指出，由于其经济、社会和环境的重要性，海洋应在联合国可持续发展委员会2012年的讨论和成果中占据突出位置。它们特别强调这一重点专题对发展中国家的重要性。", "13. 关于会议题为“可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济”的主题，一些代表团指出，对于许多国家来说，“绿色经济”就是“蓝色经济”。", "1. 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法", "(a) 小组讲演", "14. 联合国可持续发展会议共同执行协调员Brice Lalonde介绍了在执行海洋相关法律文书方面遇到的挑战，以及应对多种海洋威胁的必要性。Lalonde先生特别强调区域组织的重要作用，特别是在通过合作协调收集科学知识方面。他强调需要科学措施，以及生态系统办法、综合沿海管理和环境影响评估的重要性。国际海洋研究所执行主任Cherdsak Virapat论述了海洋与可持续发展三个支柱之间的关系。他强调海洋和沿海区与人类活动对海洋生态系统的压力与日俱增之间的关系，尽管国际社会努力制定一项全球综合海洋治理制度。Virapat先生强调，人类社会必须改变行为，实现与环境和海洋进行可持续互动的目标。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "15. 海洋在实现可持续发展三个支柱方面的作用得到强调。有代表团指出，海洋及沿海区对于生命、粮食安全和人类繁荣至关重要。海洋健康及其资源管理直接关系到许多国家人民，特别是小岛屿发展中国家人民的发展机会。健康海洋作为地球生态周期的一部分提供生态系统服务的作用，包括吸碳供氧，也得到强调。与会者特别强调渔业对社会支柱做出的贡献的重要性，因为妥善管理的渔业提供粮食安全和就业。渔业对于许多严重依赖这些资源的沿海国家，特别是小岛屿发展中国家的贸易和商业至关重要。", "16. 若干代表团回顾，可持续发展的核心原则是代际公平。代际公平强调以合理和可持续利用自然资源的方式谋求发展，以便后代也可以享受目前发展的收益。有代表团还提及同代公平。许多代表团指出，有必要平衡并加强可持续发展经济、社会和环境支柱之间的联系。一些代表团强调，所有三个要素应作为一个综合整体，而不是分开的支柱加以考虑。有人认为，这种办法需要考虑地方、国家、区域和全球各级有关的经济、生态和社会方面，没有“一刀切”的解决办法。", "17. 若干代表团认为，要实现可持续发展，就必须避免海洋法不成体系的问题。它们回顾，海洋活动遵循1982年《联合国海洋法公约》所反映的国际法，应当保护《公约》的完整性。在这方面，有代表团回顾，批准《公约》是一国可以采取的最重要的实现可持续发展行动。有代表团还注意到，2012年召开可持续发展会议将与《公约》通过30周年巧合。", "18. 关于区域组织在可持续发展海洋与海洋法方面的作用，一些代表团对一个小组成员提议将各区域渔业管理组织和安排的任务扩展到区域海洋管理组织表示关切。有代表团强调，各区域渔业管理组织和安排完成现有任务已经挑战重重，不可能有能力或授权来应对海洋保护区等问题。其他代表团强调，已经有《公约》及其执行协定和工具所建立的现有法律框架来面对这些挑战。", "19. 大会作为决策机构尤其在可持续地发展海洋方面的核心作用，得到了强调。", "20. 关于合作与协调，一些代表团注意到有关海洋问题的众多国际公约、会议和法律框架，并着重指出有必要统一国际社会的愿景并协同合力，以促进海洋的可持续管理。受权管理各种活动的组织之间特别是在区域一级的跨部门合作的重要性得到强调。另外还强调有必要对沿海区进行综合管理和可持续开发，以及采取生态系统办法。", "21. 在这方面，有人回顾，《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)中建议在联合国系统内建立一个有效、透明的海洋和沿海问题经常性机构间协调机制，因此设立了联合国海洋网络。有代表团认为，有必要重新评价联合国海洋网络在增强一致性和支持会员国执行海洋相关政策方面的作用(另见第87至91段)。", "22. 有代表团提请会议注意必须适用《环境与发展问题里约宣言》原则15中要求采用的、国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭有关赞助个人和实体参加“区域”活动的国家的责任和义务的咨询意见中重申的审慎方法。若干代表团支持对管理人类海洋活动采用生态系统办法，包括使用与国际法一致的工具，如海洋保护区及沿海和海洋空间规划。会上还提及《里约宣言》原则2。根据这项原则，各国有责任确保其管辖范围内的活动不损害其他国家或国家管辖范围以外区域的环境。许多代表团还回顾共同但有区别的责任原则。", "2. 执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概述", "(a) 小组演讲", "23. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织政府间海洋学委员会(教科文组织/海委会)海洋科学主管Luis Valdés指出海洋科学研究有差距、联合国内海洋治理不统一以及联合国海洋网络利用不足。他列举了地理工程、脆弱的深海生态系统和海洋塑料等新出现的最重要问题。泰国驻澳大利亚大使Kriangsak Kittichaisaree介绍了以下问题：能力建设和海洋技术转让、包括能源相关研究领域仍存在的差距与挑战；海洋生物技术，加强管理结构，保护海洋环境；备灾，可持续渔业发展；海平面上升；废物管理和应对气候变化不利影响。国际渔工援助合作社执行秘书Sebastian Mathew着重指出首脑会议成果、促进捕捞渔业可持续发展的国家立法和政策及在国家和地方各级实施之间现存的差距。他认为这一差距主要产生于缺乏能力、技术知识不够，没有政治承诺和治理欠佳。热点生态系统研究及人对欧洲海域的影响协调员Phil Weaver指出海底捕捞活动对海洋物种和海床的破坏性影响。他强调必须进行影响评估，采用审慎办法，有必要监视渔船。拉各斯大学教授Alo Babajide查明为实现可持续发展三个支柱而需要保护海洋环境免遭海洋污染方面的各种差距、挑战和优先事项，着重指出不行动的代价。他谈到了各种执行体制，指出大型海洋生态系统项目在支持生态系统办法和综合管理方面的作用。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "24. 各代表团回顾可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议上作出的积极承诺。许多代表团还提到《万鸦老海洋宣言》及《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议的成果。不过，许多代表团关切地注意到作出承诺与实施承诺之间的差距。若干代表团说，虽然为实现这些承诺作出了重大政治努力，包括完善规范框架，但与海洋有关的承诺实施仍有缺点。", "25. 若干代表团指出，在联合国环境与发展会议上作出的、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标中赞同的许多承诺，特别是与沿海发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家有关的承诺尚未实现。", "26. 若干代表团强调有必要加大执行现有协议和承诺的力度，特别是在国家一级，以推进可持续发展议程。在这方面，有代表团回顾《21世纪议程》的一个关键信息，即“放眼全球，着手地方”。有代表团提示，各种国家级行动将变成国际级行动。有人着重指出在小型渔业社区等地方一级制定政策的必要性。", "27. 一些代表团强调船旗国的责任重大，以及各国要成为负责任的捕鱼国就必须加入重要的国际文书，如1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织) 渔业委员会批准的《预防、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动港口国措施协议》。有代表团指出，各国可以不加入这类协定而成为负责任的捕鱼国，它们的表现应根据其行动来评价。", "28. 注意到科学知识对于健全管理和养护海洋的重要性，一些代表团表示有必要作出更大努力，加强教科文组织海委会和区域组织在建设海洋科学能力方面的能力。有代表团还提到国际海底管理局是推动合作和协调促进能力建设及转让海洋技术的可能模式。", "29. 有代表团认为，善政对于消除贫穷和可持续发展至关重要，但仍给联合国系统带来相当大的挑战。它们特别着重指出2002年发展筹资问题国际会议蒙特雷共识中提到的善政，以及可持续发展问题世界首脑会议确定的海洋治理目标。在这方面，仍有必要查明在多大程度上实现了这些目标。还有代表团指出，实现到2020年保护10%的海洋的目标所需的体制和管制机制不清晰。有代表团对受权审查海洋保护相关规则执行情况的国际机构的体制和预算弱化表示关切。", "30. 有代表团提请注意欧洲联盟《海洋战略框架指示》。按照该指示，除其他外，将对管理人类活动采取生态系统办法。在这方面，从2012年起，欧洲联盟成员国必须通过定期评估对海洋环境退化的代价进行评估。", "31. 有代表团提及《公约》在可持续发展各次主要首脑会议通过的各项建议方面的核心作用。它们认为，1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》为建立一种有力的国际渔业管制制度和编篡现代渔业养护和管理原则奠定了基础。有代表团还着重指出透明度问题，特别是各国有必要向其参加的区域渔业管理组织和安排适当报告其捕鱼工作。", "32. 有代表团指出，1995年《协定》规定设立第七部分下的援助基金。该基金经常资金不足，使发展中国家的期望因而落空。它们呼吁为援助基金捐款。", "33. 若干代表团认为，在实施《21世纪议程》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》可持续渔业内容方面仍存在的主要差距，涉及过度捕捞和捕捞能力过大及渔业补贴。在这方面，有代表团注意到消除有害补贴具有经济、环境和发展效益，表示欢迎在2012年可持续发展委员会会议筹备过程中讨论补贴问题(另见第66段)。", "34. 其他代表团认为，缺乏监测、管制和监视能力影响一些国家管理其专属经济区活动的能力。各代表团强调有必要处理非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动、破坏性捕捞做法、副渔获物和弃鱼、单一鱼种管理、数据报告和无效渔业管理等问题。有代表团还对继续割鲨鱼鳍表示关切。", "35. 关于底拖网捕捞，有代表团提请注意即将举行讲习班讨论大会关于底拖网捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响的第61/105号和第64/72号决议有关段落的执行情况。这次讲习班被视为处理底拖网捕捞技术问题的最恰当论坛。", "36. 有代表团认为，深海渔业的绝对经济效益可忽略不计，与对海洋环境的不利影响相比，小的不成比例。", "37. 若干代表团强调有必要对渔业管理采用更有效的现代养护和管理原则，如审慎办法和生态系统办法。在这方面，许多代表团表示关切的是，各次可持续发展问题首脑会议制定的若干目标尚未实现，特别是到2010年采用生态系统办法、到2010年在全球、区域和国家各级大幅度降低目前的生物多样性丧失速度、到2012年建立海洋保护区网络的代表性网络。", "38. 有代表团还提到粮农组织《世界渔业和水产业状况》报告中令人震惊的统计数据，着重指出有必要加强区域渔业管理组织或安排的管制制度，使之更加负责任、透明和开放。在这方面、有代表团提请注意《联合国渔业种类协定》审查续会的建议，即各区域渔业管理组织或安排的任务有必要现代化并经常进行业绩审查。它们还提请注意1982年《关于符合共同利益的渔业管理合作瑙鲁协定》。在这方面强调了可持续金枪鱼捕捞对于小岛屿发展中国家经济的重要性，并提请注意2010年《科罗尔宣言》。该《宣言》推出了创新性措施，如扩大和有针对性地关闭公海。一些代表团提议，大会对区域渔业管理组织或安排的执行情况进行监督。不过，东北大西洋被确定为相关区域渔业管理组织或安排通过利用黑名单等手法成功地处理非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动的区域。", "39. 一些代表团着重指出洄游鲸目动物的重要性和脆弱性。这些动物维持着从事商业性鲸鱼和海豚观赏业务的沿海社区。这些代表团注意到鲸目动物提供的生态系统服务，如须鲸回收有机铁并将其转变成矿物铁。有代表团指出，目前的法律和政策框架只覆盖1/5的鲸目动物。例如，对鲸鱼的保护不统一，是公平和可持续地发展海洋的一个严重障碍。它们认为，在这个问题上需要进一步国际合作，以期根据包括《公约》在内的可适用的国际法采用一项集体政策，以确保保护公海上的鲸目动物。其他一些代表团就此着重指出必须以可持续方式收获可再生资源的根本性原则。他们表示愿意继续与现有主管论坛、即国际捕鲸委员会和北大西洋海洋哺乳动物委员会合作。", "40. 关于养护和可持续地利用海洋生物多样性问题，许多代表团着重指出，2010年5月31日至6月3日举行的对保护和可持续地利用国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性相关问题进行研究的不限成员名额特设非正式工作组第四次会议在克服执行《公约》的一个主要差距方面迈进了一步。工作组建议，大会发起一个进程，以确保养护和可持续地利用国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性法律框架有效处理这些问题，方法是通过执行现有文书和有可能按《公约》制定一项多边协定而查明差距和确定前进方向。该进程将处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性问题，特别是一并和整体处理海洋遗传资源的养护和利用问题，包括分享惠益、区域管理工具等措施，其中包括海洋保护区和环境影响评估、能力建设和转让海洋技术。", "41. 一些代表团指出，海洋保护区一直被视为重要的管理工具，包括减轻和缓冲沿海和近海开发、过度捕捞、气候变化，自然事件和其他压力因素对海洋的一些影响。一些代表团指出，根据国际法和现有最佳科学信息，包括代表性网络而实现到2012年建立海洋保护区的目标的进展缓慢。一些代表团着重指出有必要在国家管辖范围以外区域建立海洋保护区。关于工作组的工作(见第40段)，其他代表团强调有必要讨论管辖问题，并制定代表整个国际社会利益的国家管辖范围以外区域的体制结构。", "42. 一些代表团还指出缺乏一个指定国家管辖范围以外区域海洋保护区的全球机制。有代表团提到生物多样性公约缔约国会议第十次会议的相关成果，强调采用新的《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》，其中包括关于可持续渔业及沿海和海洋保护区的目标，以及缔约国会议第X/29号决定为确定生态或生物重要区域而制定的程序。", "43. 为了确保可持续地利用海洋产品和服务，若干代表团指出有必要适当评估和了解海洋状况与运作，以支持采取基于生态系统综合办法来管理对海洋环境产生影响的人类活动。在这方面提到必须有一个可运作的关于海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序。", "44. 有代表团表示，需要采取一种生态系统办法来管理所有使用者和用途，包括旅游业、商业海运、采矿和捕捞活动。在这方面提到必须在小岛屿发展中国家建立区域海洋科学和技术中心。", "45. 关于海洋污染，有代表团强调需要进一步开展工作，减少海洋废弃物、水下噪音和陆地活动对海洋的影响。海洋废弃物是一个跨界的问题，需要区域合作与协调。有代表团还强调指出入侵物种现象是对生物多样性的威胁，是其衰弱的一个重要因素。国际海事组织处理压载水的工作得到了强调(另见第92段)。有代表团指出，生物多样性减少还影响渔业、旅游业和商业。有人提请注意缺少与近海勘探和开发活动污染所造成损害有关的责任和赔偿的法律机制。", "46. 有代表团表示，应处理近海石油平台跨界污染引起的问题，并注意到在这方面进行的工作。一些代表团谈到是否能制定新的文书以处理与近碳氢化合物勘探和开发等活动有关的新出现的问题。其他代表团强调，这一问题得到保护海洋环境的国际法，包括《公约》所规定的现有义务的适当覆盖，并强调有必要充分执行这些义务。", "47. 若干代表团认为，污染研究项目应对付海洋环境面临的新威胁。还有必要研究气候变化对海洋的影响。", "48. 一些代表团还对途经加勒比海运输有害和放射性废料的相关风险表示关切。", "49. 与会者普遍认为，能力建设对于实现海洋可持续发展至关重要。有代表团还指出，技术变化扩大了全球海洋观测系统数据的获取。该系统是科学家、海洋和沿海资源管理人员、应急人员、决策者、教育工作者以及利用海洋休闲和谋生者的一个重要帮手。", "50. 有代表团提请注意《政府间海洋学委员会转让海洋技术标准和准则》和适用这些标准和准则的必要性。与会者指出，应进一步探讨海委会在转让技术方面的作用。关于“区域”内的活动，他们着重指出了国际海底管理局在转让技术方面的职权。", "51. 有代表团提到有必要考虑在发展中国家的需求和转让技术相关知识产权之间求得平衡。", "52. 有代表团指出，有必要对能力建设和技术转让采取协调的办法。在这方面，它们认为有必要查明有可能妨碍有效参与可持续地发展海洋能力方面的差距，并寻找解决这些差距的办法。一些代表团认为，这可以包括为提供者和接受者建立一个信息中心机制。", "53. 若干代表团还认识到，能力建设是一个重要的研究领域。有代表团提到有效能力建设方案的例子，包括旨在通过渔业研究及管理和体制强化而建设能力的南森方案。有人还提及南南合作的例子，特别是在海洋和沿海养鱼和开发替代、可再生能源方面的合作。", "信息通报会", "54. 共同主席邀请牛津大学动物学系教授阿历克斯·罗杰斯向各代表团通报最近发布的海洋压力因素与影响问题国际专家讲习班的报告。罗杰斯教授着重指出人类活动对海洋的各种影响。这些活动对海洋生物系统的运作和恢复力具有很大影响。他对空前的气候变化速度和有必要采取行动保护生态系统表示特别关切。他建议紧急采取行动减少二氧化碳排放，此外恢复生态系统和有效管理公海的一致战略。", "3. 海洋的可持续发展和利用方面新出现的挑战", "(a) 小组演讲", "55. 乌特勒支大学法学院助教Yoshinobu Takei论述了通过海洋综合管理而实现可持续发展目标的挑战和机遇。他把珊瑚礁管理研究作为一个例子，说明各国如何可以实现综合管理，克服与之相关的困难。加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学Ussif Rasid Sumaila教授着重提到全球变暖对可持续利用海洋鱼类资源的一些影响，如鱼类繁殖、物种分布范围、迁移模式的变化、珊瑚漂白增加、海洋酸化和生态系统组成的变化；以及渔获量变化和渔获值变化带来的经济影响。他指出，例如，西非鱼类资源的价值可减至50%。米兰比可卡大学国际法教授Tullio Scovazzi从法律角度探讨国家管辖范围内外海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用问题，同时强调需要考虑《公约》如何演变以解决新问题，如海洋遗传资源体系、海洋保护区网络的建立，以及环境影响评估、能力建设和转让海洋技术等。联合国环境规划署环境政策执行司淡水和海洋生态系统处处长Jacqueline Alder女士着重谈到关于海洋治理、污染和产业化的全球重大新问题的范围和性质。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "56. 与会者着重指出，可持续地发展和利用海洋方面新出现的各种挑战需要给予注意。各国代表团特别表示关注以下问题：生物多样性和相关服务的损失；对脆弱的海洋生态系统，包括珊瑚的影响；资源过度开采；有害的补贴；海洋废弃物和微型塑料碎片；外来入侵物种；水下噪声；化学品和海洋过度营养物的累积。", "57. 几个代表团指出，影响可持续发展的挑战是相互联系在一起的，不能孤立处理。这些代表团还强调，这些问题之间的相互作用可能形成挑战，但现行政策没有给予处理。例如，有人指出，关于气候变化的研究通常集中于单独的影响，累积的影响可能造成未知的后果。", "58. 许多代表团还强调了小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性和隔离状态，其文化、生计和经济正由于不可持续地利用海洋资源及气候变化而受到威胁。在这方面，一些代表团关注气候变化对海洋的影响，包括海平面上升和海洋酸化。许多代表团都同意，需要在《联合国气候变化框架公约》确定的原则背景下应对气候变化。它们特别提到了气候变化如何影响到水的供应和粮食安全。", "59. 有人指出，发展中国家缺乏信息和技术以及特别是应对气候变化的机构能力，这需要加以考虑。其他代表团呼吁加强观测和研究的国际合作和数据共享，更好地了解和预测海洋酸化对海洋环境的影响。一些代表团还注意到可再生能源在可持续发展中的作用，包括将气候变化的风险降到最低和减少贫困。有人指出，开发可再生能源管理以控制环境影响，须审慎从事。", "60. 一些代表团还强调了气候变化对鱼类的影响，包括鱼类种群的再分布。", "61. 一些代表团强调，鱼类分布变化可能导致现有的区域渔业管理组织协议的瓦解，因为其分配是基于这些资源的所在地。一些代表团建议，需要就鱼类资源分配缔结国际文书，因为《联合国鱼类种群协定》没有涉及这个问题。", "62. 关于海洋酸化，有人对特别是发展中国家缺乏监测酸化影响的能力表示关切。", "63. 关于海洋肥化，有人对其可能给海洋环境造成的影响表示关注。", "64. 几个代表团指出，海洋废弃物虽然不是新的挑战，但其对海洋生态系统的影响越来越明显，特别是由于微型塑料到处都是。他们认为，这个问题值得在2012年可持续发展大会会议上给予关注。一位小组成员指出，环境署已设立全面废物管理方案。", "65. 关于水下噪音，几个代表团强调，海洋环境中噪音事件急剧增长，特别是在航运和能源部门及军事活动方面。一个小组成员强调，噪音会严重影响海洋物种，包括哺乳动物，并可能大幅度降低渔获率。几个代表团呼吁立即就此问题采取行动。", "66. 对于过度捕捞，有看法认为有必要取消有害的补贴。补贴虽然具有短期吸引力，但从长远看可能会破坏资源基础。一些代表团强调，这个问题的适当论坛是世界贸易组织的多哈回合。一些代表团指出，切不要以同一方式对待所有补贴，因为补贴可用来资助当地经济的多样化等适应措施。有人提出，2012年可持续发展大会会议进程可提供一个新的重要机会，解决有关补贴的问题。", "67. 一些代表团强调，需要认识到个体和小规模捕捞社区对可持续发展的重要贡献。在这方面，它们回顾《21世纪议程》反映和承认个体和小规模渔业对可持续发展的重要性。一些代表团认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议应重申这些问题的重要性。", "68. 会上提到了产业规模浮动水产养殖场的使用。有必要增加国家和国际努力，解决水产养殖问题，方法包括数据收集、最佳做法和认证准则。", "69. 几个代表团表示了看法，谈到战胜可持续地发展和利用海洋面对的各种挑战的可能办法，同时强调生态系统是管理工作的中心。这些代表团还强调，需要保持生态系统的完整性，让生态系统方法运行起来。与会者强调了“经常程序”的潜在作用。", "70. 许多代表团指出，工作组第四次会议的成果显著，保持了微妙的平衡(见第40段)。", "71. 许多代表团强调，需要解决国家管辖范围以外海洋遗传资源相关法律制度问题。这些代表团表示支持可拟定一份执行协议，解决国家管辖范围以外地区海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用问题。一些代表团支持在2012年可持续发展大会会议成果文件中列入相关文字。", "72. 其他代表团认为，海洋生物多样性保护和可持续利用的解决方案，应力求最大限度地执行现有文书。参照工作组第四次会议的成果，这些代表团强调，现有文书的执行和找出执行方面的差距，是进程中同样重要的一部分。", "4． 里约+20及今后之路", "(a) 小组演讲", "73. 全球海洋论坛主席兼美国特拉华大学Gerard J.Mangone海洋政策中心主任Biliana Cicin-Sain，回顾了海洋和里约进程，已经取得的成绩和需要做的努力，同时重点谈到两个问题：即生态系统为基础的综合海洋管理和气候变化。她还介绍了可持续发展大会会议在会议主题范畴内可能指定的“海洋计划”的一些内容。巴西常驻联合国代表团特命全权公使兼2012年可持续发展大会会议筹备进程主席团当然委员玛丽亚·特雷莎·梅斯基塔·佩索阿，介绍了在可持续发展和海洋方面作出的承诺。她指出以下几个要解决的持续挑战：不可持续的渔业；可持续渔业的能力发展；栖息地的损失，包括珊瑚礁和红树林地区；环境影响评估；外来侵入物种；核废料；海洋酸化和海平面上升；小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性；国家管辖范围外地区的生物多样性。她还指出，需要解决与海洋有关的机构和组织在关于可持续发展的体制框架的未来讨论中的协调和合作问题。她还回顾，“约翰内斯堡执行计划”也呼吁加强教科文组织/海委会/粮农组织和其他相关国际、区域和次区域组织的能力，建立国家和地方的海洋科学及海洋和海洋资源可持续管理的能力。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "74. 一些代表团认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议若要成功，就应该在海洋、渔业和生物多样性方面拿出有力的成果。与会者认为，各国政府应考虑在里约+20周年之际开展大胆行动，包括需要重申现有的承诺，制定新的举措。鉴于对2012年会议作出的各种投入，需要一个针对海洋问题的协调方法，以避免海洋法的不统一。", "75. 许多代表团呼吁在根除贫困和可持续发展背景下，把“蓝色经济”同“绿色经济”联系起来。海洋的优先举措，可以提高到更高的国际社会关注和意识层次，以实现可持续发展目标。鉴于《21世纪议程》和“约翰内斯堡执行计划”中已经商定的许多承诺尚未实施，与会者指出需要制定切实和可以全面实施的大小目标，而不是雄心勃勃的目标。一种看法认为，应该对现有措施的实施和执行作出新的努力。有人强调，发展中国家有能力实现这些目标，但需要国际、区域、国家和地方各级继续提供援助。", "76. 有人建议把重点放在具体问题上，如粮食安全、海洋酸化和海洋生态系统的有效保护和管理。其他几个代表团呼吁，2012年可持续发展大会会议重视小岛屿发展中国家的特殊脆弱性和需要，还强调需要认真考虑可持续生产和消费相关问题，特别是可持续的海鲜消费。可再生能源和替代能源的作用被认为是实现可持续发展和实现“绿色经济”三大支柱的关键，同时指出应该审慎从事(另见第59段)。与会者一般认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议应协助国际社会审议海洋的有效养护和管理措施，包括借助适当的框架、政策和机制。", "77. 有人指出，2012年可持续发展大会会议将提供一个机会，让各国审议最佳政策工具以走向“绿色经济”，同时避免新的“绿色”贸易壁垒。2012年可持续发展大会会议在这方面应着眼于改革和取消现有的惩罚“绿色”增长的措施，如有害的矿物燃料和渔业补贴。与会者回顾了世界贸易组织谈判中关于在渔业补贴方面对发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇的建议。", "78. 特别是关于渔业，有人表示，2012年可持续发展大会会议的结果应确保全球渔业公平、可持续和负责任。在这方面，大家回顾了赋予区域渔业管理组织和安排的养护和管理全球鱼类种群的重要责任。不过，与会者强调需要改进这些组织的任务，还需要对渔业采取生态系统方法。会上提出一项建议，要大会对区域渔业管理组织和安排的执行情况行使监督。", "79. 许多代表团强调，关于国家管辖范围以外地区的海洋生物多样性，需要根据《公约》有一个具体的法律制度。它们还指出，如国际海底管理局大会通过的法规所规定，该管理局在保护和保全区域内海洋环境，包括海洋生物多样性方面发挥作用。", "80. 关于基于区域的管理工具，有一种观点认为，2012年会议应认识到需要提高现有和未来的海洋保护区的效力，增加海洋抵御气候变化和海洋酸化的能力。", "81. 与会者强调需要评价人类活动对环境的影响，以利于政策规划。在这方面，有人认为，可持续发展大会会议将有助于让人们更加意识到需要进行影响评估。为此提出一个建议，即可持续发展大会会议推动评估进程发展，包括人类活动对海洋环境的累积影响评估。", "82. 会上强调了海洋技术转让在建设能力和促进可持续发展方面发挥的作用。有人指出，根据《公约》有关海洋技术转让的第十四部分呼吁开展的合作，可以从南北和南南合作角度加以设想。有人还指出，海洋技术的转让需要有利的环境以吸引投资。", "83. 关于体制框架，有人建议，重点放在切实改革现有的机构，而不是进行较大规模的体制变革。与会者强调需要加强联合国各机构间的合作和协调，加快实现“约翰内斯堡执行计划”的大小目标。不过，有人表示担心建立新的架构可能导致海洋法的不统一。", "84. 区域和国家机构的重要作用也得到了承认。与会者强调需要建立体制框架，包括国际一级的框架，以便让可持续发展的三大支柱综合一体。渔业、环境和其他海洋机构之间加强合作，被视为是综合管理海洋问题和解决各种人类活动累积影响的关键。", "85. 一些代表团提议，非正式协商进程应商定具体内容，提交给可持续发展大会会议。这些内容可包括：可持续发展(包括海洋)三大支柱之间紧密连结，特别是针对小岛屿发展中国家；可持续发展需要考虑到环境、经济、社会和人文方面；必须恢复海洋生态系统的健康，以此作为优先事项而实现可持续发展、粮食安全、消除贫困和建立可持续发展的蓝色经济；实际上以前首脑会议上商定的许多关于海洋和可持续发展的目标尚未实现，尤其是《21世纪议程》第17章及“约翰内斯堡执行计划”中的目标，再次确认并在必要情况下更新此类承诺；采取具体步骤，以基于生态系统的综合方法管理影响到海洋生态系统的人类活动；解决新出现的问题，如海洋废弃物，水下噪音，入侵物种及其对生物多样性的累积影响，包括国家管辖范围以外地区；加强海洋生态系统面对海洋酸化的恢复能力；把生态系统方法和对定期评估海洋环境状况的承诺联系起来，作为明智决策的基础；进一步把生态系统服务价值，包括退化的代价，纳入决策过程，其中包括利用市场机制；必须以保证其长期可持续性的方式管理渔业资源，包括通过消除有害的补贴和采用生态系统渔业管理方式，确保捕捞能力与渔业机会相称；重新对影响到海洋环境的所有经济部门的承诺，包括航运、海上能源和陆上影响；能力建设和技术转让；确认在其他进程，特别是关于海洋生物多样性的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十次会议上做出的承诺；国家管辖范围以外地区海洋多样性对于海洋生态系统和其相关的商品和服务十分重要，是包括发展中国家在内的可持续发展的基本要素。与会者注意到根据《公约》规定的国家管辖范围以外地区生物多样性的特定法律制度，是应考虑的内容。他们认为，这些问题可以提交给可持续发展大会会议以确认前进方向。", "议程项目4", "机构间合作与协调", "86. 联合国开发计划署国际水域的首席技术顾问兼联合国海洋网络协调员Andrew Hudson，报告了联合国海洋网络和海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组最新的工作。", "87. 他向会议通报了2011年6月17日在纽约举行的联合国海洋网络第九次会议的主要成果。在这次会议上，参与机构讨论了是否可审查联合国海洋网络的工作，找出其长处和弱点及改善的机会。", "88. Hudson先生还向会议介绍了成员机构为确保海洋相关的主题在2012年可持续发展的会议上得到重视，以及在规划和筹备2012年主题为“活生生的海洋和海岸-资源多样性与可持续活动”的韩国丽水世博会时得到重视而采取的措施。", "89. 他介绍了联合国海洋网络工作队各项活动的最新情况，并向会议通报了有关成立新的海洋废弃物工作队的决定，该工作队由联合国环境规划署和国际海事组织共同牵头，并与海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组保持密切联系。Hudson先生介绍了联合国海洋地图集正在升级，欢迎新供资45 000美元，表示希望这笔财政支持将每年继续。在回答问题时，Hudson先生指出，新工作队是根据联合国海洋网络核心任务之一成立的，即找出新出现的问题并成立工作队酌情解决。", "90. 有人表示，应按照大会第57/141号决议所规定的任务，结合2012年可持续发展大会会议而增加联合国海洋网络的透明度受重视程度和意义，并应考虑成员国参与海洋网络工作问题。有人建议，联合国海洋网络的审查工作也可借鉴其他机构间的协调机制，如联合国水机制和联合国能源的经验教训。", "91. 关于联合国海洋网络如何协调海洋相关会议的日期安排以避免重叠，Hudson先生建议，分发一份现有的海洋有关活动的日历，可协助联合国海洋网络成员规划未来工作。有人进一步指出，这样的任务是应由作为联合国海洋网络一部分的秘书处负责。", "92. Hudson先生回顾海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组对推进《21世纪议程》第17章和“约翰内斯堡执行计划”做出的科学贡献，并提请注意其工作，包括关于航运繁忙海区压载水、船舶气体排放和沿岸污染源及海洋酸化的工作。鉴于入侵物种对海洋生态系统的有害影响，呼吁各国批准《国际控制和管理船舶压载水和沉积物公约》。", "93. Hudson先生还强调要保持专家组，以应要求为经常进程提供帮助，并回顾了与全球环境基金越境水域评估方案的合作伙伴关系。他进一步强调了专家组关于如微型塑料等新问题的工作，以及保持专家组以为各国和国际组织做出科学贡献。", "94. 与会者指出了专家组作为机构间科学委员会的作用，提到专家组缺乏资金，工作面临困难。", "议程项目5", "甄选议题和专题小组成员以便协助大会开展工作的程序", "95. 关于在即将举行的非正式协商进程会议上讨论的议题，几个代表团回顾了在第十次会议的结论：非正式协商进程应处理有关可持续发展三大支柱的问题。有人认为，保护和发展是相互关联的，因此不能分开审查。", "96. 几个代表团重申，概念文件的分发时间最好不迟于大会关于海洋和海洋法的决议的第一轮非正式磋商，以使各代表团有足够时间来研究。选定至少连续两年的议题被认为是合算的，但有人对此建议表示谨慎，因为需要对提出的议题进行充分的审查。", "97. 与会者认识到组织讨论小组有困难。几个代表团指出，需要让共同主席有某种程度的灵活性。它们还强调在物色和邀请有关人士参加小组讨论和保持适当区域平衡方面，共同主席发挥着重要作用。", "98. 一些代表团强调，筹备会议很有用，在这方面欢迎共同主席努力与会员国协商。", "99. 共同主席再次呼吁向大会第55/7号决议设立的自愿信托基金捐款，协助发展中国家代表，特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家代表出席协商进程会议，以此作为一个重要的手段，确保来自发展中国家的专家和与会者的参与。秘书处介绍了信托基金的最新情况。", "议程项目6", "如受大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作的注意则可能受益的问题", "100. 有人提请会议注意共同主席编列的、如受大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作的注意则可能受益的问题的综合精简清单。[2] 一个政府间组织强调了气候变化问题，特别是海洋酸化，因为它直接关系到可持续发展的三个支柱。它指出，在这方面，海洋酸化的增加直接关系到鱼类集中程度的变化、对珊瑚的负面影响和海洋噪音的传播。另一个令人关切的问题是，酸化对作为重要的鱼类栖息地的珊瑚礁的有害影响，因为这些栖息地保护食品和就业，防止沿海社区遭受风暴激增的影响。", "[1] 摘要仅供参考，不是讨论记录。", "[2] 见http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#- List%20of%20issues。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its twelfth meeting", "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A of 7 December 2010, we were appointed as the Co-Chairs of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.", "We have the honour to submit to you the attached report on the work of the Informal Consultative Process at its twelfth meeting, which was held at United Nations Headquarters from 20 to 24 June 2011. The outcome of the meeting consists of our summary of issues and ideas discussed during the meeting. As per past practice, we kindly request that the present letter and the report of the Consultative Process be circulated as a document of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "In addition, kindly note that the meeting entrusted us to bring the outcome of the twelfth meeting to the attention of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. Accordingly, we would be grateful if the attached document, which includes issues that could benefit from attention in the framework of the Conference, could also be transmitted to the Co‑Chairs of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference.", "(Signed) Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan Don MacKay Co-Chairpersons", "Twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea", "(20-24 June 2011)", "Co-Chairs’ summary of discussions[2]", "1. The twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea was held from 20 to 24 June 2011 and, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A, focused its discussions on the topic entitled “Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges”.", "2. The meeting was attended by representatives of 88 States, 17 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 12 non-governmental organizations.", "3. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1); and (b) format and annotated provisional agenda of the meeting (A/AC.259/L.12).", "4. The meeting also had before it submissions from the European Union (A/AC.259/20) and the Pacific small island developing States (A/AC.259/21).", "Agenda items 1 and 2 Opening of the meeting and adoption of the agenda", "5. The two Co-Chairs, Don MacKay (New Zealand) and Milan Jaya Meetarbhan (Mauritius), highlighted in their opening statements the importance of the oceans and seas to sustainable development, in particular for coastal developing States and small island developing States, in the light of their dependence on healthy coastal and marine ecosystems for livelihood. There was a need for the oceans to feature prominently on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "6. On behalf of the Secretary-General, Patricia O’Brien, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and Legal Counsel, underlined the critical importance of oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas for global food security and for sustaining economic prosperity and the well-being of many nations. She noted that while progress had been made with regard to an institutional framework for the oceans with the establishment, inter alia, of the Consultative Process, much more remained to be done.", "7. Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, stressed that billions of people around the world were dependent on the oceans and their resources for their livelihood. Yet, oceans were among the most threatened ecosystems, including from the loss of marine biodiversity, pollution, global warming, acidification, coral bleaching and declining fish stocks. These challenges highlighted the urgency of taking action to ensure the sustainable management and use of marine resources for current and future generations.", "8. The meeting adopted the format and annotated provisional agenda and approved the proposed organization of work.", "Agenda item 3 General exchange of views", "9. The discussions held on the topic of focus at the plenary meetings and within the panels are reflected in paragraphs 11 to 85 below.", "10. Delegations expressed their appreciation for the addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1). Several delegations highlighted the challenges and emerging issues identified in the report, noting its conclusion that while progress had been achieved, the full implementation of many of the goals and targets for the sustainable development of oceans and seas required further efforts by States, intergovernmental organizations and other relevant actors.", "Area of focus: Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges", "11. In accordance with the annotated agenda, discussions in the panel were structured around four segments: (a) sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea; (b) overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development; (c) new and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas; and (d) the road to Rio+20 and beyond. The segments were launched by presentations from panellists, which were followed by discussions.", "12. Delegations highlighted the timeliness and critical importance of the topic of focus, noting that the oceans and seas, in the light of their economic, social and environmental significance, should feature prominently in the discussions and outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. The importance of the topic of focus to developing countries was particularly emphasized.", "13. With reference to one of the themes of the conference, which was entitled “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, some delegations noted that for many countries, a “green economy” was a “blue economy”.", "1. Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Panel presentations", "14. Brice Lalonde, Co-Executive Coordinator, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, provided a presentation on the challenges faced in the implementation of legal instruments relating to the oceans and the need to address the multiple threats to the oceans. In particular, Mr. Lalonde emphasized the important role of regional organizations, including in the gathering of scientific knowledge through cooperation and coordination. He stressed the need for science-based measures and the importance of ecosystem-based approaches, integrated coastal management and environment impact assessments. Cherdsak Virapat, Executive Director, International Oceans Institute, discussed the relationship between the oceans and the three pillars of sustainable development. He emphasized the nexus between oceans and coastal areas and the ever-increasing pressures on ocean ecosystems from human activities, despite efforts by the international community to develop a global and comprehensive governance regime for the oceans. Mr. Virapat stressed the need for human society to change its behaviour to achieve the goals of sustainable interaction with the environment and the oceans.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "15. The role of oceans in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development was emphasized. It was noted that the oceans, including coastal areas, were critical for life, food security and the prosperity of humankind. The health of the oceans and the management of their resources were directly related to development opportunities for many peoples, in particular in small island developing States. The role of healthy oceans in providing ecosystem services as part of the Earth’s ecological cycles, including by absorbing carbon and providing oxygen, was also stressed. In particular, the significance of the contribution of fisheries to the social pillar was highlighted, as well-managed fisheries provided food security and employment. Fisheries were also essential for trade and commerce for many coastal States that rely heavily on those resources, in particular small island developing States.", "16. Several delegations recalled that a central principle of sustainable development was intergenerational equity, which stressed the pursuance of development in a manner that used natural resources rationally and sustainably so that future generations could also enjoy the benefits of current development. Reference was also made to intragenerational equity. Many delegations noted the need to balance and strengthen linkages among the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Some delegations stressed that all three elements should be considered as an integrated whole and not as separate pillars. The view was expressed that such an approach required consideration of the relevant economic, ecological and social aspects at the local, national, regional and global levels, and that there was no “one-size-fits-all” solution.", "17. Several delegations were of the view that, in achieving sustainable development, fragmentation of the law of the sea should be avoided. They recalled that activities in the oceans were governed by the law of the sea as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the integrity of which should be preserved. In that regard, it was recalled that ratification of the Convention was the most significant action a State could take towards sustainable development. It was also noted that the convening of the Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 would coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention.", "18. With reference to the role of regional organizations in the sustainable development of oceans and the law of the sea, some delegations expressed concern at a proposal from a panellist that the mandates of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements into regional ocean management organizations. It was stressed that regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements were already coping with challenges in fulfilling existing mandates and that it was not likely that they would have either the capacity or the mandate to address issues such as marine protected areas. Other delegations emphasized the existing legal framework established by the Convention and its implementing agreements and the tools already available to face those challenges.", "19. The central role of the General Assembly as a decision-making body, particularly in aspects related to the sustainable development of oceans and seas, was emphasized.", "20. With regard to cooperation and coordination, some delegations noted the plethora of international conventions, conferences and legal frameworks dealing with marine issues, and highlighted the need to harmonize the vision of the international community and develop synergies in order to promote the sustainable management of the oceans. The importance of cross-sectoral cooperation between organizations with mandates to regulate different activities, particularly at the regional level, was noted. The need for integrated management and the sustainable development of coastal areas, as well as the adoption of ecosystem approaches, was also emphasized.", "21. In this context, it was recalled that in the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), it was recommended that an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues be established within the United Nations system, which led to the establishment of UN-Oceans. The view was expressed that there was a need to re-evaluate the role of UN-Oceans (see also paras. 87-91) in increasing coherence and supporting Member States in the implementation of ocean-related policies.", "22. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the importance of applying a precautionary approach as called for in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and as reiterated by the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea in its advisory opinion on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the area. Several delegations supported the application of an ecosystem approach to managing human activities in the oceans, including by using tools, consistent with international law, such as marine protected areas and coastal and marine spatial planning. Reference was also made to Principle 2 of the Rio Declaration, according to which States had the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction did not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limit of national jurisdiction. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities was also recalled by many delegations.", "2. Overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development", "(a) Panel presentations", "23. Luis Valdés, Head of Ocean Sciences of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (IOC/UNESCO), noted gaps in marine scientific research, the fragmentation of the governance of oceans within the United Nations and the under-utilization of UN‑Oceans. He cited geo-engineering, vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems and marine plastics as the most significant emerging issues. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, Ambassador of Thailand to Australia, presented the remaining gaps and challenges in capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology, including in the area of energy-related research; marine biotechnology, strengthening management structures, protection of the marine environment; disaster preparedness, sustainable fisheries development; sea-level rise; waste management and addressing the adverse effects of climate change. Sebastian Mathew, Executive Secretary, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, highlighted the existing gaps between summit outcomes, national legislations and policies for the sustainable development of capture fisheries and implementation at the national and local levels. He attributed such a gap mainly to lack of capacity, insufficient scientific knowledge, absence of political commitment and poor governance. Phil Weaver, Coordinator, Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man’s Impact on European Seas, noted the destructive impacts of bottom fishing on marine species and the seabed. He emphasized the importance of impact assessments, the application of a precautionary approach and the need for surveillance of fishing vessels. Alo Babajide, Professor, University of Lagos, identified the gaps, challenges and priorities in marine environmental protection from marine pollution necessary to achieve the three pillars of sustainable development, highlighting the costs of inaction. He addressed implementing mechanisms and noted the role of the Large Marine Ecosystems projects in support of the ecosystem approach and integrated management.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "24. Delegations recalled positive commitments made at major summits on sustainable development. Many delegations referred also to the Manado Ocean Declaration and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, many delegations noted with concern the gap between the adoption of commitments and their implementation. Several delegations stated that while important political efforts had been undertaken to meet these commitments, including by perfecting the normative framework, shortcomings in implementation remained in relation to oceans.", "25. Several delegations noted that many of the commitments made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and subscribed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, especially relating to coastal developing States and small island developing States, had not been met.", "26. A number of delegations emphasized the need for greater efforts in the implementation of existing agreements and commitments, particularly at the national level, in order to advance the sustainable development agenda. In this regard, a key message from Agenda 21, “to think globally and act locally”, was recalled. It was suggested that the aggregate of actions at the national level would translate into action at the international level. The need to develop policies at the local level, for example with small-scale fishing communities, was highlighted.", "27. Some delegations stressed the importance of flag State responsibility and the need for States, in order to be responsible fishing nations, to become party to important international instruments such as the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing approved by the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It was noted that States could be responsible fishing nations without becoming party to such Agreements and that their performance should be evaluated on the basis of their actions.", "28. Noting the importance of scientific knowledge for the sound management and conservation of the oceans, some delegations expressed the need for greater efforts in strengthening the ability of the IOC/UNESCO and regional organizations in building capacity in marine science. Reference was also made to the International Seabed Authority as a possible model for the promotion of cooperation and coordination of capacity-building and transfer of marine technology.", "29. The view was expressed that good governance was essential for poverty eradication and sustainable development but still constituted a considerable challenge for the United Nations system. In particular, the reference to good governance contained in the 2002 Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development and the ocean governance goals identified at the World Summit on Sustainable Development were highlighted. In that regard, there was still a need to identify to what extent such goals had been achieved. The lack of clarity on the institutional and regulatory mechanisms needed for achieving the target of protection of 10 per cent of oceans by 2020 was also noted. A concern was expressed about the institutional and budgetary weakening of the international bodies mandated to examine the implementation of the rules relating to maritime protection.", "30. Attention was drawn to the Marine Strategic Framework Directive of the European Union according to which, inter alia, an ecosystem-based approach would be applied to the management of human activities. In this context, from 2012, Member States of the European Union would need to assess, through regular assessments, the cost of degradation of the marine environment.", "31. The central role of the Convention in the context of the recommendations adopted at the major summits on sustainable development was noted. It was suggested that the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement had provided the foundation for a robust international fisheries regulatory regime and codified modern principles of fisheries conservation and management. The issue of transparency, with particular reference to the need of having States properly reporting their fishing efforts to the regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in which they participated, was also highlighted.", "32. It was also noted that the 1995 Agreement had included the establishment of an Assistance Fund under Part VII which was often underresourced and which therefore frustrated the expectations of developing States. An appeal was made for contributions to the Assistance Fund.", "33. Several delegations expressed the view that the major remaining gaps in the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in respect of sustainable fisheries related to overfishing and fishing overcapacity, as well as fisheries subsidies. In this connection, noting that removing harmful subsidies had economic, environmental and developmental benefits, the view was expressed that it would be welcome if the issue of subsidies could be discussed in the preparation for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development (see also para. 66).", "34. Other delegations observed that a lack of monitoring, control and surveillance capacity affected the ability of some States to regulate activities in their exclusive economic zone. Delegations stressed the need to address illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, destructive fishing practices, by-catch and discards, single-species management, data reporting and ineffective fisheries management. A concern was also expressed about continued shark finning.", "35. With regard to bottom trawling, attention was drawn to the upcoming workshop to discuss implementation of relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 on the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks, which was seen as the most suitable forum to deal with the technical aspects of bottom fishing.", "36. The view was expressed that the economic benefits of deep sea fisheries were negligible in absolute terms and disproportionately small when compared with the negative impact on the marine environment.", "37. Several delegations stressed the need to apply more effectively modern conservation and management principles to fisheries management, such as the precautionary and ecosystem approaches. In this connection, many delegations expressed concern that several of the goals set up by the sustainable development summits, in particular the application of the ecosystem approach by 2010, the achievement by 2010 of a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels, and the establishment of representative networks of marine protected networks by 2012, had not been met.", "38. Reference was also made to the alarming statistics contained in the FAO report State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, highlighting the need to strengthen the regulatory regime for regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with a view to making them more accountable, transparent and open. In that regard, attention was drawn to the recommendations of the Resumed Review Conference on the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement relating to the need to modernize the mandate of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and to undertake regular performance reviews. Attention was also drawn to the 1982 Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest. In this connection, the importance of the sustainability of tuna fishing for the economy of small island developing States was underscored, and attention was drawn to the 2010 Koror Declaration, which introduced innovative measures, such as expanded and targeted high seas closures. Some delegations proposed that the General Assembly exercise oversight of the performance of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. However, the North-East Atlantic was identified as an area where the competent regional fisheries management organization had successfully addressed illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing through, inter alia, the use of black lists.", "39. Some delegations highlighted the importance and vulnerability of migrating cetaceans, which sustained coastal communities engaged in commercial whale and dolphin watching operations. They noted the ecosystem services provided by cetaceans, for example, baleen whales recycle organic iron and convert it into mineral iron. It was noted that only one fifth of cetaceans was covered by the current legal and policy frameworks. The fragmented level of protection of whales, for example, constituted a substantial hindrance to the fair and sustainable development of the oceans. They observed that further international cooperation was needed on this issue, with the view to adopting a collective policy, in conformity with applicable international law, including the Convention, to ensure the protection of cetaceans on the high seas. Some other delegations highlighted in this regard the fundamental principle that renewable resources must be harvested in a sustainable way. They expressed their readiness to continue to cooperate within existing competent forums, namely the International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammals Commission.", "40. With regard to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, many delegations highlighted that a step towards overcoming a major gap in the implementation of the Convention had been taken at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, held from 31 May to 3 June 2011. The Working Group had recommended that a process be initiated, by the General Assembly with a view to ensuring that the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction effectively addressed those issues by identifying gaps and ways forward, including through the implementation of existing instruments and the possible development of a multilateral agreement under the Convention. This process would address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.", "41. Some delegations noted that marine protected areas had been recognized as an important management tool, including mitigating and buffering some of the impacts on the oceans from coastal and offshore development, overfishing, climate change, natural events, and other stressors. Some delegations pointed out the slow progress towards achieving the 2012 target for establishing marine protected areas, consistent with international law and based on the best scientific information available, including representative networks. Several delegations highlighted the need to establish marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction. With reference to the work of the Working Group (see para. 40), other delegations stressed the need to address jurisdictional issues and develop institutional structures for areas beyond national jurisdiction that represented the interests of the international community as a whole.", "42. The absence of a global mechanism for the designation of marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction was also noted by some delegations. Reference was made to the relevant outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, emphasizing the adoption of a new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including targets on sustainable fisheries and on coastal and marine protected areas, as well as the process established in decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to identify ecologically or biologically significant areas.", "43. In order to ensure the sustainable use of marine goods and services, several delegations noted the need to adequately assess and understand the state and functioning of the oceans to support an integrated and ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities that had an impact on the marine environment. In that regard, reference was made to the importance of an operational regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects.", "44. The view was expressed that an ecosystem approach was needed for the management of all users and uses, including tourism, merchant shipping, mining and fishing. In this connection, reference was made to the importance of establishing regional marine scientific and technological centres in small island developing States.", "45. With regard to marine pollution, the need for further work in reducing the impacts of marine debris, underwater noise and land-based activities on the oceans was stressed. Marine debris was a transboundary issue, requiring regional cooperation and coordination. The phenomenon of invasive species was also underscored as a threat to biodiversity and a significant factor in its decline. The work of the International Maritime Organization in addressing ballast water was underlined (see also para. 92). It was noted that a decrease of biodiversity also affected fisheries, tourism and commerce. Attention was also drawn to the lack of a legal regime on liability and compensation related to damage caused by pollution generated in connection with offshore exploration and exploitation activities.", "46. The view was expressed that transboundary pollution from offshore oil platforms constituted a concern which should be addressed, and noted ongoing work in this regard. Some delegations discussed the possibility of the development of new instruments to address emerging issues relating to activities such as offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. Other delegations emphasized that the issue was adequately covered by existing obligations under international law to protect the marine environment, including the Convention, and stressed the need to fully implement them.", "47. Several delegations were of the view that pollution research projects should address these new threats to the marine environment. Research was also necessary on the impact of climate change on oceans.", "48. Some delegations also expressed concern with regard to the risks associated with the transportation of hazardous and radioactive waste through the Caribbean Sea.", "49. The general view was expressed that capacity-building was critical for the achievement of the sustainable development of oceans and seas. It was also noted that changes in technology had expanded access to data from the Global Ocean Observing System, which served as an important resource for scientists, ocean and coastal resource managers, emergency responders, policymakers, educators, and those who used the oceans for their recreation and livelihood.", "50. Attention was drawn to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology and the need to apply them. It was noted that the role of IOC with regard to the transfer of technology should be further explored. With regard to activities in the Area, the competence of the International Seabed Authority for transfer of technology was underlined.", "51. Reference was made to the need to consider balancing the requirements of developing States with proprietary rights linked to the transfer of technology.", "52. The need for a coordinated approach to capacity-building and technology transfer was noted. In this regard, identifying the capacity gaps, which may hinder effective participation in the sustainable development of oceans and finding solutions to these gaps was considered necessary. Some delegations suggested that this could include the establishment of a clearing house mechanism for providers and recipients.", "53. Several delegations also recognized that capacity-building was an important aspect of research. Examples of effective capacity-building programmes were referred to, including the Nansen Programme, which aimed at building capacity through fisheries research and management and institutional strengthening. Reference was also made to examples of South-South cooperation, in particular in regard to marine and coastal fish farming and the development of alternative, renewable energy.", "Information session", "54. The Co-Chairs invited Professor Alex Rogers, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, to inform delegations of a recently released report on an international expert workshop on ocean stresses and impacts. Professor Rogers highlighted a wide range of impacts on the oceans due to human activities, which had major implications for the function and resilience of marine ecosystems. He expressed particular concern over the unprecedented rate of climate change and the need for action to protect ecosystems. He recommended urgent action to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, a coherent strategy of ecosystems restoration and effective management of the high seas.", "3. New and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas", "(a) Panel presentations", "55. Yoshinobu Takei, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Utrecht University, discussed the challenges and opportunities in achieving the goal of sustainable development through the integrated management of oceans and seas. He examined coral reef management as an example to illustrate ways in which States could achieve integrated management and the difficulties related thereto. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Professor, University of British Columbia, highlighted some of the impacts of global warming on the sustainable use of ocean fish resources such as changes in fish productivity, distributional range of species, migration patterns, increases in coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and changes in ecosystem composition; as well as economic effects through changes in catches and catch values. He noted, for example, that the value of fish stocks in West Africa could decrease by up to 50 per cent. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law, University of Milan-Bicocca, provided a legal perspective on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity within and beyond the limits of national jurisdiction while emphasizing the need to consider how the Convention could evolve to address new issues such as a regime for marine genetic resources and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas, as well as environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Jacqueline Alder, Head of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystem Branch, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlighted the scope and nature of globally significant emerging issues relating to governance, pollution and the industrialization of the oceans.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "56. A wide range of new and emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas was highlighted as requiring attention. In particular, delegations expressed concern over the loss of biodiversity and related services; impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including corals; overexploitation of resources; harmful subsidies; marine debris and microplastics; invasive alien species; underwater noise; and the accumulation of chemicals and excessive nutrients in the oceans.", "57. Several delegations noted that the challenges affecting sustainable development were interlinked and could not be addressed in isolation. These delegations also stressed that the interplay between these issues could produce challenges that were not addressed under current policies. It was noted, for example, that research on climate change usually focused on individual impacts, and that cumulative impacts might have unknown consequences.", "58. Many delegations also highlighted the environmental vulnerability and isolation of small island developing States, whose culture, livelihoods and economies were being threatened by unsustainable uses of marine resources and by climate change. In this regard several delegations raised concerns over the impacts of climate change on oceans including sea level rise and ocean acidification. Many delegations agreed on the need to address climate change in the context of the principles set out in the United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change. In particular, reference was made to how climate change impacts relate to water supplies and food security.", "59. It was noted that the lack of information and technology as well as institutional capacity within developing States to address, in particular climate change, needed to be taken into consideration. Other delegations called for increased international cooperation and data sharing on observations and research to better understand and anticipate the effects of ocean acidification on the marine environment. Several delegations also noted the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, including in the minimization of the risk of climate change and reduction of poverty. The importance of a precautionary approach in the development of renewable energies to manage environmental impacts was noted.", "60. Several delegations also highlighted the impact of climate change on fish stocks, including redistribution of fish populations.", "61. Some delegations emphasized that changes in the distribution of stocks could lead to the collapse of existing agreements in regional fisheries management organizations where allocations were based on the location of these resources. Some delegations suggested that there was a need for an international instrument on the allocation of fish stocks, since this issue was not dealt with in the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.", "62. With regard to ocean acidification, concerns were expressed over the lack of capacity to monitor the impacts of acidification, particularly in developing countries.", "63. With regard to ocean fertilization, concern was expressed about the possible impact on the marine environment.", "64. Several delegations noted that although marine debris was not a new challenge, its effects on marine ecosystems were becoming more apparent due, in particular, to pervasiveness of microplastics. They suggested that this matter deserved particular attention at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development. It was noted by a panellist that UNEP had a comprehensive waste management programme in place.", "65. In regard to underwater noise, several delegations highlighted that the marine environment had experienced an acute growth of noise events, particularly in the shipping and energy sectors and military activities. A panellist stressed that noise could seriously affect marine species, including mammals, and could cause dramatic reductions in fishing catch rates. Several delegations called for immediate action on this issue.", "66. As to overfishing, the view was expressed that there was a need to eliminate harmful subsidies. Although attractive in the short term, subsidies could undermine the resource base in the long term. Several delegations emphasized that the appropriate forum for this issue was the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization. Some delegations stated that it was important not to treat all subsidies the same way since they could be used to fund adaptive measures, such as the diversification of local economies. It was suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development process could provide a new important opportunity to address issues related to subsidies.", "67. Some delegations emphasized the need to recognize the important contribution of artisanal and small scale fishing communities to sustainable development. In this regard, it was recalled that Agenda 21 had reflected and recognized the importance of artisanal and small scale fisheries to sustainable development. Some delegations suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should reaffirm the importance of these issues.", "68. Reference was made to the use of industrial scale floating aquaculture farms. There was a need to increase national and international efforts to address aquaculture, including through data collection, best practices and certification guidelines.", "69. Several delegations expressed views on possible solutions to the wide range of challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas, while emphasizing that ecosystems were at the centre of management efforts. These delegations also highlighted the need to preserve the integrity of ecosystems and to make the ecosystem approach operational. The potential role of the Regular Process was emphasized.", "70. Many delegations stated that the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group was a significant move forward and a delicately balanced outcome (see also para. 40).", "71. Many delegations underlined the need to address the question of the relevant legal regime for marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These delegations expressed support for the possible development of an implementing agreement to address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Some delegations supported the inclusion of language in this regard in the outcome document of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development.", "72. Other delegations expressed the view that the solution to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity should be sought by maximizing the implementation of existing instruments. With reference to the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group, it was stressed by those delegations that the implementation of existing instruments and the identification of implementation gaps was an equally important part of the process.", "4. The road to Rio+20 and beyond", "(a) Panel presentations", "73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, President of the Global Ocean Forum and Director of the Gerard J. Mangone Centre for Marine Policy, University of Delaware, reflected on oceans and the Rio process, what had been achieved and what needed to be done, focusing on two issues, namely integrated ecosystem-based ocean governance and climate change. She also presented some elements of a possible “oceans package” at the Conference on Sustainable Development, within the framework of the Conference’s major themes. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa, Minister Plenipotentiary in the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, and member ex officio of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, described the commitments undertaken with respect to sustainable development and oceans. She noted the following as persistent challenges to be addressed: unsustainable fisheries; capacity development for sustainable fisheries; loss of habitat, including coral reefs and mangrove areas; environmental impact assessments; invasive alien species; nuclear waste; ocean acidification and sea level rise; vulnerability of small island developing States; and biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. She also noted the need to address coordination and cooperation of ocean-related agencies and organizations in the future discussions on an institutional framework for sustainable development. She also recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had also called for strengthening the ability of IOC/UNESCO, FAO and other relevant international and regional and subregional organizations to build national and local capacity in marine science and the sustainable management of oceans and their resources.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "74. Several delegations expressed the view that for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to be a success, it should deliver a strong outcome for oceans, fisheries and biodiversity. The view was expressed that Governments should consider taking bold actions at Rio+20, including the need to reaffirm existing commitments and develop new initiatives. In the light of the various inputs to be made to the 2012 Conference, a coordinated approach with regard to oceans issues was needed in order to avoid a fragmentation of the law of the sea.", "75. Many delegations called for linking the “blue economy” to the “green economy”, within the context of eradication of poverty and sustainable development. Ocean priorities could be raised to a higher level of international attention and awareness with a view to achieving sustainable development objectives. In the light of the fact that many of the commitments which had been agreed in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had not yet been implemented, the need for setting realistic targets and goals that would be fully implemented instead of more ambitious targets was also pointed out. The view was expressed that renewed efforts should be directed towards implementation and enforcement of existing measures. It was stressed that the ability of developing countries to attain those targets required continued assistance at the international, regional, national and local levels.", "76. A suggestion was made to focus on specific issues, such as food security, ocean acidification and effective conservation and management of marine ecosystems. Several other delegations called for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to place an emphasis on the particular vulnerability and needs of small island developing States. The need to give serious consideration to issues related to sustainable production and consumption, in particular sustainable seafood consumption, was also highlighted. The role of renewable and alternative sources of energy was identified as crucial for the fulfilment of the three pillars of sustainable development and the accomplishment of a “green economy”, with the importance of a precautionary approach noted (see also para. 59). The general view was expressed that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should assist the international community in its consideration of effective conservation and management measures for the oceans, including through adequate frameworks, policies and mechanisms.", "77. It was noted that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development would provide an opportunity to consider the best policy tools for countries to move forward towards a “green economy” while avoiding new “green” barriers to trade. In that regard, the Conference should focus on reform and removal of existing disincentives to “green” growth such as harmful fossil fuel and fisheries subsidies. The proposals for special and differentiated treatment for developing countries, with respect to fisheries subsidies in the context of negotiations within the World Trade Organization were recalled.", "78. With particular reference to fisheries, the view was expressed that the outcome of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should ensure that global fisheries were fair, sustainable and accountable. In that regard, the important responsibility entrusted to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to conserve and manage global fish stocks was recalled. However, the need to improve the mandate of such organizations was underlined, as was the necessity to apply ecosystem approaches to fisheries. A proposal was made that the General Assembly exercise an oversight role over the performance of the regional fisheries management organizations.", "79. With regard to marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, the need for a specific legal regime under the Convention was stressed by many delegations. The role of the International Seabed Authority with regard to the protection and preservation of the marine environment in the area, including marine biodiversity, as evidenced by the regulations adopted by its Assembly, was pointed out.", "80. With respect to area-based management tools, a view was expressed that the 2012 Conference should recognize the need to improve the effectiveness of existing and future marine protected areas to increase marine resilience to climate change and ocean acidification.", "81. The need to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the environment to inform policy planning was highlighted. In that regard, the view was expressed that the Conference on Sustainable Development would contribute to raising awareness about the need for impact assessments. A proposal was made that the Conference promote the development of assessment processes, including for cumulative impact assessments of human activities on the marine environment.", "82. The role of marine technology transfer in building capacity and in contributing to sustainable development was underscored. It was noted that the cooperation called for under Part XIV of the Convention in relation to the transfer of marine technology could be envisaged in both a North-South and South-South context. It was also observed that the transfer of marine technology required enabling environments that would attract investments.", "83. With regard to the institutional framework, it was proposed that a focus be placed on pragmatic reforms of existing institutions rather than larger scale institutional change. The need to enhance cooperation and coordination among the agencies of the United Nations in accelerating the achievement of the goals and targets set in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation was stressed. A concern was expressed, however, that the establishment of new structures could lead to fragmentation of the law of the sea.", "84. The essential role of regional and national institutions was also recognized. The need for institutional frameworks, including at the international level, allowing for integration across the three pillars of sustainable development was highlighted. Closer cooperation among fisheries, environmental and other ocean bodies was considered crucial for an integrated approach to managing ocean issues and addressing cumulative impacts of various human activities.", "85. Several delegations proposed that the Informal Consultative Process should agree on specific elements to be forwarded to the Conference on Sustainable Development. These could include: the close link among the three pillars of sustainable development, including seas and oceans, in particular for small island developing States; the need for sustainable development to take into consideration environmental, economic, social and human aspects; the importance of restoring the health of ocean ecosystems as a priority for realizing sustainable development, food security, poverty eradication and the establishment of a sustainable blue economy; the fact that many of the goals on oceans and sustainable development agreed upon at previous summits had not been achieved, in particular those included in chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation; reconfirming and, where necessary, updating such commitments; taking concrete steps to achieve an integrated and ecosystem-based approach for the management of human activities having an effect on marine ecosystems; tackling emerging issues, such as marine debris, underwater noise, invasive species and their cumulative impacts on biodiversity, including beyond areas of national jurisdiction; enhancing resilience of marine ecosystems in the face of ocean acidification; linking an ecosystem approach and commitments for the regular assessment of the state of the marine environment as a basis for informed decision-making; further integrating the value of ecosystem services, including the cost of degradation, in decision-making processes, including through market-based mechanisms; the importance of management of fisheries resources in a manner that guarantees their long-term sustainability, including by ensuring that fishing capacity is commensurate with fishing possibilities, through the elimination of harmful subsidies and the application of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management; renewing commitments for all economic sectors having an impact on the marine environment, including shipping, offshore energy and land-based impacts; capacity-building and technology transfer; confirming commitments made at other processes, in particular at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine biodiversity; the importance of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction for the integrity of marine ecosystems, and their related goods and services as an essential element for sustainable development, including for developing countries. The specific legal regime for biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction under the Convention was noted as an element for consideration. They considered that these matters could be brought before the Conference on Sustainable Development for the endorsement of a way forward.", "Agenda item 4 Inter-agency cooperation and coordination", "86. Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical Advisor, International Waters, United Nations Development Programme, and UN-Oceans Coordinator, reported on the most recent work of UN-Oceans and of the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.", "87. He informed the meeting about the main outcomes of the ninth meeting of UN‑Oceans, held in New York on 17 June 2011, at which participating agencies discussed the possibility of conducting a review of UN-Oceans aimed at identifying its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement.", "88. Mr. Hudson also briefed the meeting about the initiatives taken by member agencies to ensure the visibility of ocean-related topics at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, as well as in the planning and preparation for the Expo 2012, to be held in Yeosu, Republic of Korea, on the theme “The living ocean and coast — diversity of resources and sustainable activities”.", "89. He provided updates about the various activities of UN-Oceans task forces and informed the meeting about the decision to establish a new Task Force on Marine Debris, co-led by UNEP and IMO, with strong links to the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. Mr. Hudson also described ongoing upgrades to the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, welcomed $45,000 of new funding, and expressed the hope that such financial support would continue on an annual basis. Responding to questions, Mr. Hudson observed that the establishment of new task forces had been made pursuant to one of the core mandates of UN-Oceans on the identification of emerging issues and the establishment of task teams to deal with them, as appropriate.", "90. A view was expressed that UN-Oceans should be strengthened and that its transparency, visibility and relevance increased in view of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development in accordance with the mandate contained in General Assembly resolution 57/141 and that participation of member States in the work of UN-Oceans should be given consideration. The suggestion was made that a review of UN-Oceans may also benefit from lessons learned from other inter-agency coordination mechanisms, such as UN-Water and UN-Energy.", "91. With regard to how UN-Oceans could coordinate the scheduling of ocean-related meetings to avoid overlaps, Mr. Hudson suggested that the circulation of a calendar of existing ocean-related events could assist UN-Oceans members in planning future events. It was further noted that such a task is expected to be done by the secretariats, which are part of UN-Oceans.", "92. Mr. Hudson recalled the scientific contribution of the Joint Group of Experts towards the advancement of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and drew attention to its work, including on ballast waters, atmospheric emissions from ships and coastal pollution sources, and ocean acidification in areas of heavy shipping traffic. In the light of the harmful effects of invasive species on marine ecosystems, States were called upon to ratify the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments.", "93. Mr. Hudson also underscored the continuing availability of the Joint Group of Experts to contribute to the Regular Process, if requested, and recalled the partnership with the Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. He further highlighted the work of the Joint Group of Experts on emerging issues, such as microplastics, and the availability of the Joint Group of Experts to provide its scientific contributions to States and international organizations.", "94. The role of the Joint Group of Experts as an inter-agency scientific committee was noted, and reference was made to the difficulties the Joint Group of Experts continued to face in its work because of a lack of funding.", "Agenda item 5 Process for the selection of topics and panellists so as to facilitate the work of the General Assembly", "95. With regard to the topics to be discussed at upcoming meetings of the Informal Consultative Process, several delegations recalled the conclusion reached at the tenth meeting that the Informal Consultative Process should address issues related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The view was expressed that conservation and development were interlinked and therefore could not be examined independently from each other.", "96. Several delegations reiterated the need for concept papers to be preferably circulated no later than the first round of informal consultations of the General Assembly on the resolution on oceans and the law of the sea, to allow delegations sufficient time to study them. The practice of choosing topics for at least two consecutive years was considered productive, although caution was raised at this suggestion, as adequate examination of proposed topics is needed.", "97. The difficulty of organizing panels was recognized and several delegations noted the need to allow the Co-Chairs some degree of flexibility. The important role of the Co-Chairs in identifying and inviting competent individuals to participate as panellists and in maintaining the appropriate regional balance was also stressed.", "98. Some delegations stressed the usefulness of the preparatory meeting and in this connection welcomed the efforts of the Co-Chairs to consult Member States.", "99. The Co-Chairs reiterated their appeal to contribute to the voluntary trust fund established under General Assembly resolution 55/7 to assist the representatives of developing States, in particular least developed States, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, to attend the meetings of the Consultative Process as an essential means to ensure participation of both experts and attendees from developing countries. The Secretariat provided an update on the status of the Trust Fund.", "Agenda item 6 Issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea", "100. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the composite streamlined list prepared by the Co-Chairs of issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea.[3] An intergovernmental organization highlighted the issue of climate change and, in particular ocean acidification, as directly linked to all three pillars of sustainable development. It noted, in this regard, that the increase of ocean acidification was directly linked to shifts in concentration of fish, negative impacts on corals and to the transmission of ocean noise. Another source of concern was the harmful effect of acidification on coral reefs that serve as vital fish habitats that protect food and employment and also coastal communities from storm surges.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The summary is intended for reference purposes only and not as a record of the discussions.", "[3] Available from http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_ info.htm#-List%20of%20issues." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its twelfth meeting", "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/37 A of 7 December 2010, we were appointed as Co-Chairs of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.", "We have the honour to submit to you the attached report on the work of the Informal Consultative Process at its twelfth meeting, held at United Nations Headquarters from 20 to 24 June 2011. The outcome of the meeting included a summary of the issues discussed and ideas for discussion during the twelfth meeting. In accordance with past practice, I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and the report of the Consultative Process circulated as a document of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, under the item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "I would also like to draw your attention to the fact that the Conference entrusted us with drawing attention to the outcome of the twelfth United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. Accordingly, I would also appreciate it if the attached document, which would include issues that could be brought to the attention of the Conference, could be transmitted to the Co-Chairs of the Bureau of the preparatory process for the Conference.", "Co-Chairs", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) Don MacKay", "Twelfth meeting of the Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea", "(20-24 June 2011)", "Co-Chairs ' summary of discussions [1]", "1. The twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea was held from 20 to 24 June 2011. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/37 A, the meeting focused on the theme “Assessment of progress to date and remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges”.", "The meeting was attended by representatives of 88 Member States, 17 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 12 non-governmental organizations.", "3. The Meeting had before it the following relevant documents: (a) addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1); and (b) format of the Meeting and annotated provisional agenda (A/AC.259/L.12).", "4. The meeting also had before it submissions from the European Union (A/AC.259/20) and the Pacific Small Island Developing States (A/AC.259/11).", "Agenda items 1 and 2", "Opening of the session and adoption of the agenda", "5. In their opening statements, the Co-Chairs, Don MacKay (New Zealand) and Milan Jaya Nyamrasin Mitalban (Mauritius), highlighted the importance of oceans and seas for sustainable development, particularly for coastal developing States and small island developing States, whose livelihoods depend on healthy coastal and marine ecosystems. The oceans must be high on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "On behalf of the Secretary-General, Patricia O'Brien, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel, stressed that oceans, islands and coastal areas were essential to global food security and the continued economic prosperity and well-being of many countries. She noted that progress had been made on the institutional framework for the oceans, particularly since the establishment of the Consultative Process, but that much remained to be done.", "7. The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, Sha Zukang, stressed that billions of people around the world depended on the oceans and their resources for their livelihoods. However, the oceans are the most threatened ecosystems, including the loss of marine biodiversity, pollution, global warming, acidification, coral bleaching and the reduction of fish stocks. Those challenges underscore the urgency of taking action to ensure the sustainable management and use of marine resources for present and future generations.", "8. The meeting adopted the format and annotated provisional agenda and approved the proposed organization of work.", "Agenda item 3", "General exchange of views", "9. The discussion of the topic of focus in plenary and panel discussions is reflected in paragraphs 11 to 85 below.", "10. Delegations expressed appreciation for the addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1). Several delegations highlighted the challenges and emerging issues identified in the report, while noting its conclusion that, despite progress, the full implementation of many of the goals and targets for the sustainable development of oceans and seas required further efforts by States, intergovernmental organizations and other relevant actors.", "Focus area: The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development assesses progress to date and remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addresses new and emerging challenges.", "11. In accordance with the annotated agenda, the panel discussion will be held in four segments: (a) Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea; and (b) Implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development so far Overview of progress and remaining gaps; (c) new and emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas; and (d) the road to Rio+20 and beyond. The segments began with presentations by panellists, followed by discussions.", "12. Delegations highlighted the timeliness and critical importance of this thematic focus, noting that, given its economic, social and environmental importance, oceans and seas should feature prominently in the discussions and outcomes of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012. In particular, they stressed the importance of this thematic focus for developing countries.", "With regard to the theme of the Conference, “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, some delegations noted that for many countries the term “green economy” was “Blue economy”.", "Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Panel presentations", "14. Brice Lalonde, Co-Executive Coordinator of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, presented the challenges encountered in the implementation of ocean-related legal instruments and the need to address multiple marine threats. Mr. Lalonde stressed in particular the important role of regional organizations, particularly in the coordination of scientific knowledge collection through cooperation. He stressed the importance of scientific measures, as well as ecosystem approaches, integrated coastal management and environmental impact assessments. Cherdsak Virapat, Executive Director of the International Ocean Institute, addressed the relationship between oceans and seas and the three pillars of sustainable development. He stressed the relationship between oceans and coastal areas and the increasing pressure on marine ecosystems from human activities, despite the efforts of the international community to develop a comprehensive global ocean governance system. Mr. Virapat stressed that human society must change its behaviour and achieve the goal of sustainable interaction with the environment and the oceans.", "(b) Plenary meetings and panel discussions", "15. The role of oceans and seas in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development was emphasized. It was noted that oceans and coastal zones were essential for life, food security and human prosperity. The health of the oceans and their management of resources are directly related to the development opportunities of many peoples, in particular those of small island developing States. The role of healthy oceans as part of the Earth ' s ecological cycle in providing ecosystem services, including carbon-based oxygen, was also highlighted. The importance of the contribution of fisheries to the social pillar was highlighted, as well-managed fisheries provided food security and employment. Fisheries are essential for the trade and commerce of many coastal States, particularly small island developing States, that are heavily dependent on these resources.", "16. Several delegations recalled that the core principle of sustainable development was intergenerational equity. Intergenerational equity emphasizes development in a rational and sustainable manner so that future generations can also enjoy the benefits of current development. Reference was also made to equality between generations. Many delegations noted the need to balance and strengthen the linkages between the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Some delegations stressed that all three elements should be considered as an integrated whole rather than as separate pillars. The view was expressed that such an approach needed to take into account the relevant economic, ecological and social aspects at the local, national, regional and global levels and that there was no “one-size-fits-all” solution.", "17. Several delegations expressed the view that the fragmentation of the law of the sea must be avoided if sustainable development was to be achieved. They recalled that ocean activities were governed by international law, as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and that the integrity of the Convention should be protected. In that regard, it was recalled that ratification of the Convention was the most important sustainable development action a country could take. It was also noted that the convening of the Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 would coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention.", "18. With regard to the role of regional organizations in the sustainable development of oceans and the law of the sea, some delegations expressed concern about a proposal by a panellist to extend the mandate of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to regional seas management organizations. It was stressed that regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements were already challenging to fulfil existing mandates and could not be able or mandated to address issues such as marine protected areas. Other delegations stressed that the existing legal framework established by the Convention and its implementing agreements and tools already addressed those challenges.", "19. The central role of the General Assembly as a decision-making body, particularly in the sustainable development of the oceans and seas, was emphasized.", "20. With regard to cooperation and coordination, some delegations noted the numerous international conventions, conferences and legal frameworks on oceans and seas and highlighted the need to harmonize the vision and synergies of the international community to promote the sustainable management of the oceans and seas. The importance of cross-sectoral cooperation among organizations mandated to manage activities, particularly at the regional level, was emphasized. The need for integrated management and sustainable development of the coastal zone, as well as for an ecosystem approach, was also highlighted.", "21. In that regard, it was recalled that the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development ( \" Johannesburg Plan of Implementation \" ) had recommended the establishment of an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on oceans and coastal issues within the United Nations system, which had led to the establishment of UN-Oceans. The view was expressed that there was a need to re-evaluate the role of UN-Oceans in enhancing coherence and supporting Member States in implementing ocean-related policies (see also paras. 87-91).", "Attention was drawn to the importance of applying the precautionary approach called for in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, as reaffirmed in the advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring individuals and entities participating in activities in the Area. Several delegations supported an ecosystem approach to the management of human activities in the oceans, including the use of tools consistent with international law, such as marine protected areas and coastal and marine spatial planning. Reference was also made to principle 2 of the Rio Declaration. Under this principle, States have the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction are not detrimental to the environment of other States or areas beyond national jurisdiction. Many delegations also recalled the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.", "Overview of progress to date and remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development", "(a) Panel presentations", "23. Luis Valdés, Head of Marine Science of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/IOC), noted gaps in marine scientific research, inconsistencies in ocean governance within the United Nations and underutilization of the United Nations Ocean Network. He listed the most important emerging issues, such as geoengineering, fragile deep-sea ecosystems and marine plastics. The Ambassador of Thailand to Australia, Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, presented the following issues: capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology, including gaps and challenges in energy-related research; marine biotechnology, strengthening management structures to protect the marine environment; disaster preparedness, sustainable fisheries development; sea level rise; waste management and addressing the adverse effects of climate change. Sebastian Mathew, Executive Secretary of the International Cooperative for Fishworkers, highlighted the existing gap between the outcome of the Summit, national legislation and policies to promote the sustainable development of fishing fisheries and their implementation at the national and local levels. In his view, the gap arose mainly from lack of capacity, insufficient technical knowledge, lack of political commitment and poor governance. Phil Weaver, Coordinator of Research on Hotspot Ecosystems and the Human Impact on the Marine Area of Europe, noted the devastating impact of bottom fishing on marine species and the seabed. He stressed the need for impact assessments, a precautionary approach and surveillance of fishing vessels. Alo Babajide, a professor at Lagos University, identified gaps, challenges and priorities in the protection of the marine environment from marine pollution in order to achieve the three pillars of sustainable development and highlighted the cost of inaction. He referred to implementation mechanisms, noting the role of large marine ecosystem projects in supporting ecosystem approaches and integrated management.", "(b) Plenary meetings and panel discussions", "24. Delegations recalled the positive commitments made at the major summits on sustainable development. Many delegations also referred to the Manado Ocean Declaration and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, many delegations noted with concern the gap between commitment and implementation. Several delegations said that, while significant political efforts had been made to achieve those commitments, including the refinement of the normative framework, there were still shortcomings in the implementation of ocean-related commitments.", "25. Several delegations noted that many of the commitments made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and endorsed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, in particular those relating to coastal developing States and small island developing States, had not yet been met.", "26. Several delegations stressed the need to strengthen the implementation of existing agreements and commitments, in particular at the national level, to advance the sustainable development agenda. In that regard, it was recalled that a key message of Agenda 21 was that it was “global and local”. It was suggested that actions at the national level would be translated into actions at the international level. The need for policy development at the local level, such as in small-scale fishing communities, was highlighted.", "27. Some delegations emphasized the importance of flag State responsibilities and the need for States to become responsible fishing States by becoming parties to important international instruments, such as the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, ratified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Committee on Fisheries. It was noted that States could become responsible fishing nations without becoming parties to such agreements and that their performance should be assessed in the light of their actions.", "28. Noting the importance of scientific knowledge for the sound management and conservation of the oceans, some delegations expressed the need for greater efforts to strengthen the capacity of IOC of UNESCO and regional organizations in building capacity in marine science. Reference was also made to the International Seabed Authority as a possible model for promoting cooperation and coordination for capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.", "The view was expressed that good governance was essential for poverty eradication and sustainable development, but still posed considerable challenges for the United Nations system. In particular, they highlighted good governance, as referred to in the Monterrey Consensus of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development, and the goals on ocean governance set at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. In this regard, it remains necessary to identify the extent to which these objectives have been achieved. It was also noted that the institutional and regulatory mechanisms needed to achieve the goal of 10 per cent protection of the oceans by 2020 were unclear. Concern was expressed about the weakening of the institutional and budgetary mechanisms of international bodies mandated to review the implementation of rules relating to the protection of the oceans and seas.", "30. Attention was drawn to the European Union Marine Strategic Framework Directive. According to the directive, an ecosystem approach to the management of human activities would be adopted, inter alia. In this regard, starting in 2012, European Union member States must assess the costs of marine environmental degradation through regular assessments.", "31. Reference was made to the central role of the Convention in the recommendations adopted at the major summits on sustainable development. In their view, the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement provided the basis for a strong international fisheries control regime and the codification of modern fisheries conservation and management principles. The issue of transparency was also highlighted, in particular the need for States to report appropriately on their fishing efforts to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements of which they were members.", "32. It was noted that the 1995 Agreement provided for the establishment of the Assistance Fund under Part VII. The regular underfunding of the Fund had frustrated the expectations of developing countries. They called for contributions to the Assistance Fund.", "33. Several delegations expressed the view that major gaps remained in the implementation of sustainable fisheries elements of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, relating to overfishing and overcapacity and fisheries subsidies. In that regard, the economic, environmental and development benefits of eliminating harmful subsidies were noted and the issue of subsidies was welcomed in the preparatory process for the 2012 session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (see also para. 66).", "Other delegations expressed the view that the lack of monitoring, control and surveillance capacity affected the ability of some States to manage their exclusive economic zone activities. Delegations stressed the need to address IUU fishing, destructive fishing practices, by-catch and discards, single-species management, data reporting and ineffective fisheries management. Concern was also expressed about the continued finning of sharks.", "35. With regard to bottom trawling, attention was drawn to the upcoming workshop on the implementation of the relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 on the impact of bottom trawling on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. The workshop was seen as the most appropriate forum to address the technical aspects of bottom trawling.", "The view was expressed that the absolute economic benefits of deep-sea fisheries were negligible and disproportionate to the adverse effects on the marine environment.", "37. Several delegations emphasized the need for more effective modern conservation and management principles for fisheries management, such as the precautionary approach and the ecosystem approach. In that regard, many delegations expressed concern that a number of the goals set at the World Summit on Sustainable Development had not been met, in particular the adoption of an ecosystem approach by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of loss of biodiversity by 2010 at the global, regional and national levels, and the establishment of representative networks of networks of marine protected areas by 2012.", "38. Reference was also made to the alarming statistics in the FAO State of the World ' s Fisheries and Aquaculture report, highlighting the need to strengthen the regulatory regimes of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements to make them more accountable, transparent and open. In that regard, attention was drawn to the recommendation of the resumed Review Conference of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement that the mandates of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements needed to be modernized and performance reviews conducted on a regular basis. Attention was also drawn to the 1982 Nauru Agreement on Cooperation in Fisheries Management of Common Interest. In that regard, the importance of sustainable tuna fisheries for the economies of small island developing States was stressed, and attention was drawn to the 2010 Coror Declaration. The Declaration introduces innovative measures, such as the expansion and targeted closure of the high seas. Some delegations proposed that the General Assembly monitor the implementation of regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements. However, the North-East Atlantic has been identified as an area where relevant regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements have successfully addressed illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, including through the use of blacklists.", "39. Some delegations highlighted the importance and vulnerability of migratory cetaceans. These animals sustain coastal communities engaged in commercial whale and dolphin watching operations. These delegations noted the ecosystem services provided by cetaceans, such as the recovery of organic iron by whales and its transformation into mineral iron. It was noted that the current legal and policy framework covered only one fifth of cetaceans. For example, the inconsistent protection of whales is a serious obstacle to the equitable and sustainable development of the oceans. They considered that further international cooperation was needed on this issue with a view to adopting a collective policy, in accordance with applicable international law, including the Convention, to ensure the protection of cetaceans on the high seas. In this regard, some other delegations highlighted the fundamental principle that renewable resources must be harvested in a sustainable manner. They expressed their willingness to continue to cooperate with existing competent forums, namely the International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission.", "40. With regard to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, many delegations highlighted that the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues related to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, held from 31 May to 3 June 2010, had taken a step forward in overcoming a major gap in the implementation of the Convention. The Working Group recommends that the General Assembly initiate a process to ensure that the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction effectively addresses these issues by identifying gaps and identifying the way forward through the implementation of existing instruments and the possible development of a multilateral agreement under the Convention. The process will address marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, in particular the conservation and use of marine genetic resources in a holistic manner, including benefits-sharing, measures such as regional management tools, including marine protected areas and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and transfer of marine technology.", "41. Some delegations noted that marine protected areas had been recognized as important management tools, including for mitigating and buffering some of the impacts of coastal and offshore exploitation, overfishing, climate change, natural events and other stress factors on the oceans. Some delegations noted the slow progress towards the goal of establishing marine protected areas by 2012, in accordance with international law and the best available scientific information, including representative networks. Some delegations highlighted the need to establish marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction. With regard to the work of the Working Group (see para. 40), other delegations stressed the need to discuss the issue of jurisdiction and to develop an institutional structure for areas beyond national jurisdiction representing the interests of the international community as a whole.", "42. Some delegations also noted the lack of a global mechanism for the designation of marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Reference was made to the relevant outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, emphasizing the adoption of the new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which included targets for sustainable fisheries and coastal and marine protected areas, and the process developed by the Conference of the Parties in its decision X/29 to identify ecologically or biologically important areas.", "43. In order to ensure the sustainable use of marine products and services, several delegations noted the need for appropriate assessment and understanding of the state and operation of the oceans in support of an integrated ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities affecting the marine environment. Reference was made in this regard to the need for a functioning regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects.", "The view was expressed that an ecosystem approach was needed to manage all users and uses, including tourism, commercial maritime transport, mining and fishing activities. The need to establish regional marine science and technology centres in small island developing States was mentioned in that regard.", "45. With regard to marine pollution, the need for further work to reduce the impact of marine debris, underwater noise and land-based activities on the oceans was highlighted. Marine debris is a transboundary problem that requires regional cooperation and coordination. The phenomenon of invasive species was also highlighted as a threat to biodiversity and an important factor in its weakening. The work of IMO in dealing with ballast water was highlighted (see also para. 92). It was noted that loss of biodiversity also affected fisheries, tourism and commerce. Attention was drawn to the lack of legal mechanisms for liability and compensation for damage resulting from pollution from offshore exploration and exploitation activities.", "46. The view was expressed that issues arising from transboundary pollution of offshore oil platforms should be addressed and the work undertaken in that regard was noted. Some delegations spoke about the possibility of developing new instruments to address emerging issues related to activities such as near hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. Other delegations emphasized that the issue was adequately covered by international law for the protection of the marine environment, including existing obligations under the Convention, and stressed the need for their full implementation.", "47. Several delegations expressed the view that pollution research projects should address new threats to the marine environment. It was also necessary to study the effects of climate change on the oceans.", "48. Some delegations also expressed concern about the risks associated with the transport of hazardous and radioactive wastes through the Caribbean Sea.", "49. There was general agreement that capacity-building was essential for achieving the sustainable development of oceans and seas. It was also noted that technological changes had increased access to GOOS data. The system is an important help for scientists, managers of marine and coastal resources, emergency response personnel, policymakers, educators and those who take advantage of ocean recreation and livelihoods.", "50. Attention was drawn to the IOC Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology and the need to apply them. It was noted that the role of IOC in the transfer of technology should be further explored. With regard to activities in the Area, they highlighted the competence of the International Seabed Authority with regard to the transfer of technology.", "51. Reference was made to the need to consider a balance between the needs of developing countries and the transfer of technology-related intellectual property rights.", "52. The need for a coordinated approach to capacity-building and technology transfer was noted. In this regard, they considered it necessary to identify gaps that could hinder effective participation in the sustainable development of ocean capacity and to find solutions to those gaps. Some delegations expressed the view that this could include a clearing-house mechanism for providers and recipients.", "53. Several delegations also recognized capacity-building as an important area of research. Examples of effective capacity-building programmes were mentioned, including the Nansen programme, which aimed to build capacity through fisheries research and management and institutional strengthening. Examples of South-South cooperation were also mentioned, particularly in relation to marine and coastal fish farming and the development of alternative, renewable energy sources.", "Information sessions", "54. The Co-Chairs invited Professor Alex Rogers, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, to brief delegations on the recently released report of the International Expert Workshop on Ocean Stress Factors and Impacts. Professor Rogers highlighted the various impacts of human activities on the oceans and seas. These activities have a significant impact on the functioning and resilience of marine ecosystems. He expressed particular concern at the unprecedented rate of climate change and the need for action to protect ecosystems. He recommended urgent action to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, in addition to the restoration of ecosystems and a coherent strategy for the effective management of the high seas.", "3. Emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas", "(a) Panel presentations", "55. Yoshinobu Takei, Assistant Professor, University of Utrecht Law School, discussed the challenges and opportunities for achieving sustainable development goals through integrated ocean management. He cited coral reef management studies as an example of how countries could achieve integrated management and overcome the difficulties associated with it. Professor Ussif Rasid Sumaila, University of British Columbia, Canada, highlighted some of the impacts of global warming on the sustainable use of marine fish stocks, such as fish breeding, species range, changes in transport patterns, increased coral bleaching, changes in ocean acidification and ecosystem composition; and the economic impact of changes in catch levels and changes in catch values. He noted, for example, that the value of fish stocks in West Africa could be reduced to 50 per cent. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law at the University of Milan Bicoka, addressed the issue of the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity within and beyond areas of national jurisdiction from a legal perspective, while stressing the need to consider how the Convention could evolve to address new issues, such as the system of marine genetic resources, the establishment of a network of marine protected areas and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Ms. Jacqueline Alder, Chief, Freshwater and Marine Ecosystem Branch, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme, highlighted the scope and nature of the major emerging global issues on ocean governance, pollution and industrialization.", "(b) Plenary meetings and panel discussions", "56. Participants highlighted that emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas required attention. Particular concerns were expressed about the loss of biodiversity and related services; impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including corals; over-exploitation of resources; harmful subsidies; marine debris and microplastic debris; invasive alien species; underwater noise; and accumulation of chemicals and over-nutrients.", "57. Several delegations noted that the challenges affecting sustainable development were interrelated and could not be addressed in isolation. They also stressed that the interaction between these issues could pose challenges, but that current policies had not addressed them. It was pointed out, for example, that research on climate change was usually focused on individual impacts and that cumulative impacts could have unknown consequences.", "58. Many delegations also highlighted the vulnerability and isolation of small island developing States, whose cultures, livelihoods and economies were threatened by unsustainable use of marine resources and climate change. In that regard, some delegations expressed concern about the impact of climate change on the oceans, including sea level rise and ocean acidification. Many delegations agreed on the need to address climate change in the context of the principles set out in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Particular reference was made to how climate change affected water supply and food security.", "59. It was noted that the lack of information and technology and, in particular, institutional capacity to address climate change in developing countries needed to be considered. Other delegations called for enhanced international cooperation and data-sharing for observations and research to better understand and predict the impacts of ocean acidification on the marine environment. Some delegations also noted the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, including minimizing the risks of climate change and reducing poverty. It was pointed out that the development of renewable energy management to control environmental impacts required caution.", "60. The impact of climate change on fish stocks, including the redistribution of fish stocks, was also highlighted by some delegations.", "61. Some delegations stressed that changes in the distribution of fish could lead to the collapse of existing regional fisheries management organization agreements, as their distribution was based on the location of those resources. Some delegations suggested that there was a need for an international instrument on the allocation of fish resources, as the issue was not addressed in the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.", "62. With regard to ocean acidification, concern was expressed about the lack of capacity to monitor the impacts of acidification, particularly in developing countries.", "63. With regard to ocean fertilization, concerns were expressed about its possible impact on the marine environment.", "64. Several delegations noted that, although marine debris was not a new challenge, its impact on marine ecosystems was becoming increasingly evident, especially as microplastics were everywhere. They considered that the issue deserved attention at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development. One panellist noted that UNEP had established a comprehensive waste management programme.", "65. With regard to underwater noise, several delegations stressed the sharp increase in noise incidents in the marine environment, particularly in the shipping and energy sectors and in military activities. One panellist stressed that noise could seriously affect marine species, including mammals, and could significantly reduce catch rates. Several delegations called for immediate action on this issue.", "66. With regard to overfishing, the view was expressed that it was necessary to eliminate harmful subsidies. Subsidies, while attractive in the short term, could undermine the resource base in the long run. Some delegations stressed that the appropriate forum for this issue was the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization. Some delegations noted that it was important not to treat all subsidies in the same way, as subsidies could be used to finance adaptation measures such as the diversification of local economies. It was suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development process could provide an important new opportunity to address the issue of subsidies.", "67. Some delegations stressed the need to recognize the important contribution of artisanal and small-scale fishing communities to sustainable development. In that regard, they recalled that Agenda 21 reflected and recognized the importance of artisanal and small-scale fisheries for sustainable development. Some delegations expressed the view that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should reaffirm the importance of those issues.", "68. The use of floating aquaculture farms on an industrial scale was mentioned. There is a need to increase national and international efforts to address aquaculture issues, including through data collection, best practices and certification guidelines.", "69. Several delegations expressed views on possible solutions to the challenges of sustainable development and use of the oceans, while emphasizing that ecosystems were at the centre of management. They also stressed the need to preserve the integrity of ecosystems and to make the ecosystem approach work. The potential role of the Regular Process was highlighted.", "70. Many delegations noted that the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group had been significant and had maintained a delicate balance (see para. 40).", "71. Many delegations stressed the need to address the legal regime relating to marine genetic resources beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Those delegations expressed support for an implementation agreement that would address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Some delegations supported the inclusion of language in the outcome document of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development.", "72. Other delegations expressed the view that solutions for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity should seek to maximize the implementation of existing instruments. In the light of the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group, those delegations stressed that the implementation of existing instruments and the identification of implementation gaps were equally important parts of the process.", "4. Rio+20 and the way forward", "(a) Panel presentations", "73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Chair of the Global Ocean Forum and Director of the Gerard J. Mangone Centre for Ocean Policy, University of Delaware, United States, reviewed the oceans and the Rio process, the achievements and the efforts needed, while focusing on two issues: integrated ecosystem-based ocean management and climate change. She also described some of the elements of the Ocean Plan that the Conference on Sustainable Development might designate in the context of its theme. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessoa, Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations and ex officio member of the Bureau of the preparatory process for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, presented the commitments made in the area of sustainable development and oceans. She noted several continuing challenges to address: unsustainable fisheries; capacity development for sustainable fisheries; loss of habitats, including coral reefs and mangrove areas; environmental impact assessment; invasive alien species; nuclear waste; ocean acidification and sea level rise; vulnerability of small island developing States; and biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. She also noted the need to address coordination and cooperation among ocean-related institutions and organizations in future discussions on the institutional framework for sustainable development. She also recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation also called for strengthening the capacity of UNESCO/IOC/FAO and other relevant international, regional and subregional organizations to build national and local capacity in marine science and the sustainable management of oceans and marine resources.", "(b) Plenary meetings and panel discussions", "74. Some delegations were of the view that, if the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development was to be successful, it should produce strong results in the areas of oceans, fisheries and biodiversity. Participants were of the view that Governments should consider bold actions on the occasion of Rio+20, including the need to renew existing commitments and develop new initiatives. In view of the various inputs made to the 2012 Conference, a coordinated approach to ocean issues was needed in order to avoid inconsistencies in the law of the sea.", "Many delegations called for linking the “blue economy” to the “green economy” in the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Priority initiatives for oceans could be raised to a higher level of international attention and awareness to achieve sustainable development goals. Given that many of the commitments already agreed upon in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had not yet been implemented, participants pointed to the need to set targets that were realistic and could be fully implemented, rather than ambitious. One view was that new efforts should be made to implement and enforce existing measures. It was emphasized that developing countries had the capacity to achieve those goals, but that continued assistance was needed at the international, regional, national and local levels.", "76. It was suggested to focus on specific issues, such as food security, ocean acidification and effective protection and management of marine ecosystems. Several other delegations called for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to focus on the special vulnerabilities and needs of small island developing States and stressed the need to give serious consideration to issues related to sustainable production and consumption, in particular for seafood consumption. The role of renewable and alternative sources of energy was identified as key to achieving sustainable development and the three pillars of a “green economy”, noting that care should be taken (see also para. The general view was expressed that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should assist the international community in considering effective conservation and management measures for the oceans, including through appropriate frameworks, policies and mechanisms.", "It was noted that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development would provide an opportunity for countries to consider the best policy tools to move towards a “green economy”, while avoiding new “green” trade barriers. The 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should focus in that regard on reforming and eliminating existing measures to penalize “green” growth, such as harmful fossil fuel and fisheries subsidies. Participants recalled the proposals for special and differential treatment for developing countries in the context of fisheries subsidies in World Trade Organization negotiations.", "78. With regard to fisheries in particular, the view was expressed that the outcome of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should ensure that global fisheries were fair, sustainable and accountable. In that regard, the important responsibility entrusted to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements for the conservation and management of global fish stocks was recalled. However, participants stressed the need to improve the mandates of those organizations and to adopt an ecosystem approach to fisheries. A recommendation was made that the General Assembly exercise oversight over the implementation of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements.", "79. Many delegations stressed the need for a specific legal regime under the Convention for marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. They also noted the role of the International Seabed Authority in the protection and preservation of the marine environment of the Area, including marine biodiversity, as provided for in the statute adopted by the Assembly of the Authority.", "80. With regard to area-based management tools, the view was expressed that the 2012 meeting should recognize the need to improve the effectiveness of existing and future marine protected areas and to increase the resilience of oceans to climate change and ocean acidification.", "Participants stressed the need to evaluate the environmental impact of human activities for policy planning. In that regard, the view was expressed that the Conference on Sustainable Development would help to raise awareness of the need for impact assessments. To that end, a recommendation was made that the Conference on Sustainable Development should promote the development of assessment processes, including cumulative impact assessments of human activities on the marine environment.", "82. The role of the transfer of marine technology in building capacity and promoting sustainable development was highlighted. It was noted that cooperation called for under Part XIV of the Convention, on the transfer of marine technology, could be envisaged from the perspective of North-South and South-South cooperation. It was also noted that the transfer of marine technology required an enabling environment to attract investment.", "83. With regard to institutional frameworks, it was suggested that the focus should be on effective reform of existing institutions rather than on larger-scale institutional changes. Participants stressed the need to strengthen cooperation and coordination among United Nations agencies and to accelerate the achievement of the goals and targets of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Concern was expressed, however, that the establishment of a new architecture might lead to inconsistency in the law of the sea.", "The important role of regional and national institutions was also recognized. Participants stressed the need for an institutional framework, including at the international level, to integrate the three pillars of sustainable development. Enhanced cooperation among fisheries, the environment and other ocean bodies was seen as key to the integrated management of ocean issues and to addressing the cumulative impact of various human activities.", "85. Some delegations proposed that the informal consultative process should agree on specific elements for submission to the Conference. These may include: the close linkages between the three pillars of sustainable development, including the oceans and seas, in particular for small island developing States; the need for sustainable development to take into account environmental, economic, social and human aspects; the need to restore the health of marine ecosystems as a matter of priority to achieve sustainable development, food security, poverty eradication and the creation of a blue economy for sustainable development; the fact that many of the goals on oceans and sustainable development agreed at previous summits have not been achieved, in particular those of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, reaffirming and updating, where necessary, such commitments, including through the use of market-based mechanisms; the need to take concrete steps to manage human activities affecting marine ecosystems in an integrated ecosystem-based manner; to address emerging issues, such as marine debris, underwater noise, invasive species and their cumulative impacts on biodiversity, including beyond areas of national jurisdiction; to strengthen the resilience of marine ecosystems to ocean acidification; to link ecosystem approaches and commitments to regularly assess the state of the marine environment as a basis for informed decision-making; to further integrate the value of ecosystem services, including the cost of degradation, into decision-making processes, including through market-based mechanisms; to ensure long- Participants noted that specific legal regimes for biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction under the Convention should be considered. They felt that those issues could be presented to the Conference to identify the way forward.", "Agenda item 4", "Inter-agency cooperation and coordination", "86. Andrew Hudson, Chief Technical Adviser for International Waters and Coordinator of UN-Oceans, United Nations Development Programme, reported on the latest work of UN-Oceans and the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.", "87. He informed the Meeting of the main outcomes of the ninth meeting of UN-Oceans, held in New York on 17 June 2011. At that meeting, participating agencies discussed the possibility of reviewing the work of UN-Oceans to identify its strengths and weaknesses and opportunities for improvement.", "Mr. Hudson also informed the Meeting of the measures taken by member agencies to ensure that ocean-related themes were given priority at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development and in the planning and preparation of the 2012 Korea Ri Shui World Expo on the theme “living oceans and coasts — activities for resource diversity and sustainability”.", "89. He provided an update on the activities of the UN-Oceans task force and informed the meeting of the decision to establish a new task force on marine debris, co-led by the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Maritime Organization and in close contact with the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. Mr. Hudson described the upgrading of the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, welcomed the new funding of $45,000 and expressed the hope that that financial support would continue every year. In response, Mr. Hudson noted that the new Task Force had been established under one of the core mandates of UN-Oceans, namely, to identify emerging issues and to establish task forces to address them as appropriate.", "90. The view was expressed that greater transparency and relevance should be given to UN-Oceans in the context of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 57/141, and that consideration should be given to the participation of member States in the work of UN-Oceans. It was suggested that the review of UN-Oceans could also draw on lessons learned from other inter-agency coordination mechanisms, such as UN-Water and UN-Energy.", "91. With regard to how UN-Oceans coordinated the scheduling of ocean-related meetings to avoid duplication, Mr. Hudson suggested that the distribution of an existing calendar of ocean-related activities could assist UN-Oceans members in planning for future work. It was further noted that such a task should be the responsibility of the secretariat as part of UN-Oceans.", "Mr. Hudson recalled the scientific contributions of the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection to advancing chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and drew attention to its work, including on ballast water in busy shipping areas, gas emissions from ships and coastal pollution sources and ocean acidification. In view of the harmful effects of invasive species on marine ecosystems, States are called upon to ratify the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships ' Ballast Water and Sediments.", "93. Mr. Hudson also stressed the need to maintain expert groups to assist the regular process, upon request, and recalled the partnership with the Global Environment Facility Transboundary Water Assessment Programme. He further highlighted the work of the Expert Group on emerging issues such as microplastics and the need to maintain the Group ' s scientific contribution to States and international organizations.", "94. The role of expert groups as inter-agency scientific committees was noted, as was their lack of funding and difficulties in their work.", "Agenda item 5", "Procedures for the selection of topics and panellists to assist the General Assembly in its work", "95. With regard to the topics to be discussed at the forthcoming meeting of the Informal Consultative Process, several delegations recalled the conclusion of the tenth meeting that the Informal Consultative Process should address issues related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The view was expressed that protection and development were interrelated and therefore could not be examined separately.", "96. Several delegations reiterated that the concept paper should preferably be distributed no later than the first round of informal consultations on General Assembly resolutions on oceans and the law of the sea, in order to allow delegations sufficient time to study it. The selection of topics for at least two consecutive years was considered to be cost-effective, but caution was expressed with regard to that suggestion, as the issues raised required adequate review.", "97. Participants recognized the difficulty of organizing discussion groups. Several delegations noted the need for some flexibility for the Co-Chairs. They also stressed the important role of the Co-Chairs in identifying and inviting interested persons to participate in panel discussions and in maintaining the appropriate regional balance.", "98. Some delegations stressed the usefulness of the preparatory meetings and, in that regard, welcomed the efforts of the Co-Chairs to consult with Member States.", "99. The Co-Chairs reiterated their call for contributions to the voluntary trust fund established by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/7 to assist representatives of developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, to attend the meetings of the Consultative Process as an important means of ensuring the participation of experts and participants from developing countries. The secretariat provided an update on the Trust Fund.", "Agenda item 6", "Issues of potential benefit to the attention of the General Assembly in its future work on oceans and the law of the sea", "100. The attention of the Meeting was drawn to the consolidated and streamlined list of issues that might benefit from the attention of the Co-Chairs for future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea. [2] One intergovernmental organization highlighted the issue of climate change, in particular ocean acidification, as it relates directly to the three pillars of sustainable development. It noted in this regard that the increase in ocean acidification was directly related to changes in fish concentration, negative impacts on corals and the spread of ocean noise. Another issue of concern is the harmful effects of acidification on coral reefs, which are important fish habitats, as they protect food and employment and prevent coastal communities from being affected by the surge of storms.", "[1] The summary is intended for reference purposes only and not as a record of the discussions.", "[2] See http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#-List%20of%20issues." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日列支敦士登常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的 普通照会", "列支敦士登公国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨提及2011年3月25日关于要求所有国家向委员会报告第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段执行情况的照会。", "列支敦士登全心全意致力于执行这些措施，包括促请各国实施武器禁运、旅行禁令和资产冻结的措施。2011年3月，通过《关于涉及阿拉伯利比亚民众国的措施的政府令》(列支敦士登法律公报，2011年第81期)以及对其作出的进一步修正(列支敦士登法律公报，2011年第82、92、115、120、133、143、195和225期)，第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段提及的措施被纳入国内法律。列支敦士登还纳入了欧洲联盟规定的其他限制性措施。根据与瑞士的关税同盟，瑞士的相关法律和执法措施适用于出入列支敦士登边境的货物和人员。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to the note of 25 March 2011, requesting all States to report to the Committee on their implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Liechtenstein is fully committed to the implementation of the measures, including those calling upon States to impose the arms embargo, the travel ban and the assets freeze. The measures referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) were incorporated into national law in March 2011 through the Government Ordinance on Measures concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, No. 81) and further amendments thereto (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, Nos. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 and 225). Liechtenstein furthermore incorporated the additional restrictive measures of the European Union. By virtue of its Customs Union with Switzerland, the relevant Swiss laws and enforcement measures are applied with respect to the movements of goods and persons across Liechtenstein’s borders." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to the note dated 25 March 2011 requesting all States to report to the Committee on the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Liechtenstein is fully committed to the implementation of these measures, including by urging States to implement the arms embargo, travel ban and assets freeze. In March 2011, the measures referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) were incorporated into domestic law through the adoption of the Government Decree on measures concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Liechtenstein Law Gazette, No. 81 of 2011) and further amendments thereto (Liechtenstein Law Gazette, Nos. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 and 225 of 2011). Liechtenstein also incorporates other restrictive measures imposed by the European Union. Under the Customs Union with Switzerland, the relevant Swiss laws and enforcement measures apply to goods and persons entering or leaving the Liechtenstein border." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21", "^(*) A/66/150。", "文化与发展", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织根据大会第65/166号决议编写的报告。", "文化与发展", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告", "摘要", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)编写的本报告介绍了大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议的执行工作进度，评估了组织一次联合国文化与发展大会的价值和可取性。为此目的，本报告概述了18个联合国实体开展的工作，显示了文化对发展的贡献。此外，本报告说明了召开这样一次会议的价值，评估了会议目标、级别、形式、召开时间和所涉预算问题。本报告还载有为促进文化进一步融入发展政策和实践而提出的建议。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.背景 4\n3.文化与发展的相互联系 5\n4.联合国系统内的执行工作进度 6\n5.对联合国文化与发展会议方式的评估 18\n6.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议提交。大会在该决议中请秘书长同联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事及相关的联合国机构和多边发展机构协商，就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份进度报告，并在报告中评估举办一次联合国文化与发展大会的价值和可取性，包括会议的目标、级别、形式和时间安排及所涉预算问题。", "2. 关于文化与发展专题的最近一次报告(A/59/202)涉及大会第57/249号决议的执行情况。", "二. 背景", "3. 发展的概念从单一的普遍模式和构想演变到需要采取多种不同路径的更广泛概念，产生了以人为本的发展范式。发展范式的这一扩展为确认文化在可持续发展中不可或缺的作用逐步铺平了道路。其结果是出现了更能反映社会复杂性和背景情况的可持续发展构想。世界文化和发展委员会题为“我们的创造性的多样性”的1996年报告有助于促进概念的提升，强调以人为本发展模式的基本文化层面，建议将文化列为发展政策的优先事项。教科文组织曾接受委托，领导世界文化发展十年(1988-1997年)的各项活动。世界文化发展十年在斯德哥尔摩文化政策促进发展政府间会议上达到高潮，该次会议呼吁以文化促进人类发展，认为文化政策是发展战略的关键要素之一。", "4. 尽管自斯德哥尔摩会议以来取得了重大进展，但国际发展政策仍未充分体现文化与发展的联系，并且，在由不同发展目标和措施决定的发展公式中，文化仍然处于辅助地位。但是，近来全球发展所显示的值得欢迎的趋势是将文化系统性纳入发展战略和方案。为持续实现千年发展目标而建立的8个主题窗口中，由西班牙提供资金的实现千年发展目标基金的文化与发展窗口为揭示文化与发展的联系提供了前所未有的机会。此外，大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件(大会第65/1号决议)强调文化促进发展及其对实现千年发展目标的贡献至关重要。该决议还鼓励在文化领域中开展国际合作，以实现发展目标。大会第65/166号决议重申了这一点，呼吁将文化纳入全球和国家发展政策。此外，经济及社会理事会最近采纳“科学、技术和创新以及文化潜力用于促进可持续发展和实现千年发展目标”，作为将于2013年实质性会议期间举行的年度部长级审查的主题。计划于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会(“里约＋20”会议)的筹备工作为真正评估将文化因素纳入发展的情况提供了机会。", "三. 文化与发展的相互联系", "5. 文化与发展的关系是多方面的。除了其内在价值之外，文化还有助于发展进程和结果。文化在不同领域中为实现发展目标发挥作用，它本身也是推动发展的力量。把文化放在优先地位的发展举措和办法很可能促成具有包容性和切合实际的发展，产生公平结果并增强目标受益人的自主权。发展本身应该植根于当地文化和知识并适应当地情况，以便依照《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》的规定，增强总体自主权。因此，将文化因素纳入发展的设想、衡量和实践，对于实现和保持发展目标至关重要。", "6. 包含文化遗产、创造性和文化产业、文化旅游和文化基础设施在内的文化部门，创造了大量经济利益，其中包括就业机会。虽然缺乏可靠的合并数据说明文化所做的社会经济贡献，但普华永道会计师事务所2008年的一份报告指出，2007年文化产业在全球国内生产总值中的百分比高于3.4%，全球市场份额约16 000亿美元，几乎相当于同一年国际旅游收入预测额的两倍。同一份报告还表明，文化和创造性产业是全球经济中扩张最快的部门之一，在中东的增长率为17.6%，非洲为13.9%，南美洲为11.9%，亚洲为9.7%，大洋洲为6.9%，北美和中美洲为4.3%。该报告还记录了文化部门在1980年代的稳步增长和在1990年代的大幅增长，当时在经济合作与发展组织成员国中，创造性经济的年增长率是服务业的两倍，是制造业的四倍。", "7. 国民经济大大受益于文化部门。例如，IBF国际咨询公司2007年的报告指出，马里文化部门在2004年创造了5.8%的就业机会，2006年占国内生产总值的2.38%；泰国估计有200万名手工业者，其中几乎一半在手工艺行业从事全职工作。同样，根据教科文组织在“促进发展的文化力量”报告中提供的数据，巴西的创造性部门1998年对国内生产总值的贡献为6.7%。将文化部门作为一个强有力的经济部门加以促进和进一步发展，能创造就业，为开辟创新渠道。", "8. 旅游部门实现了多样化，成为增长最快的经济部门之一，在发展中国家尤其如此。1998年至2008年，世界旅游总收入的年增长率平均为7%；根据世界旅游组织(世旅组织)2011年6月发布的数据，上述期间内最不发达国家的旅游收入增长率为12%。2010年，国际旅游业创造了9 190亿美元的出口收入。2010年，新兴国家和发展中国家占全世界国际游客抵达人数的47%，国际旅游收入的36.9%。文化旅游目前占世界旅游收入的40%。在总体上，文化遗址，尤其是列入教科文组织世界遗产目录的文化遗址，创造了大量旅游收入和就业机会。非物质文化遗产也是这样，它们延续着鲜活的文化表现形式、传统知识和表演艺术。博物馆和其他文化机构也对经济投资和效益做出重大贡献。因此，将旅游业作为投资的一个子部门将鼓励基础设施投资，刺激当地发展。", "9. 尽管具有内在复杂性且难以量化，投资于文化间的对话还是有助于避免冲突、建设和平以及保护边缘群体的权利，从而为实现发展目标创造条件。文化间对话通过增进理解与和解，超越各种文化之间及其内部的障碍，成为消除愚昧、偏见和排斥的重要手段。除了增强社会凝聚力之外，文化还是人类发展的重要组成部分，它能使人具有认同感，是个人和社会两个层面上创造性的源泉。当全球化和技术进步带来机遇和威胁之时，敏感地对待文化，有助于保护脆弱社区，使其免受文化趋同的压力，有助于丰富所有社会。", "10. 本地和本土知识体系以及环境管理做法为应对生态挑战、防止丧失生物多样性、减轻土地退化和缓和气候变化效应提供了有价值的深刻见解和工具。考虑到气候变化对发展产生的深刻影响，如能利用重视自然界与人类世界之间平衡关系的传统文化所蕴育的积极做法，将有利于实现发展目标。实现环境可持续性的核心内容是寻求传统与现代环境做法之间的协同增效以及让各社区更多参与保护运动。", "11. 尽管千年发展目标中没有明确提及文化，但文化对这些目标的实现产生直接和间接影响。发展所包含的文化因素能确保发展政策有针对性，适合实际情况且符合国家优先发展事项，从而巩固国家对发展举措的掌管权。鉴于发展中国家拥有丰富的文化遗产和大量劳动力，文化部门的经济前景对它们尤其重要。可持续旅游业以及文化和创造性产业是创收和减贫的战略途径。文化产业需要的资金有限，门槛也很低。与文化有关的经济机会不容易被外包，因此对投资者有吸引力。由于文化经济严重依赖非正式部门，而包括妇女在内的贫穷和边缘人群经常受雇于非正式部门，因此有效促进文化产业发展可能会对弱势人群产生直接影响，从而在尽可能创造更多就业和商业机会的同时增进社会包容性。发展方面的经验表明，增强妇女的经济权力往往能达到多重效果，使社区获益和经济增长。除了能增强边缘社区能力外，文化产业还鼓励创新，支持发展技能并在当地社区内部产生企业家资本。", "四. 联合国系统内的执行工作进度", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "12. 教科文组织是联合国唯一一个在文化领域内负有具体任务的机构，其战略方案各不相同，力图增进文化多样性，推动文化间对话，弘扬和平文化，展示文化与可持续发展的根本联系。对于教科文组织而言，发展的文化内容要求从所有方面保护和增进文化多样性，包括保护物质和非物质文化遗产，保留文化表达的多样性，将文化办法纳入预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病和材料卫生工作的主流，以及推进文化敏感的政策和行动。", "13. 过去一年中，教科文组织借助一系列分析、规范、技术和业务性举措和工具，加强了文化在发展中的重新定位。除带来其他惠益外，这些举措推动实现大会决议的目标。多方援助者支持教科文组织促进地方发展的文化相关业务项目。", "14. 8项规范性文书，其中包括7部条约，为教科文组织参与文化领域内的活动提供指导。这些文书是：《世界版权公约》、《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约》、《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》、《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》、《联合国教育、科学及文化组织世界文化多样性宣言》、《保护水下文化遗产公约》、《保护非物质文化遗产公约》和《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。教科文组织利用这些文书，开发了一些工具，开展了能力建设活动，以实施全球文化和发展计划。", "15. 关于《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》，尤其是其中关于推动文化产业和文化表现形式的规定，能力建设举措中包括一个由欧洲联盟供资、共计100万欧元的专家支持方案，力图通过技术援助任务来加强文化治理制度。此外，教科文组织提出了一系列创新政策、研究和教育工具，例如发展文化和创造性产业的政策指引以及在线资源中心“世界各地的文化和创造性产业”。也是在《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》框架内，教科文组织通过其全球文化多样性联盟来鼓励公私伙伴关系。全球文化多样性联盟是一个促进协同安排以加强发展中国家文化产业的机制。文化多样性国际基金利用其超过400万美元的资金，目前为24个发展中国家的31个项目提供支持。这些项目有助于建立一个关于文化和发展项目最佳做法的全球数据库。", "16. 在《保护非物质文化遗产公约》方面，教科文组织开展了大规模能力建设方案，以支持对该公约的批准和有效执行。60名(其中包括20名来自非洲的)专家接受了培训，继续参与世界各地30多项能力建设活动。金额约1 000万美元的保护非物质文化遗产基金和预算外捐助为全球能力建设战略提供为期两年的支持。", "17. 教科文组织依照《世界文化多样性宣言》，制作了“文化多样性视角”这一工具，帮助政策制订者和执行人员从文化多样性角度评估各项发展政策和方案。教科文组织运用这一工具举办讲习班，审查了12份联合国发展援助框架文件和成果、联合国8个联合方案和50份项目文件，此外还审查了9个国家的文化政策，以反映文化多样性原则，培训了11个联合国国家工作队，指导其在制订方案和战略时考虑到文化因素。", "18. 为向国家决策者说明有必要保护水下文化遗产，使其免受劫掠，教科文组织与不同的合作伙伴协作，组织了7次关于《保护水下文化遗产公约》的区域会议。这些会议注重改善法律保护、提高保存水下遗产的意识以及水下考古和遗产管理领域的能力建设。", "19. 在编写最近获得通过的全球“世界遗产能力建设战略”过程中，2 864个人参加了在5个区域举办的32次能力建设培训，参与人中妇女占37%。2012年纪念《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》四十周年的主题定为“世界遗产与可持续发展：当地社区在管理世界遗产中的作用”。教科文组织继续开展其他公约框架内的案例研究工作。这些案例研究表明，当地社区在世界遗产所在地的社会经济发展中发挥重要作用，同时还维护世界遗产突出的普遍价值和完整性。2011年4月举行了与生物多样性有关的其他公约秘书处的协调会。", "20. 在《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》方面，教科文组织通过战略伙伴关系、提高认识和能力建设，打击非法贩运文化物品的活动。教科文组织开发了各国文化遗产法数据库等一些法律、实践和提高认识工具。教科文组织在2011年组织的国家和区域培训包括在埃及、蒙古、纳米比亚和菲律宾举办的讲习班。", "21. 此外，教科文组织还采取了一些措施以应对增加的数据需求，支持将文化战略性地纳入发展政策。为更好地衡量文化政策和举措的影响和相关性，教科文组织统计研究所制订了教科文组织文化统计框架，该工具为统计目的而对文化进行界定，有利于产生具有国际可比性的数据。统计研究所还在迅速推动文化部门就业数据的提供工作。利用近期产生的数据以及在世界各地执行文化相关发展项目中取得的经验，创新性的文化促进发展指标组合提供涵盖7个发展领域的质量和数量指标，为决策提供信息。", "22. 为应对全球艾滋病毒/艾滋病疫情，教科文组织的文化、艾滋病毒和艾滋病方案支持促进性别平等、以人权为本且基于全面分析相关社区社会文化特殊情况的政策和计划。“文化上适宜的办法”强调必须采取多种切合实际的生物医药、行为和结构性干预措施。为制订艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和护理的文化办法，教科文组织编写了一系列指导材料，包括为项目干事开发的互动式电子学习工具。其他方案活动包括为文化上适宜的艾滋病毒和艾滋病政策营造“有利环境”以及加强当地调研。", "23. 教科文组织被指定担任实现千年发展目标基金文化和发展窗口的召集人，该窗口有助于加强文化和创造性产业对可持续发展的贡献。这一机构间举措拥有9 500万美元的预算，在全世界支持18个联合方案，把文化作为一项促进社会经济发展的资产和增进社会凝聚力及和平的因素加以利用。方案所涵盖的文化因素从文化遗产到文化产业，从文化旅游到文化间对话，范围广泛。联合方案的众多优势之一是国家掌管权加上基于社区的行动。这些联合方案涉及与经济和金融、文化、旅游和环境部门的协调。文化和发展联合方案已经在旅游、遗产宣传和保护、工艺品和创造性产业以及文化间对话等领域中产生了一些具体成果。作为“一体行动”活生生的实验室，联合方案利用每个实体的比较优势，已经在机构间合作和方案拟订方面产生了相当多的创新做法和知识，并为推动联合国在国家一级的改革做出了贡献。", "24. 教科文组织开展了一个为期两年的文化与发展知识管理系统项目，其目的是汲取由实现千年发展目标基金供资的18个联合方案所取得的经验，并且记录、编撰、翻译和传播相关知识，以期用于学习、提高认识并为今后的发展政策和方案拟订提供资料。该项目有利于进一步评估文化与发展的联系，包括文化对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "25. 2011年7月1日，教科文组织和世界银行签署了一份谅解备忘录，正式确定了当前开展的文化与发展合作，建立了在历史城市保存和复原、自然遗产场址保护、文化指标、文化经济学和增进文化多样性领域内的技术工作框架。教科文组织正在寻求其他潜在合作伙伴，以加强文化与发展的联系。", "26. 教科文组织支持利用本土知识的多种努力。教科文组织协调土著问题机构间支助小组的联合反思文件的编写工作。该文件的主题是：按照《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，土著人民及其文化和特性在发展中的作用。该文件将提交给土著问题常设论坛第九届会议。此外，教科文组织通过与《生物多样性公约》秘书处的联合方案，进一步加大力度支持采用文化办法管理自然资源，包括保护和运用当地和本土知识增进环境可持续性。该联合方案通过强化文化与生物多样性的联系，采取文化上适宜的价值、知识系统和民生的综合办法，有助于保护以及可持续地公平利用生物多样性。", "27. 本着优化文化对可持续发展的贡献的目的，各外地办事处通过能力建设、提高认识、知识交流、文化主流化、资金调动和支持加强国家法律和政策框架等办法来执行大会第65/166号决议。", "28. 为响应大会的请求，教科文组织总干事请所有相关的联合国机构提供资料，说明自2010年12月20日该决议通过以来为执行该决议所作的贡献。下列17个组织作出了回应。", "联合国开发计划署", "29. 联合国发展计划署(开发署)主要通过实现千年发展目标基金的文化与发展窗口参与文化与发展领域的活动。开发署与联合国其他实体一道，参与执行18个关于文化与发展的联合方案。开发署为联合国系统管理该基金。", "30. 开发署执行符合大会第65/166号决议的其他倡议，包括两年期赤道奖。该奖支持努力通过可持续利用生物多样性来减贫，并通过全球环境基金小额赠款方案来促进尊重土著人民权利的可持续发展。在千年发展目标“突破战略”的“第一支柱”下，开发署继续在全球14个国家执行千年发展目标加速框架。这一工具由开发署开发并得到联合国发展集团赞同，目的是协助各国政府和发展伙伴按照第65/166号决议来审查参与、歧视和文化排斥等问题，因为这些问题事关阻碍基于千年发展目标的干预措施取得进展的瓶颈。有关框架下的瓶颈评估包括在诸如保健和教育等公共服务中减少有关语言障碍和尊重土著人民的做法等方面的问题。", "31. 2011年5月20日，开发署、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、国际劳工组织和联合国儿童基金推出了推动落实土著人民权利的第一个全球性的联合国机构间倡议，即“联合国土著人民伙伴关系”。而且，《人类发展报告》，以及开发署其他出版物，均强调文化是可持续发展和实现千年发展目标的一个不可分割的组成部分。此外，开发署助理署长与联合国贸易与发展会议(贸发会议)协作发表了题为“2010创意经济报告：一个可行的发展方案”的新报告，审查创意产业的市场形势和努力寻求经济多元化的发展中国家的文化产业的潜力，以及世界经济最具活力的部门之一的进展情况。", "发展业务协调办公室", "32. 根据该决议第6段，发展业务协调办公室向所有驻地协调员转发了决议案文，请他们将文化纳入联合国发展援助框架下的方案内并使之主流化。目前，(在112个国家)该框架下的方案中约有60%的方案提及文化和(或)在其活动中列入了文化组成部分。", "联合国工业发展组织", "33. 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在创意产业发展战略中努力增强创业妇女、青年、农村群体和边缘社区的能力，以利用丰富的创意文化遗产和多样化的创造性知识来提供创新商品和服务，从而抓住市场机会。为此，建立了一种有针对性的政策扶持措施环境、小额信贷以及风险基金和业务支持机制。在有关多媒体和视听作品的创造性知识的经济潜力方面，工发组织协助8个加勒比岛屿国家促进创业、制定框架和提高创意产业企业发展服务方面的机构能力。该项目通过南-南合作，利用工发组织创业发展和企业发展服务的方法，建设国家及区域同行的能力。", "34. 工发组织支持采取具体政策和宣传措施，以纠正土著社区被排除在与创意产业有关的活动惠益之外的情况。例如，在中国的“创意产业的创业”项目，是在联合国发展援助框架2008-2011年“第一成果”方案下实施的，旨在制定促进以人为本、可持续和公平的经济增长的社会和经济政策。", "35. 在当前全球竞争和对驾驭环境友好型资源的关切的情况下，创意产业被视为一个关键部门，通过可持续国家产业发展战略来减少贫穷，从而让新的观点和技术得以利用。工发组织制作了关于创意产业的发展的两部实质性文件。为响应会员国不断增加的请求，工发组织加强了其技术援助，通过创意产业促进文化资产的发展。这包括解决创意产业质量标准不足、供应能力不足、市场联系不足和商业化有限等问题。此外，工发组织与包括农业综合企业在内的其他部门，建立了相关的联系，以便在传统和文化遗产的基础上，改进创造就业和人的发展的潜力。", "世界旅游组织", "36. 世界旅游组织(世旅组织)承认可持续旅游业是追求发展和文化多样性的一个强大工具，能为世界各地的地方经济作出了重要贡献。在旅游发展的环境、经济和社会文化等方面实现平衡，以此推进可持续的旅游业，是世旅组织各项方案的核心之所在。《全球旅游业道德守则》是世旅组织的指导性政策文件，明确肯定了文化对可持续发展、经济增长、丰富人生和消除贫困的重要性。《守则》提倡文化多样性，宣传文化旅游是可持续发展一个必不可少的组成部分。", "37. 世旅组织在其能力建设活动的框架内，制定了文化遗址旅游管理方案，以促进制定解决文化和自然遗址游客拥挤问题的政策和业务准则，并加强旅游部门以更加全面的方式开发和推出旅游目的地和文化遗址的能力。", "38. 世旅组织承认，将旅游与文化遗产挂钩会更好地为地方经济服务。如果管理得当，文化旅游会保护一个国家的自然和文化宝藏，并改善居民和游客的生活质量。关于宣传遗产方面的一本旅游部门手册将进一步促进关于文化旅游方面的能力建设活动，并巩固创意部门。预计世旅组织关于旅游与非物质文化遗产的一份研究报告将在2011年出版，将会通过横跨5大洲的关于旅游业的发展与非物质文化遗产之间的联系的案例分析，提供全面的研究成果和创新形式的决策。世旅组织是教科文组织世界遗产与可持续旅游方案指导小组的成员。", "39. 世旅组织技术合作和服务部实施了主要重点是关注文化的许多合作项目。印度旁遮普邦的旅游发展总计划包括在该邦的一些黄金地段发展可持续文化旅游，文化旅游将通过创造就业和创收，尤其是青年和妇女的就业和创收，为当地社区的社会经济发展开辟新的途径。世旅组织在千年发展目标基金的框架内，与联合国其他实体一起，正在实施联合方案，利用代赫舒尔世界遗产遗址来为埃及社区发展服务。", "40. 2002年，世旅组织推出了“可持续旅游消除贫困”倡议，以通过促进可持续形式的旅游业来减少贫困。迄今，已举办24次关于旅游和减少贫穷的区域和国家培训，帮助发展中国家的公职人员、非政府组织、私营部门和社区提高能力，共有2 000多名官员参加了培训。在许多公共和私营部门组织的支持下，已在执行97个项目，33个发展中国家从中受益。项目多种多样，有的培训当地导游和酒店员工，有的协助当地居民参与自然和文化遗产场址附近的旅游发展，有的使贫穷的生产者与旅游企业建立业务联系。在埃塞俄比亚、老挝人民民主共和国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国等一些国家，可以找到此类具有明显的文化遗产组成部分的项目的相关例子。最后，世旅组织已出版了五份报告，以证据说明旅游业在减少贫困中的作用，并就如何最大限度地发挥这些作用提出建议。", "世界银行", "41. 世界银行的政策支持将文化作为发展模式的一个重要组成部分，这对社会凝聚力有着重要影响，给经济增长带来了机会，对减贫战略有着积极的协同增效作用。现已为主要源于下列领域的越来越多的项目确定了文化因素和文化发展目标：(a) 城市发展，促进历史名城和场址的恢复，改善交通，增强保全，扩大宣传；(b) 地方经济发展，力挺中小型企业，特别是非正规部门企业，因为这是手工艺生产和商业的核心之所在；(c) 社会发展，增进文化多样性，确保不同的社会群体间的社会凝聚力，让土著人民、少数民族和移民融入社会结构；(d) 可持续的旅游业发展，促进主要对与自然和文化景观相关的接待和服务业的经济投资。世界银行对有文化层面的发展项目的投资总量，从1990年至1999年的13亿美元，增至2000年至2009年的40亿美元，大部分投资是城市发展投资。", "42. 世界银行对发展中国家和新兴经济体政府的援助延伸至分析工作和技术援助，以评估体制框架和提高负责文化资产管理的国家和地方机构的有效性。世界银行还对诸如文化经济以及越来越多的自然灾害和气候变化影响对文化遗产的威胁等政策专题开展研究工作。", "国际农业发展基金", "43. 2011年，国际农业发展基金会(农发基金)与土著人民合作，开展了下列活动，以提高公众对土著人民文化多样性的认识。5月，在日内瓦召开的信息社会世界首脑会议论坛会上，农发基金作了题为“促进土著人民的教育——农发基金与土著人民的合作”的介绍，强调有文化和身份特征的发展。6月，农发基金主办了第一个“土著大地母亲”论坛，侧重于加强土著人民的饮食文化，为正在进行的食物与气候的辩论中表达土著声音创造空间。", "44. 农发基金目前正在实施与土著人民合作的政策，其中包括有关“将文化遗产和身份特征作为资产”的合作原则。通过这些合作项目，农发基金弘扬土著人民的文化独特性，协助社区充分利用其传统知识、文化、治理制度和自然资源。农发基金土著人民援助融资机制向土著人民拟订和实施的项目提供资金，将“有文化和身份特征的发展”作为提供融资的选择标准之一。在2011年2月农发基金举行的一个讲习班上，发起了在农发基金建立一个“土著人民论坛”的进程。该论坛的目标包括加强农发基金和土著人民的伙伴关系，以解决贫困和实现有文化和身份特征的可持续发展。", "45. 农发基金给意大利乐施会赠款，供开办项目，通过市场联系和增进多样性来解决厄瓜多尔、摩洛哥和塞内加尔的贫困农民和移民被边缘化问题。该项目增强贫困农村社区的能力，扩大他们的创收机会，所采取的办法是抢救和保护的目标植物物种及其相关的土著知识，改进种植做法，发展商业化和市场营销，提高公众对目标物种的营养安全、保健和创收价值的认识。该方案的一个重要方面是确保文化的连续性。", "46. 农发基金土著人民援助融资机制支持多种注重土著传统知识和环境管理方面的社区做法的微型项目。几个此类项目帮助振兴传统农业系统和手工艺技术，其他一些项目旨在重视和加强土著人民社区的身份特征、传统习俗和语言。", "世界知识产权组织", "47. 世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)按照其注重知识产权和保护公共领域之间的联系的做法，采取了一系列举措，包括对自愿登记及存放系统(关于文化和历史遗产的存放)的第二次调查、关于版权以及相关权利和公有领域的范围研究(对直接或间接地界定公共领域的国家立法的比较)、对私有版权文件系统和做法的调查。2011年10月，知识产权组织将举办一次有关版权文件和基础设施的会议，展示调查结果。", "48. 35个以上的国家使用了知识产权组织关于调查基于版权的产业的经济贡献的指南。这些产业包括被视为具有文化价值的产业。这一调查提供了通过国内生产总值、就业和贸易统计来加以衡量的国家发展的情况。几个国家使用成果报告和研究作为基础，进一步研究和发展它们有关创意和文化产业的政策。此外，知识产权组织协助各会员国制定关于创意产业的国家战略。知识产权组织创意产业司已经制作了关于具体创意产业的若干出版物。评估创意产业的经济、社会和文化影响的指南正在拟订之中。一个多方利益攸关方项目包含教科文组织、欧统局等机构的投入，其目的是让各国能够解决文化与发展政策问题。", "49. 应请求，知识产权组织开展了能力建设活动。2011年，版权发展服务司举办了20场活动，包括7个国家、7个区域、2个区域间培训方案和专家团对发展中国家的4次访问。此外，2011年6月，知识产权组织的传统知识司与阿曼政府合作，举办了一场题为“知识产权与可持续发展：传统知识和传统文化表现形式的记录和注册”的国际技术研讨会。2011年5月，知识产权组织和国际博物馆理事会签署了一项谅解备忘录，承诺就博物馆有关的知识产权问题进行协作和合作。知识产权组织在许多国家参加了若干提高认识和技术合作活动。值得注意的是，知识产权组织参加了文化权利领域独立专家关于访问文化遗产问题的工作。最后，知识产权组织制作了题为“肯尼亚传统文化数字化”的一部联合国电视和录像片。", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "50. 2011年，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和教科文组织将联合举办关于食品和农产品质量的讲习班。为了筹备该讲习班，粮农组织发起了一项与原产地挂钩的产品的潜力的研究，以维护和宣传教科文组织的“人与生物圈”方案、世界遗产场地、粮农组织全球重要的农业遗产系统以及其他有自然和文化内涵的领域。讲习班将确定粮农组织和教科文组织可以进一步合作保护和宣传自然和文化遗产的领域。", "联合国环境规划署", "51. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)强调必须以一种全面的方法来实现环境保护和可持续发展，关注全球环境变化与不利的社会、文化和经济影响之间的相互联系。鉴于环境署理事会第十六届会议作出的注重环境与文化多样性的决定，环境署环保活动涵盖生物多样性、传统知识、土著语言和习俗、文化多样性和生物多样性以及文化行为。环境署在其《全球环境展望》系列的第五次报告中，将审议土著社区的知识和做法与保护和可持续利用目标的相互联系；并将提交分析报告，作为对联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程的贡献。", "52. 主要举措包括为每年庆祝世界土著人国际日制作提高认识材料，为诸如青年杂志《关爱我们的地球》关于土著知识和环境的特刊等几个环境署出版物制作提高认识材料，以及在挪威的环境署全球资源信息数据库(阿伦达尔中心)的出版物“环境时报”上刊登关于土著知识的文章。", "53. 环境署利用多边环境协定的框架，重点注意确定生物多样性管理文化权利和社区权利，包括保护、可持续利用以及遗传资源的获取和惠益分享。为将获取和惠益分享概念与传统知识挂钩，环境署与包括教科文组织在内的相关的利益攸关方合作，拟定一套生物文化社区议定书，以帮助将文化、生物多样性管理和传统知识纳入生计保障及经济福祉和可持续发展的主流。2010年，作为国际生物多样性年活动的一部分，环境署推出了与教科文组织联合开发的一个网站，展示关于生物文化社区议定书方面的工作。2010年10月，在日本名古屋召开的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十次会议上，分发了开发署与其他伙伴拟定的关于社区和福祉的政策情况简报，谈及基于权利的办法、发展和社区知识服务等。", "54. 环境署是参加实现千年目标基金供资的纳米比亚联合方案的五个联合国实体之一。该项目是建立在将文化和自然遗产作为发展文化旅游的基础之上的，以少数民族群体为目标。环境署负责支持纳米比亚政府更有效地整合和实施将文化和自然多样性纳入可持续发展和活动的原则，将环境纳入文化旅游的主流。", "55. 2010年，得到环境署支持的一个项目是让非洲非政府组织参加获取和惠益分享进程。该项目探讨此类组织在保护传统知识、提高认识以及当地社区在传统知识方面的能力建设中的作用，因为在一些非洲国家这涉及获取和惠益分享立法。此外，环境署与政府间发展管理局(伊加特)气候预测和应用中心旱情监测中心等几个组织签署了一项关于掌握和应用非洲保护自然和管理自然灾害的土著知识的项目的协议。按照非洲传统，这方面的知识一直代代口头相传，因此迫切需要记录下来。2010年，在环境署的支持下，联合国大学出版社出版了一本名为《政策和做法方面的传统知识：对待发展和人类福祉的方法》的书籍。在《生物多样性公约》关于获取和惠益分享及传统知识条款的框架下，环境署协助《公约》缔约方最后完成与传统知识有关的工作方案以及完成《遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》下的谈判工作。", "联合国贸易和发展会议", "56. 自2000年以来，联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)的任务已包括开展政策导向研究，以协助发展中国家确定创新性的政策选项，优化创意产业的经济贡献，从而促进在贸易和发展方面取得进展，争取实现千年发展目标。贸发会议创意经济方案着手处理的是创意产业的发展层面问题。贸发会议的主要贡献包括贸发会议和开发署的“创意经济”2008年和2010年报告，以及贸发会议关于创意经济的全球数据库。贸发会议创意经济方案电子新闻帮助提高对文化重要性以及对创意经济对促进可持续和包容性的发展的越来越大的贡献的认识，促进发展网络关系和伙伴关系，增强关键利益攸关方之间的协同作用。", "57. 2010年，贸发会议为贸发会议创意经济全球数据库编写了各国概况和用户指南。需求驱动的能力建设工作继续协助各国的终端用户评估其创意产品在全球市场上的贸易表现。这一工具被用于政策制定工作，据以开展培育创意经济具体行动。贸发会议支持发展中国家加强其创意生产能力和适当的体制、监管和融资机制，以促进文化和创意商品以及服务的国内市场的出现。", "58. 贸发会议参考正在进行的关于创造性和生物多样性如何可以成为促进可持续发展和经济复苏的一个双赢解决方案的政策辩论。对创意经济与绿色经济的关联进行了研究。在2010年国际生物多样性年的背景下，贸发会议发起了“生态时尚”倡议，以提高国际社会对在利用生物多样性过程中环境敏感和社会敏感做法的认识。", "59. 贸发会议通过其创意经济方案协助发展中国家实施涉及文化、旅游、贸易、劳工、技术和企业发展等领域的协调一致的多学科政策和跨部委行动。这方面的例子包括2011年6月发布的莫桑比克和赞比亚进行的国家研究。", "60. 优化文化和创意产业为发展所作贡献的具体举措包括2008年推出的“创意非洲倡议”。它展示了非洲文化的丰富性和非洲人民的创造才能，以促进植根于创意经济的包容性发展。随后，尼日利亚总理为这一倡议创建了尼日利亚分会，以支持尼日利亚的电影业。在加纳、马里和塞内加尔，创意经济现在是国家减贫战略的一部分。2011年，贸发会议与世界气象组织协作，启动了“玩偶星球项目”，鼓励采取行动应对气候变化挑战和环境退化问题，同时促进发展中国家可持续发展和文化/创意经济发展。", "联合国训练研究所", "61. 联合国训练研究所(训研所)世界遗产管理和保护系列致力于通过聚焦于国家相关政策的制订、最佳做法和案例研究知识的交流，优化教科文组织各项公约对自然和文化遗产的影响。在举办7个讲习班的过程中，已制订了一种以价值观为基础的管理办法，这种办法将使对遗产的保护变得更有意义。该系列还着重强调自然和文化遗产在建设和平工作中可以发挥的创新作用，同时利用广岛事例突出说明其政策对全球其他遗址的意义和关联性。", "联合国项目事务厅", "62. 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)通过修复文化遗产和历史建筑、改善进入当地市场和接触历史遗迹的机会以及管理小额赠款以帮助当地社区应对环境挑战等方式，为推动有利于可持续发展的文化作出贡献。项目厅为发展富有活力的文化和创意产业所开展的能力建设工作包括在阿根廷和危地马拉的项目。项目厅通过提供人力资源管理服务及信息和通信技术设备，对两国政府分别给予了支持并协助保护历史建筑。为帮助扩大进入市场和获得产品及服务的机会，包括与文化产品和文化旅游景点有关的机会，项目厅在整个非洲和亚洲维护和修建了庞大的道路网并提供了排雷服务。", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "63. 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)支持对艾滋病毒采取基于证据和权利的对策，以迈向零新感染、零歧视和零艾滋病相关死亡的目标。艾滋病署确认文化作为一种社会基础的核心作用，并致力于最大限度地发挥文化领导人对具有以下特点的应对措施的积极贡献：(a) 通过实行证据支持的办法实现公共卫生目标；(b) 尊重个人的尊严和权利，在不歧视、健康、人的安全、隐私和免于暴力的自由方面尤其如此；(c) 包括符合人们行为和需求的各种务实办法。", "64. 艾滋病署认识到各种行为和已知的感染艾滋病毒危险因素可具争议性和文化敏感性，推动在艾滋病毒对策的所有方面开展包容性对话。", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "65. 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)坚定致力于确保难民、无国籍人和境内流离失所者以及其他有关人有平等机会享受他们的权利和获得保护、服务及资源，并能作为积极的合作伙伴参与作出会影响到他们的决定。为此，难民署承诺把年龄、性别、多样性等方面的考量纳入其全球业务的主流。这里的多样性要素是指价值观、态度、文化视角、信仰、种族背景、国籍、性取向、性别、能力、健康、社会地位、技能和其他具体个人特征方面的差异。通过分析作为相互关联的个人特点的这些层面，难民署可以更好地了解多方面的保护风险以及个人和社区的能力，更有效地处理和帮助处理这些问题。为了促进充分平等，难民署推动尊重差异，将其视为使任何社区变得更加丰富的一个要素。民族或族裔、宗教和语言方面的少数群体或土著群体往往遭到歧视和排斥，在被迫流离失所的情况下，这些因素变得更加复杂。难民署致力于识别风险并找到减轻风险的战略。", "联合国人类住区规划署", "66. 联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)提供技术援助和广泛指导，协助决策者和地方领导人制订公共政策和参与性决策进程，以期为改善城市地区土著人民的生活条件作出贡献。2011年，人居署与全球土地工具网合作编制了一份政策指南，以确保城市中土著人民的土地权利。2010年和2011年，人居署重点应对土著人民在城市中面临的一些具体挑战，特别是健康方面的挑战和气候变化对脆弱的城市住区的负面影响，但也关系到土著人民对可持续城市发展和绿色经济的贡献。", "联合国人口基金", "67. 联合国人口基金(人口基金)在2001年推出“文化透镜”，将文化动态纳入其关于性和生殖健康、性别平等和人口与发展的所有基于人权的方案拟订工作之中。“透镜”的关键是聚焦于年轻人，把他们视为与贫穷作斗争的强大生力军和推动发展的文化和政治力量。人口基金继续在国家一级支持与青年群体一道和为青年群体制订各种进程，作为其在安全孕产和计划生育方面更广泛互动协作的一部分工作。", "68. 在2011年7月11日世界人口日，人口基金执行主任针对推动变革的广大文化媒介发起了一个名为“70亿行动”的运动倡议，致力于提高认识，大力宣传一个70亿人口的世界带来的机遇和挑战。人口基金在世界各地的办事处也正在同作为关键的文化守护者的以信仰为基础的非政府组织和宗教领袖一道开展工作。这些非政府组织和宗教领袖是人口基金全球人口与发展信仰间网络的组成部分。该网络拥有超过500个成员，其目标是：鼓励参加国家的发展计划和进程；围绕计划生育、安全孕产、城市化和移民动态建设服务能力；考虑到女童和妇女具体的生殖健康需求，努力提供协调一致的人道主义救济。", "69. 人口基金是争取以信仰为基础的组织参与实现千年发展目标行动的机构间工作队的主持机构。在这一机制之下，人口基金参与开办了一个联合国高级工作人员战略学习交流课程，内容围绕信仰、文化和发展的主题展开。这一课程每年通过意大利都灵联合国职员学院提供，全球以信仰为基础的非政府组织也作为学习文化和发展政策和方案相互学习的资源参加。", "联合国志愿人员方案", "70. 联合国志愿人员方案(志愿人员方案)与各伙伴协作，根据决议组织了多种活动，其中包括推广文化遗产和促进文化和创意产业能力建设的一批讲习班。例如，志愿人员方案与联合国其他实体、国家伙伴和当地社区一道，推动海地各种形式的艺术为促进可持续生计作出贡献，特别是在海地2010年地震中遭受破坏最严重的社区这样做。此外，开发署和志愿人员方案还与联合国其他几个实体一道参加了洪都拉斯一个以创造力和文化特色促进地方发展的联合方案。", "五. 对联合国文化与发展会议方式的评估", "71. 本报告概述的联合国各实体的贡献展示了促进可持续发展的多种不同方案和各式各样的办法，说明对文化敏感的办法突显了各领域中任务规定的重要性，而这些领域涵盖广泛，所涉范围包括农业、粮食安全、扶贫、卫生、环境可持续性、城市化、难民保护、移民、社会凝聚力、人权和性别平等。此外，这些贡献还意味着政策和业务这两个层面的技术援助，支持重点是：能力建设(包括机构和个人)；提高认识；把文化纳入发展政策和方案的主流；保护和利用好文化遗产，包括将土著知识作为发展的资产；通过以政策为导向的研究产生知识；通过执行获得经验教训；为监测和评价文化对发展的影响而收集数据。在联合国实体和以社区为导向方法的相对优势基础上再接再厉的协作努力也是一个经常性的主题。", "72. 目前处理实现可持续发展和为未来发展目标及方法规划道路方面的差距的全球努力，包括2011年5月在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、为2012年联合国可持续发展大会和为2015年千年发展目标首脑会议所做的筹备工作，仍未能充分了解文化对发展的影响，包括文化对实现国际商定发展目标的贡献。虽然今后还有机会审议文化对实现可持续发展的潜在贡献，例如经济及社会理事会2013年实质性会议的年度部长级审查，但这些机会所提供的潜力相当有限，且缺乏适当的专业知识和其他资源，难以令人满意地处理好文化与发展三大支柱之间的关联。关于文化与发展之间的关联，还需要更多的量化数据和实质性辩论。", "73. 在联合国的共同政策和做法中，最重要的是在联合国的共同愿景中，文化敏感的办法和实践既未得到综合，也未得到充分评估。建立共识和更好地阐明共同愿景及指导方针，同时加强经验交流，将确保联合国各实体更有效地对这一部门中不断增加的援助需求作出反应，并将对目前正在进行的把文化融入联合国各实体独特任务主流的努力有裨益。此外，这样做还将有利于促进在国家一级联合拟订方案的工作中的协作，并为发展领域中各行为体的决定提供帮助。", "74. 一次文化与发展问题高级别会议将讨论文化在数量和质量两方面对可持续发展的影响，以更好地帮助制订实现千年发展目标的发展议程。", "75. 2011年是以“文化的力量”为重点的斯德哥尔摩文化政策促进发展政府间会议十三周年，这为国际社会适时提供了一个机会，使之可乘势再接再厉，总结过去并考虑以何种适当方式将文化层面纳入面向2015年及其之后的发展议程。", "76. 拟议为期两天的这一会议将以全体会议和圆桌会议的形式组织。会议将向约500名参与者发出与会邀请，其中包括政府高级代表、联合国各实体负责人以及开发银行、非政府组织、基金会、民间社会和私营部门的代表。", "77. 大会第65/166号决议要求为召集这次拟议的会议作出概算，现在预计，如在纽约联合国总部举行这次会议，最低估计数为400 000美元，其中包括使用场地、口译和笔译服务的费用和安保费用，但包括不与会者的差旅费和住宿费。", "78. 作为另一种选择，本次会议也可由某个会员国主办。", "六. 结论", "79. 鉴于联合国可持续发展大会即将召开，千年发展目标首脑会议也将在2015年召开，国际发展行为体正在评估实现发展目标方面的差距，大会第65/166号决议有助于振兴关于文化对可持续发展的影响的辩论。", "80. 本报告为总结联合国各实体采取行动将文化纳入其工作的经验提供了第一个机会，展示了整个联合国系统在发展问题上采取的文化敏感办法，并说明了文化部门对发展的影响，尤其是对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "81. 该决议鼓励汇编关于文化与发展关联的数据、事实、数字和最佳做法，说明文化对社会和人民的社会及经济福祉的影响，从而帮助国家和国际发展政策。", "82. 此外，该决议推动进一步将文化纳入联合国发展援助框架并使之主流化，并加强文化与发展领域中的国际关系，例如教科文组织和世界银行最近签署了谅解备忘录。", "83. 在2011年所取得成绩的基础上可再接再厉采取以下行动，加大力度执行大会第65/166号决议：", "(a) 支持联合国各实体持续努力，制订指标，编制统计资料，发展最佳做法，帮助制定发展政策，增进对文化与可持续发展关联的了解。可请统计委员会讨论这一主题，协助汇集关于投资于文化部门的意义的数据；", "(b) 鼓励开展研究以记录文化对社会福祉的质量影响和展示基于人权的文化方法促进可持续和平的潜力。在这方面，可鼓励开发署在其《人类发展报告》中就文化对人类发展的质量影响进行反思，并把基于文化的数据纳入人类发展指数；", "(c) 进一步努力落实在实现千年发展目标基金供资项目下启动的文化与发展办法，同时展示文化对实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项发展目标的相关性；", "(d) 请教科文组织考虑与联合国所有相关实体密切协调，组织拟议中的会议并寻找可能的会议方式，以增进对文化为包容、公平和可持续发展在数量和质量方面所作贡献的了解。这次会议将能维持大会关于文化与发展的决议所产生的势头，并提供机会为整个联合国系统制订一个处理文化与发展问题的通盘方针，包括通过一份载有国际社会所提新元素和所作新承诺的实质性成果文件。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 21 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture and development", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166.", "Culture and development", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), presents progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, and includes an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development. To this end, the report outlines the work undertaken by 18 United Nations entities, demonstrating the contributions of culture to development. In addition, it presents the value of convening such a conference, assessing the aim, level, format, timing and the budgetary implications. It also includes recommendations for enhancing progress towards further integration of culture into development policies and practice.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII. Background 3III. Interface 4 between culture and \ndevelopment IV.Progress 6 of implementation in the United Nations \nsystem V.Assessment 19 of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and \ndevelopment \nVI.Conclusions 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and relevant United Nations bodies and multilateral development institutions, to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a progress report on the implementation of the resolution and to include therein an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development, including its aim, level, format and timing, as well as budgetary implications.", "2. The most recent report on the topic of culture and development (A/59/202) concerned the implementation of General Assembly resolution 57/249.", "II. Background", "3. The evolution of the concept of development from a singular universal model and vision to a broader concept that entails multiple and diverse paths has resulted in a human-centred approach to development. This broadening of the development paradigm has gradually paved the way for acknowledging the indispensable role of culture in sustainable development. Consequently, a vision of sustainable development that better reflects the complexities of societies and the contextual implications has emerged. The 1996 report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, entitled Our Creative Diversity, contributed to the conceptual advancement highlighting the fundamental cultural dimension of a human-centred development model, and proposed that culture be prioritized in development policies. UNESCO was entrusted to lead the World Decade for Cultural Development from 1988 to 1997. The decade culminated in the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which called for a cultural approach to human development and marked cultural policy as one of the key elements of development strategy.", "4. Despite significant progress since the Stockholm Conference, the nexus between culture and development is still inadequately reflected in international development policies and culture remains ancillary in the development equation as defined by the different development objectives and measures. However, recent global developments signal a welcome trend towards the systematic integration of culture into development strategies and programmes. Among the eight thematic windows established to sustain the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, the culture and development window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, financed by Spain, has provided an unprecedented opportunity to document the link between culture and development. Furthermore, the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals at its sixty-fifth session (General Assembly resolution 65/1) emphasized the importance of culture for development and its contribution to the achievement of the Goals. It also encouraged international cooperation in the cultural field, aimed at achieving development objectives. This was reaffirmed by Assembly resolution 65/166, which called for the integration of culture into global and national development policies. Moreover, the Economic and Social Council recently adopted “Science, technology and innovation, and the potential of culture, for promoting sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals” as the theme for the annual ministerial review, to be held at its substantive session of 2013. The preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), scheduled to take place in 2012, provide an opportunity to genuinely assess the integration of the cultural dimension in development.", "III. Interface between culture and development", "5. The relationship between culture and development is multifaceted. In addition to its intrinsic value, culture contributes to both the process and outcome of development. It has a cross-cutting role in achieving development goals and is a driver of development in its own right. Development initiatives and approaches that prioritize culture are likely to result in inclusive and context-sensitive development that yields equitable outcomes and enhances ownership by target beneficiaries. As such, development must be rooted in local cultures and knowledge and tailored to local circumstances in order for overall ownership to be enhanced, in line with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Consequently, the inclusion of the cultural dimension in the conception, measurement and practice of development is key to attaining and sustaining development objectives.", "6. The culture sector, encompassing cultural heritage, creative and cultural industries, cultural tourism and cultural infrastructure, generates substantial economic benefits, including job creation. Despite the lack of reliable and consolidated data on the socio-economic contribution of culture, cultural industries account for more than 3.4 per cent of the global gross domestic product, with a global market share of approximately 1.6 trillion United States dollars in 2007, which represents almost double the amount estimated for international tourism receipts for the same year, according to a report carried out by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008. As outlined in the same report, cultural and creative industries represent one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in the global economy, with a growth rate of 17.6 per cent in the Middle East, 13.9 per cent in Africa, 11.9 per cent in South America, 9.7 per cent in Asia, 6.9 per cent in Oceania, and 4.3 per cent in North and Central America. The report also records how the culture sector grew steadily in the 1980s and exponentially in the 1990s, when the creative economies in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development grew at an annual rate twice that of service industries and four times that of manufacturing.", "7. National economies significantly benefit from the cultural sector. For instance, IBF International Consulting reported in 2007 that Mali’s culture sector accounted for 5.8 per cent of employment in 2004 and 2.38 per cent of the gross domestic product in 2006, while Thailand has an estimated two million craft workers, of whom almost half work full time in the craft trade. Similarly, the creative sector in Brazil contributed 6.7 per cent of the gross domestic product in 1998, according to UNESCO data in “The power of culture for development”. Promoting and further developing the culture sector as a powerful economic sector generates employment and provides outlets for innovation.", "8. The tourism sector has diversified to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors, especially in developing countries. Gross worldwide tourism receipts grew at an average rate of 7 per cent from 1998 to 2008; according to figures released in June 2011 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the rate of growth in the least developed countries, for the same period, was 12 per cent. In 2010, international tourism generated 919 billion dollars in export earnings. Emerging and developing countries accounted for 47 per cent of world international tourism arrivals and 36.9 per cent of world international tourism receipts in 2010. Cultural tourism presently accounts for 40 per cent of world tourism revenues. Cultural heritage sites in general, and in particular, those inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, generate substantial revenues and employment from tourism. The same applies to intangible cultural heritage, which sustains living cultural expressions and traditional know-how, as well as performing arts. Museums and other cultural institutions also significantly contribute to economic investments and benefits. Therefore, identifying tourism as a subsector for investment would encourage investment in infrastructure and stimulate local development.", "9. Though inherently complex and difficult to quantify, investing in intercultural dialogue can help prevent conflicts, build peace and protect the rights of marginalized groups, thus creating conditions for achieving development goals. By promoting understanding and reconciliation, intercultural dialogue transcends barriers between and within cultures, serving as a valuable lever to counter ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. In addition to fostering social cohesion, culture is an essential component of human development, as it provides a sense of identity and is a source of creativity at both individual and societal levels. With globalization and technological advances presenting opportunities as well as threats, culture-sensitive approaches help to protect vulnerable communities from the pressure of homogenization, to the enrichment of all societies.", "10. Local and indigenous knowledge systems and environmental management practices provide valuable insight and tools for tackling ecological challenges, preventing the loss of biodiversity, reducing land degradation and mitigating the effects of climate change. With the profound development implications of climate change, capitalizing on the positive practices embedded in traditional cultures that value the balance between the natural and human worlds can contribute towards achieving development objectives. Seeking synergies between traditional and modern environmental practices and strengthening community participation in conservation initiatives are central aspects of environmental sustainability.", "11. Although there is no explicit reference to culture in the Millennium Development Goals, culture bears direct and indirect effects on their attainment. The cultural dimension in development reinforces national ownership of development initiatives by ensuring responsive and context-appropriate development policies, aligned with national development priorities. The economic prospects of the culture sector are particularly relevant for developing countries, given their rich cultural heritage and substantial labour force. Sustainable tourism and the culture and creative industries are strategic outlets for income generation and poverty reduction. Cultural industries require limited capital investment and have low entry barriers. Culture-related economic opportunities are not easily outsourced, making them attractive to investors. Effective promotion of the cultural industries is likely to have direct impact on vulnerable populations, owing to the significant reliance of the culture economy on the informal sector, where poor and marginalized populations, including women, often find employment, and can thereby stimulate social inclusion while maximizing jobs and trade opportunities. Development experiences indicate that the economic empowerment of women frequently results in a multiplier effect, with community gains and economic growth. Besides empowering marginalized communities, the cultural industries encourage innovation, support skill development and generate entrepreneurial capital within local communities.", "IV. Progress of implementation in the United Nations system", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "12. As the only United Nations agency with a specific mandate in the field of culture, UNESCO strategic programmes are diverse and seek to foster cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace, as well as to demonstrate the fundamental linkage between culture and sustainable development. For UNESCO, the cultural dimension of development entails protecting and promoting cultural diversity in all its manifestations, including safeguarding tangible and intangible cultural heritage, preserving the diversity of cultural expressions, mainstreaming cultural approaches to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and to material health, as well as advancing culturally sensitive policies and actions.", "13. During the past year, UNESCO has consolidated the repositioning of culture in development through a range of analytical, normative, technical and operational initiatives and tools. Among other benefits, these initiatives advanced the aims of the resolution. Multiple donors support UNESCO culture-related operational projects that promote local development.", "14. Eight normative instruments, including seven conventions, guide UNESCO engagement in the field of culture. These are: the Universal Copyright Convention; the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity; the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage; the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Drawing on these instruments, UNESCO has developed several tools and capacity-building activities to pursue the global culture and development agenda.", "15. With regard to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in particular its provisions for the promotion of cultural industries and expressions, capacity-building initiatives include an expert facility programme (totalling 1 million euros and funded by the European Union) that seeks to strengthen the system of governance for culture through technical assistance missions. In addition, UNESCO has produced a series of innovative policy, research and educational tools, such as the policy guide for developing cultural and creative industries and the online resource hub, “Culture and creative industries around the world”. Also in the framework of that Convention, UNESCO encourages public-private partnerships through its Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, a mechanism that promotes collaborative arrangements to strengthen cultural industries in developing countries. With funds in excess of 4 million dollars, the International Fund for Cultural Diversity currently supports 31 projects from 24 developing countries. These projects will contribute to a global database on best practice for culture and development projects.", "16. In relation to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, a large-scale capacity-building programme supporting ratification and effective implementation has been launched. A group of 60 experts, including 20 from Africa, received training and continue to participate in more than 30 capacity-building activities worldwide. The global capacity-building strategy is supported by the Fund for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and by extrabudgetary contributions, amounting to approximately 10 million dollars for a two-year period.", "17. In line with the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO developed the “Cultural Diversity Lens”, a tool that enables policymakers and practitioners to assess development policies and programmes from a cultural diversity perspective. Employing this lens, UNESCO conducted workshops that led to the review of 12 United Nations Development Assistance Framework documents and outcomes, of 8 joint programmes of the United Nations and of 50 project documents. Furthermore, the cultural policies of nine countries were reviewed to reflect cultural diversity principles and 11 United Nations country teams were trained to take culture into account when designing programmes and strategies.", "18. To inform national policymakers of the need to protect underwater cultural heritage from looting, UNESCO, in collaboration with different partners, organized seven regional conferences on the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. These meetings focused on improving legal protection, raising awareness of underwater heritage conservation and capacity-building in the field of underwater archaeology and heritage management.", "19. In the framework of the preparations for the recently adopted global World Heritage Capacity-Building Strategy, 2,864 individuals participated in 32 capacity-building trainings conducted in 5 regions, with women representing 37 per cent of participants. In 2012, the theme of the commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage will be “World Heritage and sustainable development: the role of local communities in the management of World Heritage Sites”. UNESCO continues to work on case studies, in the framework of other conventions, that demonstrate the crucial role of local communities in the socio-economic development of World Heritage sites, while maintaining their outstanding universal value and integrity. A coordination meeting with the secretariats of other biodiversity-related conventions took place in April 2011.", "20. Regarding the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO combats illicit trafficking of cultural objects through strategic partnerships, awareness-raising and capacity-building. Several legal, practical and awareness-raising tools, such as the Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws, have been developed. National and regional trainings organized by UNESCO in 2011 include workshops in Egypt, Mongolia, Namibia and the Philippines.", "21. In addition, UNESCO has undertaken measures to respond to the increased demand for data and to support the strategic integration of culture in development policies. To better measure the impact and relevance of cultural policies and initiatives, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics developed the UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, a tool that defines culture for statistical purposes and allows for the production of internationally comparable data. The Institute is also advancing rapidly on the production of data on employment in the culture sector. Building on recently generated data and experiences gained from implementing culture-related development projects worldwide, the innovative culture for development indicator suite informs decision-making by providing qualitative and quantitative indicators covering seven development areas.", "22. To respond to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the UNESCO culture, HIV and AIDS programme supports policy and planning that is gender-responsive, human rights-based and built on a thorough analysis of the sociocultural specificities of the communities concerned. Culturally appropriate approaches stress the need for multiple, context-specific biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions. UNESCO developed a series of guideline materials for the design of cultural approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention and care, including an interactive e-learning tool for project officers. Other programme activities include nurturing “enabling environments” for culturally appropriate HIV and AIDS policies, and strengthening local research.", "23. The contribution of the culture and creative industries to sustainable development is strengthened through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund, of which UNESCO has been designated Convenor. With a budget of 95 million dollars, 18 joint programmes are supported worldwide under this inter-agency initiative, which builds on culture as an asset for socio-economic development and a factor for social cohesion and peace. The cultural dimensions covered by the programmes range from cultural heritage to cultural industries and cultural tourism to intercultural dialogue. National ownership with community-based action is one of numerous strengths of the joint programmes, which involve coordination with economy and finance, culture, tourism and environment ministries. The joint programmes on culture and development have produced a number of tangible results in areas such as tourism, heritage promotion and conservation, craft and creative industries and intercultural dialogue. As living laboratories for “Delivering as one”, the joint programmes have generated considerable innovation and knowledge in terms of inter-agency cooperation and programming and have contributed to advancing United Nations reform at the country level, building on the comparative advantage of each entity.", "24. A two-year knowledge management system project on culture and development aims to capitalize on the experience of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development funded by the Achievement Fund, and to capture, codify, translate and disseminate knowledge with a view to learning, raising awareness and informing future development policy and programming. The project will enable the further assessment of the linkages between culture and development, including the impact of culture on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "25. On 1 July 2011, UNESCO and the World Bank signed a memorandum of understanding formalizing ongoing cooperation on culture and development, with a framework for technical work in the areas of preservation and rehabilitation of historic cities, conservation of natural heritage sites, cultural indicators, the economics of culture and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO is exploring other potential partnerships to strengthen culture and development linkages.", "26. UNESCO supports multiple efforts geared at harnessing indigenous knowledge. It coordinated the elaboration of a joint reflection paper by the Inter‑Agency Support Group on Indigenous People’s Issues, on the theme of indigenous people and the role of their culture and identity in development, in the light of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as a contribution to the ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In addition, UNESCO further consolidated its support for cultural approaches to natural resources management, including the preservation and application of local and indigenous knowledge for environmental sustainability, through a joint programme with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Strengthening the linkages between culture and biodiversity, the joint programme employs a holistic approach consistent with cultural values, knowledge systems and livelihoods that contributes to conservation as well as the sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.", "27. With the aim of optimizing the contribution of culture to sustainable development, field offices have implemented General Assembly resolution 65/166 through capacity-building, awareness-raising, knowledge exchanges, culture mainstreaming, fund mobilization and support for the strengthening of national legal and policy frameworks.", "28. In response to the General Assembly’s request, the Director-General of UNESCO invited all relevant United Nations bodies to provide contributions on the implementation of the resolution, since its adoption on 20 December 2010. The following 17 organizations responded.", "United Nations Development Programme", "29. The primary engagement of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the area of culture and development is through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund. Alongside other United Nations entities, UNDP participates in the implementation of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development. UNDP administers the Fund on behalf of the United Nations system.", "30. UNDP implements other initiatives aligned with General Assembly resolution 65/166, including the biennial Equator Prize that supports efforts to reduce poverty through the sustainable use of biodiversity, and promotes sustainable development that respects the rights of indigenous people through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme. Under the first pillar of its Millennium Development Goals “Breakthrough Strategy”, UNDP continues to implement the Millennium Development Goals acceleration framework for 14 countries across the globe. The tool, developed by UNDP and endorsed by the United Nations Development Group, aids Governments and development partners in examining issues of participation, discrimination and cultural exclusion, in line with resolution 65/166, as they relate to bottlenecks hampering the progress of interventions based on the Millennium Development Goals. The bottleneck assessment under the framework includes questions concerning reducing language barriers and respecting indigenous peoples’ practices in public services such as health and education.", "31. On 20 May 2011, UNDP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund launched the first global United Nations inter-agency initiative to advance the rights of indigenous peoples, the United Nations Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership. Furthermore, the Human Development Report, together with other UNDP publications, underscores culture as an integral part of sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the Assistant Administrator of UNDP launched a new report, in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), entitled Creative Economy Report 2010: a Feasible Development Option, which reviews the market situation for creative industries and the potential of cultural industries for developing countries that seek to diversify their economies and progress in one of the most vibrant sectors of the world economy.", "Development Operations Coordination Office", "32. Pursuant to paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Development Operations Coordination Office communicated the text of the resolution to all resident coordinators, inviting them to further integrate and mainstream culture into their programmes within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework. Currently, some 60 per cent of the programmes under the Framework (in 112 countries) reference culture and/or include a cultural component in their activities.", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "33. In its strategy for the development of creative industries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) seeks to empower entrepreneurial women, youth, rural groups and peripheral communities to respond to market opportunities utilizing the rich creative cultural heritage and diverse creative knowledge to produce innovative goods and services. To this end, a targeted environment of policy support measures, microcredit as well as venture funds and business support mechanisms are put in place. In relation to the economic potential of creative knowledge for multimedia and audio-visual production, UNIDO assisted eight island States in the Caribbean to promote entrepreneurship, develop frameworks and enhance institutional capacities for business development services for the creative industries. Through South-South Cooperation, the project built the capacities of national as well as regional counterparts, using UNIDO methodologies for entrepreneurship development and business development services.", "34. UNIDO supports specific policies and advocacy measures to redress exclusion of indigenous communities from the benefits of activities related to creative industries. For example, the “Entrepreneurship for Creative Industries” project in China, implemented within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework “Outcome One” programme for 2008-2011, seeks to develop social and economic policies for human-centred, sustainable and equitable growth.", "35. Under the prevailing conditions of global competition and concerns for harnessing environment-friendly resources, creative industries are considered to be a key sector for operationalizing new perspectives and technologies, through sustainable national and industrial development strategies for poverty reduction. UNIDO has produced two substantial documents on creative industry development. In response to increasing requests from Member States, UNIDO intensified its technical assistance to promote the development of cultural assets through the creative industries. That includes addressing insufficient quality standards, inadequate supply capacity, insufficient market linkages and limited commercialization of creative industries. Furthermore, UNIDO developed relevant linkages with other sectors, including agribusiness, in order to enhance the potential for job creation and human development, based on traditional and cultural heritage.", "World Tourism Organization", "36. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) recognizes sustainable tourism as a powerful tool for development and cultural diversity and as a key contributor to local economies worldwide. The advancement of sustainable tourism, in a manner that establishes a balance between environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects of tourism development, lies at the heart of UNWTO programmes. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, the guiding policy document of UNWTO, unequivocally affirms the importance of culture for sustainable development, economic growth, human enrichment and poverty eradication. The Code promotes cultural diversity and advocates for cultural tourism as an essential component of sustainability.", "37. Within the framework of its capacity-building activities, UNWTO developed a tourism management programme at heritage sites to facilitate the development of policy and operational guidelines for addressing tourist congestion at cultural and natural heritage sites, and for enhancing the tourism sector’s ability to develop and present destinations and heritage sites in a more comprehensive manner.", "38. UNWTO acknowledges that linking tourism with cultural heritage better serves local economies. When managed well, cultural tourism protects a nation’s natural and cultural treasures and improves the quality of life for residents and visitors. A handbook for the tourism sector on communicating heritage will further contribute to capacity-building activities on cultural tourism and consolidate the creative sector. The first UNWTO study on tourism and intangible cultural heritage, which is expected to be published in 2011, provides comprehensive research and innovative forms of policymaking through case study analysis, drawn from across five continents, on the links between tourism development and intangible cultural heritage. UNWTO is a member of the steering group for the UNESCO programme on World Heritage and sustainable tourism.", "39. The Technical Cooperation and Services Department of UNWTO implements many cooperation projects where culture is the major focus. The tourism development master plan for the State of Punjab in India includes sustainable development of cultural tourism at some of the prime locations in the State, where cultural tourism will open up new avenues for socio-economic development of the local communities through job creation and income generation, particularly for youth and women. Within the framework of the Achievement Fund, UNWTO, together with other United Nations entities, is implementing the joint programme for the mobilization of the Dahshur World Heritage Site for community development in Egypt.", "40. In 2002, the UNWTO “Sustainable Tourism Eliminating Poverty” initiative was launched to reduce poverty levels by promoting sustainable forms of tourism. To date, 24 regional and national trainings on tourism and poverty reduction have been organized to build capacities among public officials, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities in developing countries, with a total participation of over 2,000 officials. With the support of a wide range of public and private sector organizations, 97 projects are already being implemented, benefiting 33 developing countries. Projects range from the training of local guides and hotel employees to facilitating the involvement of local residents in tourism development around natural and cultural heritage sites and establishing business linkages between poor producers and tourism enterprises. Relevant examples of such projects with a clear cultural heritage component can be found in several countries, including Ethiopia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania. Finally, UNWTO has published five reports providing evidence of the impact of tourism in reducing poverty levels, as well as recommendations on how to maximize these impacts.", "World Bank", "41. The World Bank’s policies support culture as a key component of the development paradigm, with significant implications for social cohesion, opportunities for economic growth and positive synergies with poverty reduction strategies. Cultural considerations and cultural development objectives have been set for an increasing number of projects that are primarily generated in the following areas: (a) urban development, which promotes the rehabilitation of historic cities and sites, their accessibility, conservation and presentation; (b) local economic development, as it relates to the activities of small and medium enterprises, especially of the informal sector, which lie at the core of handicrafts production and commerce; (c) social development, which promotes cultural diversity in order to ensure social cohesion among diverse social groups and the integration of indigenous peoples, minorities and migrants into the social fabric; and (d) sustainable tourism development, which promotes economic investments primarily in the hospitality business and services related to natural and cultural landscapes. The total volume of the World Bank’s investments in development projects with a cultural dimension has increased from 1.3 billion dollars, between 1990 and 1999, to 4 billion dollars between 2000 and 2009, with a majority of the investments generated under urban development.", "42. The World Bank’s assistance to the Governments of developing countries and emerging economies extends to analytical work and technical assistance to assess institutional frameworks and improve the effectiveness of national and local agencies responsible for the management of cultural assets. The World Bank also conducts research work on policy topics such as cultural economics and the threats to cultural heritage caused by increasing natural hazards and the impact of climate change.", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "43. As part of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) engagement with indigenous peoples, the following activities were carried out in 2011, in order to raise public awareness of indigenous peoples’ cultural diversity. In May, at the meeting of the World Summit on the Information Society Forum in Geneva, IFAD delivered a presentation entitled “Promoting indigenous peoples’ education — IFAD engagement with indigenous peoples”, which highlighted development with culture and identity. In June, IFAD sponsored the first “Indigenous Terra Madre” forum, an event focused on strengthening the food cultures of indigenous peoples and creating spaces for the expression of indigenous voices in the ongoing food and climate debate.", "44. IFAD is currently implementing its policy on engagement with indigenous peoples, which includes principles of engagement relating to “cultural heritage and identity as assets”, through which IFAD will build upon indigenous peoples’ cultural distinctiveness and assist communities in taking full advantage of their traditional knowledge, culture, governance systems and natural resources. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility finances projects designed and implemented by indigenous peoples’ communities and includes “development with culture and identity” as one of the selection criteria for financing. At an IFAD workshop in February 2011, the process of establishing an indigenous peoples’ forum at IFAD was initiated. The forum’s objectives would include the strengthening of partnerships between IFAD and indigenous peoples, in order to address poverty and sustainable development with culture and identity.", "45. IFAD funded a grant to Oxfam Italy for a project addressing the marginalization of poor farmers and migrants from Ecuador, Morocco and Senegal through market linkages and the promotion of diversity. The project empowers poor rural communities and enhances their income generation opportunities by rescuing and conserving target plant species and their associated indigenous knowledge; enhancing cultivating practices; developing commercialization and marketing; and raising public awareness on the value of target species in nutritional security, health and income generation. An important dimension of the programme was to ensure cultural continuity.", "46. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility has supported a wide variety of microprojects focusing on indigenous traditional knowledge and community practices of environmental management. Several such projects revitalized traditional agricultural systems and handicraft techniques, while others aimed at valuing and strengthening indigenous peoples’ communities’ identities, traditional customs and languages.", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "47. Consistent with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) focus on the linkage between intellectual property and the preservation of the public domain, WIPO undertook a series of initiatives, including the second survey on voluntary registration and deposit systems (on repositories of cultural and historical heritage); the scoping study on copyright and related rights and the Public Domain (a comparison of national legislations that directly or indirectly define the public domain); and the survey of private copyright documentation systems and practices. In October 2011, WIPO will organize a conference on copyright documentation and infrastructure to showcase the findings.", "48. More than 35 countries have used the WIPO Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-based Industries, which includes industries considered to be of great cultural value. This informs national development as measured through gross domestic product, employment and trade statistics. Several countries use the outcome reports and studies as a basis to further study and develop their creative and cultural industries-related policy. Furthermore, WIPO assists member States in developing national strategies on the creative industries. The Creative Industries Division of WIPO has developed several publications on specific creative industries. A guide to assessing the economic, social and cultural impact of the creative industries is being developed. The multi-stakeholder project includes inputs from UNESCO and Eurostat, among others, and is designed to enable countries to address cultural and developmental policy issues.", "49. Upon request, WIPO conducts capacity-building activities. In 2011, the Copyright Development Services Division organized 20 activities, including 7 national, 7 regional and 2 interregional training programmes, and 4 expert missions for developing countries. Moreover, the Traditional Knowledge Division of WIPO, in collaboration with the Government of Oman, organized an international technical symposium entitled “Intellectual property and sustainable development: documentation and registration of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions”, held in June 2011. In May 2011, WIPO and the International Council of Museums signed a memorandum of understanding pledging collaboration and cooperation on intellectual property issues of interest to museums. WIPO participated in several awareness-raising and technical cooperation activities in numerous countries. Notably, WIPO participated in the work of the independent expert in the field of cultural rights on access to cultural heritage. Lastly, WIPO produced a United Nations Television and Video film entitled “Digitizing traditional culture in Kenya”.", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "50. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNESCO will jointly organize a workshop on the quality of food and agricultural products. To prepare for the workshop, FAO initiated a study on the potential of origin-linked products to preserve and promote the UNESCO Programme on Man and the Biosphere, World Heritage sites, the FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and other areas of natural and cultural interests. The workshop will identify areas in which FAO and UNESCO can further collaborate in the preservation and promotion of natural and cultural heritage.", "United Nations Environment Programme", "51. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to achieving environmental protection and sustainable development, including the interlinkages between global environmental changes and adverse social, cultural and economic effects. In the light of the decision by the Governing Council of UNEP, at its sixteenth session, to focus on environment and cultural diversity, UNEP environmental protection activities include biodiversity, traditional knowledge, indigenous languages and practices, cultural diversity and biodiversity and cultural behaviours. UNEP, in the fifth report of its Global Environment Outlook series, will consider the interlinkages between knowledge and practices of indigenous communities, and the goals of conservation and sustainable use; the analysis will be submitted as a contribution to the preparation process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "52. Key initiatives include the production of awareness-raising materials for the annual celebration of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People and for several UNEP publications, such as the special issue of the youth magazine “TUNZA” on indigenous knowledge and the environment and articles on indigenous knowledge in “The Environment Times”, a publication of the UNEP Global Resource Information Database in Norway (GRID-Arendal).", "53. Using the framework of multilateral environment agreements, UNEP focuses on identifying cultural and community rights to biodiversity management, including conservation, sustainable use and access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. Linking the concepts of access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP worked with relevant stakeholders, including UNESCO, to develop a set of biocultural community protocols to help mainstream culture, biodiversity management and traditional knowledge into livelihood securities, economic well‑being and sustainable development. In 2010, a website developed jointly with UNESCO was launched by UNEP, as part of the International Year of Biodiversity, to showcase work on biocultural community protocols. A policy brief on communities and well-being, developed by UNEP and other partners and addressing rights-based approaches, development and community knowledge services, was distributed at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010.", "54. UNEP is one of five United Nations entities participating in a joint programme in Namibia, funded by the Achievement Fund. The project builds on cultural and natural heritage as a basis for the development of cultural tourism and targets ethnic minority groups. UNEP is responsible for mainstreaming environment into cultural tourism by supporting the Government of Namibia in more effectively integrating and implementing the principles of cultural and natural diversity into sustainable development policies and activities.", "55. In 2010, UNEP supported a project on the involvement of African non‑governmental organizations in the access- and benefit-sharing process. It explored the role of such organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge, awareness-raising and capacity-building in local communities in the context of traditional knowledge as it relates to access- and benefit-sharing legislation in some African countries. Furthermore, UNEP, in partnership with several organizations, including the Drought Monitoring Centre of the Climate Prediction and Applications Centre of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) concluded a project on harnessing and application of indigenous knowledge in nature conservation and natural disaster management in Africa. This knowledge, in line with African traditions, has been handed down orally from generation to generation, hence the compelling need to document it. In 2010, a book entitled Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well‑being was published by the United Nations University Press, with support from UNEP. Within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity articles on access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP assisted Parties to the Convention to finalize traditional knowledge-related work programmes and complete negotiations under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "56. Since 2000, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) mandate has included conducting policy-oriented research to assist developing countries in identifying innovative policy options for optimizing the economic contributions of the creative industries, in order to foster trade and development gains towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme works on the development dimensions of creative industries. Key contributions of UNCTAD include the joint UNCTAD and UNDP “Creative Economy” reports of 2008 and 2010, as well as the UNCTAD global database on the creative economy. UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme e-news raises awareness of the importance of culture and the growing contributions of the creative economy to fostering sustainable and inclusive development, facilitates networking and partnerships, and enhances synergy between key stakeholders.", "57. In 2010, UNCTAD prepared country profiles and a user guide for the UNCTAD Global Database on the Creative Economy. Demand-driven capacity-building continues to assist end-users from all countries to assess the trade performance of their creative products in the global market. The tool is used in policy design to shape concrete actions for nurturing the creative economy. UNCTAD supports developing countries in enhancing their creative productive capacities and the appropriate institutional, regulatory and financing mechanisms to facilitate the emergence of domestic markets for culture and creative goods, as well as services.", "58. UNCTAD conducted research on the linkages between the creative economy and the green economy, capturing ongoing policy debates on how creativity and biodiversity can be a win-win solution for promoting sustainable development and economic recovery. In the context of the International Year of Biodiversity, celebrated in 2010, UNCTAD launched the “eco-chic” initiative to increase awareness within the international community of environmentally and socially sensitive practices in the use of biodiversity.", "59. Through its Creative Economy Programme, UNCTAD assists developing countries to put in place concerted multidisciplinary policies and inter-ministerial actions involving the areas of culture, tourism, trade, labour, technology and enterprise development. Examples include national country studies, released in June 2011, for Mozambique and Zambia.", "60. Concrete initiatives to optimize the contributions of culture and the creative industries for development include the “Creative Africa Initiative” launched in 2008. It showcases the richness of African cultures and the creative talent of Africans to promote inclusive development rooted in the creative economy. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of Nigeria created the Nigerian chapter of the initiative to support the Nigerian film industry. In Ghana, Mali and Senegal, the creative economy is now part of the national strategy for poverty reduction. In 2011, UNCTAD, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization, launched the “Puppet Planet Project” to encourage action that addresses climate challenges and environmental degradation while promoting sustainable development and the culture/creative economy in developing countries.", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "61. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) series on the management and conservation of World Heritage seeks to optimize the impact of UNESCO conventions on natural and cultural heritage by focusing on related national policy formulation, best practices and case studies knowledge exchange. A values-based management approach, which makes the conservation of heritage meaningful, has been developed over the course of seven workshops. The series has also focused on the innovative role that natural and cultural heritage can play in peacebuilding, using the example of Hiroshima by highlighting the resonance and relevance of its policies for other sites around the world.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "62. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) contributes to the promotion of culture for sustainable development through the restoration of cultural heritage and historic buildings, the improvement of access to local markets and historical sites, and the management of small grants to help local communities address environmental challenges. UNOPS capacity-building for the development of a dynamic cultural and creative sector includes projects in Argentina and Guatemala, where UNOPS supports the respective Governments through the provision of human resource management services and information and communications technology equipment, and assists in the conservation of historical buildings. To contribute to improved access to markets, products and services, including cultural goods and cultural tourism sites, UNOPS maintains and builds large road networks throughout Africa and Asia and provides demining services.", "Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "63. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) supports evidence and rights-based responses to HIV, in order to move towards zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS recognizes the central role of culture as a foundation of society, and seeks to maximize the positive contributions of cultural leaders towards responses that: (a) achieve public health goals through the implementation of evidence-supported approaches; (b) respect the dignity and rights of individuals, particularly with regard to non‑discrimination, health, security of the person, privacy and freedom from violence; and (c) include pragmatic approaches that respond to peoples’ behaviours and needs.", "64. UNAIDS promotes inclusive dialogue in all aspects of the HIV response, acknowledging that the behaviours and known risk factors for HIV infection can be controversial and culturally sensitive.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "65. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is deeply committed to ensuring that refugees, stateless and internally displaced persons and other persons of concern have equal access to their rights, protection, services and resources, and are able to participate as active partners in the decisions that affect them. To this end, UNHCR has committed to mainstreaming an age, gender and diversity approach in its operations worldwide. The diversity element of the approach refers to differences in values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic background, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability, health, social status, skills and other specific personal characteristics. By analysing these dimensions as interlinked personal characteristics, UNHCR can better understand the multifaceted protection risks and capacities of individuals and communities, and address and support these more effectively. By promoting respect for difference as an enriching element of any community, UNHCR fosters full equality. National or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities or indigenous groups often experience discrimination and marginalization, factors that are compounded in forced displacement situations. UNHCR works to identify the risks, as well as the strategies to mitigate them.", "United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "66. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) provides technical assistance and extensive guidance for policymakers and local leaders to assist in the development of public policies and participatory decision-making processes, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of indigenous peoples in urban areas. In 2011, UN-Habitat produced a policy guide to secure land rights for indigenous peoples in cities, in partnership with the Global Land Tool Network. In 2010 and 2011, UN-Habitat focused on some of the specific challenges indigenous peoples are facing in cities, in particular with regards to health and the negative impacts of climate change on vulnerable urban settlements, but also to indigenous peoples’ contributions to a sustainable urban development and a green economy.", "United Nations Population Fund", "67. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) developed a “culture lens” in 2001 to integrate cultural dynamics into all its human rights-based programming on sexual and reproductive health, gender equality and population and development. Critical to this “lens”, is a focus on young people as powerful enablers of the struggle against poverty and as the cultural and political drivers of development. UNFPA continues to support processes, at the national level, designed with and for youth constituencies, as part of its broader engagement for safe motherhood and family planning.", "68. The Executive Director of UNFPA launched a campaign initiative, “7 Billion Actions”, on World Population Day, 11 July 2011, targeting broad cultural agents of change, to work on building awareness and to magnify the opportunities and challenges of a world of seven billion people. UNFPA offices around the world are also working with faith-based non-governmental organizations and religious leaders as critical gatekeepers of culture, who form part of its Global Interfaith Network on Population and Development. The aim of the network, which has more than 500 members, is to encourage participation in national development plans and processes; build service capacities around family planning, safe motherhood, urbanization and immigration; and provide coordinated humanitarian relief efforts that take into account the specific reproductive health needs of girls and women.", "69. UNFPA chairs the inter-agency task force on engaging faith-based organizations for the Millennium Development Goals. Under the aegis of that mechanism, UNFPA co-sponsors a strategic learning exchange for senior United Nations staff, based around the themes of faith, culture and development. The course is offered through the United Nations System Staff College in Turin, Italy, each year, and includes global faith-based non-governmental organizations as resources for the mutual policy and programmatic learning on culture and development.", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "70. The United Nations Volunteers programme (UNV), in collaboration with different partners, organized multiple activities in line with the resolution, including workshops promoting cultural heritage and facilitating capacity-building for the cultural and creative industries. For instance, UNV, along with other United Nations entities, national partners and the local community, promoted Haitian art in all its forms to contribute to sustainable livelihoods, especially in the communities most devastated by the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010. Moreover, UNDP and UNV are among several United Nations entities participating in a joint programme on creativity and cultural identity for local development, in Honduras.", "V. Assessment of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and development", "71. The contributions of the United Nations entities summarized in this report showcase multiple and diverse programmes and different approaches to sustainable development. They demonstrate that culture-sensitive approaches underline mandates in areas as diverse as agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, health, environmental sustainability, urbanization, refugee protection, migration, social cohesion, human rights and gender equality. Furthermore, the contributions entail technical assistance at both a policy and an operational level, with support focusing on: capacity-building (both for institutions and individuals); awareness-raising; mainstreaming culture in development policies and programmes; conserving and leveraging cultural heritage, including indigenous knowledge as an asset for development; generating knowledge though policy-oriented research; lessons learned through implementation; and data collection for monitoring and evaluating the impact of culture on development. Collaborative efforts building on the comparative advantages of the United Nations entities and community-oriented approaches are also recurring themes.", "72. The current global efforts that address gaps in achieving sustainable development and mapping the way for future development goals and approaches, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2011, the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and for a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, remain insufficiently informed by the impact of culture on development, including its contribution to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals. While future opportunities exist for examining the potential contributions of culture to achieving sustainable development, such as the annual ministerial review at the substantive session of the Economic and Social Council of 2013, they afford rather limited potential and lack appropriate expertise, among other resources, to satisfactorily address the nexus between culture and the three pillars of development. There is a need for additional quantitative data and substantial debates on the linkages between culture and development.", "73. Culture-sensitive approaches and practices are neither consolidated nor fully assessed within United Nations shared policies, practices and, most importantly, vision. Consensus-building and a better articulation of a shared vision and guidelines, together with an enhanced exchange of experiences, would ensure that United Nations entities more effectively respond to the increasing demand for assistance in this sector, and would contribute to the ongoing efforts to mainstream culture into the distinctive mandates of United Nations entities. Moreover, it would facilitate further collaboration in joint programming exercises at the country level and inform the decisions of development actors.", "74. A high-level culture and development conference would address the impact of culture on sustainable development, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, in order to better inform the development agenda towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "75. The year 2011 marks the thirteenth anniversary of the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Culture Policies for Development, with its focus on “the power of culture”. It provides a timely opportunity for the international community to build on the momentum, take stock and consider the appropriate manner in which to integrate the cultural dimension into the development agenda towards 2015 and beyond.", "76. The proposed two-day conference could be organized in plenary sessions and round tables. Conference invitations would be extended to some 500 participants comprising of high-level Government representatives, heads of United Nations entities, representatives of development banks, non-governmental organizations, foundations, civil society and the private sector.", "77. In response to the General Assembly’s request, in its resolution 65/166, for a budget estimate for convening the proposed conference, it is expected that, should the conference be held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the minimum estimate would be 400,000 dollars, including the use of the venue, interpretation and translation services and security expenses, but excluding travel and accommodation of participants.", "78. Alternatively, the conference could be hosted by a Member State.", "VI. Conclusions", "79. General Assembly resolution 65/166 was instrumental in revitalizing the debate on the impact of culture on sustainable development, at a time when international development actors are assessing gaps in achieving development objectives in view of the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015.", "80. The present report presents the first opportunity to take stock of actions by United Nations entities that integrate culture, showcasing the culture-sensitive approaches to development across the United Nations system and demonstrating the impact of the culture sector on development at large, and in particular, on the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals.", "81. The resolution encouraged the compilation of data, facts, figures and best practices on the linkages between culture and development, in order to demonstrate the impact of culture on the social and economic well-being of peoples and societies, thus informing national and international development policies.", "82. Furthermore, the resolution facilitated greater mainstreaming of culture into United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks and fostered international partnerships in the field of culture and development, such as the memorandum of understanding recently signed by UNESCO and the World Bank.", "83. The following actions could build on the achievements of 2011 and reinforce implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166:", "(a) Support sustained efforts by all United Nations entities directed at enhancing understanding of the nexus between culture and sustainable development through the development of indicators, statistics and best practices to inform development policies. The Statistical Commission could be invited to address this subject and contribute to building a body of data on the relevance of investing in the culture sector;", "(b) Encourage studies that document the qualitative impact of culture on the well-being of society and showcase the potential of human rights-based cultural approaches to foster sustainable peace. In this regard, UNDP, in its Human Development Report, could be encouraged to reflect on the qualitative impact of culture on human development and integrate culture-based data into the human development index;", "(c) Pursue further efforts for the operationalization of the culture and development approach initiated under the projects funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, demonstrating the relevance of culture for the achievement of development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "(d) Invite UNESCO to consider organizing the proposed conference and to look for possible modalities, in close collaboration with all concerned United Nations entities, in order to enhance understanding of the quantitative and qualitative contributions of culture for inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. The conference could sustain the momentum generated by the General Assembly resolution on culture and development and provide an opportunity to formulate a consolidated approach to culture and development throughout the United Nations system, including through a substantial outcome document with new elements and commitments by the international community." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 of the provisional agenda*", "A/66/150.", "Culture and development", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit the report of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/166.", "Culture and development", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), describes progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, and assesses the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development. To that end, the present report provides an overview of the work carried out by 18 United Nations entities, demonstrating the contribution of culture to development. In addition, the present report describes the value of convening such a conference and assesses its objectives, level, format, timing and budgetary implications. The report also contains recommendations for further integration of culture into development policies and practices.", "Contents", "5. Assessment of the modalities of the United Nations Conference on Culture and Development", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”. In that resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and relevant United Nations bodies and multilateral development institutions, to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a progress report on the implementation of the resolution and to include in that report an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development, including its objectives, level, format and timing, as well as its budgetary implications.", "2. The most recent report on the theme of culture and development (A/59/202) dealt with the implementation of General Assembly resolution 57/249.", "Background", "3. The concept of development has evolved from a single universal model and vision to a broader concept requiring many different paths, resulting in a people-centred development paradigm. This expansion of the development paradigm has paved the way for the recognition of the indispensable role of culture in sustainable development. As a result, a vision of sustainable development has emerged that is more reflective of the complexity and context of society. The 1996 report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, entitled “Our Creative Diversity”, helped to promote conceptual advancement, emphasizing the fundamental cultural dimension of a people-centred development model, and recommended that culture be a priority in development policies. UNESCO was entrusted with leading the activities of the World Decade for Cultural Development (1988-1997). The World Decade for Cultural Development culminated in the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which called for culture to promote human development as one of the key elements of development strategies.", "Despite the significant progress made since the Stockholm Conference, the link between culture and development has not yet been fully reflected in international development policies, and culture remains in a subsidiary position in development formulas determined by different development goals and measures. However, recent global developments have shown a welcome trend towards the systematic integration of culture into development strategies and programmes. The Culture and Development Window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, funded by Spain, provides an unprecedented opportunity to reveal the link between culture and development, of the eight thematic windows established to sustain the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals (General Assembly resolution 65/1) emphasized the importance of culture for development and its contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The resolution also encouraged international cooperation in the field of culture in order to achieve development goals. This was reaffirmed by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/166, which called for the integration of culture into global and national development policies. In addition, the Economic and Social Council recently adopted the theme “Science, technology and innovation and the potential of culture for sustainable development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals” as the theme for the annual ministerial review to be held during its substantive session of 2013. The preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), planned for 2012, provided an opportunity for a real assessment of the integration of cultural factors into development.", "III. Interlinkages between culture and development", "5. The relationship between culture and development is multifaceted. In addition to its intrinsic value, culture contributes to the development process and outcomes. Culture plays a role in achieving development goals in different areas and is itself a force for development. Development initiatives and approaches that prioritize culture are likely to lead to inclusive and realistic development, equitable results and increased ownership by the target beneficiaries. Development itself should be rooted in local culture and knowledge and adapted to local circumstances in order to enhance overall ownership, as set out in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Therefore, the integration of cultural factors into the vision, measurement and practice of development is essential for achieving and sustaining development goals.", "6. The cultural sector, which includes cultural heritage, creative and cultural industries, cultural tourism and cultural infrastructure, has generated significant economic benefits, including employment opportunities. Although there is a lack of reliable and consolidated data on the socio-economic contribution of culture, a 2008 report by PricewaterhouseCoopers noted that the share of the cultural industry in global GDP in 2007 was higher than 3.4 per cent, and that the global market share was about $1.6 trillion, almost twice as high as the international tourism revenue projections for the same year. The same report also indicated that cultural and creative industries were one of the fastest-growing sectors in the global economy, with growth rates of 17.6 per cent in the Middle East, 13.9 per cent in Africa and 11.9 per cent in South America, 9.7 per cent in Asia and 6.9 per cent in Oceania and 4.3 per cent in North and Central America. The report also documents the steady growth of the cultural sector in the 1980s and the significant growth in the 1990s, when the creative economy grew twice as annually as much as services and four times as much as manufacturing in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries.", "7. The national economy has benefited greatly from the cultural sector. For example, a 2007 report by IBF International Consulting noted that the Malian cultural sector created 5.8 per cent of jobs in 2004 and 2.38 per cent of gross domestic product in 2006; Thailand estimated 2 million craftsmen, almost half of whom were full-time workers in the handicrafts sector. Similarly, according to data provided by UNESCO in its report “Cultural Force for Development”, Brazil's creative sector contributed 6.7 per cent to GDP in 1998. The promotion and further development of the cultural sector as a strong economic sector creates jobs and opens avenues for innovation.", "8. The tourism sector has diversified into one of the fastest growing economic sectors, particularly in developing countries. From 1998 to 2008, total world tourism income grew at an average annual rate of 7 per cent; according to data published by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) in June 2011, the growth rate of tourism income in the least developed countries during that period was 12 per cent. In 2010, international tourism generated $919 billion in export earnings. In 2010, emerging and developing countries accounted for 47 per cent of international tourist arrivals worldwide and 36.9 per cent of international tourism revenues. Cultural tourism currently accounts for 40 per cent of world tourism revenues. Cultural sites in general, and those included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in particular, have generated significant tourism revenues and employment opportunities. The same applies to intangible cultural heritage, which perpetuates living cultural expressions, traditional knowledge and performing arts. Museums and other cultural institutions also contribute significantly to economic investment and efficiency. Therefore, making tourism a subsector of investment will encourage investment in infrastructure and stimulate local development.", "Despite its inherent complexity and incalculability, investing in intercultural dialogue helps to avoid conflict, build peace and protect the rights of marginalized groups, thus creating the conditions for achieving development goals. Intercultural dialogue, by promoting understanding and reconciliation, transcends barriers between and within cultures and becomes an important means of combating ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. In addition to enhancing social cohesion, culture is an important component of human development, enabling a sense of identity and a source of creativity at both the individual and societal levels. At a time when globalization and technological progress present opportunities and threats, a sensitive approach to culture helps to protect vulnerable communities from the pressures of cultural convergence and enriches all societies.", "Local and indigenous knowledge systems and environmental management practices provide valuable insights and tools to address ecological challenges, prevent loss of biodiversity, mitigate land degradation and mitigate climate change effects. Given the profound impact of climate change on development, the achievement of development goals would benefit from a positive approach based on traditional cultures that valued the balance between nature and the human world. Central to achieving environmental sustainability is the search for synergies between traditional and modern environmental practices and the increased participation of communities in protection campaigns.", "11. Although culture is not explicitly mentioned in the Millennium Development Goals, culture has a direct and indirect impact on their achievement. The cultural dimension of development strengthens national ownership of development initiatives by ensuring that development policies are relevant, relevant and consistent with national development priorities. The economic prospects of the cultural sector are particularly important for developing countries, given their rich cultural heritage and labour force. Sustainable tourism and cultural and creative industries are strategic ways to generate income and reduce poverty. The cultural industry needs limited resources and low thresholds. Cultural-related economic opportunities are not easily outsourced and are therefore attractive to investors. Since the cultural economy is heavily dependent on the informal sector and poor and marginalized people, including women, are often employed in the informal sector, effective promotion of the cultural industry may have a direct impact on the disadvantaged, thus promoting social inclusion while creating as much employment and business opportunities as possible. Development experience shows that women ' s economic empowerment often has multiple effects, benefiting communities and economic growth. In addition to empowering marginalized communities, cultural industries encourage innovation, support skills development and generate entrepreneurial capital within local communities.", "IV. Progress in implementation within the United Nations system", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "12. UNESCO is the only United Nations body with a specific mandate in the field of culture, with different strategic programmes, which seek to promote cultural diversity, promote intercultural dialogue, promote a culture of peace and demonstrate the fundamental link between culture and sustainable development. For UNESCO, the cultural content of development requires the protection and promotion of cultural diversity in all its aspects, including the protection of material and intangible cultural heritage, the preservation of cultural expression, the mainstreaming of cultural approaches in the prevention of HIV/AIDS and material hygiene, and the promotion of culturally sensitive policies and actions.", "13. Over the past year, UNESCO has strengthened the repositioning of culture in development through a range of analytical, normative, technical and operational initiatives and tools. Among other benefits, these initiatives contribute to the achievement of the goals of the General Assembly resolution. Multi-donor support for UNESCO ' s cultural-related operational project for local development.", "14. Eight normative instruments, including seven treaties, provide guidance for UNESCO involvement in the field of culture. These are: the Universal Copyright Convention, the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Using these instruments, UNESCO has developed tools and carried out capacity-building activities to implement global cultural and development plans.", "15. With regard to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in particular its provisions on the promotion of cultural industries and cultural expressions, capacity-building initiatives included an expert support programme funded by the European Union totalling 1 million euros, which sought to strengthen cultural governance systems through technical assistance missions. In addition, UNESCO has produced a range of innovative policies, research and educational tools, such as policy guidelines for the development of cultural and creative industries and an online resource centre, Culture and Creative Industries Worldwide. Also within the framework of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, UNESCO encourages public-private partnerships through its Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity. The Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity is a mechanism for promoting synergistic arrangements to strengthen cultural industries in developing countries. With funds of over $4 million, the International Fund for Cultural Diversity currently supports 31 projects in 24 developing countries. These projects contributed to the establishment of a global database on best practices in cultural and development projects.", "16. With regard to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO undertook a large-scale capacity-building programme to support its ratification and effective implementation. Sixty experts, including 20 from Africa, were trained and continued to participate in over 30 capacity-building activities around the world. The Fund for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, amounting to approximately $10 million, and extrabudgetary contributions provided support for the global capacity-building strategy for two years.", "In line with the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO has developed the tool Cultural Diversity Perspective, which helps policymakers and practitioners to assess development policies and programmes from a cultural diversity perspective. Using this tool, UNESCO organized workshops to review 12 United Nations Development Assistance Framework documents and outcomes, 8 joint United Nations programmes and 50 project documents, in addition to reviewing cultural policies in 9 countries to reflect the principles of cultural diversity and training 11 United Nations country teams to take cultural considerations into account in the formulation of programmes and strategies.", "18. In order to explain to national decision makers the need to protect underwater cultural heritage from looting, UNESCO, in collaboration with different partners, organized seven regional meetings on the Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. These meetings focused on improving legal protection, raising awareness of the preservation of underwater heritage and capacity-building in the areas of underwater archaeology and heritage management.", "In the preparation of the recently adopted global World Heritage Capacity-building Strategy, 2,864 individuals participated in 32 capacity-building training sessions in five regions, of which 37 per cent were women. The theme for the fortieth anniversary of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 2012 was “World heritage and sustainable development: the role of local communities in the management of world heritage”. UNESCO continued its work on case studies within the framework of other conventions. These case studies show that local communities play an important role in the socio-economic development of world heritage sites, while also preserving the pre-eminent universal values and integrity of world heritage. Coordination meetings of other biodiversity-related convention secretariats were held in April 2011.", "20. In the context of the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO combats illicit trafficking in cultural goods through strategic partnerships, awareness-raising and capacity-building. UNESCO has developed a number of legal, practical and awareness-raising tools, such as national databases on cultural heritage law. National and regional training organized by UNESCO in 2011 included workshops in Egypt, Mongolia, Namibia and the Philippines.", "21. In addition, UNESCO has taken a number of measures to respond to increased data needs and to support the strategic integration of culture into development policies. To better measure the impact and relevance of cultural policies and initiatives, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics developed the UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, a tool that defines culture for statistical purposes and facilitates the generation of internationally comparable data. The Institute of Statistics is also rapidly promoting the provision of employment data in the cultural sector. Using data recently generated and experience gained in the implementation of culture-related development projects around the world, the innovative set of cultural development indicators provides qualitative and quantitative indicators covering seven development areas to inform decision-making.", "22. In response to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the UNESCO Culture, HIV and AIDS programme supports policies and plans that promote gender equality, are human rights-based and are based on a comprehensive analysis of the sociocultural specificities of the communities concerned. The “Culturally Appropriate Approach” emphasizes the need for a wide range of practical biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions. In order to develop a cultural approach to HIV/AIDS prevention and care, UNESCO has developed a series of guidance materials, including an interactive e-learning tool for project officers. Other programme activities include creating an “enabling environment” for culturally appropriate HIV and AIDS policies and strengthening local research.", "23. UNESCO has been designated as the convener of the culture and development window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, which helps to strengthen the contribution of culture and creative industries to sustainable development. This inter-agency initiative, with a budget of $95 million, supports 18 joint programmes around the world, using culture as an asset for socio-economic development and a factor for social cohesion and peace. The cultural elements covered by the programme range from cultural heritage to cultural industries, from cultural tourism to intercultural dialogue. One of the many advantages of joint programmes is national ownership coupled with community-based action. These joint programmes involve coordination with the economic and financial, cultural, tourism and environmental sectors. The joint programme on culture and development has produced some concrete results in the areas of tourism, heritage promotion and conservation, crafts and creative industries, and intercultural dialogue. As a living laboratory for “delivering as one”, joint programmes, building on the comparative advantages of each entity, have generated considerable innovation and knowledge in inter-agency cooperation and programming and have contributed to driving United Nations reform at the country level.", "24. UNESCO launched a two-year knowledge management system project on culture and development, which aims to draw on the experience gained from 18 joint programmes funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund and to document, compile, translate and disseminate relevant knowledge for use in learning, raising awareness and informing future development policy and programme development. The project facilitates further assessment of the linkages between culture and development, including the impact of culture on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "25. On 1 July 2011, UNESCO and the World Bank signed a memorandum of understanding formalizing current cultural and development cooperation and establishing a framework for technical work in the areas of historical urban preservation and restoration, the protection of natural heritage sites, cultural indicators, cultural economics and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO is seeking other potential partners to strengthen the links between culture and development.", "26. UNESCO supports many efforts to harness indigenous knowledge. UNESCO coordinated the preparation of the joint reflection paper of the Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues. The theme of the document is the role of indigenous peoples and their cultures and identities in development, in accordance with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The document will be submitted to the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues at its ninth session. In addition, through a joint programme with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, UNESCO has increased its support for cultural approaches to natural resource management, including the protection and use of local and indigenous knowledge for environmental sustainability. The joint programme contributes to the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity by strengthening the linkages between culture and biodiversity through an integrated approach of culturally appropriate values, knowledge systems and livelihoods.", "27. With the aim of optimizing the contribution of culture to sustainable development, field offices are implementing General Assembly resolution 65/166 through capacity-building, awareness-raising, knowledge exchange, cultural mainstreaming, resource mobilization and support for the strengthening of national legal and policy frameworks.", "28. In response to the General Assembly ' s request, the Director-General of UNESCO invited all relevant United Nations bodies to provide information on their contributions to the implementation of the resolution since its adoption on 20 December 2010. The following 17 organizations responded.", "United Nations Development Programme", "29. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is involved in the area of culture and development, mainly through the culture and development window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund. Together with other United Nations entities, UNDP is involved in 18 joint programmes on culture and development. UNDP administers the Fund for the United Nations system.", "30. UNDP implements other initiatives in line with General Assembly resolution 65/166, including the biennial Equator Award. The Award supports efforts to reduce poverty through the sustainable use of biodiversity and to promote sustainable development that respects the rights of indigenous peoples through the GEF Small Grants Programme. Under `Pillar I' of the MDG `Breakout Strategy', UNDP continues to implement the MDG Acceleration Framework in 14 countries globally. This tool, developed by UNDP and endorsed by the United Nations Development Group, aims to assist Governments and development partners in reviewing issues of participation, discrimination and cultural exclusion in line with resolution 65/166, as they relate to bottlenecks that hinder progress in MDG-based interventions. The bottlenecks assessment under the framework includes issues related to the reduction of language barriers and respect for indigenous peoples ' practices in public services such as health and education.", "On 20 May 2011, UNDP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children ' s Fund launched the first global United Nations inter-agency initiative to advance the implementation of the rights of indigenous peoples, the United Nations Indigenous Peoples ' Partnership. Moreover, the Human Development Report and other UNDP publications emphasize that culture is an integral part of sustainable development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the UNDP Assistant Administrator, in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), published a new report entitled “Creative Economy Report 2010: A Viable Development Programme”, which examines the market situation of creative industries and the potential of cultural industries in developing countries seeking to diversify their economies, as well as progress in one of the most dynamic sectors of the world economy.", "Development Operations Coordination Office", "32. Pursuant to paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Development Operations Coordination Office transmitted the text of the resolution to all resident coordinators, requesting them to mainstream and integrate culture into programmes under the United Nations Development Assistance Framework. Currently, about 60 per cent of the programmes under the framework (in 112 countries) refer to culture and/or include cultural components in their activities.", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "33. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) seeks to seize market opportunities by building the capacity of entrepreneurship women, youth, rural groups and marginalized communities in its creative industries development strategy to make use of the rich creative cultural heritage and diverse creative knowledge to deliver innovative goods and services. To this end, a targeted policy enabling environment, micro-credit and risk funds and operational support mechanisms have been established. In terms of the economic potential of creative knowledge about multimedia and audio-visual works, UNIDO assisted eight Caribbean island countries in promoting entrepreneurship, developing frameworks and enhancing institutional capacity for business development services in the creative industries. The project builds the capacity of national and regional counterparts through South-South cooperation, using the UNIDO Entrepreneurship Development and Enterprise Development Service methodology.", "UNIDO supports specific policy and advocacy measures to redress the exclusion of indigenous communities from the benefits of activities related to the creative industries. For example, the “Enterprise of Creative Industries” project in China, implemented under the United Nations Development Assistance Framework “First Outcome” programme 2008-2011, aims to develop social and economic policies that promote people-centred, sustainable and equitable economic growth.", "35. In the current context of global competition and concerns about managing environmentally friendly resources, creative industries are seen as a key sector for reducing poverty through sustainable national industrial development strategies, thus allowing for the use of new perspectives and technologies. UNIDO has produced two substantive papers on the development of creative industries. In response to increasing requests from Member States, UNIDO has strengthened its technical assistance to promote the development of cultural assets through the creative industries. This includes addressing inadequate quality standards in creative industries, inadequate supply capacity, inadequate market linkages and limited commercialization. In addition, UNIDO has established linkages with other sectors, including agribusiness, to improve the potential for job creation and human development based on traditional and cultural heritage.", "World Tourism Organization", "36. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) recognizes that sustainable tourism is a powerful tool in the pursuit of development and cultural diversity and can make an important contribution to local economies around the world. Achieving a balance between environmental, economic and social and cultural aspects of tourism development as a means of promoting sustainable tourism is at the heart of UNWTO programmes. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, the guiding policy document of UNWTO, clearly affirms the importance of culture for sustainable development, economic growth, human enrichment and poverty eradication. The Code promotes cultural diversity and promotes cultural tourism as an essential component of sustainable development.", "Within the framework of its capacity-building activities, UNWTO has developed a cultural heritage tourism management programme to promote the development of policy and operational guidelines to address the overcrowding of visitors to cultural and natural sites and to strengthen the capacity of the tourism sector to develop and launch tourist destinations and cultural sites in a more comprehensive manner.", "38. UNWTO recognizes that linking tourism to cultural heritage can better serve the local economy. If properly managed, cultural tourism protects the natural and cultural treasures of a country and improves the quality of life of residents and tourists. A tourism sector handbook on heritage promotion will further promote capacity-building activities on cultural tourism and consolidate the creative sector. A UNWTO study on tourism and intangible cultural heritage is expected to be published in 2011 and will provide comprehensive research findings and innovative forms of decision-making through case studies across five continents on the linkages between tourism development and intangible cultural heritage. UNWTO is a member of the Steering Group of the UNESCO World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme.", "39. The UNWTO Department of Technical Cooperation and Services has implemented a number of collaborative projects with a major focus on culture. The Tourism Development Master Plan for Punjab, India, includes the development of sustainable cultural tourism in some gold plots of the state, which will open new avenues for the socio-economic development of local communities through job creation and income generation, especially for youth and women. Within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals Fund, UNWTO, together with other United Nations entities, is implementing joint programmes to use the Dekhshul World Heritage Site for community development in Egypt.", "In 2002, UNWTO launched the Sustainable Tourism Poverty Eradication initiative to reduce poverty by promoting sustainable forms of tourism. To date, 24 regional and national training sessions on tourism and poverty reduction have been organized to help build the capacity of public officials, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities in developing countries, with over 2,000 officials taking part. With the support of many public and private sector organizations, 97 projects have been implemented, benefiting 33 developing countries. Projects range from training local tour guides and hotel staff to assisting local residents in tourism development near natural and cultural heritage sites to establishing business linkages between poor producers and tourism enterprises. Some countries, such as Ethiopia, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania, can find examples of such projects with visible components of cultural heritage. Finally, UNWTO has published five reports to provide evidence on the role of tourism in poverty reduction and recommendations on how to maximize these roles.", "World Bank", "41. The World Bank ' s policy support for culture as an important component of the development paradigm has important implications for social cohesion, opportunities for economic growth and positive synergies with poverty reduction strategies. Cultural factors and cultural development goals have been identified for a growing number of projects, mainly in the following areas: (a) urban development, promoting the rehabilitation of historic cities and sites, improving transport, enhancing preservation and expanding public awareness; (b) local economic development, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the informal sector, which are at the heart of handicraft production and commerce; (c) social development, promoting cultural diversity, ensuring social cohesion among different social groups and integrating indigenous peoples, minorities and migrants into the social fabric; and (d) sustainable tourism development, promoting economic investment in services and services, mainly related to the natural and cultural landscape. The total investment of the World Bank in development projects with a cultural dimension increased from $1.3 billion between 1990 and 1999 to $4 billion between 2000 and 2009, the bulk of which was investment in urban development.", "42. World Bank assistance to Governments in developing and emerging economies extends to analytical work and technical assistance to assess institutional frameworks and improve the effectiveness of national and local institutions responsible for cultural asset management. The World Bank has also undertaken research on policy topics such as the cultural economy and the increasing number of natural disasters and threats to cultural heritage from climate change impacts.", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "43. In 2011, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), in collaboration with indigenous peoples, carried out the following activities to raise public awareness of the cultural diversity of indigenous peoples. In May, at the World Summit on the Information Society Forum in Geneva, IFAD gave a presentation entitled “Promoting education for indigenous peoples — IFAD cooperation with indigenous peoples”, emphasizing development with culture and identity. In June, IFAD hosted the first indigenous Mother Earth forum, which focused on strengthening the eating culture of indigenous peoples and creating space for indigenous voices to be expressed in the ongoing debate on food and climate.", "IFAD is currently implementing a policy of cooperation with indigenous peoples, including the principle of cooperation on “the use of cultural heritage and identity as assets”. Through these collaborative projects, IFAD promotes the cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples and assists communities in making full use of their traditional knowledge, culture, governance systems and natural resources. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility funds projects designed and implemented by indigenous peoples, using “development with cultural and identity” as one of the selection criteria for financing. The process of establishing an “indigenous peoples' forum” at IFAD was launched at a workshop held in February 2011. The objectives of the Forum included strengthening the partnership between IFAD and indigenous peoples to address poverty and achieve sustainable development with culture and identity.", "45. IFAD grants Oxfam Italy for projects to address the marginalization of poor farmers and migrants in Ecuador, Morocco and Senegal through market linkages and increased diversity. The project empowers poor rural communities and expands their income-generating opportunities by succouring and protecting target plant species and their associated indigenous knowledge, improving cultivation practices, developing commercialization and marketing, and raising public awareness of the nutritional safety, health and income-generating values of targeted species. An important aspect of the programme is to ensure cultural continuity.", "46. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility supports a variety of micro-projects that focus on indigenous traditional knowledge and community-based approaches to environmental management. Several of these projects have helped to revitalize traditional agricultural systems and handicrafts, while others are aimed at valuing and strengthening the identity, traditional practices and languages of indigenous peoples ' communities.", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "47. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), in line with its focus on the linkages between intellectual property rights and the protection of the public domain, has undertaken a number of initiatives, including a second survey of voluntary registration and storage systems (reserves of cultural and historical heritage), a scoping study of copyright and related rights and public domain (comparison of national legislation that directly or indirectly defines the public domain), and a survey of private copyright document systems and practices. In October 2011, WIPO will organize a conference on copyright documents and infrastructure to showcase the results of the survey.", "48. More than 35 countries have used the WIPO guidebook on investigating the economic contribution of copyright-based industries. These include those considered to be of cultural value. The survey provides information on national development as measured by GDP, employment and trade statistics. Several countries used results reports and research as a basis for further research and development of their policies on creative and cultural industries. In addition, WIPO assisted Member States in developing national strategies for creative industries. The WIPO Creative Industries Division has produced several publications on specific creative industries. A guide to assessing the economic, social and cultural impact of creative industries is being developed. A multi-stakeholder project involving inputs from UNESCO, Eurostat and others aims to enable countries to address cultural and development policy issues.", "49. Upon request, WIPO undertook capacity-building activities. In 2011, the Copyright Development Services Division organized 20 events, including seven countries, seven regions, two interregional training programmes and four missions of experts to developing countries. In addition, in June 2011, the WIPO Traditional Knowledge Division, in cooperation with the Government of Oman, organized an international technical seminar entitled “Intellectual property rights and sustainable development: recording and registering traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions”. In May 2011, WIPO and the International Council of Museums signed a memorandum of understanding committing to collaboration and cooperation on intellectual property issues related to museums. WIPO has participated in a number of awareness-raising and technical cooperation activities in many countries. Notably, WIPO participated in the work of the independent expert in the field of cultural rights on visits to cultural heritage. Finally, WIPO produced a United Nations television and video film entitled “Digitization of Traditional Cultures in Kenya”.", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "50. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNESCO will jointly organize a workshop on food and agricultural quality. In preparation for the workshop, FAO initiated a study on the potential of origin-linked products to maintain and promote the UNESCO Man and Biosphere programme, World Heritage sites, FAO's globally important agricultural heritage system and other areas with natural and cultural connotations. The workshop will identify areas where FAO and UNESCO could further cooperate in the protection and promotion of natural and cultural heritage.", "United Nations Environment Programme", "51. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) emphasized the need for a comprehensive approach to environmental protection and sustainable development, with attention to the interlinkages between global environmental change and adverse social, cultural and economic impacts. UNEP environmental activities cover biodiversity, traditional knowledge, indigenous languages and practices, cultural diversity and biodiversity, and cultural behaviour, in the light of the decision taken by the UNEP Governing Council at its sixteenth session to focus on environment and cultural diversity. In its fifth report in the Global Environment Outlook series, UNEP will consider the interlinkages between the knowledge and practices of indigenous communities and the goals of conservation and sustainable use; and will submit analytical reports as a contribution to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Major initiatives include the production of awareness-raising materials for the annual observance of the International Day of the World's Indigenous People, awareness-raising materials for several UNEP publications, such as the special issue of the youth magazine Our Planet, on indigenous knowledge and the environment, and the publication Environmental Times in the UNEP Global Resource Information Database (Arendal Center) in Norway.", "UNEP uses the framework of multilateral environmental agreements to focus on the identification of cultural and community rights for biodiversity management, including conservation, sustainable use and access to and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. To link the concept of access and benefit-sharing with traditional knowledge, UNEP has worked with relevant stakeholders, including UNESCO, to develop a protocol for biocultural communities to help mainstream culture, biodiversity management and traditional knowledge into livelihood security and economic well-being and sustainable development. In 2010, as part of the International Year of Biodiversity, UNEP launched a web site jointly developed with UNESCO to showcase work on the Biocultural Community Protocol. At the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, policy briefs on communities and well-being developed by UNDP and other partners, addressing rights-based approaches, development and community knowledge services, were distributed.", "UNEP is one of the five United Nations entities participating in the Namibia Joint Programme funded by the Millennium Development Goals Fund. The project is based on the cultural and natural heritage as a basis for the development of cultural tourism, targeting ethnic minority groups. UNEP is responsible for supporting the Government of Namibia to integrate and implement more effectively the principles of cultural and natural diversity into sustainable development and activities and to mainstream environment into cultural tourism.", "55. In 2010, a project supported by UNEP involved African NGOs in the access and benefit-sharing process. The project explores the role of such organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge, awareness-raising and capacity-building of local communities in traditional knowledge, as this involves access and benefit-sharing legislation in some African countries. In addition, UNEP signed an agreement with several organizations, such as the Drought Monitoring Centre of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre, on a project on the acquisition and application of indigenous knowledge for nature conservation and natural disaster management in Africa. In accordance with African traditions, this knowledge has been passed on orally from generation to generation, and there is an urgent need to document it. In 2010, with the support of UNEP, UNU Press published a book entitled Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well-being. Within the framework of the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity on access and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP assisted parties to the Convention in finalizing their work programmes on traditional knowledge and in concluding negotiations under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization.", "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "56. Since 2000, the mandate of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has included policy-oriented research to assist developing countries in identifying innovative policy options and optimizing the economic contribution of creative industries, thus contributing to progress in trade and development towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The UNCTAD Creative Economy programme addresses the development dimension of creative industries. UNCTAD's main contributions include UNCTAD's and UNDP's “Creative Economy” reports for 2008 and 2010, and UNCTAD's global database on the creative economy. The UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme eNews helps to raise awareness of the importance of culture and the growing contribution of the creative economy to sustainable and inclusive development, foster development networking and partnerships and enhance synergies among key stakeholders.", "57. In 2010, UNCTAD prepared country profiles and user guides for the UNCTAD Global Database on Creative Economy. Demand-driven capacity-building continues to assist end-users in assessing the trade performance of their creative products in the global market. This tool has been used for policy development to develop concrete actions to foster the creative economy. UNCTAD supports developing countries in strengthening their creative productive capacities and appropriate institutional, regulatory and financing mechanisms to promote the emergence of domestic markets for cultural and creative goods and services.", "UNCTAD builds on the ongoing policy debate on how creativity and biodiversity can be a win-win solution for sustainable development and economic recovery. The link between the creative economy and the green economy was studied. In the context of the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010, UNCTAD launched the EcoFashion initiative to raise international awareness of environmentally and socially sensitive practices in the use of biodiversity.", "59. Through its Creative Economy Programme, UNCTAD assists developing countries in implementing coherent and multidisciplinary policies and cross-ministerial actions in areas such as culture, tourism, trade, labour, technology and enterprise development. Examples include national studies in Mozambique and Zambia, which were released in June 2011.", "Specific initiatives to optimize the contribution of cultural and creative industries to development include the Creative Africa Initiative, launched in 2008. It demonstrates the richness of African culture and the creative talents of African people to promote inclusive development rooted in the creative economy. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of Nigeria created a Nigerian chapter for the initiative to support the Nigerian film industry. In Ghana, Mali and Senegal, the creative economy is now part of the national poverty reduction strategy. In 2011, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization, UNCTAD launched the Doll Planet Project, which encourages action to address climate change challenges and environmental degradation, while promoting sustainable development and cultural/creative economic development in developing countries.", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "61. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) World Heritage Management and Conservation Series seeks to optimize the impact of UNESCO conventions on natural and cultural heritage by focusing on the development of relevant national policies, the exchange of best practices and case studies. In the course of seven workshops, a value-based management approach has been developed, which will make heritage protection more meaningful. The series also highlights the innovative role that natural and cultural heritage can play in peacebuilding efforts, while using the Hiroshima example to highlight the relevance and relevance of its policies to other global sites.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "62. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) contributes to the promotion of a culture conducive to sustainable development by restoring cultural heritage and historical buildings, improving access to local markets and historical monuments and managing small grants to help local communities address environmental challenges. UNOPS capacity-building efforts to develop a dynamic cultural and creative industry included projects in Argentina and Guatemala. Through the provision of human resources management services and information and communications technology equipment, UNOPS provided support to both Governments and assisted in the protection of historical buildings. To help expand access to markets and products and services, including those related to cultural products and cultural tourist attractions, UNOPS maintained and constructed large road networks and provided demining services throughout Africa and Asia.", "Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "63. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) supports evidence- and rights-based responses to HIV in order to move towards zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. Recognizing the central role of culture as the foundation of society, UNAIDS is committed to maximizing the positive contribution of cultural leaders to the response: (a) To achieve public health goals through evidence-supported approaches; (b) to respect the dignity and rights of individuals, especially in the areas of non-discrimination, health, human security, privacy and freedom from violence; and (c) to include pragmatic approaches that are responsive to people ' s behaviour and needs.", "64. Recognizing that behaviours and known HIV risk factors can be controversial and culturally sensitive, UNAIDS promotes inclusive dialogue in all aspects of the HIV response.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "65. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is strongly committed to ensuring that refugees, stateless persons and internally displaced persons, as well as others concerned, have equal access to their rights, protection, services and resources and can participate as active partners in decisions that affect them. To this end, UNHCR is committed to mainstreaming age, gender and diversity considerations into its global operations. The elements of diversity here refer to differences in values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic background, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, abilities, health, social status, skills and other specific personal characteristics. By analysing these dimensions as interrelated personal characteristics, UNHCR can better understand the multifaceted protection risks and the capacities of individuals and communities to address and help address them more effectively. In order to promote full equality, UNHCR promotes respect for differences as an element that enriches any community. National or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities or indigenous groups are often discriminated against and excluded, and these factors are compounded in situations of forced displacement. UNHCR is committed to identifying risks and identifying mitigation strategies.", "United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "66. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) provides technical assistance and extensive guidance to policymakers and local leaders in the development of public policies and participatory decision-making processes, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of indigenous peoples in urban areas. In 2011, UN-Habitat, in collaboration with the Global Land Tool Network, developed a policy guide to ensure indigenous peoples ' land rights in cities. In 2010 and 2011, UN-Habitat focused on specific challenges faced by indigenous peoples in cities, in particular health challenges and the negative impact of climate change on vulnerable urban settlements, but also on the contribution of indigenous peoples to sustainable urban development and a green economy.", "United Nations Population Fund", "The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) launched a “Cultural lens” in 2001 to integrate cultural dynamics into all its human rights-based programming on sexual and reproductive health, gender equality and population and development. The key to the lens is to focus on young people as powerful forces in the fight against poverty and as cultural and political agents for development. UNFPA continues to support processes with and for youth groups at the country level as part of its broader engagement on safe motherhood and family planning.", "On World Population Day, 11 July 2011, the Executive Director of UNFPA launched a campaign initiative called “Action 7 Billion” for a wide range of cultural agents for change, working to raise awareness and raise awareness of the opportunities and challenges of a world of 7 billion people. UNFPA offices around the world are also working with faith-based NGOs and religious leaders as key custodians of culture. These NGOs and religious leaders are part of the UNFPA Global Interfaith Network on Population and Development. With over 500 members, the network aims to: encourage participation in national development plans and processes; build capacity for services around family planning, safe motherhood, urbanization and migration dynamics; and work to provide coordinated humanitarian relief, taking into account the specific reproductive health needs of girls and women.", "UNFPA is the lead agency for the Inter-Agency Task Force on Engaging Faith-based Organizations in Actions to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Under this mechanism, UNFPA participated in a strategic learning exchange course for senior United Nations staff on the themes of faith, culture and development. The course is offered annually through the United Nations Staff College in Turin, Italy, and global faith-based non-governmental organizations participate as a resource for learning about culture and development policies and programmes.", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "70. The United Nations Volunteers programme (UNV), in collaboration with partners, organized a number of activities in response to the resolution, including workshops to promote cultural heritage and to promote capacity-building in cultural and creative industries. For example, UNV worked with other United Nations entities, national partners and local communities to promote the contribution of all forms of art in Haiti to sustainable livelihoods, especially in the communities most devastated by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. In addition, UNDP and UNV participated, together with several other United Nations entities, in a joint programme for local development in Honduras with a creative and cultural identity.", "V. Assessment of the modalities of the United Nations Conference on Culture and Development", "71. The contributions of the United Nations entities outlined in the present report demonstrate the diversity of programmes and approaches to sustainable development, demonstrating that culturally sensitive approaches highlight the importance of mandates in a wide range of areas, including agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, health, environmental sustainability, urbanization, refugee protection, migration, social cohesion, human rights and gender equality. In addition, these contributions imply technical assistance at both the policy and operational levels, focusing on: capacity-building (including institutions and individuals); awareness-raising; mainstreaming culture in development policies and programmes; protection and utilization of cultural heritage, including indigenous knowledge as an asset for development; knowledge generation through policy-oriented research; lessons learned through implementation; and data collection for monitoring and evaluating the impact of culture on development. A collaborative effort to build on the comparative advantages of United Nations entities and community-oriented approaches is also a recurrent theme.", "72. Current global efforts to address gaps in the achievement of sustainable development and the planning of paths for future development goals and approaches, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2011, preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and the Millennium Development Goals Summit in 2015, are still not fully informed about the impact of culture on development, including its contribution to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. While there will also be opportunities in the future to consider the potential contribution of culture to the achievement of sustainable development, such as the annual ministerial review of the 2013 substantive session of the Economic and Social Council, the potential offered by these opportunities is rather limited and the lack of appropriate expertise and other resources makes it difficult to deal satisfactorily with the linkages between the three pillars of culture and development. More quantitative data and substantive debate were needed on the link between culture and development.", "73. Culturally sensitive approaches and practices are neither integrated nor adequately assessed in the common policies and practices of the United Nations, most importantly in its common vision. Building consensus and better articulating a common vision and guidelines, while enhancing the exchange of experiences, will ensure that United Nations entities respond more effectively to the increasing demand for assistance in this sector and will benefit from ongoing efforts to mainstream culture into the unique mandates of United Nations entities. In addition, it would facilitate collaboration in joint programming at the country level and assist in decisions by various actors in the development field.", "74. A high-level meeting on culture and development will address the quantitative and qualitative implications of culture for sustainable development in order to better contribute to the development agenda for achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "The thirteenth anniversary of the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which focused on the “power of culture”, provided an opportunity for the international community to build on the momentum and take stock of the past and consider appropriate ways to integrate the cultural dimension into the development agenda for 2015 and beyond.", "76. It is proposed that the two-day meeting be organized in plenary and round tables. The meeting will invite some 500 participants, including senior government representatives, heads of United Nations entities and representatives of development banks, non-governmental organizations, foundations, civil society and the private sector.", "77. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/166, requested estimates for the convening of the proposed meeting, and it is now anticipated that, should the meeting be held at United Nations Headquarters in New York, the minimum estimate would be $400,000, including space, interpretation and translation services and security costs, but also travel and accommodation for non-participants.", "78. Alternatively, the meeting could be hosted by a Member State.", "Conclusion", "79. In view of the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the Millennium Development Goals Summit in 2015, and the fact that international development actors were assessing gaps in the achievement of development goals, General Assembly resolution 65/166 had helped to revitalize the debate on the impact of culture on sustainable development.", "80. The present report provides the first opportunity to take stock of the experiences of United Nations entities in taking action to integrate culture into their work, to demonstrate the culturally sensitive approach to development across the United Nations system and to illustrate the impact of the cultural sector on development, particularly on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "81. The resolution encourages the compilation of data, facts, figures and best practices on the linkages between culture and development, and the impact of culture on the social and economic well-being of societies and people, thus contributing to national and international development policies.", "82. In addition, the resolution promoted the further integration and mainstreaming of culture in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework and the strengthening of international relations in the field of culture and development, such as the recent signing of a memorandum of understanding between UNESCO and the World Bank.", "83. Building on the achievements made in 2011, the following actions could be taken to enhance the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166:", "(a) Support the continued efforts of United Nations entities to develop indicators, produce statistics, develop best practices, help to formulate development policies and improve understanding of the linkages between culture and sustainable development. The Statistical Commission could be invited to discuss this theme and to assist in compiling data on the significance of investing in the cultural sector;", "(b) Encourage research to document the qualitative impact of culture on social well-being and demonstrate the potential of a human rights-based cultural approach to sustainable peace. In this regard, UNDP could be encouraged to reflect on the qualitative impact of culture on human development in its Human Development Report and to include culture-based data in the Human Development Index;", "(c) To increase efforts to implement the cultural and development approach initiated under the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, while demonstrating the relevance of culture to the achievement of development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "(d) Requested UNESCO to consider, in close coordination with all relevant United Nations entities, the organization of the proposed conference and the identification of possible conference modalities to enhance understanding of the quantitative and qualitative contribution of culture to inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. The meeting would maintain the momentum generated by the General Assembly resolution on culture and development and provide an opportunity to develop a comprehensive approach to culture and development for the entire United Nations system, including through a substantive outcome document containing new elements and commitments from the international community." ]

[ "主席： 伯杰先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 霍季奇女士 \n 巴西 里佐先生 \n 中国 杨治宇先生 \n 哥伦比亚 埃斯科尔西亚夫人 \n 法国 博蒙特先生 \n 加蓬 伦博马先生 \n 印度 拉古塔哈利先生 \n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 特克西拉·科埃略女士\n 俄罗斯联邦 日丹诺夫先生 \n 南非 拉海尔先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴先生 \n 美利坚合众国 热尔曼女士", "议程项目", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "下午3时05分复会。", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表参加本次会议。", "我谨提醒各位发言者将发言时间限定在四分钟以内，以便安理会能够快速开展工作。", "我请吉尔吉斯斯坦代表发言。", "克德罗夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢你在这样一个关键时刻召开本次重要辩论会。此时，民众抗议活动和重大政治变化仍在中东继续。此外，我们没有看到以色列-巴勒斯坦政治进程取得任何具体进展。", "由于最近发生的众所周知的革命性剧变，中东仍然是世界关注的中心。这些事件尽管存在某些不可否认的不同之处，但却具有许多共同点。它们背后的原因都是有关各国政府未能适应新的社会发展条件并进行有效的改革。该地区各国人民和政府不仅面临巨大的社会和政治挑战，而且还面临新的机遇和前景。我们强烈谴责对和平示威活动使用武力，并敦促各方保持最大克制。最近经历类似革命性变革的吉尔吉斯斯坦认为，处理这些问题的唯一途径是对话和改革。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦强烈呼吁尽早恢复以色列-巴勒斯坦谈判。在这方面，我们支持中东问题四方于2011年5月20日发表的声明，其中呼吁克服目前障碍和毫不拖延地恢复直接双边谈判。但我们感到遗憾的是，四方最近于7月11日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行的会议结束时未能达成实质性协议。至关重要的是，应尽早举行一次新的会议，以便采取积极措施促进谈判进程。我们认为，这一进程必须继续下去，以便找到途径实现相关局势的长期解决，并根据先前确定和接受的参数达成实现两国和平、安全共处的和平协议。吉尔吉斯斯坦希望，中东问题四方将在找到可为有关各方接受的解决办法方面发挥积极作用。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦赞成在安全理事会有关决议、《阿拉伯和平倡议》和中东四方《路线图》的基础上通过政治外交手段解决巴以冲突。我要指出的是，考虑让巴勒斯坦加入联合国问题的时间正在迅速靠近，因为我们已经在正式和非正式场合中对此问题进行了长期讨论。在这方面，吉尔吉斯斯坦认为在和平进程方面迅速取得进展和打破目前令人不安的僵局极其重要。我们还敦促各方展示其对于和平的强烈意愿和坚定承诺，消除阻碍恢复直接对话的一切障碍。", "对于我们来说，显而易见，以色列继续在西岸和东耶路撒冷修建定居点以及经常宣布扩大定居点的做法无助于早日解决问题。相反——至少正如我们从最近事件中所见到的那样——它会导致动乱加剧、暴力升级和平民死亡。吉尔吉斯斯坦支持落实安全理事会有关耶路撒冷问题的所有相关决议，并且呼吁停止修建以色列定居点。", "最后，我要强调的是，中东各国人民在过去几十年里一直在经历冲突和对抗。落实一项解决巴以冲突的最终与全面的解决方案的时机已经到来。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请土耳其代表发言。", "科尔曼先生(土耳其)(以英语发言)：在安全理事会就中东局势问题举行又一次公开辩论会之际，本地区正在稳步进行一场巨大变革。自由、平等、尊严、人权和法治等普世观念已经成为数以百万计人民的战斗口号，他们正通过合法手段为其本身及其同胞争取更加公正和更有前途的未来。虽然实现有实际意义的变革可能需要一定的时间，并且未必总是会一帆风顺，但这一历史性的进程不能(不能)被逆转、损害或破坏。", "与此同时，在这一剧变发展之际，巴勒斯坦问题却仍然处于停滞状态。无论是在加沙和西岸，还是在区域各地难民营中，数以百万计的巴勒斯坦人仍在继续遭受并非由其自己造成的不幸命运。这是一种不正常现象，必须作为一个最迫切的问题加以解决。", "事实上，巴以冲突一直是本地区内外很多争端的核心。只要占领和镇压仍然是巴勒斯坦人民日常生活中的一个现实，国际社会就无法指望在中东和北非能够保持积极的变革势头。", "最近的事件和过去的事件都证明巴勒斯坦人民的困境所产生的影响远远超出其本地区的地理范围。如果我们想要赢得阿拉伯人民的人心，如果我们想要支持他们实现其理想，那么我们就必须能够向他们展示我们对实现中东地区涉及所有人的切实可行和公正和平的集体决心。这就是中东地区没有任何其他事情能够比寻求持久、全面解决冲突更加重要的原因。因此，它必须再一次成为优先重点。", "此时此刻，中东地区既没有和平，也没有和平进程。相反，所存在的是一个僵局，一个既不能让以色列人和巴勒斯坦人安心也不能让其看到希望的僵局。双方似乎正在越离越远。安全理事会和四方未能以有效的方式发出其声音，未能推进真正的互动接触。", "人民希望其领导人能够拿出解决办法，而不是空谈。总之，人们普遍有一种被抛弃和不确定感，使他们更加普遍感到受挫，特别是那些最没有公民权的人民。这就是一个令人担忧的火药桶。", "土耳其反对任何一方实施任何形态或形式的暴力，认为暴力行为是不可接受的，没有道理可言。我们还认为，除了谈判解决以外，没有真正的替代办法。但是，只要修建定居点活动，包括在被占领的东耶路撒冷修建定居点的活动仍在继续，就不可能进行富有实际意义的、有助于促进双方互信的接触。", "以色列最近在修建300多所住房问题上的立场是其在被占领土上开展非法活动的又一个例证。这种做法同样是不可以接受的，也使人进一步怀疑以色列对推进和平进程的诚意。", "我们再一次呼吁以色列以其根据《路线图》作出的承诺为基础，停止一切定居点活动，恢复与巴勒斯坦方面的直接谈判。这是一项很起码的要求，它目前是落实以既定原则为基础的两国解决方案的唯一途径，而根据这些原则，以色列和巴勒斯坦将永远和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "在过去两年里，巴勒斯坦一直在努力为其未来的国家打下体制基础。通过其所作所为，巴勒斯坦权力机构已经清楚地表明它愿意承担一个国际公认国家的权利和义务，即使巴勒斯坦继续处于被占领状态且因此需要国际支助。", "土耳其认为，现在是承认以1967年边界为基础的巴勒斯坦是国际社会一个正式成员国的时候了。两国解决方案这个概念最早可以追溯到1947年，它是解决巴以冲突的明确而坚定的基础。国际社会不能无视巴勒斯坦要求被承认拥有平等地位并最终作为一个正式会员被接纳进联合国的合法诉求。土耳其将与巴勒斯坦一起努力实现这些重要目标。最后，如果没有有效的和平进程，就不能指望巴勒斯坦人永远成为以色列人的囚犯。", "加沙地带的局势继续引起人们严重关切。加沙巴勒斯坦人面临的困境亟需缓解，应该立即满足民众对重建和恢复的要求。必须全面落实第1860(2009)号决议。当前，加沙平民人口面临的人道主义和人权状况是不可以持续的，也是不可以接受的，而且也不符合任何有关者的利益。双方之间紧张关系不时升级，这清楚表明，即便是在最好的情况下，中东地区的局势也是非常脆弱的。以公共外交为目的采取的保守做法不会起任何作用。以色列必须立即取消针对加沙的非法和不人道的封锁。", "同时，土耳其欣见巴勒斯坦人达成团结协议。这是在整个中东地区已经开始民主变革之际发生的一件大事。因此，它是朝着正确的方向迈出的一步。我们希望这一民族和解进程能够很快导致组建一个具有包容性和民主代表性的巴勒斯坦国政府，从而把巴勒斯坦民族引向自由、公平的选举。", "土耳其呼吁巴勒斯坦各派毅然决然地加入和解进程，参与建设一个与以色列和平和安全地毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国。在巴勒斯坦人寻求内部和谐共存的时候，国际社会也应该发挥积极作用，支持中东和平进程，而不要预断其结果。", "以色列对驶往加沙的国际人道主义护送船只发动导致多人死亡的袭击以来已经一年有余。以色列军队又残无人道地杀害了9位平民，并且致使多人受伤。船上的乘客在离开以色列之前受到各种形式的虐待。秘书长根据2010年6月1日S/PRST/2010/9号安理会主席声明设立的调查小组已经结束了调查工作。主席和共同主席提交了调查报告，该报告现已密封，并等待提交秘书长。", "我们已经为以色列摆脱这种状况提供了出路。以色列必须道歉，必须支付赔偿。如果以色列不做到我们希望它做到的那样，土耳其和以色列之间就不可能实现关系正常化。在正义得到伸张之前，土耳其绝对不会心慈手软。", "最后，我要再次重申，土耳其坚决支持在两国解决方案的基础上实现公正、持久和全面的中东和平，并再次重申我们决心协助我们的巴勒斯坦兄弟姐妺实现他们被拖延很久的建立一个能够生存、和平和繁荣的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请日本代表发言。", "西田先生(日本)(以英语发言)：我要感谢主席先生为我们探讨中东局势提供机会。我要感谢塞里先生所作的全面通报。我还要感谢曼苏尔大使和普罗索尔大使的发言。", "日本坚决支持以色列和巴勒斯坦国和平与安全地毗邻共存且相互承认的两国解决方案。日本支持有关两国方案之中的边界线应该在1967年边界的基础上通过谈判方式加以确定的愿景。在此方案之中，双方应相互做出让步，以实现能够生存的巴勒斯坦国与以色列和平共存并且拥有安全和得到相互认可的边界。通过这种两国解决方案，巴勒斯坦将行使其建立独立国家的权利，以色列将获得大大加强的安全环境，双方都能为共同繁荣开展全方位的合作。", "只有通过认真谈判的方式才能实现两国解决方案。日本一直在与国际社会合作，鼓励巴以双方恢复直接谈判。日本坚决支持奥巴马总统5月的讲话，它为恢复谈判奠定了基础。我们呼吁巴以双方与美国及国际社会进行接触，并采取措施创建有利于恢复直接谈判的环境。", "日本不承认任何有损于最终地位谈判成果的单边措施。巴以双方必须履行其在先前所达成协定之中承担的义务，最重要的就是路线图。我们再次呼吁以色列冻结其包括东耶路撒冷在内在加沙西岸的定居点活动。同时，我们还呼吁巴勒斯坦权力机构继续努力加强安全局势，履行其对停止暴力及制止煽动针对以色列仇恨所作出的承诺。日本坚决支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的建国努力，并将继续在此方面为其提供援助。", "日本仍然对加沙地带的人道主义局势表示关切。我们继续要求全面落实安理会第1860(2009)号决议。日本正在密切关注巴勒斯坦为建立一个统一的政府以便真正实现两国解决方案所作的努力。", "最后，我要再次呼吁巴以双方为恢复直接谈判作出最大努力。日本将与国际社会一道继续努力，以便帮助在中东地区实现公正和全面的和平。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请约旦代表发言。", "Omaish先生(约旦)(以阿拉伯语发言)：几十年来，巴勒斯坦人民一直渴望与世界其他地方一样享有同样的政治、经济和社会权利，其中最重要的就是对本国领土主权、自由和尊严享有的权利。他们对在1967年6月4日边界内建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都并与以色列和平共存的独立国家拥有基本和得到普遍公认的权利。", "约旦发出警告称，由于以色列在解决巴勒斯坦问题方面采取顽固的态度，有可能爆发冲突、战争和政治动乱。以色列继续拖延和浪费建立和平的机会。以色列必须摆脱其意识悖论，回到务实、切实可行和开明的愿景当中来，意识悖论只能对中东局势产生负面影响，并对国际和平与安全产生不良影响。要有作出困难决策的勇气。因此，约旦呼吁迅速恢复直接谈判，以便最终解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "但是，约旦认为，只要以色列继续修建定居点，谈判就毫无意义。以色列还必须在和平进程采取明确的立场。约旦对以色列正在被占巴勒斯坦领土侵犯巴勒斯坦人权及其试图针对巴勒斯坦人民的犹太化活动深表关切，这些活动将会对东耶路撒冷圣地产生不良影响。基于我们在被占领土上为维护基督教和伊斯兰教圣地发挥的积极作用，我们呼吁国际社会采取干预措施以结束以色列侵犯巴勒斯坦人权及其针对巴勒斯坦人民的犹太化活动。我们还呼吁结束目前被关押在以色列监狱的巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘押者正在遭受的痛苦。", "我们欣见最近巴勒斯坦民族和解协议的签订。这是在实现巴勒斯坦统一道路上向正确方向迈出的一步，并将实现巴勒斯坦人民对于拥有统一和负责任的领导所怀有的希望，从而实现巴勒斯坦人民对于建立其独立国家的渴望。约旦呼吁国际社会为取消针对加沙地带的非法禁运和封锁作出努力。国际社会坚持认为巴勒斯坦人民应享有人权、自由和尊严，不能对以色列对整个巴勒斯坦国采取集体惩罚的行为默不作声。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请马来西亚代表发言。", "扎因·阿比丁女士(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我首先就贵国代表团担任安理会主席向你表示祝贺。我要表示，我国代表团赞同埃及以不结盟运动的名义以及哈萨克斯坦以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "在联合国安理厅，我们常常经历和取得阶段性成果。联合国自身的成立标志着第二次世界大战的结束和全球和平的开始——这是诸多阶段性成果的第一项成果。但在这些具有历史意义的事件中，有些事件是人类文明的悲哀标志。上个月，我们纪念了另外一个这样的事件：历时最长的外国军事占领——因为2011年6月标志着以色列占领巴勒斯坦领土44周年。", "在听凭他国摆布的煎熬下，44年是一个漫长的岁月，尤其是在当今这个时代。一度属于巴勒斯坦的大片土地现在被侵占，居民受到排挤，被迫离开这片土地。定居点和隔离墙的修建和扩建、巴勒斯坦人的家园和基础设施被拆毁以及巴勒斯坦人在东耶路撒冷居住权被吊销，全都是以色列排挤居民和抹杀历史之非法政策和行径的组成部分。这些行为不仅非法，而且也使“两国解决方案”的实现更加遥不可及。", "上个月也是以色列对加沙实施不人道封锁的第四个年头。160万加沙居民的生活条件仍然令人感到关切。由于封锁，依赖国际援助的加沙居民被剥夺有尊严地生活的权利。自2008年底以来，以色列的军事侵略已经造成1 400多人丧生，而2010年5月31日，我们注意到又有9人死亡。这九人是在国际水域遭到杀害的人道主义活动家，他们是缓解加沙人民困境开展救济工作的使者。在这方面，我们敦促以色列全面执行第1860(2009)号决议，彻底取消非法封锁，因为这是国际法所禁止的集体惩罚形式。", "现在更加迫切需要找到公正解决这个问题的办法。有关各方必须加紧努力，本着诚意参加这一和平进程，以免我们继续处于难以为继的状态。在这方面，按照第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)、1850(2008)号决议的既定内容、包括土地换和平原则在内的马德里框架、阿拉伯和平倡议和路线图，在1967年以前的边界基础上建立一个以东耶路撒冷为其首都并与以色列和平、安全毗邻共存的独立巴勒斯坦国，对于解决巴勒斯坦问题至为关键，这是60多年来阿以冲突的症结所在。", "安理会依照其任务授权，责无旁贷地应采取一切必要措施，确保其各项决议得以执行。我们必须确保所有各方恢复和平谈判。任何懈怠都是对我们竭力维护的本组织的嘲弄。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请乌干达代表发言。", "卡费罗先生(乌干达)(以英语发言)：感谢主席先生组织这次公开辩论会。我还要感谢特别协调员和秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生通报情况。", "今天，以色列和巴勒斯坦双方以及国际社会都处于关键时刻。令人遗憾的是，尽管各方的努力及区域和国际行为者的支持，没有取得实际进展，和平进程仍陷于僵局。我国代表团期望，四方和阿拉伯联盟本月新近举行的会议将促使停顿的直接谈判恢复进行，最终达成商定的框架。", "这是一个决定性的时刻，也是对以色列和巴勒斯坦领导人政治才能的考验。虽然国际社会的支持至关重要，但进行谈判和实现全面持久和平的主要责任在于以色列和巴勒斯坦双方。乌干达重申它呼吁双方紧急恢复谈判，鼓起必要的勇气作出大胆决定，铭记巴勒斯坦建国的合法愿望不容久拖并且必须解决以色列的合理安全关切。", "我国代表团仍然对以色列最近批准修建新的定居点单元深表关切，再次呼吁完全冻结所有定居点活动。", "我们赞扬巴勒斯坦领导人的建国努力，赞扬他们履行路线图规定的义务，特别是在安全和经济发展部门。我们也赞扬他们为促进团结与和解所做的努力。", "我们仍然对加沙的人道主义局势以及货物和人员进出加沙继续受阻表示关切。我们呼吁以色列解除对加沙的封锁，重申我们呼吁所有各方全面执行第1860(2009)号决议。", "最后，我国代表团想要强调，目前的局势难以为继。我们鼓励以色列和巴勒斯坦双方在国际社会特别是安理会的支持下，打破目前的僵局，为各自人民的和平、安全与繁荣努力实现两国解决方案。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请冰岛代表发言。", "贡纳斯多蒂尔女士(冰岛)(以英语发言)：冰岛坚定支持和平解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突和“两国解决方案”。自奥斯陆进程在将近二十年前启动以来，我们一直在进行博弈，不知道和平进程能否产生这样一种成果，像《阿拉伯和平倡议》预见的那样，促使在整个区域实现全面和平。", "然而，和平进程现在完全停顿。虽然冰岛敦促各方回到谈判桌前，但我们认为促使国际社会更加直接参与其中的时机已经到来。联合国对于创建以色列国曾经发挥过历史性的作用，现在时机也许快要来临，宜由大会和安全理事会行动起来，解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "如果巴勒斯坦人决定直接把这一问题交给大会，冰岛随时准备支持他们。冰岛外交部长本月稍早时候在拉马拉期间会见阿巴斯主席和外交部长马勒基时阐明了这一点。我国外长当时指出，冰岛将支持关于在1967年边界基础上建立以东耶路撒冷为其首都的巴勒斯坦国的决议，以及关于巴勒斯坦加入成为联合国正式会员国的决议，但前提是巴勒斯坦人要决定于今年秋季谋求形成这样的决议。", "冰岛的立场是，谋求承认巴勒斯坦国与通过谈判解决冲突的愿望并不相悖。恰恰相反，这也许被视为推动认真谈判的手段。必须解决双方实力不对称的问题。只有通过国际社会更有力的参与，以及强调在占领问题上所适用的国际法，才能做到这一点。", "在没有政治解决方案的情况下，需要改善当地的局势。首先，我们支持世界各地敦促以色列政府立即解除对加沙封锁的人们。凡目前关闭的合法过境点和货物进出加沙的既有通道应全部开放，以便能够达到封锁前的进出口能力。以色列当局尤其应当放开钢筋和水泥市场。", "以色列政府继续在包括在东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上实施定居点活动，这样的决定不仅与它根据国际法负有的义务格格不入，也不符合《路线图》的规定。我们注意到这种非法活动仍在继续，并注意到在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土动用暴力、拆毁房屋和强行驱逐仍然令人严重关切。国际社会应当小心谨慎，不要发出让人误以为容许现有非法定居点活动的信息。在违反国际法、妨碍实现两国解决方案的基础上制造事实的行径不应该如愿以偿。定居点是可以停建的。", "冰岛还要对定居者对巴勒斯坦人的暴力增多及其所谓的价签政策表示关切。这是一个非常令人担忧的事态发展。以色列有义务尽最大努力防止这种暴力事件，而一旦发生暴力事件，就应确保追究相关人员的责任。", "最后，冰岛欢迎法塔赫与哈马斯达成和解协议，而且双方打算组建一个临时政府，为巴勒斯坦总统和议会选举做准备。我们敦促巴勒斯坦各方听从本国人民的呼声，努力落实协议，共同追求和平解决冲突。", "主席(以英语发言)：下面请科威特代表发言。", "奥泰比先生(科威特)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我很荣幸代表阿拉伯国家集团成员国在安全理事会作这一发言。但是，首先我希望表示，我们支持由埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言，以及哈萨克斯坦代表以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "这次会议表明，国际社会重视巴勒斯坦人民的合法权利，60多年来，他们一直由于以色列的占领和种种行径，由于以色列拒绝履行其国际承诺而且无视所有国际决议而深受其害。", "该地区国家和人民对国际社会寄予非常大的希望，希望它能够通过承担起政治、法律和道义上的责任，使阿拉伯被占领土得以归还、制止以色列傲慢强硬的态度，迫使以色列遵守并全面落实具有国际合法性的各项决议，特别是安理会有关决议。以色列坚持无视这些决议，继续在巴勒斯坦被占领土，特别是在东耶路撒冷及周边地区采取非法和侵略性的措施和做法，企图改变其人口状况、特征和构成。此外，占领国以色列不断实施暴力，违反国际法和有关人权的规则条例。", "这些行为使得关于以色列是一个真诚希望实现和平的伙伴的任何说法都只是一种幻想。他们还通过行动、政策及其官员的声明毫无疑问地表明，以色列正在竭尽全力破坏一切目的是恢复1967年6月4日边界框架内以两国解决方案为基础的和平谈判的国际努力。", "此外，以色列继续并强化其各种活动，迅速建造数以千计的定居点住房单元，不断毁坏巴勒斯坦人的财产和房屋，所有此类行径都证明了其扩张主义意图，与以色列政府希望恢复和平进程、实现两国解决方案的说法背道而驰。", "目前加沙地带的局势是以色列违反第1860(2009)号决议，无视1949年《日内瓦第四公约》的又一例证。随着以色列的压迫性封锁进入第五年，巴勒斯坦平民继续承受着集体惩罚，导致加沙地带日趋贫困，经济、社会和人道主义状况严重恶化。", "因此，封锁导致了可怕的统计数据，这并不为奇——例如，失业率已上升到65%。此外，以色列空军不时进行的空袭——尽管这种袭击违反了禁止袭击平民聚居区的最基本国际法规则——无异于针对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人民实施恐怖主义行动。", "国际社会必须向以色列传达明确无误的信息，即它必须解除封锁，并且立即、永久和无条件地开放过境点，允许人道主义援助、建筑材料、货物和人员通过。以色列还必须因其执意违反国际法，包括违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为而受到惩罚。它必须为迄今所从事的战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为，以及有计划地侵犯手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人人权的行为负责。这些行为的实施者必须接受审判。", "阿拉伯集团要求安全理事会采取一切措施，迫使以色列执行安理会第497(1981)号决议，该决议呼吁以色列从被占领的叙利亚戈兰撤至1967年6月4日的边界。阿拉伯集团还重申，以色列所采取的旨在改变法律、自然和人口状况的措施应是无效和没有法律依据的，并且违反国际法和《联合国宪章》。", "阿拉伯集团还要求以色列停止继续侵犯黎巴嫩主权以及黎巴嫩领土、领空和领海。该集团还要求以色列完全撤出盖杰尔镇北部，沙巴阿农场和Kfar Shouba山区。", "要达成阿以冲突的全面解决方案——一个公正、全面和持久的解决办法——就必须执行具有国际合法性的相关决议，特别是安理会第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)和第1850(2008)号决议。冲突的解决还必须以马德里和平会议的原则为基础，包括土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议，以及四方认可的路线图。", "根据在7月14日多哈阿拉伯和平倡议部长级委员会会议上所作的确认，阿拉伯集团申明它完全支持巴勒斯坦权力机构为争取在即将举行的联合国大会上成为联合国会员国而作的努力。", "在过去的六十多年，以色列一直藐视国际社会。它在推行非法和单方面政策上走得太远了，而巴勒斯坦人民的梦想和愿望六十多年来被推迟了一年又年，他们期待并希望建立一个能接纳他们所有人的民族家园。", "六十年来，巴勒斯坦人民的要求和我们的要求一直非常明确。我们最需要的是执行联合国决议，包括安理会决议，让巴勒斯坦人行使其自决权，并在一个独立的、以东耶路撒冷为首都的主权国家里过上自由、独立和有尊严的生活。", "主席(以英语发言)：现在请尼加拉瓜代表发言。", "罗萨莱斯·迪亚兹先生(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言)：作为不结盟运动的成员，尼加拉瓜完全赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动主席身份所作的发言。", "尼加拉瓜再次重申，对以色列非法占领所有巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩领土表示最强烈的谴责，并要求其立即撤出。我们谴责以色列建造和拒绝拆除定居点的政策和做法以及对加沙的不人道封锁，谴责其企图把西岸与其他巴勒斯坦领土隔开的政策。", "安全理事会今天是在一个历史性时刻的前夕召开会议，它必将把我们引向一个无可辩驳的现实，即成立一个得到承认、完全为本组织所接纳的巴勒斯坦国，从而最终落实大会第181(II)号决议的所有规定，其中特别要求在巴勒斯坦土地上建立两个国家——一个是阿拉伯国家，另一个是犹太国家。", "的确，否认巴勒斯坦国实际存在的论调再也不可能继续了。自从1979年革命胜利以来，尼加拉瓜以特定的立场，见证了巴勒斯坦人民的斗争以及巴勒斯坦所作的实质性让步，而以色列恬不知耻的回应则是更多的非法定居点、更多的羞辱、更多的死亡、更多的有组织地暗杀巴勒斯坦领导人、更多地毁灭家园以及更多地掠夺，包括对东耶路撒冷的掠夺。", "总之，我们已经目睹了一种旨使巴勒斯坦人民真正陷入困境的政策——由以色列不言而喻地决定拒绝给予所有巴勒斯坦公民人性化待遇所支撑的政策。", "由于所有这些原因，尼加拉瓜重申，必须立即取消以色列一直享受的令人难以容忍的有罪不罚的待遇，这种待遇一直由于安全理事会不负责任，更具体地来说，由于已成为以色列主要帮凶的那些国家滥用否决权而得到保障。", "现在是安全理事会承担其责任，要求以色列兑现和平的时候了。威胁使用否决权的做法必须停止，国际社会必须抛开各种空话而采取实际行动。", "为此，尼加拉瓜呼吁安全理事会和大会在巴勒斯坦1967年边界的基础上承认巴勒斯坦国。只有这样，才能实现稳定而持久的和平，使两国人民有效享有他们所有的权利，从而最终结束不可接受的和令人费解的不公正。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "拉扎·巴希尔·塔拉尔先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我想首先感谢你召开今天的辩论会。请允许我代表巴基斯坦人民和政府，就星期五发生的恐怖暴行，向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问和同情。这种卑鄙的行为只能坚定我们打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的决心。", "我们赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言，并且赞同哈萨克斯坦常驻代表将以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦认为，在毗邻共处、和平共存的两个独立主权国家的基础上，持久解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的时机已经成熟。", "巴勒斯坦民族权力机构在建立国家机构方面所取得的进展是实现和平的吉祥征兆。许多独立的消息来源证实，巴勒斯坦建国很可能在2011年9月实现。这在许多国际机构的报告中已经得到确认，在过去的中东问题四方声明中也曾提及。近来该地区的暴力活动相对减少，同样有助于加强实现持久和平的必要条件。接受并且巩固巴勒斯坦所取得的成就，将其视为在该地区实现持久和平的良机，这是我们的共同愿望。", "只要国际社会积极参与，巴勒斯坦问题才可能取得持续的积极发展。为了在中东实现持久和平，安全理事会和中东问题有关四方拥有义不容辞的责任，兑现他们对于实现最终解决的长期承诺，并为实现这一目标进行协作。著名的中东和平进程框架为中东的和平进程提供了导航指南。尽管我们的共同目标明确、参与规则大同小异，但安全理事会和中东问题四方却似乎越来越无所作为。这对该地区来说不是好兆头。他们的不作为可能导致丧失目前的和平机会，并使该地区再次陷入暴力和猜忌的循环。", "中东和平所面临的挑战不只归咎于国际社会的不作为，它也来源于以色列的扩张主义政策，其特征是规划和建设新的定居区。最近批准在被占领的耶路撒冷、伯利恒和纳布卢斯地区建立新建筑区引起了严重关切。在东耶路撒冷和约旦河谷拆除巴勒斯坦人的房舍和建筑物，造成许多巴勒斯坦家庭流离失所。", "建造定居点的活动明显违反国际法，应按照违反国际法论处。这些定居点的每一个街区都构成这个和平之旅的重要障碍。以色列必须停止建造新的定居点，停止利用修建定居点活动作为和平进程的政治手段。定居点活动与和平进程不可能齐头并进。", "以色列继续封锁加沙既不道德也不合理。我们呼吁全面实施安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议。没有人员、货物包括必要的重建材料的自由流动，加沙的生活便无法恢复正常。我们希望以色列能协助完成重建项目，包括由联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处承建的这些项目。", "巴基斯坦支持中东地区的所有居民——无论宗教、种族或国籍如何——实现持久和平。在安全理事会第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)和1850(2008)号决议；马德里框架；阿拉伯和平倡议以及四方路线图中，精心制定了中东和平框架。聚集和维持这种政治意愿来实施这一框架势在必行。", "我们希望，安全理事会和中东问题有关四方有针对性地将与有关主角一起努力实现国际社会的集体目标：建立一个以圣城谢里夫为首都，与其所有邻国毗邻共存、和平共处的独立、享有主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国。巴基斯坦赞同和支持这一目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国欢迎联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。", "我们赞成阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹大使以不结盟国家运动的名义所作的发言。", "联合国驻巴勒斯坦被占领土人道主义事务和发展活动协调员麦克斯韦尔·盖拉尔德先生最近警告说，数以千计的贝都因人因为以色列政府正在耶路撒冷开展强拆活动以期扩大以色列公民的非法定居点而受到影响。盖拉尔德先生指出，今年已经被拆毁的居民住房已经超过2009年或2010年的全年总数，导致自1948年以来就居住在这一地区的居民无家可归，沦为难民。", "局势严重，可能造成该地区80%的贝都因人居民流离失所。此外，数以千计巴勒斯坦家庭已经被强制赶出他们的住区。增加以色列非法定居点，拆毁房屋，禁止巴勒斯坦人建造新的建筑，这些行为都必须受到谴责。所以这些非法和不人道的行为显然说明以色列政府推行种族隔离制度，占领国如此胡作非为却完全不受惩罚，突显安理会的无所作为。", "依照自决权的规定，现已建议立即承认巴勒斯坦国并接纳它成为大会正式会员国。我国代表团重申，人民有选择自己命运的主权权利。委内瑞拉再次呼吁以色列政府在巴勒斯坦领土上，包括在东耶路撒冷和其他被占领阿拉伯领土上，充分尊重《关于战时保护平民的日内瓦第四公约》的各项规定。", "以色列国土报资深编辑布拉德利·伯斯顿指出：", "“抹杀以色列的合法性并使以色列看起来更像是一个不仁不义的愚蠢国家的最有效做法莫过于封锁加沙”。", "毫无疑问，加沙地带巴勒斯坦居民脆弱的人道主义状况令人扼腕。对该地区实行封锁是不人道和非法的行为，正如同以色列在被占领巴勒斯坦领土包括东耶路撒冷及其周围地区建造隔离墙一样。", "占领国对苦难的巴勒斯坦人民采取的不可接受和无情的行动是对他们的人权最无耻的侵犯。委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次坚决要求立即、无条件停止这些不人道和非法的单方面措施。", "委内瑞拉对5月15日和6月5日被占领叙利亚戈兰发生以色列士兵屠杀许多和平抗议反对占领的巴勒斯坦公民的严重事件表示严重关切。委内瑞拉再次要求以色列撤出该领土并遵守安全理事会的相关决议。我们也再次要求以色列国尊重黎巴嫩国家主权，避免发生类似2006年7月的冲突的事件。", "我国宣告，必须继续加强自由、独立和主权的价值观，以实现各国人民之间的和平。同样，没有正义就不会有和平。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "Kim Yong Song先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：我国代表团首先感谢罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的详细通报。我国代表团也赞同埃及共和国常驻代表以不结盟运动成员国的名义所作的发言。", "解决中东巴勒斯坦问题是确保该地区和平与安全努力的首要任务。因此，国际社会继续关注并尽力争取解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "我想特别强调对在国际社会的有力支持下解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力可能有决定性影响的一个积极事态发展。值得注意的是，现在巴勒斯坦人民建立一个独立主权国家的斗争的势头空前壮大。巴勒斯坦人民应该掌握赢得这场斗争胜利的关键，因为可以肯定那就是巴勒斯坦人民自身。今年5月，巴勒斯坦各政治势力达成最终和解协议，这必将有助于加强巴勒斯坦人民团结，坚决鼓励巴勒斯坦人民建立一个独立主权国家的斗争。", "尽管有积极的事态发展，但中东和平进程还面临障碍和挑战。尽管国际社会进一步谴责，但以色列还没有撤出被占领的巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯领土。以色列继续进一步扩大在东耶路撒冷和其他阿拉伯领土建造的定居点，直接违抗国际社会的要求。建造定居点是以色列扩张领土的野心计划的一部分，现在已经开始产生严重后果。因为以色列扩大定居点，煞费苦心，历经艰难而安排的巴以谈判现已陷入僵局。", "支持建立一个独立、主权的巴勒斯坦国，正成为没有人敢制止的国际潮流。许多国家承认巴勒斯坦为独立主权国家，此类国家现在已经达到120多个。巴勒斯坦人民收复被占领土、建立一个独立主权国家的斗争是完全有理的，是必胜的。", "我国代表团愿借此机会表示，我们充分支持和声援巴勒斯坦人民恢复其合法主权权利，包括建立独立主权国家的正义斗争。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：我感谢德国安排这次非常重要的公开辩论会，讨论中东局势问题。请允许我表示，我们赞赏德国联邦外交部国务部长主持本次辩论。我还要表示，我们感谢中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的全面通报。", "孟加拉国代表团赞同分别由埃及和哈萨克斯坦代表以不结盟运动和伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。此外，我想简单地谈谈孟加拉国认为重要的某些看法。", "持久与可持续地解决阿以冲突，包括作为这场旷日持久的危机核心的巴勒斯坦问题，必须是我们各国的共同战略目标。所有会员国都应完全致力于该目标，为其早日实现给予充分的道义、外交、政治和经济支持。", "巴勒斯坦人民被剥夺了自决和在自己土地上自由生活的基本权利，流离失所的巴勒斯坦人被剥夺了返回家园的权利以及享有尊严和安全生活的权利。不幸的是，这看来是国际社会的集体失败，特别是以色列人民的失败。以色列人民自己曾经遭受剥夺，然而却未能挺身而出，保障巴勒斯坦人民享有自决以及建立自己的、与以色列毗邻共存的主权国家的基本权利。要实现中东问题的持久解决，就必须处理以色列长期、非法占领阿拉伯领土这个关键问题。", "我们对占领国大量毁坏财产、房屋、经济机构、农田和果园；修建隔离墙；没收土地；继续违反国际法，在被占领巴勒斯坦领土包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区设置检查站感到关切。这些检查站严重加剧了巴勒斯坦民众所处的本已恶劣的社会经济状况。", "我们赞扬马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席领导巴勒斯坦权力机构和继续开展巴勒斯坦建国工作，特别是在施政、法治和人权、民生和生产部门、教育与文化、卫生、社会保护和用水方面。", "但以色列的军事行动，以及以色列继续在加沙地带奉行封锁和严重限制人员和物资，其中包括人道主义工作人员以及粮食、药品、燃料等必需品通行的政策，令我们感到担忧。这些政策导致了平民伤亡。因此，我们呼吁它保持最大程度的克制和遵守国际人道主义法。在这方面，非常不幸的是，一艘驶往加沙提供人道主义救助的法国民用船只最近遭到扣押。", "我国代表团认为，《日内瓦第四公约》、大会相关决议、安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号和第425(1978)决议、土地换和平原则、保证以色列撤出所有被占领阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土，从而恢复1967年6月4日边界线的马德里会议框架、路线图以及阿拉伯和平倡议是实现两国解决方案的最佳指南。", "全球各地对巴勒斯坦人民自决权的原则支持，无论是双边还是多边支持，多年来一直是巴勒斯坦人民百折不挠精神的基本支柱。我国代表团在这方面欢迎巴勒斯坦权力机构的计划，即“巴勒斯坦：结束占领和建立国家”计划。该计划旨在最晚于2011年9月建立巴勒斯坦国家机构。", "我们要谈谈黎巴嫩和被占领叙利亚戈兰的局势。可悲的是，占领国正在侵犯黎巴嫩主权，并一再违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。同样也令人关切的是，它采取了各种措施和行动，来改变被占领叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状况。", "最后，我要重申孟加拉国的长期立场，即过去60年来巴勒斯坦遭受持续非法占领，是该地区暴力、动乱和不稳定的根源。我还要重申我们全力支持该地区所有居民，无论是阿拉伯人还是以色列人，都能享有持久和平，重申我们大力致力于实现以下目标，即建立独立、主权、有生存能力、以圣城为首都、与所有邻国和平毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请摩洛哥代表发言。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我要深切感谢你召开本次公开辩论会。我也感谢罗伯特·塞里先生详尽通报中东最新事态发展情况。与往常一样，我国代表团赞同埃及、哈萨克斯坦和科威特代表分别以不结盟运动、伊斯兰会议组织和阿拉伯联盟的名义所作的发言。", "首先，我愿深表关切的是，重振巴以谈判的国际和区域努力陷入旷日持久的僵局，特别是考虑到巴勒斯坦人希望于2011年9月建国的合法愿望。无疑，国际上一致赞同两国解决方案，以及必须根据国际合法性原则实现中东问题的全面解决。因此，国际社会必须严格、切实地开展工作，以便创造有利于谈判的环境，不受以色列方面的挑衅、非法和单方面措施的干扰，从而使该地区实现和平与繁荣。", "我们对双方直接谈判遭遇障碍深感关切。与此同时，我们深信和平进程是必需的选择，其最终结果必须是该地区各国人民享有全面、公正和正当的和平。", "有鉴于此，摩洛哥正在密切并乐观地关注着美国、四方、欧洲联盟以及其它区域和国际行为体提出的几项倡议，目的是推动双方恢复直接谈判。我们希望这些努力能够促成双方根据国际法、阿拉伯和平倡议、路线图和双方原先达成的协议，秉持诚意恢复认真谈判。", "摩洛哥热烈欢迎美国总统奥巴马在2011年5月19日讲话中承诺推动巴勒斯坦人与以色列人实现全面、公正的和平，并在1967年边界范围内建立一个与以色列和平毗邻共存的独立巴勒斯坦国。", "我们希望得到整个国际社会赞同的这一立场能够使巴勒斯坦人民恢复其合法权利，并建立一个以圣城为首都的独立国家。", "在这方面，摩洛哥国王穆罕默德六世正在主持耶路撒冷委员会的工作。摩洛哥愿向安理会表达它的关切，并谴责以色列在东耶路撒冷采取的旨在改变该市人口结构、法律地位和宗教面貌的措施，谴责以色列为了修建道路和定居点以及使该地区犹太化而驱逐巴勒斯坦人。所有这些行动都妨碍了最终解决，而鉴于圣城对于全面解决以巴问题至关重要，我们呼吁国际社会特别是安全理事会充分履行职责，确保以色列停止这些非法行径，尊重旨在促成尽早谈判的国际努力，并对这些努力给予配合。", "在这些敏感的历史情况下，全世界的目光比以往任何时候都更聚焦于努力担负起对巴勒斯坦人民的政治和道义责任并重启直接谈判的联合国和国际以及区域力量。这会给实现众望所归的和平的进程注入新的势头与乐观精神。", "民族和解壮大了巴勒斯坦权力机构，它继续表明它自己始终是和平进程中一个真正和有效的合作伙伴，并表现出对达成持久解决方案的承诺。阿拉伯国家通过《阿拉伯和平倡议》已经表示了它们对实现持久与公正和平的真诚愿望。", "摩洛哥认为巴勒斯坦问题是其区域和国际利益的核心，它将继续努力通过直接谈判来解决该问题。只有以色列撤出自1967年6月以来占领的所有阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土、建立一个以耶路撒冷为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国并尊重巴勒斯坦手足人民的合法权益，问题才会得到解决。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表伊斯兰合作组织成员国作以下发言。我愿再次强调，本组织的名称于7月1日有了改变，现在的名称是伊斯兰合作组织。我以我国作为伊斯兰合作组织主席国的身份作此发言。", "我们感谢德国今天召开会议，专门讨论中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。总体来说，以巴冲突和阿以冲突的持续仍威胁着国际和平与安全。该问题处在各安全问题和挑战的核心，其消极影响不仅局限于该地区，而是在广泛地区乃至全球都能感受到。", "非常不幸的是，安全理事会处理该冲突的努力一再遭到挫败，原因是占领国以色列拒绝遵守国际法和联合国有关决议以及会员国也缺乏执行安理会决议的政治意愿。这是一个令人遗憾的事实，尽管安理会从一开始就根据通过武力来获取领土不可接受的原则，明确要求占领国以色列从包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土撤出。安理会一再通过决议，呼吁结束以色列的占领，基于1967年以前的边界达成两国解决方案，以保障两国人民均享有和平与安全。", "我们对以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的非法行径的升级感到震惊和极度不安。占领国以色列增加了其在西岸各地的军事行动，甚至袭击了一个儿童夏令营，使这些孩子受到严酷讯问。占领国继续在巴勒斯坦平民包括妇女和儿童中散布恐慌，并继续执行逮捕行动，使被以色列非法监禁和拘押的巴勒斯坦人有所增加。", "与此同时，以色列继续加紧其在巴勒斯坦被占领土特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷境内和周边的非法和破坏性定居点活动。我们谴责以色列无视国际法和要求其全面停止这种非法行动的一致呼吁。最近，定居点活动的激增和拆除房屋达到了史无前例的程度，显然是企图进一步将巴勒斯坦被占领土殖民化，并给该领土的历史和宗教标志性建筑、人口组成、特性和地位造成更多的非法变更。", "伊斯兰合作组织对不仅袭击巴勒斯坦平民，而且还袭击来自国际非政府组织的和平活跃分子与志愿者深感不安。伊斯兰合作组织重申，它对过去4年来约有150万巴勒斯坦人由于以色列采取应予强烈谴责的集体惩罚形式进行非法和不人道封锁，而被困在加沙地带极端恶劣的环境中忍受痛苦折磨感到不安。我们再次呼吁立即解除封锁，并呼吁以色列履行其根据国际人道主义法所承担的各项法律义务。", "伊斯兰合作组织对以巴谈判陷入僵局以及最近四方在华盛顿特区的会议未能达成恢复谈判的结果深表关切。在上月在阿斯塔纳召开的第三十八届会议上，伊斯兰合作组织外交部长理事会重申有必要尽早解决巴勒斯坦问题，并对旨在持久、全面和公正解决阿以冲突的《阿拉伯和平倡议》表示完全支持。", "伊斯兰合作组织成员国还欢迎巴勒斯坦民族权力机构在机构建设方面所作的重要努力，呼吁国际社会肯定已取得的进展，并基于1967年6月4日的边界承认独立和享有主权的巴勒斯坦国。伊斯兰合作组织还与国际社会一道重申，占领国以色列已采取或将采取的旨在改变被占领戈兰高地的法律、地理和人口地位及其体制架构以及对该地强行施加管辖权和行政管理的一切行动都是无效的，也不具有法律效力。", "国际社会包括安全理事会再也浪费不起时间了。它应担当起责任，立即采取决定性行动，使以色列遵守国际法，包括履行它根据《日内瓦第四公约》、联合国有关决议、包括土地换和平在内的马德里框架、《阿拉伯和平倡议》以及四方路线图所承担的义务。这是拯救两国解决方案，建立一个独立、享有主权、能够生存并与以色列和平毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国要采取的最为紧迫的一步。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请阿拉伯叙利亚共和国代表发言。", "Falouh先生(阿拉伯叙利亚共和国)(以阿拉伯语发言)：安全理事会再次开会，在“中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题”的议程项目下，讨论在阿拉伯被占领土上不断恶化的局势。该项目围绕的唯一核心是阿以冲突、巴勒斯坦问题以及如何迫使以色列执行具有国际合法性的各项决议，其中包括安全理事会的各项决议，以结束对阿拉伯土地的占领。它不涉及该项目历史定义上未涵盖的任何其它问题。", "然而，一些人不注重该议程项目的实质内容，而是令人遗憾地企图让安理会插手其它问题，以冲淡该项目的实质。安全理事会力求在该项目下有效参与振兴和平进程，结束以色列对阿拉伯被占土地的占领，并根据1967年边界建立一个巴勒斯坦国。然而，实地的现实再次证实，有些人不愿追究以色列系统行为模式的国际责任。这种行为模式违反了国际法和国际人道主义法的核心规定，表明以色列藐视国际合法性。", "以色列最为恶劣的做法之一，就是通过其定居史，包括没收土地、拆毁房屋、将公民驱逐出家园而代之以外国定居者、建造种族主义隔离墙、使被占领的耶路撒冷犹太化、支持定居者在占领军的保护下对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人采取压迫和极端的种族主义做法，以及对加沙实行不公正的封锁，大肆进行对领土的殖民主义盗窃活动。", "在5月15日和6月5日以色列占领这些领土周年纪念日，以色列向手无寸铁的示威者发射了实弹，造成许多烈士牺牲，并造成许多人受伤。这暴露了以色列实行的国家恐怖主义的侵略本性。以色列继续拒绝将被占领的叙利亚戈兰还给其祖国叙利亚，并拒绝执行国际社会的各项决议，特别是宣布吞并被占领的叙利亚戈兰为无效并且不具有国际法律效力的第497(1981)号决议。", "以色列对居住在戈兰的叙利亚公民实行恐吓和压迫政策。它继续没收土地，扩大定居点，掠夺戈兰的财富与资源，歪曲其历史，以及劫掠其历史遗迹。它还继续在该领土埋设地雷。", "只有以色列从所有阿拉伯领土撤至1967年7月4日边界线，并建立一个以圣城为其首都的独立的巴勒斯坦国，才能实现全面、公正的和平。安全理事会必须真诚、有效地致力于解决阿以冲突，毫不拖延或寻求片面解决方法。安全理事会有一个重要机遇证明，它有能力发挥《宪章》赋予的作用，支持巴勒斯坦人在其领土上建立一个以圣城为其首都的独立国家这一得到国际支持的公正要求。根据各项国际合法性决议接受巴勒斯坦为联合国正式会员国，将实现这个目标。", "在这方面，我们要回顾大会1949年第273(III)号决议，其中规定了接纳以色列为联合国正式会员国的条件：它致力于《宪章》各项原则，尊重巴勒斯坦人民建立其独立国家的权利，并尊重巴勒斯坦难民返回他们被强行驱逐出的家园的权利。", "但是，一些发言者却在发言中使用了不客观、夸张的措辞来描述最近发生的一些国内事件。他们企图用站不住脚和毫无根据的借口让安理会介入与安理会作用或责任毫不相干的内政。这就是为什么我愿强调该议程项目的目标与实质非常清楚。我愿发表以下意见。", "叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德宣布政府将开始实行一项全面改革方案，以促进民主的全国和解，使所有公民更多参与政治和经济进程，维护神圣的国家统一，以及为所有公民确保法律与秩序。我们致函秘书长，在这封以文号S/2011/353分发的信中阐述了我们对叙利亚近期事态发展所持的立场。", "叙利亚已就关于叙利亚多元化和政党参与的新法案进行了协商。协商后建议，成立一个最高人权理事会和一个政治委员会以修订《宪法》，确保多元化，并促进人权、社会公正、法治以及妇女和儿童权益。", "我愿评论一下某些代表就一群年轻人在法国和美国使馆外示威，表明他们对这两个使馆干涉我国内部事务的看法所发表的言论。我们强调，叙利亚当局致力于保护这两个使馆的安全。我们要回顾，叙利亚驻某些国家的使馆曾遭到袭击，而发生这些袭击事件的国家却为保护使馆做得极少。", "显然，联合国会员国的任何内部改革均应遵循《联合国宪章》，并应受到尊重。那些提倡改革的局外人不应蓄意忽视认真的改革措施，或削弱叙利亚所有公民彼此容忍和共存的模式。它们不应基于纯属编造和错误的信息得出结论或进行分析。它们不应忽视我们的改革努力，也不应忽视有组织恐怖团体在叙利亚进行的破坏活动和犯下的罪行。", "我们本希望在那些发言中听到对以色列5月15日和6月5日对手无寸铁平民示威者发射实弹表示谴责，哪怕只是一句谴责的话。这种行为是这一问题的核心，而且根据相关决议，属于安全理事会的职权范围。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我谨对你在中东局势的这一关键时刻召开本次重要的公开辩论会表示赞赏。这次会议定将让我们了解区域当前局势以及中东和平道路的总体情况。", "自巴勒斯坦遭到占领至今，该问题一直是世界上最大的挑战和问题之一。这一占领是现代史上最痛苦和最大的人间悲剧。在占领之后的60多年里发生了屠杀、摧毁住房、禁运、绑架和监禁人民、袭击邻国和其他国家以及违反国际法和国际人道主义法等种种行为。", "以色列政权继续无视国际法，对巴勒斯坦人实行非法和不人道的封锁，特别是在加沙地带实行封锁，该封锁现已进入第五年。联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处最近的一份报告指出，加沙广泛的失业率在2010年下半年达到前所未有的45.2%，是世界上最高的失业率之一。以色列政权劫持又一艘民用船“尊严”号，再一次违反国际法。全世界人民对非人道的封锁感到严重关切，他们对自由船队和“尊严”号等人道主义姿态表示支持，并要求立即取消对加沙的封锁。", "支持以色列政权的国家自取其辱，因为它们一方面声称支持人权以及国际法和国际人道主义法，同时却支持占领巴勒斯坦的野蛮政权的占领、非法定居点和所有违反国际法的行为。以色列政权的历史只包括犯罪、屠杀男女老幼、使用被禁止的武器和储存核武器、盲目暗杀、在国际水域中袭击平民和援助船队行为，以及在黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦犯下的战争罪。所有这些不人道的行为已成为占领政权的惯常行为。毫无疑问，支持该政权就相当于支持占领、屠杀、暗杀和侵犯人权。", "为了实现中东内外全面和持久的和平与稳定，必须和平和公正地解决巴勒斯坦问题。我们认为，只有通过伸张正义、结束歧视性和种族主义的政策，并停止对巴勒斯坦和其他被占领土的占领，才能够实现巴勒斯坦和整个区域的持久和平。今天，我们看到越来越多的国家加入已经承认巴勒斯坦为独立国家的会员国行列。这非常清楚地表明，巴勒斯坦事业正在获得新的势头。", "关于叙利亚，显然有人企图挑动教派敏感情绪和煽动宗派紧张和分裂，这是霸权主义政权采取的众所周知伎俩。这种恶意的企图是毫无价值和徒劳的，对该国的问题毫无作用。人类的敌人不希望，并且从来不希望叙利亚人民保持团结、独立和发展。但是叙利亚人民知道，团结一致抵抗恶意的颠覆企图，是他们的独立和尊严的关键。", "以色列政权坚持推行对黎巴嫩的侵略政策，不断侵犯其陆地、海洋和领空，拒绝撤出被占领的黎巴嫩村庄。应当立即停止这些占领和侵略行动。", "最后，我要对以色列政权的代表今天上午在本会议厅中提到我国的话作出回应。犹太复国主义政权对伊朗的核计划提出毫无根据的指控，荒唐地企图转移对它所实施的占领、侵略、军事主义、国家恐怖主义和危害人类罪等一长串丑恶罪行和暴行的注意力。这是不足为奇的。以色列政权秘密发展和非法拥有核武器，对区域和国际和平与安全构成独特的严重威胁，这是一个广泛承认的事实。以色列政权显然违背占压倒多数的联合国会员国的要求，它们一再呼吁它放弃核武器并加入《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)。", "令人遗憾的是，联合国相关机构面对以色列的这种政策和做法袖手旁观，使得这一危险政权更加大胆。人们期望安理会谴责以色列政权拥有核武器、迫使它放弃核武器、敦促它立即加入《不扩散条约》，并要求它迅速把所有核设施置于国际原子能机构的全面保障监督之下。实际上，只要以色列的大规模核武库继续对区域内外构成威胁，就无法实现中东的和平与稳定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其他发言者了。安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午4时50分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Berger\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMs. Hodžić\n Brazil Mr. Rizzo \n China Mr. Yang Zhiyu \n Colombia Mrs. Escorcia \n France Mr. Beaumont \n Gabon Mr. Lembouma \n India Mr. Raguttahalli \n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mrs. Aguwa \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhdanov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Ms. Germain", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "The meeting resumed at 3.05 p.m.", "The President: Under rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in this meeting.", "I wish to remind speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.", "I give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.", "Mr. Kydyrov (Kyrgyzstan): Thank you, Sir, for convening this important debate at such a crucial time, when popular protests and major political changes are continuing in the Middle East. In addition, we do not see any tangible progress in the Israeli-Palestinian political process.", "The Middle East remains at the centre of the world’s attention due to the recent well-known revolutionary upheavals. Despite some undeniable differences, these events have a great deal in common. The causes behind them are based on Governments’ inability to adapt to new conditions of social development and to carry out effective reforms. The peoples and Governments of the region face not only tremendous social and political challenges, but also new opportunities and perspectives. We strongly condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrations and urge all parties to show utmost restraint. Kyrgyzstan, which has gone through similar revolutionary changes recently, believes that the only way to address these problems is through dialogue and reforms.", "Kyrgyzstan strongly calls for the resumption of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations as soon as possible. In this regard, we support the statement of the Middle East Quartet of 20 May 2011 with an appeal to overcome the current obstacles and resume direct bilateral negotiations without delay. But we regret that the most recent meeting of the Quartet, held on 11 July in Washington, D.C., ended without substantive agreement. It is essential that a new meeting be held as soon as possible to take active measures to promote the negotiation process. We consider it important that this process continue in order to find ways to achieve a long-term settlement of the situation and to reach a peace agreement providing for the coexistence of two States in peace and security, in accordance with previously defined and accepted parameters. Kyrgyzstan hopes that the Quartet will play an active role in finding a solution acceptable to all parties concerned.", "Kyrgyzstan favours the settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through political diplomatic means on the basis of the relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map of the Middle East Quartet. I would like to note that the time to consider the accession of Palestine to membership in the United Nations is rapidly approaching, as we have discussed that issue at length both informally and formally. In that regard, Kyrgyzstan considers it extremely important to achieve rapid progress in the peace process and to overcome the current worrisome impasse. We also urge the parties to demonstrate their strong will and unwavering commitment to peace and to eliminate all obstacles impeding the resumption of direct talks.", "For us, it is quite obvious that the continuing construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and those regular announcements of its expansion, will not contribute to an early solution of the problem. Quite the contrary — at least as we have seen from recent events — it leads to even greater disturbances, escalating violence and civilian deaths. Kyrgyzstan supports the implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions concerning Jerusalem and calls for a stop to the building of Israeli settlements.", "In conclusion, let me emphasize that the peoples of the Middle East have been suffering from conflict and confrontation for several decades. The time has come to reach a final and comprehensive settlement that would resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We believe that maintaining the current situation is totally unacceptable.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.", "Mr. Çorman (Turkey): As the Security Council holds another open debate on the situation in the Middle East, a great transformation in the region is firmly under way. Universal notions such as freedom, equality, dignity, human rights and the rule of law have all become rallying cries for millions who rightfully demand a more just and promising future for themselves and their fellow citizens. While achieving meaningful change may take some time and may not necessarily always be smooth sailing, that process of historic restoration cannot be reversed, undermined or corrupted.", "Meanwhile, as that major upheaval runs its course, the Palestinian question still remains in limbo. Palestinians in their millions, whether in Gaza, the West Bank or refugee camps across the region, continue to suffer an unfortunate fate not of their own making. That is an anomaly and must be addressed as a matter of utmost urgency.", "The truth is that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies at the heart of the many disputes in the region and beyond. The international community cannot expect the momentum towards positive change to be maintained in the Middle East and North Africa while occupation and subjugation are a day-to-day reality for the Palestinian people.", "Recent and past events stand as testament to how the plight of the Palestinian people has repercussions far beyond its own geographical scope. If we are to win the hearts and minds of the Arab people and to support them in meeting their aspirations, we must be able to show them our collective determination to reach a just and viable peace in the region to which everyone can relate. That is why it is crucial that the search for a lasting and comprehensive settlement not take a back seat to other developments in the region. On the contrary, it must once again be the priority.", "At the moment, there is neither peace nor a process in the region. Instead, there is an impasse that is neither reassuring nor promising for Israelis or Palestinians. The parties seem to be drifting further apart. The Security Council and the Quartet have been unable to pronounce themselves in an effective manner and to inspire genuine engagement.", "The people want solutions from their leaders, not empty rhetoric. Overall, there is a prevailing sense of abandonment and uncertainty, which fuels mass frustration, especially among the most disenfranchised. That is a troubling picture, reminiscent of a tinderbox.", "Turkey rejects violence in any shape or form by any party as unacceptable and unjustifiable. We also believe that that there is no genuine alternative to a negotiated settlement. However, meaningful engagement that inspires confidence on both sides cannot happen while settlement activity continues, including in occupied East Jerusalem.", "Israel’s latest position on the construction of more than 300 new settlement units is another example of its illegal activities in the occupied territories. As such, it is unacceptable and cause for deeper doubt about Israel’s sincerity towards furthering the peace process.", "Once again, we call on Israel, based on its Road Map commitments, to cease all settlement activity and to return to direct negotiations with the Palestinian side. That is not much to ask, and it is currently the only way to pave the way towards the realization of a two-State solution based on the well-established principles by which Israel and Palestine will forever live side by side in peace and security.", "The Palestinians have been working hard for the past two years to lay the institutional groundwork of their future State. Through its deeds, the Palestinian Authority has proven beyond any doubt that it is ready to assume all the rights and obligations of an internationally recognized State, even though Palestine continues to be under occupation and therefore in need of international support.", "Turkey believes that it is high time for Palestine to be recognized as a fully fledged Member State within the international community, based on the 1967 borders. The very notion of a two-State solution, going as far back as 1947, is the firm and clear basis for that. The international community must not turn a blind eye to the legitimate appeal of Palestine to be recognized as nothing less than an equal and, ultimately, to be admitted to the United Nations as a full Member. Turkey will work with Palestine to realize those critical goals. Ultimately, in the absence of a meaningful peace process, the Palestinians cannot be expected to remain a prisoner of Israel’s will forever.", "The situation in the Gaza Strip continues to be a cause for serious concern. The plight of the Palestinians in Gaza must urgently be alleviated, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation requirements of the people should immediately be addressed. Resolution 1860 (2009) must be implemented as a whole. The current humanitarian and human rights conditions of the civilian population in Gaza are unsustainable and unacceptable and, ultimately, are not in the interests of any of those concerned. The periodic escalation of tension among the parties clearly proves that the situation is tenuous at best. Minimalist approaches aimed at public diplomacy will not work. Israel must lift its unlawful and inhuman blockade of Gaza immediately.", "Meanwhile, Turkey welcomes the unity agreement reached among the Palestinians. That very important development comes at a time when the whole region has begun a democratic transformation. Thus it is a step in the right direction. We hope that that process of national reconciliation can be concluded soon with the formation of an inclusive and democratically representative Government that will take the Palestinian nation to free and fair elections.", "Turkey calls on the Palestinian groups to embrace the reconciliation process once and for all and to partake in the creation of a Palestinian State that will exist side by side with Israel in peace and security. As Palestinians seek harmony among their ranks, the international community should also play a positive role by supporting the process and not prejudging its outcome.", "It has been more than a year since the deadly attack by Israel on the international humanitarian convoy sailing to Gaza. Israeli forces ruthlessly killed nine civilians and wounded many. The passengers were subjected to all forms of maltreatment until they left Israel. The Panel of Inquiry established by the Secretary-General in accordance with presidential statement S/PRST/2010/9 of 1 June 2010 has concluded its work. The Chair and Co-Chair produced their report, which is now sealed and waiting for submission to the Secretary-General.", "We have provided an exit to Israel out of this situation. It must apologize and pay compensation. There will be no normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel unless the Israelis deliver what is expected of them. Turkey will resolutely pursue the matter until justice is done.", "In conclusion, let me reiterate once more Turkey’s strong support for the establishment of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the region based on the two-State solution, as well as our determination to assist our Palestinian brothers and sisters in attaining their long-delayed goal of a viable, peaceful and prosperous State of Palestine.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Japan.", "Mr. Nishida (Japan): I would like to thank the President for giving us the opportunity to address the situation in the Middle East. I thank Mr. Serry for his comprehensive briefing. I would also like to thank Ambassador Mansour and Ambassador Prosor for their statements.", "Japan strongly supports a two-State solution, under which Israel and a Palestinian State would live side by side in peace, security and mutual recognition. Japan supports the vision that the borders under a two-State solution should be defined through negotiations and based on the 1967 lines, with mutually agreed swaps, in a way that would achieve peaceful coexistence between a viable Palestinian state and Israel with secure and recognized borders. Through such a two-State solution, the Palestinians would exercise their rights to establish an independent State, Israel would enjoy a greatly enhanced security environment, and both parties would be able to launch full-fledged cooperation for mutual prosperity.", "A two-State solution can be achieved only through sincere negotiations. Japan has been encouraging both sides to resume direct negotiations in cooperation with the international community. Japan strongly supports the speech made by President Obama in May, which laid out a foundation for resuming negotiations. We call on both sides to engage with the United States and the international community and to take steps that would create an environment conducive to restarting direct negotiations.", "Japan will not recognize any unilateral measures that prejudge the outcome of the final status negotiations. The two parties must abide by their obligations under previous agreements, most importantly the Road Map. We call on Israel again to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, we call upon the Palestinian Authority to continue its efforts to improve security and fulfil its commitments to ceasing violence and working against incitement. Japan has strongly supported the State-building efforts of the Palestinian Authority, and will continue to provide assistance in that regard.", "Japan remains concerned about the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We continue to call for the full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009). Japan is keenly monitoring the Palestinian efforts to establish a unified Government that will genuinely seek a two-State solution.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate our call on the parties to make the utmost effort to resume direct negotiations. Japan, along with the international community, will continue to make efforts to help realize a just and comprehensive peace in the region.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Jordan.", "Mr. Omaish (Jordan) (spoke in Arabic): The Palestinian people has aspired for decades to enjoy the same political, economic and social rights enjoyed by the rest of the world, foremost among which is the right to sovereignty over their own national territory, freedom and dignity. They have a basic, universally recognized right to an independent State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel within the borders of 4 June 1967.", "Jordan warns against the outbreak of conflict, war and anarchy due to Israeli intransigence in addressing the Palestinian question. Israel continues to procrastinate and to squander opportunities to establish peace. It must return to a pragmatic, practical and enlightened vision free from ideological paradoxes that can only negatively impact the situation and have adverse repercussions on international peace and security. It takes courage to make difficult decisions. Jordan therefore calls for a swift return to direct negotiations towards a final solution to the Palestinian question.", "However, Jordan believes that negotiations will be in vain so long as settlements continue to be built. Israel must also define a clear and precise position vis-à-vis the peace process. Jordan is deeply concerned over Israel’s ongoing violations in the occupied Arab territories and its attempts to Judaize them, which will have a negative impact on the holy places of East Jerusalem. On the basis of our active role in the maintenance of the holy Christian and Islamic places in the occupied territories, we call for international intervention to put an end to these violations and the Judaization process. We also call for an end to the ongoing suffering of Palestinian prisoners and detainees languishing in Israeli prisons.", "We welcome the recent signing of the Palestinian national reconciliation agreement. It is a step in the right direction on the path towards Palestinian reunification, and will fulfil the hopes of the Palestinian people for unified, responsible leadership that can meet the aspirations of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State. Jordan calls on the international community to work towards the lifting of the illegal embargo and blockade of the Gaza Strip. An international community that insists on the enjoyment of human rights, freedom and dignity cannot remain silent about the collective punishment of an entire nation.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Ms. Zainul Abidin (Malaysia): Let me first congratulate you, Mr. President, on your delegation’s presidency of the Council. I align my delegation with the statements by Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by Kazakhstan, on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "Here at the United Nations, we are used to experiencing and marking milestones. The creation of the United Nations itself marked the end of World War II and the beginning of global peace — the first of its many milestones. But some of those historic events are sad marks in our civilization. Last month, we marked another such occasion: the longest foreign military occupation — for June 2011 marked the forty-fourth year of occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel.", "Forty-four years is a long time to languish under the thumb of another, especially in this day and age. Chunks of land that were once Palestine have now been appropriated and their inhabitants squeezed out. The construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the demolition of Palestinians’ homes and infrastructure, and the revocation of Palestinian residency rights in East Jerusalem are all part of Israel’s illegitimate policies and practices designed to supplant inhabitants and erase history. These actions are not only illegal but also render the two-State solution more elusive than ever.", "Last month also marked the fourth year of the inhumane blockade of Gaza by Israel. The living conditions facing 1.6 million Gaza inhabitants continue to be a matter of concern. Dependent on international aid, Gaza residents are robbed by the blockade of their right to live in dignity. On 31 May 2010, we also saw nine deaths added to the more than 1,400 people who were killed as a result of Israeli military aggression since the end of 2008. Those nine were the humanitarian activists killed in international waters, messengers of relief efforts to alleviate the plight of the people of Gaza. In this regard, we urge Israel to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009) and to lift completely the illegal blockade, which is a form of collective punishment forbidden by international law.", "It is now more than imperative that a just solution be found on this issue. The parties concerned must step up to their mark as honest parties to this peace process, lest we continue to remain in the untenable state we are in. On this note, the establishment of an independent State of Palestine, on the basis of pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel in peace and security, in accordance with the established parameters as defined by resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, including the land-for-peace principle, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map, is extremely crucial in addressing the Palestinian question, which has been the crux of the Arab-Israeli conflict for more than 60 years.", "The Security Council is duty-bound, under its mandate, to do whatever is necessary to ensure the implementation of its own resolutions. We need to ensure that all parties resume peace negotiations. Anything less would make a mockery of the very Organization we seek to uphold.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Uganda.", "Mr. Kafeero (Uganda): Thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this open debate. I also thank Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing.", "Today the Israeli and Palestinian parties, as well as the international community, are at a critical juncture. It is regrettable that, despite efforts by the parties and the support from regional and international actors, no tangible progress has been achieved and the peace process remains deadlocked. It was the expectation of my delegation that the recent meetings this month of the Quartet and the Arab League would result in the resumption of the stalled direct negotiations, leading to an agreed framework.", "This is a defining moment. It is a test of statesmanship on the part of the Israeli and Palestinian leaders. While the support of the international community is vital, the primary responsibility for negotiating and reaching a comprehensive and lasting peace lies with the Israeli and Palestinian parties. Uganda reiterates its call upon both parties to urgently resume negotiations and summon the necessary courage to take bold decisions, bearing in mind that the legitimate aspirations of the Palestinians for statehood cannot be delayed much longer and that the legitimate security concerns of Israel must be addressed.", "My delegation remains deeply concerned about recent approvals for the construction of new settlement units by Israel and once again calls for a complete freeze on all settlement activity.", "We commend the Palestinian leadership for their State-building efforts and for fulfilling their obligations under the Road Map, particularly in the sectors of security and economic development. We also commend their efforts at forging unity and reconciliation.", "We remain concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and the continued obstacles to the movement of goods and persons to and from Gaza. We call on Israel to lift the blockade on Gaza, and we reiterate our call on all parties to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009).", "In conclusion, my delegation wishes to underscore that the current situation is unsustainable. We encourage the Israeli and Palestinian parties, with the support of the international community and the Security Council in particular, to overcome the current stalemate and work towards the realization of a two-State solution, in the interest of peace, security and prosperity for their people.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Iceland.", "Ms. Gunnarsdóttir (Iceland): Iceland firmly supports a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the two-State solution. Since the Oslo process was launched, almost two decades ago, we have been betting on the peace process to lead to such a result, which would make a comprehensive peace achievable in the region as a whole, as foreseen in the Arab Peace Initiative.", "Now, however, the peace process is at a complete standstill. While Iceland urges the parties to return to the negotiating table, we feel that the time has come for the international community to become more directly involved. The United Nations had a historic role in the creation of the State of Israel and the time might be approaching when it would be appropriate for the General Assembly and the Security Council to re‑engage themselves for the purposes of solving the Palestinian question.", "If the Palestinians decide to bring the issue directly to the General Assembly, Iceland stands ready to support them. This was clearly stated by the Icelandic Minister for Foreign Affairs when he met with President Abbas and Foreign Minister Al-Malki during his to trip to Ramallah earlier this month. At that time, our Minister stated that Iceland would support a resolution on Palestinian statehood, based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a resolution on the full membership of Palestine in the United Nations, should the Palestinians decide to seek such resolutions in the autumn.", "Iceland’s position is that the pursuit of recognition of a Palestinian State does not contradict the wish for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. It might, quite to the contrary, be seen as the means to stimulate serious negotiations. There is a need to address the asymmetry of power between the two parties. That can only be done through a more forceful participation by the international community, including through emphasizing the international law applicable to the occupation.", "In the absence of a political solution the situation on the ground needs to be improved. First of all, we echo those worldwide who urge the Israeli Government to lift the blockade of Gaza immediately. Enough of the currently closed legitimate crossings and established channels for goods in and out of Gaza should be opened to be able to reach the pre-blockade capacity for imports and exports. The markets in steel bars and cement should especially be liberalized by the Israeli authorities.", "The decision of the Israeli Government to continue with its settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, is incompatible not only with its obligations under international law but also with the Road Map. We note that this illegal activity continues and that the use of violence, house demolitions and forceful evictions in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, remains a serious concern. The international community should be careful not to send messages that can be perceived as accommodating existing illegal settlement activities. Creating facts on the ground that are contrary to international law and constitute an obstacle to achieving a two-State solution should not be rewarded. The settlements are reversible.", "Iceland would also like to voice concern over increased settler violence against the Palestinians, including their so-called price-tag policy. This is a very worrying development, and Israel is under the obligation to do its utmost to prevent such violence and, when it does occur, to ensure that those involved are held accountable.", "Finally, Iceland welcomes the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas and their intention to form an interim Government in preparation for presidential and parliamentary elections in Palestine. We urge the Palestinian parties to heed the calls of their own people to work towards realization of the agreement and to become united in their pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the conflict.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.", "Mr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): I have the honour to deliver this statement to the Security Council on behalf of the States members of the Arab Group. First, however, let me express our support for the statement delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement by the representative of Egypt, as well as for the statement to be made by the representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "The meeting is a demonstration of the importance that the international community attaches to the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, who have suffered for more than 60 years under the occupation and practices of Israel and its refusal to abide by its international commitments and its flouting of all international resolutions.", "The peoples and States of the region place great hopes in the ability of the international community to assume its political, legal and moral responsibility vis-à-vis the return of occupied Arab territories, putting an end to Israeli intransigence and arrogance and compelling Israel to comply with and fully implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly the relevant Security Council resolutions. Israel persists in ignoring those resolutions as it continues to pursue illegal and aggressive measures and practices in the occupied Palestinian territories, particularly East Jerusalem and its environs, with a view to altering their demographic status, character and composition. That is in addition to continuing violations by Israel, the occupying Power, of international law and the rules and regulations relating to human rights.", "Such practices make a mere fantasy of any talk of the existence of an Israeli partner having sincere intentions about achieving peace. They also demonstrate beyond any doubt that, through its practices and policies and the declarations of its officials, Israel is working as hard as it can to undermine every international effort to resume peace talks based on the solution of two States within the framework of the borders of 4 June 1967.", "Furthermore, all practices such as Israel’s continued and intensified campaigns to rapidly construct thousands of settlement units and its persistent demolition of Palestinian properties and buildings affirm its expansionist intentions and contradict the claims of the Israeli Government that it wishes to resume the peace process and move towards a two-State solution.", "The existing situation in the Gaza Strip represents yet another manifestation of Israel’s violations of resolution 1860 (2009) and its disregard of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. As the oppressive Israeli blockade enters its fifth year, Palestinian civilians continue to be subjected to collective punishment, leading to increased poverty in Gaza and to severe deterioration of the economic, social and humanitarian situation there.", "It is not strange, therefore, that the blockade has resulted in terrifying statistics — for example, a rise in the unemployment rate to 65 per cent. Also, the air raids that the Israeli air force conducts from time to time — despite the fact that such raids contravene the most basic rules of international law, which prohibit such attacks on areas populated by civilians — are tantamount to terrorist actions against unarmed Palestinian people.", "The international community must send a clear, unequivocal message to Israel that it must lift the blockade and open the crossing points immediately, permanently and without conditions, in order to allow access for humanitarian assistance, construction materials and goods, and the movement of people. Israel must also be punished for its persistence in violating international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. It must be held accountable for the war crimes it has committed so far, for its practice of State terrorism, and for the systematic violations of human rights it has committed against unarmed Palestinians, the perpetrators of which must be prosecuted.", "The Arab Group demands that the Security Council take all measures to pressure Israel to implement Council resolution 497 (1981), which calls for Israel’s withdrawal from the occupied Syrian Golan to the lines of 4 June 1967. It also reaffirms that the measures taken by Israel aimed at changing the legal, physical and demographic situation there are considered null and void and having no legal basis, as well as violating international law and the Charter of the United Nations.", "The Arab Group also demands that Israel cease its continued violations of Lebanese sovereignty and infringement on Lebanon’s territories, air space and territorial waters. The Group also demands Israel’s complete withdrawal from the northern part of the town of Al-Ghajar, the Shebaa farms and the hills of Kfar Shouba.", "A comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict — a just, comprehensive and lasting solution — can be reached only by implementing the relevant resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008). It must also be based on the principles of the Madrid Peace Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, and the Road Map as endorsed by the Quartet.", "The Arab Group affirms its full support for the efforts by the Palestinian Authority to obtain membership in the United Nations at the upcoming session of the General Assembly, in accordance with what has already been confirmed at the meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Arab Peace Initiative held in Doha on 14 July.", "More than six decades have passed while Israel has persisted in defying the international community. It has gone too far in carrying out its illegal and unilateral policies, while the Palestinian people have deferred their dreams and aspirations year after year, for more than six decades, waiting and hoping to build a national home that will embrace them all.", "For six decades the demands of the Palestinian people, and our demands, have been very clear. What we need most is implementation of United Nations resolutions, including those of the Security Council, and the exercise by the Palestinians of their right to self determination and to live a free, independent and dignified life within an independent, sovereign State with East Jerusalem as its capital.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.", "Mr. Rosales Díaz (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): As a member of the Movement of Non‑Aligned Countries, Nicaragua fully associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt in his capacity as Chair of our Movement.", "Nicaragua reiterates once again its most profound condemnation of Israel’s illegal occupation of all the Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese territories and demands its immediate withdrawal from them. We condemn the Israeli policies and practices of construction and non-dismantling of settlements, as well as the inhumane blockade of Gaza, the policy of severing the West Bank and other Palestinian territories.", "The Security Council is meeting on the eve of a historic moment, which must lead us to make an incontrovertible reality of a Palestinian State that is recognized and fully welcomed into the fold of this Organization, thereby finally implementing all the provisions of General Assembly resolution 181 (II), which calls specifically for the creation of two States in Palestinian land — one Arab, the other Jewish.", "Indeed, it is no longer possible to allow the logic of the denial of the very existence of a Palestinian State to continue. Since the triumph of the revolution of 1979, Nicaragua has been in a privileged position to witness the struggle of the Palestinian people and the substantial concessions made by Palestine, which have been shamelessly met by Israel with more illegal settlements, more humiliations, more deaths, more systematic assassinations of Palestinian leaders, more destruction of homes and more plundering, including of East Jerusalem.", "In short, we have been witnesses to a policy that is truly aimed at cornering the Palestinian people — a policy that is supported by an unspoken determination on the part of the Israelis to deny all Palestinian citizens their very humanity.", "For all of these reasons, Nicaragua reiterates the need to put an immediate end to the insufferable impunity that Israel has been enjoying, which has been ensured, irresponsibly, by the Security Council, and more specifically by the indiscriminate use of the veto by those who have become the major accomplices of Israel.", "The time has come for the Security Council to assume its responsibilities and demand that Israel commit to peace. Threats of the use of veto must end, and the international community must cast aside rhetoric in favour of concrete action.", "To that end, Nicaragua calls on the Security Council and the General Assembly to recognize the State of Palestine on the basis of its 1967 borders. That is the only way to bring about a stable and lasting peace that would enable both peoples to effectively enjoy all of their rights, thereby putting a definitive end to an unacceptable and inexplicable injustice.", "Mr. Raza Bashir Tarar (Pakistan): Mr. President, I should like at the outset to thank you for convening today’s debate. Allow me to express, on behalf of the people and the Government of Pakistan, our deepest condolences and commiseration to the people and the Government of Norway in connection with Friday’s terrorist atrocities. Such dastardly acts only harden our resolve to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as with the statement to be delivered by the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "Pakistan believes that the time is ripe for a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestine conflict, based on two independent and sovereign States living side by side and at peace with each other.", "The Palestinian Authority’s progress in establishing State institutions is an auspicious augury for peace. Numerous independent sources have confirmed that Palestinian statehood by September 2011 is well within reach. This has been acknowledged in the reports of many international bodies and mentioned in past statements of the Middle East Quartet. The relative reduction of violence in the region recently has also helped strengthen the conditions necessary for lasting peace. It is in our common interest to embrace and strengthen the achievements of Palestine as an invaluable opportunity for lasting peace in the region.", "The positive developments in Palestine can be sustained only with an active engagement on the part of the international community. In order for a durable peace in the Middle East to be achieved, it is incumbent upon the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet to honour their long-standing commitments to a final settlement and to work in tandem to achieve this goal. The well-known terms of reference of the Middle East peace process provide a navigational guide for the road to peace in the Middle East. Despite the clarity of our common goal and near-unanimity on the rules of engagement, the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet increasingly appear unable to act. This does not augur well for the region. Their inaction may cause the present opportunity for peace to be lost and lock the region once again in cycles of violence and mistrust.", "The challenges to peace in the Middle East are not due only to the international community’s inaction, but are rooted also in Israel’s expansionist policy, characterized by the planning and building of new settlement areas. The recent approval of new construction areas in occupied Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nablus are cause for serious concern. The demolition of Palestinian homes and structures in East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley has resulted in the displacement of many Palestinian families.", "Settlement activity is a clear violation of international law and should be treated as such. Each block of these settlements constitutes a major roadblock in this journey to peace. Israel must stop building new settlements and using settlement activity as a political tool in the peace process. Settlement activity and the peace process cannot move ahead together.", "Israel’s continuing blockade of Gaza is neither conscionable nor tenable. We call for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009). Life in Gaza cannot return to normal without the free movement of persons and goods, including essential reconstruction material. We hope that Israel will facilitate the completion of reconstruction projects, including those undertaken by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.", "Pakistan is supportive of lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the Middle East, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or nationality. The framework for peace in the Middle East is laid down elaborately in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008); the Madrid terms of reference; the Arab Peace Initiative; and the Quartet road map. Mustering and sustaining the political will to implement the framework is imperative.", "We hope that the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet will engage meaningfully with the protagonists concerned to realize the collective objective of the international community: an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all of its neighbours. Pakistan shares and supports this objective.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela welcomes the briefing by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority.", "We endorse the statement made by Ambassador Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "Mr. Maxwell Gaylard, United Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian and Development Activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, warned recently that thousands of Bedouins would be affected by the demolitions that are being carried out by the Government of Israel in Jerusalem with a view to expanding illegal settlements of Israeli citizens. According to Mr. Gaylard, this year more homes have been demolished than in all of 2009 or 2010, leaving homeless refugees who have been living in that area since 1948.", "This serious situation threatens to displace 80 per cent of the Bedouins who inhabit the region. In addition, thousands of Palestinian families have been forcibly displaced from their residential areas. The increased illegal Israeli settlements, home demolitions and the prohibition on new Palestinian construction must all be condemned. All of those illegal and inhuman acts are obvious examples of the apartheid system imposed by the Israeli Government and are carried out with total impunity by the occupying Power, highlighting the Council’s inaction.", "Pursuant to the right to self-determination, the immediate recognition of the State of Palestine and its incorporation as a full member of the General Assembly have been proposed. My delegation reaffirms the sovereign right of peoples to choose their own destiny. Venezuela reiterates its call on the Government of Israel to fully respect the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Times of War within the Palestinian territories, including Eastern Jerusalem and the other occupied Arab territories.", "Bradley Burston, senior editor at the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, has pointed out that", "“[t]here is nearly nothing which more effectively delegitimizes Israel — and makes Israel look more like an uncaring blockhead state — than does the siege of Gaza”.", "There is no doubt that the fragile humanitarian situation of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is deplorable. The blockade imposed in that region is inhuman and illegal, as is the wall built by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and its surroundings.", "The unacceptable and relentless actions of the occupying Power against suffering Palestinian citizens have resulted in the most shameless violations of their human rights. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela firmly demands once again an unrestricted and immediate end to those inhuman, illegal and unilateral measures.", "Venezuela expresses its concern over the serious events that took place in the occupied Syrian Golan on 15 May and 5 June, when Israeli soldiers massacred numerous Palestinian citizens who were peacefully protesting against the occupation. Venezuela once again calls on Israel to withdraw from that territory, in compliance with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. We also again request the State of Israel to respect the sovereignty of the State of Lebanon in order to avoid a conflict such as that which took place in July 2006.", "My country proclaims the values of freedom, independence and sovereignty, which must continue to be strengthened in order to achieve peace between peoples. Again, without justice there can be no peace.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Kim Yong Song (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): My delegation would first like to thank Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing this morning. My delegation also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Egypt on behalf of the States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The resolution of the Palestinian issue in the Middle East is a top priority among efforts to ensure peace and safety in the region. For that reason, the international community continues to devote its attention to the Palestinian question and to make every effort towards its resolution.", "I would like to particularly underline a positive development that may decisively affect the resolution of the Palestinian question, with the strong support of the international community. It is noteworthy that the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent, sovereign State is gaining momentum now more than ever before. The key to victory in this struggle should be in the hands of the Palestinian people, as it is certain that key is the unity of the Palestinian people themselves. The adoption of a final reconciliation agreement between Palestinian political forces in May will surely serve to strengthen the unity of the Palestinian people and firmly encourage their struggle for an independent, sovereign State.", "Notwithstanding the positive developments, obstacles and challenges to the Middle East peace process still lie ahead. Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories, in spite of increased denouncements by the international community. Israel has continued to further expand its settlements in East Jerusalem and the Arab territories, directly challenging international demands. Settlement-building is part of Israel’s ambitious effort at territorial expansion, and its impact is now having serious consequences. It is because of the expansion of the Israeli settlements that the Palestine-Israel talks, arranged after a laborious process of twists and turns, are now deadlocked.", "Support for the founding of an independent, sovereign State of Palestine is becoming a trend of international society that no one dares to stop. Many countries recognize Palestine as an independent, sovereign State, and their number has now reached more than 120. The Palestinian people’s struggle to regain its occupied territory and set up an independent, sovereign State is more than justifiable; its victory is ensured.", "My delegation would like to take this opportunity to express our full support to and solidarity with the justified struggle of the Palestinian people to recover their legitimate sovereign rights, including the founding of an independent, sovereign State.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for scheduling this very important open debate on the situation in the Middle East. Allow me to express our appreciation to the Minister of State of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany for chairing this debate. I also convey our thanks to Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, for his comprehensive briefing this morning.", "The Bangladeshi delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt and Kazakhstan on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, respectively. In addition, I wish to briefly make certain points that Bangladesh believes to be of importance.", "A durable and sustainable resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the issue of Palestine, which is the core of the long-lasting crisis, must be our collective strategic objective. All Member States should pledge complete commitment to this objective and throw their full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support behind its early realization.", "The people of Palestine are being denied their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live freely in their own land, and displaced Palestinians have been denied their rights to return home and live in dignity and safety. Unfortunately, it appears to be a collective failure on the part of the international community, and especially the people of Israel, who themselves having suffered deprivation failed nevertheless to rise to the occasion and guarantee the people of Palestine their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live in a sovereign State of their own, side by side with Israel. In order to achieve a lasting solution in the Middle East, it is very important to address the key issue, which is the prolonged and illegal occupation of the Arab territories by Israel.", "We express our concern at the occupying Power’s extensive destruction of property, homes, economic institutions, agricultural lands and orchards; the construction of the wall; the confiscation of land; and the continued imposition of checkpoints, contrary to international law, in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, which have seriously hampered the already dire socio-economic situation facing the Palestinian population.", "We commend President Mahmoud Abbas’ leadership of the Palestinian Authority and continued Palestinian State-building efforts, especially in the areas of governance, rule of law and human rights, livelihoods and productive sectors, education and culture, health, social protection and water.", "But we are worried owing to the Israeli military operations and the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian personnel, as well as food, medical, fuel and other essential supplies, in the Gaza Strip, which are causing civilian casualties. We therefore call for maximum restraint and respect for international humanitarian law. In this regard, it is very unfortunate that a French civilian boat, which was sailing to provide humanitarian support, was recently seized.", "My delegation believes that the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973) and 425 (1978), the land-for-peace principle, and the Madrid Conference terms of reference, which guarantee Israel’s withdrawal from all occupied Arab and Palestinian territories to the lines of 4 June 1967, the Road Map, and the Arab Peace Initiative are the best guides for achieving a two-State solution.", "The principled support for the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination that has come from all corners of the globe, both bilateral and multilateral, has been an essential pillar of Palestinian resilience over the decades. My delegation welcomes in this regard the Palestinian Authority’s plan, “Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State”, a plan for constructing the institutions of a Palestinian State by September 2011.", "Let us turn to the situations in Lebanon and the occupied Syrian Golan. It is sad that the occupying State is violating Lebanese sovereignty and repeatedly breaching Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). It is also of concern that there have been various measures and actions to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan.", "In conclusion, let me reiterate Bangladesh’s long-standing position that the continued illegal occupation of Palestine over the past six decades is the root cause of violence, unrest and destabilization in the region. Let me also reiterate our full support for a lasting peace for all inhabitants of the region, both Arabs and Israelis, and our strong commitment to the realization of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all its neighbours.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Morocco.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, let me express our profound gratitude to you for having convened this open debate. I also thank Mr. Robert Serry for his thorough briefing on the latest developments in the Middle East. As is customary, my delegation endorses the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt, Kazakhstan and Kuwait on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League, respectively.", "At the outset, I would like to express our profound concern at the protracted deadlock facing international and regional efforts to reinvigorate the talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, particularly in the light of the legal aspirations of the Palestinians with regard to September 2011. There can be no doubt that there is unanimous agreement at the international level when it comes to the two-State solution and the need for a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East, in keeping with international legitimacy. Consequently, the international community must be strict and effective in order to create an environment conducive to negotiations, free from provocative, illegal, unilateral measures by Israel, so as to bring peace and prosperity to the region.", "We are deeply concerned at the obstacles impeding direct talks between the two sides. At the same time, we are convinced that the peace process is a necessary choice that must lead to a comprehensive, just and legitimate peace for all peoples in the region.", "In this context, Morocco is closely and optimistically following the several initiatives — by the United States, the Quartet, the European Union and other regional and international actors — to promote a return to direct negotiations. Our hope is that these efforts will bring about a resumption of serious negotiations in good faith, in keeping with international law, the Arab Peace Initiative, the Road Map and the previously achieved agreements between the sides.", "Morocco warmly welcomed the commitment made by President Obama of the United States remarks his speech on 19 May 2011 on a comprehensive and just peace between the Palestinians and the Israelis and creation of an independent Palestinian State, within the 1967 borders and living side by side in peace with Israel.", "We express the hope that this position, which is shared by the entire international community, will enable the Palestinian people to reclaim their legitimate rights and establish an independent State with its capital at Al-Quds Al-Sharif.", "In this context, Morocco, whose King, Mohammed VI, is presiding over the Jerusalem Commission, would like to state its concerns to the Council and to condemn the measures taken by Israel in East Jerusalem with a view to changing its demographics, legal status and religious profile and Israel’s expulsion of Palestinians in order to build roads and settlements and Judaize the area. All of these actions impede a final settlement, and, given the crucial importance of Al-Quds Al-Sharif in any comprehensive settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian question, we call on the international community, and the Security Council in particular, to assume their full responsibilities to ensure that Israel end these illegal practices, respect the international efforts aimed at bringing about early talks and to cooperate with them.", "In these sensitive historical circumstances, the eyes of the world are focused more than ever on the United Nations and the international and regional forces working to uphold their political and moral responsibilities towards the Palestinian people and to restart direct negotiations. This could give new momentum and optimism to the process to achieve the peace to which we all aspire.", "The Palestinian Authority, strengthened by its national reconciliation, continues to show itself to be the genuine and effective partner in the peace process that it has always been, and to demonstrate its commitment to achieving a lasting solution. The Arab States, through the Arab Peace Initiative, have expressed their sincere desire for lasting and just peace.", "Morocco places the issue of Palestine at the very centre of its regional and international interests, and will continue its efforts to resolve this matter through direct negotiations. This will happen only after Israel withdraws from all Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since June 1967, and through the creation of an independent Palestinian State, with Jerusalem as its capital, and respect for the legal rights of the brotherly people of Palestine.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I have the honour to make the following statement on behalf of the States members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). I would like to emphasize again that, on 1 July, the name of that Organization changed and is now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I speak in my country’s capacity as Chair of the OIC.", "We are grateful to Germany for convening today’s meeting devoted to the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The continuation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole continues to threaten international peace and security. This issue is at the centre of security problems and challenges, the negative implications of which are not confined to that region, but are felt well beyond and across the globe.", "It is most unfortunate that the Security Council’s efforts to address this conflict have repeatedly failed due to the refusal by Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with international law and relevant United Nations resolutions, as well as the lack of political will among Member States to implement the Council’s resolutions. This is a regrettable fact, despite the Council’s unequivocal demands from the outset for the withdrawal of Israel, the occupying Power, from the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in accordance with the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force. The Council has consistently adopted resolutions calling for an end to the Israeli occupation and the realization of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders as the guarantor of peace and security between the two peoples.", "We are shocked and extremely disturbed by the escalation of Israel’s illegal practices in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel, the occupying Power, has increased its military operations throughout the West Bank, even raiding a summer camp for children and forcing these children to endure harsh interrogations. The occupying forces continue to spread fear among the civilian Palestinian population, including women and children, and continue to carry out arrest operations, increasing the number of Palestinians illegally imprisoned and detained by Israel.", "At the same time, Israel continues to intensify its illegal and destructive settlement campaign in the occupied Palestinian territory, especially in and around occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn Israel’s flouting of international law and of the unanimous calls for a complete cessation of such illegal actions. The spate of settlement activities and the demolition of homes have reached an unprecedented level recently in a clear attempt to further colonize the occupied Palestinian territory and to create even more illegal alterations to the historical and religious landmarks, demographic composition, characteristics and status of the territory.", "The OIC group is highly perturbed by the attacks not only on Palestinian civilians, but also on peace activists and volunteers from international non‑governmental organizations. The OIC group reiterates that it is disturbed by the fact that, for the past four years, about 1.5 million Palestinians have been suffering in immeasurably grave conditions in the besieged Gaza Strip as a result of Israel’s illegal and inhumane blockade, a most condemnable form of collective punishment. We reiterate the call for the immediate lifting of the blockade and for Israel’s compliance with all of its legal obligations under international humanitarian law.", "The OIC is deeply concerned over the stalemate in the negotiations between Israel and Palestine, and the recent failure of the Quartet during its meeting in Washington, D.C., to deliver results that would enable the resumption of negotiations. At its thirty-eighth session, held last month in Astana, the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers reiterated the need for an early settlement of the Palestinian issue and expressed full support for the Arab Peace Initiative, which is aimed at reaching a lasting, comprehensive and just resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.", "The OIC member States have also applauded the significant institution-building efforts of the Palestinian National Authority, and called on the international community to acknowledge the progress achieved and to recognize the independent, sovereign State of Palestine on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. The OIC also joins the international community in reaffirming that all measures and actions taken or to be taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan and its institutional structure, as well as to impose jurisdiction and administration there, are null and void and have no legal effect.", "The international community, including the Security Council, cannot afford to lose any more time. It should uphold its responsibility and take immediate and decisive action to bring Israel into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid terms of reference, including land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet Road Map. This is the most urgent step to salvage the two-State solution for an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, living side by side and in peace with Israel.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Mr. Falouh (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): The Security Council is meeting yet again to discuss the deteriorating situation in the occupied Arab territories under the agenda item “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”. This item is centred exclusively on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinian question and how to compel Israel to end its occupation of Arab land in implementation of resolutions of international legality, including resolutions of the Security Council. It does not refer to any other issues that are not covered by the historical definition of the item.", "However, instead of focusing on the substance of this agenda item, some unfortunately attempt to engage the Council on other issues in order to dilute the essence of the item, under which the Security Council seeks to effectively engage in reviving the peace process, ending Israeli occupation of occupied Arab land and establishing a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders. However, the reality on the ground reaffirms that there is a systematic Israeli pattern of behaviour that some do not want to hold to international accountability. This pattern contradicts the core provisions of international law and international humanitarian law and demonstrates Israel’s disregard for international legality.", "Among Israel’s most egregious practices are its great colonialist theft of territory through its history of settlement, including land confiscation, the demolition of homes, the expulsion of citizens from their homes and replacing them with foreign settlers, the construction of the racist separation wall, the Judaization of occupied Jerusalem, support for settlers’ oppressive and extremist racist practices against unarmed Palestinians, under the protection of the occupying forces, and the unjust imposition of the blockade against Gaza.", "On 15 May and 5 June, on the anniversary of Israel’s occupation of their land, Israel fired live bullets at unarmed demonstrators, claiming the lives of many martyrs and wounding a great number of people. That is the underlying aggressive nature of the State terrorism practiced by Israel. Israel continues to refuse to return the occupied Syrian Golan to its motherland, Syria, and to implement resolutions of the international community, in particular resolution 497 (1981), which declared the annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan null and void and without international legal effect.", "Israel pursues its policy of intimidating and oppressing Syrian citizens in the Golan. It continues to confiscate land, expand settlements and plunder the riches and resources of the Golan, distorting its history and robbing its historic monuments. It continues to plant mines on the territory.", "Comprehensive and fair peace will be achieved only through complete Israeli withdrawal from all Arab territories to the 4 July 1967 lines, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The Security Council is called on to sincerely and effectively commit to finding a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict without delay or partial solutions. The Security Council has an important opportunity to prove its ability to play its Charter role by supporting the internationally backed and fair Palestinian request to establish an independent State on its territory, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. That would be achieved by accepting Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations, pursuant to the resolutions of international legality.", "In that regard, we recall General Assembly resolution 273 (III) of 1949, which established the conditions for Israel’s admission as a full Member of the United Nations: its commitment to the principles of the Charter and respect for the rights of the Palestinian people to establish its independent State and of Palestinian refugees to return to the homes from which they had been forcibly expelled.", "However, some speakers have used non-objective and exaggerated language in their statements to describe recent domestic events. They have sought to engage the Council in internal affairs on fragile and unfounded pretexts that have nothing to do with the Council’s role or responsibilities. That is why I wish to underscore that the goal and substance of this agenda item are clear. I would like to make the following points.", "Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad has declared a comprehensive reform programme that the Government has begun to implement to promote democratic national reconciliation and to increase the participation of all citizens in the political and economic process, as well as to sanctify national unity and to ensure law and order for all citizens. We sent a letter to the Secretary-General, issued under the symbol S/2011/353, in which we stated our position vis-à-vis recent developments in Syria.", "Syria has held consultations on new bills concerning pluralism and the participation of political parties in Syria. The consultations recommended the establishment of a supreme human rights council and a political committee to revise the Constitution to ensure pluralism and to promote human rights, social justice, the rule of law and the rights of women and children.", "I wish to comment on the statements made by certain representatives when a group of young people demonstrated outside the French and United States embassies to voice their views on interference by those embassies in our internal affairs. We stress that the Syrian authorities are committed to protecting the security of those two embassies. We recall that the Syrian embassies in certain countries have been attacked and that the countries where those attacks took place did little to protect them.", "It is clear that any internal reform undertaken by a Member of the United Nations should comply with the United Nations Charter and should be respected. Those outside the country advocating reform should not deliberately ignore serious reform measures or undermine the Syrian model of tolerance and coexistence among all citizens. They should not draw conclusions from or base their analysis on fabricated and false information. They should ignore neither our reform efforts nor the sabotage and crimes being committed by organized terrorist groups in Syria.", "We would have hoped to hear in those statements even a single word of condemnation of Israel’s use of live fire against unarmed civilian demonstrators on 15 May and 5 June. That is the behaviour at the heart of this issue and falls within the purview of the Security Council’s mandate, pursuant to relevant resolutions.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): At the outset, I wish to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this important open debate at this critical juncture in developments in the Middle East. This meeting will surly provide us with an overview of the current state of affairs in the region and the path forward to bring peace to the Middle East.", "The question of Palestine, from its occupation until today, has remained one of the biggest challenges and problems of the world. The occupation represents the most painful and biggest tragedy of humankind in modern history. More than six decades of massacres, home demolitions, embargos, the abduction and imprisonment of people, attacks on neighbours and others, and violations of international law and international humanitarian law have followed this occupation.", "The Israeli regime continues to defy international law in its pursuit of an unlawful and inhuman blockade of the Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which has entered its fifth year. A recent report of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East indicates that broad unemployment in Gaza in the second half of 2010 reached an unprecedented 45.2 per cent, one of the highest rates in the world. The seizure of another civilian boat, the Dignité-El Karama, by the Israeli regime was yet another violation of international law. The inhumane blocked is a source of grave concern to people all over the world, who have expressed their support for such humanitarian gestures as the freedom flotilla and the Dignité-Al Karama and called for the immediate lifting of the Gaza blockade.", "States supporting the Israeli regime have brought shame on themselves because, on the one hand, they claim to advocate human rights and international law and international humanitarian law, while at the same time they support the occupation, illegal settlements and all violations of international law by the brutal regime occupying Palestine. The history of the Israeli regime is nothing but crime, the killing of men, women and children, the use of banned weapons and the stockpiling of nuclear weapons, blind assassinations, attacks on civilians and aid convoys in international waters, and war crimes in Lebanon and Palestine. All these inhumane acts have become the routine doings of the occupying regime. There is no doubt that support for this regime is tantamount to support for occupation, massacre, assassination and the violation of human rights.", "Attaining a peaceful and just settlement of the question of Palestine is imperative to the realization of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East and beyond. In our view, achieving lasting peace in Palestine and the region will be possible only by ensuring justice, putting an end to discriminatory and racist policies, and ending the occupation of Palestine and other occupied territories. Today, we are seeing more and more States joining the ranks of those that have already recognized Palestine as an independent State. This is a very clear indication that the cause of Palestine is gaining new momentum.", "On Syria, there have evidently been attempts to incite sectarian sensitivities and denominational tensions and divisions, a known tactic of hegemonic regimes. Such mischievous attempts are worthless and vain and will have no effect on the stability of the country. The enemies of humankind do not want and have never wanted the people of Syria to remain united, independent and developed. But the people of Syria know that the key to their independence and dignity is unity and resistance to mischievous and subversive attempts.", "The Israeli regime has persisted in its aggressive policies towards Lebanon by constantly violating its land, sea and air space and refusing to withdraw from occupied Lebanese villages. These occupations and acts of aggression should stop immediately.", "Before concluding, I would like to react to the reference made to my country by the representative of the Israeli regime in this Chamber this morning. It is no surprise that, in levelling baseless allegations against Iran’s nuclear programme, the Zionist regime has preposterously attempted to deflect attentions from its long and dark catalogue of crimes and atrocities, such as occupation, aggression, militarism, State-terrorism, and crimes against humanity. It is a widely recognized fact that the Israeli regime’s clandestine development and unlawful possession of nuclear weapons poses a uniquely grave threat to regional and international peace and security. The Israeli regime has clearly defied the demands of the overwhelming majority of the United Nations Member States that have time and again called on it to renounce nuclear weapons and accede to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).", "Regrettably, the inaction of the relevant United Nations organs in the face of such Israeli policies and practices has emboldened this dangerous regime. The Council is expected to condemn the Israeli regime for the possession of nuclear weapons, compel it to abandon nuclear weapons, urge it to accede to the NPT without delay, and demand that it promptly place all its nuclear facilities under the full-scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Indeed, peace and stability cannot be achieved in the Middle East so long as the massive Israeli nuclear arsenals continue to threaten the region and beyond.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 4.50 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Berger (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Ms. Hodžić Mr. Rizó Brazil Mr. Yang Jiewu Colombia Mrs. Escolcia France Mr. Beaumont Gabon Romboma Mr. Ragutahari Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu Portugal Mr. Texira Koelho Russian Federation Mr. Zhdanov South Africa Mr. Rahel Day United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ms. Germain United States of America", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "The meeting resumed at 3.05 p.m.", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in this meeting.", "May I remind speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.", "I give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.", "Mr. Kodrov (Kyrgyzstan): Thank you, Mr. President, for convening this important debate at such a critical juncture. At this time, popular protests and major political changes continue in the Middle East. Moreover, we have not seen any concrete progress in the Israeli-Palestinian political process.", "As a result of recent and well-known revolutionary upheavals, the Middle East remains at the centre of world attention. These events, despite some undeniable differences, have many common elements. The reasons behind them are the failure of the Governments concerned to adapt to the new conditions of social development and to implement effective reforms. The peoples and Governments of the region face not only enormous social and political challenges, but also new opportunities and prospects. We strongly condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrations and urge all parties to exercise maximum restraint. Kyrgyzstan, which has recently experienced a similar revolutionary change, believes that the only way to address these issues is through dialogue and reform.", "Kyrgyzstan strongly calls for an early resumption of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. In this regard, we support the statement issued by the Quartet on the Middle East on 20 May 2011, which calls for the removal of the current obstacles and the resumption of direct bilateral negotiations without delay. We regret, however, that the recent meeting of the Quartet in Washington, D.C., on 11 July concluded without a substantive agreement. It is essential that a new conference be held as soon as possible in order to take positive measures to facilitate the negotiation process. We believe that this process must continue in order to find a way to achieve a long-term solution to the situation and to reach a peace agreement between the two countries in peace and security, based on the parameters previously established and accepted. Kyrgyzstan hopes that the Middle East Quartet will play an active role in finding a solution acceptable to the parties concerned.", "Kyrgyzstan favours a political and diplomatic solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the basis of the relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Middle East Quartet road map. I would like to point out that the time for considering the question of Palestinian admission to the United Nations is fast approaching, as we have already had a long discussion of this issue in both formal and informal settings. In that regard, Kyrgyzstan considers it extremely important to make rapid progress in the peace process and to break the current disturbing impasse. We also urge the parties to demonstrate their strong will and firm commitment to peace and to remove all obstacles to the resumption of direct dialogue.", "For us, it is clear that Israel's continued construction of settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem and its frequent announcements of settlement expansion do not contribute to an early settlement. On the contrary — at least as we have seen from recent events — it can lead to increased unrest, an escalation of violence and civilian deaths. Kyrgyzstan supported the implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions on Jerusalem and called for an end to the construction of Israeli settlements.", "In conclusion, I would like to stress that the peoples of the Middle East have been experiencing conflicts and confrontations for decades. The time has come to implement a final and comprehensive solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.", "Mr. Korman (Turkey): As the Security Council holds yet another open debate on the situation in the Middle East, the region is steadily undergoing a major transformation. Universal notions of freedom, equality, dignity, human rights and the rule of law have become the battle slogans of millions of people who, through legitimate means, are striving for a more just and future for themselves and their compatriots. While achieving meaningful change may take some time and may not always be easy, this historic process cannot (can not) be reversed, undermined or undermined.", "At the same time, the question of Palestine remains stagnant at a time of dramatic development. Whether in Gaza and the West Bank, or in refugee camps throughout the region, millions of Palestinians continue to suffer from an unfortunate fate not caused by themselves. This is an anomaly that must be addressed as a matter of the utmost urgency.", "In fact, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been at the heart of many disputes in the region and beyond. As long as occupation and repression remain a reality in the daily lives of the Palestinian people, the international community cannot hope to maintain the positive momentum for change in the Middle East and North Africa.", "Recent and past events have demonstrated that the impact of the plight of the Palestinian people is far beyond the geographical scope of their region. If we want to win the hearts and minds of the Arab people, and if we want to support them in achieving their aspirations, then we must be able to show them our collective determination to achieve a viable and just peace in the Middle East that affects all. That is why nothing else in the Middle East region is more important than the search for a lasting and comprehensive solution to the conflict. It must therefore be a priority once again.", "At this time, there is neither peace nor peace in the Middle East region. On the contrary, there is an impasse that neither Israelis nor Palestinians can be reassured nor see hope. Both sides seem to be moving further away. The Security Council and the Quartet have failed to make their voices heard in an effective manner and have failed to advance genuine engagement.", "People want their leaders to come up with solutions, not empty words. In sum, there is a general sense of abandonment and uncertainty, which makes them even more generally frustrated, especially for the most disenfranchised people. This is a worrying powder keg.", "Turkey rejects any form or form of violence by any party and considers it unacceptable and unjustifiable. We also believe that there is no real alternative to a negotiated settlement. However, as long as settlement activity, including in Occupied East Jerusalem, continues, meaningful contacts that promote mutual trust between the two sides will not be possible.", "Israel's recent position on the construction of more than 300 houses is yet another example of its illegal activities in the occupied territories. This is also unacceptable and further raises doubts about Israel's good faith in moving the peace process forward.", "Once again, we call upon Israel to cease all settlement activities and to resume direct negotiations with the Palestinian side on the basis of its commitments under the Road Map. That is a very minimum requirement and it is now the only way to implement a two-State solution based on the established principles, according to which Israel and Palestine will always live side by side in peace and security.", "Over the past two years, Palestine has been working to lay the institutional foundations for its future State. Through its actions, the Palestinian Authority has clearly demonstrated its willingness to assume the rights and obligations of an internationally recognized State, even if Palestine continues to be under occupation and needs international support.", "Turkey believes that the time has come to recognize Palestine, based on the 1967 borders, as a full member of the international community. The concept of a two-State solution dates back to 1947 and is a clear and firm basis for the settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The international community cannot ignore the legitimate Palestinian claim to be recognized as equal and ultimately as a full Member of the United Nations. Turkey will work with Palestine to achieve these important goals. Finally, without an effective peace process, the Palestinians cannot be expected to remain the prisoners of the Israelis forever.", "The situation in the Gaza Strip continues to be of grave concern. The plight of the Palestinians in Gaza urgently needs to be alleviated and the demands of the population for reconstruction and rehabilitation should be met immediately. Resolution 1860 (2009) must be fully implemented. At present, the humanitarian and human rights situation facing the civilian population in Gaza is unsustainable, unacceptable and not in the interests of any of the parties concerned. The constant escalation of tensions between the two sides clearly demonstrates that, even under the best of circumstances, the situation in the Middle East is very fragile. Conservative approaches aimed at public diplomacy would have no effect. Israel must immediately lift the illegal and inhumane blockade against Gaza.", "At the same time, Turkey welcomes the unity agreement reached by the Palestinians. This is a major event at a time when democratic change has begun throughout the Middle East. It is therefore a step in the right direction. We hope that this process of national reconciliation will soon lead to the formation of an inclusive and democratically representative Government of the State of Palestine, leading the Palestinian nation to free and fair elections.", "Turkey calls upon all Palestinian factions to join the reconciliation process with determination and to participate in the building of a Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel. The international community should also play an active role in supporting the Middle East peace process, without prejudging its outcome, as the Palestinians sought to live in harmony within it.", "It has been more than a year since Israel launched an attack on an international humanitarian escort ship bound for Gaza, which resulted in many deaths. The Israeli army has killed nine civilians and wounded many more. Passengers on board were subjected to various forms of ill-treatment before leaving Israel. The investigation team established by the Secretary-General pursuant to the Council ' s presidential statement S/PRST/2010/9 of 1 June 2010 has concluded its investigation. The Chairman and the Co-Chairmen submitted their report, which is now sealed and awaiting submission to the Secretary-General.", "We have provided Israel with a way out of this situation. Israel must apologize and must pay compensation. Normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel will not be possible if Israel does not do what we want it to do. Turkey will never be soft until justice is done.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate once again Turkey's strong support for a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East on the basis of the two-State solution and our determination to assist our Palestinian brothers and sisters in their long overdue goal of a viable, peaceful and prosperous Palestinian State.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Japan.", "Mr. Nieda (Japan): I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for the opportunity to discuss the situation in the Middle East. I would like to thank Mr. Serry for his comprehensive briefing. I would also like to thank Ambassador Mansour and Ambassador Prosor for their statements.", "Japan strongly supports the two-State solution of Israel and the State of Palestine living side by side in peace and security and in mutual recognition. Japan supports the vision that the borders within the two-State solution should be defined through negotiations on the basis of the 1967 borders. In this formula, both sides should compromise each other in order to achieve a viable Palestinian State living side by side in peace with Israel and with secure and mutually recognized borders. Through such a two-State solution, Palestine would exercise its right to an independent State, Israel would enjoy a significantly strengthened security environment, and both sides would be able to cooperate in all aspects for common prosperity.", "The two-State solution can only be achieved through serious negotiations. Japan has been working with the international community to encourage the resumption of direct negotiations between the Palestinian and Israeli sides. Japan strongly supports President Obama ' s statement in May, which laid the foundation for the resumption of negotiations. We call on both sides to engage with the United States and the international community and to take measures to create an environment conducive to the resumption of direct negotiations.", "Japan does not recognize any unilateral measures that undermine the outcome of the final status negotiations. Both the Palestinian and Israeli sides must fulfil their obligations under previous agreements, most importantly the road map. We reiterate our call on Israel to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank of Gaza, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, we call upon the Palestinian Authority to continue its efforts to strengthen the security situation and to fulfil its commitments to end the violence and to end incitement to hatred against Israel. Japan strongly supports the State-building efforts of the Palestinian Authority and will continue to assist it in this regard.", "Japan remains concerned about the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We continue to call for the full implementation of Council resolution 1860 (2009). Japan is closely following Palestinian efforts to establish a unified Government in order to achieve a genuine two-State solution.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate my appeal to the Palestinian and Israeli sides to do their utmost to resume direct negotiations. Japan will continue to work with the international community to help achieve a just and comprehensive peace in the Middle East.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Jordan.", "Mr. Omaish (Jordan) (spoke in Arabic): For decades, the Palestinian people have longed to enjoy the same political, economic and social rights as the rest of the world, the most important of which is their right to sovereignty, freedom and dignity over their territory. They have a fundamental and universally recognized right to establish an independent State within the borders of 4 June 1967, with East Jerusalem as its capital and living in peace with Israel.", "Jordan warns of the potential for conflict, war and political unrest as a result of Israel ' s intransigence in resolving the Palestinian question. Israel continues to delay and waste opportunities for peace-building. Israel must move away from its ideological paradox, which can only have a negative impact on the situation in the Middle East and have a negative impact on international peace and security, and return to a pragmatic, practical and enlightened vision. There must be courage to make difficult decisions. Jordan therefore calls for the speedy resumption of direct negotiations with a view to a final settlement of the question of Palestine.", "However, Jordan believes that negotiations are meaningless as long as Israel continues to build settlements. Israel must also take a clear position in the peace process. Jordan is deeply concerned about the ongoing Israeli violations of Palestinian human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory and its attempts to Judaize against the Palestinian people, which will have a negative impact on the holy sites in East Jerusalem. On the basis of our active role in the occupied territories in the defence of Christian and Islamic holy places, we call on the international community to intervene to put an end to Israeli violations of Palestinian human rights and their Judaization against the Palestinian people. We also call for an end to the suffering of Palestinian prisoners and detainees currently being held in Israeli prisons.", "We welcome the recent signing of the Palestinian national reconciliation agreement. It is a step in the right direction on the path to Palestinian unity and will fulfil the hopes of the Palestinian people for a unified and responsible leadership, thereby fulfilling their aspirations for the establishment of their independent State. Jordan calls on the international community to work to lift the illegal embargo and blockade against the Gaza Strip. The international community insisted that the Palestinian people should enjoy human rights, freedom and dignity and could not remain silent about Israel ' s collective punishment of the entire Palestinian State.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Ms. Zain Abidine (Malaysia): Let me begin by congratulating you, Sir, on your delegation's assumption of the presidency of the Council. I would like to associate my delegation with the statements made by Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "In the United Nations Security Council Chamber, we often experience and achieve milestones. The United Nations itself marked the end of the Second World War and the beginning of global peace — the first of many milestones. But some of these historic events are a sad sign of human civilization. Last month, we commemorated another such event: the longest-standing foreign military occupation — since June 2011 marked the 44th anniversary of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory.", "Forty-four years has been a long time, especially in this era, at the mercy of others. Large tracts of land once belonging to Palestine are now occupied and the inhabitants excluded from it. The construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the demolition of Palestinian homes and infrastructure and the revocation of Palestinian residency rights in East Jerusalem are all part of Israel ' s illegal policies and practices to marginalize its inhabitants and erase history. Not only are these acts illegal, they also make the realization of the two-State solution even more elusive.", "Last month was also the fourth year of the inhumane Israeli blockade of Gaza. The living conditions of the 1.6 million inhabitants of Gaza remain a cause for concern. As a result of the blockade, Gazans dependent on international aid are denied the right to live in dignity. Since the end of 2008, Israeli military aggression has claimed more than 1,400 lives, and on 31 May 2010, we noted nine more deaths. The nine humanitarian activists who were killed in international waters were the messengers of relief efforts to alleviate the plight of the people of Gaza. In this regard, we urge Israel to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009) and to completely lift the illegal blockade, which is a form of collective punishment prohibited by international law.", "It is all the more urgent to find a just solution to this problem. All parties concerned must intensify their efforts to participate in the peace process in good faith, so that we do not remain unsustainable. In this regard, the establishment of an independent Palestinian State on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital and living side by side with Israel in peace and security, on the basis of the established elements of resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the road map, is crucial to the solution of the Palestinian question, which is at the crux of the Arab-Israeli conflict for more than 60 years.", "It is incumbent upon the Council, in accordance with its mandate, to take all necessary measures to ensure the implementation of its resolutions. We must ensure that all parties resume peace negotiations. Any slacking is a mockery of our Organization, which we strive to preserve.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Uganda.", "Mr. Kafero (Uganda): Thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this open debate. I would also like to thank the Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for their briefings.", "Today, both the Israeli and Palestinian sides and the international community are at a critical juncture. Regrettably, despite the efforts of the parties and the support of regional and international actors, no tangible progress has been made and the peace process remains deadlocked. My delegation expects that the recent meeting of the Quartet and the Arab League this month will lead to the resumption of stalled direct negotiations leading to an agreed framework.", "This is a decisive moment and a test of the political talents of the Israeli and Palestinian leaders. While the support of the international community is crucial, the primary responsibility for negotiating and achieving a comprehensive and lasting peace lies with the Israeli and Palestinian sides. Uganda reiterates its call to both parties to urgently resume negotiations and to muster the necessary courage to take bold decisions, bearing in mind that the legitimate Palestinian aspirations to statehood cannot be prolonged and that Israel ' s legitimate security concerns must be addressed.", "My delegation remains deeply concerned about the recent Israeli approval of new settlement units and reiterates its call for a complete freeze on all settlement activities.", "We commend the Palestinian leadership for its nation-building efforts and for fulfilling its obligations under the road map, particularly in the security and economic development sectors. We also commend their efforts to promote unity and reconciliation.", "We remain concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and the continued obstruction of the movement of goods and people into and out of Gaza. We call on Israel to lift the blockade of Gaza and reiterate our call on all parties to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009).", "In conclusion, my delegation would like to stress that the current situation is unsustainable. We encourage both Israel and Palestine, with the support of the international community, in particular the Security Council, to break the current impasse and work towards a two-State solution for the peace, security and prosperity of their peoples.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Iceland.", "Ms. Gunnarsdottir (Iceland): Iceland firmly supports a peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the “two-State solution”. Since the Oslo process was launched almost two decades ago, we have been engaged in a game of wondering whether the peace process can produce such an outcome that will lead to a comprehensive peace in the entire region, as foreseen in the Arab Peace Initiative.", "However, the peace process is now completely stalled. While Iceland urges the parties to return to the negotiating table, we believe that the time has come to make the international community more directly involved. The United Nations had played a historic role in the creation of the State of Israel, and the time might be right for the General Assembly and the Security Council to act to resolve the Palestinian question.", "Iceland stands ready to support the Palestinians if they decide to refer this issue directly to the General Assembly. This was made clear by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iceland during his meeting with President Abbas and Foreign Minister Maleki in Ramallah earlier this month. As my Foreign Minister said on that occasion, Iceland will support the resolution on the establishment of a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, and the resolution on Palestine ' s accession to full membership of the United Nations, provided that the Palestinians decide to seek such a resolution in the fall.", "Iceland ' s position is that the quest for recognition of the Palestinian State does not run counter to the desire for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. On the contrary, this may be seen as a means of facilitating serious negotiations. The asymmetries of power between the two sides must be addressed. This can be achieved only through a stronger engagement of the international community and an emphasis on international law applicable to the occupation.", "In the absence of a political solution, the situation on the ground needs to be improved. First of all, we support those around the world who urge the Israeli Government to immediately lift the blockade on Gaza. All legal crossing points and established passages of goods into and out of Gaza, which are currently closed, should be fully accessible so as to be able to reach pre-closure import and export capacity. In particular, the Israeli authorities should liberalize the steel and cement markets.", "The decision of the Government of Israel to continue its settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, is incompatible not only with its obligations under international law, but also with the provisions of the Road Map. We note that this illegal activity continues and that the use of violence, house demolitions and forced evictions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, remains a serious concern. The international community should be careful not to send a message that gives the false impression that existing illegal settlement activities are allowed. The creation of facts on the basis of violations of international law and obstruction of the achievement of the two-State solution should not be carried out as intended. Settlements can be stopped.", "Iceland would also like to express its concern at the increase in settler violence against Palestinians and its so-called price tag policy. This is a very worrying development. Israel has an obligation to do its utmost to prevent such violence, and should it occur, it should ensure that those involved are held accountable.", "Finally, Iceland welcomes the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas and the intention of both sides to form an interim Government in preparation for Palestinian presidential and parliamentary elections. We urge the Palestinian parties to heed the voice of their own people and work to implement the agreement and to work together for a peaceful resolution of the conflict.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.", "Mr. Al-Otaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): It is an honour for me to address the Security Council on behalf of the States members of the Group of Arab States. At the outset, however, I wish to express our support for the statements made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by the representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "This meeting demonstrated the importance that the international community attaches to the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, who have suffered for more than 60 years from the Israeli occupation and practices, from Israel ' s refusal to honour its international commitments and from its disregard for all international resolutions.", "The countries and peoples of the region place great hope in the international community that it will be able, through its political, legal and moral responsibilities, to enable the return of the occupied Arab territories and to put an end to Israel's arrogant and intransigent attitude, forcing Israel to comply with and fully implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, in particular the relevant Security Council resolutions. In defiance of those resolutions, Israel continues to pursue illegal and aggressive measures and practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in and around East Jerusalem, in an attempt to change its demographic status, character and composition. In addition, Israel, the occupying Power, continues to perpetrate violence in violation of international law and human rights regulations.", "Those acts make any claim that Israel is a sincere partner in the quest for peace an illusion. They have also demonstrated, through their actions, policies and statements by their officials, that Israel is doing its utmost to undermine international efforts aimed at resuming peace negotiations based on the two-State solution within the framework of the borders of 4 June 1967.", "In addition, Israel has continued and intensified its activities through the rapid construction of thousands of settlement housing units and the ongoing destruction of Palestinian property and homes, all of which attest to its expansionist intentions and run counter to the Israeli Government's claim that it wishes to resume the peace process and achieve a two-State solution.", "The current situation in the Gaza Strip is yet another example of Israel ' s disregard for the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 in violation of resolution 1860 (2009). As the oppressive Israeli blockade enters its fifth year, the Palestinian civilian population continues to suffer from collective punishment, leading to increasing poverty in the Gaza Strip and a serious deterioration of the economic, social and humanitarian situation.", "It is not surprising, therefore, that the embargo has led to terrible statistics — for example, the unemployment rate has risen to 65 per cent. Moreover, the occasional air strikes by the Israeli Air Force — despite the fact that they violate the most basic rules of international law prohibiting attacks on civilian populated areas — amount to terrorist acts against the defenceless Palestinian people.", "The international community must send a clear and unequivocal message to Israel that it must lift the blockade and open the crossing points immediately, permanently and unconditionally to allow the passage of humanitarian aid, construction materials, goods and persons. Israel must also be punished for its persistence in violating international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law. It must be held accountable for the war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic violations of the human rights of defenceless Palestinians that have been committed thus far. The perpetrators of these acts must be tried.", "The Arab Group calls on the Security Council to take all measures to compel Israel to implement Council resolution 497 (1981), which calls upon Israel to withdraw from the occupied Syrian Golan to the borders of 4 June 1967. The Arab Group also reaffirms that measures taken by Israel aimed at changing the legal, natural and demographic situation should be null and void and without legal basis and in violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations.", "The Arab Group also demands that Israel cease its continued violations of Lebanese sovereignty and Lebanese territory, airspace and territorial waters. The group also demanded that Israel withdraw completely from the northern part of the town of Ghajar, the Shab`a Farms and the Kfar Shouba mountains.", "A comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict — a just, comprehensive and lasting settlement — requires the implementation of the relevant resolutions of international legitimacy, in particular Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008). The resolution of the conflict must also be based on the principles of the Madrid Peace Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the road map endorsed by the Quartet.", "In accordance with the confirmation made at the 14 July meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Doha Arab Peace Initiative, the Arab Group affirms its full support for the efforts of the Palestinian Authority to become a Member of the United Nations at the forthcoming United Nations General Assembly.", "For more than six decades, Israel has flouted the international community. It had gone too far in pursuing its illegal and unilateral policies, while the dreams and aspirations of the Palestinian people had been postponed for more than six decades, year after year, and they looked forward to and hoped for the establishment of a national homeland that would accommodate all of them.", "For six decades, the demands of the Palestinian people and our demands have been very clear. What we need most is the implementation of United Nations resolutions, including Security Council resolutions, to allow Palestinians to exercise their right to self-determination and to live in freedom, independence and dignity in an independent, sovereign State with East Jerusalem as its capital.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.", "Mr. Rosales Diaz (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): As a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Nicaragua fully associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt in his capacity as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Nicaragua once again reiterates its strongest condemnation of Israel ' s illegal occupation of all Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese territory and calls for its immediate withdrawal. We condemn the Israeli policies and practices of building and refusing to dismantle settlements and the inhumane blockade of Gaza, as well as its policy of trying to separate the West Bank from the other Palestinian territories.", "The Security Council, which is meeting today on the eve of a historic moment, will certainly lead us to the indisputable reality of the establishment of a recognized Palestinian State, fully admitted to this Organization, and thus to the final implementation of all the provisions of General Assembly resolution 181 (II), which calls, inter alia, for the establishment of two States on Palestinian land — one Arab and the other Jewish.", "Indeed, the rhetoric of denying the physical existence of a Palestinian State can no longer be continued. Since the triumph of the revolution in 1979, Nicaragua has witnessed, with specific positions, the struggle of the Palestinian people and the substantial concessions made by Palestine, and Israel ' s shameful response has been more illegal settlements, more humiliation, more deaths, more organized assassinations of the Palestinian leadership, more destruction of homes and more looting, including in East Jerusalem.", "In conclusion, we have witnessed a policy aimed at making the Palestinian people truly trapped — a policy supported by Israel's self-evident decision to deny all Palestinian citizens humane treatment.", "For all these reasons, Nicaragua reiterates the need to immediately put an end to the intolerable treatment of impunity that Israel has always enjoyed, which has been guaranteed by the irresponsibility of the Security Council and, more specifically, by the abuse of the veto by those States that have become the main accomplices of Israel.", "It is time for the Security Council to shoulder its responsibilities and demand that Israel deliver peace. The threat of the use of the veto must stop, and the international community must move beyond rhetoric to practical action.", "To that end, Nicaragua calls on the Security Council and the General Assembly to recognize the State of Palestine on the basis of the 1967 borders of Palestine. Only in this way can a stable and lasting peace be achieved and the two peoples effectively enjoy all their rights, leading to an end to unacceptable and inexplicable injustices.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.", "Mr. Raza Bashir Tarar (Pakistan): I would like to begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening today's debate. Allow me, on behalf of the people and the Government of Pakistan, to express our deepest condolences and sympathy to the Government and people of Norway for the terrorist atrocities that took place on Friday. Such despicable acts can only strengthen our resolve to fight terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "We associate ourselves with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and with the statement to be made by the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "Pakistan believes that the time is ripe for a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the basis of two independent sovereign States living side by side in peace.", "The progress made by the Palestinian National Authority in building State institutions augurs well for peace. Many independent sources confirmed that Palestinian statehood was likely to be achieved in September 2011. This has been confirmed in the reports of many international bodies and has been mentioned in previous Quartet statements on the Middle East. The recent relative decline in violence in the region has also helped to strengthen the necessary conditions for a lasting peace. It is our common aspiration to accept and consolidate the achievements of Palestine as an opportunity to achieve lasting peace in the region.", "Sustained positive developments on the question of Palestine would be possible only with the active involvement of the international community. In order to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East, it is incumbent upon the Security Council and the Quartet on the Middle East to fulfil their long-standing commitment to a final settlement and to collaborate towards that end. The well-known framework for the Middle East peace process provides guidance for the peace process in the Middle East. Despite our shared goals and the fact that the rules of engagement are very different, the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet seem to be increasingly inactive. This does not bode well for the region. Their inaction could lead to the loss of current opportunities for peace and plunge the region back into a cycle of violence and suspicion.", "The challenges to peace in the Middle East are not only attributable to the inaction of the international community, but also stem from Israel ' s expansionist policies, characterized by the planning and construction of new settlements. The recent approval of new construction areas in occupied Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nablus is cause for serious concern. The demolition of Palestinian homes and buildings in East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley has resulted in the displacement of many Palestinian families.", "Settlement construction is a clear violation of international law and should be punished as such. Each of these settlements constitutes an important obstacle to this journey to peace. Israel must stop building new settlements and stop using them as a political tool for the peace process. Settlement activities cannot go hand in hand with the peace process.", "Israel ' s continued blockade of Gaza is immoral and unreasonable. We call for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009). Life in Gaza cannot return to normal without the free movement of people and goods, including the necessary reconstruction materials. We hope that Israel will assist in the completion of reconstruction projects, including those undertaken by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.", "Pakistan supports a lasting peace for all inhabitants of the Middle East, regardless of religion, race or nationality. The framework for peace in the Middle East was elaborated in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map. It is imperative to muster and sustain the political will to implement this framework.", "It is our hope that the Security Council and the Quartet on the Middle East will work in a targeted manner with the actors concerned to achieve the collective goals of the international community: To establish an independent, sovereign and viable Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side with all its neighbours. Pakistan shares and supports that objective.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela welcomes the briefing by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority.", "We associate ourselves with the statement made by Ambassador Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "Mr. Maxwell Gérard, United Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs and Development Activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, recently warned that thousands of Bedouins had been affected by the ongoing demolitions in Jerusalem by the Israeli Government with a view to expanding the illegal settlements of Israeli citizens. Mr. Gérard pointed out that the total number of residential homes demolished this year exceeded the total for 2009 or 2010, leaving the inhabitants who had lived in the area since 1948 homeless and refugees.", "The grave situation could result in the displacement of 80 per cent of the Bedouin population in the area. In addition, thousands of Palestinian families have been forcibly evicted from their neighbourhoods. The increase in illegal Israeli settlements, the demolition of houses and the ban on new Palestinian construction must be condemned. Thus, these illegal and inhumane acts clearly illustrate the Israeli Government ' s apartheid regime and the total impunity enjoyed by the occupying Power, underscoring the inaction of the Council.", "In accordance with the right to self-determination, the immediate recognition of the State of Palestine and its admission to full membership in the General Assembly had been recommended. My delegation reaffirms the sovereign right of peoples to choose their own destiny. Venezuela once again calls upon the Government of Israel to fully respect the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War in the Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem and other occupied Arab territories.", "The senior editor of the Israeli Ha’aretz, Bradley Burton, stated:", "“There is no more effective way to wipe out Israel's legitimacy and make it more like a foolish and unjust State than to block Gaza”.", "There is no doubt that the fragile humanitarian situation of the Palestinian population in the Gaza Strip is daunting. The blockade of the area is inhuman and illegal, as is the construction of the wall by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem.", "The unacceptable and merciless actions of the occupying Power against the suffering Palestinian people constitute the most flagrant violation of their human rights. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela once again insists on the immediate and unconditional cessation of these inhuman and illegal unilateral measures.", "Venezuela expresses its grave concern at the grave killings of many Palestinian citizens peacefully protesting against the occupation by Israeli soldiers in the occupied Syrian Golan on 15 May and 5 June. Venezuela once again demanded that Israel withdraw from the territory and comply with the relevant Security Council resolutions. We also reiterate our demand that the State of Israel respect the sovereignty of Lebanon and avoid events similar to the conflict of July 2006.", "My country declares that the values of freedom, independence and sovereignty must continue to be strengthened in order to achieve peace among peoples. Likewise, there can be no peace without justice.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Kim Yong Song (Democratic People's Republic of Korea): My delegation would like to begin by thanking Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing this morning. My delegation also associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Egypt on behalf of the States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "A solution to the question of Palestine in the Middle East is the primary task in efforts to ensure peace and security in the region. The international community therefore continues to follow up and do its utmost to find a solution to the Palestinian question.", "I would like to highlight in particular a positive development that may have a decisive impact on efforts to resolve the question of Palestine with the strong support of the international community. It is noteworthy that there is now unprecedented momentum in the struggle of the Palestinian people to establish an independent and sovereign State. The Palestinian people should have the key to winning this struggle, because that is certainly the Palestinian people themselves. Last May, Palestinian political forces reached a final reconciliation agreement, which will help to strengthen the unity of the Palestinian people and strongly encourage their struggle for an independent and sovereign State.", "Despite positive developments, the Middle East peace process faces obstacles and challenges. Despite further condemnation by the international community, Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories. Israel continues to further expand settlements in East Jerusalem and other Arab territories, in direct defiance of the demands of the international community. The construction of settlements is part of Israel's ambitions to expand its territory and has begun to have serious consequences. The Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, which have been painstakingly arranged, are now at an impasse as a result of the Israeli settlement expansion.", "Supporting the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian State is becoming an international trend that no one dares to stop. Many States recognized Palestine as an independent and sovereign State, and more than 120 such States were now in existence. The struggle of the Palestinian people to recover the occupied territories and establish an independent and sovereign State is fully justified and won.", "My delegation would like to take this opportunity to express its full support for and solidarity with the Palestinian people in their just struggle to recover their legitimate sovereign rights, including the establishment of an independent and sovereign State.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmoud (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for arranging this very important open debate on the situation in the Middle East. Allow me to express our appreciation to the Minister of State of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany for presiding over this debate. I would also like to express our appreciation to Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, for his comprehensive briefing this morning.", "His delegation associated itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt and Kazakhstan on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, respectively. In addition, I would like to touch briefly on certain points that Bangladesh considers important.", "A lasting and sustainable settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the question of Palestine, which is at the heart of this protracted crisis, must be our common strategic objective. All Member States should be fully committed to that goal by giving it full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support for its early realization.", "The Palestinian people were denied their fundamental right to self-determination and to live freely on their own land, and displaced Palestinians were denied their right to return to their homes and to live in dignity and security. Unfortunately, this seems to be the collective failure of the international community, particularly the Israeli people. The Israeli people themselves had been deprived, yet had failed to stand up and guarantee the Palestinian people their fundamental right to self-determination and to a sovereign State side by side with Israel. A lasting solution to the Middle East problem must address the crucial issue of the prolonged and illegal Israeli occupation of Arab territories.", "We are concerned about the extensive destruction of property, homes, economic institutions, agricultural lands and orchards by the occupying Power; the construction of the separation wall; the confiscation of land; and the continued imposition of checkpoints in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, in violation of international law. These checkpoints have seriously exacerbated the already dire socio-economic situation of the Palestinian population.", "We commend President Mahmoud Abbas for his leadership of the Palestinian Authority and for his continued Palestinian State-building efforts, particularly in the areas of governance, rule of law and human rights, livelihoods and productive sectors, education and culture, health, social protection and water.", "However, we are concerned about the Israeli military operations and the continued Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian workers, and essential goods such as food, medicine and fuel, in the Gaza Strip. These policies have led to civilian casualties. We therefore call on it to exercise maximum restraint and respect international humanitarian law. In this regard, it is very unfortunate that a French civilian vessel bound for Gaza for humanitarian assistance has recently been detained.", "My delegation believes that the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant General Assembly resolutions, Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973) and 425 (1978), the principle of land for peace, the guarantee of Israel's withdrawal from all occupied Arab and Palestinian territories, and thus the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference on the 4 June 1967 borders, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative are the best guidelines for achieving the two-State solution.", "Global support for the Palestinian people ' s right to self-determination, both bilateral and multilateral, has been a fundamental pillar of the Palestinian people ' s tenacity for many years. In this regard, my delegation welcomes the Palestinian Authority's plan, Palestine: Ending the Occupation and Establishing the State. The plan aims to establish Palestinian State institutions by September 2011.", "We would like to refer to the situation in Lebanon and the occupied Syrian Golan. Sadly, the occupying Power is violating Lebanese sovereignty and has repeatedly violated Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). Equally of concern was the various measures and actions taken to change the legal, geographical and demographic situation in the occupied Syrian Golan.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate Bangladesh ' s long-standing position that the continued illegal occupation of Palestine over the past 60 years has been a source of violence, unrest and instability in the region. I would also like to reiterate our full support for a lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the region, be they Arabs or Israelis, and our strong commitment to the goal of an independent, sovereign, viable Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side in peace with all its neighbours.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Morocco.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express my deep appreciation to you for convening this open debate. I also thank Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing on the latest developments in the Middle East. As usual, my delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt, Kazakhstan and Kuwait on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Arab League, respectively.", "At the outset, I would like to express my deep concern at the protracted impasse in international and regional efforts to revitalize the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations, particularly in the light of the legitimate aspirations of the Palestinians for statehood in September 2011. There is no doubt that there is international consensus on the two-State solution and that a comprehensive settlement of the Middle East problem must be achieved in accordance with the principles of international legitimacy. The international community must therefore work strictly and effectively to create an environment conducive to negotiations, free from provocative, illegal and unilateral measures by the Israeli side, in order to achieve peace and prosperity in the region.", "We are deeply concerned about the obstacles to direct negotiations between the parties. At the same time, we are convinced that the peace process is the necessary option and that its final outcome must be a comprehensive, just and just peace for the peoples of the region.", "With that in mind, Morocco is following closely and with optimism several initiatives by the United States, the Quartet, the European Union and other regional and international actors to facilitate the resumption of direct negotiations between the parties. We hope that these efforts will lead to the resumption of serious negotiations between the parties in good faith, in accordance with international law, the Arab Peace Initiative, the road map and the agreements previously reached between the parties.", "Morocco warmly welcomes the commitment made by President Obama of the United States, in his speech of 19 May 2011, to promote a comprehensive and just peace between Palestinians and Israelis and to establish an independent Palestinian State living side by side with Israel in peace within the 1967 borders.", "We hope that this position, endorsed by the entire international community, will enable the Palestinian people to regain their legitimate rights and to establish an independent State with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital.", "In that regard, King Mohammed VI of Morocco is chairing the Jerusalem Committee. Morocco wishes to express its concern to the Council and condemns the measures taken by Israel in East Jerusalem aimed at changing the demographic structure, legal status and religious profile of the city and its expulsion of Palestinians for the construction of roads and settlements and the Judaization of the area. All of these actions impede a final settlement and, in view of the importance of Al-Quds Al-Sharif for a comprehensive settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian issue, we call upon the international community, in particular the Security Council, to fully discharge its responsibilities to ensure that Israel ceases these illegal practices, respects international efforts aimed at facilitating early negotiations and cooperates with them.", "In these sensitive historical circumstances, the eyes of the world have focused more than ever on the United Nations and international and regional forces working to shoulder their political and moral responsibilities towards the Palestinian people and to relaunch direct negotiations. That would inject new momentum and optimism into the process of achieving the desired peace.", "National reconciliation has strengthened the Palestinian Authority, which continues to demonstrate that it remains a genuine and effective partner in the peace process and a commitment to a lasting solution. Through the Arab Peace Initiative, the Arab States have expressed their sincere desire for a lasting and just peace.", "Morocco considers the question of Palestine to be at the heart of its regional and international interests and will continue its efforts to resolve it through direct negotiations. The issue would be resolved only if Israel withdrew from all Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since June 1967, established an independent Palestinian State with Jerusalem as its capital and respected the legitimate rights and interests of the Palestinian people.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I have the honour to make the following statement on behalf of the States members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I would like to stress once again that the name of the Organization changed on 1 July and is now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I make this statement in my national capacity as Chairman of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "We thank Germany for meeting today to discuss the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. Overall, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the continuation of the Arab-Israeli conflict continue to threaten international peace and security. The problem lies at the heart of security problems and challenges, and its negative effects are felt not only in the region but in a wide range of regions as well as globally.", "It is very unfortunate that the efforts of the Security Council to address the conflict have been repeatedly thwarted by the refusal of Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with international law and relevant United Nations resolutions and the lack of political will on the part of Member States to implement Council resolutions. This is a regrettable fact, despite the Council ' s clear demand, from the outset, for the withdrawal of Israel, the occupying Power, from the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on the basis of the unacceptable principle of the acquisition of territory by force. The Council has repeatedly adopted resolutions calling for an end to the Israeli occupation and for a two-State solution based on the pre-1967 borders in order to guarantee peace and security for both peoples.", "We are alarmed and extremely disturbed by the escalation of illegal Israeli practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel, the occupying Power, increased its military operations throughout the West Bank and even attacked a summer camp for children, who were subjected to harsh interrogation. The occupying Power continues to spread panic among Palestinian civilians, including women and children, and continues to carry out arrests, which has resulted in an increase in the number of Palestinians illegally imprisoned and detained by Israel.", "At the same time, Israel continues to intensify its illegal and destructive settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in and around Occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn Israel's defiance of international law and its unanimous call for a complete cessation of such illegal actions. The recent surge in settlement activity and the demolition of houses have reached unprecedented levels, clearly in an attempt to further colonize the Occupied Palestinian Territory and to bring about further illegal changes in the Territory ' s historical and religious landmarks, demographic composition, identity and status.", "OIC was deeply disturbed by attacks not only against Palestinian civilians, but also against peace activists and volunteers from international non-governmental organizations. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation reiterates its dismay at the suffering that some 1.5 million Palestinians have endured over the past four years as a result of the illegal and inhumane blockade imposed by Israel in the form of collective punishment that should be strongly condemned. We reiterate our call for the immediate lifting of the blockade and for Israel to fulfil its legal obligations under international humanitarian law.", "OIC was deeply concerned about the impasse in the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations and the failure of the recent meeting of the Quartet in Washington, D.C., to reach a result of the resumption of negotiations. At its thirty-eighth session, held last month in Astana, the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation reaffirmed the need for an early settlement of the Palestinian question and expressed its full support for the Arab Peace Initiative aimed at a lasting, comprehensive and just settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict.", "The OIC Member States also welcome the important efforts of the Palestinian National Authority in institution-building and call on the international community to acknowledge the progress achieved and to recognize an independent and sovereign Palestinian State on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation also joins the international community in reiterating that all actions taken or to be taken by Israel, the occupying Power, aimed at changing the legal, geographical and demographic status of the occupied Golan and its institutional structure, as well as the imposition of jurisdiction and administration over it, are null and void and without legal effect.", "The international community, including the Security Council, can no longer afford to waste time. It should assume its responsibility and take immediate and decisive action to bring Israel into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid terms of reference, including land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet road map. It is the most urgent step to be taken to save the two-State solution and to establish an independent, sovereign Palestinian State that can live in peace with Israel.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Mr. Falouh (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): The Security Council is meeting again under the agenda item “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”, to discuss the deteriorating situation in the occupied Arab territories. The only centrepiece of the project is the Arab-Israeli conflict, the question of Palestine and how to compel Israel to implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, including those of the Security Council, in order to end the occupation of Arab lands. It does not address any other issues not covered by the historical definition of the item.", "However, instead of focusing on the substance of the agenda item, some have, regrettably, attempted to dilute it by placing the Council in other issues. Under the item, the Security Council sought to participate effectively in revitalizing the peace process, ending the Israeli occupation of occupied Arab land and establishing a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders. However, the realities on the ground confirm once again the reluctance of some to hold Israel to international responsibility for its systematic pattern of conduct. This pattern of behaviour violates the core provisions of international law and international humanitarian law and demonstrates Israel ' s contempt for international legitimacy.", "One of Israel ' s worst practices was its colonialist theft of territory through its settlement history, including land confiscation, house demolitions, the expulsion of citizens from their homes and their replacement by foreign settlers, the construction of the racist separation wall, the Judaization of occupied Jerusalem, support for the oppressive and extreme racist practices of settlers against unarmed Palestinians under the protection of the occupying forces and the unjust blockade of Gaza.", "On 15 May and 5 June, the anniversary of the Israeli occupation of those territories, Israel fired live ammunition at unarmed demonstrators, killing many martyrs and wounding many others. This exposes the aggressive nature of the State terrorism practised by Israel. Israel continues to refuse to return the occupied Syrian Golan to its motherland, Syria, and to implement the resolutions of the international community, in particular resolution 497 (1981), which declared the annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan null and void and without international legal effect.", "Israel pursues a policy of intimidation and oppression against Syrian citizens living in the Golan. It continues to confiscate land, expand settlements, plunder the wealth and resources of the Golan, distort its history and plunder its monuments. It also continued to plant mines in the Territory.", "A comprehensive and just peace can be achieved only if Israel withdraws from all Arab territories to the line of 4 July 1967 and establishes an independent Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The Security Council must work in good faith and effectively to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict without delay or in search of one-sided solutions. The Security Council has an important opportunity to prove its ability to play the role assigned to it by the Charter in support of the just and internationally supported demand of the Palestinians for an independent State on their territory, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The acceptance of Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations, in accordance with the resolutions of international legitimacy, will achieve that goal.", "In this regard, we would like to recall General Assembly resolution 273 (III) of 1949, which sets out the conditions for the admission of Israel as a full Member of the United Nations: It was committed to the principles of the Charter, respected the right of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State and respected the right of the Palestinian refugees to return to their forcibly evicted homes.", "However, some speakers used non-objective and exaggerated language in their statements to describe recent domestic events. They attempt to involve the Council in internal affairs on flimsy and unfounded pretexts that have nothing to do with its role or responsibility. That is why I would like to stress that the objectives and substance of this agenda item are very clear. I would like to make the following comments.", "Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad announced that the Government would begin a comprehensive reform programme to promote democratic national reconciliation, increase the participation of all citizens in the political and economic process, preserve sacred national unity and ensure law and order for all citizens. We have written to the Secretary-General to set out our position on recent developments in Syria in the letter circulated under the symbol S/2011/353.", "Syria has negotiated a new bill on Syrian pluralism and political party participation. The consultations recommended the establishment of a Supreme Human Rights Council and a political committee to revise the Constitution to ensure pluralism and promote human rights, social justice, the rule of law and the rights of women and children.", "I would like to comment on the statements made by some representatives about a group of young people demonstrating outside the embassies of France and the United States, expressing their views on the interference of the two embassies in our internal affairs. We stress the commitment of the Syrian authorities to the security of the two embassies. We would like to recall that Syrian embassies in certain countries have been attacked and that very little has been done to protect them.", "Clearly, any internal reform of the United Nations membership should be in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and should be respected. Those outsiders who advocate reform should not deliberately ignore serious reform measures or weaken the pattern of tolerance and coexistence among all Syrian citizens. They should not draw conclusions or analyse on the basis of purely fabricated and erroneous information. They should not lose sight of our reform efforts or of the destructive activities and crimes committed in Syria by organized terrorist groups.", "In those statements, we would have liked to have heard, if only a few words of condemnation, of the live Israeli fire against unarmed civilian demonstrators on 15 May and 5 June. Such acts are at the heart of the problem and fall within the purview of the Security Council under the relevant resolutions.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): At the outset, I would like to express my appreciation to you, Mr. President, for convening this important open debate at this critical juncture in the situation in the Middle East. This meeting will certainly provide us with an overview of the current situation in the region and the road to peace in the Middle East.", "This issue has been one of the greatest challenges and problems in the world since the occupation of Palestine. This occupation is the most painful and human tragedy in modern history. More than 60 years after the occupation, massacres, house demolitions, embargoes, kidnapping and imprisonment of people, attacks on neighbouring and other countries and violations of international law and international humanitarian law have taken place.", "The Israeli regime continues to defy international law by imposing an illegal and inhumane blockade on Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which is now in its fifth year. According to a recent report by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, the widespread unemployment rate in Gaza reached an unprecedented 45.2 per cent in the second half of 2010, one of the highest in the world. The Israeli regime has once again violated international law by abducting another civilian vessel, the Dignity. The people of the world are gravely concerned about the inhumane blockade, expressing support for humanitarian gestures such as the Freedom Flotilla and the Dignity and calling for the immediate lifting of the blockade on Gaza.", "The States that supported the Israeli regime were humiliating because they claimed to support human rights and international law and international humanitarian law while at the same time supporting the occupation, illegal settlements and all violations of international law by the brutal regime that occupied Palestine. The history of the Israeli regime includes only crimes, massacres of men, women and children, the use of prohibited weapons and the stockpiling of nuclear weapons, blind assassinations, attacks on civilians and aid convoys in international waters, and war crimes committed in Lebanon and Palestine. All these inhumane acts have become the norm of the occupation regime. There is no doubt that support for that regime amounts to support for occupation, massacres, assassinations and human rights violations.", "In order to achieve comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East and beyond, a peaceful and just solution to the question of Palestine is essential. We believe that lasting peace in Palestine and in the region as a whole can be achieved only through justice, an end to discriminatory and racist policies and an end to the occupation of Palestine and other occupied territories. Today, we see an increasing number of countries joining Member States that have recognized Palestine as an independent State. That is a very clear indication that the Palestinian cause is gaining new momentum.", "With regard to Syria, it is clear that attempts are being made to provoke sectarian sensitivities and to incite sectarian tensions and divisions, a well-known tactic of the hegemonic regime. Such malicious attempts are worthless and futile and have no effect on the country's problems. The enemies of humanity do not want, and never hope, that the Syrian people will remain united, independent and develop. But the Syrian people know that unity against malicious subversive attempts is the key to their independence and dignity.", "The Israeli regime persists in its policy of aggression against Lebanon, constantly violating its land, sea and airspace and refusing to withdraw from occupied Lebanese villages. These acts of occupation and aggression should cease immediately.", "Finally, I would like to respond to the remarks made by the representative of the Israeli regime in this Chamber this morning. The Zionist regime, with its baseless allegations against Iran ' s nuclear programme, is ludicrously attempting to divert attention from the long list of heinous crimes and atrocities it has committed, including occupation, aggression, militarism, State terrorism and crimes against humanity. It's not surprising. It is widely recognized that the clandestine development and illegal possession of nuclear weapons by the Israeli regime poses a unique and serious threat to regional and international peace and security. The Israeli regime clearly contradicts the demands of the overwhelming majority of United Nations Member States, which have repeatedly called upon it to renounce nuclear weapons and accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).", "Regrettably, the inaction of the relevant United Nations bodies in the face of such Israeli policies and practices has emboldened this dangerous regime. It is expected that the Council will condemn the Israeli regime for possessing nuclear weapons, force it to renounce them, urge it to accede to the NPT without delay and demand that it promptly place all nuclear facilities under comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards. Indeed, peace and stability in the Middle East cannot be achieved as long as Israel ' s large-scale nuclear arsenal continues to pose a threat, both within and outside the region.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 4.50 p.m." ]

[ "安全理事会第6590次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月26日星期二上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6590th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6590th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会 \n 第六十五届会议 第六十六年 \n 议程项目34、39、64、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 阿塞拜疆被占领土的局势 促进和保护儿童权利 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n 国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年7月25日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉阿塞拜疆共和国政府的指示，谨向你通报，2011年7月14日，1名13岁的阿塞拜疆女孩Aygun Shahmaliyeva被玩具内置爆炸装置炸死，其32岁母亲Elnara Shahmaliyeva受重伤。这一可怕事件发生在与亚美尼亚共和国接壤的阿塞拜疆托武兹区Alibayli村。", "这一内有爆炸装置的玩具是受害人在托武兹河里捡到的，该河发源于亚美尼亚境内，流经Alibayli村。根据初步调查的结论，诱杀装置玩具是亚美尼亚制造的，被故意扔进河里，其目标是邻近的阿塞拜疆定居点的孩子们。", "如我以前向你通报所述，尽管有正式停火，亚美尼亚武装部队仍蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民和民用目标，这违反了适用的国际法。此类袭击最近几个月来更加频繁和残暴，造成靠近前线的许多居民被打死打伤(A/65/780-S/2011/132、A/65/821-S/2011/251、A/65/872-S/2011/379)。2011年3月8日，一名九岁的阿塞拜疆儿童被亚美尼亚狙击手射杀。2011年5月26日，阿塞拜疆阿格达姆地区Chiragli村的平民遭到了亚美尼亚军队的连续射击。2011年6月3日，阿塞拜疆Aghjabadi区的一名居民在阿塞拜疆阿格达姆地区Chemenli村被亚美尼亚军队杀害。", "亚美尼亚共和国企图否认其对这些罪行的责任，这是毫无根据的，必须从一开始就加以拒绝。", "上述事实并非亚美尼亚武装部队、恐怖分子匪帮和雇佣军在亚美尼亚侵略阿塞拜疆期间蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民的仅有实例。", "20世纪80年代末，230 000名阿塞拜疆人从其在亚美尼亚的家中被强行驱逐，同时在整个亚美尼亚境内还发生杀戮、酷刑、强迫失踪和其他罪行，甚至儿童也不能幸免。", "此外，自从20世纪80年代后期以来，亚美尼亚恐怖分子在阿塞拜疆境内，以工厂、海陆空运输工具等民用物体为目标，犯下了各种恐怖行为，结果，超过2 000名阿塞拜疆公民被杀害，其中大多数是儿童、妇女和老人。", "在1991年底和1992年初，亚美尼亚在阿塞拜疆领土上发起了战争。这一时期及随后的几年里，直至1994年建立停火以前，越来越多地对阿塞拜疆平民发动更大的袭击。1992年2月，阿塞拜疆Daghlyq Garabagh(纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫)地区的霍贾里镇遭到占领，平民百姓遭受了前所未有的大屠杀，该事件已是臭名昭著。对该镇的袭击和占领造成数百名阿塞拜疆人，包括儿童、妇女和老人被杀，数千名平民受伤，被劫为人质，其中许多人至今仍然下落不明，与此同时，该镇被夷为平地。", "安全理事会在1993年就阿塞拜疆领土被占一事通过的各项决议，特别提及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括袭击平民和轰炸居民区。欧洲人权法院后来得出一个重要结论，将亚美尼亚侵略军对阿塞拜疆平民所犯的罪行,定性为相当于战争罪或危害人类罪的严重罪行。", "全面评估亚美尼亚对阿塞拜疆发动战争的原因及其悲惨后果表明，最近对阿塞拜疆平民的袭击，包括杀害儿童，不是孤立或零星行为，而是亚美尼亚普遍和系统的残暴政策和实践的典型证据。", "阿塞拜疆共和国强烈谴责亚美尼亚方面的挑衅行为，这对促进双方之间建立信任和解决长期冲突毫无助益。亚美尼亚共和国故意杀害阿塞拜疆平民，再次证明了它不愿意遵守普遍接受的道德和伦理原则，不愿意遵守《联合国宪章》和国际法。", "阿塞拜疆共和国呼吁联合国会员国说服亚美尼亚共和国迅速结束其无视和蔑视人的尊严、权利和自由的政策，其中包括采取措施，结束亚美尼亚方面在侵略阿塞拜疆过程中犯下令人发指罪行但没有受到惩罚的现象。", "谨请将本函作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75的文件和安理会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAM areaand their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of therights of children Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia andrelated intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 25 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "In accordance with instructions received from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to inform you that on 14 July 2011, as a result of the blast of an explosive device built in a toy, a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl, Aygun Shahmaliyeva, was killed and her 32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva, was seriously wounded. This terrible accident took place in the Alibayli village of the Tovuz district of Azerbaijan, bordering with the Republic of Armenia.", "The toy stuffed with an explosive device was found by the victim in the Tovuz River, springing from the territory of Armenia and flowing through the village of Alibayli. According to the conclusions of the preliminary investigation, the booby trap toy was made in Armenia, was dropped to the river intentionally, and its target were children of the neighbouring Azerbaijani settlements.", "As I informed you earlier, in spite of a formal ceasefire, deliberate attacks by the armed forces of Armenia against Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects, in contravention of applicable international law, have become more frequent and violent over recent months, resulting in the killing and maiming of many inhabitants residing near the front line (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251, A/65/872-S/2011/379). Thus, on 8 March 2011, a nine-year-old Azerbaijani child was shot dead by an Armenian sniper. On 26 May 2011, the civilian population of the Chiragli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan was subjected to continuous fire by the armed forces of Armenia. On 3 June 2011, a resident of the Aghjabadi district of Azerbaijan was killed by Armenian militaries in the Chemenli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan.", "Attempts of the Republic of Armenia to deny its responsibility for these crimes are groundless and must be rejected from the outset.", "The above-mentioned facts are not the only instances of deliberate attacks on Azerbaijani civilians committed by the Armenian armed forces, terrorist bands and mercenary units during the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan.", "Thus, the forcible deportation of about 230,000 Azerbaijanis from their homes in Armenia at the end of the 1980s was accompanied by killings, torture, enforced disappearances and other crimes throughout Armenia, and even children were not spared.", "Moreover, as a result of terrorist acts perpetrated by the Armenian terrorists on the territory of Azerbaijan since the late 1980s, targeting civilian objects, including industrial units and means of air, sea and land transport, over 2,000 citizens of Azerbaijan were killed, the majority of them children, women and the elderly.", "At the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992, Armenia initiated combat operations on the territory of Azerbaijan. That period and the following years until the establishment of the ceasefire in 1994 were marked by an increase in the magnitude, intensity and consistency of the attacks on Azerbaijani civilians. In February 1992, the town of Khojaly in the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabakh) region of Azerbaijan was notoriously overrun and its civilian population was subjected to an unprecedented massacre. The attack and capture of the town involved the extermination of hundreds of Azerbaijanis, including children, women and the elderly; thousands of civilians were wounded and taken hostage, many of whom remain missing, while the town was razed to the ground.", "In its resolutions adopted in 1993 in response to the occupation of Azerbaijani territories, the Security Council referred specifically to violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians and bombardments of inhabited areas. The European Court of Human Rights later arrived at an important conclusion qualifying the offences of the invading Armenian military forces against Azerbaijani civilians as acts of particular gravity that could amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity.", "The overall assessment of the causes and tragic consequences of the war unleashed by Armenia against Azerbaijan makes it clear that the recent attacks on Azerbaijani civilians, including the killing of children, were not isolated or sporadic acts, but were the illustrative evidence of Armenia’s widespread and systematic policy and practice of atrocities.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan strongly condemns the provocative actions of the Armenian side, which can in no way contribute to the establishment of confidence between the parties and to the resolution of their long-lasting conflict. By the intentional killing of Azerbaijani civilians, the Republic of Armenia has demonstrated once again its unwillingness to obey the generally accepted moral and ethical principles and to comply with the Charter of the United Nations and international law.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan calls upon the States Members of the United Nations to convince the Republic of Armenia to put a prompt end to its policy of disregard and contempt for human dignity, rights and freedoms, including, inter alia, through measures aimed at ending impunity for egregious crimes committed by the Armenian side in the course of its aggression against Azerbaijan.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Letter dated 25 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "On instructions from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to inform you that on 14 July 2011, a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl, Aygun Shahmaliyeva, was killed by an explosive device inside a toy and her 32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva, was seriously injured. This terrible incident occurred in the village of Alibayli in the Tovuz district of Azerbaijan, on the border with the Republic of Armenia.", "The toy containing the explosive device was found by the victim in the Towuz River, which originated in Armenia and flows through the village of Alibayli. According to the conclusions of the preliminary investigation, the booby traps were made by Armenia and deliberately thrown into the river, targeting the children of the neighbouring Azerbaijani settlements.", "As I have previously informed you, despite an official ceasefire, the armed forces of Armenia have deliberately attacked Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects, in violation of applicable international law. Such attacks have become more frequent and brutal in recent months, resulting in the killing and wounding of many residents near the front lines (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251, A/65/872-S/2011/379). On 8 March 2011, a nine-year-old Azerbaijani child was shot and killed by Armenian snipers. On 26 May 2011, civilians in the village of Chiragli in the Agdam region of Azerbaijan came under continuous fire from the Armenian army. On 3 June 2011, a resident of the Aghjabadi district of Azerbaijan was killed by Armenian forces in the village of Chemenli, Agdam district, Azerbaijan.", "Attempts by the Republic of Armenia to deny its responsibility for these crimes are groundless and must be rejected from the outset.", "The above-mentioned facts are not the only examples of deliberate attacks by Armenian armed forces, terrorist gangs and mercenaries against Azerbaijani civilians during Armenia ' s aggression against Azerbaijan.", "At the end of the 1980s, 230,000 Azerbaijanis had been forcibly expelled from their homes in Armenia, while killings, torture, enforced disappearances and other crimes had been committed throughout Armenia and even children had not been spared.", "Moreover, since the late 1980s, Armenian terrorists have committed various terrorist acts in Azerbaijan, targeting civilian objects such as factories, land, sea and air transport vehicles, resulting in the killing of more than 2,000 Azerbaijani citizens, most of them children, women and the elderly.", "At the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992, Armenia launched a war on Azerbaijani territory. This period and the subsequent years, until the establishment of the ceasefire in 1994, have seen an increasing number of attacks on Azerbaijani civilians. In February 1992, the town of Khojaly in the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno-Karabakh) region of Azerbaijan was occupied and the civilian population was subjected to an unprecedented massacre, which was already notorious. The attack and occupation of the town resulted in the killing of hundreds of Azerbaijanis, including children, women and the elderly, the injury of thousands of civilians and their taking hostage, many of whom remain unaccounted for, while the town was razed to the ground.", "In its resolutions adopted in 1993 on the occupation of Azerbaijani territory, the Security Council made particular reference to violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians and the bombing of residential areas. The European Court of Human Rights later reached an important conclusion that the crimes committed by the Armenian aggressor forces against Azerbaijani civilians were characterized as serious crimes amounting to war crimes or crimes against humanity.", "An overall assessment of the causes of Armenia ' s war against Azerbaijan and its tragic consequences shows that recent attacks on Azerbaijani civilians, including the killing of children, are not isolated or sporadic acts, but are typical evidence of Armenia ' s widespread and systematic brutal policies and practices.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan strongly condemns the provocative actions of the Armenian side, which do nothing to promote confidence-building between the parties and to resolve the long-standing conflict. The deliberate killing of Azerbaijani civilians by the Republic of Armenia is yet another demonstration of its unwillingness to adhere to universally accepted moral and ethical principles and to the Charter of the United Nations and international law.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan calls upon the States Members of the United Nations to persuade the Republic of Armenia to put an immediate end to its policy of disregard and contempt for the dignity, rights and freedoms of the human person, which includes measures to end impunity for the heinous crimes committed by the Armenian side during its aggression against Azerbaijan.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年7月26日塞尔维亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨请安全理事会于2011年7月28日星期四召开一次紧急会议，专门讨论科索沃北部在科索沃警察特种部队试图以暴力改变当地局面后，其安全局势严重恶化的问题。上述特种部队试图接管Brnjak和Jarinje两个行政边界点，这对贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳之间正在进行的对话构成严重威胁，并有可能使局势进一步恶化。", "谨请按照《联合国宪章》有关规定和安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条，允许塞尔维亚政府的一名代表参加会议并发言。", "常驻副代表", "大使", "米兰·米拉诺维奇(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon the instruction of my Government, I have the honour to request an urgent meeting of the Security Council for Thursday, 28 July 2011, devoted to the serious deterioration of the security situation in the northern part of Kosovo, following violent attempts by the special forces of the Kosovo police to change the situation on the ground. The attempts to take over the administrative border points Brnjak and Jarinje pose a serious threat to the ongoing dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and threaten an even worse escalation of the situation.", "I have also the honour to request that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, a representative of the Government of Serbia be allowed to participate in the meeting and to make a statement.", "(Signed) Milan Milanovic Ambassador Deputy Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon instructions from my Government, I have the honour to request that the Security Council convene an emergency meeting on Thursday, 28 July 2011, devoted to the serious deterioration of the security situation in northern Kosovo following attempts by the Kosovo Police Special Forces to change the situation on the ground by violent means. Attempts by the aforementioned special forces to take over the administrative boundary points of Brnjak and Jarinje pose a serious threat to the ongoing dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and threaten to further exacerbate the situation.", "I have the honour to request that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, a representative of the Government of Serbia be allowed to attend and make a statement.", "Deputy Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Milan Milanović" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加，金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会主席关于大会第十七届会议工作的说明", "1. 国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议于2011年7月11日至22日在金斯敦举行。大会举行了其第131次至第134次会议。", "一. 通过议程", "2. 在2011年7月12日第131次会议上，大会通过了第十七届会议议程(ISBA/17/A/1)。", "二. 选举大会主席和副主席", "3. 在第131次会议上，彼得·汤姆森(斐济)当选为第十七届会议主席。经各区域集团协商，加纳(非洲国家集团)、智利(拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团)、俄罗斯联邦(东欧和其他国家集团)和比利时(西欧和其他国家集团)的代表当选为副主席。", "三. 进行选举以填补财务委员会空缺", "4. 在第131次会议上，大会选举达维德·维尔肯斯(德国)为财务委员会成员，完成米夏埃尔·哈克塔尔(德国)的所余任期。", "四. 弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和海洋政策中心请求获得大会观察员地位", "5. 在其第131次会议上，大会审议了弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和海洋政策中心关于获得观察员地位的请求，并决定依照议事规则第82条(1)款(d)项，邀请该中心以观察员身份参加其会议。", "五. 秘书长的年度报告", "6. 2011年7月18日，秘书长在第132次会议上根据《联合国海洋法公约》第166条第4款的要求，向大会介绍了他的年度报告(ISBA/17/A/2)。秘书长回顾了管理局自第十六届会议以来的工作，并概述了在执行管理局2011-2013年度工作方案方面取得的进展。", "7. 他告知大会，正在审议的一个项目是对与制定开采守则有关的一些问题的初步研究，随后将在2012年第二季度举办一个讲习班或研讨会。", "8. 他表示，秘书处打算制定一份关于深海海底采矿监管制度的用户指南，其中将参照《公约》、《关于执行公约第十一部分的协定》和管理局条例，说明勘探、开发和开采制度。", "9. 该报告还包括行政事项、管理局预算和自愿信托基金，以及海洋科学研究捐赠基金。截至2011年5月31日，管理局共有162个成员(161个国家加欧洲联盟)，而《协定》则有缔约方141个。自上届会议以来，马拉维和泰国已(分别于2010年9月28日和2011年5月15日)成为《公约》和《协定》的缔约国，而安哥拉则成为《协定》的缔约国(2010年9月7日)。", "10. 他指出，私营部门对深海海底采矿潜力的兴趣在过去一年间有所增加，具体体现是由瑙鲁赞助的瑙鲁海洋资源公司和汤加赞助的汤加近海采矿有限公司都提出要求，恢复其关于批准它们勘探多金属结核工作计划的申请；并体现在关于可否申请在“区域”内进行勘探的合同的众多查询。此外，他还指出，随着全球经济持续复苏，深海技术公司对于参加管理局所举办的讲习班的兴趣有所增加。随着对海底采矿越来越大的商业兴趣，管理局也感受到在区域内提供适当程度的环保的压力。在这方面，关于克拉里昂-克利珀顿区的环境管理计划和全球海洋的化学合成环境管理的提议，是加以紧急审议的措施。", "11. 秘书长指出，制定出一项涵盖三类主要海底矿产资源(多金属结核、多金属硫化物及富钴铁锰结壳)的综合勘探守则，将标志着管理局逐步发展过程中的一个重要里程碑。", "12. 在秘书长介绍情况后，牙买加国务部长兼外交和外贸部长马琳·马拉霍·福特代表国际海底管理局东道国牙买加政府作了发言。部长表示，管理着秘书处大楼的国土厅，与管理局就秘书长在其有关设施的维护报告中提出的关注进行了密切对话。", "13. 她说，牙买加将在会议期间提出一项决议草案，推动于2012年举行联合国海洋法公约30周年纪念活动，该国还将在纽约联合国提出一个类似的决议草案，争取由联合国于2012年12月10日召开一次纪念会议。部长鼓励其他会员国纪念1982年12月10日在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署的该《公约》的周年之日，以提高人们对它的认识。", "14. 关于秘书长的年度报告，阿根廷、孟加拉国、巴西、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大(代表加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰)、智利、中国、古巴、法国、加纳、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、尼日利亚、挪威、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、南非、特里尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、乌干达和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国等国代表团作了发言。联合国秘书处观察员代表团也发了言。", "15. 各成员国对这份详尽报告表达了总体满意，并表示支持管理局作为其2011-2013年工作方案的一部分而在报告所述期间从事的工作。", "16. 关于管理局的监管工作，各代表团敦促管理局继续着力于完成关于深海海隆富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章的定稿。法律和技术委员会于2009年完成规章草案，并建议理事会通过。各代表团还欢迎管理局所采取的积极立场，即在2011-2013年期间的活动方案中纳入通过举办一次研讨会委托对关于制定勘探守则进行初步研究。", "17. 鉴于大陆架界限委员会已经提出的建议数量，各代表团支持秘书处在不久的将来，为关于管理局分配200海里以外大陆架内即将开发非生物资源所获付款或捐助，执行“公约”第82条(4)款所做努力。出于这个原因，各代表团表示愿意参加一个专家组会议，以按照秘书长年度报告中的提议，拟定提交理事会和大会的建议草案。", "18. 各代表团对管理局和奥巴委之间的合作表示欢迎，同时鼓励管理局与负责海洋活动的相关组织寻求进一步合作，以确保采取的做法具有连贯性，在国家管辖范围内外全面保护海洋环境。它们还强调，应当在海洋法发展的更广范围内，特别是根据不限成员名额的非正式特设工作组的情况，考虑管理局的职责，研究有关保护和可持续利用国家管辖范围以外的海洋生物多样性问题。", "19. 各代表团关切地注意到承包商提交环境数据迟缓，妨碍了管理局履行《公约》和《协定》赋予它的可持续开发矿产资源的职责。为了补救这种情况，各代表团鼓励承包商分享其最佳环保做法，并提供其环境数据库的使用，着眼于提高环境报告标准并扩大管理局的数据库。", "20. 关于自愿信托基金，许多代表团对其表示赞赏，并指出该基金有助于确保来自发展中国家的成员参加法律和技术委员会和财务委员会会议，并鼓励作出捐款，以避免基金枯竭。", "21. 在大会的第133次会议上，日本宣布捐款10万美元给捐赠基金，并指出提高发展中国家科学家的专业知识将促进扩大海洋研究，其结果只会造福于人类。随后，墨西哥宣布捐款2 500美元，而且尼日利亚则宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金分别捐款1万美元。", "六. 财务委员会的报告和建议", "22. 2011年7月22日，大会第134次会议审议了财务委员会的报告(ISBA/17/ A/3-ISBA/17/C/3)。", "23. 根据ISBA/17/C/18号文件所载理事会的建议，大会通过了ISBA/17/A/5号文件所载的决定。", "24. 大会主席还代表大会对财务委员会离任主席哈希姆·贾拉尔(印度尼西亚)为管理局工作所作贡献表示赞赏。", "七. 选举财务委员会成员", "25. 大会第134次会议协商一致选举出财务委员会15名成员，任期从2012年1月1日起至2016年12月31日：", "Aung, Zaw Minn(缅甸)", "Armas-Pfirter, Frida María(阿根廷)", "Bakanov, Aleksey P.(俄罗斯联邦)", "Choudhary, Pradip K.(印度)", "Elliott, Trecia(牙买加)", "Graziani, Francesca(意大利)", "Kavina, Pavel(捷克共和国)", "Laki, Duncan M.(乌干达)", "Myklebust, Olav(挪威)", "Ségura, Serge(法国)", "Storani, Reinaldo(巴西)", "Whomersley, Chris(联合王国)", "Wilkens, David CM(德国)", "Yamanaka, Shinichi(日本)", "Yao, Jinsong(中国)", "八. 全权证书委员会的任命及报告", "26. 大会在2011年7月12日的第131次会议上依照其议事规则第24条任命了全权证书委员会。以下国家当选为全权证书委员会成员：阿根廷、巴西、德国、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯。委员会随后选举Jaqueline Moseti(肯尼亚)为主席。", "27. 委员会于2011年7月19日举行了一次会议，审查参加大会第十七届会议代表的全权证书。委员会面前有2011年7月19日秘书处关于这些全权证书状况的备忘录。委员会的报告载于ISBA/17/A/6号文件。", "28. 2011年7月22日，大会第134次会议通过了委员会的报告。大会关于全权证书的决定载于ISBA/17/A/7号文件。", "九. 其他事项", "29. 7月22日，77国集团和中国在第134次会议上提出关于纪念1982年联合国海洋法公约三十周年的提案。", "30. 这一提案回顾了《公约》的历史意义，并重申公约将国家管辖范围以外海床和洋底及其底土以及“区域”内资源编纂和指定为人类的共同遗产的重要性。除了支持为纪念《公约》三十周年而于2012年12月10日(星期一)召开联合国大会纪念会议之外，提案还呼吁管理局在其第十八届会议期间为同一目的举行一次特别会议。", "31. 大会通过其ISBA/17/A/8号文件所载决定中的提案及对它的修订，但条件是相关费用不超出管理局2012年的预算范围。", "32. 在第134次会议上，加纳、荷兰、尼日利亚和南非还提出一项提案，其中提及海底争端分庭于2011年2月1日就赞助个人和实体参加国际海底区域活动的国家的责任和义务问题所做出的咨询意见。", "33. 经过对提案的讨论和修订，大会通过了ISBA/17/A/9号文件所载的决定。", "十. 大会下届会议日期", "34. 大会下届会议将于2012年7月16日至27日 举行。这次将轮到非洲集团提名一个担任2012年大会主席的人选。" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Statement of the President on the work of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority at its seventeenth session", "1. The seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority was held at Kingston, from 11 to 22 July 2011. The Assembly held its 131st to 134th meetings.", "I. Adoption of the agenda", "2. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly adopted its agenda for the seventeenth session (ISBA/17/A/1).", "II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Assembly", "3. At the 131st meeting, Peter Thomson (Fiji) was elected President of the Assembly for the seventeenth session. Following consultations in the regional groups, the representatives of Ghana (Group of African States), Chile (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States), Russian Federation (Group of Eastern European and Other States) and Belgium (Group of Western European and Other States) were elected Vice-Presidents.", "III. Election to fill a vacancy on the Finance Committee", "4. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly elected David Wilkens (Germany) as member of the Finance Committee for the remainder of the term of Michael Hackethal (Germany).", "IV. Request by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, for observer status in the Assembly", "5. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly considered a request for observer status by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, and decided to invite the Center to participate as an observer in its meetings, pursuant to rule 82 (1) (d) of the rules of procedure of the Assembly.", "V. Annual report of the Secretary-General", "6. At the 132nd meeting, on 18 July 2011, the Secretary-General introduced his annual report to the Assembly (ISBA/17/A/2), as required by article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Secretary-General reviewed the Authority’s work since the sixteenth session and outlined the progress that had been made in the implementation of its work programme for the period 2011-2013.", "7. He advised the Assembly that a project under consideration was a preliminary study of some of the issues associated with the development of an exploitation code, to be followed by a workshop or seminar in the second quarter of 2012.", "8. He indicated that the Secretariat intended to produce a user’s guide to the regulatory regime for deep seabed mining, which will describe the system for prospecting, exploration and exploitation, with reference to the Convention, the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the Regulations of the Authority.", "9. The report also covered administrative matters, the Authority’s budget as well as the Voluntary Trust Fund, and the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research. As at 31 May 2011, there were 162 members of the Authority (161 States and the European Union), and 141 parties to the Agreement. Since the last session, Malawi and Thailand have become parties to the Convention and the Agreement (28 September 2010, 15 May 2011, respectively) and Angola has become party to the Agreement (7 September 2010).", "10. He pointed out that private sector interest in the potential for deep seabed mining had increased over the past year, as evidenced by the requests from Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., sponsored by Nauru, and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited, sponsored by Tonga, to reinstate their applications for approval of their plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules; and as shown by numerous enquiries about possible applications for contracts for exploration in the Area. In addition, he observed that there had been increased interest on the part of deep ocean technology companies in participating in workshops organized by the Authority, as the global economy continues to recover. With the increased level of commercial interest in seabed mining, the Authority was also under pressure to deliver an appropriate level of environmental protection for the Area. In this regard, the proposals for an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and for the management of chemosynthetic environments in the global oceans were measures under urgent consideration.", "11. The Secretary-General stated that the completion of a comprehensive exploration code covering the three main types of seabed mineral resources — polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts — would mark an important milestone in the evolution of the Authority.", "12. Following the presentation by the Secretary-General, the Minister of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica, Marlene Malahoo Forte, made a statement on behalf of the Government of Jamaica, the host country of the Authority. The Minister said that the National Land Agency, which managed the secretariat building, had been in close dialogue with the Authority on the concerns raised by the Secretary-General in his report concerning the maintenance of the facilities.", "13. She stated that Jamaica would introduce a draft resolution during the session to encourage the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2012 and that it would also submit a similar draft resolution at the United Nations in New York that would seek to have the Organization convene a commemorative meeting on 10 December 2012. The Minister encouraged other Member States to mark the occasion to raise awareness about the Convention, which was opened for signature in Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 10 December 1982.", "14. With regard to the annual report of the Secretary-General, statements were also made by the delegations of Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada (on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), Chile, China, Cuba, France, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The observer delegation of the United Nations Secretariat also made a statement.", "15. Members expressed their general satisfaction with the detailed report and indicated their support for the work that had been undertaken during the reporting period by the Authority as part of its programme of work for the period 2011-2013.", "16. With regard to the regulatory work of the Authority, delegations urged the Authority to continue work at finalizing regulations for prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts that occur on seamounts in the deep oceans. The draft regulations were completed by the Legal and Technical Commission in 2009 and recommended to the Council for adoption. Delegations also welcome the proactive position adopted by the Authority to include in its programme of activities for the period 2011-2013 the commissioning of a preliminary study of some of the issues relating to the development of an exploitation code through the hosting of a seminar.", "17. Delegations supported the efforts by the secretariat towards the implementation in the near future of article 82 (4) of the Convention with respect to the distribution by the Authority of payments or contributions derived from the possibly imminent exploitation of non-living resources from the continental shelf beyond 200 miles, in view of the number of recommendations already issued by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. For that reason, delegations expressed their interest in participating in an expert group meeting to prepare draft recommendations to the Council and the Assembly as proposed in the annual report of the Secretary-General.", "18. Welcoming the cooperation between the Authority and OSPAR, delegations encouraged the Authority to pursue further cooperation with relevant institutions having a mandate over activities in the oceans so as to ensure a consistency of approach as well as comprehensive protection of the marine environment within and beyond the national jurisdiction. It was also emphasized that the responsibilities of the Authority should be considered in the broader context of developments within the law of the sea and in particular, within the context of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction.", "19. Delegations noted with concern the tardiness of the submission by contractors of their environmental data, which hampers the Authority to discharge the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Convention and the Agreement with respect to the development of mineral resources in a sustainable manner. In order to remediate to that situation, delegations encouraged contractors to share best environmental practices and access to their environmental databases in view of raising environmental reporting standards and of expanding the database of the Authority.", "20. With regard to the Voluntary Trust Fund, delegations expressed their appreciation for it, noting that it had helped to ensure the participation of members from developing countries in meetings of the Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee and encouraged contributions in order to avoid the depletion of the Fund.", "21. At the 133rd meeting of the Assembly, Japan announced a contribution of $100,000 to the Endowment Fund stating that building the expertise of scientists from developing States would encourage the expansion of marine research, which could only be to the benefit of mankind. Subsequently, Mexico announced a contribution of $2,500 and Nigeria announced a contribution of $10,000 each to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "VI. Report and recommendations of the Finance Committee", "22. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly considered the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).", "23. On the basis of the recommendations of the Council contained in document ISBA/17/C/18, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/5.", "24. The President of the Assembly also extended appreciation on behalf of the Assembly to the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee, Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia) for his contribution to the work of the Authority.", "VII. Election of members of the Finance Committee", "25. At its 134th meeting, the Assembly elected, by consensus, 15 members of the Finance Committee for the period from 1 January 2012 until 31 December 2016:", "Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar) Armas-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina) Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Russian Federation) Choudhary, Pradip K. (India) Elliott, Trecia (Jamaica) Graziani, Francesca (Italy) Kavina, Pavel (Czech Republic) Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda) Myklebust, Olav (Norway) Ségura, Serge (France) Storani, Reinaldo (Brazil) Whomersley, Chris (United Kingdom) Wilkens, David C. M. (Germany) Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japan) Yao, Jinsong (China)", "VIII. Appointment and report of the Credentials Committee", "26. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly appointed its Credentials Committee in accordance with rule 24 of its rules of procedure. The following were elected members of the Credentials Committee: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya) was elected by the Committee as its Chairman.", "27. The Committee held one meeting, on 19 July 2011, during which it examined the credentials of representatives participating in the seventeenth session of the Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of those credentials. The report of the Committee is contained in document ISBA/17/A/6.", "28. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the report of the Committee. The decision of the Assembly relating to credentials is contained in document ISBA/17/A/7.", "IX. Other matters", "29. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July, the Group of 77 and China introduced a proposal to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "30. The proposal recalled the historic significance of the Convention and reaffirmed the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction as well as the resources of the Areas, as the common heritage of mankind. In addition to supporting the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012 to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention, the proposal called for a special meeting during the eighteenth session of the Authority for the same purpose.", "31. The Assembly adopted, with an amendment, the proposal contained in its decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/8, with the understanding that related costs remain within the budget of the Authority for 2012.", "32. Also at its 134th meeting, Ghana, the Netherlands, Nigeria and South Africa introduced a proposal referring to the Advisory Opinion of 1 February 2011 delivered by the Seabed Disputes Chamber on the Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area.", "33. After discussion and with amendments to the proposal, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/9.", "X. Dates of the next session of the Assembly", "34. The next session of the Assembly will be held from 16 to 27 July 2012. It will be the turn of the African Group to nominate a candidate for the presidency of the Assembly in 2012." ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Note by the President of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority on the work of the Assembly at its seventeenth session", "1. The seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority was held in Kingston from 11 to 22 July 2011. The General Assembly held its 131st to 134th meetings.", "Adoption of the agenda", "2. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the agenda for its seventeenth session (ISBA/17/A/1).", "II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Assembly", "3. At the 131st meeting, Peter Thomson (Fiji) was elected Chairman of the seventeenth session. Following consultations among the regional groups, the representatives of Ghana (Group of African States), Chile (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States), the Russian Federation (Group of Eastern European and Other States) and Belgium (Group of Western European and Other States) were elected Vice-Chairmen.", "Election to fill a vacancy on the Finance Committee", "4. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly elected David Wilkens (Germany) as a member of the Finance Committee for the remainder of the term of Michael Hacktar (Germany).", "IV. Request for observer status for the Centre for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia Law School", "5. At its 131st meeting, the General Assembly considered the request for observer status of the Centre for Law of the Sea and Ocean Policy, University of Virginia Law School, and decided to invite the Centre to participate in its meetings as an observer, in accordance with rule 82 (1) (d) of the rules of procedure.", "Annual report of the Secretary-General", "6. At the 132nd meeting, on 18 July 2011, the Secretary-General introduced his annual report to the General Assembly (ISBA/17/A/2), as required by article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Secretary-General reviewed the work of the Authority since its sixteenth session and outlined the progress made in the implementation of the Authority ' s programme of work for the period 2011-2013.", "7. He informed the General Assembly that a project under consideration was a preliminary study of a number of issues related to the development of a mining code, to be followed by a workshop or seminar in the second quarter of 2012.", "8. He indicated that the Secretariat intended to develop a user guide on the regulatory regime for deep seabed mining, which would describe the exploration, exploitation and exploitation regime, taking into account the Convention, the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the regulations of the Authority.", "9. The report also covers administrative matters, the budget of the Authority and voluntary trust funds, as well as the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research. As at 31 May 2011, there were 162 members of the Authority (161 States plus the European Union), compared with 141 parties to the Agreement. Since the last session, Malawi and Thailand have become parties to the Convention and the Agreement (28 September 2010 and 15 May 2011, respectively), while Angola has become a party to the Agreement (7 September 2010).", "He noted that the private sector's interest in the potential of deep seabed mining had increased over the past year, as evidenced by requests from Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., sponsored by Nauru, and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd., sponsored by Tonga, to resume their applications for approval of their plans of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules, as well as by numerous inquiries about the possibility of applying for contracts for exploration in the Area. In addition, he noted that, as the global economy continued to recover, deep-sea technology companies had increased their interest in participating in workshops organized by the Authority. As there is growing commercial interest in seabed mining, the Authority also feels pressure to provide an appropriate level of environmental protection in the area. In this regard, the proposals for an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and for the management of the global marine chemical synthesis environment are measures for urgent consideration.", "11. The Secretary-General noted that the development of a comprehensive exploration code covering the three main seabed mineral resources (polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts) would mark an important milestone in the progressive development of the Authority.", "12. Following the briefing by the Secretary-General, the Minister of State and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica, Marlene Marajo Ford, made a statement on behalf of the Government of Jamaica, the host country of the International Seabed Authority. The Minister indicated that the Land Office, which runs the Secretariat Building, had engaged in a close dialogue with the Authority on the concerns expressed by the Secretary-General in his report on the maintenance of the related facilities.", "13. She said that Jamaica would present a draft resolution during the Conference to promote the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2012 and that it would also submit a similar draft resolution at the United Nations in New York with a view to the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations on 10 December 2012. The Minister encouraged other Member States to commemorate the anniversary of the Convention, opened for signature at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 10 December 1982, in order to raise awareness of it.", "14. With regard to the annual report of the Secretary-General, statements were made by the delegations of Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada (on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), Chile, China, Cuba, France, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The observer delegation of the United Nations Secretariat also made a statement.", "15. Member States expressed general satisfaction with the detailed report and expressed support for the work of the Authority during the reporting period as part of its programme of work for 2011-2013.", "16. With regard to the regulatory work of the Authority, delegations urged the Authority to continue its efforts to finalize the regulations on prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on deep sea seamounts. The Legal and Technical Commission completed the draft regulations in 2009 and recommended them for adoption by the Council. Delegations also welcomed the positive position taken by the Authority to include in its programme of activities for the period 2011-2013 the commissioning of a preliminary study on the development of a code of conduct for exploration through a workshop.", "In view of the number of recommendations already made by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, delegations supported the efforts of the Secretariat in the near future to implement article 82, paragraph (4), of the Convention, with regard to the allocation by the Authority of payments or contributions for the forthcoming exploitation of non-living resources within the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. For this reason, delegations expressed their willingness to participate in an expert group meeting to prepare draft recommendations to the Council and the General Assembly, as proposed in the annual report of the Secretary-General.", "18. While welcoming the cooperation between the Authority and OSPAR, delegations encouraged the Authority to seek further cooperation with relevant organizations responsible for ocean activities to ensure a consistent approach to the full protection of the marine environment within and beyond areas of national jurisdiction. They also stressed that the mandate of the Authority to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction should be considered in the broader context of the development of the law of the sea, in particular in the context of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group.", "19. Delegations noted with concern the slow submission of environmental data by contractors, which prevented the Authority from fulfilling its responsibilities under the Convention and the Agreement for the sustainable exploitation of mineral resources. To remedy the situation, delegations encouraged contractors to share their best environmental practices and to provide access to their environmental databases, with a view to improving environmental reporting standards and expanding the Authority ' s database.", "20. With regard to the voluntary trust fund, many delegations expressed appreciation for it and noted that it had helped to ensure the participation of members from developing countries in the meetings of the Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee and encouraged contributions to avoid the depletion of the fund.", "21. At the 133rd meeting of the General Conference, Japan announced its contribution of $100,000 to the Endowment Fund and noted that enhancing the expertise of scientists from developing countries would facilitate the expansion of marine research, the results of which would only benefit humankind. Subsequently, Mexico announced a contribution of $2,500, while Nigeria announced a contribution of $10,000 to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund, respectively.", "VI. Report and recommendations of the Finance Committee", "22. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly considered the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).", "23. On the recommendation of the Council, as contained in document ISBA/17/C/18, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/5.", "24. The President of the General Assembly, on behalf of the Assembly, also expressed appreciation to Hashim Djalal (Indonesia), the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee, for his contribution to the work of the Authority.", "Election of members of the Finance Committee", "25. At its 134th meeting, the General Assembly elected by consensus 15 members of the Finance Committee for a term of office beginning on 1 January 2012 and ending on 31 December 2016:", "Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar)", "Armas-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina)", "Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Russian Federation)", "Choudhary, Pradip K. (India)", "Elliott, Trecia (Jamaica)", "Graziani, Francesca (Italy)", "Kavina, Pavel (Czech Republic)", "Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda)", "Myklebust, Olav (Norway)", "Ségura, Serge (France)", "Storani, Reinaldo (Brazil)", "Whomersley, Chris (United Kingdom)", "Wilkens, David CM (Germany)", "Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japan)", "Yao, Jinsong (China)", "VIII. Appointment and report of the Credentials Committee", "26. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly appointed a Credentials Committee in accordance with rule 24 of its rules of procedure. The following States were elected members of the Credentials Committee: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia. The Committee then elected Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya) as Chairman.", "27. The Committee held one meeting, on 19 July 2011, to examine the credentials of representatives participating in the seventeenth session of the General Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the Secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of those credentials. The report of the Committee is contained in document ISBA/17/A/6.", "28. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the General Assembly adopted the report of the Committee. The decision of the Assembly relating to credentials is contained in document ISBA/17/A/7.", "Other matters", "29. At the 134th meeting, on 22 July, the Group of 77 and China submitted a proposal for the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "This proposal recalls the historic significance of the Convention and reaffirms the importance of its codification and designation of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, as well as resources in the Area, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as the common heritage of mankind. In addition to supporting the holding of a commemorative meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations on Monday, 10 December 2012, to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention, the proposal calls upon the Authority to hold a special session during its eighteenth session for the same purpose.", "31. The Assembly adopted the proposals contained in its decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/8, with amendments thereto, provided that the related costs were within the budget of the Authority for 2012.", "32. Also at the 134th meeting, Ghana, the Netherlands, Nigeria and South Africa submitted a proposal referring to the advisory opinion of the Seabed Disputes Chamber of 1 February 2011 on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring individuals and entities to participate in activities in the international seabed area.", "33. After discussion of the proposal and its revision, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/9.", "Date of the next session of the Assembly", "34. The next session of the Assembly will be held from 16 to 27 July 2012. It will be the turn of the African Group to nominate a candidate for the presidency of the General Assembly for 2012." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(k)", "经济和环境问题：制图", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)提交的决定草案", "第十九次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议的时间地点", "经济及社会理事会，回顾其2010年7月21日第2010/241号决定，其中，除其他外，理事会注意到第十八次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议的报告，[1] 决定2012年10月29日至11月2日在曼谷举行第十九次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议。", "[1] E/CONF.100/9。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (k)", "Economic and environmental questions: cartography", "Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia)", "Dates and venue for the nineteenth session of the United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific", "The Economic and Social Council, recalling its decision 2010/241 of 21 July 2010, in which it took note of, inter alia, the report of the Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific,[1] decides to hold the Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok from 29 October to 2 November 2012.", "[1] E/CONF.100/9." ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (k)", "Economic and environmental questions: cartography", "Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia)", "Time and venue of the Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific", "The Economic and Social Council, recalling its decision 2010/241 of 21 July 2010, in which it, inter alia, took note of the report of the Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific, [1] decides to hold the Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok from 29 October to 2 November 2012.", "[1] E/CONF.100/9." ]

[ "2010年7月26日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/65/L.87)]", "65/312. 大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件", "大会，", "回顾大会2009年12月18日第64/134号决议，特别是其中第3段，以及大会2011年3月15日第65/267号决议，特别是其中第1段，", "通过大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件如下：", "大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件", "我们，各国国家元首和政府首脑、部长和会员国代表于2011年7月25日和26日汇聚纽约联合国总部，讨论“青年：对话和相互了解”这一主题，", "1. 强调有必要就和平、自由、公正、容忍、尊重人权和基本自由、团结及献身于进步和发展目标等理想，对青年人进行宣传、培养和教育；", "2. 回顾2009年12月18日第64/134号决议，其中大会宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为“国际青年年：对话和相互了解”，并承认高级别会议作为国际青年年的重要活动具有重要意义；", "3. 重申《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其中15项相互关联的优先领域，并吁请各会员国继续在当地、国家、区域和国际层面加以执行；", "4. 鼓励各会员国制定综合政策和行动计划，重点关注青年，特别是处于贫穷和边缘状态的青年的最大利益，解决青年发展所有方面的问题，还鼓励国际社会和联合国系统支持国家青年方案，进一步发展和完善现有的包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的青年问题国际框架，以充分应对目前影响青年的所有挑战；", "5. 又鼓励各会员国在青年发展的所有方面促进性别平等和妇女赋权，确认女孩和青年妇女的脆弱性以及男孩和青年男子在确保性别平等方面发挥的重要作用；", "6. 赞赏地注意到各会员国，包括青年组织、私营部门、民间社会和媒体在内的所有利益攸关方和联合国各实体的各项活动、特别活动、贡献和投入，同时注意到青年组织对高级别会议成果文件的投入；", "7. 确认青年人追求理想，应对挑战，发挥潜力的方式将影响到当前的社会和经济情况以及子孙后代的福利和生计，并强调有必要进一步努力，特别是通过支持青年人发挥潜力和才能及克服面临的障碍，促进他们的利益，包括使他们能够充分享有人权；", "8. 回顾承诺实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，承诺落实各次全球会议、首脑会议和相关方案的成果；", "9. 强调有效的、能反映青年多样性的部门和跨部门国家青年政策的重要作用，强调国际合作对于促进实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的重要作用；", "10. 邀请会员国审查和评价其就包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领所作的承诺的落实情况，并请联合国各区域委员会协助会员国共享在此方面的国家经验、教训和良好做法；", "11. 鼓励各会员国继续制定、执行、监测及评价有效的国家青年政策，要考虑到各自在青年发展方面的文化背景，并促进有关青年的相关区域方案；", "12. 重申我们决心优先关注促进青年发展和青年利益，应对阻碍青年发展的各项挑战，特别是通过消除贫穷，促进持续经济增长、可持续发展以及人人享有的充分、生产性就业和体面工作等办法这么做，呼吁青年人和青年组织酌情更多地参与制定当地、国家、区域和国际的发展战略和政策；", "13. 重申有必要保护青年人免遭包括性别暴力在内的一切形式的暴力行为、贩运人口、欺凌和网络欺凌，避免他们陷入诸如毒品犯罪等犯罪活动，被人操纵，确认有必要制定安全、对青年有利的咨询、投诉和报告机制，以解决他们权利受侵犯的问题；", "14. 重申加强在青年问题方面的国际合作，包括通过兑现所有各项官方发展援助承诺，转移适当技术，开展能力建设，增进青年对话、相互了解和积极参与等等，是实现消除贫穷、充分就业和社会融合的关键要素；", "15. 欢迎各会员国为兑现有关实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的承诺而持续作出的努力，并承认各会员国、联合国各实体、包括青年组织在内的民间社会组织以及私营部门为改善青年人的状况所作的贡献；但关切地注意到尽管开展了这些努力，但在大量青年人居住的区域，贫穷依然构成主要挑战，获得基本社会服务的途径有限，对女孩和青年妇女而言更是如此，而经济和金融危机、粮食危机、持续的粮食无保障、能源危机和气候变化等带来的种种挑战依然阻碍青年发展；还关切地注意到，在实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标方面，特别是在与青年相关的问题方面取得的总体进展并不均衡；", "16. 确认世界上大多数青年生活在发展中国家，发展制约给青年带来了更多挑战，因为他们获得资源、教育和培训、保健、就业及更广泛的社会经济发展机会的途径有限，因此请联合国各实体在设计和实施青年方案时能考虑到这些发展制约，以确保生活在发展中国家的青年人同样能够受益；", "17. 谴责违反适用的国际法，在武装冲突中招募和使用青年，痛惜这一做法对所涉青年产生的负面影响，吁请各会员国与联合国各实体合作，采取具体措施，继续支持各项方案，确保解除武装的青年能够有效地重新融入社会和经济生活，恢复正常生活；", "18. 确认务必预防和解决包括毒品犯罪在内的青年犯罪问题及其对青年和社会经济发展产生的影响，务必保护青年受害者和目击证人，支持青年罪犯改造、重返社会及融入社会，使他们能够发挥建设性作用；", "19. 邀请会员国在国际青年年庆祝活动之后继续更加强调和扩大在国家、区域和国际层面的活动，通过人权教育和学习等方式促进青年之间以及与青年的对话和相互了解文化，借以推动发展、社会包容、容忍与和平；", "20. 再次申明青年人和青年组织通过适当渠道充分、有效地参与相关决策过程是实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，落实各次全球会议和首脑会议成果以及《世界青年行动纲领》的关键；", "21. 确认青年代表对大会及联合国其他实体所作的积极贡献以及他们作为青年人与联合国之间重要沟通渠道所起的作用，在此方面请秘书长充分支持现有机制，继续方便青年人有效参加各种会议；", "22. 鼓励会员国与相关行为体合作，加强对话和相互了解，以更好地解决与青年相关的各种问题，特别是有关青年积极参与、青年就业、性别平等和妇女赋权、社会融合、人人充分就业和拥有体面工作、获得优质教育、发展科学和创新能力、奖学金和培训、获得并特别是为保护儿童和青年人而安全使用信息和通信技术、享有保健、消除歧视、受保护免于一切形式的暴力行为、代际团结以及金融、经济和其他危机产生的影响等问题；", "23. 请联合国各机构，并邀请国际社会和民间社会及私营部门推动扩大青年发展议程，加强国际合作，交流良好做法，以支持会员国努力在此方面取得进展，同时考虑到确保青年发展的主要责任应由各国承担；", "24. 敦促联合国各实体，包括各专门机构、基金和方案，根据其任务规定，应请求支持加强各国制定和执行国家计划、政策和方案的能力与工作，以加速实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领；", "25. 请联合国各实体通过青年发展机构间网络等措施加强协调并加大努力，在青年发展问题上采用更连贯、更全面和更综合的方法，吁请联合国各实体和相关伙伴采取更多措施，支持为应对阻碍青年发展的挑战在国家、区域和国际层面开展努力，在此方面，鼓励与会员国和包括民间社会在内的其他相关利益攸关方密切协作；", "26. 请秘书长适当考虑到现有的报告义务，向社会发展委员会第五十一届会议提交一份报告，说明在解决影响青年的各种问题方面有哪些国家经验、教训和良好做法，还应评价联合国当前与青年有关的各项方案取得的成绩及存在的不足，并提出具体建议，说明如何通过志愿者活动等办法有效应对阻碍青年发展和参与的各项挑战，如何改善联合国与青年有关的各项方案和结构，包括其连贯性，如何更好地加强世界各地青年人之间的对话和相互了解，如何评估在这些领域中取得的进展；该报告应与各会员国以及相关专门机构、基金和方案及区域委员会磋商编写，同时考虑到联合国系统开展的工作；又请秘书处酌情与青年组织和关注青年的组织磋商，以确保社会发展委员会在审议报告期间能适当考虑到青年提出的各种意见；", "27. 再次申明我们请秘书长提出一套与《世界青年行动纲领》以及各项拟议目标和具体目标相关联的可能指标，以协助各国评估青年状况，同时鼓励秘书长继续与会员国磋商；", "28. 再次表示我们决心兑现促进青年发展、对话和相互了解的承诺，同时适当关注包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领。因此，我们承诺致力于以下行动：", "(a) 吁请国际社会与包括青年组织在内的民间社会、私营部门和社会其他方面一道继续支持会员国所作的努力，预防并抵消全球化的负面社会和经济影响，并使青年人从中获得最大益处；", "(b) 吁请包括会员国及政府间和非政府组织在内的捐助方支持会员国为执行本成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》所作的努力；", "(c) 解决青年失业、就业不足、工作不稳定和非正规就业比率高企的问题，办法是制定和执行有针对性的青年就业综合国家政策，以便创造包容性就业；提高受雇能力；发展技能，提供职业培训，满足青年，包括移徙青年的劳动力市场具体需求；提高创业精神，包括在当地、国家、区域和全球层面发展青年企业家网络，使青年人更多了解他们在社会中的权利和责任；在此方面请捐助方、联合国各专门实体和私营部门继续提供援助，包括根据需要提供技术和资金支持；", "(d) 敦促会员国通过制定和执行各项战略，使世界各地的青年人确实有机会找到体面的生产性工作，解决青年失业这一全球性挑战，并在此方面考虑努力制定一项青年就业问题全球战略，其中重点关注青年失业问题；鼓励会员国、雇主组织、工会、私营部门、各级教育机构、青年组织和民间社会在国际社会、包括金融机构在内的所有利益攸关方以及联合国系统的支持下，酌情在此方面建立伙伴关系，通过促进青年创业等办法，推动在劳动力市场创造包容性的就业机会，同时考虑到区域和国家的特殊性；", "(e) 与包括青年组织在内的民间社会、教育机构及私营部门合作，采取适当措施，加强国际、区域和国家伙伴关系，使来自不同种族、文化和宗教背景的青年人加强相互间的尊重、容忍和了解；", "(f) 加大努力，提高教育质量，促进普及教育，特别是使青年妇女、辍学青年、残疾青年、土著青年、农村地区青年、移民青年以及感染了艾滋病毒的青年和受艾滋病影响的青年能够不受任何歧视地获得受教育机会，确保他们能获得所需的知识、能力、技能和道德价值观，包括适当获得奖学金和参与其他交流方案、得到非正规教育以及技术和职业教育和培训，以实现发展，充分参与社会、经济和政治发展进程，因为知识和教育是青年参与、对话和加强相互了解的关键因素；", "(g) 向青年人倡导和提供人权教育和学习机会，同时特别考虑到青年妇女的需求，并在此方面制定各项举措，促进各国青年的对话和相互了解、容忍和友谊；", "(h) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取有效措施，保护受恐怖主义和教唆影响或利用的青年人；", "(i) 通过适当法律并制定各项战略，以预防和消除各种情况下针对青年的一切形式暴力行为，确保落实有关结束针对青年的暴力行为的政策和有充足资金的方案，包括通过青年组织和青年网络采取的支持青年行动以结束暴力行为的各项举措；", "(j) 更多地利用信息和通信技术提高青年人的生活质量，同时在联合国系统、捐助方、私营部门和民间社会的支持下，推动以非歧视、公平、安全和负担得起的方式普及信息和通信技术，特别是在学校和公共场所，通过技术转让和国际合作等办法消除障碍以弥合数字鸿沟，促进开发关于本地的内容，并采取措施，向青年人传授妥善、安全使用信息和通信技术必需的知识与技能；", "(k) 通过不加歧视地向青年人提供可持续的卫生系统和社会服务，通过特别关注营养问题，包括进食障碍症和肥胖症，关注非传染病和传染病的影响、性保健和生殖保健以及旨在防止包括艾滋病毒和艾滋病在内的性传播疾病的措施，并提高这方面的认识，确保青年人享受所能达到的最高标准身心健康；", "(l) 促进青年，特别是那些参与农业生产以及在确保受到气候变化威胁的粮食安全方面发挥关键作用的青年参加环境问题方面的培训和能力建设，这些问题包括适应和缓解气候变化，应对荒漠化及其他挑战；", "(m) 切实促进和保护所有移徙者，特别是青年移徙者的人权和基本自由，不论其移徙身份为何，并通过国际、区域或双边合作和对话，以综合、平衡的方式处理国际移徙问题，同时确认原籍国、过境国和目的地国在促进和保护所有移徙者，特别是青年移徙者人权方面的作用和责任，解决青年移徙的根源问题，同时避免采取可能使他们更易受伤害的举措；", "(n) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取协调行动，消除各种障碍，使生活在外国占领下的青年人能够充分实现其权利，以促进实现千年发展目标；", "(o) 鼓励会员国、国际社会、联合国系统及私营部门支持青年组织变得开放、包容，并加强青年组织参与国家和国际发展活动的能力；", "(p) 鼓励会员国加强与包括青年组织在内的民间社会的伙伴关系机制，促进青年发展，同时创建有效的合作、对话和信息交流渠道，酌情促进青年人（包括农村和城市青年）、其所在国政府和其他相关决策者之间的交流；", "(q) 吁请包括会员国、政府间和非政府组织在内的捐助方积极为联合国青年基金捐款，以支持青年领域具有推动作用的创新行动，便利发展中国家的青年代表参与联合国青年方案的活动，同时考虑到有必要在青年代表方面更多地体现地域平衡，在此方面请秘书长采取适当行动，鼓励向青年基金捐款并与联合国各实体其他与青年有关的基金开展协作。", "2010年7月26日", "第111次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/65/L.87)]", "65/312. Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in particular paragraph 3 thereof, and its resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, in particular paragraph 1 thereof,", "Adopts the following outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding:", "Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "We, Heads of State and Government, Ministers and representatives of Member States, gathered at a high-level meeting at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011 on the theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”,", "1. Stress the need to disseminate and foster among young people and educate them about the ideals of peace, freedom, justice, tolerance, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, solidarity and dedication to the objectives of progress and development;", "2. Recall resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, by which the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, and acknowledge the significance of the High-level Meeting as the highlight of the International Year of Youth;", "3. Reaffirm the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and call upon Member States to continue its implementation at the local, national, regional and international levels;", "4. Encourage Member States to develop comprehensive policies and action plans that focus on the best interests of youth, particularly the poor and marginalized, and address all aspects of youth development, and also encourage the international community and the United Nations system to support national youth programmes and further develop and improve the existing international framework on youth, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, in order to fully address all current challenges affecting youth;", "5. Also encourage Member States to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of youth development, recognizing the vulnerability of girls and young women, and the important role of boys and young men in ensuring gender equality;", "6. Note with appreciation the activities, special events, contributions and inputs of Member States and all stakeholders, including youth-led organizations, the private sector, civil society and the media, as well as United Nations entities, and take into account the input from youth-led organizations to the outcome document of the High-level Meeting;", "7. Recognize that the ways in which young people are able to address their aspirations and challenges and fulfil their potential will influence current social and economic conditions and the well-being and livelihood of future generations, and stress the need for further efforts to promote the interests of youth, including the full enjoyment of their human rights, inter alia, by supporting young people in developing their potential and talents and tackling obstacles facing youth;", "8. Recall the commitment to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits and relevant programmes;", "9. Stress the important role of effective sectoral and cross-sectoral national youth policies, reflecting youth in all its diversity, as well as of international cooperation in promoting the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "10. Invite Member States to review and evaluate the implementation of their commitments to relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, and request the United Nations regional commissions to assist Member States in sharing information on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices in that regard;", "11. Encourage Member States to continue developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective national youth policies, taking into account their cultural context regarding youth development, as well as to promote relevant regional programmes on youth;", "12. Reaffirm our determination to give priority attention to the promotion of youth and their interests and to address the challenges that hinder youth development, in particular through poverty eradication, the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development and full and productive employment and decent work for all, and call for increased participation of youth and youth-led organizations in the formulation of, as appropriate, local, national, regional and international development strategies and policies;", "13. Reaffirm the need for young people to be protected from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence, trafficking in persons, bullying and cyberbullying, as well as from involvement and manipulation in criminal activities such as drug-related crimes, and recognize the need for the development of safe and youth-friendly counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms for the redress of violations of their rights;", "14. Reaffirm that the strengthening of international cooperation regarding youth, including through the fulfilment of all official development assistance commitments, the transfer of appropriate technology, capacity-building, the enhancement of dialogue, mutual understanding and the active participation of youth, are crucial elements of efforts towards achieving the eradication of poverty, full employment and social integration;", "15. Welcome the ongoing efforts by Member States to implement their pledges to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledge the contributions of Member States, the United Nations entities, civil society organizations, including youth-led organizations, and the private sector to improve the situation of young people; note with concern, however, that, despite these efforts, substantial numbers of young people reside in areas where poverty constitutes a major challenge and access to basic social services is limited, especially for girls and young women, and that youth development remains hindered by the economic and financial crisis, as well as by challenges brought about by the food crisis and continued food insecurity, the energy crisis and climate change; and also note with concern that the overall progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in particular on issues relevant to youth, has been uneven;", "16. Recognize that the majority of the world’s youth live in developing countries and that development constraints pose additional challenges to youth owing to their limited access to resources, education and training, health care, employment and broader socio-economic development opportunities, and therefore request United Nations entities to take into account these development constraints when designing and implementing their programmes on youth in order to ensure that benefits reach young people living in developing countries equally;", "17. Condemn the recruitment and use of youth in armed conflict, in contravention of applicable international law, deplore the negative consequences it has on the youth involved, and call upon Member States, in cooperation with the United Nations entities, to take concrete measures and continue to support programmes to ensure the effective social and economic reintegration and rehabilitation of demobilized young people;", "18. Recognize the importance of preventing and addressing youth crime, including drug-related crime, and its impact on youth and the socio-economic development of societies, as well as of protecting young victims and witnesses and supporting the rehabilitation, reintegration and inclusion of young offenders in society with a view to them assuming constructive roles;", "19. Invite Member States, following the celebration of the International Year of Youth, to continue to place greater emphasis on, and expand their activities at the national, regional and international levels in promoting, including through human rights education and learning, a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among and with youth, as agents of development, social inclusion, tolerance and peace;", "20. Reiterate that the full and effective participation of young people and youth-led organizations in relevant decision-making processes through appropriate channels is key to, inter alia, achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits, as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "21. Recognize the positive contribution that youth representatives make to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities and their role in serving as an important channel of communication between young people and the United Nations, and in this regard request the Secretary-General to adequately support existing instruments so that they can continue to facilitate their effective participation in meetings;", "22. Encourage Member States, in cooperation with relevant actors, to promote dialogue and mutual understanding to better address youth-related issues, particularly as regards active youth participation, youth work, gender equality and the empowerment of women, social integration, full employment and decent work for all, access to quality education, the development of scientific and innovative capacities, scholarships and training, access to and safe use of information and communications technology, in particular in the interest of the protection of children and young people, access to health care, the elimination of discrimination, protection from all forms of violence, intergenerational solidarity, and the impacts of financial, economic and other crises;", "23. Request the United Nations agencies, and invite the international community and civil society, as well as the private sector, to promote the broader youth development agenda and to strengthen international cooperation and the exchange of good practices in order to support Member States in their efforts to achieve such progress, taking into account the fact that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development lies with States;", "24. Urge the United Nations entities, including specialized agencies, funds and programmes, in accordance with their mandates, to support, upon request, the strengthening of national capacities and efforts in the development and implementation of national plans, policies and programmes that can accelerate the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "25. Request the United Nations entities to enhance their coordination and intensify efforts towards a more coherent, comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development through, inter alia, the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, call upon the United Nations entities and relevant partners to develop additional measures to support national, regional and international efforts in addressing challenges hindering youth development, and in this regard encourage close collaboration with Member States as well as other relevant stakeholders, including civil society;", "26. Request the Secretary-General to submit a report, with due regard to existing reporting obligations, to the Commission for Social Development at its fifty-first session, on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices on how to address problems affecting youth, which report shall also evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of ongoing United Nations programmes related to youth and put forward concrete recommendations on how to more effectively address the challenges hindering the development and participation of youth, including through volunteer activities; how to improve the United Nations programmes and structures related to youth, including their coherence; how to better foster dialogue and mutual understanding among youth worldwide; and how to assess progress in these fields, and should be prepared in consultation with Member States, as well as the relevant specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and regional commissions, taking into account the work done by the United Nations system; and also request the Secretariat to consult, as appropriate, with youth-led and youth-focused organizations to ensure that various youth inputs are duly shared with the Commission for Social Development during its deliberations;", "27. Reiterate our request to the Secretary-General to propose a set of possible indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and targets, in order to assist Member States in assessing the situation of youth, encouraging continued consultations with Member States;", "28. Renew our resolve to fulfil our commitments to promote youth development, dialogue and mutual understanding, paying due attention to the relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. Therefore, we pledge to commit to the following actions:", "(a) Call upon the international community to continue to support the efforts of Member States, together with civil society, including youth-led organizations, the private sector and other parts of society, to anticipate and offset the negative social and economic consequences of globalization and to maximize its benefits for young people;", "(b) Also call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to support the efforts of Member States in the implementation of this outcome document as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "(c) Address the high rates of youth unemployment, underemployment, vulnerable employment and informal employment by developing and implementing targeted and integrated national youth employment policies for inclusive job creation; improved employability; skill development and vocational training to meet specific labour market needs of youth, including young migrants; and increased entrepreneurship, including the development of networks of young entrepreneurs at the local, national, regional and global levels, which foster knowledge among young people about their rights and responsibilities in society; and in this regard request donors, specialized United Nations entities and the private sector to continue to provide assistance, including technical and funding support, as required;", "(d) Urge Member States to address the global challenge of youth unemployment by developing and implementing strategies that give young people everywhere a real chance to find decent and productive work, and, in this context, consider undertaking efforts towards the development of a global strategy on youth employment with a focus on youth unemployment, and encourage Member States, employers’ organizations, trade unions, the private sector, institutions of education at all levels, youth organizations and civil society, with the support of the international community, all relevant stakeholders, including financial institutions, and the United Nations system, as appropriate, to develop partnerships in this regard to foster inclusive employment opportunities in the labour market, including through the promotion of youth entrepreneurship, taking into account regional and national particularities;", "(e) Undertake appropriate measures, in cooperation with civil society, including youth-led organizations, educational institutions and the private sector, in order to strengthen international, regional and national partnerships to foster mutual respect, tolerance and understanding among young people with different racial, cultural and religious backgrounds;", "(f) Increase efforts to improve the quality of education and promote universal access to education, particularly for young women, out-of-school youth, youth with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth in rural areas, young migrants, and youth living with HIV and affected by AIDS, without discrimination on any basis, to ensure that they can acquire the knowledge, capacities, skills and ethical values needed, including by appropriate access to scholarships and other mobility programmes, non-formal education, as well as technical and vocational education and training, to develop and to participate fully in the process of social, economic and political development, since knowledge and education are key factors for youth participation, dialogue and mutual understanding;", "(g) Promote and provide human rights education and learning for youth, taking particular account of young women, and develop initiatives in that regard, in order to promote dialogue and mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among youth of all nations;", "(h) Urge Member States to take effective measures in conformity with international law to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement;", "(i) Adopt appropriate laws and develop strategies for the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against youth, in all settings, and to ensure the implementation of policies and adequately resourced programmes on ending violence against youth, including initiatives to support youth action to end violence through youth-led organizations and networks;", "(j) Strengthen the use of information and communications technology to improve the quality of life of young people, and, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, promote universal, non‑discriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable access to information and communications technology, especially in schools and public places, and remove the barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through transfer of technology and international cooperation, as well as promote the development of locally relevant content and implement measures to equip young people with the knowledge and skills needed to use information and communications technology appropriately and safely;", "(k) Ensure that young people enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health by providing youth with access to sustainable health systems and social services without discrimination and by paying special attention to, and raising awareness regarding, nutrition, including eating disorders and obesity, the effects of non-communicable and communicable diseases and sexual and reproductive health, as well as measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS;", "(l) Promote youth participation in training and capacity-building for environmental issues, including climate change adaptation and mitigation, tackling desertification and other challenges, particularly for those who are engaged in agricultural production and play a vital role in providing food security, which is threatened by climate change;", "(m) Promote and protect effectively the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, especially young people, regardless of their migration status, address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue and through a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination in promoting and protecting the human rights of all migrants, especially young people, and address the root causes of youth migration, while avoiding approaches that might aggravate their vulnerability;", "(n) Urge Member States to take concerted actions in conformity with international law to remove the obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;", "(o) Encourage Member States, the international community, the United Nations system and the private sector to support youth-led organizations in achieving openness and inclusiveness and to strengthen their capacity to participate in national and international development activities;", "(p) Encourage Member States to strengthen mechanisms for partnerships with civil society, including youth-led organizations, as contributions to youth development, and create effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and information exchange among young people, including rural and urban youth, their national Governments and other relevant decision makers, as appropriate;", "(q) Call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to actively contribute to the United Nations Youth Fund in order to support catalytic and innovative actions in the field of youth and to facilitate the participation of youth representatives from developing countries in the activities of the United Nations Programme on Youth, taking into account the need for a greater geographic balance of youth representation, and, in this regard, request the Secretary-General to take appropriate action to encourage contributions to the Fund as well as synergy with other youth-related funds of United Nations entities.", "111th plenary meeting 26 July 2011" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July 2010", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/65/L.87)]", "Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in particular paragraph 3 thereof, and its resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, in particular paragraph 1 thereof,", "Adopts the following outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding:", "Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "We, Heads of State and Government, ministers and representatives of Member States, gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011 to discuss the theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”,", "1. Emphasizes the need to inform, train and educate young people on the ideals of peace, freedom, justice, tolerance, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, solidarity and dedication to the goals of progress and development;", "Recalls its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in which it proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, and recognizes the importance of the high-level meeting as an important event for the Year;", "3. Reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas, and calls upon Member States to continue its implementation at the local, national, regional and international levels;", "Encourages Member States to develop comprehensive policies and action plans that focus on the best interests of youth, in particular those living in poverty and marginalized situations, and address all aspects of youth development, and further encourages the international community and the United Nations system to support national youth programmes and to further develop and refine the existing international framework on youth, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, in order to adequately address all current challenges affecting youth;", "5. Also encourages Member States to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of youth development, recognizing the vulnerability of girls and young women and the important role that boys and young men play in ensuring gender equality;", "6. Notes with appreciation the activities, special events, contributions and inputs of Member States, all stakeholders, including youth organizations, the private sector, civil society and the media, and United Nations entities, as well as the inputs of youth organizations to the outcome document of the High-level Meeting;", "7. Recognizes that young people ' s pursuit of their aspirations and challenges and ways to realize their potential will affect current social and economic conditions and the well-being and livelihood of future generations, and stresses the need to make further efforts to promote their interests, including the full enjoyment of their human rights, inter alia, by supporting young people in the realization of their potential and talents and overcoming the obstacles they face;", "8. Recalls the commitment to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences, summits and related programmes;", "9. Emphasizes the important role of effective sectoral and cross-sectoral national youth policies that reflect the diversity of youth, and emphasizes the important role of international cooperation in contributing to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "10. Invites Member States to review and assess the implementation of their commitments with regard to the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, and invites the United Nations regional commissions to assist Member States in sharing national experiences, lessons learned and good practices in this regard;", "11. Encourages Member States to continue to develop, implement, monitor and evaluate effective national youth policies, taking into account their cultural context in youth development, and to promote relevant regional programmes on youth;", "12. Reaffirms our resolve to give priority attention to promoting youth development and interests and to addressing the challenges that hinder youth development, in particular through the eradication of poverty and the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development and full, productive employment and decent work for all, and calls for the increased involvement of young people and youth organizations, as appropriate, in the formulation of local, national, regional and international development strategies and policies;", "13. Reaffirms the need to protect young people from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence, trafficking in persons, bullying and cyberbullying and from being manipulated into criminal activities such as drug-related crimes, and recognizes the need to develop safe and youth-friendly counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms to address violations of their rights;", "14. Reaffirms that strengthening international cooperation on youth issues, including through the fulfilment of all official development assistance commitments, the transfer of appropriate technologies, capacity-building and the enhancement of dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation of youth, is a key element in achieving poverty eradication, full employment and social integration;", "15. Welcomes the continuing efforts of Member States to meet their commitments to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and recognizes the contribution of Member States, United Nations entities, civil society organizations, including youth organizations, and the private sector to improving the situation of young people; notes with concern, however, that, despite these efforts, poverty remains a major challenge in regions where large numbers of young people live, with limited access to basic social services, especially for girls and young women, and that youth development continues to be hampered by the challenges posed by the economic and financial crisis, the food crisis, continuing food insecurity, the energy crisis and climate change; and further notes with concern that overall progress towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in particular those related to youth, has been uneven;", "16. Recognizes that the majority of the world ' s youth live in developing countries and that development constraints pose additional challenges for youth, as they have limited access to resources, education and training, health care, employment and wider socio-economic development opportunities, and therefore requests United Nations entities to take these development constraints into account when designing and implementing youth programmes in order to ensure that young people living in developing countries benefit equally;", "17. Condemns the recruitment and use of youth in armed conflict in violation of applicable international law, deplores the negative impact of this practice on the youth involved, and calls upon Member States, in cooperation with United Nations entities, to take concrete measures to continue to support programmes to ensure the effective social and economic reintegration and rehabilitation of disarmed youth;", "18. Recognizes the importance of preventing and addressing youth crime, including drug-related crime, and its impact on youth and socio-economic development, of protecting young victims and witnesses and of supporting the rehabilitation, reintegration and reintegration of young offenders so that they can play a constructive role;", "19. Invites Member States to continue to place greater emphasis on and expand their activities at the national, regional and international levels to promote a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among and with youth, including through human rights education and learning, as a means of promoting development, social inclusion, tolerance and peace, following the celebration of the International Year of Youth;", "20. Reiterates that the full and effective participation of young people and youth organizations in relevant decision-making processes, through the appropriate channels, is key to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, the outcomes of global conferences and summits and the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "21. Recognizes the positive contribution of youth representatives to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities and their role as important channels of communication between young people and the United Nations, and in this regard requests the Secretary-General to continue to support fully existing mechanisms and to facilitate the effective participation of young people in conferences and meetings;", "22. Encourages Member States, in cooperation with relevant actors, to strengthen dialogue and mutual understanding in order to better address youth-related issues, in particular those related to the active participation of youth, youth employment, gender equality and the empowerment of women, social integration, full employment and decent work for all, access to quality education, the development of science and innovation capacities, scholarships and training, access to and safe use of information and communications technologies, in particular for the protection of children and young people, access to health care, elimination of discrimination, protection from all forms of violence, intergenerational solidarity and the impact of financial, economic and other crises;", "23. Requests United Nations agencies, and invites the international community and civil society and the private sector to promote an expanded youth development agenda, enhance international cooperation and share good practices in support of the efforts of Member States to make progress in this regard, bearing in mind that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development rests with States;", "24. Urges United Nations entities, including the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, in accordance with their mandates, to support, upon request, the strengthening of national capacities and efforts to formulate and implement national plans, policies and programmes to accelerate the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "25. Requests United Nations entities, including through the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, to strengthen their coordination and efforts to adopt a more coherent, comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development, calls upon United Nations entities and relevant partners to take additional measures to support efforts at the national, regional and international levels to address the challenges hindering youth development, and in this regard encourages close collaboration with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, including civil society;", "26. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the Commission for Social Development at its fifty-first session, with due regard to existing reporting obligations, a report on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices in addressing issues affecting youth, as well as an evaluation of the achievements and shortcomings of current United Nations programmes related to youth, and to make concrete recommendations on how to effectively address the challenges that hinder youth development and participation, including through volunteer activities, how to improve United Nations programmes and structures related to youth, including their coherence, how to enhance dialogue and mutual understanding among young people around the world and how to assess progress made in those areas; the report should be prepared in consultation with Member States and relevant specialized agencies, funds and programmes and regional commissions, taking into account the work carried out by the United Nations system; and also requests the Secretariat to consult, as appropriate, with youth organizations and youth-focused organizations in order to ensure that the views expressed by youth are duly taken into account by the Commission for Social Development during its consideration of the report;", "27. Reiterates our request to the Secretary-General to propose a set of possible indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and targets to assist countries in assessing the situation of youth, and encourages the Secretary-General to continue consultations with Member States;", "28. Reaffirm our determination to fulfil our commitment to promote youth development, dialogue and mutual understanding, with due attention to the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. We therefore commit ourselves to the following actions:", "(a) Call upon the international community, together with civil society, including youth organizations, the private sector and other sectors of society, to continue to support the efforts of Member States to prevent and offset the negative social and economic impact of globalization and to maximize the benefits derived from it for young people;", "(b) Call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to support the efforts of Member States to implement the present outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "(c) To address youth unemployment, underemployment, job insecurity and high rates of informal employment by developing and implementing comprehensive and targeted national youth employment policies in order to create inclusive employment; enhancing employability; developing skills and vocational training to meet the specific labour market needs of youth, including migrant youth; and enhancing entrepreneurship, including the development of networks of young entrepreneurs at the local, national, regional and global levels, to raise awareness among young people of their rights and responsibilities in society, and in this regard requests donors, United Nations specialized entities and the private sector to continue to provide assistance, including technical and financial support, as required;", "(d) Urges Member States to address the global challenge of youth unemployment by developing and implementing strategies that give young people everywhere a real chance to find decent and productive work and, in this regard, to consider working towards a global strategy on youth employment, with a focus on youth unemployment, and encourages Member States, employers ' organizations, trade unions, the private sector, educational institutions at all levels, youth organizations and civil society, with the support of the international community, all stakeholders, including financial institutions, and the United Nations system, as appropriate, to build partnerships in this regard to promote inclusive employment opportunities in the labour market, including by promoting youth entrepreneurship, taking into account regional and national specificities;", "(e) To take appropriate measures, in cooperation with civil society, including youth organizations, educational institutions and the private sector, to strengthen international, regional and national partnerships to enhance respect, tolerance and understanding among young people from different ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds;", "(f) To intensify efforts to improve the quality of education and to promote universal access to education, in particular for young women, out-of-school youth, youth with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth in rural areas, young migrants and young people living with and affected by HIV, without discrimination of any kind, and to ensure that they have access to the knowledge, capacity, skills and ethical values they need, including appropriate access to scholarships and other exchange programmes, non-formal education and technical and vocational education and training, in order to achieve development and full participation in the social, economic and political development process, as knowledge and education are key elements for youth participation, dialogue and mutual understanding;", "(g) To promote and provide human rights education and learning opportunities for young people, taking particular account of the needs of young women, and, in this regard, to develop initiatives to promote dialogue and mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among young people in all countries;", "(h) Urge Member States to take effective measures, in accordance with international law, to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement;", "(i) To adopt appropriate laws and develop strategies to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against youth in all settings and to ensure the implementation of policies and adequately funded programmes to end violence against youth, including initiatives to support youth action to end violence, through youth organizations and youth networks;", "(j) To make greater use of information and communication technologies to improve the quality of life of young people, while promoting, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, universal access to information and communication technologies in a non-discriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable manner, in particular in schools and public spaces, removing barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through technology transfer and international cooperation, and promoting the development of local content, and to take measures to impart to young people the knowledge and skills necessary for the proper and safe use of information and communication technologies;", "(k) To ensure the enjoyment by young people of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health by providing them with sustainable health systems and social services without discrimination and by paying special attention to and raising awareness of nutrition, including eating disorders and obesity, the impact of non-communicable and communicable diseases, sexual and reproductive health and measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS;", "(l) Promote the participation of youth, in particular those who are involved in agricultural production and play a key role in ensuring food security threatened by climate change, in training and capacity-building on environmental issues, including climate change adaptation and mitigation, and addressing desertification and other challenges;", "(m) To promote and protect effectively the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, especially young migrants, regardless of their migration status, and to address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue in a comprehensive and balanced manner, while recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination in promoting and protecting the human rights of all migrants, in particular young migrants, and to address the root causes of youth migration, while avoiding initiatives that might aggravate their vulnerability;", "(n) Urge Member States, in accordance with international law, to take concerted action to remove obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation in order to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;", "(o) Encourage Member States, the international community, the United Nations system and the private sector to support the openness and inclusion of youth organizations and to strengthen their capacity to participate in national and international development activities;", "(p) Encourage Member States to strengthen partnership mechanisms with civil society, including youth organizations, to promote youth development, while creating effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and information exchange and, where appropriate, between young people, including rural and urban youth, their host Governments and other relevant decision makers;", "(q) Calls upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to contribute actively to the United Nations Youth Fund to support catalytic and innovative initiatives in the field of youth and to facilitate the participation of youth representatives from developing countries in United Nations youth programmes, taking into account the need for greater geographical balance in youth representation, and in this regard requests the Secretary-General to take appropriate action to encourage contributions to the Fund and collaboration with other youth-related funds of United Nations entities.", "26 July 2010", "111th plenary meeting" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "瑞士常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨转递瑞士根据第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议编写的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "瑞士根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议编写的报告", "瑞士谨根据2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第25段，向安全理事会在该决议中设立的制裁委员会提交以下关于第9、10、15和17段所定措施执行情况的资料。", "2011年3月30日，瑞士联邦委员会(即瑞士政府)通过了对利比亚采取措施的法令(以下简称“法令”)，[1] 以执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所述的联合国制裁措施。法令的法律依据为2002年3月22日关于执行国际制裁的联邦法(禁运法)。", "第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段：军火禁运", "这两段通过法令第1条执行。", "第1条第1款禁止向利比亚出售、供应、出口或转口任何军事装备或将此类装备用于利比亚。", "第1条第3款禁止提供任何军事服务，包括相关金融服务、中介服务和技术培训，禁止提供雇佣军。", "第1条第4款禁止从利比亚购买、进口或转口军事装备，禁止从事相关运输和中介活动。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15条：旅行禁令", "这一段通过法令第4条执行。", "第4条第1款禁止法令附件4和附件5所述自然人在瑞士入境或过境。附件4转录了第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所载应受制裁的自然人名单。", "第1970(2011)号决议第17段：冻结资产", "这一段通过法令第2条执行。", "第2条第1款规定冻结属于法令附件2和附件3所述自然人、企业和实体或受他们控制的金融资产和经济资源。附件2转录了第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二所载应受金融制裁的自然人和实体名单。", "第2条第2款禁止向资产被冻结的自然人、企业和实体提供资产，或者直接或间接地将金融资产或经济资源交给他们使用。", "最后，法令第8条规定了向瑞士主管当局申报被冻结资产价值的义务。", "其他措施", "第1973(2011)号决议第17段所述旅行禁令通过法令第5条执行。", "除上述措施外，瑞士还对利比亚采取了其他强制措施，一方面禁止出售、供应和转口可能会被用于内部镇压的资产，另一方面对法令附件3至附件5提到的补充个人和实体实施旅行禁令和制裁措施。这些补充强制措施与欧洲联盟所采取的措施相同。", "2011年6月初，在瑞士被冻结的利比亚资产约为6.5亿瑞士法郎。", "[1] ^(*) 附件存于秘书处以备查阅。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit to him herewith the report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "Pursuant to paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011, Switzerland has the honour to provide the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) with the following information on implementation of the measures set out in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 thereof.", "* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.", "On 30 March 2011, the Swiss Federal Council (the Government) adopted the Ordinance instituting measures against Libya (hereinafter “the Ordinance”)* with a view to application of the United Nations sanctions established in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The legal basis for the Ordinance is the Federal Act of 22 March 2002 concerning the application of international sanctions (the Embargo Act).", "Paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011): Arms embargo", "These paragraphs are implemented by article 1 of the Ordinance.", "Article 1 (1) prohibits the sale, supply, export or transit of military equipment of all types to Libya or for use in Libya.", "Article 1 (3) prohibits the provision of services of any kind, including financial services, brokerage services and technical training related to military equipment, as well as the provision of armed mercenaries.", "Lastly, article 1 (4) prohibits the purchase, import, transit, transport and brokerage of military equipment from Libya.", "Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011): Travel ban", "This paragraph is implemented by article 4 of the Ordinance.", "Article 4 (1) prohibits the entry into or transit through Switzerland of the individuals listed in annexes 4 and 5 of the Ordinance. Annex 4 contains the list of individuals subject to sanctions under annex I of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex I of resolution 1973 (2011).", "Paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011): Asset freeze", "This paragraph is implemented by article 2 of the Ordinance.", "Article 2 (1) provides that funds and economic resources owned or controlled by the individuals, enterprises and entities listed in annexes 2 and 3 of the Ordinance shall be frozen. Annex 2 contains the list of individuals and entities subject to financial sanctions under annex II of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II of resolution 1973 (2011).", "Article 2 (2) prohibits the provision of funds to individuals, enterprises and entities subject to the asset freeze and stipulates that funds and economic resources shall not be made directly or indirectly available to them.", "Lastly, article 8 of the Ordinance establishes the obligation to declare frozen assets to the competent Swiss authorities.", "Other measures", "The flight ban established in paragraph 17 of resolution 1973 (2011) is implemented by article 5 of the Ordinance.", "In addition to the measures described above, Switzerland has taken further coercive measures against Libya. The sale, supply, export and transit of goods which might be used for internal repression have been prohibited (article 1 (2) and annex 1 of the Ordinance). In addition, the travel ban and financial sanctions have been applied to the additional individuals and entities mentioned in annexes 3 and 5 of the Ordinance. These further coercive measures are identical to those taken by the European Union.", "As at 1 June 2011, Libyan assets valued at approximately 650 million Swiss francs were frozen in Switzerland." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit the report of Switzerland prepared pursuant to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of Switzerland pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "In accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011, Switzerland has the honour to submit the following information on the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 to the sanctions Committee established pursuant to that resolution.", "On 30 March 2011, the Swiss Federal Council (the Swiss Government) adopted a decree on measures against Libya (hereinafter referred to as “the ordinance”) [1] to implement the United Nations sanctions measures referred to in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The legal basis for the decree is the Federal Act of 22 March 2002 on the implementation of international sanctions (the Embargo Act).", "Paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011): arms embargo", "These paragraphs are implemented by article 1 of the Act.", "Article 1, paragraph 1, prohibits the sale, supply, export or transit to or use in Libya of any military equipment.", "Article 1, paragraph 3, prohibits the provision of any military service, including related financial services, brokering services and technical training, as well as the provision of mercenaries.", "Article 1, paragraph 4, prohibits the purchase, import or transit of military equipment from Libya and related transport and brokering activities.", "Article 15 of resolution 1970 (2011): Travel ban", "This paragraph is implemented by article 4 of the Act.", "Article 4, paragraph 1, prohibits the entry into or transit through Switzerland of the natural persons referred to in annexes 4 and 5 of the Ordinance. Annex 4 reproduces the list of natural persons subject to sanctions contained in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex I to resolution 1973 (2011).", "Paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011): Assets freeze", "This paragraph is implemented by article 2 of the Act.", "Article 2, paragraph 1, provides for the freezing of financial assets and economic resources belonging to or under the control of the natural persons, enterprises and entities referred to in annexes 2 and 3 of the Act. Annex 2 reproduces the list of natural persons and entities subject to financial sanctions contained in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011).", "Article 2, paragraph 2, prohibits the supply of assets to, or the direct or indirect use of financial assets or economic resources by, natural persons, enterprises and entities whose assets have been frozen.", "Finally, article 8 of the ordinance establishes the obligation to declare the value of frozen assets to the competent Swiss authorities.", "Other measures", "The travel ban described in paragraph 17 of resolution 1973 (2011) is implemented through article 5 of the decree.", "In addition to the above measures, Switzerland has taken other coercive measures against Libya, both by prohibiting the sale, supply and transit of assets that could be used for internal repression and by imposing travel bans and sanctions on additional individuals and entities mentioned in annexes 3 to 5 of the ordinance. These additional coercive measures are the same as those adopted by the European Union.", "In early June 2011, approximately 650 million Swiss francs were frozen in Switzerland.", "[1] (*) Annexes are available for consultation by the Secretariat." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "加蓬共和国常驻联合国代表团谨转递加蓬政府根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "加蓬共和国政府根据安全理事会2011年2月26日关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议提交的报告", "加蓬将本报告作为对安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段的回复。", "军火禁运", "决议第9段", "决议第9段所述以阿拉伯利比亚民众国为目的地的活动，在加蓬境内没有任何记录。", "事实上，警察、海关、运输和国防部门在海洋边界实施各类视察和监控的过程中，都没有记录到关于本国国民或外国人利用任何运输手段从加蓬境内直接或间接供应、出售或转让军火或相关物资的资料。", "此外，加蓬不向利比亚提供任何技术援助、培训或财政援助，也不提供雇佣军。", "决议第9段(a)、(b)和(c)分段所述例外也不适用于加蓬。", "不过，为执行决议，加蓬当局已采取措施加强对海陆空边界的监控。", "决议第10段", "加蓬不从阿拉伯利比亚民众国进口任何军火或相关物资。", "尽管如此，加蓬当局仍已采取海陆空监控措施，禁止本国国民和外国人购置此类物项。", "旅行禁令", "决议第15段", "加蓬没有记录到关于决议附件一所列个人在加蓬入境或过境的资料。", "关于这个问题，加蓬当局也已通过各主管部门作出可靠行动安排，根据第1970(2011)号决议加强对海陆空边界的监控。", "冻结资产", "决议第17段", "关于第17段，加蓬金融机构在其客户名单中没有发现决议附件二所列个人或实体，也没有发现涉及这些个人或实体的资金移动。", "加蓬境内的金融和货币机构已经与次区域机构协作，采取措施确保严格执行决议第17段。", "最后，在本国家报告结束之际，加蓬强调愿意随时交流关于决议执行情况的任何资料。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Gabonese Republic to the United Nations has the honour to transmit the report of the Gabonese Government submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of the Gabonese Republic submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 on the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Gabon is submitting the present report in compliance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "Arms embargo", "Paragraph 9 of the resolution", "None of the activities referred to in paragraph 9 of the resolution and directed towards the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have been detected in Gabonese territory.", "In discharging their various mandates for the inspection and control of maritime, land and air borders, the police, customs, transport and defence services have found no information concerning the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms and related materiel from Gabonese territory by Gabonese or foreign nationals using any form of transport.", "In addition, Gabon does not provide any technical assistance, training or financial assistance to Libya, nor does it provide mercenaries to that country.", "Gabon is likewise not involved in the provision of the items listed as exceptions in paragraph 9 (a), (b) and (c) of the resolution.", "Nonetheless, the Gabonese authorities, for the purpose of implementing the resolution, have taken measures to strengthen the control of maritime, land and air borders.", "Paragraph 10 of the resolution", "Gabon does not import arms or related materiel from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "However, the Gabonese authorities have instituted maritime, land and air border control measures to prohibit the procurement of such items by Gabonese and foreign nationals.", "Travel ban", "Paragraph 15 of the resolution", "Gabon has no record of the entry into or transit through its territory of any of the individuals listed in annex I of the resolution.", "Concerning this issue, the Gabonese authorities have also introduced, through the competent services, reliable operational arrangements for strengthening border controls pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011).", "Asset freeze", "Paragraph 17 of the resolution", "With respect to paragraph 17, the customer records of financial institutions in Gabon do not include the names of any of the individuals and entities listed in annex II of the resolution, nor do such institutions have any record of movements of funds involving such individuals or entities.", "Financial and monetary institutions in Gabonese territory, in cooperation with subregional institutions, have taken measures to ensure strict compliance with the provisions of paragraph 17 of the resolution.", "Having prepared this national report, Gabon remains willing to engage in any exchange of information for the purpose of implementing the resolution." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Gabonese Republic to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Gabon pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of the Gabonese Republic pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Gabon responds to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "Arms embargo", "Paragraph 9 of the resolution", "The activities described in paragraph 9 of the resolution, which are destined for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, have no record in Gabon.", "In fact, the police, customs, transport and defence services do not record information on the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms or related materiel from Gabonese territory by any means of transport to their nationals or foreigners in the course of the various inspections and controls carried out at the maritime borders.", "Furthermore, Gabon does not provide any technical assistance, training or financial assistance to Libya, nor does it provide mercenaries.", "The exceptions mentioned in subparagraphs 9 (a), (b) and (c) of the resolution do not apply to Gabon.", "However, in order to implement the resolution, the Gabonese authorities have taken measures to strengthen the monitoring of land, sea and air borders.", "Paragraph 10 of the resolution", "Gabon does not import any arms or related materiel from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "Nevertheless, the Gabonese authorities have adopted air, sea and land surveillance measures to prohibit the acquisition of such items by nationals and foreigners.", "Travel ban", "Paragraph 15 of the resolution", "Gabon has not recorded information on the entry into or transit through Gabon of the individuals listed in annex I to the resolution.", "In this regard, the Gabonese authorities have also made credible operational arrangements through the competent authorities to strengthen the control of air, sea and land borders in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).", "Assets freeze", "Paragraph 17 of the resolution", "With regard to paragraph 17, the Gabonese financial institutions have not identified in their customer lists the individuals or entities listed in annex II to the resolution, nor have they detected any movement of funds involving them.", "The financial and monetary institutions in Gabon, in collaboration with subregional institutions, have taken measures to ensure strict implementation of paragraph 17 of the resolution.", "Finally, at the end of this national report, Gabon wishes to emphasize its readiness to exchange any information on the implementation of the resolution." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 贾比尔先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 瓦斯·帕托先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "上午10时50分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "主席(以英语发言)按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请科特迪瓦代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/458，其中载有法国和美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/387，其中载有秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2000(2011)号决议。", "我要借此机会回顾，第1000(1995)号决议是于1995年6月23日通过的。像第2000(2011)号决议一样，关于联合国塞浦路斯维持和平部队的第1000(1995)号决议正巧也是在德国担任主席时通过的。我相信我是代表安全理事会全体成员向自1946年1月25日第1号决议获得通过后的65年以来担任安理会成员的所有代表团致以敬意的。", "我现在请科特迪瓦代表发言。", "班巴先生(科特迪瓦)(以法语发言)：正如安全理事会成员所知，科特迪瓦正在摆脱一场极为严重的选举后危机。在这场危机中，有3 000人被杀，1万人沦为境内流离失所者，以及造成30万难民逃往邻国。这场危机还导致经济和机构基础设施、尤其是监狱和法庭恶化。", "大约两个多月来，科特迪瓦政府一直力求迅速恢复正常，以便为有效执行瓦塔拉总统方案创造有利条件。根据该方案，科特迪瓦人民在我国有史以来举行的最公平、透明和自由的民主选举中，以压倒性的多数投票给他。", "正是在这一背景下，我国代表团欢迎一致通过安全理事会第2000(2001)号决议，将联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和独角兽行动的任务期限延长12个月至2012年7月31日。安全理事会以此表明支持科特迪瓦民主，并表明国际社会致力于支持科特迪瓦在危机后实现恢复与稳定。", "面前有许多挑战，尤其包括安全问题。所有挑战都是紧迫的。与此同时，已取得了重大进展。因此，我们欢迎一致通过第2000(2001)号决议，该决议将协助我们加快正在进行的正常化进程。", "今天通过的决议是富有历史意义的，因为它标志着科特迪瓦人民意志的胜利。主席先生，正如你指出的那样，这是一项具有象征意义的决议。安理会均在德国担任主席期间通过第1000(1995)号决议和第2000(2011)号决议，并非偶然。这是一个整数，象征着充满对科特迪瓦光辉灿烂的和平与繁荣未来的希望的新开端。", "更具体地说，第2000(2011)号决议提及科特迪瓦当局在实地取得的进展。决议赞扬科特迪瓦总统在安全、援助境内流离失所者、促进和解以及修复基础设施等领域采取的稳定国家的举措。决议注意到组建了科特迪瓦共和国部队，以取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队。决议强调今后举行立法选举和恢复宪法秩序的重要性。决议维持联科行动强有力的威慑力，兵员最高限额为9 792人，以及增派兵员。", "必须注意到，决议考虑到必要的调整，维持对立法选举的认证。决议赞扬设立对话、真相与和解委员会，并对在科特迪瓦保护平民和尊重人权给予特别重视。决议重申科特迪瓦政府在实行安全部门改革中的领导作用，并强调需要制定一个新的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案，该方案须符合新的情况，强调客观和个人标准。", "决议论及日内瓦人权理事会提出的建议，并提及瓦塔拉总统所诉诸的国际刑事法院。瓦塔拉总统目前正在纽约联合国总部。他刚刚同秘书长进行了非常重要、富有成效的会晤，并且同大会主席举行了工作会晤。在这期间，他借此机会重申了科特迪瓦对遵守《联合国宪章》崇高宗旨的承诺。", "在科特迪瓦恢复和平是科特迪瓦人民日常生活中的一个活生生的现实。这一和平应得到加强和巩固，以使我国能够恢复其昔日的繁荣和作为西非次区域政治稳定和经济增长中心的自然地位。为此，必须进一步扩大和加快进展。我国代表团认为，延长联科行动和独角兽行动的任务期限将为此作出决定性贡献。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其他发言者了。安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安全理事会将继续处理此案。", "上午11时散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Vaz Patto \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.50 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Côte d’Ivoire to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/458, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France and the United States of America.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/387, containing the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2000 (2011).", "I would like to take this opportunity to recall that resolution 1000 (1995) was adopted on 23 June 1995. It is mere coincidence that resolution 1000 (1995), concerning the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, was, like resolution 2000 (2011), adopted under the presidency of Germany. I am sure that I speak for all members of the Security Council in paying tribute to all delegations that have served on the Council over the 65 years since resolution 1 of 25 January 1946 was adopted.", "I now give the floor to the representative of Côte d’Ivoire.", "Mr. Bamba (Côte d’Ivoire) (spoke in French): As the members of the Security Council are aware, Côte d’Ivoire is emerging from a violent post-electoral crisis that killed 3,000 people, displaced 1 million people internally, and led 300,000 refugees to flee to neighbouring countries. It also led to the deterioration of much economic and institutional infrastructure, in particular prisons and courts.", "The Government of Côte d’Ivoire has been striving for some two months for a swift return to normalcy so as to create conditions conducive to the effective implementation of President Ouattara’s programme, on the basis of which the people of Côte d’Ivoire voted for him overwhelmingly in the most fair, transparent and free democratic election ever held in my country.", "It is in that context that my delegation welcomes the unanimous adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2000 (2011), extending the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and Operation Licorne for 12 months, until 31 July 2012. In so doing, the Security Council has demonstrated its support for democracy in Côte d’Ivoire and made manifest the commitment of the international community to supporting Côte d’Ivoire in its recovery and stabilization following the crisis.", "There are many challenges ahead, including above all the issue of security, and they are all pressing. At the same time, much progress has been made. We therefore welcome the timely adoption of resolution 2000 (2011), which will help us to accelerate the normalization process under way.", "The resolution adopted today is historic because it enshrines the victory of the will of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. As you noted, Sir, it is a symbolic resolution. It is not by chance that the Council adopted both resolutions 1000 (1995) and 2000 (2011) under a German presidency. It is a round number, symbolizing a new beginning filled with promise for a radiant future of peace and prosperity for Côte d’Ivoire.", "More specifically, resolution 2000 (2011) addresses the progress made on the ground by the Ivorian authorities. It commends the initiatives of the President of Côte d’Ivoire to stabilize the country in the areas of security, assistance to internally displaced persons, the promotion of reconciliation and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. It takes note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de defense de Côte d’Ivoire. It stresses the importance of future legislative elections and the full restoration of constitutional order. The resolution maintains the robust deterrent force of UNOCI, with a troop ceiling of 9,792 personnel on the ground, as well as reinforcements.", "It is important to note that the resolution upholds the certification of the legislative elections, taking the necessary adaptations into account. It commends the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and attaches particular importance to the protection of civilians and respect for human rights in Côte d’Ivoire. It reaffirms the leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in the implementation of security sector reform, and addresses the need for a new disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme tailored to the new circumstances, highlighting both objective and personal criteria.", "The resolution addresses the recommendations of the Human Rights Council in Geneva and refers to the International Criminal Court, as sought by President Ouattara, who is here at United Nations Headquarters in New York. He has just had a very important and fruitful meeting with the Secretary-General and a working meeting with the President of the General Assembly, at which he took the opportunity to reiterate Côte d’Ivoire’s commitment to adhering to the noble ideals of the United Nations Charter.", "The return of peace to Côte d’Ivoire is a vibrant reality in the daily lives of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. That peace should be strengthened and consolidated so that the country can recover its former prosperity and its natural place as a nexus of political stability and economic growth in the West African subregion. To that end, progress must be further extended and accelerated. My delegation believes that the renewal of the UNOCI and Operation Licorne mandates will contribute decisively to that end.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 11 a.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Mr. Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Mr. Brazil Mrs. Viotti Mr. Wang Min of China Mr. Wang Min of Colombia Mr. Alsat of France Mr. Bonnet of Gabon Mr. Messone India Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri of Lebanon Mr. Jaber of Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu of Portugal Mr. Vaz Pato of the Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov of South Africa Mr. Sangqu of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo of the United States of America", "Agenda", "The situation in Côte d'Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.50 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Côte d'Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Côte d'Ivoire to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/458, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France and the United States of America.", "I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/387, which contains the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2000 (2011).", "I would like to take this opportunity to recall that resolution 1,000 (1995) was adopted on 23 June 1995. As in resolution 2000 (2011), resolution 1000 (1995) on the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus was also adopted by the German presidency. I am sure I speak for all members of the Security Council in paying tribute to all the delegations that have been members of the Council for 65 years since the adoption of resolution 1 of 25 January 1946.", "I now give the floor to the representative of Côte d ' Ivoire.", "Mr. Bamba (Côte d'Ivoire) (spoke in French): As members of the Security Council know, Côte d'Ivoire is emerging from an extremely serious post-electoral crisis. In this crisis, 3,000 people were killed, 10,000 were internally displaced and 300,000 refugees fled to neighbouring countries. The crisis has also led to the deterioration of the economic and institutional infrastructure, particularly prisons and courts.", "For some two months now, the Government of Côte d ' Ivoire has sought to quickly restore normalcy in order to create conditions conducive to the effective implementation of President Ouattara ' s programme. Under that programme, the Ivorian people voted overwhelmingly for him in the most fair, transparent and free democratic elections ever held in our country.", "It is in this context that my delegation welcomes the unanimous adoption of Security Council resolution 2000 (2001), which extended the mandates of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI) and Licorne for 12 months, until 31 July 2012. The Security Council has thus demonstrated its support for democracy in Côte d ' Ivoire and the commitment of the international community to support the recovery and stability of Côte d ' Ivoire following the crisis.", "Many challenges lie ahead, including, in particular, security issues. All challenges are urgent. At the same time, significant progress has been made. We therefore welcome the unanimous adoption of resolution 2000 (2001), which will assist us in accelerating the ongoing normalization process.", "The resolution adopted today is historic, as it marks the triumph of the will of the Ivorian people. As you noted, Mr. President, this is a symbolic resolution. It is no coincidence that the Council adopted resolutions 1000 (1995) and 2000 (2011) under the presidency of Germany. This is an integer and a new beginning that symbolizes hopes for a bright future of peace and prosperity for Côte d'Ivoire.", "More specifically, resolution 2000 (2011) refers to the progress made by the Ivorian authorities on the ground. The resolution commended the President of Côte d ' Ivoire for his stabilization initiatives in the areas of security, assistance to internally displaced persons, promotion of reconciliation and rehabilitation of infrastructure. The resolution notes the formation of the Forces Républicaines de Côte d ' Ivoire (FRCI) to replace the former defence and security forces of Côte d ' Ivoire. It stressed the importance of future legislative elections and the restoration of constitutional order. The resolution maintained the Operation ' s robust deterrent capacity, with a troop ceiling of 9,792 and additional troops.", "It is important to note that the resolution maintains the certification of the legislative elections, taking into account the necessary adjustments. It commends the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission and attaches particular importance to the protection of civilians and respect for human rights in Côte d ' Ivoire. The resolution reaffirmed the leadership role of the Government of Côte d ' Ivoire in the implementation of security sector reform and stressed the need for a new disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme, which would be tailored to new circumstances and would emphasize objective and personal criteria.", "The resolution addresses the recommendations made by the Human Rights Council in Geneva and refers to the International Criminal Court, which President Ouattara has resorted to. President Ouattara is currently at United Nations Headquarters in New York. He has just had a very important and productive meeting with the Secretary-General and a working meeting with the President of the General Assembly. During that period, he took the opportunity to reaffirm Côte d ' Ivoire ' s commitment to the noble purposes of the Charter of the United Nations.", "The restoration of peace in Côte d'Ivoire is a living reality in the daily lives of the Ivorian people. That peace should be strengthened and consolidated so that our country can regain its former prosperity and its natural place as a centre for political stability and economic growth in the West African subregion. To that end, progress must be further expanded and accelerated. My delegation believes that the extension of the mandates of UNOCI and Licorne will make a decisive contribution to that end.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 11 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 蒙加拉·穆索奇先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 齐亚德女士 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生\n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "联合国维持和平行动", "上午11时15分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "联合国维持和平行动", "主席(以英语发言)按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生；非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官Patrick Nyamvumba 中将；联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团部队指挥官钱德尔·普拉卡什中将；联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队特派团部队指挥官兼团长阿尔韦托·阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将；以及联合国利比里亚特派团部队指挥官穆罕默德·哈立德少将参加本次会议。", "我还要向今天与会的其他部队指挥官和首席军事观察员表示热烈欢迎。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，我们感谢你让我们的所有特派团负责人有机会来安理会这里出席会议。他们中有四个人将发言。首先，尼亚姆武姆巴中将将发言谈及在恶劣环境中保护平民的问题。联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的普拉卡什中将将发言谈及有条件支持政策对行动的影响。联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将将发言谈及黎巴嫩南部的安全关切及其对日常行动的影响。联合国利比里亚特派团的哈立德少将将发言谈及军事部门在早期建设和平工作中的作用。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请尼亚姆武姆巴中将发言。", "尼亚姆武姆巴中将(以英语发言)：主席先生，我要感谢你让我在安全理事会发言，谈谈在恶劣环境中保护平民的问题。今天，我将讨论非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在执行其涉及保护平民的任务规定时所处的行动环境、所经历的事情、所采取的战略方法和所作的努力。首先，我将简要谈谈达尔富尔难以进入的环境和达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民战略。然后，我将讨论达尔富尔混合行动为向平民提供保护所作的努力。最后，我将谈谈与所讨论议题有关的各种挑战。", "让我首先谈谈达尔富尔的行动环境。达尔富尔各地的环境确实很恶劣，这一点就足以说明问题。达尔富尔幅员辽阔，气候条件恶劣，缺乏适当的公路和基础设施，地方资源有限。达尔富尔面积很大，而多数地方连起码的基础设施都没有。这给前往救助面临风险和需要援助的民众造成巨大障碍。公路状况差，往往使行进受到耽搁，业务活动受到制约，在6月至10月的雨季期间尤其如此。", "除此之外，保护平民工作面临恶劣环境也是苏丹政府与交战团体之间在当地发生武装冲突以及部落之间通常为争夺自然资源而在当地爆发冲突和交战所造成的结果。其他因素包括有组织土匪活动、小武器泛滥、性暴力、招募儿童行为和任意逮捕与关押。", "在一些地区，我们看到，由于苏丹政府与武装团体在当地发生的交战，达尔富尔混合行动的陆上和空中通行有时受到交战派别限制。这无疑阻碍我们保护平民的努力。此外，由于达尔富尔的所有交战者之间没有达成任何明确的和平协议或停火，冲突仍在继续，因而导致苏丹政府和武装团体再次限制前往这些地区，人道主义部门面临不安全的环境，居民进一步受苦。由于涉及的利益集团和利益攸关方多种多样，安全局势仍然动荡不定，派系之间或部落之间的冲突继续在所有这些交战方之间发生。", "归根结底，达尔富尔人民能否得到保护取决于苏丹政府是否愿意以及是否能够履行其保护本国公民的主权责任。因此，达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略除其他事项外，确定了具体目标与任务，以便同苏丹政府接触，协助它根据国际人权法履行其保护责任。我们达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略基于第1769(2007)号、第1828(2008)号和1935(2010)号决议以及非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第79次会议公报所规定的达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民任务授权。所规定的任务是在达尔富尔各地保护平民，确保安全、及时和畅通无阻的人道主义准入，为人道主义工作人员提供安全保障，保护人道主义车队。", "达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民战略是在与联合国国家工作队充分协商情况下拟订的。该战略既在达尔富尔混合行动/联合国国家工作队综合战略框架、联合国苏丹人道主义工作计划、达尔富尔混合行动保护平民任务指示、达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官指示和维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于在联合国维持和平行动中保护平民的行动概念的基础上订立的，同时又对它们起帮助指导作用。达尔富尔混合行动根据其战略作用和责任建立了一个有助于了解情况和进行预警的系统。它还监测、报告和评估有关事故，并开展行动规划与执行、协调、通信和宣传等工作。", "鉴于其任务授权，并根据对达尔富尔保护平民工作环境的分析，达尔富尔混合行动战略中概述了四个主要目标。它们是：第一，确保苏丹政府、各武装团体和其他非国家行为体根据国际人权和人道主义法履行其保护平民的职责；第二，保护平民免遭人身暴力行为侵害；第三，确保能够自由接触面临风险的民众；以及最后，防止发生侵犯人权特别是侵犯妇女和儿童人权的行为，并确保对这种行为作出有效反应。", "我现在要更具体地谈谈我们所开展的保护平民活动。尽管我们的行动环境中存在许多障碍，但达尔富尔混合行动一直坚持不懈地努力启动若干旨在改进其保护平民工作的举措。我们在达尔富尔各地，特别是在平民社区受到战火影响的地区，维持了更强大的存在。我们改进了特派团的早期预警和早期反应机制，每周发表分析性保护平民工作报告，每周举行民事-军事协调会议。", "我们大幅增加了我们的巡逻活动，包括日夜在各个村庄进行强有力的巡逻；保护境内流离失所者营地；保护市场；协助实施解除武装、复员和重返社会方案；以及提供人道主义、后勤和行政护送服务。达尔富尔混合行动的军事部门与特派团的其他部门一道已在达尔富尔各地留下更广泛的足迹。2010年，达尔富尔混合行动的军事部门进行了总计33 963次巡逻。与此相比，在2011年头六个月，巡逻次数已达到23 554次。这显然是明显的改进，表明我们保护无辜平民的力度有所加大。达尔富尔混合行动得以协助稳定设在尚吉尔托巴伊难民营、阿贝歇湾难民营、哈萨希萨难民营和卡尔马难民营的队部。", "达尔富尔混合行动一直在协助人道主义行为体进入有关地区，以便提供救援，包括在杰贝勒马拉赫和杰贝勒穆恩。就杰贝勒马拉赫而言，我们正积极寻求在费纳建立一个临时行动基地，作为便利前往该地区其他地方的人道主义集散地。所有这些地区的安全局势已大为好转。结果是，为数众多的境内流离失所者已开始返回家园——自1月份以来，每月有近1 500人回返。我们在北区协助家庭迁移，在西区协助自乍得回返者的重新安置。特派团一直参与解决游牧者之间为争夺农场和水源而发生的争端，以及部落冲突。", "5月和6月，达尔富尔混合行动与人道主义国家工作队协作，开始努力接触以前未进入过的地区，并向那些地区提供救济援助。", "速效项目还发挥了满足民众各种需要的功效。代号为“春篮行动”的演习就是在达尔富尔混合行动保护平民战略框架内酝酿拟定的，将其作为改善人道主义救济的手段，以扩大进入难以进入地区的能力并将援助送达更多需要援助的人。", "在同苏丹政府和各武装运动谈判之后，于5月1日开始执行“春篮行动”，在2011年5月和6月共完成了九次评估活动，为妇女和儿童提供了一些疫苗，并为北达尔富尔州一所女子学校提供了教学材料和校舍建材。", "事实上，保护平民是达尔富尔混合行动和提供人道主义援助各方的共同任务。但提供人道主义援助各方在做法上各具其独立性，它们有各自的时间表和优先次序，有时不愿在有军方参与的情况下提供援助。在组织结构上，联合国人道主义事务协调厅尽管负有协调的责任，但却没有增加联合国大家庭或非政府组织参与工作的权威、奖励或处罚手段。", "达尔富尔混合行动为提供人道主义服务，包括运送食物、水、卫生、疫苗和住房的活动提供护送和渠道，其中有些活动已经成功地减少了孕产妇死亡和降低了婴儿死亡率。艾滋病毒/艾滋病股也在同达尔富尔混合行动军事、警察和文职部门合作，建设特派团人员有关将防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动纳入他们各种活动的能力。自2011年1月以来，达尔富尔混合行动艾滋病毒/艾滋病股已经为达尔富尔不同地区复员的1 000多名前战斗人员提供了宝贵的服务。预期计划在2011年7月和8月执行第三阶段工作，这将继续进一步加强和扩大实际提供人道主义救济。", "我们保护平民的努力还面临不同的挑战。首先是缺乏有所有武装运动参加的全面、包容各方和合法的停火，平民的安全问题依然令人严重关切。应当指出，因为交战不停，达尔富尔混合行动多次被阻，无法进入某些地区，这些交战继续对保护平民工作构成挑战。其他挑战包括维和人员成为遭受袭击的目标，在2010年和2011年已有7名维和人员遇害。", "最后，部队派遣国训练不足和装备不良已被认定是影响在达尔富尔保护平民工作效率低下的重要因素之一。实在不幸的是，尽管指示明确，但有些部队派遣国不按照特派团任务规定的培训重点行事。", "我在这里简单介绍了达尔富尔混合行动保护平民的战略和指导方针及当地现实状况，并在此背景下，强调我方旨在改善民众生活的努力和活动。在达尔富尔保护平民无疑是一项艰巨和困难的工作，但我们决心继续努力。我们将继续用我们可采用的任何手段来克服这些挑战，并将继续依靠安全理事会的支持。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢尼亚姆武姆巴中将的通报。", "我现在请钱德尔·普拉卡什中将发言。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：今天上午，我荣幸地有机会作为联合国最大维持和平特派团之一——联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)的部队指挥官在安理会发言，就支助条件的政策及其对稳定团作业的影响作出说明。", "在联刚稳定团作业中采用这项政策刚过18个月，我们现在对该政策的作用及其相关问题已经有了一个相当好的感觉，稍后对此我将进一步加以阐述。但在此之前，我不妨首先介绍这项政策的具体内容，以及联刚稳定团执行这项政策的方式。", "支持刚果民主共和国政府保护平民仍然是我们工作的首要重点。在稳定团肩负的其他任务中，我们受权支持政府完成目前正在对解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)、上帝抵抗军(上帝军)和其他武装团体采取的军事行动，特别是通过有计划地联合行动支持刚果民主共和国武装力量(刚果(金)武装力量)。但正如第1925(2010)号决议和稳定团现有任务——第1991(2011)号决议的规定，联刚稳定团支持刚果(金)武装力量具有严格的条件，即刚果(金)武装力量遵守国际人道主义法、人权法和难民法。这就是现在所说的支助条件的政策，它指导稳定团处理支持刚果(金)武装力量和其他刚果当局的任务的方式。", "这项政策已经被细化为稳定团经常作业程序，其中设置为了向刚果(金)武装力量提供支助需要满足的明确要求。支助内容主要包括燃料、口粮、运输、火力支援、专家咨询和伤员后送。刚果(金)武装力量目前正在实施的打击武装团体的行动，如“阿马尼利奥行动”和“铁石行动”，正是在联刚稳定团的大力支持下开展的。这种支助是有条件的，即行动需要有足够的联合规划，特别是在保护平民方面。仅限于支助其人权记录可接受的部队单位和指挥官，这表示要求适当审查主要人员及刚果(金)武装部队外勤行动。如果认定部队单位或指挥官曾经犯有严重侵犯人权行为，包括集体强奸和雇用儿童兵，则在规划期间就拒绝提供支助。", "在这方面，已经建立了一个彻底的审查程序。即使已经提供支助，如果在某个阶段发现有不遵守支助条件的政策，经过适当通知刚果民主共和国当局，而他们又不采取适当行动，就可撤回支助。最近发现有一个营严重侵犯人权时，就采取了这样做法。标准作业程序仍需作出调整、加以完善。", "高级主管组与提供人道主义援助各方包括人道主义事务协调厅的代表协商，定期审查支助条件的政策的执行情况。现在，支助条件的政策产生的影响至为明显。", "当然，已经取得一些积极成果。在某些地区，这项政策已经被刚果(金)武装力量的作业方式产生积极的影响。它已经使联刚稳定团和刚果(金)武装力量更密切地联合规划行动和发展制订适用刚果民主共和国国内存在的独特情况的作业概念。双方相互学习，结果改进行动的设计和实施工作。重要的是，在规划过程之初就听取各利益攸关方包括稳定团内人权事务联合办公室的意见，考虑到保护平民的因素。现在，稳定团和刚果(金)武装部队行动协调工作明显改善，显然有助于在当地取得成效。要求联刚稳定团密切审查后勤支助分布情况，显然有助于稳定团作业。这已经帮助我们确保按照要求将支助送到外勤部队，确保这些部队得到适当的供应和给养，尽快提高个人的士气和积极性。", "这种条件的政策的存在以及卡比拉总统的“零容忍”政策已经提醒部队指挥官履行他们自己的职责，在作业中有效指挥和控制自己的部队。为了他们自己，也为了部队，他们必须更加关注部队正在为他们做些什么。", "总的来说，得到联刚稳定团支持的刚果(金)武装力量部队最近的表现是令人满意的，负面宣传没有影响到多数联合行动的开展。在由专业人员、原叛乱分子和玛伊-玛伊民兵组成的部队里，我们现已开始看到个人纪律和人文价值观方面出现了令人鼓舞的改进迹象。该部队曾因袭击当地民众而招致批评。", "存在一些问题。该政策尽管具有某些明显的好处，但也给特派团带来某些问题和挑战。特派团可用来在履行其它承诺之外执行有条件支持政策的资源有限，这意味着它所能支持的刚果(金)武装部队的数目有限。在某个时间点，我们用于从事监测工作的军事观察员和特遣队不够用。用于从事必要甄别及核查工作的民事人员也不够用。此外，经验表明，有很多指挥官不符合标准。因此，我们自己的有条件支持政策所造成的后果之一就是，我们接触和影响刚果(金)武装力量各部分战斗序列的能力不象我们希望的那么大。", "尽管如此，即便我们拥有足够资源，我们也仍会处于这样的一种情况，即刚果(金)武装力量内部不再渴望开展联合行动，特别是在南北基伍省。他们声称——这样说也有一定道理——由于准备时间过长和协商范围较广，行动失去了出其不意性和安全性。因此，趋势是取消联合行动，转而由刚果(金)武装力量开展单方面行动。特派团对这些单方面行动的监督或影响是有限的。", "实际情况是，通过采取有条件支持政策，我们有了新的突破。我们在执行该政策过程中没有久经考验的指导方针可以依赖。只是随着时间的推移，我们才对如何以最佳方式落实该政策有了更多信心。其间一直存在着紧张和压力，其中包括与我们的刚果(金)武装力量伙伴。他们抱怨协商和接触得不够，特别是在考虑撤回对违规部队支持的早期阶段。要求更换指挥官，也令人感觉我们侵犯了某些方面的国家主权。", "我们自己的部队也面临以下两难境地，那就是努力确定应当优先处理哪些问题——是监测得到支持的刚果(金)武装力量，还是打击反政府部队？这一点不容易，特别是对于低级的战地指挥官来说。他们所接受的训练更多是关于如何应对明朗局势的，而非如何应对含混局面。谁支持谁？应当什么时候行动，如何行动？附条件肯定加重了此类军官的负担，致使行动情况更加模糊和严峻。", "我要谈一些建议。在描述了有条件支持政策可对行动产生影响的某些方面之后，我现在愿谈几点建议，以说明如何针对未来的特派团强化这项政策。首先也是最重要的是，有条件支持政策要想取得长期成效就不能只靠政策，还必须同时开展更大范围的军事改革，如适当整编和安全部门改革，来予以跟进和支持。", "第二，虽然建立广泛、深入的甄别制度是可取的，但除了要耗费很多资源之外，它还会使用来从事联刚稳定团可予支持的行动的指挥官和部队人数减少。有必要重新研究这项工作的实施规模。我们需要在可取与可行之间找到平衡，从而使该政策不会太冒进，以致于同履行我们总体任务的工作产生冲突。", "第三，如有可能，我们应当努力在创立特派团时而非在这之后采取这项政策。在其它一切都是新的时候，执行起来会更容易，所起到的效果也可能大得多。", "最后，有条件支持政策对行动既有正面影响也有负面影响。这牵涉到某些范围更广的问题和人文价值观。我认为该政策将会继续下去，但存在着进一步发展和细化的空间。要是该政策能够被视为由我们的国家伙伴共同作主的话，则会有很大帮助。它仍将是维护联合国形象和声誉的一个工具，与此同时，它也能够创造机会，使东道国可以对支持什么以及支持何人的问题施加影响并作出知情决定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢普拉卡什中将的通报。", "我现在请阿尔贝托·阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将发言。我要借此机会重申，安理会强烈谴责昨天在塞达发生的针对联黎部队的袭击，并通过他转达我们对于伤者及其家人的慰问。", "阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你所说的客气话，也感谢你给我今天在安理会发言的机会。", "上周，安理会讨论了秘书长关于执行第1701(2006)号决议情况的最新报告 (S/2011/406)。我知道威廉姆斯特别协调员和维持和平行动部向安理会作了通报。", "今天，我愿借此机会着重谈谈我在黎巴嫩南部所担心的主要问题之一，即安全问题及其对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)行动的影响。接着，我还会谈到第1701(2006)号决议执行情况这个范围更广的问题，以及为确保其总体执行取得进展在今后需要侧重开展的重点工作。", "总体而言，黎巴嫩南部和以色列北部五年来的局势是几十年来最平静、最安宁的。联黎部队行动区的局势在2011年上半年也仍然较为稳定，虽然该国政局陷入僵局。然而，近几个月来，联黎部队经历了一系列事件，这些事件表明了特派团遭受的、且影响到安全局势的各种威胁。", "当地时间昨天下午6时左右，在联黎部队行动区之外的塞达镇附近的沿海公路上发生了一起针对联黎部队车队的爆炸事件。据初步消息，袭击造成联黎部队6名维和人员受伤。其中三人被运往医院治疗，据称其状况稳定，只是轻微受伤。他们今天将被送回法国。联黎部队法医专家正在与黎巴嫩武装部队密切协调，查明事件有关情况。这是第1701(2006)号决议通过以来联黎部队第五次遇袭。", "安理会成员也知道，5月27日联黎部队车队在通往贝鲁特的公路上遇袭，当时一枚遥控的路边炸弹爆炸，造成6名意大利维和人员受伤。两人遭受重伤，四人遭受轻中伤。此外，两名黎巴嫩平民遭受轻伤。这是三年多来的首次袭击事件。没有人声称对袭击事件负责。", "黎巴嫩当局和联黎部队立即展开了调查，意大利当局也是如此。这些调查尚在进行之中。各派政治力量的所有高级政治领导人均谴责了此次袭击。在开展调查和采取诸如由黎巴嫩军队提供护送等其它减轻威胁的措施方面，与黎巴嫩当局开展了良好合作。此外，我作为负责黎巴嫩南部安全问题的指定官员，还负责为军用车队和在联黎部队行动区内外开展的其它活动采取更多保护措施，并加强对部队的保护，以降低发生类似袭击的风险。尽管如此，完全防止此类恐怖袭击的发生是不可能的。", "5月15日——秘书长的报告中也提及这一事件——在巴勒斯坦人纪念大灾难日时发生了大规模示威活动。我不想详细重述悲剧性事件发生的次序，根据黎巴嫩当局提供给联黎部队的信息，有7人被打死，100多人受伤。我们已与双方讨论了我们对事件的初步调查结果，并向他们发送了联黎部队的调查报告，在计划于8月份召开的下一次三方会议上，我们将进行更加详细的讨论。", "联黎部队还向双方转达了今后防止此类事件发生的建议。具体而言，黎巴嫩当局应当对违反第1701(2006)号决议行为所带有的各种安全风险和其它风险进行一次全面评估，并评估授权在蓝线附近举行示威之前为维护法律秩序而需采取的措施。黎巴嫩军队没有授权于6月初大灾难纪念活动期间在蓝线附近举行示威，从而防止了此类暴力事件的再次发生。事实证明这些措施确实有效，它们再次彰显出黎巴嫩武装部队和黎巴嫩南部人民下定决心，努力实现南部的持久和平与稳定。", "最后，在整个6月份期间，特派团经历了一些个人或个人团体对联黎部队巡逻队采取不友好举动的若干事件以及对联黎部队通行自由的限制。这些事件的确使我有切实理由感到关切。", "在许多情况中，黎巴嫩一方提出，联黎部队士兵拍照或意外进入私人宅地，被认为是侵犯了个人或当地社区的隐私，并把它作为对我们士兵采取不友好举动的理由。然而，并不是所有此类情况都能以这种方法解释，我们不能排除有些情况可能是，人们可能受到鼓励采取这种行为方式，以试图阻拦联黎部队开展其活动，从而使其无法在整个行动区执行其授权任务。", "联黎部队是如何回应这些事件的呢？我们加强了部队保护和降低风险措施，这常常意味着需要有更多人来开展同样的活动。我们还在黎巴嫩军队能力可及的范围内，并在不限制联黎部队开展活动特别是开展那些我们认为极其重要活动时作业的情况下，与黎巴嫩武装部队一道开展了更多业务活动。安理会可以放心的是，无论是恐怖袭击还是民众的不友好举动都不会阻止联黎部队执行其授权任务。我们抱着同样的决心继续这样做。", "此时此刻，我还愿向安理会表示，多年来，特派团从安理会坚定不移的支持中受益匪浅，第1773(2007)号决议就十分强烈地表达了这一支持。基于该决议，联黎部队定期提醒双方，它们有责任严格确保联合国工作人员的安全保障，并尊重联黎部队的通行自由，联黎部队还向黎巴嫩各方重申，安理会呼吁进一步密切联黎部队与黎巴嫩军队之间的合作。", "尽管存在我先前谈到的安全挑战，但是像我以前提及的那样，南部的安全局势总体保持了相对稳定，南黎巴嫩五年来的局势是许多年来最安宁和最平静的。这在很大程度上是联黎部队和黎巴嫩军队密切合作的结果，这种合作有助于在黎巴嫩南部建立一个新的战略环境。", "第1701(2006)号决议已通过将近5年时间，现在正是再次审视该决议主要目标以及我们需怎样着手实现这些目标的适当时候。", "第1701(2006)号决议呼吁全面停止敌对行动，此外还呼吁以色列和黎巴嫩支持永久性停火和冲突的长期解决办法，其基础尤其包括：双方全面尊重蓝线，作出安全安排以防止敌对行动复发，其中包括在蓝线和利塔尼河之间设置一个除黎巴嫩政府和联黎部队人员、资产和武器之外没有任何其它武装人员、资产和武器的地区。", "除开展军事业务活动外，联黎部队还设立了三方论坛，籍此与以色列国防军和黎巴嫩武装部队的高级代表探讨违反第1701(2006)号决议的问题、军事业务问题以及双方之间的建立信任措施。三方论坛已发展成为双方联络与协调的一个关键机制，双方都致力于该论坛并积极利用它。该论坛在推动蓝线标示进程并找到办法切实解决有争议问题从而缓解紧张、防止蓝线一带地区事件升级方面，继续发挥着重要作用。", "黎巴嫩武装部队是联黎部队维护南黎巴嫩新战略环境并执行第1701(2006)号决议的一个战略合作伙伴。因此，2010年年初完成的维和行动部-联黎部队联合技术审查建议，应在联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队之间建立一个定期的战略对话机制。黎巴嫩当局包括政府及军队都欢迎该建议，该机制业已建立并已开始工作。", "该进程将帮助黎巴嫩武装部队建设适当的行动能力，以执行第1701(2006)号决议中授权的各项任务，并最终促成将责任逐渐移交给黎巴嫩武装部队。战略对话机制将在分析联黎部队、黎巴嫩军队地面部队以及海上资产的基础上进行，并将制定一系列反映联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队双方能力与责任之间相互关联的基准。", "有了三方论坛和战略对话机制，联黎部队就具备了推进第1701(2006)号决议授予它的军事行动事务的良好条件。我们希望，这些进程的成功展开将确保南黎巴嫩以及蓝线一带的局势保持平静，并确保双方继续停止敌对行动。", "关键的是，这将确保在一个动荡不安的脆弱环境里维持相对平静的现状。但是，我认为，我们——联合国、联黎部队、安全理事会以及国际社会——不应满足于维持现状。相反，联黎部队、黎巴嫩军队和以色列国防军在蓝线一带建立并维持平静与相对稳定，为通过政治进程来处理问题提供了一个机会之窗，而这超出了像联黎部队这样的维和行动的授权范围。联黎部队可以通过确保有利的安全局势来支持这种政治进程，但是它无法替代政治和外交进程。", "为此，我认为有必要将我们的所有努力重新集中到实现第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标——永久性停火并长期解决冲突——上来。", "联黎部队得到了南部民众的支持，而黎巴嫩对第1701(2006)号决议的全国共识也得以保持。新政府发表了部长声明，重申了黎巴嫩对第1701(2006)号决议和联黎部队任务规定的坚定承诺。在最近7月13日的三方会议上，黎巴嫩代表团团长证实，对黎巴嫩武装部队发出的关于执行第1701(2006)号决议并同联黎部队合作的命令没有改变。", "新政府视事时间虽短，但联黎部队注意到，政府和军队都按照这一精神采取行动。米卡提总理在7月16日第一次访问黎巴嫩南部时证实了这一点，其中包括对联黎部队总部的象征性访问，对我们特派团表示了强大的支持。", "以色列政府也致力于执行第1701(2006)号决议。自决议获得通过以来，联黎部队在黎巴嫩南部的行动获得安全理事会的一致支持。这项支持仍然极端重要，以便联黎部队处于强有力的地位，继续执行其任务。", "这些都是继续成功执行联黎部队任务规定的主要因素。但是，与此同时，联黎部队成功地最终把责任交给黎巴嫩军队和缩小本身部队的编制，归根结底，有赖于一个解决冲突根源的政治进程。应当利用联黎部队提供的机会之窗，以便在实现第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标方面取得进展，我重申，这些目标就是实现永久停火和长期解决冲突。", "安理会不久将讨论延长联黎部队的任务期限。作为特派团负责人和联黎部队的部队指挥官，我要高度赞赏安全理事会的持续支持，特别是对联黎部队人员的安全和通行自由以及战略对话进程的目标的明确支持。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将的通报。", "我现在请穆罕默德·哈利德少将发言。", "哈利德少将(以英语发言)：作为联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的部队指挥官，我荣幸地获准在本论坛介绍我关于建设和平初期军事单位的作用的想法和经验。在提到这个议题时，我要首先强调建设和平进程，以便为使用军事工具赢得空间。然后，我将描述它在建设和平初期的作用和如何能够做到它。最后，我将强调某些领域，我认为，在授权部署军事单位之前，需要关注这些领域。", "冲突后社会的特点是安全机制要么不存在，要么非常脆弱——军队土崩瓦解、散乱的准军事部队几乎失控或无人管治、私人和政府拥有大量武器弹药，并且政府对警察和军队的控制不受信任和缺乏合法性。在此背景下，维和部队设法支持战时安全任务以及政治和经济制度的过渡，为可持续和持久的和平进程提供和平及可靠的环境。", "自冷战时期以来，维持和平的概念已经完全改变。军事单位除了提供安全和可靠的环境并监督对立双方之间的停火之外，还要开展大量属于建设和平范畴的其他活动。为此要采取各种行动，查明并支持有助于加强和平的机构，避免冲突死灰复燃。", "我还要指出，建设和平进程是多层面、错综复杂和专业性的工作。它不一定是军方的领域，而相反是该领域中专家的专门性工作。它涉及解决暴力冲突和建立可持续和平的进程与活动。它注重国家能力建设，这要在国家和国以下各级同政治、业务和战术方面合作进行。", "一般而言，军事单位最早部署在任何冲突地区，因为其他机构由于某些程序性拖延和不利的环境而需要更多的时间。", "除了发挥各种作用，减轻冲突地区居民的痛苦之外，军事单位由于其组织能力，能够吸收和协助其他单位。它也在其他联合国机构和非政府组织到达并落脚之前，帮助快速启动建设和平进程。", "军事单位在建设和平进程初期能够发挥的作用可以包括：提供安全和可靠的环境；打击有组织犯罪；执行警务和在发生大规模骚乱时支持警察；为修复基础设施以协助人道主义救济努力而执行工程任务，并启动某些速效项目；医疗外联和流行病控制；接待和管理难民；协助安全部门改革和国家武装部队及警察的能力建设；以及向从事建设和平活动的联合国机构和其他伙伴提供一系列广泛的后勤和其他支助，包括运输、空运和通信。在多数阶段中，军方能够提供一个可靠和有利的环境，通过选举或全民投票或通过两者，重启政治进程。", "为了开展这种全面进程，必须创造有利的环境。军事单位作为建设和平进程早期阶段的推动者，能够在这方面发挥作用。", "向国际机构的各个机关和工作人员提供全面安全保护是军事部门最重要的职能。这样做的办法是通过观察团执行和实施和平协议，以便在早期阶段帮助建立信任、提供斡旋并对双方同意的承诺进行不偏袒的监测。这些承诺可能包括停火、边界接触、商定的权力或资产分配、和平谈判、落实和平或停火以及恢复法治。它们也可能包括：按商定的条件进行解除武装、复原和重返社会；为了维和人员、当地人民和其他联合国机构的安全进行扫雷、清除未爆弹药、清除爆炸物和饵雷；以及护送、巡逻和保安任务，从而增进建设和平人员的通行自由和业务。", "简而言之，这就是我认为军事单位适合的环境和作用。然而，如果考虑进行军事干预，干预后的战略也极端重要。这样一项战略的目标，必须是帮助确保那些引起军事干预的条件不会卷土重来或再次出现。", "在动用军事工具解决冲突后局势中的问题之前，必须考虑到某些基本方面，以便获得预期成效。", "第一，为建设和平而进行的军事干预能够取得成功的唯一途径是采取全面方法。在建设和平问题上，绝不能用军队代替进行政治接触。", "第二，目标和手段之间的相关性是极端重要的。如果要部署军队，应当在早期阶段部署足够的实力，然后缩小编制，而不是相反。", "最后但同样重要的是，军事存在倾向于在东道国人口中产生依赖文化，这可能阻碍国家的重建和人力资源开发。必须提防这种趋势。东道国的能力建设必须仍然是一个优先事项。", "最后，我要说，军事部门在建设和平进程早期阶段的作用不可避免，至为重要。军事部门在建设和平进程早期发挥着两项主要作用。", "第一，军事部门为其他内部和外部行为者开展行动提供安全环境。第二，军事部门使其资源在建设和平进程的稳定、过渡和巩固阶段实现特派团超越其安全职能的总体目标。军事部门作为部署的第一个部门，从第一天起便直接或间接开始建设和平工作，并为其他建设和平力量的投放提供平台，以便有系统地启动全面进程。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安理会成员发言。我提醒各位同事在发言时注意此刻时间已经不早。", "奥格武女士(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：我首先要对勒罗伊副秘书长为本次辩论会提供的指导——特别是在组织部队指挥官方面提供的指导——表示感谢。我要热烈欢迎各位部队指挥官来到安理会。他们就审议中的议题提出的看法清楚明了、言简意赅。这表明，本次旨在促进加大实地与安全理事会之间协同增效作用的互动极为明智、至关重要。让我赞扬他们尤其在领导各和平特派团方面所作的不可估量的奉献。", "自我们上次在2010年8月与部队指挥官进行接触(第6370次会议)以来，联合国系统在使我们的维和努力更为有效方面出现了若干重要事态发展。我们看到，执行和平协议和维持停火的工作更有针对性。我们新设了两个维和特派团——联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)和继联苏特派团关闭之后设立的联合国驻阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿部队)。", "然而，在保护平民、弥合人力与物质资源方面存在的能力差距和减少部队伤亡等至关重要方面仍然存在巨大挑战。因此，今天上午所审议的议题切合实际，顺应当前维和工作的趋势。", "我今天上午发言的要点是普拉卡什将军所说的联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)的设定条件政策这一至关重要的问题。", "我们赞同他的评估和看法。我们仍然坚信，当刚果民主共和国武装力量担任战略和指挥职务的人有侵犯人权行为时，联刚稳定团向他们提供支助或与之开展联合行动将取得完全适得其反的效果。事实上，秘书长特别代表罗杰·米斯曾经指出，“设定条件的政策已导致刚果民主共和国武装力量某些参与在联刚稳定团驻有强大兵力的地区犯下侵害平民罪行的指挥官被解职”。", "要想加强这种积极评估，必须作出持续努力，通过解除武装、复员、遣返、重新安置和重返社会，当然还有安全部门改革，建设刚果民主共和国的能力，使之能够维持国内安全，以此适当补充设定条件的政策。刚果民主共和国武装力量由于结构分散，缺乏明确的指挥和控制，行动软弱，纪律涣散，往往不能有效地为平民提供保护。因此，在辩论设定条件的政策时，我国代表团更希望联刚稳定团与刚果民主共和国武装力量结成战略联盟。这将补充刚果民主共和国武装力量的能力，保留联刚稳定团的相对监督，最终提高刚果民主共和国武装力量的行动效力。", "在部署维和人员的社区，平民的首要期望是他们将得到适当的保护。因此，保护平民是包括非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在内的多数联合国维和特派团的任务授权的核心。", "由于有报道说，苏丹武装部队与武装运动之间特别是在北达尔富尔州的尚吉尔托巴伊和西达尔富尔州的杰贝勒迈拉进行空袭、炮击和激战，在达尔富尔制止对平民发动袭击仍是一项艰巨挑战。尽管保护平民的首要责任在于苏丹政府当局，但加大苏丹政府与达尔富尔混合行动之间的合作无疑会使平民得到更好保护。", "我国代表团赞扬达尔富尔混合行动采取更有力的方式保护平民，并在西达尔富尔州积极加强巡逻。特别是，我们欢迎达尔富尔混合行动增加对人道主义组织的后勤支助和支持将保护儿童工作纳入主流的议程。", "自通过安理会第1701(2009)号决议和部署联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)官兵以来，黎巴嫩南部逐渐趋于稳定。所取得的进展可部分归因于联黎部队与黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军的密切协调。然而，安全局势依然非常脆弱。5月15日在“蓝线”一带发生的致命事件和5月27日对6名联黎部队维和人员发动的恐怖袭击要求我们进一步反思。昨天在西顿发生了另一起袭击5名维和人员的事件。", "我国代表团明确谴责这些袭击事件。我们呼吁有关各方——黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军——履行它们依照第1701(2006)号决议承担的义务，确保联黎部队人员的安全。事实上，有关各方必须利用联黎部队指挥官定期召开的三方会议来加强对联黎部队的信任和恢复对联黎部队的希望。", "联合国维和工作正处于紧要关头。满足对维和行动的要求已使本组织的能力极度吃紧，因而对其维和工作的效率产生巨大压力，造成极大紧张。我们维和行动承担的工作层面日益增多，这要求包括军事部门、民警和区域及其他非正式组织在内的各组成部分之间加大协调与合作。挑战的种类各种各样，从防止发生冲突到当冲突终于发生时恢复和平，不一而足。", "部署受过必要训练、拥有必要装备和得到必要后勤支助的部队，以便有效开展维和人员所面临的复杂和可能危险的任务，仍然是维和行动取得成功的主要决定因素。在这方面，我国代表团重申，应当适当注重部署能够对每个实地局势中的文化差异作出适当反应的部队。在我们看来，在考虑我们最近在联合国利比里亚特派团和联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)中看到的那种特派团之间的合作时，这也应当是一个优先事项。", "我们的许多特派团及早实现和平日益取决于民事专家在法治、人权和儿童保护等关键领域开展的工作。达尔富尔混合行动和联科行动最近出现的事态发展进一步表明，在这些领域建设可持续的国家能力至关重要。在这方面，我们鼓励法治和安全机构厅同包括非政府组织在内的联合国内外相关行为体协调其活动，因为这些非政府组织本身具有在联合国维和特派团结束之后长时间继续待在实地开展工作的能力。", "我们在继续应对各种维和挑战时，必须充分利用以往的经验教训。我们首先可以找出最经常阻碍特派团全方位发挥能力的问题。一个有效的预警系统可以防止冲突，限制对国际和平与安全的威胁。会员国和区域机构应当寻求更有效的战略，发现和解决其国内和地区冲突的深层原因。这将最终有助于确保一旦和平来临，那将是根深蒂固和可持续的和平。", "我谨重申，尼日利亚继续完全致力于《联合国宪章》所载的集体安全。在向那些以身殉职，以便他人能够和平生活的人们表示敬意的同时，也让我们借此机会重申，作为维和人员，我们决心尊重和维护联合国维和工作的基本原则。", "主席(以英语发言)：我谨提醒安理会成员，他们有机会在会上不仅向作通报的各位，而且还可以向安理会会议厅内的所有部队指挥官提出问题和表达意见。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西)(以英语发言)：我首先要特别赞扬阿兰·勒罗伊先生。面对困难艰巨的任务，他表现出色。巴西十分赞赏他的所有工作，但我要特别提及他与部队派遣国的持续不断和非常富有建设性的互动，并与马尔科拉女士一起发起《新局面倡议》。我国政府感谢他的服务，并祝愿他今后事业成功。", "我愿同大家一起欢迎各特派团军事部门负责人来到安理会，并表达我国由衷感谢他们在非常艰难的情况下出色地开展工作。我感谢联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国利比里亚特派团的部队指挥官今天与我们分享他们的见解。巴西派部队和观察员参加了其中大多数特派团，因此直接了解到他们高质量的领导和承诺。", "我们今天听到的通报有助于我们更好地认识我们所采取的决策对实地局势的影响。在纽约这里，我们必须确保我们为维和人员提供他们履行任务所需的政治指导和支持。但是，我们也必须注意避免对他们进行微观管理或限制特派团领导创造性思维的空间，这些同样是成功的关键。", "我想重点谈《新局面倡议》中提出的注重能力的维持和平办法。我们要求特派团领导取得结果是对的，但也必须为他们提供完成工作所需要的工具。整体而言，虽然已经取得重要进展，但我们应该继续努力，为实地输送必要的技能和能力。", "军事部门通常是特派团的最大组成部分。对于当地居民，他们往往代表特派团的形象。因此，重要的是要确保他们在军民合作、文化敏感性、行为和纪律等方面接受必要的培训。维和部队如果能够理解当地居民，其工作将更有效。", "在维和工作的文职领域，统一服务条件对特派团吸引和留住最优秀文职工作人员的能力有重要的长期影响。文职能力审查对我们有关该问题的思考有重要贡献。应尽快开始讨论执行审查建议。", "为了实现可持续和平，安理会、秘书处、部队和警察派遣国以及其他利益攸关方必须同心协力，为实地指挥官提供他们所需要的支持。我愿向今天在座的所有部队指挥官保证，巴西仍然致力于达到这一目标。", "阿尔萨特先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团首先感谢安理会轮值主席组织召开这次与部队指挥官的会议，我向这些指挥官表示特别敬意。我们还要特别感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长勒罗伊先生参加并指导这次讨论取得成功。", "我国代表团重视维持和平行动部、部队指挥官及其工作人员和尼日利亚奥格武大使领导的维持和平行动工作组的重要工作，他们已经在这方面作出了宝贵的贡献。", "各国持续关心的一个问题是改善秘书处、安全理事会和部队派遣国之间的协同效应。在这方面，我们已经有所进展。同时，我们建议安理会继续加强这种互动，我们认为这是至关重要的。同样，我们强调在制定理论和改善联合国维持和平特派团行动状况方面取得的进展。外勤作业的动态和联合国确保实地工作人员安全和福祉的后勤能力因而得到了改善。", "关于打击西非地区国际有组织犯罪的西非海岸倡议，哥伦比亚认为，我们派遣了本国警察部队与几内亚比绍和塞拉利昂合作，因而非常有必要提供这方面经验。我国还积极参加联合国海地稳定特派团。", "我们面临的挑战之一是如何在使用旋转翼飞机、直升机和固定翼飞机以及这些飞机的使用理论方面改进对联合国部队进行动员的能力。在这方面，我们建议进一步分析后勤、人力和技术能力，以取得最佳结果。我们需要为维和行动配备高科技小组，特别是在通信、情报和实地观察领域，以进行暴力活动方面的预警和预测工作。", "最后，我们确认，需要优先重视联合国部队保护和保卫平民的工作，恰如我们优先强调维护《联合国宪章》所载原则和任务。只有这样，我们才能加强联合国与代表联合国的部队和当地居民之间的关系。", "蒙加拉·穆索奇先生(加蓬)(以法语发言)：维持和平行动是本组织的主要职能之一，这些行动近来已经在维护国际和平与安全方面展现其实用性和效力。在这方面，我谨首先感谢勒罗伊先生和部队指挥官们的通报。", "加蓬重申，我们高度赞赏部队指挥官和其他维和人员的决心和专业精神，他们开展着艰苦的工作，常常是在非常恶劣的环境下，有时甚至资源有限。我们刚才听到的通报富有启发性，反映了派代表参加今天会议的各维持和平特派团所面临的日常现实，有效显示了维持和平行动所面临的实际困难。我国代表团也感谢收到此类信息，这使安理会得以更好地作出必要决定，因应实地不断变化的情况。", "我们赞扬将新的多层面做法，如保护平民、加强法治、落实防止冲突再发的机制和开展冲突后建设和平工作纳入维持和平行动的任务授权。因此，我们重申，安理会必须赋予维和行动明确、可信、可执行、且针对预期目标和成果的任务授权，并提供必要资源来完成这些行动被赋予的所有任务。", "关于建设和平，我欢迎刚果民主共和国和利比里亚取得的进展。2011年底，这些国家将举行具有决定意义的重要选举，这将是对派往那里的特派团的重大考验。选举能否成功将决定撤离刚果民主共和国和利比里亚的最终安排，从而帮助我们制定将安全职能移交两国政府的战略。在这方面，安理会必须继续密切关注这两个维和行动处理的局势，以便我们能够对其授权进行适当变更，特别是在后勤和行动能力方面。", "我要向联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团指挥官问一个问题。他如何看待上帝抵抗军(上帝军)构成的威胁？他对联合国驻该地区特派团的合作特别在打击上帝军方面的合作有何设想？", "最后，我国将继续支持联合国维和行动。我们欢迎像今天这样与部队指挥官举行互动会议，以便安理会了解其特派团的实地情况，并向我们报告他们所面临的挑战。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：我愿感谢维持和平行动部和阿兰·勒罗伊副秘书长介绍各位部队指挥官，并让我们有这个机会直接听取身处实地的指挥官的看法。我认为这一点特别重要，因为维持和平确实是安全理事会拥有的主要工具，在联合国预算中占有最大比例，而且肯定是占用安理会最多时间的工作。", "印度向维和行动派遣的部队和警官人数比任何其它国家都多。我们向40多个维和行动派出了10多万名官兵。因此，我们非常了解这一切意味着什么，能够做成哪些事情，维和行动拥有哪些能力。我们也参与了该辩论所涉及的制定法规方面的工作，无论是在安理会还是大会。我们秉持这种建设性接触的传统，最近在新德里举行了一个讨论会。它在借鉴维和人员的行动经验从而进一步推动维和工作方面取得了新的突破。", "维和工作已趋成熟。如今，80%多的维和经费用于历时5年以上的行动。我们在成立两个新特派团之际——这是几年来的首批新行动——需要总结有关情况。我愿强调以下几点。", "第一是缺乏经费的问题，也就是在现有经费状况下甚至是经费减少的状况下，努力做更多工作的问题。我理解需要提高效率；我理解必须更加节俭；但我认为必须要清楚地认识到，依靠微薄预算开展行动，而任务却在不断增多，这肯定是不可能做到的，也是无法产生实效的。", "此外，任务授权必须要明确。来自我国即印度的部队指挥官指出了授权含糊不清的现象，以及这种现象如何导致指挥系统的下级人员确实不清楚他们应当做什么的问题。我认为，在这方面说清楚并认识到任务授权与资源必须相互结合、形成合力，对我们安理会成员以及我们在实地部署的部队都有好处。有鉴于此，尤为重要的是，应当更密集地开展与部队派遣国的互动交流，以便我们能够更加明确，凭借我们成立的部队所拥有的资源数量可以取得哪些成果、开展哪些工作。这种互动交流业已开始。", "我还愿强调另一个十分重要的内容——开展伙伴关系的意愿问题。在此，我要提请各国成员注意非洲。安理会三分之二的会议和成果涉及非洲问题。非洲对于联合国维和行动也具有核心意义。印度大力支持发展非洲联盟的维和能力。在这方面，我愿引用我国总理在5月份于亚的斯亚贝巴举行的第二届印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上的讲话。他说：", "“印度一贯支持非洲发展自身能力。为了表示我们致力于支持非洲努力寻求非洲本土解决办法，我要高兴地宣布，印度将向非洲联盟驻索马里特派团捐助200万美元。”", "其它会员国需要提供类似援助来建设非洲联盟的维和能力。印度还承诺尽早通过特别训练安排，使非洲待命部队投入运作。", "我们知道最弱势者受冲突之害最多。妇女和儿童曾经并继续深受世界各地的冲突之害。国际社会不仅有责任而且有义务尽力确保妇女和儿童的安全，特别是在冲突和冲突后局势中。印度部队和警官将尽全力保护其行动区的弱势人群，这些部队和警官中包括了以联合国名义部署的首批全女兵部队。", "最后，我愿感谢各位部队指挥官以及接受他们指挥的人员。是他们将安理会的言辞落实为行动。我还愿对帮助联合国努力缔造一个更安全、更美好的世界而作出巨大牺牲的维和人员表示敬意。", "迪卡尔洛夫人(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你和维持和平行动部(维和部)安排安理会今天举行本次会议。我也愿赞赏勒罗伊副秘书长在十分困难和艰巨的时期对维和部的出色领导。我们祝愿他今后一切顺利。", "我愿感谢各位部队指挥官今天的发言。我们非常赞赏他们每天在维和行动中发挥的作用。我要借此机会向阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将和我的法国同事表示，美国对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队中的法国维和部队昨天受伤表示慰问，希望他们能够很快完全康复。这当然是一个最明显不过的例子，说明了勇敢的维和人员在履行职责时每天会遇到何种危险。", "对于各位部队指挥官，我只想说，我们非常欢迎有这个机会直接听取他们是如何看待在执行联合国特派团的授权任务过程中所遇到的挑战和危险的。安理会希望为特派团的任务授权配备成功履行任务所需的领导和能力。", "我们非常有兴趣了解部队指挥官面临的业务、后勤和领导问题。每个维持和平特派团的核心就是其人员及其能力，以支持旨在建立更稳定和平的努力。我们对于正在采取的业务步骤感兴趣，这些步骤的目的是制定全特派团的保护平民战略，包括防止性暴力，我们并且对于特派团中的军警维和人员的作用感兴趣。我们非常欢迎有关创新措施的讨论，例如拾柴路线巡逻、社区联络援助、向社区领导人分发手机，以及应急和调查小组，这些小组包含各种文职、警察和军事专长。", "指挥官面临的缺口是同样重要的——这些因素要么扩大、要么限制他们在完成任务时的后勤或领导效力。这些缺口可能是理论、部署前或在职培训等支持特派团的工具；早期预警能力、情报和及时分析等帮助特派团有效运作的工具；或是空运能力等有助于机动性的工具，以及预算和行政问题。", "我有几个问题要问各位将军。", "我想听阿萨塔·奎瓦斯将军谈谈真主党的军事武库。7月1日秘书长的报告(S/2011/406)指出，真主党依然保留自己的大量、日益增加和引起动乱的军事武库。我想知道，联黎特派团采取什么步骤来协助黎巴嫩武装部队移走利塔尼河南岸的这些非法武器和武装人员。", "我非常赞赏Nyamvumba将军在发言中注重非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的强有力的存在。我们表示希望，可以向其他特派团交流达尔富尔混合行动在建立这种强有力存在时吸取的经验教训。我想听听他对此的评论。", "我们仍然对于联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团面临的航空资产能力的严重短缺感到非常关切，我想听普拉卡什将军回答这个问题，这个缺口是否——或者不如说如何——影响特派团执行第1991(2011)号决议所规定任务的能力。特派团的任务中要作出那些折衷个，特派团不再能够做什么？", "最后，我想听哈利德将军谈谈特派团之间的合作。联合国科特迪瓦行动同联合国利比里亚特派团之间进行了良好的特派团间合作，我想知道在这一合作中学到些什么，并且他是否认为能够在其他地方利用特派团间合作。", "王民先生(中国)：主席先生，我感谢勒罗伊副秘书长出席今天的会议。我也认真听取了四位联合国维和特派团指挥官的发言。我特别要对出席今天安理会会议的全体联合国维和行动指挥官表示热烈的欢迎。你们在世界各地艰苦的环境下工作，履行安理会赋予的神圣使命，为维护世界和平与安全作出了重要贡献。中国代表团向你们以及在世界各地工作的维和官兵表示崇高的敬意。", "联合国维和行动开展60多年来，为维护世界和平与安全作出了巨大贡献。近年来，随着形势的迅速变化，联合国的维和行动也面临着一系列新的挑战。我不想提什么问题，听了几位指挥官的发言之后，我想作一些原则性的评论。我着重想谈以下4点看法。", "第一，应加强维和行动与缔造和平行动之间的协调。维和行动固然重要，但不是“万能药”。建立持久和平关键是要推进政治对话与和解进程。联合国秘书长及其特别代表可就此发挥更加积极的斡旋作用。", "第二，应加强维和行动与建设和平工作的协调配合。有关各方应关注和解决冲突产生的根源，特别是经济社会发展问题。应统筹考虑维和行动与建设和平的衔接问题，明确维和行动与建设和平的分工。维和行动应及时制定并逐步完善撤出战略。", "第三，应切实履行好保护平民的授权。当事国对保护平民负有首要责任。维和行动在履行保护平民授权时既要严格遵守安理会决议，恪守中立原则，避免成为冲突一方，同时也要尊重当事国的主权，多做有利于推进政治和民族和解的事情。", "第四，加强联合国维和行动能力建设。我们希望有资源和技术能力的国家加大投入，为维和行动提供必要的资源和技术保障。我们支持联合国提升维和行动部署的速度和运作效率，加强针对性和灵活性，同时加强与当事国和区域组织的伙伴关系。", "齐亚德女士(黎巴嫩)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我们要对你召开本次重要辩论会表示赞赏。我们也谨感谢主管维持和平行动部的勒罗伊副秘书长值得称赞的工作，并感谢联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的部队指挥官的全面通报。", "黎巴嫩认为，在联合国维和行动中，安全理事会、秘书处、部队派遣国和东道国之间需要结成伙伴关系。在仔细听取各位部队指挥官的通报之后，我们要对他们的献身精神和为和平提供的服务表示敬意。通过这次直接互动，我们有机会了解实地的紧迫需求，从而帮助安理会更好地应对这些需求。", "我有两个问题。一个问题类似于美国代表团提出的有关联刚稳定团同达尔富尔混合行动之间的合作的问题。也许尼亚姆武姆巴将军可以告诉我们达尔富尔混合行动面临的主要后勤挑战。", "在我们区域，停止以色列对巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩其余土地的占领——冲突的根源——是任何全面解决办法和联合国维和特派团成功撤离的先决条件。", "每个人都提到昨天在黎巴嫩南部发生的情况。当一个维和特派团受到考验，维和人员遭到袭击时，只有团结与决心才是我们制止任何种类事件再次发生的关键。正是在这个背景下，黎巴嫩对这一袭击事件表示明确的谴责。只需在此提到黎巴嫩共和国总统米歇尔·苏莱曼将军发表了一项声明就够了。他在声明中谴责这起袭击事件，并敦促当局“加倍努力查明凶手并惩罚他们。”", "他是在贝鲁特这样说的，并且我国代表团在纽约这里赞同安全理事会发表的谴责这起袭击事件的新闻谈话(SC/10341)。我国代表团对受伤的维和人员及其家属表示衷心慰问，我们相信，阿萨塔·奎瓦斯将军将向联黎部队男女官兵转达我们的深切赞赏。", "在第1701(2006)号决议获得通过将近五年之后，黎巴嫩政府坚定致力于全面执行该决议。我们呼吁国际社会制止以色列对我国的陆海空主权的侵犯。秘书长在其最近的报告(S/2011/406)中提到了这些侵犯行径，要求立即予以停止，因为这种行径不仅破坏第1701(2006)号决议的执行，而且破坏了联黎部队的工作和信誉，削弱了黎巴嫩武装部队的权力。", "在新政府赢得信任投票后仅仅两天，黎巴嫩总理访问了黎巴嫩南部和联黎部队总部。他在访问期间确认联黎部队在执行第1701(2006)号决议方面发挥着重要作用。在这方面，我们两天前致函要求在不改变联黎部队任务授权的情况下延长其任务期限。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将在谈及战略对话与合作时提到上周进行的磋商。我要在安理会重申我国代表团不得不就此发表的意见。黎巴嫩军队全面参与同联黎部队的对话。黎巴嫩赞扬驻黎巴嫩南部的联黎部队所作的努力和牺牲，并对所有部队派遣国表示感谢。它高度重视按照商定的《接战规则》加强与联黎部队的协调与合作，以确保正确执行交付给它的任务。协助增强黎巴嫩武装部队的能力是必要的。更强大的黎巴嫩军队将使黎巴嫩政府能够继续将其权力扩展到全国。", "我要问阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将一个问题。5月15日，平民示威者没有越过蓝线，但还是遭到枪杀，在他看来，防止以色列在蓝线一带采取类似做法过度使用武力的最佳方式是什么？", "主席(以英语发言)：我建议我们中断安理会成员的发言，由部队指挥官发言。我首先请普拉卡什中将发言。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：在向我提出的两个问题中，第一个问题是加蓬代表提出的，内容涉及我如何评价上帝抵抗军(上帝军)对整个区域的威胁，以及区域间特派团可以开展什么合作来消除这种威胁。", "上帝军在刚果民主共和国的威胁切实存在。虽然其人数并不多，但主观愿望无法使这一威胁消失。平均而言，我们接到的报告称每月约发生15至20次涉及上帝军活动的事件。一段时间以来，攻击的残暴性有所减弱，被杀人数出现减少，被绑架平民的人数也大为减少。上帝军的活动之所以减少，很大程度上是因为联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在该地区采取了一些积极行动。", "尽管如此，我还是要重申，这一威胁切实存在，主观愿望无法使之消失。实际情况是，那里的地形崎岖不平，他们分成小股在难以进入的地区活动，而且边界防备松懈、漏洞百出。我们在栋古建立了一个联合情报行动中心，今年已经开始运作，这是朝着合作伙伴之间共享情报迈出的一步；这些合作伙伴有：乌干达人民国防军、刚果民主共和国武装力量以及我们这个特派团——联刚稳定团。此外，我们5月份在恩德培举行了一次各特派团部队指挥官会议，交流了有关上帝军的情报。虽则如此，但这还不够，如果能够为我们提供所需适当资源，交流情报和采取更多有效行动打击上帝抵抗军的余地将更大。", "第二个问题涉及我们在航空资产方面的现有能力差距及其对特派团的影响。不能获得航空资产——通用直升机和攻击直升机——令特派团非常担忧。多年来，有害活动已经从刚果民主共和国东部转向西部，更多地转向丛林地带，转向那些只有直升机才能进入的地区。安理会非常清楚，刚果民主共和国没有道路基础设施。而今，我们在该国设立的93个基地有31个依靠空中支援；也就是说，临时行动基地/连级行动基地有三分之一位于只能通过航空资产提供后勤补给的地区。如果我们没有适当的航空资产为这些基地提供支持，不仅我们不能在难以到达的地区建立所需的更多基地，而且还会发现我们甚至难以为现有的31个基地提供支持。", "自7月4日以来，我们一直没有攻击直升机，这就大大削弱了我们在南北基伍对解放卢旺达民主力量的威慑能力。我们没有能力采取任何积极主动的行动打击南北基伍的武装团伙。由于临近选举，我们也认为今后对航空资产的需求将大得多。满足保护平民和运送选举材料的需求之间会出现矛盾。那样的话，我们的应对能力会捉襟见肘。我认为在现阶段，我们履行保护平民这一基本任务的能力也将严重受限。", "主席(以英语发言)：我要提醒安理会，时间已经很晚。军人素来以长话短说、直接切题而著称；我不知道我们外交官是否也是如此。我呼吁安理会尽量合理利用分配给我们的时间，限制所有人的发言时间。还有七个安理会成员还没有发言。在剩下的时间里，我们应将发言时间限制在绝对必要的长度。", "我现在请阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将发言。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言)：请允许我以母语西班牙语回答问题，这样一来，我就能够更准确地作出回答。", "根据第1701(2006)号决议，在我们的任务授权内，黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队的首要责任是确保联黎部队任务区内除黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的武器外，没有任何其他武器。根据我们的任务授权，联黎部队除非有确凿证据以及存在与违反第1701(2006)号决议有关的直接威胁，不得搜查民宅或私人财产。", "我们的部队部署在黎巴嫩南部利塔尼河与蓝线之间，共有约12 500名士兵和1 000多名文职人员。这些士兵来自35个不同国家，每月参与10 000至12 000次与维和有关的活动。在执行活动期间，我们发现，通过第1701(2006)号决议以来的五年内储存了弹药、燃料和武器，但所有这些都远远早于2006年的战争冲突。此外，迄今为止，由于我们不能搜查私人财产或住所这一事实——这是黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队的责任——没有任何证据表明目前存在非法贩运武器问题。我的意思是，我本人和我的部下都不曾看到提到的军火库。我们希望发现军火库后再决定是否确有其事。", "我还要说，最近一次从我们的任务区向以色列发射火箭弹的时间是2009年10月，因此到目前为止已近两年时间，由于南部人民、黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的努力，敌对行动一直处于停止状态，也没有向以色列发射火箭弹。", "至于黎巴嫩代表提出的第二个问题，我要提一下联黎部队在今年5月15日灾难日悲剧事件发生后向各方提出的建议。这些建议包括只有黎巴嫩当局负责黎巴嫩境内的法律和秩序，它们必须采取必要的措施防止蓝线一带的事件。众所周知，蓝线是一个高度敏感的地区，多数事件都发生在那里；它也是以色列军队自2000年战争以来的撤军线。因此，为防止此类事件发生，有必要对当地人民进行全面监视。", "我们在建议——我将逐字宣读建议内容——中还说，在这类局势中，以色列军队应避免作出回应，除非处于直接自卫的明确要求，并且要考虑到黎巴嫩和以色列两国均有权进行自卫这一事实。但以色列国防军决不能过度诉诸武力，必须始终采取与受到的袭击相称的行动，因此其中还应包括控制示威人群和维持秩序的装备、军队和专家。", "我们还认为以色列和黎巴嫩两国应确保在这类情形中动用训练有素、装备精良的部队，尽力防止此类事件发生。在三方会议和我与各方的会晤中，我始终提及同一件事：", "(以英语发言)", "不让步，不占有。", "(以西班牙语发言)", "不挑衅，不回击任何挑衅。这是避免蓝线一带发生任何事件的最佳办法。", "我认为我已经解答了问题，如有需要，我非常乐意作出进一步澄清。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请被问到两个问题的尼亚姆伍姆巴中将发言。", "尼亚姆伍姆巴中将(以英语发言)：有人向我提出两个问题，一个是美国代表提出，另一个是黎巴嫩代表提出。", "美国的问题是我们能否与其他特派团分享我们的经验。实际上，这个问题非常重要，我们聚集安理厅的一部分目的主要是为了与不同特派团分享我们的经验。不过除此之外，我们还开设了一个论坛，特别是我们称之为特派团之间合作的论坛。我向普拉卡什将军表示感谢，他于5月在恩德培举行了区域部队指挥官会议。我们将注意到这一点，并继续与其他特派团、尤其是负有保护平民任务的特派团分享我们的经验。我们还欢迎其他特派团提供其他经验。", "关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)面临重大后勤挑战这个问题，我的确概述了其中的一些挑战，但更具体而言，其中一个挑战是补给线长的问题。在座诸位都知道，主要海港是距达尔富尔约2 000公里的苏丹港，那里基础设施寥寥无几甚至没有基础设施。在我们执行任务期间，最大障碍是实地缺乏基础设施。正如我早先所说的那样，在雨季，我们的巡逻和活动因区域无法通行实际上大幅减少。我甚至说，由于道路不通，我们每日巡逻次数从160次减少到约100次。", "最后是航空能力问题。多用途直升机方面的缺口仍然很大，我借此机会呼吁有办法支援特派团的机构提供一些航空能力，事实上，这对加强特派团的能力大有助益。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哈立德中将发言。", "哈立德中将(以英语发言)：美国代表和黎巴嫩代表分别向我提出了问题。我认为代表团之间的合作至关重要。我这样说是因为维持和平行动部(维和部)没有后备人员。考虑到全球各地特派团的数量，它们没有足够的兵力来应对所有不可预见的不测事件。", "请允许我向各位说明，明天我将在维持和平行动特别委员会(34国委员会)谈同一主题，这是维和部向我提出的问题，在明天的发言中我将详细论及这个问题。", "不过，对于汲取的经验教训，我简单答复如下：11月我们向联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)派遣了步兵营和米-8型直升机。步兵营于1月返回，多用途直升机于6月返回；3月派遣了武装直升机，目前仍部署在那里。我高兴地告诉各位，联科行动和联合国利比里亚特派团正在使用米-24型武装直升机共同执行任务并联合进行边界巡逻。", "关于经验教训，实际上可以分成四大标题或者关注点：合法性、后勤、军事能力和协调。我将非常简要地逐一介绍。", "就合法性而言，有关部队派遣国的忧虑，我的意思是在最后关头要节省时间。这应该成为谅解备忘录的一部分。", "关于后勤，特派团应供应食品、进行协调，甚至有时要在组建特派团之前解决倾倒供应品或燃料的问题，以使即将进驻的部队不会遇到任何问题。在联合国总部维持和平行动部一级，必须适用一项综合战略——并且我相信情况确实如此。必须与负责开展特派团间合作的所有特派团协商，定期对这一战略进行审查。特派团间的合作或许并不十分广泛，并且道路状况可能较差，或者根本没有任何道路，因此必须通过陆海空供应食品，避免在最后时刻，通常也是关键阶段，出现任何不必要的延误。必须对后勤工作做出明确规定。", "为更好地开展协调，所有此类特派团必须设立特派团间合作小组，这些小组应保持联系，以实现更好的协调，并了解最新的事态发展。", "最后但并非无关紧要的是，如果相关特派团和国家使用不同的语言，则必须提供口译小组，确保部队在抵达后不会遇到任何问题并能发挥有效作用。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安全理事会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生、军事厅负责人巴巴卡尔·盖伊中将和各位部队指挥官今天上午所作内容丰富的发言。", "我欢迎今天与我们一道出席安理会会议的部队指挥官。纽约的确与战场相隔甚远，因此，直接听取来自实地的军事领导介绍情况确实机会非常难得。我们认为定期举行这种接触至为有益，感谢德国代表团的这一倡议。", "安全理事会曾明确指出，部署联合国维持和平行动只能作为解决冲突的政治战略的协助而非其替代，南非完全赞同此观点。", "多年以来，由于冲突的性质不断变化，维持和平已成为错综复杂的多层面任务。我们注意到国内冲突带来的综合影响和种种挑战。在许多情况下，交战各方利用的资源越来越多，装备也越来越好，经常产生巨大影响，并且不遵守交战规则。受冲突影响的地区不再只是战败国；它们拥有强大的军事能力和有力的政治领导。", "为应对上述挑战，联合国的行动必须要有必要的机动性和灵敏度。因此，对安理会和联合国在当地的政治和军事领导来说，必须始终重视动员和维持所有利益攸关方特别是安理会派驻维持和平特派团的国家的政治支助，并尊重所有国家的主权。", "安理会在特派团整个任务期间也发挥着尤为重要的作用，以支持为加强与区域和次区域组织以及其他伙伴之间的合作协调而做出的各种努力。安全理事会应对非洲大陆危机的措施不断提醒我们，当前必须加大与区域组织特别是非洲联盟的合作与协调。非洲的领导以及非洲问题的解决是最重要的。", "今天，我们除其他外应思考我们以最佳方式利用维持和平行动在外地提供的安全保护以及找到解决冲突的政治办法的能力。安理会应采用一致、全面的战略，有效地将维持和平行动任务转化为明确、可信和可实现的成果。我们应考虑为行动配备充分和适当的资源，并确保按照预期的行动实力和能力，进行充分准备和及时部署。我们应确保对维持和平行动有适当的监督和评价机制，并且确保安理会充分了解其决定所涉的资源和外地支助问题。", "我们在整个维持和平行动领域面临许多军事方面的挑战，而这些只是帮助我们共同了解各方面挑战的一些重要问题。我们相信，通过共同解决上述问题，我们将会对提高联合国维持和平总体业绩做出重大贡献。", "保护普通平民的生命极为重要，这些人通常是身陷冲突地区不稳定状况和战乱的无辜受害者。国际法规定，保护平民的首要责任应由各国承担。保护平民本身属于非常敏感的政治问题，更是一项至关重要的任务规定。鉴于当前冲突的性质，保护平民成为了必要之事，区域组织和国际社会的作用就变得更为重要。", "令我们感到鼓舞的是，正在努力解决直升机等军事资产短缺的问题。在缺乏必要资源或是在一些非满员运作的情况下，我们无法向外国领土部署军队并期望他们立即到达各地。我们认为理应确保我们在当地军队获得他们所需要的支助。", "然而，在任何时候我们都必须强调坚持按照《联合国宪章》所载的公正原则以及国际法和人权法开展联合国维持和平行动的重要性。", "最后，南非代表团对曾服务于或继续服务于联合国维持和平行动的所有男女军警致敬，并对其奉献精神和勇气表示赞扬。我们还要对为和平和人类事业付出最大代价的人致以特别的敬意。", "博内先生(法国)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我也要感谢你召开此次会议，这已成为定期活动，因为这为与部队指挥官进行交流并听取来自实地的意见提供了难能可贵的机会。", "我感谢维持和平行动部以及联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国-非洲联盟达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混和行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)部队指挥官所作的通报。", "首先，我要回顾法国对维持和平的承诺。维持和平是联合国最为重要，当然也是最具象征性的一项活动。在此，我首先要对蓝盔部队在当地所做的出色工作表示赞扬，他们通常是在他人不会去的艰苦和危险环境下开展工作，以履行其任务，这些任务的复杂性直接反映了本组织设法解决的危机的复杂状况。", "法国要继续参与努力改善维持和平行动的运作情况。从一开始，这些行动就是安理会履行其维持国际和平与安全这一首要责任的优先手段。因此，提高此类行动的效力具有战略上的重要意义。", "继法国和联合王国2009年的倡议之后，我们的目标仍然是加强安全理事会对此类行动的政治和军事监督、确保提高此类行动后勤管理和财务管理的效力、阐明与保护平民等一些复杂问题相关的原则和在必要时明确任务授权并尽可能使其合理化。这是安理会现在就维和的各个领域问题举行定期磋商的目的。我们认为，这些磋商应当继续。", "关于我刚才提出的所有问题，我们认为我们已取得了进展。我们特别欢迎执行全球实地支助战略。我们还要欢迎高级咨询小组关于加强冲突后局势中民事能力的报告(S/2011/85)。我们认为，该报告将促成修正维和行动在诸如其行动对国家发展的经济影响和妇女在维和工作中的作用等重要问题运作的方式。", "因此，我们将继续推进我们的工作，尤其在加强维和行动指挥链、改进与部队派遣国的合作和采取更有力的财政后续行动支持维和行动等方面。我注意到，用于维和行动的预算近年来飞速增长。诚然，需求在这方面起了很大作用，但同样千真万确的是，在提供资金者预算紧缩的气氛中，我们必须有办法以负责任和受控制的方式管理预算。", "我也要向今天在座的部队指挥官提出几个问题。首先，我有一个一般性的问题。外地是否感受到纽约进行的改革努力？实地的做法是否由于安理会作出的决定或提出的建议而有所改变？安理会如何能够更好地顾及来自外地的看法和来自部队指挥官的反馈？", "更具体而言，我要向联黎部队的阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将提出几个问题。当然，我们也强烈谴责对联黎部队官兵发动的袭击。在昨天发生的袭击中，我们有士兵沦为受害者。我们赞赏各方在这起事件发生之后所表示的声援。当然，我们不会容忍部署在黎巴嫩的军事和民事工作人员的安全保障受到进一步威胁。我们理解手头任务的困难，但我们能够做些什么使驻地士兵受到更好的保护？还有，我们如何能够加强同黎巴嫩武装部队的合作？我们如何能够做到逐步移交目前由联黎部队执行的任务？", "我向联刚稳定团部队指挥官提出的问题涉及如何在目前筹备选举的背景下调整保护平民的战略。在目前的选前气氛中，鉴于我们所获悉的那些制约因素，是否有必要改变部队的行事方法及其保护平民的战略？", "巴尔巴利奇先生(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我要感谢你召开本次通报会。我们感谢副秘书长的发言，以及联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、联合国利比里亚特派团、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的部队指挥官提出的富有见地的意见。我们还欢迎其他联合国维和行动部队指挥官与会并赞扬他们的承诺和努力，以及各维和特派团中的所有工作人员所做的出色工作。", "在关于维和的讨论中一再出现的主要议题之一是，安理会必须为维和特派团规定明确、可信和可实现的任务并提供充足的资源，使特派团能够根据授权完成任务。因此，及时向安理会提供相关信息对于决策不可或缺。为此，我们强调，每项决议在执行期间都必须清楚和准确地反映在行动概念中。", "从今年年初开始，出台了关于维持和平与建设和平之间以及安全与发展之间相互关系的重要文件。关于这些问题的讨论必须确定切实可行的前进道路，以应对主要挑战和克服主要障碍并提出关于能力发展、协调和实地指导的办法。", "赋予各维和特派团的任务日益复杂，而具体资源特别是民事支助能力不足，这可能使特派团取得成功的机会面临风险。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那欢迎与审查国际民事能力有关的活动。我们认为，就这项研究报告提出的各项建议和关于这项研究报告的讨论开展的活动，将导致在这方面作出具体改进，提出切实可行的建议。此外，维持和平行动部与外勤支助部之间的合作应当导致在实地产生可行的办法、积极的变化和具体的结果。", "在这方面，我们强调应与部队和警察派遣国合作、协商和交换看法。动员会员国提供支助对于采取由能力驱动的方法至关重要。这种方法将集中于技能、装备和能力。", "显然，拥有保护平民任务的授权的特派团需要开展各种活动，以确保平民安全，人身受到保护。收集信息，及时、准确地获取关于当地形势和情况的数据，并对这些数据进行分析，所有这些都至关重要。不过，特派团应当拥有适当的资源来分析这些数据，并协助恢复环境，使东道国能够履行其保护本国平民的首要责任。这方面当然包括其他进程，例如解除武装、复员和重返社会，安全部门改革，支助选举进程和赋予当地社区权能，以便促进向可持续建设和平过渡。", "执行有效撤离战略的必要性必须与人员的素质和装备的质量保持协调，并与相应的行动任务和目标挂钩。还必须顾及部署地区的文化敏感性，以避免特派团与东道国及其社区之间发生不必要的误会。", "今年，我们看到授权设立两个新的特派团：联合国驻阿卜耶伊临时安全部队和联合国南苏丹共和国特派团。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为，本组织必须尽力运用其专门技能以及从以往维和特派团中吸取经验教训，而安理会则必须为各团提供其所需的战略指导和适当支助。在这方面，联合国南苏丹特派团必须为提高治理能力和改善法治状况作出贡献。", "任务授权无疑至关重要，可为特派团今后的重组提供指南。必须顾及实地的事态发展，使特派团的任务授权更加现实和更可实现。", "最后，我们强调，维和特派团是政治解决冲突的办法的一部分，但它不可取代这种解决办法。因此，必须加强实地的活动，同时致力于预防性外交、预警或冲突调解，并注重国家优先事项和国家行为体。关注这些方面必须是每一个维和特派团任务规定的组成部分，以避免冲突复发，促进有关国家的发展与持久和平，尤其是保障国际安全。", "泰瑟姆先生(联合王国)(以英语发言)：我的发言将力求简短。我感谢维蒂希大使邀请勒罗伊副秘书长和来自非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的各位部队指挥官向安理会通报情况。我要感谢他们今天上午提出的见解，更重要的是，感谢各位部队指挥官和警务专员所开展的工作，以及他们麾下所有男女官兵所作的辛勤努力。正如我们所知，他们往往处于极具挑战性的环境并且面临极大的人身风险。我与其他人一道谴责本周早些时候发生的袭击事件，并祝愿受伤者早日康复。", "联合王国非常支持现已成为某种传统的现行举措，以确保部队指挥官和警务专员在他们在纽约举行的年度会议期间有机会向安理会通报情况。重要的是，我们应当作出尽可能多的努力，以增进安理会对我们所制定的维和决议对部队和警察提出的行动要求的理解。", "正如我们在去年11月担任安理会主席期间所表明的那样，我们有机会利用新技术确保我们能够更频繁地听取行动指挥官的发言。我们认为，我们应当更加定期地利用这一机会。重要的是，我们将能在适当的时候听到联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队新部队指挥官的情况介绍。", "根据我在这里听到的部队指挥官和安理会同事的发言，我想简短地谈四点看法。", "首先是保护平民。我从尼亚姆武姆巴将军的情况介绍中得到一个明确的信息，即保护受到攻击或攻击威胁的平民的责任至为重要。这是维和责任的基本要素。在这方面，我对这一概念与采取强有力的姿态两者之间的联系感兴趣，达尔富尔混合行动高层领导对后者有明确的认识。我知道，对有些人来说，这是一个有争议的问题，但我同尼日利亚同事一道对强有力姿态表示强有力的支持。我知道，秘书长谈到，达尔富尔混合行动采取的强有力姿态对减少对特派团的攻击有贡献，我认为这一点很重要。", "第二点是设定支助条件的政策的影响。我非常感兴趣地听了普拉卡什将军介绍设定支助条件的发言。支助条件要求维和部队不支持不符合国际人道主义法的活动。显然必须严格执行这种政策。", "但是，我们也必须考虑作业效率。普拉卡什将军谈到可取和可行两者之间的平衡。如果有时间，我有兴趣了解这一平衡概念，如何取得平衡，但我们知道我们时间有限。我希望了解，普拉卡什将军认为，有关这种平衡，是否可找出一些有用、可更广泛应用的基本原则；抑或需要根据各地地面具体情况作出决定。", "普拉卡什将军还介绍了一些有关执行支助条件的有用指导意见，特别是在初始阶段而非后期执行更为方便的看法。我认为，这是一个需要考虑的重要意见，鉴于时下正在南苏丹部署新的维和行动。", "第三点是关于各特派团之间的合作，在此问题上，我再次附和尼日利亚同事和美国同事的意见，对特派团之间合作的原则表示坚决支持。在有些情况下，这样做有利于特派团运行，联利特派团和联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)共享资产就是一个重要的例子。我认为，需要充分探讨这方面的潜力。", "最后一点是任务规定要明确。我记得，印度同事谈到任务规定明确的重要性。我们大家都谈到维和行动所面临的风险和困难。我认为，我们至少应该为维和特派团提供明确的任务规定。我们很容易在安理会利用模棱两可或堆砌词藻的做法来掩盖分歧。我们始终需要注意，这样做对维和行动在外地开展其重要工作可能带来的问题。", "最后，听了今天上午各位部队指挥官的介绍，我再次认识到直接听取实地人员介绍情况的重要价值。我非常感谢他们在参加部队指挥官年会的过程中抽出时间来安理会发言。我希望我们今后能够定期听到他们介绍情况。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：鉴于时间有限，我的发言将尽量简短。", "我们高兴再次欢迎各位联合国维持和平特派团部队指挥官出席安理会。看到这种对话令人鼓舞，这一做法最初由俄罗斯联邦在去年担任安理会轮值主席期间建议付诸实施。在此，我支持英国同事，他丰富了这一做法。安理会现在有机会利用视频会议和其他现代技术更加经常性地举行此类会议。安理会成员可以同我们这些军队同事对话，研究维和人员在实地真正面临的问题和军事挑战。这种做法将最终确保安理会得到军事专家的有效帮助。", "我不细谈我们对维和行动的重视。和许多同事一样，我们认为这是联合国维护和平与安全的一个真正重要的工具。我国维和人员参加在中东、非洲各地和海地的许多维和行动。我们认识到，联合国维和行动没有固定地点，而且继续迫切需要。正如有人指出，现在正在阿卜耶伊地区和南苏丹部署两个新的维持和平行动。", "我们认为，军事人员占维和人员三分之二，他们在执行三项关键任务方面发挥重要作用：支持各国政府稳定局势和恢复和平的努力、保护平民以及监测遵守停火协定情况。然而，联合国维持和平活动继续演变，包括在理论和实际操作方面。因此，作出调整很重要，以解决现有问题和适应新的政治现实。", "今天会上许多发言者谈到这样的事实，即存在新的挑战，这些挑战的性质需要军事行动者和安全理事会外交官共同作出决定。", "因此，我们认为有几个共同点，例如蓝盔部队面临非常规的局势。但在维和方面存在一些坚定不移的原则。维和人员必须严格遵守其任务规定，避免参与任何政治冲突或私下支持冲突一方。这种行动可能产生极为不利的后果，破坏联合国的信誉。", "显然，我们支持其他同事的看法，即维和行动的任务规定必须明确、可行和符合具体情况。因此，仍然需要解决针对联合国维和措施听取必要的军方意见的问题。", "我们再次重申我们提出的重振军事参谋团的建议。军事参谋团可制定有关维和作业方面的建议，参与评估维和行动特遣队和基础设施的准备状况。此外，它们也可以为安理会及时提供最新信息。", "显然，加强联合国维和行动需要更有效地挖掘利用各区域组织的资源并与它们接触，以及同有关国家或政府部队接触，既然我们同意，维持和平是各国政府主要职能的从属功能。", "因为财政、后勤和技术资源短缺，所以需要利用现有能力。因此，我们认为，必须明确区分维和职能与冲突后建设和平职能。根据目前的维和任务规定，这两方面职能显然是相连的，但应该仅为联合国维和行动规定建设和平的初期任务。社会经济重建及相关任务必须分配给联合国系统发展领域专门机构以及具有相关能力的区域组织。", "我们希望，本次会议能使各方合作，进一步加强联合国维和行动。", "莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：和其他国家一样，我们认为，今天维持和平与建设和平确实是联合国的核心所在。各成员国都知道我国对这方面任务的承诺之深。过去30年，我国积极参加了多个特派团。因此，主席先生，我们感谢你组织本次非常及时的辩论。有这个机会与各位部队指挥官进行互动交流，直接听取他们的看法，是非常有益的。因此，我感谢各位将军作了十分全面的介绍，这些介绍极为有益，他们对所提出的一些问题的回答也是如此。", "不过，我要对各特派团所有工作人员、部队指挥官和警务专员表示敬意和赞扬，他们出色地开展了工作，而且常常——正如我们今天所听到的那样——是在十分困难的条件下。我们应当始终给予他们支持。", "我想对大家发表的看法发表几点意见，我赞同其中即使不是全部也是大部分看法，所以我会作简要发言。", "有条件支持政策可以作为工具，但正如普拉卡什中将强调的那样，需要慎重使用。我们的问题是——正如他本人所说的那样——就附带条件这一点以及该政策所牵涉的正反两方面问题而言，存在着发展和细化的空间。我完全赞同他的看法，即存在着这样一个问题，那就是，附带条件是否会开始对特派团业务活动造成负面影响。我也感谢普拉卡什中将谈到上帝抵抗军的威胁问题。我们自己就曾提议举行上周那次关于该问题的有益辩论(见S/PV.6588)。", "关于我们大家都极为重视的保护平民问题，多年来在这一非常重要问题上取得了重大改进。我们赞扬秘书处的努力以及各特派团在这方面取得的积极进展。对尼亚姆武姆巴中将我要说，问题在于如果特派团没有获得这方面的授权，那么，面对恶劣环境，它应当在多大程度上使用武力来保护平民。", "我的第三点意见是说给阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将的。我们也和其他人一样，谴责昨天和5月份袭击联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的事件。这些事件不幸导致人员死亡。我们认为这种状况是不能接受的，各方均应遵守联合国决议和自身职责。我们的法国同事提到了以下重要问题，即我们如何以最佳方式确保在十分艰难的形势下保护士兵。正如将军前两天提到的那样，我们上周就黎巴嫩局势问题进行了非常有益的辩论。非常清楚的是，联黎部队的存在对于创造稳定、平静的局面——尽管这种局面仍然十分脆弱——起到了非常重要和积极的影响。我认为存在着普遍共识，即联黎部队在该地区的存在依然是一个极为重要的因素。", "正如我在该辩论会中指出的那样——我们对举行辩论会感到非常高兴——我们很快将向联黎部队中的葡萄牙特遣队增派12名东帝汶军官。我认为此举也具有很强的象征意义，因为东帝汶作为一个仍派驻有联合国特派团的国家，已经在参与联合国其它特派团了。", "我感谢哈立德少将的发言和回答。我认为特派团之间大力合作的问题极为重要，在某些方面可以起到决定性作用。当然，我赞同他的看法，即这种合作对于根据法治原则开展早期建设和平工作，使人们得以恢复正常生计，以及——显然需进行的——启动政治进程，可以起到作用。我们常说，维和人员是最早的建设和平人员，只要有和平可以维持和建设。但我想这是看待该问题的有益方式。", "在此，我最后要说——以前也说过这一点——各特派团需要资源、工具、适当的训练和领导，但正如我们南非同事强调的那样，必须要有一项整体和一致的政治战略，以便各特派团能够妥善开展工作。", "主席(以英语发言)：鉴于时间已晚，我就不以本国代表身份发言了。其他人已经谈到了我要说的大部分内容。我将只是简要谈谈三点看法。", "第一，我感谢各位部队指挥官和我们一起开会，让我们有这个机会进行交流。我想这定将成为一种传统。第二，我高度赞赏他们在非常艰难的环境下从事着艰苦工作，当然也要通过他们对身处实地的12万名人员表示赞赏。第三，我愿和其它人一样，向阿兰·勒罗伊表示敬意。他刚刚离开会议厅，但他知道我们非常赞赏他在管理维和行动和应对使这些行动适应新需要的挑战方面的突出承诺和领导。", "下面我们要进行问答。法国代表提出了一个问题，我认为它至关重要，那就是改革以及它会对实地特派团产生何种影响的问题。我认为它也涉及到“新局面”议程。在阿兰·勒罗伊提示下，我愿建议，我们根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条的规定，邀请联合国苏丹特派团部队指挥官奥比少将、联合国海地稳定特派团部队指挥官拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将参加本次会议，谈谈这些问题，因为我们可以使会议内容稍微多样化一些，并让他们有机会就改革问题作出回答。", "我请拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将发言，回答法国代表提出的涉及改革的一个问题。", "拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将(以英语发言)：作为联合国海地稳定特派团部队指挥官，我现在面临的挑战是，履行安全理事会希望就改革问题赋予的新授权。我愿表示，海地局势依然稳定、可控。对于我和我的部队来说，有一个十分明确的授权，同时也获得指导并配备履行我们使命所需的能力，是一件大好事。此外还必须提到，正如安理会清楚了解的那样，海地环境比较脆弱，因此它必须要考虑到那里的局势。", "如果还有问题，我也愿意回答。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请奥比少将发言。", "奥比少将(以英语发言)：我是联合国苏丹特派团部队指挥官。", "我要说的是，迄今实施的改革已在若干方面对我们的行动产生了非常积极的影响。我愿首先谈谈今天有人在这里提出的部队质量问题。我们在实地需要有非常高质量的部队，以便能够履行我们的任务授权。", "其中一项改革就是处理这个问题，由此对步兵单位的人员与装备订定了标准。这使部队指挥官可以更容易了解他可利用的资源。他能够评估他可以利用哪些人员并给他们分配适当的任务。", "关于部队素质，我也要说，进行部署前培训并在派遣前检查装备有助于确保我们提高部队的素质，这也有助于我们执行任务授权。", "整合是在近期改革中反复强调的领域之一。我的特派团即联合国苏丹特派团就实行了整编，由此，我们得以与文职、军事和警察等各组成部分以及联合国国家工作队携手努力。一个适例就是保护平民战略，它考虑到这样一个事实，即保护平民不只是军队的责任，而应涉及所有各方。在此，我们通过培训、制定概念、共享信息以及建立联合行动中心和联合调度中心，成功地整合了我们的工作。这些都是对实地十分有益并给予我们极大帮助的发展。在最近的科尔多凡州和阿卜耶伊危机期间，我们将它们投入了广泛使用。所有组成部分都共享信息，在危机管理团队中积极碰头，从而在很大程度上共同处理了我们面临的挑战。", "这些改革除了像在先前提及的恩德培会议上那样将部队指挥官召集起来开会以交流信息之外，对于我们实地也十分有益。这也是一个我们认为十分有益的新的事态发展。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请普拉卡什中将答复提出的问题和意见。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：我想回答的问题是：是否需要改变联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在选举前和选举后期间的保护平民战略？", "我对该问题的观点是当前实行的战略运转良好。最近我们检查了该战略。我们制定了我们的行动模式。我们制定了各种应急预案以处理可能发生的不同情况。很显然，出现的情况不在于没有战略，而在于不具备成功执行战略的要素。例如，随着选举的临近，武装团体有可能加强活动，也有可能发生更多内乱。如果发生此类情况，我们就需要有更多能够运用的资源。这些资源需要按时提供，并在正确的时间部署到正确的地方。只要能提供这些资源，我认为就没有必要改变战略。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将答复提出的问题和意见。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我要感谢安理会所有成员亲切慰问我们联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)昨天遭到恐怖袭击的法国士兵的问候。", "法国大使提出了三个问题。第一个是关于如何能更好地保护我们的士兵。第二个是关于与黎巴嫩武装部队的协调。第三个涉及向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任。", "谈到如何能更好地保护我们的士兵，我必须说，联黎部队拥有足够和强有力的手段与保护措施来完成其任务。保护车辆是国家应负的责任。在这方面，法国、西班牙和意大利都为我们提供了装甲车。继5月27日对意大利巡逻队的袭击导致6名士兵受伤后，我向士兵发出了加强保护措施的指令。在这些措施中，最为重要的命令是车队应尽可能在夜间出发并配备电子干扰器；至少有2辆车同时行驶；士兵应穿防弹衣和戴头盔；以及黎巴嫩武装部队应尽可能提供护卫并与联合行动中心随时保持联系。", "重要的是要强调，这些指令是针对在我们行动区域以外行驶的车辆，因为我们遭到的两次恐怖袭击 ——第一次是5月份，另一次就是昨天——都发生在联黎部队的行动区域以外。2008年在同一个地区发生过类似袭击。这意味着，经与黎巴嫩武装部队和民众的合作，联黎部队能够控制我们的行动区域，但是出了行动区，我们就无法控制了。这是黎巴嫩政府及武装部队应负的国家责任。它们必须保障沿海公路一带的安全，因为这基本上是联黎部队救急队伍和物资以及通往我们士兵抵达和离开该国必经的贝鲁特港口和机场的唯一通道。", "谈完了车队问题，我再谈谈个人安全问题。在这方面，我们加强采取了一些措施，包括禁止在行动区域外私人使用带有联黎部队标志的车辆。但是，如果个人需离开行动区域，例如说前往机场去休假的话，我们用不同颜色涂抹了14辆未做标记的车，提供给士兵和联黎部队其他工作人员作为个人使用。", "我们还采取了一项额外措施，我向Kahwaji将军和黎巴嫩武装部队情报部长也建议了该项措施。该措施涉及每天对连接我们行动区与贝鲁特港口和机场的公路进行侦察。对我们来说，这无异于扩大了我们的行动区域，但是它又不真正在该区域中。因此，我们需与黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队密切合作。我已经提议与黎巴嫩武装部队和安全部队一起，在每天不同时段对这条道路进行日常侦查，但只是在非常容易遭受袭击的敏感地区这样做。", "我两个月来一直在等待答复。最后在上周五，我正式致函黎巴嫩武装部队总司令，再次提出这一倡议并要求得到答复。不幸的是，昨天又发生了一起袭击。我并不是说如果采取了我提议的措施，我们原本就可以避免该次袭击，但是可能性是存在的。", "我还想向安理会通报昨天事件的最新情况。有四辆车，其中三辆是装甲车，而第三辆不是。遇袭的是第四辆车，是一辆配备有干扰器的装甲车。在共计12名士兵中有6名士兵受伤，所有人都是轻伤，只有一人眼部受重伤，不过他的眼睛可以保住。在受伤的士兵中，有三名已于今天飞返法国。其余三人仍在其所在部队工作。我们确实非常幸运。", "谈到有关我们与黎巴嫩武装部队之间协调的第二个问题，我们行动区内的协调是出色的。他们在各级和各个地点都有官员和代表。他们知道我们每天的活动，而且一切都是透明的。在行动区之外，我们在部队指挥官一级与黎巴嫩武装部队情报部门主管和总司令进行协调。如果他们掌握我需要知道的信息或任何重要情况，他们都会立即通报。", "关于联黎部队向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任的问题，根据我先前谈到的联合技术审查结果，我们与黎巴嫩武装部队进行了战略对话。对话的目的是评估联黎部队的能力和依照第1701(2006)号决议必须履行的任务规定。对话也是为了评估黎巴嫩武装部队的能力以及他们可以承担我们的哪些任务，最终目标是使黎巴嫩武装部队能够承担根据第1701(2006)号决议授予联黎部队的所有任务。我们知道，联黎部队不会永远留在黎巴嫩。总有一天我们必须撤出。黎巴嫩武装部队将不得不承担目前由联黎部队承担的所有责任。这一天将什么时候到来？我们不知道，但是我们正在为此努力。", "最后，我可以说的是，在最近一次于7月7日举行的会议上设立了四个次级委员会，分别负责基础设施、指挥和控制、部队能力和移动以及行动问题。所有这些措施都旨在朝能够把我们的所有责任——我再次强调是第1701(2006)号决议授权的责任——移交给黎巴嫩武装部队的目标迈进。", "主席(以英语发言)：我们在几个小时中讨论了许多问题。此次对话确实非常有益。我代表安理会感谢所有部队指挥官与会，使我们得以举行本次对话。我认为，这应当成为一个惯例，我们应当每年进行至少一次这样的交流。", "我感谢各位部队指挥官出席今天的会议。", "下午2时05分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n\tGabon\tMr. MoungaraMoussotsi\n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations; Lieutenant General Patrick Nyamvumba, Force Commander of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur; Lieutenant General Chander Prakash, Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas, Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; and Major General Muhammad Khalid, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia to participate in this meeting.", "I would also like to warmly welcome the other Force Commanders and Chief Military Observers present with us today.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy: We are grateful to you, Mr. President, for giving all our heads of mission the opportunity to appear before the Council. Four of them will speak. The first, Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, will speak on the issue of the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Lieutenant General Prakash of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will speak on the impact of the conditionality policy on the operation. Major General Asarta Cuevas of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon will speak on safety concerns in south Lebanon and their impact on daily operations. Major General Khalid of the United Nations Mission in Liberia will speak on the role of military components in early peacebuilding.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Nyamvumba.", "Lieutenant General Nyamvumba: I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for allowing me to address the Security Council on the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Today, I will discuss issues of the operational environment, experience and strategic approach and efforts of the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) in implementing its mandate vis-à-vis the protection of civilians. I will first briefly talk about Darfur’s non‑permissive environment and UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy. I will then discuss the efforts UNAMID has made to provide protection to civilians. Finally, I will talk about the challenges of the issue under discussion.", "Let me begin with the operational environment of Darfur. Suffice it to say that the environment across the length and breadth of Darfur is indeed non-permissive. It is a large area with harsh climatic conditions, a lack of adequate roads and infrastructure, and limited local resources. Darfur is huge and mostly without minimum infrastructure facilities, which creates considerable barriers to reaching populations at risk and in need. The poor state of the roads often delays movement and restricts operational activities, especially during the rainy season, from June to October.", "Besides this, the non-permissive environment for the protection of civilians in Darfur is also a result of localized armed clashes between the Government of the Sudan and belligerent groups, as well as localized tribal conflicts and clashes, usually over natural resources. Other factors include organized banditry, the widespread availability of small arms, sexual violence, child recruitment, and arbitrary arrests and detention.", "In some areas, we have seen that due to the localized fighting between the Government of the Sudan and armed groups, UNAMID’s movements, both on land and in the air, have sometimes been restricted by warring factions that unquestionably impede our efforts to protect civilians. Additionally, in the absence of any definite peace agreement or ceasefire between all the belligerents in Darfur, the conflict continues, resulting in the Government of the Sudan and the armed groups again restricting access to those areas; in an insecure environment for humanitarian components; and in the further suffering of the inhabitants. With diverse interest groups and stakeholders involved, the security situation remains volatile, and inter-factional or tribal conflicts continue to occur between all these warring parties.", "Ultimately, the protection of the people of Darfur is dependent on the readiness and capacity of the Government of the Sudan to carry out its sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens. Accordingly, UNAMID’s protection strategy, inter alia, identifies specific objectives and tasks to engage with and assist the Government of the Sudan in fulfilling its protection responsibilities in accordance with international human rights law. Our protection strategy at UNAMID is based on UNAMID’s protection of civilians mandate, as issued under resolutions 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) and 1935 (2010), and the communiqué of the seventy-ninth meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council. The mandated tasks are to protect civilians across Darfur and to ensure safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and the protection of humanitarian convoys.", "UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy was prepared in full consultation with the United Nations country team. It is both built on and helps to guide the UNAMID/United Nations country team’s integrated strategic framework; the United Nations Sudan humanitarian work plan; the UNAMID protection of civilians mission directive; the UNAMID Force Commander’s directive; and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Services operational concept on the protection of civilians in United Nations peacekeeping operations. In keeping with its strategic roles and responsibilities, UNAMID has developed a situational awareness and early warning system. It also monitors, reports and evaluates incidents and conducts operational planning and implementation, coordination, communications and public information.", "In the light of its mandate, and based on analysis of the protection environment in Darfur, the UNAMID strategy outlines four main objectives, which are, first, to ensure the fulfilment by the Government, armed groups and other non-State actors of their responsibility to protect civilians, in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law; secondly, to protect civilians from physical acts of violence; thirdly, to ensure freedom of access to the populations at risk; and lastly, to prevent violations of human rights and ensure effective response, particularly with regard to women and children.", "I shall now turn more specifically to our activities with regard to the protection of civilians. Despite the many obstacles in our operational environment, UNAMID has been relentless in its efforts to launch several initiatives aimed at improving its protection of civilians. We have maintained a more robust presence throughout Darfur, particularly in areas where fighting has affected civilian communities. We have improved the Mission’s early warning and early response mechanism by issuing weekly analytical protection of civilian reports, in addition to conducting weekly civil-military coordination meetings.", "We have significantly increased our patrol activities to include robust patrolling in various villages by day and night; protecting internally displaced person (IDP) camps; protecting marketplaces; assisting disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes; and providing humanitarian, logistics and administrative escorts. UNAMID’s military, along with other components of the Mission, has already established a broader footprint across Darfur. In 2010, UNAMID’s military conducted a total of 33,963 patrols; by contrast, in the first six months of 2011, the number has already reached 23,554. This is clearly a marked improvement, which signals our increased effort to protect innocent civilians. UNAMID has been able to assist in stabilizing team sites in Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hamidiya, Hassa Hissa and Kalma camps.", "UNAMID has facilitated access for humanitarian actors to deliver assistance, including in Jebel Marra and Jebel Moon. In the case of Jebel Marra, we are actively seeking to establish a temporary operating base in Feina as a humanitarian hub for outreach to other locations in the area. In all of these areas, there has been a significant improvement in the security situation, and as a result significant numbers of IDPs — approximately 1,500 per month since January — have started returning to their homes. We have assisted in the movement of families within Sector North and the resettlement of returnees from Chad in Sector West. The Mission has been involved in settling disputes over farms and water among nomads, and tribal clashes.", "In May and June, UNAMID, in collaboration with the humanitarian country team, initiated efforts to reach out and deliver relief assistance to areas that had not been accessed before.", "The quick-impact projects have also provided dividends in terms of delivering on various needs of the populations. The exercise code-named Operation Spring Basket has been conceptualized within the framework of the UNAMID strategy on the protection of civilians as a means of improving the delivery of humanitarian relief through the expansion of access to hard-to-reach areas and to more people in need.", "Following the negotiations held with the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements, Operation Spring Basket commenced on 1 May with a total of nine assessment missions, completed during the months of May and June 2011. The missions have been able to deliver a limited supply of vaccinations for women and children, as well as educational and shelter materials for a girls’ school in Northern Darfur.", "Protection is indeed a joint effort by UNAMID and the humanitarian community. However, that community is culturally independent and has its own schedule and priorities, and at times it is not comfortable delivering aid with the military involved. Organizationally, while the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is charged with coordination, it has no authority, incentives or penalties to increase participation by the United Nations family or non-governmental organizations.", "UNAMID has provided escorts as well as corridors for the delivery of humanitarian services, including those related to food, water, hygiene, vaccination and shelter. Some of those activities have succeeded in curtailing maternal deaths and reducing the infant mortality rate. The HIV/AIDS Unit is also working with the UNAMID military, police and civilian components to build the capacity of mission personnel on matters related to the integration of HIV/AIDS into their various activities. Since January 2011, the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit has provided valuable services to more than 1,000 ex-combatants demobilized in different parts of Darfur. The third phase, planned for July and August 2011, is expected to continue with a stronger and larger focus on the actual delivery of humanitarian relief.", "Our efforts with regard to the protection of civilians also face different challenges. The first and foremost is that in the absence of a comprehensive, inclusive and legitimate ceasefire by all armed movements, the security of civilians remains a major concern. It is to be noted that on many occasions UNAMID has been prevented from having access to certain areas because of fighting, which continues to create challenges for the protection of civilians. Other challenges include the fact that peacekeepers have also been targeted, with seven of them killed in 2010 and 2011.", "Finally, poor training and ill-equipped troop-contributing countries have been identified as one of the major setbacks affecting efficiency concerning the protection of civilians in Darfur. It is indeed unfortunate that, in spite of deliberate orders, some troop-contributing countries have failed to act in accordance with the training focus for the Mission mandate.", "I have provided here a flavour of the strategies on the protection of civilians and the guidelines of UNAMID and have outlined the realities on ground. Against that backdrop, I have highlighted our efforts and activities aimed at improving human lives. Protection of civilians in Darfur is definitely a demanding and arduous job. However, our determination and efforts will be sustained. We shall continuously strive to overcome the challenges by whatever means are available to us, and we shall continue to count on the support of the Security Council.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Chander Prakash.", "Lieutenant-General Prakash: It is an honour for me, as Force Commander of one of the largest United Nations peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) — to be given an opportunity to address the Council this morning on the conditionality policy and its impact on operations.", "The policy has been in operation in MONUSCO for just over 18 months, and we now have a reasonably good feel for what it can do and the associated issues. These I will elaborate on a little later, but before doing so, it might be helpful if I started by talking about what the policy actually entails and how it is being implemented by MONUSCO.", "Protection of civilians in support of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains the primary focus of our work. Among the other tasks with which the Mission is charged, we are mandated to support the efforts of the Government in bringing ongoing military operations against the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and other armed groups to a completion, specifically by supporting the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) through jointly planned operations. But, as stated in resolution 1925 (2010) and carried through its current mandate — resolution 1991 (2011) — MONUSCO support for the FARDC is strictly conditioned on compliance by the FARDC with international humanitarian and human rights law, and refugee law. This caveat is what is now referred to as the conditionality policy, and it governs the way in which the Mission approaches the task of supporting the FARDC and other Congolese authorities.", "The policy has been translated into a detailed mission standing operating procedure, setting out very clear requirements that need to be met in order for support to the FARDC to be provided. The nature of the support includes primarily fuel, rations, transportation, fire support, expert advice and casualty evacuation. Certain ongoing FARDC actions against the armed groups, such as Operation Amani Leo and Operation Iron Stone, inter alia, are being carried out with considerable support from MONUSCO. That support is conditional on there being sufficient joint planning of operations, particularly with respect to protection of civilians. Support is limited to units and commanders with acceptable human rights records. Implicit is the requirement for adequate screening of key personnel and visibility of FARDC actions in the field. Support is denied at the planning stage to units or commanders believed to have committed grave human rights violations, including mass rapes and the employment of child soldiers.", "In this regard, a thorough screening process is in place. Even after the support is provided, if at some stage non-compliance with the conditionality policy comes to light, support can be withdrawn after due notification to the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and if they then fail to take appropriate action, as was the case when serious human rights violations were committed by one of the battalions recently. The standard operating procedure remains the subject of fine-tuning.", "The implementation of the conditionality policy is regularly reviewed by the senior management group, in consultation with representatives of the humanitarian community, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The impact of the conditionality policy is now visible.", "There are, of course, some positives. In certain areas, the policy has had a positive impact on the conduct of operations by the FARDC. It has brought the MONUSCO Force and FARDC closer to jointly planning operations and developing operational concepts that are applicable to the unique conditions that prevail in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both sides have learned from each other, and, as a result, operations have become much more sophisticated in their design and implementation. Importantly, protection of civilians has been factored in at the start of the planning process, as inputs are sought from a large number of stakeholders, including the Joint Human Rights Office within the Mission. The Mission’s efforts and those of the FARDC are now much better coordinated, with obvious benefits in terms of what can be achieved on the ground. The requirement for MONUSCO is to closely scrutinize the distribution of logistics support, which has its obvious operational benefits. It has helped to ensure that our support gets to the troops in the field as intended, to ensure that they are properly fed and sustained, thereby contributing to individual morale and motivation.", "The very existence of the conditionality policy, as well as President Kabila’s “zero-tolerance” policy, has reminded Commanders of their personal responsibilities in exercising effective command and control over their own troops in operations. For their own sake, as well as for that of the unit, they have had to pay more attention to what is being done by the troops in their name.", "By and large, the recent behaviour of MONUSCO-supported FARDC units has been satisfactory, and the conduct of most joint operations has not been impacted by adverse publicity. In an army made up of professionals, ex-rebels and Mayi-Mayis, which has attracted criticism for preying off the local population, we now have started seeing encouraging signs of improvement in personal discipline and human values.", "There are certain issues. Despite certain obvious benefits, the policy presents certain issues and challenges for the Mission. The limited resources available to the Mission to implement the conditionality policy, in addition to other commitments, means that there is a restriction on the number of FARDC units that it can support. At a certain point in time, we run out of military observers and contingents to carry out the monitoring functions. We also run out of civilian staff to conduct the necessary screening checks. In addition to this, experience has shown there are many commanders who do not meet the criteria. So, one of the consequences of our own conditionality policy is that our capacity to reach and influence all parts of the FARDC order of battle is not as great as we would want it to be.", "That having been said, even if we had sufficient resources we would still find ourselves in the situation where there is no longer a strong appetite within the FARDC for conducting joint operations, particularly in the Kivus. They argue, with some vindication, that operational surprise and security are lost due to the protracted preparations and wide consultation. The trend is therefore away from joint operations towards unilateral FARDC operations, over which the Mission has limited oversight or influence.", "It is a fact that we have been breaking new ground with the introduction of a conditionality policy. We had nothing to fall back on in terms of tried and tested guidance for implementing the policy. Only as time has passed have we become more confident about the best ways of operationalizing the policy. There have been stresses and strains along the way, including with our FARDC partners, who have complained about inadequate consultation and engagement, particularly in the early days when considering withdrawal of support to offending units. Requests for changes of commanders have aroused feelings of intrusion into areas of national sovereignty.", "Our own troops have also faced the dilemma of trying to work out where to place priority — monitoring supported FARDC or countering anti‑Government forces? This has not been easy, particularly for junior field commanders, who are trained more to deal with clarity than ambiguity. Who is on which side? When should they act, and how? Conditionality has certainly added to the burden on such officers and made the operational landscape more blurred and challenging.", "Let me make some recommendations. Having sketched out some of the ways in which the conditionality policy can impact on operations, I would now like to make a few suggestions on how it might be enhanced for future missions. First and foremost, the conditionality policy cannot stand on its own for long-term gains; it must be simultaneously followed up and supported by broader military reforms, such as proper integration, and security sector reform.", "Secondly, while it is desirable to make the screening system broad and deep, apart from being resource-intensive, it tends to reduce the number of commanders and units available for operations that can be supported by MONUSCO. The extent to which the exercise is undertaken needs to be looked at again. We need to find a balance between what is desirable and what is feasible, in order for the policy not to become so invasive that it conflicts with the achievement of our overall mandate.", "Thirdly, where possible we should seek to introduce this policy at mission start-up rather than further downstream. It is easier to implement when everything else is new, and the impact could potentially be much greater.", "To conclude, conditionality policy has had both positive and negative impacts on operations. There are certain broader issues and human values at stake. To my mind, this policy is there to stay, but there is scope for further development and refinement. If the policy were seen as jointly owned by our national partners, this would be of great help. While it would still be a vehicle for safeguarding the United Nations image and reputation, it could also create an opening for the host nation to influence and take informed decisions on what and who is supported.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas. Let me take this opportunity to reiterate the Council’s strong condemnation of the attacks perpetrated against the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon yesterday in Saida and to convey through him our condolences to the injured and their families.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas: I thank you very much, Sir, for your kind words and for giving me the opportunity to address the Council today.", "Last week, the Council met to discuss the latest report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406). I know that the Council was briefed by Special Coordinator Williams and the Department for Peacekeeping Operations.", "Today, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of my main concerns in southern Lebanon: the issue of safety and security and its impact on the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). I will then also touch on the broader issue of the status of the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and the focus for the coming period to ensure further progress in its overall implementation.", "On the whole, southern Lebanon and northern Israel have enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. The situation in UNIFIL’s area of operations also remained relatively stable during the first half of 2011, when the political situation in the country was at an impasse. Nevertheless, in recent months, UNIFIL has experienced a series of events that reflected the range of threats that the Mission is exposed to and that affect the security situation.", "Yesterday, at around 6 p.m. local time, an explosion targeted a UNIFIL convoy along the coastal road near the town of Saida, which is outside UNIFIL’s area of operations. According to preliminary information, the attack injured six UNIFIL peacekeepers. Three of them were transported with minor injuries to hospital for treatment, where their condition is said to be stable. They will be repatriated today to France. UNIFIL forensic experts are coordinating closely with the Lebanese Armed Forces to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. This was the fifth attack against UNIFIL since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Council members will also be aware of the attack against a UNIFIL convoy that occurred on 27 May on the highway to Beirut, when a remote-controlled roadside bomb exploded, injuring six Italian peacekeepers. Two were seriously wounded, while four suffered light to moderate injuries. In addition, two Lebanese civilians sustained minor injuries. This was the first attack in more than three years. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.", "The Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL immediately launched an investigation, as have the Italian authorities. These investigations are still ongoing. The attack was condemned by all senior political leaders across the political spectrum. The cooperation with the Lebanese authorities in conducting the investigation and in instituting additional risk-mitigation measures, such as Lebanese Army escorts, has been good. In addition, I, as the designated official for security in south Lebanon, undertook to reduce the risk of a similar attack by adopting additional protection measures, including for military convoys and other movements inside and outside the UNIFIL area of operations, and for enhanced force protection. Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely prevent such terrorist attacks.", "On 15 May — and this is also covered in the Secretary-General’s report — a large demonstration took place on the occasion of what the Palestinians commemorate as Nakba Day. I will not repeat in detail the sequence of the tragic events that, according to the information provided to UNIFIL by Lebanese authorities, resulted in 7 persons being killed and more than 100 injured. We have discussed our preliminary findings on the events with the parties and, having sent the UNIFIL investigation report to them, will do so in more detail at the next tripartite meeting, planned for August.", "UNIFIL has also conveyed to the parties its recommendations for preventing such incidents in the future. Specifically, the Lebanese authorities should carry out a full assessment of all security and other risks of violations of resolution 1701 (2006) and of measures required to maintain law and order before authorizing any demonstration in the vicinity of the Blue Line. The Lebanese Army did not authorize demonstrations in the vicinity of the Blue Line during the Naksa period in early June, thereby preventing a repetition of such violence. These measures have indeed proven to be effective, and they demonstrate yet again the resolve and determination of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the people of southern Lebanon to work towards lasting peace and stability in the south.", "Finally, throughout the month of June, the Mission experienced a number of incidents of unfriendly behaviour by individuals or groups of individuals towards UNIFIL patrols and restricted freedom of movement of UNIFIL. These incidents do give me real cause for concern.", "In many instances, the Lebanese side cites a perceived infringement of the individual’s or local community’s privacy by the UNIFIL troops taking photos or inadvertently entering private property as the reason for the unfriendly behaviour towards our troops. However, not all such situations can be explained in this way, and we cannot exclude that there may also be instances when the population may be encouraged to act in this way in an attempt to discourage UNIFIL from carrying out its activities and thereby fulfilling its mandate throughout the area of operations.", "How has UNIFIL reacted to these events? We have increased force protection and risk-mitigating measures, which often means that more personnel are required to carry out the same activities. We also conduct more operational activities, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces to the extent that the capacity of the Lebanese Army allows but without limiting the performance of UNIFIL in carrying out activities, especially those we consider essential. The Council can rest assured that neither terrorist attacks nor unfriendly encounters with the population will deter UNIFIL from carrying out its mandate. We continue to do so with the same resolve as ever.", "At this point, I would also like to convey to the Council how greatly the Mission has benefited from the unwavering support it has received over the years from the Council, as expressed most strongly in resolution 1773 (2007). On the basis of that resolution, UNIFIL regularly reminds the parties of their responsibilities to scrupulously respect the safety and security of United Nations personnel and the freedom of movement of UNIFIL and reiterates with Lebanese interlocutors the Council’s call for closer cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army.", "Despite the security challenges I spoke about earlier, the security situation in the south, as I mentioned before, remains generally relatively stable, and south Lebanon has enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. This is in many ways the result of the close cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army, which helped establish a new strategic environment in southern Lebanon.", "Almost five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), it is an appropriate moment to look again at the main objectives of the resolution and how we need to proceed in order to achieve them.", "Resolution 1701 (2006) called for a full cessation of hostilities. It also called for Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict based, inter alia, on full respect for the Blue Line by both parties and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of Lebanon and of UNIFIL.", "In addition to carrying out its military operational activities, UNIFIL established the tripartite forum, in which it discusses with senior representatives of the Israel Defense Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces violations of resolution 1701 (2006), military operational issues and confidence-building measures between the two sides. The tripartite forum has developed into a key mechanism for liaison and coordination between the parties, and both parties have committed themselves to it and use it actively. The forum continues to play a critical role in advancing the Blue Line marking process, in finding practical solutions to contentious issues and thereby in defusing tensions and preventing the escalation of incidents in areas along the Blue Line.", "The Lebanese Armed Forces are a strategic partner for UNIFIL in maintaining the new strategic environment in south Lebanon and in implementing resolution 1701 (2006). The joint Department of Peacekeeping Operations-UNIFIL technical review, which was completed at the beginning of 2010, therefore recommended that a regular strategic dialogue mechanism between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces be set up. The Lebanese authorities — Government and Army — welcomed this recommendation, and the mechanism has been established and has taken up its work.", "The process will assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in establishing appropriate operational capabilities for implementing tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006) and will eventually facilitate the gradual handover of responsibility to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The strategic dialogue mechanism will proceed on the basis of analyses of the UNIFIL and Lebanese Army ground forces and maritime assets and will set a series of benchmarks reflecting the correlation between the capacity and responsibilities of UNIFIL vis-à-vis the capacity and responsibilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "With the tripartite forum and the strategic dialogue mechanism, UNIFIL is in a good position to advance the military operational issues mandated to it in resolution 1701 (2006). The successful implementation of these processes will, hopefully, ensure that the situation in south Lebanon and along the Blue Line will remain calm and that the cessation of hostilities between the parties will be maintained.", "Essentially, that would ensure maintaining the status quo of relative calm, but in a precariously fragile environment. However, I believe we — the United Nations, UNIFIL, the Security Council and the international community — should not be satisfied with maintaining this status quo. Rather, the calm and relative stability that UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army and the Israel Defense Forces have established and maintained across the Blue Line provide a window of opportunity for a political process to address the issues, which are beyond the remit of a peacekeeping mission such as UNIFIL can support a political process by ensuring a conducive security situation, but it cannot replace a political, diplomatic process.", "I therefore believe it is necessary to refocus all our efforts on achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), namely, a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict.", "UNIFIL enjoys the support of the population in the south, and the Lebanese national consensus on resolution 1701 (2006) has been maintained. The ministerial statement of the new Government reiterates Lebanon’s strong commitment to resolution 1701 (2006) and to UNIFIL’s mandate. At the most recent tripartite meeting, on 13 July, the head of the Lebanese delegation confirmed that there has been no change in the orders to the Lebanese Armed Forces with respect to implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and cooperation with UNIFIL.", "While the new Government’s period in office has been short, UNIFIL has noted that the Government and the Army are acting in that spirit. This was confirmed by Prime Minister Mikati in his first visit to south Lebanon, on 16 July, which included a symbolic visit to UNIFIL headquarters, constituting a strong statement of support for our Mission.", "The Government of Israel also remains committed to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). Since the adoption of the resolution, UNIFIL has enjoyed the unanimous support of the Security Council for its operation in south Lebanon. That support remains of vital importance in order for UNIFIL to be in a strong position to continue to carry out its mandate.", "These are key factors for continued success in the implementation of UNIFIL’s mandate. At the same time, however, UNIFIL’s success in eventually handing over responsibilities to the Lebanese Army and drawing down its own forces will ultimately depend on a political process to resolve the issues underlying the conflict. UNIFIL is providing a window of opportunity that should be seized in order to make progress towards achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), which I reiterate, namely, the establishment of a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict.", "Very soon the Council will discuss the extension of UNIFIL’s mandate. As Head of Mission and Force Commander of UNIFIL, I would highly appreciate the continued support of the Security Council and in particular its express support for the safety and freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel, as well as the objectives of the strategic dialogue process.", "The President: I thank Major General Asarta Cuevas for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Muhammad Khalid.", "Major General Khalid: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), I feel honoured to have been mandated to share in this forum my thoughts and experiences on the role of the military component in early peacebuilding. I will deal with the subject by first underlining the peacebuilding process so as to ascertain the space available for application of the military instrument. Then I will outline its role in early peacebuilding and how it can be achieved. At the end, I will highlight certain areas that I feel would need attention before mandating the deployment of the military component.", "Post-conflict societies are characterized by non‑existent or very weak security mechanisms — armies in shambles, disorganized paramilitary forces under little or no control, abundant arms and ammunition in private and Government possession, and lack of trust in and legitimacy of Government control over police and military forces. Against such a backdrop, peacekeeping troops attempt to support the transition of wartime security tasks and the political and economic system by providing a peaceful and secure environment for a sustainable and durable peace process.", "Since the cold war era, the concept of peacekeeping has been entirely transformed. The military component, apart from providing a safe and secure environment and monitoring ceasefires between opposing parties, carries out a host of other activities that fall under the purview of peacebuilding. That entails all actions to identify and support structures that will tend to strengthen peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.", "Let me add that the peacebuilding process is multidimensional, intricate and specialized in nature. It is not necessarily the domain of the military but rather is the specialized job of experts in this field. It involves the process of and activities in resolving violent conflicts and establishing sustainable peace. It focuses on national capacity-building, which takes place in collaboration with political, operational and tactical fronts at national and subnational levels.", "Normally, the military component is first to be deployed in any conflict-ridden area, as other set-ups take more time due to certain procedural delays and the non-conducive environment.", "The military component, by virtue of its organizational strength, can absorb and facilitate other components, besides undertaking a variety of roles to minimize the miseries of the inhabitants of a conflict zone. It also facilitates a jump start to the peacebuilding process before other United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations arrive and get established.", "Likely roles of the military component in the early peacebuilding process may include providing a safe and secure environment, combating organized crime, policing tasks and support to police in cases of mass unrest, engineering tasks to restore infrastructure to facilitate humanitarian relief efforts and initiate certain quick-impact projects, medical outreach and epidemic control, handling and management of refugees, assisting security sector reform and capacity-building of national armed forces and police, and a broad range of logistics and other support to United Nations agencies and other partners engaged in peacebuilding activities, including transport, airlift and communications. In most phases, the military can provide a secure and conducive environment in which to recommence the political process through elections or referendums or perhaps both.", "For such a comprehensive process to proceed, an enabling environment must be created. This is where the role of the military component, as an enabler in the early stages of the peacebuilding process, can play out.", "Providing a security umbrella to various organs and functionaries of the international body is the most important function of the military. That is achieved through observer missions for the implementation and enforcement of peace agreements with a view to help build confidence in the early phase, brought about through good offices and impartial monitoring of commitments endorsed by the parties. The commitments may include ceasefires, border engagements, agreed divisions of power or assets, peace negotiations, peace or ceasefire enforcement, and restoration of law and order. They may also include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration as per agreed terms, demining activities, unexploded ordnance disposal, removal of explosives and booby traps for the safety of peacekeepers and the local population and other United Nations agencies, and escort, patrol and security tasks, thereby enhancing peacebuilders’ freedom of movement and operations.", "This is in brief the context and the role where, I believe, the military component fits in. However, if military intervention is contemplated, the need for a post-intervention strategy is also of paramount importance. The objective of such a strategy must be to help ensure that the conditions that prompted military intervention do not repeat themselves or simply resurface.", "Before employing military instruments to resolve problems in the post-conflict scenario, certain essential aspects must be kept in mind in order to accrue the desired dividends.", "First, a comprehensive approach is the only way in which military interventions as peacebuilders can achieve success. The military must not be used as a substitute for political engagement in the context of a peacebuilding problem.", "Secondly, correlation of ends and means is extremely important. If the military is to be deployed, it should be deployed with adequate strength at the early stages and drawn down thereafter, not vice versa.", "Last but not least, the military presence tends to create a culture of dependence among the host population, which can hinder national reconstruction and human resource development. Such tendencies must be guarded against, and capacity-building in the host country must remain a priority.", "To conclude, I would say that the role of military components in the early stages of the peacebuilding process is inescapable and crucial. The military components play two main roles in the early peacebuilding process.", "First, the military component provides a secure and safe environment for other internal and external actors to operate. Secondly, the military makes its resources available for the attainment of the mission’s overall objective, over and above its security functions, during the stabilization, transition and consolidation phases of the peacebuilding process. Being the first component to be deployed, the military component starts the peacebuilding, directly or indirectly, right from Day One and provides a launchpad from which other peacebuilding forces will be unleashed for systematic initiation of a comprehensive process.", "The President: I will now turn to Council members. I remind colleagues to be mindful of the lateness of the hour when speaking.", "Mrs. Ogwu (Nigeria): My first words must be to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for the guidance he has provided for this debate, particular in organizing the Force Commanders. I want to warmly welcome the presence of the Force Commanders in the Council. The clarity and incisiveness of their perspectives on the issues under consideration bear out the wisdom and importance of this interaction, which aims to foster greater synergy between the field and the Security Council. Let me commend them especially for their immeasurable sacrifices in leading the various peace missions.", "Since our last engagement with Force Commanders, in August 2010 (6370th meeting), there have been several important developments throughout the United Nations system toward making our peacekeeping efforts more effective. We have seen a more purposeful implementation of peace agreements and maintenance of ceasefires. We have established two new peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and, following the closure of UNMIS, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "However, major challenges remain in such critical areas as civilian protection, bridging the gaps in capacity in human and material resources, and capping troop casualties. The topics under consideration this morning are therefore apt and responsive to trends in contemporary peacekeeping discourse.", "My point of departure this morning will be the key issue of the conditionality policy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) examined by General Prakash.", "We share his assessment and views, and we remain convinced that it is prima facie counterproductive for MONUSCO to provide support to or carry out joint operations with the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) where the latter has known human rights violators in strategic and command positions. Indeed, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Roger Meece, once noted, “the conditionality policy has resulted in the removal of some of such FARDC commanders involved in the perpetration of crimes against civilians in the regions where MONUSCO has a strong presence”.", "To strengthen such positive assessments, the conditionality policy must be adequately complemented by sustained efforts to build the capacity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to maintain internal security through disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration — and, of course, security sector reform. With structural fragmentation, absence of clear command and control, operational weakness and improper discipline, FARDC is often unable to effectively provide protection for civilians. In debating the conditionality policy, therefore, my delegation prefers a strategic alliance between MONUSCO and FARDC that will complement the capacity of FARDC, retain MONUSCO’s relative oversight and ultimately boost the operational effectiveness of the Force.", "The primary expectation of civilians in the communities where peacekeepers deploy is that they will be afforded appropriate protection. Protection of civilians is therefore at the heart of the mandate of most United Nations peacekeeping missions, including the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).", "With reports of aerial bombardments, artillery shelling and heavy fighting between the Sudanese armed forces and armed movements, particularly in the areas of Shangil Tobaya in Northern Darfur and Djebil Mara in Western Darfur, deterring attacks on civilians remains a daunting challenge in Darfur. Although the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the Sudanese authorities, greater cooperation between the Government of the Sudan and UNAMID will undoubtedly ensure better protection of civilians.", "My delegation commends UNAMID for employing a more robust posture to protect civilians and for increasing active patrolling in Western Darfur. In particular, we welcome its enhanced logistical support to humanitarian organizations and support for the child protection mainstreaming agenda.", "Since the adoption of Council resolution 1701 (2006) and the deployment of troops of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), south Lebanon has gradually moved toward stability. The progress can be partly attributed to UNIFIL’s close coordination with the Lebanese armed forces and the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). However, the security situation remains very fragile. The deadly incident of 15 May along the Blue Line and the terrorist attacks on 27 May on six UNIFIL peacekeepers call for further reflection. Yesterday there was another attack on five peacekeepers at Sidon.", "My delegation unequivocally condemns these attacks. We call on the parties — the Lebanese armed forces and the IDF — to fulfil their obligations under resolution 1701 (2006) to ensure the safety and security of UNIFIL personnel. Indeed, the parties must leverage the regular tripartite meetings convened by the UNIFIL Force Commander to strengthen confidence and reinvigorate hope in the UNIFIL forces.", "United Nations peacekeeping is at a critical juncture. Meeting the demands for peacekeeping operations has stretched the Organization’s capacity to the limits, exerting enormous pressure, enormous strain, on its peacekeeping efficiency. Our peacekeeping operations are increasingly multidimensional, requiring greater coordination and cooperation between the various constituents, including the military, civilian police and regional and other, informal, organizations. The challenges have been varied, ranging from preventing the appearance of conflicts to restoring peace when the conflicts eventually do appear.", "Deploying troops with the necessary training, equipment and logistical support to effectively undertake the complex and potentially dangerous task faced by peacekeepers remains a key determinant of an operation’s success. In that connection, my delegation reiterates that adequate emphasis be placed on the deployment of troops with the capacity to respond adequately to the cultural nuances in each field station. That, from our point of view, should also be a priority when considering inter-mission cooperation, as was recently seen in the United Nations Mission in Liberia and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI).", "The early resolution of peace across many of our missions is increasingly dependent on the work of civilian experts in key areas such as the rule of law, human rights and child protection. Recent developments in UNAMID and UNOCI lend further credence to the significance of building sustainable national capacities in these areas. In this regard, we encourage the Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions to coordinate its activities with relevant actors within and outside the United Nations, including the non-governmental organizations that inherently have the capacity to remain in the field well after the conclusion of a United Nations peacekeeping mission.", "As we continue to confront the diverse challenges to peacekeeping, we must leverage the lessons learned from previous experiences. We can begin by identifying the issues that have most often held missions back from assuming their full range of capabilities. An effective early warning system can forestall conflict, limiting threats to international peace and security. Member States and regional bodies should seek more effective strategies to identify and address the deep-rooted causes of conflict within their countries and regions. That will ultimately help to ensure that when peace comes, it will be deeply rooted and sustainable.", "I want to affirm that Nigeria remains fully committed to collective security, as enshrined in the United Nations Charter. While paying tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the line of duty so that others may live in peace, let us take this opportunity to renew our resolve as peacekeepers to respecting and preserving the fundamentals of United Nations peacekeeping.", "The President: Let me remind Council members that they have the opportunity here to address questions and comments not only to our briefers, but also beyond, to all Force Commanders present in the Chamber.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): I would like to start by paying special tribute to Mr. Alain le Roy. Faced with demanding and difficult tasks, he has done an extraordinary job. Brazil greatly appreciates his work in general, but I would like to make particular reference to his constant and very constructive interaction with troop-contributing countries, as well as the launch, along with Ms. Malcorra, of the New Horizon initiative. My Government thanks him for his service and wishes him well in his future endeavours.", "I would like to join in welcoming the heads of military components to the Council, and to express my country’s heartfelt appreciation for the excellent work that they are doing in very challenging circumstances. I thank the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the reflections that they have shared with us today. Having troops and observers in most of those missions, Brazil knows first-hand the high quality of their leadership and commitment.", "The briefings that we have heard today help us to gain a better understanding of how the decisions we take affect the situation on the ground. Here in New York, we must strive to ensure that we give peacekeepers the political guidance and support they need to carry out their mandates. However, we must also take care not to micromanage them or curb the space for the creative thinking of the mission leadership, which are just as crucial to success.", "I wish to focus my remarks on the capability-driven approach to peacekeeping, proposed by the New Horizon initiative. We are right to demand results from mission leaders, but we must also give them the tools they need to do their job. On the whole, although important progress has been made, we should continue to strive to get the necessary skills and capacity onto the ground.", "The military are usually the largest component of missions. For the local population, they are often the face of the mission. Therefore, it is important to ensure that they receive the necessary training in areas such as civil-military cooperation, cultural sensitivity, conduct and discipline. Peacekeepers will be more effective if they are capable of relating to the local population.", "In the civilian area of peacekeeping, the harmonization of service conditions will have a significant long-term impact on a mission’s ability to attract and retain civilian staff of the highest calibre. The civilian capacity review was a major contribution to our thinking on the issue. Discussions on implementing the recommendations should begin as soon as possible.", "To achieve sustainable peace, the Council, the Secretariat, troop- and police-contributing countries and other stakeholders must all work together to give commanders on the ground the support they need. I wish to assure all the Force Commanders present here today that Brazil remains committed to that goal.", "Mr. Alzate (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Our delegation would like to begin by thanking the presidency of the Council for organizing this meeting with the Force Commanders, to whom I pay special tribute. We would also like most especially to thank Mr. Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, for his participation in and guidance of this discussion’s success.", "My delegation values the important work undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Force Commanders, their staff and the Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations, led by Ambassador Ogwu of Nigeria, who have made valuable contributions in that field.", "One challenge that is the subject of ongoing interest is improving the synergy among the Secretariat, the Security Council and troop-contributing countries. We have made progress in that regard. At the same time, we would suggest that the Council continue enhancing that interaction, which we believe to be vital. Similarly, we underscore the progress made in developing doctrine and improving the operations of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The dynamic of operations in the field and the United Nations logistical capacity to ensure the security and well-being of staff on the ground are thereby improved.", "With regard to the West Africa Coast Initiative to tackle international organized crime in that region, Columbia believes it very important to offer our experience in that area, having deployed national police units to work with Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. We also have an active presence in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.", "One challenge facing us is improving the capacity to mobilize United Nations troops on the use of and doctrine of using rotary-wing aircraft, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. In that regard, we propose further analysis of logistical, human and technological capacities in order to optimize their results. We need to procure high-technology teams for peacekeeping operations, in particular in communications, intelligence and observation in the field, for early warning and forecasts of violence.", "Finally, we recognize the need to prioritize the protection and defence of civilians by United Nations forces, just as we have prioritized upholding the principles and mandates enshrined in the Organization’s Charter. Only thereby can we strengthen the relationship between the United Nations and the forces that represent it and the populations on the ground.", "Mr. Moungara Moussotsi (Gabon) (spoke in French): Peacekeeping operations, which are one of the key functions of our Organization, have in recent demonstrated their utility and effectiveness in the maintenance of international peace and security. In that regard, I would like first and foremost to thank Mr. Le Roy and the Force Commanders for their briefings.", "Gabon reiterates its great appreciation of the commitment and professionalism of the Force Commanders and the other peacekeepers who undertake difficult work, often in a very hostile environment and at times with limited resources. The enlightening briefings that we have just heard reflect the daily realities of all peacekeeping missions represented here and are viable indicators of the real difficulties facing peacekeeping operations. My delegation also appreciates receiving such information, which enables the Council better to take necessary decisions and adapt to evolving situations on the ground.", "We commend the incorporation in the mandates of peacekeeping operations of new multidisciplinary approaches, such as the protection of civilians, strengthening the rule of law, the implementation of mechanisms to prevent the resurgence of conflict, and post-conflict peacebuilding. We therefore reiterate the need for the Council to give peacekeeping operations clear, credible and executable mandates tailored to the foreseen objectives and results, as well as the resources necessary to achieve all the tasks assigned to them.", "With respect to peacebuilding, I welcome the progress achieved in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. In late 2011, those countries will hold major, decisive elections, which will be a litmus test for the missions there. Their success will determine the eventual configuration of withdrawals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia, and will thereby help us to elaborate strategies for transferring security functions to the respective Governments. In that respect, the Council must continue to closely track the situations being addressed by those two peacekeeping operations so that we can incorporate appropriate changes in their mandates, particularly in terms of logistical and operational capacities.", "I should like to ask a question of the Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. What is his assessment of the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)? How does he envision cooperation among all the United Nations missions in the region, particularly with respect to fighting the LRA?", "In conclusion, my country will continue to support the United Nations peacekeeping operations. We welcome interactive meetings such as today’s with the Force Commanders in order to keep the Council abreast of developments in their missions on the ground and to report to us on the challenges they face.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I would like to thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy for having introduced the Force Commanders and for having given us this opportunity to hear directly from the people on the ground. I believe that this is particularly important since peacekeeping really is the main tool at the disposal of the Security Council, involves the largest percentage of the United Nations budget and is certainly the particular activity that occupies the maximum amount of time of the Council.", "India has contributed more troops and police officers to peacekeeping operations than any other country. With more than 100,000 personnel in over 40 peacekeeping operations, we are very familiar with what all of this entails, what is possible and what peacekeeping operations are capable of. We have also engaged in the normative side of this particular debate, both in the Council and the General Assembly. A seminar was recently held in New Delhi in the tradition of that constructive engagement. It broke new ground in drawing from the operational experience of peacekeepers in the further evolution of the peacekeeping agenda.", "Peacekeeping has matured. More than 80 per cent of peacekeeping resources today are devoted to operations that are more than five years old. As we launch two new missions — the first new operations in several years — we need to take stock of the situation. I would like to stress the following points.", "The first is the lack of resources and the whole issue of trying simply to tell people to do more with existing or even less resources. I understand efficiency gains; I understand the need to squeeze more; but I think it needs to be clearly understood that operating on shoestring budgets and with ever-increasing mandates is certainly just not possible or effective.", "Moreover, mandates need to have clarity. The Force Commander from my country, India, noted ambiguity in mandates and how it translates into people lower down the command chain really not knowing what is expected of them. I think we in the Council owe it to ourselves and the forces that we deploy on the ground to be clear in that respect and to understand that mandates and resources need to be married and in synergy. In that context, it is particularly important that the process of interacting with troop-contributing countries, which has already been begun, should be carried out in a much more intensive manner in which we have much greater clarity on what can actually be produced and done with the kind of resources that are being placed at the disposal of the force that we are creating.", "I would also like to highlight one other very important element — the willingness to work in partnerships. Here, let me draw members’ attention to Africa. Two-thirds of the Council’s meetings and outcomes concern Africa. It is also central to United Nations peacekeeping. India strongly supports the development of greater African Union capacities in peacekeeping. In this connection, I would like to quote from the address of our Prime Minister at the second India-Africa Forum summit in Addis Ababa in May. He said:", "“India has consistently supported the development of African capacities. As a token of our commitment to supporting Africa’s endeavours for seeking African solutions, I am happy to announce that India will contribute $2 million for the African Union Mission in Somalia.”", "Similar assistance needs to be provided by other Member States to build the African Union’s capacity in peacekeeping. India is also committed to the early operationalization of the African Standby Force through special training arrangements.", "We know that the weakest suffer the most in conflict. Women and children have suffered and continue to suffer appallingly in conflicts around the world. The international community has not just the responsibility but the obligation to do its utmost to ensure the security of women and children, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. Indian troops and police officers, which include the first fully female units deployed under the United Nations flag, will do their utmost to protect the vulnerable in their areas of operation.", "In conclusion, I would like to thank the Force Commanders and the men and women under their command. It is they who turn the Council’s words into deeds. I would also like to pay tribute to those peacekeepers who have made the supreme sacrifice when serving the United Nations in its efforts to create a better and safer world.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): I thank you, Sir, and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) for arranging this meeting for the Council today. I, too, would like to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his excellent leadership of the DPKO during a very difficult and challenging period. We wish him all the best in his future endeavours.", "I would like to thank the Force Commanders for their statements today. We very much appreciate the role that they play every day in peacekeeping operations. I want to take this opportunity to express to Major General Asarta Cuevas and my French colleagues the United States sympathy for the injuries suffered yesterday by French peacekeeping troops in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), and our hope that they will recover fully and quickly. This is, of course, an all-too-clear example of the risks that brave peacekeepers face daily as they fulfil their roles.", "To the Force Commanders, I just want to say that we very much welcome this opportunity to hear from them first-hand about the challenges and risks that they face in implementing United Nations mission mandates. The Council seeks to match mission mandates with the needed leadership and capacity to implement them successfully.", "We are very much interested in understanding the operational, logistical and leadership issues that Force Commanders face. The core of every peacekeeping mission is its people and their ability to support efforts to build a more stable peace. We are interested in the operational steps being taken to develop mission-wide strategies to protect civilians, including from sexual violence, and the role for uniformed peacekeepers as part of the mission. We very much welcome discussion of the innovative measures, such as firewood patrols, community liaison assistance, issuance of cell phones to community leaders, and response and investigative teams that include a mix of civilian, police and military expertise.", "Just as important are the gaps that Commanders face — the factors that either expand or constrain logistical or leadership effectiveness in achieving their mandates. These might be the tools to support missions, such as doctrine, pre-deployment or in‑mission training; tools to help missions operate efficiently, such as early-warning capacity, intelligence and timely analysis; or tools to facilitate mobility, such as aviation capacity and budgetary and administrative issues.", "I have a few questions for the Generals.", "I would like to hear General Asarta Cuevas speak about the military arsenal of Hizbullah. The report of the Secretary-General of 1 July (S/2011/406) notes that Hizbullah still maintains its own substantial, growing and destabilizing military arsenal. I am wondering what steps UNIFIL is taking to assist the Lebanese armed forces in removing those illegal weapons and armed personnel south of the Litani River.", "I very much appreciate General Nyamvumba’s focus on the robust presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in his remarks. We express the hope that the lessons that UNAMID has learned in establishing such a robust presence could be shared with other missions. I would like to hear him comment on that.", "We remain very concerned about the severe capacity gap in aviation assets faced by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and I would like to hear General Prakash address the question of whether — or rather how — that gap is affecting the Mission’s ability to implement its mandate as outlined in resolution 1991 (2011). What are the trade-offs with the Mission’s tasks, and what is the Mission no longer able to do?", "Finally, I would like to hear from General Khalid about inter-mission cooperation. There has been good inter-mission cooperation between the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire and the United Nations Mission in Liberia, and I wonder what lessons have been learned from that cooperation and whether he sees a possibility to put inter-mission cooperation to use elsewhere.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his presence at today’s meeting. I have listened attentively to the statements made by the four Force Commanders of United Nations peacekeeping operations. I wish to express my warm welcome to all the Force Commanders present here at today’s meeting. They are working under extreme difficulties all across the world, implementing the Council’s mandates and making contributions to world peace and security. The Chinese delegation pays tribute to them and to all peacekeepers all across the world.", "For over 60 years United Nations peacekeeping operations have been making great contributions to maintaining world peace and security. In recent years, with the changing environment, peacekeeping operations are also faced with a series of new challenges.", "I do not have questions to raise at this time, but I have listened to the statements of the Force Commanders, and I want to make some comments on principle. I wish to emphasize the following four points.", "First, we must strengthen coordination between peacekeeping and peacemaking. As important as peacekeeping is, it is not a panacea. To establish lasting peace, the key is to promote political dialogue and reconciliation. The Secretary-General and his Special Representatives can play a greater role in this regard in mediation.", "Secondly, it is important to strengthen coordination and coherence between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The parties concerned should pay attention to and tackle the root causes of conflicts, in particular economic and social development. A holistic approach must be taken in considering the relationship between peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and the division of labour between peacekeeping and peacebuilding must be clearly defined. Timely formulation and gradual improvement of an exit strategy are very important.", "Thirdly, we must effectively implement the mandate to protect civilians. The host countries must bear primary responsibility for protecting civilians. Peacekeeping operations, while implementing the mandate of protecting civilians, should abide strictly by the Council’s resolutions and follow the principle of impartiality, so as not to become a party to the conflict. At the same time, they should respect the sovereignty of the host country, so as to do more to promote political and national reconciliation.", "Fourthly, we must also strengthen the capacity-building function of peacekeeping operations. We hope that the countries with the resources and the technical capacity to do so will increase their input so as to provide the necessary resources and technical guarantees for peacekeeping operations. We support United Nations efforts to improve the speed and efficiency of deployment of peacekeeping operations and make them more targeted and flexible and to strengthen coordination and partnership with host countries and regional organizations.", "Ms. Ziade (Lebanon): At the outset, we would like to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for organizing this important debate. We also wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his laudable work at the helm of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and to the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their comprehensive presentations.", "Lebanon believes that United Nations peacekeeping operations require a partnership among the Security Council, the Secretariat, troop-contributing countries and host countries. After paying careful attention to the presentations of the Force Commanders, we would like to salute their dedication and service for peace. This direct interaction avails us the opportunity to understand the urgent needs from the field and in turn helps the Council to better respond to those needs.", "I have two questions. One is similar to that asked by the delegation of the United States concerning cooperation between MONUSCO and UNAMID. Perhaps General Nyamvumba could give us his thoughts about the major logistical challenges facing UNAMID.", "In our region, the Middle East, an end to the Israeli occupation in Palestine, Syria and the remaining parts of Lebanon — the root cause of the conflict — is a prerequisite for any comprehensive resolution and successful exit of United Nations peacekeeping missions.", "Everyone has referred to what happened yesterday in the south of Lebanon. When a peacekeeping mission is tested and peacekeepers attacked, only solidarity and determination remain key for putting an end to any kind of recurrence. In this context Lebanon expressed its unequivocal condemnation of the attack. Suffice it to mention here that the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, made a statement in which he condemned the attack and urged authorities “to multiply efforts to uncover the perpetrators and punish them”.", "He said that in Beirut, and here in New York my delegation associated itself with the press statement issued by the Security Council to condemn the attack (SC/10341). My delegation expresses sincere sympathy to the injured peacekeepers and their families, and we are confident that General Asarta Cuevas will convey our deep appreciation to the men and women working in UNIFIL.", "Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the Government of Lebanon is strongly committed to the implementation of that resolution in its entirety. We call on the international community to put an end to Israeli violations of our sovereignty by land, air and sea. In his most recent report (S/2011/406), the Secretary-General refers to those violations and calls for their immediate cessation, since they undermine not only the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), but also the work and credibility of UNIFIL and the authority of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "Only two days after the vote of confidence in the new Government, the Prime Minister of Lebanon visited southern Lebanon and UNIFIL headquarters. During that visit, he acknowledged the important role that UNIFIL is playing in the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). In that regard, we sent a letter two days ago requesting a renewal of UNIFIL’s mandate with no amendments.", "When Major General Asarta Cuevas spoke about strategic dialogue and cooperation, he referred to the consultations that took place last week. Let me reiterate before the Council what my delegation had to say regarding this. The Lebanese army is fully engaged in a strategic dialogue with UNIFIL. Lebanon commends the efforts and sacrifices of the UNIFIL forces operating in South Lebanon, and expresses its appreciation to all contributing countries. It attaches great importance to strengthening coordination and cooperation with UNIFIL, in accordance with the agreed rules of engagement, in order to ensure proper implementation of the mission entrusted to it. Assistance in building up the capabilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces is necessary. A stronger Lebanese army would enable the Lebanese Government to continue to extend its authority over its territory.", "I should like to ask Major General Asarta Cuevas a question. What, in his opinion, would be the best way to prevent disproportionate use of force by Israel along the Blue Line, similar to what happened on 15 May, when civilian demonstrators were shot at, despite the fact that they had not crossed the Blue Line?", "The President: I suggest we interrupt the list of speakers and turn to the Force Commanders. I call first on Lieutenant General Prakash.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: Of the two questions asked of me, the first, from the representative of Gabon, concerned my assessment of the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in the region, and what cooperation can happen between the interregional missions to neutralize it.", "The threat of the LRA in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is real. While its numbers are not large, the threat cannot be wished away. On average, we get reports of about 15 to 20 incidents of LRA activity every month. Over a period of time, the brutality of the attacks has lessened, the number of killings has fallen, and the number of civilians being abducted has also been greatly reduced. This reduction in the LRA’s activity can, to a great extent, be attributed to a number of proactive operations that the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has been undertaking in the area.", "That said, I would reiterate that the threat is real and cannot be wished away. The fact is that the terrain is rugged, the numbers they operate in are small, the areas where they operate are inaccessible, and the borders are porous. We have established a joint intelligence operations centre in Dungu that became operational this year and is a step towards sharing information between the partners: the Uganda People’s Defence Force, the Forces armées de la République Démocratique du Congo and our mission, MONUSCO. Also, in May, we had an inter-mission force commanders’ conference in Entebbe where we shared information about the LRA. That said, this is not enough, and there is more scope for sharing information and conducting more effective operations against the LRA, provided we are given the right kind of resources to do it.", "The second question was about the existing capability gap in our aviation assets and how it affects the Mission. The non-availability of aviation assets — both utility and attack helicopters — is of great concern for the Mission. As the years have gone by, the negative activity has shifted west, away from the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and more towards the jungles, to areas that are accessible only by helicopter. The Council is well aware of the fact that there is no road infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, of 93 bases that we have in the country, 31 are air-supported; that is, one-third of the temporary operating bases/company operating bases are in areas that can be logistically supplied only by air assets. If we do not get the right kind of air assets to support those bases, not only will we not be in a position to establish more bases that are required in inaccessible areas, but we will find it difficult to support even the existing 31 bases.", "The fact that since 4 July we have had no attack helicopters has greatly reduced our deterrence capability against the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda in the Kivus. We have no capability for undertaking any proactive actions against the armed groups in the Kivus. Since the elections are approaching, we also feel that future requirements for air assets are going to be much higher. There will be conflict between meeting the requirements for protecting civilians and for transporting electoral material. That is when we will be totally stretched, and I feel at this stage that our ability to do our basic task of protecting civilians will also be highly constrained.", "The President: Let me remind the Council of the lateness of the hour. Military people are known for being succinct and to the point; I do not know if the same can be said of us diplomats. I would appeal to the Council to make the best use of the time available to us, and to limit all our statements. We have another seven Council members left to speak, and we should limit our statements to what is absolutely necessary for the remaining time.", "Let me now turn to Major General Asarta Cuevas.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): Please allow me to answer the questions in my own language, Spanish, so that I can respond more precisely.", "Concerning the so-called Hizbullah arsenal, in the mandate in resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility to ensure that there are no weapons other than those belonging to the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL falls to the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, under resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility for ensuring that there is no type of weapon other than those of the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in UNIFIL’s area of operation falls on the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, UNIFIL cannot go into private homes or onto private property unless there is credible evidence and an immediate threat relating to a violation of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Our troops which are deployed in southern Lebanon, between the Litani river and the Blue Line, consist of about 12,500 soldiers and more than 1,000 civilians. Those soldiers, who are from 35 different countries, are involved in between 10,000 to 12,000 operational activities a month. During those operational activities, we have discovered, in the five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), stores of ammunition, bunkers and weapons, but all of that predates the conflict — the 2006 war. To date also, taking into account the fact that we cannot go onto private property or search homes — that is an obligation of the Lebanese Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces — there has been no evidence of the illegal trafficking of weapons. What I mean by that is that neither I personally nor any of my soldiers have seen the arsenals that have been referred to. We would like to see them to determine if they do in fact exist.", "I should like to say also that the most recent launching of rockets from our area of operations against Israel took place in October 2009, so for almost two years now, thanks to the efforts of the population of the south, the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL, the cessation of hostilities has been maintained and there have been no rocket launchings against Israel.", "Turning to the second question, which was asked by the representative of Lebanon, I should like to refer to the recommendations that UNIFIL made to the parties following the tragic incidents that took place on 15 May, Nakba Day, this year. Those recommendations included the fact that only the Lebanese authorities are responsible for law and order within Lebanon, and that they had to take the measures necessary to prevent incidents along the Blue Line, which, as is well known, is a very sensitive area, where most incidents take place; it has been the line of withdrawal of the Israeli forces since the war of 2000. Therefore, to prevent such incidents from occurring, what is necessary is comprehensive oversight of the population.", "Also in our recommendations, which I will read word for word, we said that the Israeli forces should refrain from responding in such situations, unless it is clearly required for their own immediate self-defence, taking into account the fact that both countries, Lebanon and Israel, have the right to self-defence. But the Israel Defense Forces must not resort to the excessive use of force and must always take action that is commensurate with the offence, and therefore they should also include equipment, units and experts for controlling demonstrators and for crowd control.", "We also said that both countries — Israel and Lebanon — should ensure that in these types of situations, they use troops that are properly trained and equipped to try to prevent this type of incident from occurring. In the tripartite meetings and in the meetings I have with the parties, I always say the same thing:", "(spoke in English)", "Do not give, do not take.", "(spoke in Spanish)", "Do not provoke, and do not react to any provocation. That is the best way of avoiding incidents along the Blue Line.", "I think that I have answered the questions, but if further clarifications are required, I would be happy to provide them.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba, to whom two questions were also addressed.", "Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba: Two questions were posed to me, one by the representative of the United States and the other by the representative of Lebanon.", "The United States question was whether we could share our experience with other missions. Indeed, that is very relevant, and part of the purpose of our gathering here in New York is, among others, to share our experiences from different missions. But besides that, we also have a forum, particularly what we refer to as inter-mission cooperation. I express my appreciation to General Prakash, who hosted our regional Force Commanders’ meeting in Entebbe in May. We will take note of this and will continue to share our experiences with other missions, particularly those that have a protection of civilians mandate. We also welcome other experiences from other missions.", "On the issue of the major logistical challenges facing the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), I did outline some of them, but, to be more specific, one is the long supply lines. All present are aware that the major seaport is in Port Sudan, which is about 2,000 kilometres from Darfur, with little or no infrastructure. In terms of our operations, the biggest hurdle is the lack of infrastructure on the ground. During the rainy season, as I said earlier, our patrols and our activities actually drop drastically because of the inaccessibility of areas. Even as I speak, we have dropped from 160 daily patrols to about 100 because of the impassability of roads.", "Finally, there is the issue of aviation capacity. There is still a very big gap with regard to utility helicopters. I will take this opportunity to appeal to those that have the means to support the mission to make some of those capacities available, because, indeed, they go a long way towards enhancing the capabilities of the mission.", "The President: I now give the floor to Major-General Khalid.", "Major-General Khalid: Questions were asked of me by the representatives of the United States and Lebanon. I think that inter-mission cooperation is of paramount importance. I say so because the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) has no reserve, and with the number of missions across the globe, they do not have enough forces to deal with every unforeseen eventuality.", "Let me tell the House that I am going to speak to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C‑34) tomorrow on the same topic, which has been given to me by DPKO, and I will be touching in detail upon that issue in my speech tomorrow.", "But just to reply in brief with respect to the lessons learned: we sent an infantry battalion and Mi-8 helicopters to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) in November. The infantry battalion came back in January, the utility helicopters came back in June; the gunship helicopters were sent in March and are still there. I am glad to tell you that both UNOCI and the United Nations Mission in Liberia are making use of those Mi-24 gunships for joint tasking and joint border patrolling.", "Turning to lessons learned, they come, in effect, under four major headings, or concerns: legality, logistics, military capabilities and coordination. I will touch on each of these very briefly.", "By legality, I mean saving time at the last minute regarding the apprehensions of the troop-contributing countries. This should form part of the memoranda of understanding.", "Turning to logistics, missions should cater for, coordinate and perhaps even at times deal with dumping of rations or fuel prior to the launching of missions so that incoming troops do not face any problems. At the level of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at United Nations Headquarters, a comprehensive strategy must be applied — and I am sure this is the case. It must be reviewed periodically in consultation with all missions which have been tasked with inter-mission cooperation. There may not be a giant border in all cases of inter-mission cooperation, and road conditions may not be good or there may not be any roads at all, so this must be catered for by land, air and sea so as to avoid any unnecessary delays at the last minute, which is normally a critical stage. The logistics must be clearly defined.", "For better coordination, all such missions must have inter-mission coordination cells, which should maintain contact with a view to achieving better coordination and remaining up to date with the latest developments.", "Last but not least, in cases where different languages are spoken in the missions and countries concerned, a team of interpreters must be present to ensure that forces encounter no problems upon arrival and that they are put to effective use.", "The President: I will now give the floor to the members of the Security Council.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): I thank the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, the head of the Office of Military Affairs, Lieutenant General Babacar Gaye, and the Force Commanders for their informative statements this morning.", "We welcome the Force Commanders who have joined us today in the Council. New York is indeed far from the battlefield, so the opportunity to hear firsthand from the military leadership from the field is indeed valuable. We see merit in convening such engagements on a regular basis, and we thank the German delegation for this initiative.", "The Security Council has stated clearly in the past — and South Africa fully endorses this view — that United Nations peacekeeping operations are deployed only as an accompaniment and not as an alternative to political strategies for the resolution of conflicts.", "Over the years, peacekeeping has become a complex and multifaceted undertaking due to the changing nature of conflicts. We are mindful of the compounding effects and challenges prevailing in the era of intra-State conflicts. In most cases, belligerents are increasingly well resourced and equipped, often wield great influence and do not conform to the rules of engagement. No longer are conflict-affected areas only failed States; they possess strong military capacities and robust political leadership.", "In response to these challenges, the United Nations has to act with the necessary dynamism and agility. It is therefore critical, for us in the Council and the United Nations political and military leadership on the ground, to be continuously concerned with mobilizing and maintaining the political support of all stakeholders, especially of those nations in which the Council mandates peacekeeping missions, and to respect the sovereignty of all States.", "The Council also has a particularly important role throughout a mission’s lifespan to support efforts to improve cooperation and coordination with regional and subregional organizations and other partners. The Security Council’s responses to the crises on the African continent are a constant reminder of the ongoing need for greater cooperation and coordination with regional organizations, especially the African Union. Nothing will replace African leadership and solutions for African problems.", "Today we should reflect on, inter alia, our ability to optimally leverage the security umbrella provided by peacekeeping operations in the field and to find political solutions to conflicts. The Council should adopt coherent, comprehensive strategies that effectively translate the mandates of peacekeeping operations into clear, credible and achievable outcomes. We should reflect on ensuring that operations are sufficiently matched with appropriate resources and that they are adequately prepared and deployed in a timely manner at the desired operational strength and capacity. We should make sure that the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for peacekeeping operations are adequate and that the Council is sufficiently aware of the resource and field support implications of its decisions.", "These are just some of the important issues that could help our collective efforts to understand the challenges that we face at a military level across the spectrum of peacekeeping operations. We believe that by collectively addressing these issues we will make a significant contribution to improving the overall performance of United Nations peacekeeping.", "Protecting the lives of ordinary civilians, who are all too often the innocent victims of instability and strife in conflict zones, is paramount. International law provides that the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the States. The protection of civilians is by its nature politically very sensitive, yet it is a critical and vital mandated task. Given the nature of recent conflicts, the protection of civilians becomes a necessity, and the role of regional organizations and the international community is even more important.", "We are encouraged by ongoing efforts to address the shortage of military assets such as helicopters. We cannot afford to deploy troops in foreign territories and then expect them to be everywhere at once without the necessary resources or, in some cases, when not operating at full strength. We owe it to our troops on the ground to ensure that they receive the desired level of support.", "However, we must always emphasize the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations always acting in accordance with the principles of impartiality, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with international law and human rights law.", "In conclusion, my delegation pays tribute to all the men and women in uniform who have served and who continue to serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations, and we commend their dedication and courage. We pay special tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the service of peace and humanity.", "Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): I too wish to thank you, Mr. President, for having organized this meeting, which has become a regular feature, as it provides a rare but valuable opportunity to exchange with the force commanders and to hear the views from the field.", "I thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their briefings.", "First, I would like to recall France’s commitment to peacekeeping, which is one of the most important and certainly most symbolic activities of the United Nations. Here I would like first of all to commend the exceptional work carried out by the Blue Helmets on the ground in often difficult and dangerous conditions, where no one else goes, in order to implement mandates whose complexity directly reflects that of the crises that our Organization seeks to tackle.", "France wishes to continue participating in efforts to improve the functioning of peacekeeping operations. Since their inception, these operations have been the privileged instrument through which the Council exercises its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Improving the effectiveness of such operations is thus a matter of strategic importance.", "In following up the 2009 initiative by France and the United Kingdom, our goal remains to improve the political and military monitoring of operations by the Security Council, to ensure greater effectiveness in the logistical and financial management of operations, to clarify doctrine with regard to a number of complex issues such as the protection of civilians, and to clarify, and rationalize as far as possible, mandates, as necessary. That is the purpose of the regular consultations that the Council now holds on cross-cutting issues concerning peacekeeping. We believe that they should continue.", "With regard to all of the issues I just raised, we believe that we have made progress. We welcome in particular the implementation of the global field support strategy. We would also like to welcome the Senior Advisory Group’s report on strengthening civilian capacity in post-conflict situations (S/2011/85). We believe that it will make it possible to amend the way that peacekeeping operations function in terms of such important issues as the economic impact of operations on national development and the role of women in peacekeeping.", "We will therefore continue our work, especially in the area of strengthening the chain of command in peacekeeping operations, improving cooperation with troop contributors and providing for more rigorous financial follow-up in support of peacekeeping. I note that the budget for peacekeeping operations has soared in recent years. It is true that the needs played a big role in this, but it is also true that in a tight budgetary climate for financial contributors, it is essential that we have the means to manage the budget in a responsible and controlled manner.", "I, too, have some questions to ask the Force Commanders present here today. First, I have a general question. Are the reform efforts undertaken in New York felt in the field? Do the practices on the ground change as a result of decisions taken or recommendations made in the Council? How can we in the Council better take into account the views from the field and the feedback from Force Commanders?", "More specifically, I have questions for Major General Asarta Cuevas on UNIFIL. We, too, firmly condemn, of course, the attacks on UNIFIL troops. We appreciate the solidarity expressed after yesterday’s attack, in which our soldiers were victims. Of course, we will not tolerate the security and safety of military and civilian staff deployed in Lebanon being furthered threatened. We understand the difficulty of the task at hand, but what can we do to ensure that the soldiers in the field are better protected? Also, how can we enhance cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces? And how can we ensure that the tasks currently carried out by UNIFIL are progressively handed over?", "My question for the Force Commander of MONUSCO concerns the adaptation of the civilian protection strategy in the current context of preparing for elections. In this pre-electoral climate, is there any need to change the force’s approach and its civilian protection strategy, given the constraints that we have been advised of?", "Mr. Barbalić (Bosnia and Herzegovina): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Sir, for organizing this briefing. We thank the Under-Secretary-General for his comments and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for their insightful remarks. We also welcome the presence of the other Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping operations and praise their commitments and efforts, as well as the outstanding work of all the personnel in peacekeeping missions.", "One of the key recurring issues in discussions on peacekeeping has been the need for the Council to provide peacekeeping missions with clear, credible and achievable mandates matched by adequate resources in order to fulfil their mandated tasks. Bringing timely and relevant information to the Council is therefore indispensable for decision-making. To that end, we emphasize that each resolution needs to be clearly and accurately reflected in the concept of operations during its implementation.", "Starting at the beginning of the year, significant documents on the interrelation between peacekeeping and peacebuilding and between security and development have been released. Discussions on these issues must identify a practical way forward for the main challenges and obstacles and offer solutions for capacity-development, coordination and field guidance.", "The growing complexity of tasks entrusted to peacekeeping missions and the scarcity of specific resources, in particular civilian support capacities, can place the success of a mission at risk. Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomes activities related to the review of the international civilian capacities. We believe that ongoing activities with regard to the recommendations of and discussions on this study will lead towards concrete improvements and practical and feasible proposals in this area. Moreover, cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support should bring about viable solutions, positive changes and tangible results on the ground.", "In this regard, we underline the importance of cooperation, consultation and exchange of views with troop- and police-contributing countries. Mobilizing Member States’ support is essential for dealing with a capability-driven approach that concentrates on skills, equipment and capacity.", "It is evident that missions with protection mandates include diverse activities aimed at ensuring the safety and physical protection of civilian populations. Information-gathering, timely and accurate data about the local situation and circumstances, and their analysis are crucial. Nevertheless, missions should have appropriate resources to analyse those data and to assist in restoring an environment in which the host State is able to exercise its primary responsibility to protect its citizens. This aspect certainly includes other processes — such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, security sector reform, supporting electoral processes and the empowerment of local communities — in order to facilitate the transition to sustainable peacebuilding.", "The need to implement an effective exit strategy must be coordinated with the quality of personnel and equipment and linked to corresponding operational mandates and objectives. The cultural sensitivities of the area of deployment should also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings between a mission and the host country and its communities.", "This year we have witnessed the authorization of two new missions: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei and the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina is of the view that the Organization needs to perform to the best of its ability to apply its know-how and the lessons learned from previous peacekeeping missions, while the Council must provide the missions with the strategic guidance and adequate support they need. In that regard, the Mission in South Sudan has to contribute to improving governance capacity and the rule of law.", "The mandate is undoubtedly of vital importance in providing guidance for the future reconfiguration of a mission. Developments on the ground must be taken into account, making the mandate of a mission more realistic and attainable.", "Finally, we emphasize that a peacekeeping mission is part of the political solution to conflict, but that it cannot be a substitute for the solution. Therefore, activities on the ground must be strengthened, together with efforts on preventive diplomacy, early warning or conflict mediation, and focused on national priorities and national actors. Paying attention to those aspects needs to be an integral part of each peacekeeping mission in order to avoid the recurrence of conflict, contribute to a country’s development and lasting peace and, above all, guarantee international security.", "Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I will try to be very brief. I thank Ambassador Wittig for inviting Under-Secretary-General Le Roy and the Force Commanders from the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to brief the Council. I would like to thank them for their insights this morning, and more importantly for the work of the Force Commanders and police commissioners and the hard work of all the women and men who are under their command, frequently, as we know, in very challenging circumstances and at great personal risk. These risks were highlighted by the recent attacks on UNIFIL. I join others in condemning the attack earlier this week and in wishing a speedy recovery to those who were injured.", "The United Kingdom very much supports the ongoing initiative, which has become something of a tradition now, to ensure that force commanders and police commissioners have an opportunity to brief the Council during their annual conference in New York. It is important to ensure that we do as much as is feasible to improve the Council’s understanding of the operational demands placed on troops and police by the peacekeeping resolutions we write.", "As we demonstrated during our November presidency of the Council, we have access to new technology to ensure that we can hear from operational commanders more frequently, and we believe that we should take up that opportunity on a more regular basis. It will be important that we can hear in due course from the new Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.", "In the light of what I have heard from the Force Commanders and from colleagues on the Council, I would like to make observations on four brief points.", "First is the protection of civilians. I took from the presentation of General Nyamvumba a clear message about the importance of the responsibility to protect civilians under attack or threat of attack. That is fundamental to peacekeeping responsibilities. I am interested here in the linkage between that and the use of a robust posture — a concept which is well understood among UNAMID senior leadership. I am aware that for some this is a controversial issue, but I join my Nigerian colleague in expressing robust support for robust posture. I am aware that the Secretary-General has referred to UNAMID’s robustness as having contributed to a reduction in attacks on the Mission, and I think that is an important point.", "Second is the impact of conditionality policy. I listened to General Prakash’s remarks on conditionality with great interest. Conditionality is a requirement to ensure that peacekeepers are not supporting activities that fall outside international humanitarian law. The application of such a policy must, obviously, be rigorous.", "But we have to also keep an eye on operational effectiveness. General Prakash spoke about the balance between the desirable and the feasible. I am interested in the concept of that balance — how to strike it — if there is time, but I appreciate the fact that we are running against the clock. I would be interested in General Prakash’s view as to whether there are useful general principles for this balance that can be identified for wider application, or whether this is something that needs to be determined very much on the ground.", "General Prakash also gave some useful guidelines about implementing conditionality, in particular that it is easier to implement at the start rather than downstream. I think that is an important consideration in the light of the new peacekeeping operation under way in Southern Sudan.", "My third observation is about inter-mission cooperation, where I would briefly like to echo my Nigerian colleague once again, and my United States colleague, in expressing strong support for the principle of inter-mission cooperation. There are situations where this makes good operational sense, and the asset-sharing between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) is an important example. I think the potential for this needs to be fully explored.", "My final observation is on clear mandates. I think it was my Indian colleague who spoke about the importance of clear mandates. We have all referred to the risks and hardships that our peacekeeping operations have to endure. I think the least that we can do is to provide the peacekeeping missions with clear mandates. It is all too easy for us around the Council table to try and bridge differences through ambiguity or elaborate wording. We always need to be mindful of the problems this can pose to peacekeeping operations in the field as they carry out their important work.", "Finally, listening to the Force Commanders this morning, I was reminded once again of the enormous value that we get from the direct view from the field. I would like to thank them very much for taking the time from their annual conference to speak to the Council. I hope we will be able to hear from them in the future on a regular basis.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): I will try to be brief, given the time constraints.", "We are pleased to again welcome here the Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping missions. It is heartening to see this kind of dialogue, which was initially proposed by the Russian Federation last year during its presidency of the Council, put into practice. I would like to here support my British colleague, who has enriched the practice. The Council now has the opportunity for more frequent such meetings using videoconferencing and other modern technology. Members of the Council should check our watches with those of our military colleagues to examine the current problems in the field that are truly being faced by peacekeepers, and the military challenges. This practice will ultimately ensure that the Council is provided with effective military expertise.", "I will not go over the importance we attach to peacekeeping. Like many colleagues, we believe it is a truly crucial tool of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace and security. Our peacekeepers participate in many peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and various regions of Africa and in Haiti. We are aware that United Nations peacekeeping is not fixed in place. It continues to be actively needed. As has been noted, there are two new peacekeeping operations in the Abyei region and in South Sudan.", "In our view, people in military uniforms, who make up two thirds of the peacekeepers, play a leading role in terms of addressing three crucial tasks: supporting efforts of national Governments to stabilize the situation and restore peace, protecting civilians, and monitoring compliance with ceasefire agreements. But United Nations peacekeeping activities continue to evolve, including from both conceptual and operational perspectives. Therefore it is important to adapt in order to deal with current problems and respond to new political realities.", "Many of the speakers here today have talked about the fact that there are new challenges and what kind of challenges there are — challenges that require joint decisions between military actors and the diplomats of the Security Council.", "We therefore believe that there are several general points — for example, the unconventional situations faced by the Blue Helmets. But there are unwavering principles regarding peacekeeping. Peacekeepers must strictly abide by their mandates and avoid involvement in any political conflict or silent support to a party to a conflict. Such action could lead to extremely negative consequences and undermine the reputation of the United Nations.", "Clearly, we support comments made by other colleagues that the mandates of peacekeeping operations must be clear, feasible and in keeping with the situations. Therefore, there is still a need to address the issue of ensuring the necessary level of military advice for the steps undertaken within United Nations peacekeeping.", "Again we recall our proposal to revitalize the activities of the Military Staff Committee, which could elaborate recommendations on operational aspects of peacekeeping and take part in missions to assess the preparedness of contingents and infrastructure for peacekeeping operations. In turn, this would make it possible to provide the Council with up-to-date information.", "Obviously, the issue of enhancing United Nations peacekeeping requires more effectively tapping into the resources of regional organizations and engaging them, since we agree that peacekeeping is an ancillary function to the primary functions of the Governments of countries, for example, engaging the forces of that State or Government.", "The shortfall of financial, logistical and technical resources means that there is a need to leverage existing capacities. Therefore we believe it is important to clearly distinguish between functions in peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding. Under current peacekeeping mandates those are clearly linked, but United Nations peacekeepers should only be given the initial tasks of peacebuilding. The process of socio-economic reconstruction and related tasks must be assigned to more specialized structures of the United Nations system in areas of development, and also regional organizations with the relevant capacities.", "Our hope is that this meeting will make it possible to work together on further enhancing United Nations peacekeeping operations.", "Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Like others, we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are truly at the crux of the United Nations today. All members know how deeply my country is committed to these tasks. We have been active in several missions during the past 30 years. We therefore thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this very timely debate. It is extremely useful to have this opportunity to interact with Force Commanders and to hear their points of view directly, so I thank the Generals for their very comprehensive presentations, which were extremely useful, as were the answers that they gave to some of the questions raised.", "However, let me pay tribute and commend all the women and men who are in missions, the Force Commanders and the Police Commissioners for the way in which they carry out their tasks, often — as we have already heard today — in very difficult conditions. They deserve our constant support.", "I have a couple of comments on what has been said, and I endorse much, if not everything, that has already been said, so I will be brief.", "The conditionality policy can be used as a tool but, as was underlined by Lieutenant General Prakash, some caution is needed in its application. The issue for us — as he himself said — is that there is scope for development and refinement in the conditionality dimension and the positive and negative elements it entails. I fully agree with him that there is a problem if the application of the conditionality starts to have a negative impact on mission operational activities. I also thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his reference to the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army. We ourselves suggested the useful debate that we had on that last week (see S/PV.6588).", "Moving on to the protection of civilians, to which we all attach the utmost importance, there has been significant improvement over the years on that very important dimension. We commend the efforts of the Secretariat and the positive progress made by missions in that area. To Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, I would say that the issue is to what extent a mission, if not mandated in that sense, should use force to protect civilians in a non-permissive environment.", "My third comment is addressed to Major General Asarta Cuevas. Again like others, we condemn the attacks on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) yesterday and in May, which unfortunately took lives. We consider the situation unacceptable, and the parties should abide by United Nations resolutions and by their responsibilities. Our French colleague raised the important issue of how we can best ensure the protection of the soldiers in a very difficult situation. As the General mentioned the other day, last week we had a very useful debate on the situation in Lebanon and it is very clear that the presence of UNIFIL has had a very important and positive impact on creating a stable and calm situation, albeit still very fragile. I think that that there was broad consensus that UNIFIL’s presence in the area is still an extremely important element.", "As I stated during that debate — and we are very happy about it — we will shortly reinforce the Portuguese contingent within UNIFIL with 12 officers from Timor-Leste. I think that that also has a very symbolic dimension to it because Timor-Leste, being a country where there is still a United Nations mission, for its part it is already participating in other United Nations missions.", "I thank Major General Khalid for his statement and his answers. I think that the issue of strong inter-mission cooperation is extremely important and can be decisive in some areas. Of course, I share his view of the role in early peacebuilding efforts in keeping law and order, allowing for people to return to their normal livelihoods and, obviously, getting a political process under way. We often say that peacekeepers are the first peacebuilders as long as there is a peace to keep and build. But I think that that is a useful way of looking at it.", "Here, I conclude that — and this has been stated before — missions need the means, tools, adequate training and leadership, but, as our South African colleague stressed, there is a need for an overall political and coherent strategy in order for missions to do their job properly.", "The President: Due to the lateness of the hour, I will skip my national statement. Most of it has already been covered by others. I will just make three brief remarks.", "First, I thank the Force Commanders for being with us and giving us this opportunity for an exchange. I think that it will, indeed, become a tradition. Secondly, I express high appreciation of their difficult service in very demanding circumstances and, of course, through them, of the 120,000 men and women in the field. Thirdly, I would like to join others in paying tribute to Alain Le Roy. He has just left the Chamber, but he knows how highly we regard his outstanding commitment and leadership in managing the peacekeeping operations and in taking forward the challenges of adapting them to the new requirements.", "Let us now turn to the questions and answers. There was one from the representative of France, I think, of an overarching nature, that is, the question of reform and how that impacts on missions on the ground. I take it that it also refers to the New Horizon agenda. Following a hint by Alain Le Roy, I would suggest that, in accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, we invite Major General Obi, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and Major General Ramos Pereira, Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, to participate in this meeting and to address those questions because we can diversify a little and give them an opportunity to respond on the reform issue.", "I give the floor to Major General Ramos Pereira to answer the question on reform put by the French representative.", "Major General Ramos Pereira: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, I now face the challenge of implementing the new mandate that the Security Council is seeking on reform. I would like to say that the situation in Haiti is still stable and under control. For me and my troops, it is very good to have a very clear mandate with guidance and the capacity to fulfil our mission. It is important also to mention that, as the Council is fully aware, the environment in Haiti is volatile, so it has to account for the situation there.", "If there are more questions, I am available to answer them.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Obi.", "Major General Obi: I am the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan.", "I would like to say that the reforms introduced so far have had a very positive impact on our operations in the field in a number of ways. I would like to start with the issue of the quality of troops that was raised here today. We need a very high quality of troops in the field to be able to execute our mandate.", "One of the reforms deals with that subject, and to that effect infantry units are standardized in terms of personnel and equipment. That has made it easier for a force commander to appreciate what is available to him. He is able to assess what personnel are available to him and to task them appropriately.", "In terms of the quality of troops, I also want to say that the introduction of pre-deployment training and pre-induction inspections of equipment has helped in ensuring that we have a higher quality of troops, which has also helped in our mandate implementation.", "The aspect of integration is one of those areas that have been well emphasized in recent reforms. My Mission, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, has been integrated, and to that extent we have been enabled to work jointly with the civilian, military and police pillars and the United Nations country team. A case in point is the protection of civilians strategy, which takes into account the fact that the protection of civilians is not just a military responsibility, but involves all. Here, we have been able to incorporate our efforts through training, the development of concepts, the sharing of information, and the creation of joint operations centres and joint movement centres. These are all developments that have been found to be very useful in the field and have greatly assisted us. During the recent crises in Kordofan and Abyei, we put them widely into practice. All pillars shared information, met very actively in crisis management teams, and were largely able, collectively, to address the challenges that faced us.", "These reforms have been useful to us in the field, in addition to getting us together in meetings of force commanders — as in the case of the Entebbe meeting, which was referred to earlier — to exchange information. That is also a new development that we have found to be very useful.", "The President: I call on Lieutenant General Prakash to address the questions and comments that have been made.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: The question that I want to answer is whether a change of strategy is required with respect to the protection of civilians by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) in the pre- and post-electoral periods.", "My view on the subject is that the present strategy in place is working well. We have recently taken a look at it. We have worked out modalities as to how we are going operate. We have arranged various contingencies to deal with various situations that may arise. What clearly emerges is not that the strategy is not in place, but that the enablers are not in place. For example, there is a likelihood of armed groups ramping up their activities and, as the elections approach, there is likely to be more civil unrest. If such things are going to happen, we will need more enablers. The enablers need to come on time and to be in the right place at the right time. As long as the enablers are provided, I think there is no need to change strategy.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Asarta Cuevas to address the questions and comments that have been made.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I should like to thank all members of the Council for their kind words addressed to our French soldiers in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) who suffered a criminal terrorist attack yesterday.", "The French Ambassador asked three questions. The first was about how our soldiers can be better protected. The second was about coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). The third related to the transfer of responsibility to the LAF.", "Turning to the question about how our soldiers can be better protected, I must say that UNIFIL has enough robust means and protection to achieve its missions. The protection of vehicles is a national responsibility. In this case, France, Spain and Italy have had no problem providing us with armoured vehicles. Following the attack of 27 May on an Italian patrol, in which six soldiers were wounded, I sent a directive to my soldiers containing additional security measures. The most important of those measures included the orders that convoys, where possible, should always take place at night and with jammers; that two vehicles at a minimum must always travel together; that our soldiers should wear flak jackets and helmets; and that, whenever possible, the LAF should also provide bodyguards and maintain ongoing contact with the joint operations centre.", "It is important to stress that those instructions were for convoys travelling outside our area of operations, because the two terrorist attacks on us — the first in May and the other yesterday — took place outside of UNIFIL’s area of operations. Similar attacks took place in 2008 in the same zone. What that means is that, in cooperation with the LAF and the population, we can control our area of operations, but outside that we do not have control. That is the national responsibility of the Lebanese Government and Armed Forces. They must guarantee security along the coastal highway, which is basically UNIFIL’s only route for relief troops and supplies and to access the Beirut port and airport where our soldiers arrive at and leave the country.", "Having discussed convoys, I will turn to the safety of individuals, towards which we have taken certain additional measures, including a ban on the use of marked UNIFIL vehicles for personal use outside the area of operations. However, if individuals need to leave the area of operations — to go on vacation via the airport, for instance — we have painted 14 unmarked vehicles, using various colours, that are made available to soldiers and other UNIFIL personnel for individual needs.", "We have taken one additional measure that I proposed to General Kahwaji and the chief of intelligence of the LAF for the southern sector. That measure involves daily reconnaissance of the highway that connects our area of operations with the port and airport of Beirut. For us, it amounts to an extension of our area of operations, but it is not actually within that area. We therefore need to work closely with the Lebanon Government and the LAF. I have proposed daily reconnaissance of that road, at different times each day, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces and security forces, but only in sensitive areas that are highly vulnerable to attack.", "I have been waiting for a response for two months. Finally last Friday, I sent a formal letter to the Commander in Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces, proposing this initiative yet again and asking for a response. Sadly, yesterday there was another attack. I am not saying that we could have avoided it had we taken the measures I proposed, but we might have.", "I also want to update the Council on what happened with the incident yesterday. There were four vehicles, three of which were armoured, while the third was not. The attack was against the fourth vehicle, which was an armoured vehicle with jammers. Of a total of 12 soldiers, six were wounded, all lightly except one who has an eye in quite bad condition, but he will not lose it. Of those, three were flown home to France today. The other three are still working in their units. We were actually lucky.", "Turning to the second question about our coordination with the LAF, it is excellent in our operations area. They have officials and representatives at all levels and in every location. They are aware of our activities on a daily basis and there is complete transparency. Beyond the area of operations, at the Force Commander level we coordinate with the chief of intelligence and the Commander in Chief of the LAF. If they have information or anything important that I need to know, they communicate it right away.", "Regarding the transfer of responsibilities from UNIFIL to the LAF, in keeping with the joint technical review that I mentioned earlier, we have a strategic dialogue in place with the LAF. The purpose of the dialogue is to assess UNIFIL capacity and the tasks that it must fulfil pursuant to its mandate under resolution 1701 (2006). It is also to assess LAF capacity and which of our missions it can undertake, with the ultimate goal of leaving the Lebanese Armed Forces to fulfil all the tasks conferred on UNIFIL under resolution 1701 (2006). We recognize that UNIFIL cannot be in Lebanon forever. At some point, we must withdraw. The LAF will have to assume the responsibilities currently now assumed by UNIFIL. When will that day come? We do not know, but we are working towards it.", "By way of conclusion, I can say that the most recent meeting on 7 July saw the creation of four subcommittees — one for infrastructure, one for command and control, another for troop capacity and movement, and another for operational issues. All of that is geared to making headway towards being able to transfer all our responsibilities — and I underline again that this is mandated by resolution 1701 (2006) — to the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "The President: We have covered a lot of ground in a few hours. This has been a very useful dialogue. I know I speak for the Council in thanking all the Force Commanders for making it possible by making themselves available. I think this should become a tradition and that we should have such an exchange at least once a year.", "I thank the Force Commanders for being with us today.", "The meeting rose at 2.05 p.m." ]

[ "Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Mr. Brazil Mrs. Viotti Mr. Wang Min of China Mr. Wang Min of Colombia Mr. Alsat of France Mr. Bonaire of Gabon Mr. Mongara Musochi of India Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri of Lebanon Mrs. Ziade of Nigeria Mrs. Moraes Cabral of Portugal Mr. Pankin of the Russian Federation Mr. Sangqu of South Africa Mr. Tessem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo of the United States of America", "Agenda", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations; Lieutenant-General Patrick Nyamvumba, Force Commander of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur; Lieutenant-General Chandel Prakash, Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Major-General Alberto Asata Cuevas, Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; and Major-General Mohamed Khalid, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia, to participate in this meeting.", "I would also like to extend a warm welcome to the other force commanders and chief military observers who are here today.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy: We thank you, Mr. President, for giving all the heads of our missions the opportunity to be here. Four of them will speak. First, Lieutenant General Nyamwumba will speak on the protection of civilians in dire circumstances. Lieutenant General Prakash of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will speak on the operational implications of the conditionality policy. Major General Asata Quevas of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon spoke about security concerns in southern Lebanon and their impact on daily operations. Major General Khalid of the United Nations Mission in Liberia spoke about the role of the military component in early peacebuilding.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Nyamwumba.", "Lieutenant General Nyamwumba: I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for having allowed me to address the Security Council on the protection of civilians in harsh circumstances. Today, I will discuss the operational environment, experiences, strategic approaches and efforts of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the implementation of its mandate relating to the protection of civilians. At the outset, I will briefly address the difficult environment in Darfur and the UNAMID strategy for the protection of civilians. I will then discuss UNAMID efforts to provide protection to civilians. Finally, I will address the challenges related to the subject under discussion.", "Let me start with the operational environment in Darfur. That the environment in all parts of Darfur is indeed so bad is enough. Darfur is vast, with harsh weather conditions, lack of adequate roads and infrastructure and limited local resources. Darfur is large, and most of it lacks even a minimum infrastructure. This creates significant obstacles to reaching populations at risk and in need of assistance. Poor road conditions often delayed movement and constrained operations, particularly during the rainy season from June to October.", "In addition to this, the harsh environment in which the protection of civilians is being carried out is also the result of the armed conflict on the ground between the Government of the Sudan and warring groups and the outbreak of conflict and fighting on the ground between tribes, often for natural resources. Other factors include organized banditry, the proliferation of small arms, sexual violence, child recruitment and arbitrary arrest and detention.", "In some areas, we have observed that UNAMID land and air access is sometimes restricted by warring factions as a result of local fighting between the Government of the Sudan and armed groups. This undoubtedly hampers our efforts to protect civilians. In addition, the absence of any clear peace agreement or ceasefire between all combatants in Darfur and the continuation of the conflict have led to renewed restrictions on access to those areas by the Government of the Sudan and armed groups, as well as an insecure environment for the humanitarian sector and further suffering for the population. The security situation remains volatile owing to the multiplicity of interest groups and stakeholders involved, and clashes between factions or tribes continue to occur between all these belligerents.", "Ultimately, the protection of the people of Darfur depends on the willingness and ability of the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens. As a result, the UNAMID protection strategy identified, inter alia, specific objectives and tasks to engage the Government of the Sudan to assist it in fulfilling its responsibility to protect under international human rights law. Our UNAMID protection strategy is based on UNAMID ' s protection of civilians mandate, as set out in resolutions 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) and 1935 (2010), as well as in the communiqué of the 79th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council. The mandate is to protect civilians throughout Darfur, ensure safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, provide security for humanitarian workers and protect humanitarian convoys.", "The UNAMID protection of civilians strategy was developed in full consultation with the United Nations country team. The strategy was developed on the basis of the UNAMID/United Nations country team integrated strategic framework, the United Nations humanitarian workplan for the Sudan, the UNAMID protection of civilians mandate directive, the UNAMID Force Commander directive and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Support concept of operations for the protection of civilians in United Nations peacekeeping operations, while helping to guide them. In line with its strategic roles and responsibilities, UNAMID has established a system that facilitates situational awareness and early warning. It also monitors, reports and evaluates incidents and conducts operational planning and implementation, coordination, communication and advocacy.", "In view of its mandate and on the basis of an analysis of the protection of civilians environment in Darfur, the UNAMID strategy outlines four main objectives. They are, first, to ensure that the Government of the Sudan, armed groups and other non-State actors fulfil their responsibility to protect civilians in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law; secondly, to protect civilians from physical violence; thirdly, to ensure free access to populations at risk; and, lastly, to prevent and ensure an effective response to human rights violations, especially against women and children.", "I would now like to refer more specifically to our activities to protect civilians. Despite the many obstacles in our operating environment, UNAMID has worked tirelessly to launch a number of initiatives aimed at improving its protection of civilians. We have maintained a stronger presence throughout Darfur, particularly in areas affected by the fighting in civilian communities. We have improved the Mission ' s early warning and early response mechanisms, published weekly analytical reports on the protection of civilians and held weekly civil-military coordination meetings.", "We have significantly increased our patrolling activities, including robust day and night patrols in villages; protection of camps for internally displaced persons; protection of markets; assistance in the implementation of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme; and the provision of humanitarian, logistical and administrative escorts. The military component of UNAMID, together with the rest of the Mission, has left a wider footprint throughout Darfur. In 2010, the UNAMID military component conducted a total of 33,963 patrols. This compares to 23,554 patrols in the first six months of 2011. This is clearly a clear improvement and a sign of our increased efforts to protect innocent civilians. UNAMID was able to assist in the stabilization of team sites in Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hasahisa and Kalma camps.", "UNAMID has been facilitating access by humanitarian actors to areas to provide relief, including in Jebel Marra and Jebel Moon. In the case of Jebel Marra, we are actively seeking the establishment of a temporary operating base in Fena as a humanitarian hub to facilitate access to other parts of the region. The security situation in all these areas has improved considerably. As a result, a large number of internally displaced persons have begun to return home — nearly 1,500 per month since January. We have assisted in the relocation of families in Sector North and in the resettlement of returnees from Chad in Sector West. The Mission has been involved in resolving disputes between nomads over farms and water, as well as tribal conflicts.", "In May and June, UNAMID, in collaboration with the humanitarian country team, began efforts to reach previously inaccessible areas and provide relief assistance to those areas.", "Quick-impact projects have also served to meet the needs of the population. The exercise, code-named Operation Spring Basket, was conceived within the framework of the UNAMID protection of civilians strategy as a means of improving humanitarian relief to expand access to hard-to-reach areas and reach more people in need.", "Following negotiations with the Government of the Sudan and armed movements, Operation Spring Basket began on 1 May, and a total of nine assessment missions were completed in May and June 2011, providing some vaccines for women and children and teaching and building materials for a girls ' school in Northern Darfur.", "In fact, the protection of civilians is a common task for UNAMID and for all parties providing humanitarian assistance. However, the parties providing humanitarian assistance each have their own independent approach, with their own timetables and priorities, and are sometimes reluctant to provide assistance with military involvement. At the organizational level, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, despite its coordination responsibilities, does not have the authority, incentive or sanction to increase the involvement of the United Nations family or non-governmental organizations.", "UNAMID provided escorts and channels for the delivery of humanitarian services, including food, water, sanitation, vaccines and housing, some of which have succeeded in reducing maternal mortality and infant mortality. The HIV/AIDS Unit is also working with the military, police and civilian components of UNAMID to build the capacity of mission personnel to integrate HIV/AIDS activities into their activities. Since January 2011, the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit has provided valuable services to more than 1,000 ex-combatants demobilized in different parts of Darfur. The implementation of phase III, which is expected to take place in July and August 2011, will continue to further strengthen and expand the actual delivery of humanitarian relief.", "Our efforts to protect civilians also face different challenges. First is the lack of a comprehensive, inclusive and legitimate ceasefire involving all armed movements, and the security of civilians remains a serious concern. It should be noted that the continued fighting continues to pose a challenge to the protection of civilians, as UNAMID has repeatedly been prevented from accessing certain areas. Other challenges included the targeting of peacekeepers, seven of whom had been killed in 2010 and 2011.", "Finally, inadequate training and poor equipment of troop-contributing countries have been identified as one of the major factors affecting the inefficiency of the protection of civilians in Darfur. It is indeed unfortunate that, despite clear instructions, some troop-contributing countries do not follow the training priorities of the mission ' s mandate.", "I present here a brief description of the UNAMID strategy and guidelines for the protection of civilians and the realities on the ground, and in this context I highlight our efforts and activities aimed at improving the lives of the population. The protection of civilians in Darfur is undoubtedly a difficult and difficult task, but we are determined to continue our efforts. We will continue to overcome these challenges by any means at our disposal and will continue to rely on the support of the Security Council.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant General Nyamwumba for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Chandel Prakash.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: This morning, I was honoured to have the opportunity to be one of the largest United Nations peacekeeping missions -- - The Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) addressed the Council on the policy of conditions of support and its impact on the operations of the Mission.", "Just 18 months after the introduction of the policy in the operations of MONUSCO, we now have a rather good feeling about the role of the policy and its related issues, which I will elaborate on later. Before doing so, however, I would like to begin by describing the specific elements of this policy and the way in which it is implemented by MONUSCO.", "Supporting the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the protection of civilians remains the primary focus of our work. Among the other tasks entrusted to the Mission, we have been mandated to support the Government in the completion of the ongoing military operations against the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR), the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and other armed groups, in particular through planned joint operations in support of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). However, as set out in resolution 1925 (2010) and the Mission's existing mandate — resolution 1991 (2011) — MONUSCO supports FARDC under strict conditions, namely, compliance by FARDC with international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law. This is what is now called a policy of conditions of support, which guides the way in which the Mission deals with its mandate to support FARDC and other Congolese authorities.", "This policy has been refined into a regular operating procedure for the Mission, with clear requirements for support to FARDC. The main elements of support include fuel, rations, transportation, fire support, expert advice and casualty evacuation. FARDC operations against armed groups, such as Operation Amanilio and Operation Iron Stone, are currently being carried out with the strong support of MONUSCO. Such support is conditional on the need for adequate joint planning of operations, particularly with regard to the protection of civilians. This is limited to supporting units and commanders of the force whose human rights records are acceptable, which means that a proper review of key personnel and FARDC field operations is required. Support was refused during the planning period if it was found that the unit or commander had committed serious human rights violations, including group rape and the employment of child soldiers.", "In this regard, a thorough review process has been established. Even where support has been provided, it may be withdrawn if, at some stage, a policy of non-compliance with the conditions of support is found and the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are duly informed and do not take appropriate action. This was done recently when a battalion was found to have committed serious human rights violations. The standard operating procedures still need to be adjusted and refined.", "The Senior Management Group regularly reviews the implementation of the policy on conditions of support, in consultation with representatives of all parties providing humanitarian assistance, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The impact of policies on support conditions is now evident.", "Of course, some positive results have been achieved. In some areas, this policy has been positively influenced by the way FARDC operates. It has enabled MONUSCO and FARDC to plan operations more closely and to develop operational concepts that apply to the unique situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The parties learn from each other and result in improved design and implementation of operations. It is important that all stakeholders, including the Joint Human Rights Office within the Mission, be consulted at the outset of the planning process, taking into account the protection of civilians. There has now been a marked improvement in the operational coordination between the Mission and FARDC, which has clearly helped to achieve results on the ground. The requirement for MONUSCO to keep the distribution of logistical support under close review clearly contributes to the Mission ' s operations. This has helped us to ensure that support is delivered to field forces as required, that they are adequately supplied and fed, and that individual morale and motivation are increased as soon as possible.", "The existence of such a policy of conditionality, as well as President Kabila's “zero tolerance” policy, has reminded Force Commanders of their own responsibilities to exercise effective command and control over their forces in their operations. For their own sake and for the sake of the troops, they must pay more attention to what the forces are doing for them.", "Overall, the recent performance of FARDC units supported by MONUSCO was satisfactory, and negative propaganda did not affect the conduct of most joint operations. In the ranks of professionals, former rebels and Mayi-Mayi, we are now beginning to see encouraging signs of improvement in personal discipline and human values. The force had been criticized for attacking the local population.", "There are some problems. While the policy has certain obvious benefits, it also poses certain problems and challenges for the Mission. The limited resources available to the Mission to implement the conditionality policy in addition to other commitments means that the number of FARDC troops it can support is limited. At some point in time, the military observers and contingents we use for monitoring are insufficient. Civilian personnel for the necessary screening and verification are also insufficient. In addition, experience has shown that many commanders do not meet the standards. Therefore, one of the consequences of our own policy of conditional support is that we are less able to access and influence the battle sequences of various elements of FARDC than we would have hoped.", "Nevertheless, even if we had sufficient resources, we would still be in a situation where FARDC no longer aspires to joint operations, particularly in the Kivus. They claim — and there's a certain reason to say — Owing to the long lead times and the broad scope of the consultations, the operations lost their surprise and security. As a result, the trend has been to eliminate joint operations and move towards unilateral action by FARDC. The Mission ' s oversight or impact on these unilateral actions is limited.", "The reality is that we have made a new breakthrough through a policy of conditional support. We have no time-tested guidelines to rely on in implementing that policy. It is only with time that we have gained greater confidence in how best to implement that policy. Tensions and pressures persisted, including with our FARDC partners. They complained about the lack of consultation and access, especially in the early stages of considering the withdrawal of support for the offending forces. The call for a change of command also gives the impression that we have violated the sovereignty of certain parties.", "Our own troops are also facing the dilemma of trying to determine which issues should be prioritized - - To monitor supported FARDC or to combat anti-Government forces? This is not easy, especially for low-level field commanders. They have been trained more on how to deal with a clear situation than on how to deal with ambiguities. Who supports who? When and how? The conditionalities have certainly increased the burden on such officers, making their operations even more ambiguous and critical.", "I would like to make some recommendations. Having described some aspects of the conditionality policy that could have an impact on operations, I would now like to make a few suggestions on how to strengthen the policy for future missions. First and foremost, conditional support policies cannot be effective in the long term only if they are accompanied by broader military reforms, such as appropriate integration and security sector reform.", "Secondly, while it is desirable to have a broad and in-depth screening system, it would, in addition to being resource-intensive, reduce the number of commanders and troops used for operations that MONUSCO can support. The scope of this work needs to be revisited. We need to find a balance between desirability and feasibility so that that policy does not go too far and conflict with the fulfilment of our overall mandate.", "Thirdly, if possible, we should try to adopt that policy when missions are created, not after. When everything else is new, it will be easier to implement, and the results will be much greater.", "Finally, conditional support policies have both positive and negative effects on action. This involves some broader issues and human values. I believe that this policy will continue, but there is room for further development and refinement. It would be very helpful if the policy could be seen as being jointly owned by our national partners. It will remain a tool for preserving the image and reputation of the United Nations, while at the same time creating opportunities for host countries to influence and make informed decisions about what they support and who they support.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Alberto Azarta Quevas. I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate the Council's strong condemnation of yesterday's attack against UNIFIL in Saida and, through him, to convey our condolences to the wounded and their families.", "Major General Asarta Quawas: I thank you, Sir, for your kind words and for the opportunity to address the Council today.", "Last week, the Council discussed the latest report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406). I know that Special Coordinator Williams and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations briefed the Council.", "Today, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of my main concerns in southern Lebanon, namely, security issues and their impact on the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). I will then address the broader issue of the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and the focus that needs to be focused in the future to ensure progress in its overall implementation.", "Overall, the situation in southern Lebanon and northern Israel over the past five years has been the calmest and most peaceful in decades. The situation in the UNIFIL area of operations also remained relatively stable during the first half of 2011, despite the political impasse in the country. In recent months, however, UNIFIL has experienced a series of incidents that illustrate the various threats to the Mission that affect the security situation.", "Yesterday, at about 6 p.m. local time, an explosion targeted a UNIFIL convoy on the coastal road near the town of Saida outside the UNIFIL area of operations. According to preliminary information, six UNIFIL peacekeepers were injured in the attack. Three of them were transported to the hospital for medical treatment and were allegedly in stable condition, with minor injuries. They will be sent back to France today. UNIFIL forensic experts are working in close coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces to ascertain the circumstances of the incident. This is the fifth attack on UNIFIL since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Council members were also aware of the attack on a UNIFIL convoy on 27 May on the road to Beirut, when a remote-controlled roadside bomb exploded, injuring six Italian peacekeepers. Two were seriously injured and four were slightly injured. In addition, two Lebanese civilians sustained minor injuries. This was the first attack in more than three years. No one claimed responsibility for the attack.", "The Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL immediately opened an investigation, as did the Italian authorities. These investigations are ongoing. All senior political leaders of the political forces condemned the attack. There has been good cooperation with the Lebanese authorities in the conduct of investigations and other threat mitigation measures, such as escorts provided by the Lebanese Army. In addition, as the designated official for security issues in southern Lebanon, I am responsible for additional protective measures for military convoys and other activities carried out within and outside the UNIFIL area of operations, as well as enhanced force protection to reduce the risk of similar attacks. Nevertheless, it is impossible to prevent such terrorist attacks completely.", "On 15 May — which was also mentioned in the Secretary-General's report — a large-scale demonstration took place in the context of the Palestinian commemoration of the Day. I do not wish to repeat in detail the sequence of tragic events, as seven people were killed and more than 100 injured, according to information provided to UNIFIL by the Lebanese authorities. We have discussed with the parties our preliminary findings on the incident and sent them the UNIFIL investigation report, which we will discuss in more detail at the next tripartite meeting planned for August.", "UNIFIL also conveyed to the parties its recommendations to prevent such incidents in the future. In particular, the Lebanese authorities should undertake a comprehensive assessment of the security and other risks associated with violations of resolution 1701 (2006) and of the measures required to maintain law and order before authorizing demonstrations near the Blue Line. The Lebanese Army did not authorize a demonstration near the Blue Line during the commemoration of the catastrophe in early June, thus preventing the recurrence of such violence. These measures have proved to be effective and have once again demonstrated the determination of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the people of southern Lebanon to work for lasting peace and stability in the south.", "Finally, throughout June, the Mission experienced several incidents of unfriendly behaviour by individuals or groups of individuals against UNIFIL patrols and restrictions on the freedom of movement of UNIFIL. These events do give me real reasons for concern.", "In many cases, the Lebanese side argued that the photographing or accidental entry of UNIFIL soldiers into private homes was considered an infringement of the privacy of individuals or local communities and used it as a justification for unfriendly behaviour towards our soldiers. However, not all such cases can be explained in this way, and we cannot rule out that there may be situations in which individuals may be encouraged to do so in an attempt to block UNIFIL from carrying out its activities, thereby preventing it from carrying out its mandate throughout its area of operations.", "How did UNIFIL respond to these incidents? We have strengthened force protection and risk reduction measures, which often means that more people are needed to carry out the same activities. We have also carried out more operational activities with the Lebanese Armed Forces, within the reach of the Lebanese Army's capabilities and without limiting the activities of UNIFIL, particularly those that we consider to be of vital importance. The Council can rest assured that neither terrorist attacks nor unfriendly actions by the population will prevent UNIFIL from carrying out its mandate. We continue to do so with the same resolve.", "At this juncture, I would also like to express to the Council that the Mission has benefited greatly over the years from the Council's unwavering support, which was expressed very strongly in resolution 1773 (2007). On the basis of that resolution, UNIFIL regularly reminded the parties of their responsibility to strictly ensure the safety and security of United Nations staff and to respect the freedom of movement of UNIFIL, and reiterated to the Lebanese parties its call for closer cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army.", "Despite the security challenges that I mentioned earlier, the security situation in the south has generally remained relatively stable, as I mentioned earlier, and the situation in southern Lebanon has been the most peaceful and calmest in many years. This was largely the result of close cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army, which helped to create a new strategic environment in southern Lebanon.", "Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the time has come to take a fresh look at its main objectives and how we need to proceed to achieve them.", "Resolution 1701 (2006) calls for a full cessation of hostilities and calls on Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict, based, inter alia, on full respect for the Blue Line by both parties and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment of an area between the Blue Line and the Litani River free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL.", "In addition to its military operational activities, UNIFIL established a tripartite forum to discuss with senior representatives of the Israel Defense Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces violations of resolution 1701 (2006), military operational issues and confidence-building measures between the parties. The Tripartite Forum has evolved into a key mechanism for liaison and coordination between the parties, both committed to it and making active use of it. The Forum continues to play an important role in facilitating the process of marking the Blue Line and in finding ways to effectively resolve contentious issues, thereby reducing tensions and preventing an escalation of incidents along the Blue Line.", "The Lebanese Armed Forces is a strategic partner of UNIFIL in maintaining the new strategic environment in South Lebanon and in implementing resolution 1701 (2006). Accordingly, the joint Department of Peacekeeping Operations-UNIFIL technical review, completed in early 2010, recommended that a regular strategic dialogue mechanism should be established between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces. The Lebanese authorities, including the Government and the army, welcomed the proposal, and the mechanism has been established and has begun its work.", "The process will help the Lebanese Armed Forces to build appropriate operational capacity to carry out the tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006) and, ultimately, lead to the gradual transfer of responsibilities to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The strategic dialogue mechanism will be based on an analysis of UNIFIL, Lebanese Army ground forces and maritime assets and will develop a set of benchmarks that reflect the correlation between the capacities and responsibilities of UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "With the tripartite forum and the strategic dialogue mechanism, UNIFIL is well placed to take forward the military operational matters entrusted to it by resolution 1701 (2006). We hope that the successful start of these processes will ensure calm in southern Lebanon and along the Blue Line, as well as a continued cessation of hostilities between the parties.", "Crucially, this will ensure that the status quo remains relatively calm in a fragile and volatile environment. But I believe that we — the United Nations, UNIFIL, the Security Council and the international community — should not be content with the status quo. On the contrary, the establishment and maintenance of calm and relative stability along the Blue Line by UNIFIL, the Lebanese Army and the Israel Defense Forces provide a window of opportunity to address the issue through a political process that goes beyond the mandate of a peacekeeping operation such as UNIFIL. UNIFIL can support such a political process by ensuring a favourable security situation, but it cannot be a substitute for political and diplomatic processes.", "To that end, I deem it necessary to refocus all our efforts on achieving the main objective of resolution 1701 (2006) — a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict.", "UNIFIL was supported by the population of the south, while the national consensus of Lebanon on resolution 1701 (2006) was maintained. The new Government issued a ministerial statement reaffirming Lebanon ' s firm commitment to resolution 1701 (2006) and the mandate of UNIFIL. At the recent tripartite meeting on 13 July, the head of the Lebanese delegation confirmed that the orders issued against the Lebanese Armed Forces for the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and for cooperation with UNIFIL had not changed.", "The new Government, although short in time, noted that both the Government and the army acted in that spirit. Prime Minister Mikati confirmed this during his first visit to southern Lebanon on 16 July, which included a symbolic visit to UNIFIL headquarters and strong support for our mission.", "The Government of Israel is also committed to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). Since the adoption of the resolution, UNIFIL operations in southern Lebanon have enjoyed the unanimous support of the Security Council. This support remains critical in order for UNIFIL to remain in a strong position to continue to implement its mandate.", "These are key elements for the continued successful implementation of the UNIFIL mandate. At the same time, however, UNIFIL has succeeded in finally handing over responsibility to the Lebanese army and downsizing its own forces, ultimately dependent on a political process that addresses the root causes of the conflict. The window of opportunity provided by UNIFIL should be used to make progress towards the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), which I reiterate are to achieve a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict.", "The Council will shortly discuss the renewal of the mandate of UNIFIL. As the head of the mission and the Force Commander of UNIFIL, I would like to highly appreciate the continued support of the Security Council, particularly with regard to the security and freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel and the objectives of the strategic dialogue process.", "The President: I thank Major General Asata Quevas for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Mohamed Khalid.", "Major General Khalid: As Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), I am honoured to be allowed to share my thoughts and experience in this forum on the role of military units in the early stages of peacebuilding. In referring to this subject, I would like first to emphasize the peacebuilding process in order to gain space for the use of military tools. I will then describe its role in the early stages of peacebuilding and how it can be achieved. Finally, I will highlight certain areas that, in my view, require attention before authorizing the deployment of military units.", "Post-conflict societies are characterized by the absence or fragility of security mechanisms — the collapse of the army, the almost uncontrolled or unmanageable paramilitary forces, the possession of large quantities of weapons and ammunition by private individuals and the Government, and the lack of trust and legitimacy in government control over the police and the army. In this context, peacekeeping forces seek to support war-time security mandates and the transition of political and economic systems, providing a peaceful and secure environment for a sustainable and lasting peace process.", "The concept of peacekeeping has completely changed since the cold war. In addition to providing a safe and secure environment and monitoring the ceasefire between the opposing parties, the military component carries out a large number of other activities that fall within the peacebuilding context. To that end, various actions must be taken to identify and support institutions that would help to strengthen peace and avoid the recurrence of conflict.", "I would also like to note that the peacebuilding process is multidimensional, complex and professional. It is not necessarily an area for the military, but rather a specialized area for experts in this field. It involves processes and activities to resolve violent conflicts and build sustainable peace. It focuses on national capacity-building, which is carried out in cooperation with political, operational and tactical actors at the national and subnational levels.", "In general, military units are first deployed in any conflict area, as other institutions require more time owing to certain procedural delays and unfavourable circumstances.", "In addition to playing various roles to alleviate the suffering of the population in conflict areas, military units, by virtue of their organizational capacity, are able to absorb and assist others. It also helped to jump-start the peace-building process before other United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations got to the ground.", "The role that military units can play in the early stages of the peacebuilding process could include providing a safe and secure environment; combating organized crime; policing and supporting the police in the event of large-scale disturbances; carrying out engineering tasks for the rehabilitation of infrastructure to assist humanitarian relief efforts and initiating some quick-impact projects; medical outreach and epidemic control; hosting and managing refugees; assisting in security sector reform and capacity-building of national armed forces and police; and providing a wide range of logistical and other support to United Nations agencies and other partners engaged in peacebuilding activities, including transport, air transport and communications. At most stages, the military can provide a secure and enabling environment for relaunching the political process through elections or referendums or through both.", "For such a comprehensive process to take place, an enabling environment must be created. Military units can play a role in this regard as facilitators in the early stages of the peacebuilding process.", "The provision of comprehensive security protection to the organs and staff of international institutions is the most important function of the military component. This will be done through the Mission ' s implementation and enforcement of the peace agreement, in order to help build confidence, provide good offices and provide unbiased monitoring of the parties ' agreed commitments at an early stage. These commitments may include ceasefires, border contacts, agreed distribution of power or assets, peace negotiations, implementation of peace or ceasefires and restoration of the rule of law. They may also include: disarmament, demobilization and reintegration on agreed terms; mine clearance, unexploded ordnance, explosive ordnance and booby traps for the safety of peacekeepers, the local population and other United Nations agencies; and escorts, patrols and security missions to enhance the freedom of movement and operations of peace-builders.", "In short, that is the environment and the role that I believe military units are appropriate. However, if military intervention is contemplated, post-intervention strategies are also crucial. The objective of such a strategy must be to help ensure that conditions that give rise to military intervention do not recur or recur.", "Certain fundamental aspects must be taken into account in order to achieve the desired results before military instruments are used to address post-conflict situations.", "First, the only way that military intervention for peacebuilding can succeed is through a comprehensive approach. In peacebuilding, military forces must not be a substitute for political engagement.", "Secondly, the correlation between objectives and means is of paramount importance. If an army is to be deployed, it should be deployed at an early stage with sufficient strength and then downsized, not the contrary.", "Last but not least, the military presence tends to create a culture of dependency among the host population, which may hinder national reconstruction and human resources development. This trend must be guarded against. Capacity-building in host countries must remain a priority.", "In conclusion, I would like to say that the role of the military component in the early stages of the peacebuilding process is inevitable and essential. The military component plays two main roles in the early stages of the peacebuilding process.", "First, the military component provides a secure environment for other internal and external actors to operate. Secondly, the military component has enabled its resources to achieve the Mission's overall objective of exceeding its security functions during the stabilization, transition and consolidation phases of the peacebuilding process. The military component, as the first to be deployed, has, from the first day of deployment, directly or indirectly begun peacebuilding efforts and provided a platform for the deployment of other peacebuilding forces in order to systematically launch a comprehensive process.", "The President: I now give the floor to members of the Council. I remind colleagues, when they speak, that it is too early.", "Ms. Ogwu (Nigeria): At the outset, I would like to offer Under-Secretary-General Le Roy's guidance for this debate — — especially with regard to the guidance provided by the Force Commander of the Organization — thanks. I would like to warmly welcome the Force Commanders to the Council. Their views on the subject under consideration were clear and concise. This shows how wise and crucial this time is to promote greater synergy between the field and the Security Council. Let me commend them for their immeasurable dedication, particularly in leading peace missions.", "Since our last contact with the Force Commander in August 2010 (6370th meeting), the United Nations system has witnessed a number of important developments in making our peacekeeping efforts more effective. We see that the implementation of peace agreements and the maintenance of a ceasefire are more targeted. We have established two new peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISA), which was established following the closure of UNMIS.", "However, significant challenges remain in the critical areas of protecting civilians, bridging the capacity gap in human and material resources and reducing troop casualties. The subject under consideration this morning is therefore realistic and in line with the trend of previous peacekeeping.", "The main point of my statement this morning is the crucial issue of the conditionality policy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), as described by General Prakash.", "We share his assessment and observations. We remain convinced that when FARDC personnel in strategic and command positions commit human rights violations, it will be entirely counterproductive for MONUSCO to support or conduct joint operations with them. Indeed, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Roger Meece, has stated that “the conditionality policy has led to the dismissal of certain FARDC commanders involved in crimes against civilians in areas where MONUSCO has a strong presence”.", "Strengthening this positive assessment will require sustained efforts to build the capacity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to maintain internal security as an appropriate complement to the conditionality policy through disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration, and, of course, security sector reform. FARDC is often unable to provide effective protection to civilians because of its fragmented structure, lack of clear command and control, weak operations and weak discipline. Therefore, in debating the conditionality policy, my delegation would have preferred a strategic alliance between MONUSCO and FARDC. This would complement FARDC capacity and retain the relative oversight of MONUSCO, ultimately enhancing the operational effectiveness of FARDC.", "In communities where peacekeepers are deployed, the primary expectation of civilians is that they will be adequately protected. The protection of civilians is therefore at the core of the mandates of most United Nations peacekeeping missions, including the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).", "With reports of air strikes, shelling and heavy fighting between SAF and armed movements, particularly in Shangil Tobaya, Northern Darfur, and Jebel Mehra, Western Darfur, it remains a daunting challenge to stop attacks on civilians in Darfur. While the primary responsibility for the protection of civilians rests with the authorities of the Government of the Sudan, increased cooperation between the Government of the Sudan and UNAMID will undoubtedly lead to better protection of civilians.", "My delegation commends UNAMID for taking a more robust approach to the protection of civilians and for actively enhancing its patrols in Western Darfur. In particular, we welcome the increased logistical support from UNAMID to humanitarian organizations and the agenda of mainstreaming child protection.", "Since the adoption of Security Council resolution 1701 (2009) and the deployment of the troops of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), southern Lebanon has gradually stabilized. Progress can be attributed in part to close coordination between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces and the Israel Defense Forces. However, the security situation remains very fragile. The deadly incident along the Blue Line on 15 May and the terrorist attack on 27 May against six UNIFIL peacekeepers called for further reflection. Another attack on five peacekeepers took place yesterday in Sidon.", "My delegation unequivocally condemns these attacks. We call upon all parties concerned — the Lebanese Armed Forces and the Israel Defense Forces — to fulfil their obligations under resolution 1701 (2006) to ensure the safety of UNIFIL personnel. In fact, the parties concerned must use the regular tripartite meetings convened by the UNIFIL Force Commander to strengthen confidence in and restore hope for UNIFIL.", "United Nations peacekeeping is at a critical juncture. Meeting the requirements for peacekeeping operations had stretched the Organization ' s capacity and placed great strain on its efficiency. The growing work dimension of our peacekeeping operations requires greater coordination and cooperation among the various components, including the military component, civilian police and regional and other informal organizations. Challenges range from preventing conflict to restoring peace when it finally occurs.", "The deployment of troops with the necessary training, equipment and logistical support to carry out the complex and potentially dangerous tasks facing peacekeepers effectively remains the main determinant of the success of peacekeeping operations. In this regard, my delegation reiterates that due attention should be paid to the deployment of troops that can adequately respond to cultural differences in each situation on the ground. That, in our view, should also be a priority in considering cooperation between the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) and the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) of the kind that we have seen recently.", "The early realization of peace in many of our missions depends increasingly on the work of civilian experts in key areas such as the rule of law, human rights and child protection. Recent developments in UNAMID and UNOCI have further demonstrated the importance of building sustainable national capacity in these areas. In this regard, we encourage the Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions to coordinate its activities with relevant actors within and outside the United Nations, including non-governmental organizations, which themselves have the capacity to remain on the ground long after United Nations peacekeeping missions have ended.", "As we continue to address the challenges of peacekeeping, we must make full use of the lessons of the past. First, we can identify the problems that most often hinder the full range of mission capabilities. An effective early warning system can prevent conflicts and limit threats to international peace and security. Member States and regional institutions should seek more effective strategies to identify and address the underlying causes of their internal and regional conflicts. This will ultimately help to ensure that, once peace has arrived, it will be deep-rooted and sustainable.", "I would like to reiterate that Nigeria remains fully committed to collective security as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. While paying tribute to those who have lost their lives in the line of duty so that others can live in peace, let us also take this opportunity to reaffirm our determination, as peacekeepers, to respect and uphold the fundamental principles of United Nations peacekeeping.", "The President: I would like to remind members of the Council that they have an opportunity to ask questions and express their views not only to those who briefed them at the meeting, but also to all force commanders in the Council Chamber.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): Let me begin by paying special tribute to Mr. Alain Le Roy. He has done well in the face of difficult and difficult tasks. Brazil greatly appreciates all his work, but I would like to refer in particular to his ongoing and very constructive interaction with troop-contributing countries and to join Ms. Malcorra in launching the New Situation Initiative. My Government thanks him for his service and wishes him success in his future endeavours.", "I would like to join others in welcoming the heads of the military components of the missions to the Council and to express my country's sincere appreciation for their excellent work under very difficult circumstances. I thank the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Mission in Liberia for sharing their views with us today. Brazil is directly aware of their high-quality leadership and commitment by sending troops and observers to most of these missions.", "The briefings we have heard today have helped us to better understand the impact of the decisions we have taken on the situation on the ground. Here in New York, we must ensure that we provide peacekeepers with the political guidance and support they need to fulfil their mandate. But we must also be careful not to micromanage them or limit the space for creative thinking in mission leadership, which are also key to success.", "I would like to focus on the competency-based approach to peacekeeping set out in the New Scenario Initiative. We demand that mission leadership achieve the right results, but also that they be provided with the tools they need to do their job. Overall, while significant progress has been made, we should continue our efforts to channel the necessary skills and capacities on the ground.", "The military component is usually the largest component of a mission. For the local population, they often represent the image of the mission. It is therefore important to ensure that they receive the necessary training in civil-military cooperation, cultural sensitivity, conduct and discipline. Peacekeeping forces would be more effective if they understood the local population.", "In the civilian area of peacekeeping, harmonization of conditions of service has important long-term implications for the ability of missions to attract and retain the best civilian staff. The civilian capacity review is an important contribution to our thinking on this issue. Discussions on the implementation of the review recommendations should begin as soon as possible.", "In order to achieve sustainable peace, the Council, the Secretariat, troop- and police-contributing countries and other stakeholders must work together to provide the support that commanders on the ground need. I wish to assure all Force Commanders present here today that Brazil remains committed to that goal.", "Mr. Alsat (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation would like at the outset to thank the President of the Council for organizing this meeting with the Force Commanders, to whom I pay special tribute. We would also like to thank in particular Mr. Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, for his participation and for guiding this discussion to a successful conclusion.", "My delegation attaches importance to the important work of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Force Commander and his staff and the Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations, led by Ambassador Ogwu of Nigeria, who have already made valuable contributions in that regard.", "An ongoing concern is to improve synergies between the Secretariat, the Security Council and troop-contributing countries. We have made some progress in that regard. At the same time, we recommend that the Council continue to strengthen this interaction, which we believe is essential. Likewise, we stress the progress made in developing doctrine and improving the operational status of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The dynamics of field operations and the logistical capacity of the United Nations to ensure the safety and well-being of staff in the field have thus improved.", "With regard to the West Africa Coast Initiative to Combat International Organized Crime in the West African Region, Colombia believes that it is essential that we provide experience in this area by sending our national police forces in cooperation with Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. My country also participates actively in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.", "One of our challenges is to improve the ability to mobilize United Nations troops in terms of the use of rotary-wing aircraft, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft and the doctrine of their use. In that regard, we recommend further analysis of logistical, human and technical capacities to achieve the best results. We need to equip peacekeeping operations with high-tech teams, especially in the areas of communications, intelligence and field observation, for early warning and forecasting of violence.", "In conclusion, we recognize the need to give priority to the protection and defence of civilians by United Nations forces, as we do to the priority of upholding the principles and mandates enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. Only in that way can we strengthen the relationship between the United Nations and the forces and local populations that represent it.", "Mr. Moungara Moussozi (Gabon) (spoke in French): Peacekeeping operations are one of the main functions of the Organization, and they have recently demonstrated their relevance and effectiveness in the maintenance of international peace and security. In that regard, I would like to begin by thanking Mr. Le Roy and the Force Commander for their briefings.", "Gabon reiterates its great appreciation for the determination and professionalism of the Force Commander and other peacekeepers, who carry out their hard work, often in very harsh circumstances and sometimes with limited resources. The enlightening briefing we have just heard reflects the daily realities facing peacekeeping missions represented here today and is an effective illustration of the practical difficulties facing peacekeeping operations. My delegation is also grateful for receiving such information, which has enabled the Council to better take the necessary decisions to respond to changing circumstances on the ground.", "We commend the incorporation of new multidimensional approaches, such as the protection of civilians, the strengthening of the rule of law, the implementation of mechanisms to prevent the recurrence of conflict and post-conflict peacebuilding into the mandates of peacekeeping operations. We therefore reiterate the need for the Council to give peacekeeping operations clear, credible, implementable and responsive mandates to the expected objectives and results, and to provide the necessary resources to fulfil all the mandates given to them.", "On peacebuilding, I welcome the progress made in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. These countries will hold decisive and important elections by the end of 2011, which will be a major test of the mission there. The success of the elections will help us to develop a strategy for the transfer of security functions to both Governments by deciding on the final arrangements for withdrawal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. In this regard, the Council must continue to pay close attention to the situations dealt with by the two peacekeeping operations so that we can make appropriate changes to their mandates, particularly in terms of logistics and operational capabilities.", "I would like to ask the Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo a question. How does he view the threat posed by the Lord ' s Resistance Army (LRA)? What is his vision of cooperation with United Nations missions in the region, particularly in the fight against LRA?", "Finally, my country will continue to support United Nations peacekeeping operations. We welcome the holding of interactive meetings with force commanders, as is the case today, to keep the Council informed of the situation on the ground in their missions and to report to us on the challenges they face.", "Mr. Manjiv Singh Puri (India): I would like to thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy for introducing the Force Commanders and for giving us the opportunity to hear directly the views of the commanders on the ground. I think this is particularly important, because peacekeeping is indeed the main instrument at the disposal of the Security Council, with the largest share of the United Nations budget and certainly the most time taken up by the Council.", "India contributes more troops and police to peacekeeping operations than any other country. We have contributed more than 100,000 troops to more than 40 peacekeeping operations. We are therefore well aware of what all this means, what can be done and what the capabilities of peacekeeping operations are. We have also been involved in the rule-making aspects of the debate, both in the Council and in the General Assembly. In keeping with this tradition of constructive engagement, we recently held a seminar in New Delhi. It had made a new breakthrough in building on the operational experience of peacekeepers and thus furthering peacekeeping.", "Peacekeeping has matured. Today, more than 80 per cent of peacekeeping funds were spent on operations that lasted more than five years. As we establish two new missions — This was the first new initiative in several years — a situation that needs to be summarized. I would like to highlight the following points.", "The first is the lack of resources, that is, efforts to do more under the existing funding situation and even with reduced funding. I understand the need for greater efficiency; I understand the need for greater economy; but I think it is important to be clear that it is impossible, and not effective, to rely on a modest budget for operations while mandates are growing.", "Moreover, mandates must be clear. The Force Commander from my own country, India, pointed to the ambiguity of the mandate and how it led to a lack of clarity on what should be done by those under the chain of command. I believe that it is in the interest of us, the members of the Council, as well as the troops we deploy on the ground, to speak clearly in this regard and to recognize that mandates and resources must be combined and combined. In view of this, it is particularly important that there be more intensive interaction with troop-contributing countries so that we can be more clear as to what can be achieved and what can be done with the resources available to the force we have created. This interaction has begun.", "I would also like to highlight another very important element — the question of willingness to engage in partnerships. Here, I would like to draw the attention of members to Africa. Two thirds of the Council's meetings and outcomes relate to Africa. Africa is also central to United Nations peacekeeping operations. India strongly supports the development of the African Union ' s peacekeeping capacity. In that regard, I would like to quote the Prime Minister of my country at the second India-Africa Forum Summit, held in Addis Ababa in May. He said:", "“India has consistently supported the development of Africa's own capacities. As an expression of our commitment to supporting African efforts to find home-grown solutions in Africa, I am pleased to announce that India will contribute $2 million to the African Union Mission in Somalia.”", "Other Member States need similar assistance to build African Union peacekeeping capacity. India is also committed to the early operationalization of the African Standby Force through special training arrangements.", "We know that the most vulnerable suffer most from conflict. Women and children have suffered, and continue to suffer, from conflicts around the world. The international community has not only a responsibility but also an obligation to do its utmost to ensure the security of women and children, especially in conflict and post-conflict situations. Indian troops and police officers would do their utmost to protect vulnerable populations in their area of operations, including the first full female troops deployed on behalf of the United Nations.", "Finally, I would like to thank the Force Commanders and those under their command. It is they who translate the Council's words into action. I would also like to pay tribute to the peacekeepers who have made great sacrifices in helping the United Nations to work towards a safer and better world.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): I thank you, Mr. President, and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) for arranging this meeting of the Council today. I would also like to commend Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his excellent leadership of the Department during a very difficult and difficult period. We wish him well in the future.", "I would like to thank the Force Commanders for their statements today. We greatly appreciate their daily role in peacekeeping operations. I would like to take this opportunity to express to Major General Asarta Cuevas and my French colleague the condolences of the United States for the injuries sustained yesterday by the French peacekeeping forces in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, in the hope that they will soon be fully recovered. This is, of course, the most obvious example of the daily dangers faced by courageous peacekeepers in carrying out their duties.", "With regard to the Force Commanders, I would just like to say that we very much welcome this opportunity to hear first-hand how they perceive the challenges and dangers they face in implementing the mandate of the United Nations Mission. The Council hopes that the mandate of the Mission will be equipped with the leadership and capacity required to successfully carry out its mandate.", "We are very interested in learning about the operational, logistical and leadership issues facing the Force Commander. At the core of each peacekeeping mission is its personnel and its capacity to support efforts to build a more stable peace. We are interested in the operational steps being taken to develop a mission-wide strategy for the protection of civilians, including the prevention of sexual violence, and we are interested in the role of uniformed peacekeepers in missions. We very much welcome the discussions on innovative measures, such as firewood patrols, community liaison assistance, the distribution of mobile phones to community leaders, and emergency and investigation teams, which include a wide range of civilian, police and military expertise.", "Equally important are the gaps faced by commanders — factors that either expand or limit their logistical or leadership effectiveness in fulfilling their mandates. These gaps may be theoretical, predeployment or on-the-job training tools to support missions; early warning capabilities, intelligence and timely analysis tools to help missions function effectively; or mobile tools such as air transport capabilities, as well as budgetary and administrative issues.", "I have a few questions for you generals.", "I would like to hear from General Asata Quevas about Hizbullah's military arsenal. According to the Secretary-General ' s report of 1 July (S/2011/406), Hizbullah still retains its large, growing and destabilizing military arsenal. I would like to know what steps UNMIL has taken to assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in removing these illegal arms and armed personnel from the southern bank of the Litani River.", "I greatly appreciate General Nyamvumba's focus on the robust presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in his statement. We express the hope that lessons learned by UNAMID in establishing such a robust presence can be shared with other missions. I would like to hear his comments on this.", "We remain very concerned about the serious shortage of air assets facing the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and I would like to hear from General Prakash whether this gap, or rather, affects the Mission's ability to carry out its mandate under resolution 1991 (2011). What compromises should be made in the mission's mandate and what could the mission no longer do?", "Finally, I would like to hear from General Khalid about inter-mission cooperation. There was good inter-mission cooperation between the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire and the United Nations Mission in Liberia, and I would like to know what had been learned from that cooperation and whether he believed that inter-mission cooperation could be used elsewhere.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): Mr. President, I thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his presence here today. I have also listened carefully to the statements of four commanders of United Nations peacekeeping missions. In particular, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the commanders of United Nations peacekeeping operations who are here today. You have made an important contribution to the maintenance of world peace and security by working in difficult circumstances around the world and fulfilling the noble mission entrusted to you by the Council. The Chinese delegation wishes to convey to you, as well as to the peacekeepers and soldiers working in various parts of the world, the assurances of its highest consideration.", "United Nations peacekeeping operations have contributed greatly to the maintenance of world peace and security for more than 60 years. In recent years, as the situation has changed rapidly, United Nations peacekeeping operations have also faced a number of new challenges. I do not want to ask any questions, and after listening to the statements of several commanders, I would like to make some comments of principle. I would like to highlight the following four points.", "First, coordination between peacekeeping and peace-building operations should be strengthened. Peacekeeping operations were important, but not “a panacea”. The key to the establishment of lasting peace is to advance the process of political dialogue and reconciliation. The United Nations Secretary-General and his Special Representative could play a more active good offices role in that regard.", "Secondly, coordination between peacekeeping operations and peacebuilding efforts should be strengthened. The root causes of conflict, particularly economic and social development, should be addressed and addressed by all concerned. The interface between peacekeeping and peacebuilding should be considered in an integrated manner, with a clear division of labour between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. Peacekeeping operations should develop and refine exit strategies in a timely manner.", "Thirdly, mandates to protect civilians should be effectively implemented. The States concerned have the primary responsibility for the protection of civilians. In carrying out its mandate to protect civilians, peacekeeping operations must comply strictly with Security Council resolutions, adhere to the principle of neutrality and avoid becoming a party to a conflict, while respecting the sovereignty of the States concerned and doing more to promote political and national reconciliation.", "Fourthly, capacity-building for United Nations peacekeeping operations should be strengthened. We hope that those countries that have the resources and the technical capacity will invest more in providing the necessary resources and technical security for peacekeeping operations. We support the United Nations in enhancing the speed and operational efficiency of peacekeeping deployments, in enhancing its relevance and flexibility, and in strengthening its partnership with the countries concerned and with regional organizations.", "Ms. Ziade (Lebanon): At the outset, Mr. President, we would like to express our appreciation to you for convening this important debate. We would also like to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for his commendable work and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their comprehensive briefings.", "Lebanon believes that there is a need for a partnership among the Security Council, the Secretariat, troop-contributing countries and host countries in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Having listened carefully to the briefings by the Force Commanders, we would like to pay tribute to their dedication and service to peace. Through this direct interaction, we have the opportunity to understand the urgent needs on the ground, thus helping the Council to better respond to them.", "I have two questions. One issue was similar to that raised by the United States delegation regarding cooperation between MONUSCO and UNAMID. Perhaps General Nyamwumba can tell us about the main logistical challenges facing UNAMID.", "In our region, an end to the Israeli occupation of the remaining Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese lands — the root causes of the conflict — is a prerequisite for any comprehensive solution and a successful withdrawal of the United Nations peacekeeping mission.", "Everyone referred to what happened yesterday in southern Lebanon. When a peacekeeping mission is tested and peacekeepers are attacked, unity and determination are the key to stopping the recurrence of any kind of incident. It is in this context that Lebanon unequivocally condemns this attack. Suffice it to mention here that General Michel Sleiman, President of the Lebanese Republic, issued a statement. In his statement, he condemned the attack and urged the authorities “to redouble their efforts to identify and punish the perpetrators”.", "He said so in Beirut, and my delegation here in New York endorses the press statement issued by the Security Council condemning the attack (SC/10341). My delegation expresses its heartfelt condolences to the injured peacekeepers and their families, and we are confident that General Asata Kwewas will convey our deep appreciation to the men and women of UNIFIL.", "Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the Lebanese Government is firmly committed to its full implementation. We call upon the international community to put an end to the Israeli violations of our sovereignty over land, sea and air. In his most recent report (S/2011/406), the Secretary-General referred to these violations and called for their immediate cessation, as they undermined not only the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), but also the work and credibility of UNIFIL and weakened the authority of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "Only two days after the new Government won a vote of confidence, the Prime Minister of Lebanon visited southern Lebanon and UNIFIL headquarters. During his visit, he recognized the important role of UNIFIL in the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). In this regard, we wrote two days ago to request the extension of the mandate of UNIFIL without changing it.", "Major General Asata Quevas referred to the consultations held last week when he spoke of strategic dialogue and cooperation. I would like to reiterate before the Council what my delegation is obliged to say in this regard. The Lebanese Army is fully engaged in dialogue with UNIFIL. Lebanon commends the efforts and sacrifices of UNIFIL in southern Lebanon and expresses its appreciation to all troop-contributing countries. It attaches great importance to enhancing coordination and cooperation with UNIFIL in accordance with the agreed Rules of Engagement to ensure the proper implementation of the tasks entrusted to it. Assistance in enhancing the capacity of the Lebanese Armed Forces is essential. A stronger Lebanese army will enable the Government of Lebanon to continue to extend its authority throughout the country.", "I would like to ask Major General Asata Quevas a question. On 15 May, when civilian demonstrators did not cross the Blue Line but were shot dead, what was the best way, in his view, to prevent similar Israeli use of excessive force along the Blue Line?", "The President: I suggest that we interrupt the statements of Council members and that the Force Commander make a statement. I first give the floor to Lieutenant General Prakash.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: The first of the two questions asked to me was that raised by the representative of Gabon on how I assessed the threat posed by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) to the region as a whole and on what cooperation could be developed by an interregional mission to address that threat.", "The LRA threat in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is real. Although they are not numerous, subjective aspirations cannot make this threat disappear. On average, we have received reports of approximately 15 to 20 incidents per month involving LRA activities. For some time now, the brutality of the attacks has diminished, the number of people killed has decreased and the number of civilians abducted has decreased significantly. The decrease in LRA activity is largely due to a number of positive initiatives in the area by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO).", "Nevertheless, I would like to reiterate that this threat is real and that subjective aspirations cannot make it disappear. The reality is that the terrain is rugged, they operate in small groups in hard-to-reach areas, and the borders are porous and porous. We have established a Joint Intelligence Operations Centre in Dungu, which has become operational this year, as a step towards information-sharing among partners such as the Uganda People's Defence Force, the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and our mission, MONUSCO. In addition, we held a meeting of force commanders of missions in Entebbe in May to exchange information on LRA. That being the case, it is not enough, and there will be greater scope for information-sharing and more effective action against the Lord's Resistance Army if we are provided with the appropriate resources we need.", "The second relates to the gaps in our existing capacity in air assets and their impact on the Mission. The lack of access to air assets — utility and attack helicopters — is of great concern to the Mission. Over the years, harmful activities have shifted from the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo to the western part of the country, to the jungle, to areas that only helicopters can access. The Council is well aware that there is no road infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, 31 of the 93 bases we have in the country rely on air support; that is to say, one third of the temporary operating bases/company operating bases are located in areas where logistics can only be provided through air assets. If we do not have adequate air assets to support these bases, not only can we not build the additional bases needed in hard-to-reach areas, but we will find it difficult to even support the existing 31 bases.", "We have not had attack helicopters since 4 July, which has significantly reduced our deterrent capacity to FDLR in the Kivus. We do not have the capacity to take any proactive action against armed groups in the Kivus. As elections approach, we also believe that the demand for air assets will be much greater in the future. There would be a contradiction between meeting the need to protect civilians and transporting electoral materials. In that case, our response capacity will be stretched. I believe that, at this stage, our ability to fulfil the basic task of protecting civilians will also be severely limited.", "The President: I should like to remind the Council that it is very late. The soldiers are known for their short-term and direct relevance; I wonder if we diplomats are the same. I appeal to the Council to make the most rational use of the time allocated to us and to limit the speaking time for all. Seven more Council members have not spoken. In the time remaining, we should limit our statements to absolutely necessary lengths.", "I now give the floor to Major General Asata Quevas.", "Major General Asata Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to answer the questions in Spanish, my mother tongue, so that I can answer them more accurately.", "In accordance with resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility of the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces, within our mandate, is to ensure that there are no weapons in the UNIFIL mission area other than those of the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL. Under our mandate, UNIFIL should not search homes or private property unless there is substantial evidence and there is a direct threat of a violation of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Our troops are deployed between the Litani River and the Blue Line in southern Lebanon, with a total of approximately 12,500 troops and more than 1,000 civilian personnel. These soldiers come from 35 different countries and are involved in 10,000 to 12,000 peacekeeping-related activities per month. During the course of our implementation activities, we found that ammunition, fuel and weapons had been stockpiled in the five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), but all of this was well ahead of the 2006 war conflict. Moreover, to date, due to the fact that we cannot search private property or residence — This is the responsibility of the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces — there is no evidence of ongoing illicit arms trafficking. I mean, neither I nor my men have seen the arms caches mentioned. We hope that the discovery of the arsenal will be followed by a decision as to whether it is.", "I would also like to say that the most recent rocket fire from our mission area to Israel took place in October 2009, and it has thus far been almost two years since the cessation of hostilities and the absence of rocket fire against Israel, thanks to the efforts of the people of the south, the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL.", "With regard to the second question raised by the representative of Lebanon, I would like to refer to the recommendations made by UNIFIL to the parties following the tragic events of 15 May of this year. These include the fact that the Lebanese authorities alone are responsible for law and order in Lebanon and must take the necessary measures to prevent incidents along the Blue Line. As is well known, the Blue Line is a highly sensitive area, where most incidents occur; it is also the line of withdrawal of Israeli forces since the 2000 war. Therefore, in order to prevent such incidents, there is a need for comprehensive surveillance of the local population.", "In our proposal — I will read out the content of the proposal word for word — we also say that in such situations, the Israeli army should refrain from responding unless it is in the clear demand of direct self-defence, taking into account the fact that both Lebanon and Israel are entitled to self-defence. However, the IDF must not resort to excessive force and must always act in proportion to the attack, and should therefore include equipment, troops and experts to control the demonstrators and to maintain order.", "We also believe that both Israel and Lebanon should ensure that well-trained and well-equipped forces are used in such cases to do their utmost to prevent such incidents. At the tripartite meeting and in my meetings with the parties, I always mentioned the same thing:", "(spoke in English)", "No concessions, no possessions.", "(spoke in Spanish)", "No provocation, no response. This is the best way to avoid any incident along the Blue Line.", "I think I have answered the question, and I would be very happy to provide further clarification if needed.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Nyamwumba, who has been asked two questions.", "Lieutenant General Nyamwumba: I have been asked two questions, one by the representative of the United States and the other by the representative of Lebanon.", "The question for the United States is whether we can share our experience with other missions. Indeed, this issue is very important, and part of our purpose in this Chamber is to share our experience with different missions. But beyond that, we have also opened a forum, especially what we call inter-mission cooperation. I would like to express my appreciation to General Prakash for holding a meeting of regional force commanders in Entebbe in May. We will take note of that and will continue to share our experience with other missions, especially those with a mandate to protect civilians. We would also welcome additional experience from other missions.", "With regard to the major logistical challenges facing the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), I do outline some of them, but more specifically, one of them is the issue of long supply lines. As you are all aware, the main seaport is Port Sudan, some 2,000 kilometres from Darfur, where there is little or no infrastructure. The greatest obstacle to the implementation of our mandate is the lack of infrastructure on the ground. As I said earlier, during the rainy season, our patrols and activities have actually been significantly reduced by the lack of regional access. I have even said that we have reduced the number of patrols per day from 160 to about 100 owing to the lack of access roads.", "Finally, there is the issue of aviation capacity. The gap in multi-purpose helicopters remains significant, and I take this opportunity to appeal to the agencies that have the means to support the Mission to provide some aviation capabilities, which in fact would greatly contribute to strengthening the Mission ' s capacity.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Khalid.", "Lieutenant General Khalid: The representatives of the United States and Lebanon have asked me questions, respectively. I believe that cooperation among delegations is essential. I say this because the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) does not have a reserve. Given the number of missions around the globe, they do not have enough troops to deal with all unforeseen incidents.", "Let me make it clear to you that tomorrow I will address the same subject in the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (the Committee of 34), which is a question that the Department of Peacekeeping Operations has asked me and which I will address in detail in my statement tomorrow.", "However, with regard to the lessons learned, I would like to respond briefly as follows: in November we sent infantry battalions and Mi-8 helicopters to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI). Infantry battalions returned in January and multi-purpose helicopters in June; helicopter gunships were dispatched in March and are still deployed there. I am pleased to inform you that UNOCI and the United Nations Mission in Liberia are carrying out joint missions and joint border patrols using the Mi-24 helicopter gunships.", "With regard to lessons learned, in practice four main headings or focus points could be identified: legitimacy, logistics, military capacity and coordination. I will be very brief, one by one.", "As far as legitimacy is concerned, the concerns of the troop-contributing countries are concerned, and I mean to save time at the last minute. This should be part of the memorandum of understanding.", "With regard to logistics, the Mission should provide food, coordinate and, in some cases, resolve the issue of the dumping of supplies or fuel prior to the establishment of the Mission, so that the incoming troops would not encounter any problems. At the level of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at United Nations Headquarters, a comprehensive strategy must be applied — and I believe that is the case. This strategy must be reviewed on a regular basis in consultation with all missions responsible for inter-mission cooperation. As inter-mission cooperation may not be extensive and roads may be poor or not at all, food must be supplied by land, sea and air to avoid any unnecessary delays at the last and often critical stages. Logistics must be clearly defined.", "To achieve better coordination, all such missions must establish inter-mission cooperation cells, which should maintain contact in order to achieve better coordination and keep abreast of recent developments.", "Last but not least, if the mission and the country concerned use different languages, interpretation teams must be provided to ensure that the force does not encounter any problems upon arrival and can play an effective role.", "The President: I now give the floor to members of the Security Council.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): I thank Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Lieutenant-General Babacar Gaye, Head of the Office of Military Affairs, and the Force Commanders for their informative statements this morning.", "I welcome the Force Commander who is here with us today. It is true that New York is far from the battlefield, so that there is a real opportunity to listen directly to military leaders from the field. We consider it useful to hold such contacts on a regular basis and thank the German delegation for this initiative.", "South Africa fully shares the view of the Security Council that the deployment of United Nations peacekeeping operations can only be a contribution, not a substitute, to political strategies for conflict resolution.", "Over the years, peacekeeping has become a complex and multidimensional task due to the changing nature of conflicts. We note the combined effects and challenges of internal conflicts. In many cases, warring parties are increasingly using more resources and better equipped, often with significant impact and in non-compliance with rules of engagement. Conflict-affected areas are no longer just defeated States; they have strong military capabilities and strong political leadership.", "To meet these challenges, United Nations operations must have the necessary mobility and sensitivity. Therefore, for the Council and the political and military leadership of the United Nations on the ground, there must always be a focus on mobilizing and sustaining the political support of all stakeholders, especially those countries in which the Council has peacekeeping missions, and on respecting the sovereignty of all States.", "The Council also plays a particularly important role throughout the mandate of the Mission in supporting efforts to strengthen cooperation and coordination with regional and subregional organizations and other partners. The Security Council's response to the crisis on the African continent is a constant reminder of the need for greater cooperation and coordination with regional organizations, particularly the African Union. African leadership and the resolution of African problems are of paramount importance.", "Today, we should reflect, inter alia, on our ability to make the best use of the security protection provided by peacekeeping operations in the field and to find political solutions to conflicts. The Council should adopt a coherent and comprehensive strategy to effectively translate the mandates of peacekeeping operations into clear, credible and achievable results. We should consider equipping the operation with adequate and appropriate resources and ensuring that it is adequately prepared and deployed in a timely manner, in accordance with the expected operational strength and capacity. We should ensure that there is an appropriate monitoring and evaluation mechanism for peacekeeping operations and that the Council is fully aware of the resource and field support implications of its decisions.", "We face many military challenges in the area of peacekeeping operations as a whole, which are just some of the important issues that help us to understand together the challenges in all their aspects. We are confident that by jointly addressing these issues we will make a significant contribution to the overall performance of United Nations peacekeeping.", "It is essential to protect the lives of ordinary civilians, who are often innocent victims of instability and war in conflict zones. Under international law, the primary responsibility for the protection of civilians rests with States. The protection of civilians is a very sensitive political issue in itself and, above all, a vital mandate. Given the nature of current conflicts, the protection of civilians becomes necessary and the role of regional organizations and the international community becomes even more important.", "We are encouraged by the ongoing efforts to address the shortage of military assets, such as helicopters. In the absence of the necessary resources or with some limited capacity, we cannot deploy our troops to foreign territories and expect them to arrive immediately. We believe it is right to ensure that we receive the support they need from the local army.", "At all times, however, we must stress the importance of maintaining United Nations peacekeeping operations in accordance with the principles of justice enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and international law and human rights law.", "In conclusion, his delegation paid tribute to all the men and women who had served or continued to serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations and paid tribute to their dedication and courage. We also pay special tribute to those who have paid the greatest price for peace and the cause of humanity.", "Mr. Boné (France) (spoke in French): I would also like to thank you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting, which has become a regular event, as it provides an invaluable opportunity to interact with the Force Commander and to listen to views from the field.", "I thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their briefings.", "At the outset, I would like to recall France's commitment to peacekeeping. Peacekeeping is the most important and certainly the most symbolic activity of the United Nations. Here, at the outset, I would like to commend the excellent work done on the ground by the Blue Helmets, who often carry out their tasks in difficult and dangerous circumstances that others will not go, the complexity of which directly reflects the complexity of the crises that the Organization is trying to resolve.", "France would like to remain engaged in efforts to improve the functioning of peacekeeping operations. From the outset, these actions have been the Council's priority means of fulfilling its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Improving the effectiveness of such actions is therefore of strategic importance.", "Following the 2009 initiative of France and the United Kingdom, our objectives continue to be to strengthen the political and military oversight of such operations by the Security Council, to ensure more effective logistical and financial management of such operations, to clarify principles related to complex issues such as the protection of civilians and, if necessary, to clarify and rationalize mandates as much as possible. That is the purpose of the Council's ongoing regular consultations on various areas of peacekeeping. We believe that these consultations should continue.", "With regard to all the issues I have just raised, we believe that we have made progress. We particularly welcome the implementation of the global field support strategy. We also welcome the report of the Senior Advisory Group on strengthening civilian capacity in post-conflict situations (S/2011/85). We believe that the report will lead to a revision of the way in which peacekeeping operations operate on such important issues as the economic impact of their operations on national development and the role of women in peacekeeping.", "We will therefore continue to advance our work, particularly in strengthening the chain of command for peacekeeping operations, improving cooperation with troop-contributing countries and providing stronger financial follow-up in support of peacekeeping operations. I note that the budget for peacekeeping operations has grown rapidly in recent years. While it is true that demand has played a significant role in this regard, it is also true that, in an atmosphere of budgetary austerity for funders, we must have the means to manage the budget in a responsible and controlled manner.", "I would also like to ask the Force Commander here today a few questions. First, I have a general question. Are the reform efforts in New York felt in the field? Has the practice on the ground changed as a result of decisions or recommendations made by the Council? How can the Council better take into account perceptions from the field and feedback from force commanders?", "More specifically, I would like to put a few questions to Major General Asata Quevas of UNIFIL. Of course, we also strongly condemn the attacks against UNIFIL troops and personnel. In yesterday's attack, some of our soldiers fell victim. We appreciate the solidarity that has been expressed following this incident. Of course, we will not tolerate further threats to the safety and security of military and civilian personnel deployed in Lebanon. We understand the difficulty of the task at hand, but what can we do to better protect the soldiers on the ground? Also, how can we strengthen cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces? How can we achieve a gradual transfer of tasks currently carried out by UNIFIL?", "My questions to the MONUSCO Force Commander relate to the adaptation of the protection of civilians strategy in the context of the ongoing preparations for elections. In the current pre-election climate, and given the constraints that we have learned, is there a need to change the way the force behaves and its strategy for the protection of civilians?", "Mr. Barbalić (Bosnia and Herzegovina): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for convening this briefing. We thank the Under-Secretary-General for his statement and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for their insightful comments. We also welcome the presence of the Force Commanders of other United Nations peacekeeping operations and commend their commitment and efforts, as well as the excellent work done by all staff in peacekeeping missions.", "One of the main recurring issues in discussions on peacekeeping is the need for the Council to provide peacekeeping missions with clear, credible and achievable mandates and adequate resources to enable them to fulfil their mandates. The timely provision of relevant information to the Council is therefore indispensable for decision-making. To that end, we stress the need for each resolution to be clearly and accurately reflected in the concept of operations during its implementation.", "Since the beginning of this year, important documents have been produced on the interrelationship between peacekeeping and peace-building and between security and development. Discussions on these issues must identify practical ways forward in order to address key challenges and overcome key obstacles and to propose approaches for capacity development, coordination and field guidance.", "The increasing complexity of the mandates given to peacekeeping missions and the inadequacy of specific resources, in particular civilian support capacity, may put at risk the chances of mission success. Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomes the activities related to the review of international civilian capacity. We believe that the activities undertaken on the recommendations of the study and the discussions on the study will lead to concrete improvements and practical recommendations in this regard. Furthermore, cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support should lead to viable approaches, positive changes and concrete results on the ground.", "In this regard, we stress the importance of cooperation, consultation and exchange of views with troop- and police-contributing countries. Mobilizing the support of Member States is essential for a capacity-driven approach. This approach will focus on skills, equipment and capabilities.", "It is clear that missions with a mandate to protect civilians need to undertake activities to ensure the safety and physical protection of civilians. The collection of information, timely and accurate access to and analysis of data on the situation and situation on the ground are all essential. However, missions should have the appropriate resources to analyse such data and assist in restoring the environment so that the host State could fulfil its primary responsibility to protect its own civilian population. This of course includes other processes, such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, security sector reform, support to electoral processes and the empowerment of local communities, in order to facilitate the transition to sustainable peacebuilding.", "The need for an effective exit strategy must be coordinated with the quality of personnel and equipment and linked to the corresponding operational tasks and objectives. Cultural sensitivities in the areas of deployment must also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings between the mission and the host country and its communities.", "This year we saw the authorization of two new missions: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei and the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina believes that the Organization must do its utmost to apply its know-how and to draw lessons from past peacekeeping missions, while the Council must provide missions with the strategic guidance and appropriate support they need. In this regard, UNMISS must contribute to improving governance capacity and the rule of law.", "There is no doubt that mandates are essential to provide guidance for the future reconfiguration of missions. Developments on the ground must be taken into account to make the mandate of the Mission more realistic and achievable.", "In conclusion, we stress that peacekeeping missions are part of a political solution to conflicts, but they cannot replace such a solution. It is therefore important to strengthen activities on the ground, while working on preventive diplomacy, early warning or conflict mediation, with a focus on national priorities and national actors. Attention to those aspects must be an integral part of the mandates of each peacekeeping mission in order to avoid the recurrence of conflicts and to promote the development and lasting peace of the countries concerned, in particular to guarantee international security.", "Mr. Tessem (United Kingdom): I will try to be brief. I thank Ambassador Wittig for inviting Under-Secretary-General Le Roy and the Force Commanders from the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon to brief the Council. I would like to thank them for their insights this morning and, more importantly, the Force Commanders and Police Commissioners for their work and for the hard work of all the men and women under their command. As we know, they are often in an extremely challenging environment and at great personal risk. I join others in condemning the attacks earlier this week and wish the injured an early recovery.", "The United Kingdom very much supports the ongoing initiatives that have become some of the traditional ones to ensure that force commanders and police commissioners have the opportunity to brief the Council during their annual meetings in New York. It is important that we make as much effort as possible to improve the Council's understanding of the operational requirements of troops and police in our peacekeeping resolutions.", "As we indicated during our presidency of the Council last November, we have an opportunity to use new technologies to ensure that we can hear more frequently from operational commanders. We believe that we should make more regular use of this opportunity. It is important that we hear from the new Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei in due course.", "On the basis of the statements I have heard here from the Force Commander and colleagues in the Council, I would like to make four brief comments.", "The first is the protection of civilians. I have received a clear message from General Nyamwumba's briefing that the responsibility to protect civilians under attack or threat of attack is crucial. This is an essential element of peacekeeping responsibilities. In this regard, I am interested in the link between this concept and a strong posture, which is clearly understood by UNAMID senior leadership. I know that this is a controversial issue for some, but I join my Nigerian colleague in expressing strong support for a strong gesture. I know that the Secretary-General has spoken of the contribution of the robust posture taken by UNAMID to reducing attacks on the mission, and I think it is important.", "The second is the impact of policies that set conditions for support. I listened with great interest to General Prakash's presentation of conditions of support. The terms of support require that peacekeeping forces do not support activities that are inconsistent with international humanitarian law. Clearly, such policies must be strictly enforced.", "But we must also consider operational efficiency. General Prakash spoke of a balance between desirable and feasible. If there is time, I would be interested to know how this concept of balance is balanced, but we know that we have limited time. I would like to know whether, in the opinion of General Prakash, such a balance would lead to the identification of some basic principles that could be useful and more widely applied; or whether decisions would need to be made on the ground, depending on the specific situation on the ground.", "General Prakash also presented useful guidance on the implementation of the conditions of support, especially in the initial rather than later stages of implementation. I believe that this is an important point to consider, given that a new peacekeeping operation is now being deployed in South Sudan.", "The third point concerns cooperation between missions, on which I once again associate myself with my Nigerian and United States colleagues and express strong support for the principle of inter-mission cooperation. In some cases, this has been beneficial to the functioning of the mission, as evidenced by the sharing of assets between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI). I believe that this potential needs to be fully explored.", "Finally, the mandate should be clear. I recall that my Indian colleague spoke of the importance of a clear mandate. We all spoke of the risks and difficulties facing peacekeeping operations. I believe that we should at least provide a clear mandate for peacekeeping missions. It is easy for us in the Council to hide differences by using ambiguity or rhetoric. We will always need to be mindful of the problems that this can pose for peacekeeping operations to carry out their important work in the field.", "Finally, listening to this morning's presentations by the Force Commanders, I once again recognize the value of hearing directly from the field. I am very grateful to them for taking the time to address the Council during their participation in the annual meeting of force commanders. I hope that we will hear from them regularly in the future.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): Given the limited time available, I will try to be as brief as possible.", "We are pleased once again to welcome to the Council the presence of the Force Commanders of United Nations peacekeeping missions. It is encouraging to see this dialogue, which was initially proposed for implementation by the Russian Federation during its presidency of the Council last year. Here, I support my British colleague, who enriched this approach. The Council now has the opportunity to hold such meetings on a more regular basis, using videoconferencing and other modern technologies. Council members can engage in dialogue with our military colleagues to study the real problems and military challenges faced by peacekeepers on the ground. Such an approach would ultimately ensure that the Council is effectively assisted by military experts.", "I will not dwell on the importance we attach to peacekeeping operations. Like many colleagues, we see this as a truly important tool for the United Nations in the maintenance of peace and security. Our peacekeepers participate in many peacekeeping operations in the Middle East, throughout Africa and in Haiti. We recognize that United Nations peacekeeping operations have no fixed location and continue to be urgently needed. As noted, two new peacekeeping operations are being deployed in the Abyei Area and South Sudan.", "We believe that military personnel, who make up two thirds of peacekeepers, play an important role in carrying out three key tasks: supporting the efforts of Governments to stabilize the situation and restore peace, protecting civilians and monitoring compliance with ceasefire agreements. However, United Nations peacekeeping activities continue to evolve, both theoretically and operationally. Adjustments are therefore important to address existing problems and to adapt to new political realities.", "Many speakers at today's meeting spoke of the fact that there are new challenges, the nature of which requires decisions to be taken jointly by military actors and Security Council diplomats.", "We therefore believe that there are several points in common, such as the irregular situation facing the Blue Helmets. There are, however, some unswerving principles in peacekeeping. Peacekeepers must strictly abide by their mandates and refrain from engaging in any political conflict or supporting a party to a conflict in private. Such actions could have extremely adverse consequences and undermine the credibility of the United Nations.", "Clearly, we support the view of other colleagues that the mandates of peacekeeping operations must be clear, feasible and context-specific. Therefore, there is still a need to address the need to hear the necessary military advice on United Nations peacekeeping measures.", "We reiterate once again our proposal to revitalize the Military Staff Committee. The Military Staff Committee could develop recommendations on operational aspects of peacekeeping and be involved in assessing the readiness of contingents and infrastructure in peacekeeping operations. In addition, they can provide the Council with timely and up-to-date information.", "Clearly, the strengthening of United Nations peacekeeping operations requires more effective exploitation of the resources of and engagement with regional organizations, as well as engagement with national or governmental forces, since we agree that peacekeeping is a subordinate function to the primary functions of Governments.", "The shortage of financial, logistical and technical resources requires the use of existing capacities. We therefore believe that a clear distinction must be made between peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding functions. In the light of current peacekeeping mandates, the two functions are clearly linked, but should only provide for the initial peacebuilding tasks of United Nations peacekeeping operations. Socio-economic reconstruction and related tasks must be assigned to the specialized agencies of the United Nations system in the field of development and to regional organizations with relevant capacities.", "We hope that this meeting will enable all parties to cooperate in further strengthening United Nations peacekeeping operations.", "Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Like others, we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding today are indeed at the heart of the United Nations. Member States are aware of the depth of our commitment to this task. Over the past 30 years, my country has participated actively in various missions. We therefore thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this very timely debate. It would be useful to have this opportunity to interact with the Force Commanders and to hear their views directly. I therefore thank the generals for their very comprehensive presentations, which were extremely useful, as did their responses to some of the questions raised.", "However, I would like to pay tribute and commend all the staff of the missions, the Force Commanders and the Police Commissioners, who have done excellent work, often — as we have heard today — under very difficult conditions. We should always give them our support.", "I would like to make a few comments on the views that have been expressed, and I share most, if not all, of them, so I will make a brief statement.", "Conditional support policies can be used as tools, but as will be emphasized by Lieutenant General Prakash, they need to be used with caution. Our problem — as he himself said — is that there is room for development and refinement in terms of conditionality and both the positive and the negative aspects of the policy. I fully agree with him that there is a question of whether conditionality will begin to have a negative impact on the operational activities of the Mission. I am also grateful to Lieutenant General Prakash for addressing the LRA threat. We ourselves proposed the holding of a useful debate on this issue last week (see S/PV.6588).", "With regard to the protection of civilians, to which we all attach great importance, significant improvements have been made over the years on this very important issue. We commend the efforts of the Secretariat and the positive progress made by the missions in this regard. To Lieutenant-General Nyamwumba, I would say that the question is to what extent, if the mission is not mandated to do so, it should use force to protect civilians in the face of a harsh environment.", "My third point is addressed to Major General Asarta Quevas. We also join others in condemning the attacks on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) yesterday and May. These incidents have unfortunately led to deaths. We find this situation unacceptable and all parties should abide by United Nations resolutions and their responsibilities. Our French colleague mentioned the important question of how best we can ensure the protection of soldiers in very difficult circumstances. As the General mentioned two days ago, we had a very useful debate last week on the situation in Lebanon. It is very clear that the presence of UNIFIL has had a very important and positive impact on the creation of a stable and calm situation, even though it remains fragile. I believe there is a general consensus that the presence of UNIFIL in the area remains an extremely important factor.", "As I noted in that debate — which we are very pleased to hold — we will soon be sending 12 additional East Timorese officers to the Portuguese contingent in UNIFIL. I believe that this is also very symbolic, as Timor-Leste, as a country that still has a United Nations mission, is already participating in other United Nations missions.", "I thank Major General Khalid for his statement and answers. I believe that the issue of strong inter-mission cooperation is extremely important and in some respects can play a decisive role. Of course, I agree with him that such cooperation can play a role in early peace-building, in accordance with the rule of law, to enable people to return to normal livelihoods and — obviously — to the political process. We have often said that peacekeepers are the first peacebuilders to have peace that can be maintained and built. But I think this is a useful way of looking at this issue.", "Here, I would like to conclude by saying — as I have said before — that missions need resources, tools, appropriate training and leadership, but, as our colleague from South Africa emphasized, a holistic and coherent political strategy is essential to enable them to function properly.", "The President: In view of the lateness of the hour, I shall not speak in my national capacity. Others have spoken of most of what I would like to say. I shall limit myself to three brief comments.", "First, I thank the Force Commanders for meeting with us and for giving us this opportunity to exchange views. I think this will become a tradition. Secondly, I highly appreciate their hard work in very difficult circumstances and, of course, through them, the 120,000 people on the ground. Thirdly, I would like to join others in paying tribute to Alain Le Roy. He has just left the Chamber, but he knows how much we appreciate his outstanding commitment and leadership in managing peacekeeping operations and in addressing the challenges of adapting them to new needs.", "We now have a question and answer question. The representative of France raised a question that I consider to be crucial, namely, the question of reform and how it will affect missions on the ground. I think it also relates to the “new situation” agenda. By way of illustration, Alain Le Roy, I would like to suggest that we invite Major General Obi, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and Major General Ramos Pereira, Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, to participate in this meeting, in accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, to address these issues, as we can make the meeting a little more diverse and give them an opportunity to respond to the question of reform.", "I give the floor to Major General Ramos Pereira to answer a question raised by the representative of France concerning reform.", "Major General Ramos Pereira: As Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, the challenge I now face is to fulfil the new mandate that the Security Council wishes to give on reform. I would like to say that the situation in Haiti remains stable and manageable. It is a good thing for me and for my troops to have a very clear mandate and to be guided and equipped with the necessary capacity to carry out our mission. It must also be mentioned that, as the Council is well aware, the environment in Haiti is fragile and that it must therefore take into account the situation there.", "If there are any questions, I will answer them.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Obi.", "Major General Obi: I am the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan.", "I would like to say that the reforms implemented so far have had a very positive impact on our actions in a number of ways. I would like to start with the question of the quality of troops that has been raised here today. We need very high-quality troops on the ground to be able to fulfil our mandate.", "One of the reforms was to address the issue, which had led to the establishment of standards for the personnel and equipment of infantry units. This has made it easier for the Force Commander to understand the resources available to him. He was able to assess who he could use and assign them appropriate tasks.", "With regard to the quality of the force, I would also like to say that pre-deployment training and pre-deployment inspections of equipment help to ensure that we improve the quality of the force, which also helps us to implement our mandate.", "Integration is one of the areas repeatedly highlighted in recent reforms. With the integration of my mission, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, we have been able to work with the civilian, military and police components and the United Nations country team. A case in point is the strategy for the protection of civilians, which takes into account the fact that the protection of civilians is not the responsibility of military forces alone, but should involve all parties. Here, we have successfully integrated our work through training, conceptual development, information-sharing and the establishment of joint operations centres and joint movement centres. These are developments that are very useful on the ground and that have greatly helped us. During the recent crisis in Kordofan and Abyei, we put them into wide use. All components share information and meet actively in the crisis management team, thus addressing, to a large extent, the challenges we face together.", "These reforms, in addition to bringing together force commanders to exchange information, as was done at the Entebbe meeting mentioned earlier, are very useful to us on the ground. This is also a new development that we consider very useful.", "The President: I call on Lieutenant General Prakash to respond to questions and comments made.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: I would like to answer the question: Is there a need to change the strategy for the protection of civilians of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) before and after the elections?", "My view on this issue is that the strategy currently in place is working well. We recently checked the strategy. We have developed our model of action. We have developed contingency plans to deal with different situations that may arise. It is clear that the situation arises not in the absence of a strategy but in the absence of elements for a successful implementation strategy. For example, as the elections approach, armed groups are likely to intensify their activities and more civil unrest. If that happens, we need more available resources. These resources need to be provided on time and deployed in the right place at the right time. As long as those resources are available, I do not see the need for a change in strategy.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Asata Quevas to respond to questions and comments made.", "Major General Asata Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I would like to thank all members of the Council for their kind words of condolence to us, the French soldiers of the terrorist attack on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) yesterday.", "The Ambassador of France raised three questions. The first is how to better protect our soldiers. The second relates to coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces. The third involves the transfer of responsibilities to the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "Speaking of how best to protect our soldiers, I must say that UNIFIL has sufficient and robust means and protection to fulfil its mandate. Protection of vehicles is the responsibility of the State. In that regard, France, Spain and Italy have provided us with armoured vehicles. Following the attack on an Italian patrol on 27 May, which resulted in the injury of six soldiers, I issued instructions to the soldiers to strengthen their protective measures. Among these measures, the most important orders were that the convoy should, as far as possible, leave at night and be equipped with electronic jammers; that at least two vehicles should travel simultaneously; that soldiers should wear bulletproof clothing and helmets; and that the Lebanese Armed Forces should provide escorts whenever possible and maintain contact with the Joint Operations Centre.", "It is important to stress that these instructions are directed at vehicles travelling outside our area of operations because of the two terrorist attacks that we have suffered -- The first was in May and the other was yesterday — all outside the UNIFIL area of operations. Similar attacks took place in the same area in 2008. This means that, in cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces and the population, UNIFIL is in control of our area of operations, but we are out of control. This is the national responsibility of the Lebanese Government and its armed forces. They must ensure security along the coastal road, which is essentially the only way for UNIFIL emergency teams and supplies and the port and airport of Beirut through which our soldiers arrive and leave the country.", "Having finished with the issue of the convoy, I will turn to the issue of personal security. In this regard, we have intensified a number of measures, including a ban on the private use of vehicles with UNIFIL markings outside the area of operations. However, if an individual is to leave the area of operations, for example, to travel to the airport for leave, we have painted 14 unmarked vehicles in different colours for personal use by soldiers and other UNIFIL staff.", "We have also taken an additional measure, which I have recommended to General Kahwaji and the Minister of Intelligence of the Lebanese Armed Forces. The measure involves daily reconnaissance of roads connecting our area of operations to the Beirut port and airport. For us, that is tantamount to expanding our area of action, but it is not really in that region. We therefore need to work closely with the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. I have proposed, in conjunction with the Lebanese Armed Forces and the security forces, to conduct day-to-day reconnaissance of the road at different times, but only in sensitive areas that are highly vulnerable to attacks.", "I have been waiting for a response for two months. Finally, last Friday, I sent a formal letter to the Commander-in-Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces, reiterating this initiative and requesting a response. Unfortunately, there was another attack yesterday. I am not saying that if the measures I have proposed had been taken, we would have been able to avoid the attack, but the possibility exists.", "I would also like to update the Council on the events of yesterday. There were four vehicles, three of which were armoured, whereas the third was not. The attack was on a fourth vehicle, an armoured vehicle equipped with a jammer. Six out of a total of 12 soldiers were injured, all lightly and only one was seriously injured in the eye, although his eyes could be preserved. Three of the wounded soldiers have flown back to France today. The remaining three remain in their ranks. We are indeed very lucky.", "Turning to the second question concerning our coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces, coordination in our area of operations is excellent. They have officials and representatives at all levels and in all locations. They know our daily activities and everything is transparent. Outside the area of operations, we coordinate with the head and Commander-in-Chief of the intelligence services of the Lebanese Armed Forces at the force commander level. If they have information that I need to know or anything important, they will immediately inform them.", "With regard to the transfer of responsibilities from UNIFIL to the Lebanese Armed Forces, we have engaged in a strategic dialogue with the Lebanese Armed Forces on the basis of the results of the joint technical review I mentioned earlier. The purpose of the dialogue was to assess the capacity of UNIFIL and the mandate it must fulfil in accordance with resolution 1701 (2006). The dialogue was also aimed at assessing the capabilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces and what tasks they could undertake, with the ultimate goal of enabling the Lebanese Armed Forces to assume all the tasks assigned to UNIFIL under resolution 1701 (2006). We know that UNIFIL will not remain in Lebanon forever. One day we must withdraw. The Lebanese Armed Forces will have to assume all the responsibilities currently assumed by UNIFIL. When will this day come? We do not know, but we are working to that end.", "Finally, I can say that at the most recent meeting, held on 7 July, four sub-committees were established to deal with infrastructure, command and control, force capacity and movement, and operational issues. All of these measures are aimed at moving towards the goal of being able to transfer all of our responsibilities — which I stress once again are those mandated by resolution 1701 (2006) — to the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "The Chairman: We have discussed many issues in a few hours. This dialogue is indeed very useful. On behalf of the Council, I thank all force commanders for their presence, which has enabled us to hold this dialogue. I believe that this should become a practice, and we should have at least one such exchange every year.", "I thank the Force Commanders for their presence today.", "The meeting rose at 2.05 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 印度 维奈·库马尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 哈沙卜先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "下午3时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意将在文件S/2011/451中分发的秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告。", "我现在请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生(以法语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你给我这次机会，就阿卜耶伊局势和联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的部署情况，向安全理事会作通报。", "如安理会成员所知，争议地区阿卜耶伊的地位仍未解决，并且是苏丹政府同苏丹人民解放运动之间紧张关系的一个主要根源。5月，在南苏丹独立之前的时期，在发生暴力之后，苏丹武装部队控制了阿卜耶伊镇和基尔/阿拉伯河以北的整个地区，当地民众逃离了家园。一个月前，根据双方于6月20日达成的协议，安理会授权部署由埃塞俄比亚部队组成的联阿安全部队，以监测与核实所有武装部队撤离阿卜耶伊地区的情况。特派团还包含最多50名警官，以支持阿卜耶伊警察部队的成立，并包含为该部队提供支助的有限数目文职人员。", "我可以报告，截至昨天7月26日，联阿安全部队获得授权的4 200名士兵中有521人已部署到当地，包括部署到阿卜耶伊镇的411人和部署到阿卜耶伊北部迪夫拉的110人。另外有495名士兵在卡杜格利，等待被部署到阿卜耶伊。我们希望在活动区有大约1 200名士兵，以便几天后亦即最迟至7月底建立特派团的初步行动能力。", "部署工作确实遇到各种困难，我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作，克服这些挑战。例如，部队缺乏足够的房舍，从而限制了部署的速度，而且导致必须在雨季结束时建造额外的房舍。由于必须迅速执行6月20日协议，正如我说过的那样，我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作，确保作出一切可能的努力，协助联阿安全部队的部署，包括使一项尚待签署的部队地位协定得以签署。", "与此同时，尽管阿卜耶伊安全局势依然紧张，双方看来致力于避免暴力升级，并准备同联阿安全部队合作。苏丹武装部队在基尔/阿拉伯河以北继续部署大量士兵，但表示他们打算在联阿安全部队部署之后撤出。在今后几天里，特派团负责人、埃塞俄比亚的特斯法耶中将将同当事双方讨论部队撤离的确切时间。两天前，7月25日，在河的南岸班顿桥附近，有人看到100多名苏丹人民解放军士兵。然而，这些士兵保证不越过河，并同意在联阿安全部队部署之后撤出。", "关于人道主义局势，瓦莱丽·阿莫斯副秘书长在7月15日安理会的通报中大体作了描述，估计总共有113 000人仍然背井离乡。其中大约有27 000人目前在阿卜耶伊南部的阿戈克，其他人则散布在南苏丹的瓦拉布州、统一州和杰贝勒河州。人道主义机构重新调配了各自人员，以便向流离失所者提供粮食、住所和其他紧急援助。由于阿卜耶伊的流离失所状况及其所遭受的破坏，今后阿卜耶伊将亟需保障粮食安全、提供住所并使人们恢复生计。人权事务高级专员办事处正计划尽快向阿卜耶伊派出一个评估团，以便了解5月和6月的事件，包括有关侵犯人权行为的指控，进一步落实安全理事会关于有效监测该区域人权受尊重情况的要求。", "尽管部署联阿安全部队是向前迈出的积极一步，但安全局势能否得到持续改善，将取决于在政治上执行6月20日协议是否取得进展，并且最终取决于阿卜耶伊地位总体问题是否得到解决。在这方面，双方就阿卜耶伊地区行政机构的组成交换了建议，但尚未敲定有关官员的任命。我们自然要求建立为双方共同接受的地方当局，以确保该当局与联阿安全部队联络，协助执行其任务规定。正如我先前所说的那样，这些任命尚未作出。", "(以英语发言)", "阿卜耶伊当然是苏丹与南苏丹之间必须解决的一系列安全、政治和经济问题的重要组成部分。这些问题包括边界的划定与共同管理、南科尔多凡州的持续暴力、青尼罗州的紧张局势以及其他有待作出的分离后安排。在这方面，而且正如以前已向安理会报告的那样，我们注意到，双方于6月28日和29日签署了关于南科尔多凡州和青尼罗州的协议和关于边界安全的协议。这些协议为继续进行谈判提供了有益框架。然而，南科尔多凡州的局势仍然特别令人不安。我们继续敦促双方尽早实现停火。", "6月29日协议对联阿安全部队有具体影响，因为该协议请联阿安全部队为一个国际边界监测核查团提供部队保护。我们目前正与双方协商，以进一步确定这样一个边界核查团的性质和联阿安全部队可能发挥的部队保护作用。一俟这些讨论结束，秘书长将就联合国为落实这一机制可能提供的进一步支助提出建议，供安理会审议。", "过去几周来，双方签署了若干协议。这是受欢迎的，并表明它们有诚意以和平方式处理双方之间的安全问题。当我们向前迈进时，我们必须继续支持双方就包括阿卜耶伊最终地位问题在内的未决问题达成全面协议。我们继续强调，联阿安全部队只能提供临时解决办法。更广泛地说，应当紧急处理边界争端、财富分享及公民身份安排等问题，因为这些问题关系到两国民众的切身利益。负责苏丹问题的前秘书长特别代表海尔·门克里欧斯先生现已被任命为苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。他将与塔博·姆贝基前总统领导的非洲联盟高级别执行小组(高级别执行小组)协调，提供秘书长的斡旋，以帮助促进解决所有独立后问题。", "在这方面，我们呼吁安理会所有成员同高级别执行小组和特使门克里欧斯先生协调其对苏丹和南苏丹的双边支助，以协助迅速解决未决问题。", "高级别执行小组与姆贝基前总统将于7月28日和29日在亚的斯亚贝巴召开与苏丹政府和南苏丹政府的会议，以便就安全问题及过渡性财政和货币安排举行进一步讨论和谈判。我希望，双方将抓住这次重要机会，争取化解其仍然存在的分歧。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢勒罗伊先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在邀请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这一议题。", "下午3时20分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n India Mr. Vinay Kumar \n Lebanon Mr. Khachab \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei, which will be issued as document S/2011/451.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy (spoke in French): I thank you, Sir, for the opportunity to brief the Security Council on the situation in Abyei and the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "As Council members are aware, the status of the disputed area of Abyei remains unresolved and is a major source of tension between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. In May, during the period leading up to the independence of South Sudan, an outbreak of violence culminated in the Sudanese Armed Forces taking control of Abyei town and the entire region north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river and the displacement of the local population. One month ago, pursuant to the 20 June agreement between the parties, the Council authorized the deployment of UNISFA, composed of Ethiopian troops, to monitor and verify the withdrawal of all armed forces from Abyei. The mission will also include up to 50 police officers to support the formation of the Abyei police service and a limited number of civilians to support the Force.", "I can report that as of yesterday, 26 July, 521 of the 4,200 soldiers authorized for UNISFA had been deployed on the ground, including 411 in Abyei town and 110 in Diffra, in northern Abyei. A further 495 troops are in Kadugli, awaiting deployment to Abyei. We hope to have approximately 1,200 soldiers in the area of operations in order to establish the mission’s initial operating capability by the end of July, in just a few days.", "It is true that the deployment is encountering a variety of difficulties, and we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to overcome these challenges. For instance, the lack of sufficient accommodation for troops limits the speed of deployment and will necessitate the construction of additional accommodation once the rainy season ends. In view of the need to proceed with the speedy implementation of the 20 June agreement, we are, as I said, working closely with the Government of the Sudan to ensure that everything possible is done to facilitate UNISFA’s deployment, including a status-of-forces agreement, which is awaiting signature.", "In the meantime, while the security situation in Abyei remains tense, both sides appear committed to avoiding an escalation of violence and ready to cooperate with UNISFA. The Sudanese Armed Forces retain a considerable presence north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river, but have indicated their intention to withdraw when UNISFA deploys. In the next few days the Head of Mission, Lieutenant General Tesfaye of Ethiopia, will discuss the precise timing of this withdrawal with the parties involved. Two days ago, on 25 July, more than 100 Sudan People’s Liberation Army soldiers were observed south of the river near Banton Bridge. However, the troops pledged not to cross the river and agreed to withdraw upon UNISFA’s deployment.", "Concerning the humanitarian situation, which was largely described by Under-Secretary-General Valerie Amos in her briefing of the Council on 15 July, an estimated total of 113,000 persons remain displaced from their homes. About 27,000 of those are currently in Agok, south of Abyei, and the rest are in South Sudan, in Warrap, Unity, and Bahr el-Ghazal states. Humanitarian agencies have relocated their personnel in order to provide food, shelter and other emergency aid to the displaced population. As a result of the displacement and destruction in Abyei, food security, shelter and the resumption of livelihoods will be critical needs in Abyei in the future. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is planning to conduct an assessment mission in Abyei as soon as possible in order to take stock of the events of May and June, including allegations of human rights violations, in furtherance of the Security Council’s request for effective monitoring of respect for human rights in the region.", "Although the deployment of UNISFA represents a positive step forward, sustained improvement in the security situation clearly will depend on the progress achieved in the political implementation of the 20 June agreement and, eventually, on the overall question of the status of Abyei. In this regard, the parties have exchanged proposals on the composition of the Abyei area administration, but have not yet finalized the appointments. Naturally, we require mutually accepted local authorities in order to ensure liaison with UNISFA in the implementation of its mandate. Those appointments have still not been made, as I said earlier.", "(spoke in English)", "Abyei is, of course, a critical component of the larger spectrum of security, political and economic issues that must be resolved between the Sudan and South Sudan, including the demarcation and joint management of the border, the ongoing violence in Southern Kordofan as well as the tensions in Blue Nile and other outstanding post-separation arrangements. In this context, and as previously reported to the Council, we note the signing of agreements on 28 and 29 June, on Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile and on border security, which have provided a useful framework for the continuation of the negotiations. However, the situation in Southern Kordofan remains particularly alarming, and we continue to urge the parties to reach a ceasefire as soon as possible.", "The 29 June agreement has specific implications for UNISFA, since it requests the Mission to provide force protection for an international border-monitoring verification mission. We are currently consulting with the parties in order to further refine the nature of such a border-verification mission and the possible force protection role of UNISFA. Upon conclusion of these discussions, the Secretary-General will prepare recommendations for consideration by the Council on the further support that the United Nations may provide for the implementation of this mechanism.", "The signing of a number of agreements over the past several weeks is welcome and shows goodwill on both sides with respect to addressing the security issues between them in a peaceful manner. As we move forward, we must continue to support the parties to reach full agreement on issues that remain unresolved, including on the final status of Abyei. We continue to stress that UNISFA can provide only a temporary solution. More broadly, border disputes, wealth-sharing and citizenship arrangements should be urgently addressed; they have practical concerns for the populations of both countries. The former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan, Mr. Haile Menkerios, has now been appointed Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, and will, in coordination with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), led by former President Mbeki, offer the good offices of the Secretary-General to help facilitate the conclusion of all post-independence issues.", "In this regard, we call on all members of the Council to coordinate their bilateral support for both the Sudan and South Sudan with the AUHIP and the Special Envoy, Mr. Menkerios, in order to assist in the quick resolution of outstanding issues.", "The AUHIP, with President Mbeki, will convene with the Governments of the Sudan and South Sudan in Addis Ababa on 28 and 29 July for further discussions and negotiations on security, as well as on transitional financial and currency arrangements. I hope that both sides will seize this important opportunity to resolve their remaining differences.", "The President: I thank Mr. Le Roy for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussions on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 3.20 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Brazil Mrs. Dunlop China Mr. Wang Min of China Mr. Wang Min of Colombia Mr. Arzat of France Mr. Araud of Gabon Mr. Messone of India Mr. Vine Kumar of Lebanon Mr. Hashab of Nigeria Mr. Amieofelli of Portugal Mr. Cabral of the Russian Federation Mr. Pankin of South Africa Mr. Sangqu of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo of the United States of America", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The President: I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, to participate in the meeting in accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei, which will be issued in document S/2011/451.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy (spoke in French): I thank you, Mr. President, for this opportunity to brief the Security Council on the situation in Abyei and on the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "As Council members are aware, the status of Abyei in the disputed area remains unresolved and is a major source of tension between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement. In May, in the period leading up to the independence of South Sudan, following violence, the Sudanese Armed Forces took control of Abyei town and the entire area north of the Kiir/Arab River, and the local population fled their homes. A month ago, in accordance with the agreement reached between the parties on 20 June, the Council authorized the deployment of UNISFA, comprising Ethiopian forces, to monitor and verify the withdrawal of all armed forces from the Abyei Area. The Mission also includes up to 50 police officers to support the establishment of the Abyei Police Service and a limited number of civilian personnel to support the Force.", "I can report that, as at 26 July, 521 of the authorized 4,200 troops of UNISFA had been deployed there, including 411 in Abyei town and 110 in Diffra in northern Abyei. An additional 495 troops are in Kadugli awaiting deployment to Abyei. We hope to have some 1,200 troops in the area of operations so that the Mission's initial operational capability can be established in a few days, by the end of July.", "The deployment has indeed encountered difficulties, and we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to overcome those challenges. For example, the lack of adequate accommodation for troops limited the pace of deployment and necessitated the construction of additional premises at the end of the rainy season. As the 20 June agreement must be swiftly implemented, we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan, as I have said, to ensure that all possible efforts are made to facilitate the deployment of UNISFA, including the signing of a status-of-forces agreement that remains to be signed.", "At the same time, while the security situation in Abyei remains tense, both sides appear committed to avoiding an escalation of violence and ready to cooperate with UNISFA. SAF continued to deploy large numbers of troops north of the Kiir/Arab River, but indicated their intention to withdraw after UNISFA deployment. In the coming days, the head of the mission, Lieutenant General Tesfaye of Ethiopia, will discuss with the parties the exact timing of the withdrawal. Two days ago, on 25 July, more than 100 SPLA soldiers were seen near Banton Bridge on the southern bank of the river. However, the soldiers pledged not to cross the river and agreed to withdraw after UNISFA deployment.", "With regard to the humanitarian situation, Under-Secretary-General Valerie Amos, in his briefing to the Council on 15 July, largely described the situation, with an estimated total of 113,000 people still displaced. Some 27,000 of them are currently in Agok in southern Abyei, while others are scattered in Warrap, Unity and Jebel States in South Sudan. Humanitarian agencies redeployed their personnel to provide food, shelter and other emergency assistance to the displaced. As a result of the displacement and destruction of Abyei, there will be an urgent need for food security, shelter and livelihood in Abyei in the future. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is planning to dispatch an assessment mission to Abyei as soon as possible to follow up on the May and June events, including allegations of human rights violations, and to follow up on Security Council requests for effective monitoring of respect for human rights in the region.", "While the deployment of UNISFA is a positive step forward, continued improvement in the security situation will depend on progress in the political implementation of the 20 June agreement and, ultimately, on the resolution of the overall issue of the status of Abyei. In this regard, the parties exchanged proposals on the composition of the Abyei Area administration, but the appointment of the relevant officials has not yet been finalized. We naturally call for the establishment of a mutually acceptable local authority to ensure that it liaises with UNISFA to assist in the implementation of its mandate. As I said earlier, these appointments have not yet been made.", "(spoke in English)", "Abyei is, of course, an important component of the range of security, political and economic issues that must be addressed between the Sudan and South Sudan. These include border demarcation and co-management, continued violence in Southern Kordofan, tensions in Blue Nile and other pending post-secession arrangements. In this regard, and as previously reported to the Council, we note that the parties signed agreements on 28 and 29 June on Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile States and on border security. These agreements provide a useful framework for continuing negotiations. However, the situation in Southern Kordofan remains particularly disturbing. We continue to urge both parties to achieve a ceasefire as soon as possible.", "The 29 June agreement had a specific impact on UNISFA, as it requested UNISFA to provide force protection for an international border monitoring verification mission. We are currently consulting with the parties to further define the nature of such a border verification mission and the potential force protection role of UNISFA. As soon as these discussions are concluded, the Secretary-General will make recommendations for the Council's consideration on possible further United Nations support for the implementation of this mechanism.", "Over the past few weeks, the parties have signed several agreements. That is welcome and demonstrates their good faith in addressing security issues between the parties in a peaceful manner. As we move forward, we must continue to support the parties in reaching a comprehensive agreement on outstanding issues, including the final status of Abyei. We continue to stress that UNISFA can only provide an interim solution. More broadly, issues such as border disputes, wealth-sharing and citizenship arrangements should be addressed as a matter of urgency, as they are of vital interest to both peoples. Mr. Haile Menkerios, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan, has now been appointed Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan. He will provide the good offices of the Secretary-General, in coordination with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), led by former President Thabo Mbeki, to help facilitate the resolution of all post-independence issues.", "In this regard, we call upon all members of the Council to coordinate their bilateral support to the Sudan and South Sudan with the High-level Implementation Panel and Special Envoy, Mr. Menkerios, in order to facilitate the rapid resolution of outstanding issues.", "The High-level Implementation Panel and former President Mbeki will convene a meeting with the Governments of the Sudan and South Sudan in Addis Ababa on 28 and 29 July to hold further discussions and negotiations on security issues and transitional financial and monetary arrangements. I hope that both sides will seize this important opportunity to try to resolve their remaining differences.", "The President: I thank Mr. Le Roy for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on this subject.", "The meeting rose at 3.20 p.m." ]

[ "33529", "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时10分开会。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工.作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "主席(以法语发言)：我原本希望在宣布本次会议开始时对裁军谈判会议表示赞扬，但不幸不能如愿，因为十余年来裁谈会始终处于瘫痪状态。这对裁军工作影响严重，而裁军是促进和平的一个重要因素——我们不能忘记这一点；这对裁谈会及其在全球治理方面的作用也有着严重影响。如果裁谈会不能恢复其势头，就很可能信誉扫地，变得毫无用处。", "在这方面，我要特别感谢我们的秘书长努力振兴裁谈会，特别是组织召开去年9月的高级别会议。我完全赞同这样的努力。此外，我也曾有机会在那次高级别会议上以及今年2月直接在日内瓦裁谈会内发言时，提出了我对裁军谈判会议工作处于瘫痪状态的关切。", "高级别会议提出了一些值得欢迎的倡议。特别是，该会议的后续行动将被列入第一委员会和大会的未来议程，从而使会员国有机会讨论裁谈会的状况。此外还必须指出，这与《联合国宪章》是一致的。《宪章》明确规定，大会", "“得考虑关于维持国际和平及安全之合作之普通原则，包括裁军及军备管制之原则”。", "大会有权就此问题向会员国提出建议，今天我呼吁与会者这样做。", "因此，在2010年秋季会议期间，第一委员会以协商一致方式通过一项决议草案，将该问题列入委员会下届会议议程。因此，我鼓励委员会今年向裁军谈判会议发出强烈的信息，以期克服裁军谈判会议工作停滞不前的状况。", "为了振兴裁军谈判会议，秘书长还授权裁军事项咨询委员会在其2011年两届工作会议期间专门讨论裁谈会的状况。我希望委员会报告(A/65/228)中提出的各项建议能够得到裁谈会成员和大会所有会员国的充分重视。我认为，设立一个高级别名人小组可提供新的视角，振兴裁谈会。不久，我们将有机会在一次非正式会议上进一步了解该咨询委员会的工作。", "我认为，必须找到裁谈会处于瘫痪状态的真正原因。有人把问题归咎于协商一致规则。协商一致是裁谈会工作基本规则的一部分，而且裁谈会的决定获得广泛支持，这一点始终是可取的。不过，协商一致规则不应该成为僵局状况或变相否决权的致因。然而，这种解释有些不充分。裁谈会一向尊重协商一致原则。过去，即使在更为错综复杂和两极化的情况下，裁谈会仍然展示出它有能力成功地完成艰难的谈判。", "今天缺少的是真正推动裁军谈判会议工作向前的政治意愿。要克服阻力，建立信任气氛，就必须采取灵活的方法，使用所有可用的裁军工具，在加强谈判和说服技巧的基础上作出努力。", "虽然我认为非正式办法是一种值得探索的途径，但必须把这种办法及其结果置于裁谈会框架内。我们决不能绕过裁谈会，使其失去合法性，而必须帮助它恢复往日效力。这是我们在作出努力时必须寻求的目标，也必须是我们今天讨论的动机。", "在试图克服目前僵局的过程中，重要的是要保持综合处理裁军和防扩散事项的做法。这是2009年通过的工作方案的长处之一。这项方案虽然很遗憾从未付诸实施，但它却是成员国不同利益和不同关注之间达成某种微妙平衡的结果。在这方面，它应当激励我们向前迈进，而且它可以成为裁谈会在谋求订立一项新工作方案过程中采用的一个模式。我相信，裁谈会成员国最终将肩负起自己的责任，谈判达成而且最重要的是执行一项新的工作方案。", "近年来，国际环境特别有利于裁军，因此各国的期望甚高。我们有责任不辜负它们的期望。因此，我呼吁今天会上的发言者们不仅表示支持裁谈会，而且切实探讨可通过哪些具体的渠道，使我们能够克服僵局，并提供办法，使裁军工作取得重要进展。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长(以英语发言)：我们今天在信心危机日益严重的情况下开会。联合国多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议工作长期令我们失望。展望未来，我们面临两个关键问题。首先，在世界唯一多边裁军谈判论坛无法履行任务的情况下，我们怎么办？其次，世界如何才能恢复旨在建立可普遍适用的裁军规范的进程？", "这些问题曾经导致我召开去年9月的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议。", "各方在那次会议上所表达的关切以及所提出的诸多倡议都证明了会员国对这一挑战的重视。我还要感谢大会主席亲自努力处理该问题。我在该次会议的主席摘要中建议采取四项行动。", "第一，我强烈建议裁军谈判会议再次通过其2009年工作方案或在2010年会议期间提交的一项类似提案。为鼓励取得进展，今年1月我第三次以秘书长身份在裁军谈判会议上发言。迄今，裁军谈判会议尚未能做出回应。我期待着成员国视裁军谈判会议2011年会议的最终状况而采取更加注重行动的举措。", "第二，我提议大会在其第六十五届会议的议程上增加一个项目，以后续执行该高级别会议的成果。大会核准了该请求。它还将该项目纳入了即将召开的第六十六届会议的议程。", "第三，我请我的裁军事项咨询委员会审议在高级别会议上提出的各种问题。委员会已完成了审议。我关于委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)现在摆在成员们面前，我期待它们提出反馈意见。", "第四，我提出，我将向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会明年的第一届会议提交一份关于高级别会议及其后续工作的报告。", "会员国确定了振兴裁军谈判会议以及推进多边裁军谈判的多种可选方案。一个可选能方案是维持现状做法，即：继续寻求在裁军谈判会议内达成共识，而不根本改变其任务授权或规则。但是，考虑到时间已过去多年，但却没有取得结果，因而许多国家不愿意沿用这一做法，这是可以理解的。事实上，我与许多人一样也告诫过，现状只会使裁军谈判会议失去现实意义，成为过时的东西。第二种可能方案中包含了对多边裁军机制进行彻底改革的各种建议。有些人认为，最好是在关于裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议上讨论这些建议。会员国仍未就该会议的召开达成共识。这样就剩下第三种可能方案，即渐进式改革。", "但是，即使是这些很温和的提议也遇到了阻力。不同的国家要么强烈支持，要么强烈反对改变裁军谈判会议的议事规则。设立特设机制的建议也是既有人支持也有人反对。各国政策的优先事项大不相同。各国甚至未能就应在哪里实行改革达成一致。应当在裁军谈判会议、大会及其第一委员会、联合国以外、一个讨论具体裁军问题的会议上，还是在由志同道合国家组织的一个特设论坛上实行改革？", "作为秘书长，我看不出联合国裁军机制存在可能造成这种僵局的根本性缺陷，也绝不认为它存在任何不能通过改变国家政策来加以克服的缺陷。问题不在于车辆而在于司机。最为需要的是，应当将政策优先事项与多边裁军目标更加紧密地结合起来。如果仍有分歧，我们可以像我建议过的那样任命一个高级别知名人士小组。作为备选方案，各国也可以在大会某个特设委员会或联合国某一会议上开展谈判。", "快速解决方案是不存在的。前方的道路不会一帆风顺。但是，我们绝不能放弃多边主义，也绝不能不遵守普遍性规范。我们必须继续坚持联合国的理想。处理裁军问题与处理其它全球公益物一样，我们的目标不是要投少数人所好，而是要促进所有人的共同利益。", "如果裁军谈判会议仍陷于僵局，大会就有责任介入。我以前说过，裁军谈判会议不应长期为一两个成员所胁制。应通过谈判来处理各种关切。继续停滞不前的风险太高。世界期待着进展。我们不应再拖延。让我们结束这个旷日持久的停滞周期。从我自身而言，我将尽我所能帮助实现我们的共同目标。", "主席(以法语发言)：我感谢秘书长的发言。", "现在我要暂停正式会议，并宣布关于2010年9月24日振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议后续行动的大会非正式会议现在开始。", "上午10时25分会议暂停；上午10时45分复会。", "主席(以法语发言)：发言者名单上有50位发言者。这就要求就发言长度制订一定的纪律。我提议把发言时间限制在8分钟以内，不过很有可能，而且各位代表可以自由选择的是作比8分钟更短的发言，只发言5分钟。各位在据此准备发言稿时，可以以一页纸讲稿通常需要3分钟时间为参照。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表不结盟运动在本次重要会议上发言。不结盟运动由120个国家组成，因此，如果照每一个国家用8分钟发言计算的话，我的发言要占用一天时间，不过，我不会这样做。", "本次会议是对2010年9月24日在秘书长倡议下举行的振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议采取的后续行动，因此非常重要。我谨感谢秘书长和主席先生你召开本次会议。", "正如各次不结盟运动首脑会议和部长级会议，包括最近于5月在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟运动第十六次部长级会议一贯重申的那样，不结盟运动强调，多边外交在核裁军与核不扩散领域绝对有效。不结盟运动重申决心促进多边主义，将它作为裁军与防扩散领域谈判的核心原则。不结盟运动重申我们在核裁军问题——这依然是不结盟运动的最高优先事项——以及核不扩散所有各方面相关问题上的原则立场，并要强调，以核不扩散为目标的努力必须与核裁军方面的努力齐头并进。在两个方面都取得进展对加强国际和平与安全至关重要。", "在这一背景下，不结盟运动强调，核裁军作为专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议确立的最重要优先事项和一个法律义务，不应当以建立信任措施或其它裁军努力为先决条件。在强调强有力和真诚政治意愿在多边裁军谈判中具有至关重要作用的同时，不结盟运动希望，今天的讨论以及秘书长和裁军事务咨询委员会提出的建议将有助于加强支持联合国裁军机制和联合国内部多边裁军谈判的政治意愿。", "为了实现一个没有核武器的世界，而且核武器国家不把巨额全球支出和精力集中在拥有、研制和实现核武器的现代化上，而是把这些花费用于进一步的全球发展与和平，至关重要的是核武器国家应当履行它们的核裁军义务。应当在多边核裁军谈判中取得切实进展。", "不结盟运动重申，我们深感关切的是，核裁军方面缺乏进展，特别是核武器国家在按照相关多边法律义务完全消除其核武库方面缺乏进展。不结盟运动强调，作为各方积极谋求但却长期延误的全面和彻底裁军的一个必要步骤，核武器国家必须履行它们的核裁军义务和它们在2000年作出并在不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约方2010年审查大会上进一步重申的明确承诺，以便彻底消除其核武器。在这方面，不结盟运动强调，迫切需要开始就在具体时间表内毫不拖延地实现全面和彻底核裁军进行谈判。", "不结盟运动关切地注意到，在我们的一些重要优先事项上，特别是在开始核武器公约谈判这个问题上未能达成多边一致意见，我们呼吁在这方面取得切实进展。《不扩散条约》的不结盟运动缔约国坚信，至关重要的是，2010年不扩散条约审议大会就核裁军、核不扩散、和平利用核能以及执行1995年中东问题决议等方面通过的行动计划必须得到执行。", "不结盟运动欣见，以协商一致方式通过了有关中东问题，特别是有关执行1995年中东问题决议的详细行动计划以及有关2010年不扩散条约审议大会后续行动的结论和建议，不扩散条约的不结盟运动缔约国强烈敦促秘书长和1995年决议的提案国与该区域国家紧密协商和协调，以便立即采取必要措施，在2012年举行中东所有国家都参加的建立中东无核武器和无其它大规模毁灭性武器区的会议。", "不结盟运动依然坚定地全力支持多边裁军议程，并坚定致力于加强联合国裁军机制。现在，所有国家都应当共同努力，加强合作并且利用各自的政治资本，以便振兴目前的裁军机制。推动联合国裁军机制的工作取决于在考虑所有国家安全利益的同时创造一个适当的政治环境，而不是改变议事规则。", "尽管需要提高联合国裁军机制的有效性，但也应回顾国际社会通过联合国裁军机制取得的成就，包括主要法律文书、决议、准则等重要文件，它们构成了一个框架，并且是联合国在裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域中的工作的参照标准。因此，仍然必须维护这一重要机制的每个部分的性质、作用和目标。", "不结盟运动认识到，有必要提高联合国裁军机制的有效性。在这方面，不结盟运动注意到裁军机制面临的主要困难，即某些国家缺乏取得实际进展尤其是核裁军的真正政治意愿。", "回顾国际社会在裁军谈判会议取得的成就固然重要，但不结盟运动对于裁军谈判会议多年来未能就其议程进行实质性工作表示失望。在这方面，不结盟运动认为，仅仅把裁谈会缺乏具体成果的原因归咎于它的议事规则将适得其反，因为这种做法可能掩盖谈判会议面临的真正障碍，即缺乏政治意愿。", "不结盟运动重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构的重要性，并再次吁请裁军谈判会议达成全面和均衡的工作方案，包括以最优先方式尽快建立核裁军特设委员会。不结盟运动强调立即开始谈判在具体时间范围内分阶段全面消除核武器的方案的必要性，包括达成核武器公约。不结盟运动重申国际法院一致结论的重要性，即各国有义务本着诚意开展并完成导致在严格和有效国际监督下实现所有方面核裁军的谈判。", "不结盟运动注意到，2009年5月29日裁谈会通过其2009年届会的工作方案(CD/1864)，但没有得到执行。不结盟运动呼吁裁谈会立即以协商一致方式商定全面和均衡的工作方案。", "不结盟运动鼓励裁军谈判会议考虑尽早任命一位有关增加裁谈会成员组成问题的特别协调员，以便按照其议事规则审视增加其成员数目的可能性。", "不结盟运动还重申裁军审议委员会作为联合国多边裁军机制中的唯一专门审议机构的重要性和现实意义，并重申彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障。在巴厘举行的不结盟运动第16次部长级会议通过的有关彻底消除核武器的声明也重申了这一点。", "不结盟运动将审议咨询委员会报告中的各项建议，并在大会第六十六届会议讨论这一问题期间提出我们的看法。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表欧洲联盟(欧盟)发言。候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛，参与稳定与结盟进程的可能候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚，以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚赞同这一发言。", "主席先生，我首先感谢你在这非常恰当的时候安排本次辩论会。我也谨感谢秘书长作出的努力和今天向我们传达的信息，并感谢咨询小组主席和裁军谈判会议主席。", "欧洲联盟确实对去年9月的高级别会议以来缺乏进展感到失望。但是，我们希望，我们今天的审议将提供一次机会，以听取在那次会议上发出的有关对未来选项进行前瞻性和具体讨论的呼吁——以便振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和审查有关如何开展多边裁军谈判的切合实际的想法。", "我们感到鼓舞的是，高级别会议和大会后续决议——第65/93号决议触发了在日内瓦和纽约的反思进程。实际上，我们对过去两年中全球裁军与不扩散领域中的重要积极事态发展感到鼓舞，例如安全理事会第1887(2009)号决议、新的裁武条约、华盛顿核安全首脑会议、不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会以及秘书长亲自参加并提出五点计划的更积极的国际公开辩论。欧洲联盟热烈欢迎这些发展，尽管我们知道，需要不断作出新的努力，以确保国际社会扩大这一新的势头。", "实际上，现在要加强和振兴多边努力，因为我们都认识到，今天的全球安全问题需要多变合作解决办法。我们欧洲联盟充分致力于维护和加强这一势头，并致力于在同其他国家充分合作下执行商定的成果，因为这符合欧盟禁止扩散大规模毁灭性武器的战略，又因为这比以往更加是国际和平与安全的主要条件。", "尽管总的趋势是积极的，但是欧洲联盟仍然对裁军机制的一个关键部门显然功能失调深感不安：裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局。2009年工作方案的通过本来可以成为一次重要的突破，使裁军谈判会议成员国能够开始谈判一项多边和可核查的禁止生产用于核武器和其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约。欧洲联盟认为，开始进行这些谈判仍然是重要和紧迫的工作。因此，欧盟继续敦促最后剩下的迄今不愿意加入共识的国家开始就“裂变材料禁产条约”进行谈判。这样做将使裁军谈判会议能够恢复其谈判的作用，从而恢复信誉并继续实现其基本宗旨。", "我们认为，裁军谈判会议全体会员国应当理解，开展“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判是确定和保护特定国家安全关切的进程的开始，而不是这一进程的结果。欧洲联盟认为，阻挡整个谈判会议甚至拒绝开始谈判的做法是不可接受的。这严重损害多边合作的原则。", "我们还认为，有些建立信任措施可以立即采取，不必等待正式谈判的开始。这就是为什么我们要求所有核武器国家宣布和然后执行关于暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的措施。", "因此，欧盟再次重申，它致力于参加有关裁军谈判会议议程上所有其他核心问题的实质性谈判。", "我们深感遗憾的是，尽管裁军谈判会议大多数成员国明确表示强烈的政治意愿，大会本届会议和2010年不扩散条约缔约国审议大会都坚定支持谈判和发出明确呼吁，裁谈会未能扩大全球裁军与不扩散的势头。我们认识到所有国家的安全关切，但与此同时，我们坚信不能滥用有关协商一致的规定。世界不能在裁军与不扩散的关键问题上袖手旁观，或是允许程序性问题阻挠真正的政治进展。因此，欧盟有关改善裁军谈判会议的运作的各项建议中包括了对其工作方法进行审查。", "请允许我借此机会重申，欧盟长期支持裁军谈判会议的扩大。欧洲联盟支持裁谈会观察国非正式小组、包括欧盟一些成员国的呼吁，要求在本届会议期间任命一位有关增加谈判会议成员数目问题的特别协调员。", "按照欧盟同民间社会交往的做法，我们也急于探讨各种方法，以加强非政府组织的发言权，并且让研究机构参与谈判会议的工作。", "第一委员会是能够富有成效地讨论当前议题和关于裁军与不扩散问题的可能倡议的另一个重要机构。联合国会员国承担着维护这一论坛发挥重要作用的责任，并且我们认为，第一委员会因此应当改进其工作方法，以便能够讨论当代安全挑战并为解决它们制定具体措施。", "我还要提及联合国裁军审议委员会。我们认为，也应全面审查和加强其程序和业务原则。", "民间社会更广泛地参与该机构的工作也应受到欢迎。联合国裁军审议委员会的目的在于向大会、并通过大会向裁军谈判会议提交关于裁军和军备控制问题的建议。实际上，欧盟非常遗憾地注意到，在大会主持下建立的议事机构和谈判机构过去十多年来均未达到其商定目标。", "根据其接受的任务规定，裁军谈判会议应该是缔结核武器国家和无核武器国家都加入的各项多边条约的场所。然而，考虑到会议持续陷于僵局，国际社会需要考虑可选办法，并且若有必要，另辟蹊径，以确保取得进展。主席先生，总之，欧盟愿意与你和联合国全体会员国一起努力寻求打破裁谈会所陷入的僵局的方法与途径。", "请允许我总结欧盟的一些具体提议。首先，我们吁请裁军谈判会议全体成员国毫不拖延地启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判，并且开始就议程上的其他问题开展工作。第二，我们呼吁所有拥有核武器国家宣布和坚持立即暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核裂变材料。第三，我们吁请裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会审查各自的工作方法，并在其提交大会的各份报告中适当思考该问题。我们当然鼓励大会继续处理这个问题。第四，我们吁请裁军谈判会议接纳现观察国成为正式会员。最后，我们吁请裁军谈判会议探讨各种方法，以增加裁军谈判会议中各非政府组织的贡献，并加强与各研究机构的接触。", "最后，我们重申，我们致力于使联合国和该裁军机构能取得切实成果。我们还随时准备与所有代表团一道采取进一步措施，以提出其他业务建议并设想其他具体的业务可选办法。多边裁军机构的有效运作，对我们的安全至关重要。诸如裁军谈判会议之类的核心裁军论坛长期陷于僵局造成一个严重问题，要求全体会员国加以解决。而且，时间正在流逝。裁军谈判会议需要毫不拖延地恢复工作。我们再次呼吁采取实质性的后续行动，并吁请该裁军机构开展其当初创建时要做的工作。", "阿罗德先生(法国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我代表中华人民共和国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国，感谢你召开2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议后续会议。我们欣见你在裁军和不扩散问题上所展现的个人承诺和领导才能。我们全力支持你为恢复裁军谈判会议作出的持之以恒的努力。我们对裁谈会长期陷于僵局及自去年会议以来缺乏进展极为关切。重申对裁谈会的谈判作用和使其能毫不拖延地恢复实质性工作至关重要。", "举行高级别会议十个月之后，今天的后续会议是一个适时的机会，借以反思该裁军机构的现状，并考虑设法在裁军和国际和平与安全问题上取得进一步进展。", "我们欣见军备控制、裁军和不扩散领域中出现的众多积极的事态发展。尤其在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上通过了一项关于《不扩散条约》三大支柱的具体平衡的行动计划，这表明国际社会坚定致力于加强国际核武器不扩散制度并以全面、务实的方法处理核问题。", "现在，全体缔约国必须共同努力推进这项《不扩散条约》行动计划的执行。在这方面，联合国五常任理事国下定决心承担其责任并发挥其作用。在去年9月高级别会议上，法国承担了组织不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会第一次五常任理事国后续会议的责任。", "因此，今年6月30日至7月1日，五常任理事国在巴黎举行了总干事和专家级会议，以期审议各国在履行在不扩散条约审议大会上作出的承诺方面取得的进展，并为筹备下一个《不扩散条约》审查周期作出贡献。他们就与核裁军和防扩散相关的广泛问题展开了讨论。那是五常任理事国第二次以此模式开会讨论此议程。第一次是于2009年举行的关于建立信任措施的伦敦会议。因此，巴黎会议是一次在核问题上进一步建立互信和信任的重要和关键的机会。", "我们愿与大会分享我们的讨论所取得的大体成果。这些成果已体现在会议结束时发表的最后联合新闻谈话中。作为核武器国家，我们讨论了我们打算如何履行《不扩散条约》规定的裁军义务，包括参与2010年《不扩散条约》行动计划要求开展的工作—特别是行动5中规定的步骤，以及报告和其他工作。", "我们沿续了先前关于透明度和互信问题(包括核理论、核能)以及关于核查问题的讨论。这些措施对为进一步开展裁军工作奠定坚实基础是重要的。", "我们还一致同意要采取措施，维护《不扩散条约》的不扩散支柱内容，以便将如何答复退出该条约的通知纳入其中，同时确认第10条中的条款内容；并强调需要加强国际原子能机构的保障监督职能，包括通过促成通过附加议定书和增加原子能机构的资源以及提高其阻止和查明违约行为的能力来达到加强其保障监督职能的目的。", "全体成员国—缔约国和非缔约国—必须作出贡献，通过建立必要的安全环境、消除区域紧张局势、促进集体安全、确保国际核不扩散制度仍富有活力和可靠，以及在裁军各个领域都取得进展来实现裁军总目标。", "我们坚信，作为国际社会唯一的多边裁军谈判常设论坛，裁军谈判会议应该保持在有关裁军优先事项问题的实质性谈判中的首要作用。我们呼吁所有缔约国毫不拖延地就全面平衡的工作方案达成一致，使裁谈会能恢复其实质性工作。", "我们认识到，有效执行《不扩散条约》第6条和防止核武器扩散的一个关键因素是通过谈判缔结一项“裂变材料禁产条约”(禁产条约)。“禁产条约”将有助于禁止生产制造核武器所需要的最重要基本材料。我们再次表示支持在裁军谈判会议上立即开始关于“禁产条约”的谈判，包括核查条款。", "为了维持在裁军谈判会议上进行谈判的可能性，五常任理事国将在大会下届会议召开之前，与其他相关伙伴再次努力促进这种谈判。此外，五常任理事国再次承诺促进和确保《全面禁止核试验条约》迅速生效并实现其普遍化。", "(以法语发言)", "在这一关头，我愿代表我国作简短发言。我完全赞同欧盟的发言。法国在所有论坛，包括在我们担任主席的8国集团，支持在核、生物、化学、常规武器、弹道扩散及空间等所有领域寻求加强国际安全的任何倡议。", "我们必须继续联手向那些企图利用裁军谈判会议工作陷入僵局的人强调，他们是在逆历史潮流而动。今天，只缺一个国家就能达成启动裂变材料禁产条约谈判的共识。毋庸置言，我们希望能在裁军谈判会议的主持下开展这些谈判，因为这正是会议存在的目的。", "关于开展谈判，我们必须切实证明我们致力于停止生产用于核武器的裂变材料。四个核武器国家已经宣布暂停生产这种材料。我们真诚呼吁所有核武器大国立即做出类似的暂停生产的宣布。我们还必须更进一步，使裂变材料的禁产不可逆转。法国不可逆转地拆除了其生产设施，已经成为该领域的先导。", "为节约时间，我就说到这里。我的发言稿全文可从法国常驻联合国代表团的网站调取。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚)(以英语发言)：今天，我荣幸地以不扩散和裁军倡议组织的名义发言。目前这个组织的成员有：澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、波兰、土耳其和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "主席先生，我们非常感谢你召开本次辩论会，也感谢你今年访问了日内瓦，亲自努力振兴裁军谈判会议的工作。我们也喜见秘书长对这一重要任务表现出的承诺。", "本次辩论会召开的时机十分恰当。此刻正值裁军谈判会议年度会议的第二部分结束而离大会第六十六届会议的召开还有一段足够的时间之际，这正是共同评估自去年9月振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议举行以来所发生的各项发展并就如何推动大会恢复实质性工作交流看法的适当时候。我们应该利用最近数月在纽约和日内瓦掀起的反思浪潮，而本次会议也能对这个势头给予积极推动。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织成立于2010年9月，以便在不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国2010年审议大会产生的裁军与不扩散的最新势头上再接再厉。在今年4月30日柏林召开的第二次外长会议上，不扩散和裁军倡议组织成员国重申，它们打算为实现核裁军并加强国际不扩散制度而努力。我们承认核武器使用的可能性对全人类构成危险，并有必要处理扩散风险增加的问题、削减核武库、加强核保障并改进核安全，同时，我们仍然认为，有充分理由并急需减少核风险，并沿着建设一个无核武器世界的道路取得切实进展。不扩散和裁军倡议组织的各国外长在柏林重申，他们决心支持并帮助推动落实去年不扩散条约审议大会达成的协商一致成果。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织成员们欢迎在今年裁军谈判会议第一部分和第二部分提出的旨在推动其当前核心问题工作的各项举措，有时还主导也当然积极参与了这些举措。但是，与此同时，我们注意到会议未能从裁军和不扩散领域广泛的积极势头受益，对此我们深表遗憾。迄今为止，它尚未落实不扩散条约审议大会行动计划与其工作有关的三项行动，即关于成立一个附属机构以处理核裁军问题的行动6；有关消极安全保证实质性讨论的行动7；以及有关裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)谈判的行动15。", "我们还不得不承认，会议不仅没有取得进展，从2009年5月一致通过工作方案(CD/1864)的角度来说，事实上还倒退了一步。我们相信，利用共识规则来阻止开展禁产条约的谈判和就其它3个核心问题进行的实质性讨论不仅损害了会议业已受损的信誉，而且还严重削弱了整个多边裁军进程，因此，从长远来说，损及整个国际社会的安全利益。", "10多年来，裁军谈判会议一直未能完成交付给它的就裁军和不扩散文书进行谈判的任务。鉴于这种情况，我们重申，我们坚信裁军谈判会议必须立即开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。然而，虽说耐心当然是一种美德，但是继续被动消极却不是。因此，如果我们在裁军谈判会议第三部分会议中仍不能就开展裂变材料禁产条约谈判达成一致的话，我们决心在今年晚些时候请大会第六十六届会议处理该问题并考虑如何就开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判采取行动。", "当然，我们承认无论选择哪条道路，裂变材料禁产条约不仅从政治角度还是从技术角度来说都至为艰巨。我们认为，这两个层面彼此紧密交织。我们仍然认为尽早开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判是一个优先事项，同时我们也认为成立一个科学专家小组来专门审查裂变材料禁产条约的技术层面可能会推动并有助于谈判的启动。我们非常愿意与感兴趣的各方探讨这个想法。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织绝非只关心裁军谈判会议工作中的某一具体方面。要想将它重塑为一个有效运转、成员组成反映本世纪而非上世纪现实的机构，就需要以批判的眼光来审视它当前的工作方法、考查其成员并加强与民间社会的互动。", "尽管我们认为裁军谈判会议恢复实质性工作是最紧急的任务，但是我们对振兴的兴趣却超出了这一范畴。裁军审议委员会是联合国裁军机制另一个从理论上来说非常重要、但却日益失去现实意义的支柱。审查其当前的工作并实行周密的结构改革对它大有好处。", "此外，我们呼吁大会自身的第一委员会提高它在处理裁军和国际安全问题上的实际适切性。考虑到今天辩论的目标，我们要特别吁请它推动裂变材料禁产条约和其它裁军核心问题向前迈进。我们认为，从整体而言，大会应在引导国际社会对多边裁军机制的期望并找到解决持续存在问题的办法方面继续发挥重要作用。我们对此充满期待，并期待着参加今后可能就推进多边裁军谈判这一具有高度现实意义的重要问题展开的辩论。", "泰瑟姆先生(联合王国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你举行本次重要讨论。联合王国欣见你对裁军和不扩散问题表现出个人承诺与领导魄力。继去年9月召开振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议后，我们非常高兴有这个机会进行总结。", "联合王国政府继续坚定致力于一个没有核武器世界的长远目标，并致力于在多边裁军领域取得进展。我们认真对待多边裁军义务，并在过去一年中取得了具体进展。在2010年10月发表的战略防御与安全评论中，我们宣布采取若干裁军措施，削减我们潜艇上的核弹头与导弹数量。我们还为无核武器国家作出了更有力的新保证。", "2011年，国际裁军议程上出现了良好进展。2月份，新的《裁武条约》生效，几周前，《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)承认的五个核武器国家参加了安全理事会五个常任理事国在巴黎举行的会议。这是继联合王国主办2009年会议之后第二次举行此类会议。我们感到高兴的是，会议期间开展了建立信任的讨论，并且有机会详细研究了我们的裁军义务。", "我的法国同事已经代表五常概述了此次会议的成果，这些成果显然表明，我们有共同决心来一起努力，以便兑现在不扩散条约2010年审议大会行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))中作出的承诺。其中包括联合国、美国和俄罗斯作为《不扩散条约》保存国采取务实步骤，兑现我们对执行不扩散条约1995年审议大会关于将中东建成无大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具区的决议所作的承诺。", "我们期待着在该次会议上商定的裁军和建立信任举措方面取得进展。作为后续工作的一部分，联合王国将主办一次与五常伙伴的专家级会议，讨论从我们与挪威一起在核查核弹头拆除情况方面开展的开拓性工作中汲取的经验教训。我们与挪威一起开展的工作表明，核武器国家和无核武器国家都能够通过研究如何核查核裁军情况，为履行其不扩散条约义务作出积极贡献，同时仍然遵守其不扩散义务。的确，无核武器国家在核裁军核查研究方面给予合作是必要的，因为这可促成采取有效和相互信任的技术和程序性解决办法，支持可核查的多边核裁军。", "尽管在其它地方出现了积极的进展和势头，但自去年9月的高级别会议以来，日内瓦的裁军谈判会议迄今尚未进行任何实质性工作。绝大多数国家都支持关于缔结一项将禁止在今后生产用于核武器的裂变材料条约的原则。在裁军谈判会议中开始关于《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)的谈判将是一个重大成就，也是实现我们无核武器世界最终目标的必要基石。遗憾的是，我们都知道，有一个国家继续阻碍迈出这一步。正是由于这个原因，而不是其它原因，我们处于今天的这种情况，自去年9月份高级别会议以来没有在《禁产条约》方面取得任何切实进展。", "如果我们想要向前推进，我们就必须使我们的集体努力侧重于说服所有成员再次商定使裁军谈判会议恢复工作，并且开始谈判一项《禁产条约》。我们的澳大利亚同事和日本同事所组织的会外活动是为此目的采取的一项值得欢迎而且可提供有益信息的举措。", "要切实有效地加强全球裁军和防扩散框架，未来的《禁产条约》就必须禁止所有国家生产用于核武器和其它爆炸装置的裂变材料。因此，联合王国要再次强调，我们坚定致力于在裁军谈判会议中启动有关《禁产条约》的谈判。裁军谈判会议是我们与所有相关国家作为成员国进行谈判的最佳选择。裁军谈判会议这个机构凭借其议事规则，展现了对所有人安全的尊重。而且，我们仍然有一项可以立即执行的工作方案，这个方案已得到所有国家的赞同，只有一个国家除外。CD/1864号文件规定就《禁产条约》举行谈判，并且就裁军谈判会议过去两年来也未取得进展的其它议程项目举行实质性讨论。", "我们必须继续向所有成员保证，裁军谈判会议的既定规则为所有国家的安全利益提供保护，在谈判期间和在最后的签字和批准阶段都是如此。可以预期，一些国家将对《禁产条约》对它们会意味着什么有顾虑。在谈判桌上将有足够机会来讨论所有这些问题和关切。", "五常巴黎会议在公开声明中重申，五常大力支持在裁军谈判会议立即启动《禁产条约》谈判。五常承诺与有关伙伴一起作出新的努力，以推动在大会下一届会议前举行谈判。我们打算在已经举行的会外活动的基础上，与其它相关伙伴进一步详细讨论与该条约有关的主要问题。随着这些讨论的推进，在裁军谈判会议中形成的谈判势头将继续增强。我们吁请各国保持这一势头，并请最后一个剩余国家加入协商一致，停止阻碍这一进程，使裁军谈判会议能够尽快开展工作。这种阻碍一直在破坏联合国内部的多边主义，并且促使一些国家考虑绕过传统体制，以求在《禁产条约》方面取得迅速进展。", "裁军谈判会议急需表明它仍然具有现实意义，而且，它能够证明它有潜力成为最好的手段，找到解决21世纪全球军备控制、裁军和防扩散等挑战的办法。", "戈特默勒女士(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢你给我在今天发言的机会。美国欣见秘书长倡议召开了去年9月份关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议，以期通过该会议促进在裁军谈判会议中的《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)谈判方面取得进展。我们是有关该次高级别会议后续行动的第65/93号决议的共同提案国，我们也欢迎今天有机会回顾一下我们在10个月后处于什么情况。主席先生，美国与你一样致力于取得进展，也与你一样希望确保这一进程向前推进。", "奥巴马总统两年前在布拉格发表演讲时，申明美国致力于“寻求一个无核武器世界的和平与安全”，并且阐述了朝这一方向迈进的近期务实步骤行动计划。自那时以来已取得了重要进展。我将不在这里赘述所有进展，但我想强调几个成功之处，因为它们与就一个优先目标——禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料——开始谈判方面的持续失败形成鲜明对比。", "过去一年中军备控制方面的一个重大成就是与俄罗斯联邦签署的新的《裁武条约》于今年2月生效。《条约》的执行工作正在稳步开展。截至上周末，我们与俄罗斯联邦在执行条约制度方面交换了1 000份通知。此外，我们进行了13次视察，6次由俄罗斯联邦进行，7次由美国进行。我们正在保持我们执行工作的步伐。", "今年5月，奥巴马总统还向参议院提交了《非洲无核武器区条约》和《南太平洋无核武器区条约》的议定书，请参议院提出意见并予以认可。我们正在与《东南亚无核武器区条约》和《中亚无核武器区条约》的缔约国进行讨论，以便达成协议，使美国也能够签署这些条约的议定书。", "美国依然致力于确保批准《全面禁止核试验条约》，我们正在与美国参议院和美国民众沟通交流，介绍这项条约的好处。", "正如法国代表所报告的那样，《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)承认的五个核武器国家，即五常，于6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行了会议，讨论与核裁军和核不扩散有关的问题，特别是在不扩散条约2010年审议大会通过的行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))中列述的务实步骤。巴黎会议是2009年在伦敦开始的讨论的延续，并将在不扩散条约2012年审议大会筹备委员会的框架内举行第三次会议。这些会议正在帮助建立一个有关透明度、核理论和核查的五常对话进程，同时承认，如果我们要为进一步裁军努力建立坚实基础的话，这种对话是必要的。", "美国为在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上启动谈判以缔结一项关于禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料的条约，竭尽了全力。达成这样一项条约，继续是美国和绝大多数其他国家的最高多边优先事项，并且将是不扩散与裁军方面的一项重大国际成就。在其他军备控制和裁军领域取得巨大进展之时，有一个国家却使裁军谈判会议无法再次在裁军舞台上发挥其应有作用，而且无法为达到这个长久未能实现的目标而展开谈判，这更加令人失望。", "美国希望在裁军谈判会议中谈判一项裂变材料禁产条约。我们欢迎澳大利亚和日本倡议在今年裁军谈判会议的主要会议之外，就裂变材料禁产条约进行认真的技术讨论。这一活动是富有成效、实质性的，而且是在平等友好的气氛中进行的，但是这并没有掩盖一个核心事实，即裁军谈判会议受到阻挠，我们今天不比两年前更加接近于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，当时裁军谈判会议全体65个成员国通过了一项妥协工作方案。", "正是由于持续存在这一僵局，我们为在这个问题上取得进展进行了协商。因此，我们感到鼓舞的是，五个常任理事国在巴黎商定，在大会下届会议之前采取步骤，同其他相关伙伴一道重新作出努力，促进这种有关裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，而且我们目前正在规划这些活动。", "关于联合国裁军机制及其如何运作——或为何无法运作——的问题，我注意到，这是各方时常讨论的一个议题。例如，各方面的改进促使裁军谈判会议前身机构当时的成员国在1978年决定成立裁军谈判委员会——不久后改名为裁军谈判会议。他们断定，某些改变——例如轮流担任主席和增加成员数目——将使该机构更有代表性，更有成效。第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议的《最后文件》(第S-10/2号决议)回顾了这些国家的决定。", "最近，各方对裁军谈判会议和其他裁军机制的改革进行了认真思考，并提出了一些令人感兴趣的想法。但是，我们在审议这些建议时应当睁大眼睛，现实地看待当前僵局的根源。尽管该机制当然可以受益于一次调整，但这并不是裁军谈判会议陷于崩溃的根本原因。裁谈会在过去几年中取得了良好的成果：《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。简而言之，如果各国的目标一致，它们就能够在裁军谈判会议中推进该目标，这是我们想要再次看到的情况，首先是在裂变材料禁产条约方面。", "秘书长就如何着手审查多边裁军事务提出了各项建议，并且向我们提供了一份经过深思熟虑的关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)。联合国裁军研究所也提供了富有启发性、能发人深思的材料。各方已经提出了许多想法。", "应当由一个知名人士小组、裁军谈判会议本身，或是其他一些方面继续进行有益的探讨，就下列问题提出建议：如何修改或重新考虑联合国裁军审议委员会的作用，因为多年来，它经历过千辛万苦，但仍然未能就任何议程项目达成共识；以及如何更新日内瓦裁军谈判会议。可以更新它的“十诫”和议程，以反映当前的国际安全环境。成员国也应当审查它的一些其他程序，并建议作出将有助于提高连续性并且使工作重点更突出的改变。", "此外还应包含与下列方面有关的建议：如何确保裁军谈判会议每年商定的工作方案的连续性，例如自动展延已商定的工作方案；如何在防止滥用协商一致规则的同时，保护国家安全利益；裁军谈判会议的扩大是否将改进其效率，以及如何体现审议和谈判机构的普遍裁军目标，同时确保它们的效率并尊重和保护各国的安全关切。这是一个根本问题。在这方面，我们认为，从理论上讲，与193个成员国一道商讨必然会产生复杂情况。我要指出，自1996年扩大为65个成员国之后，裁军谈判会议目前的成员组成尚未表明它有能力发挥谈判机构的职能。", "在探寻新的出路过程中，我们认为需要取得平衡。现状是不可接受的，但我们也应当防止好高骛远，不然我们会迷路。我们在寻找出路时，必须着眼于既定的目标，对国际社会的多数成员而言，这个目标就是缔结裂变材料禁产条约，作为下一个直接多边核裁军步骤。关于再举行一次裁军特别会议的呼吁，充其量只会转移视线。考虑到其失败记录，裁军特别会议并不是唯一或最实用的改革工具。除非我们商定了这样一次会议的目标，否则我们最好把精力放在能够取得进展的地方。", "王民(中国)：主席先生，我感谢你召集此次会议。我也要感谢你和秘书长所做的发言。", "在去年9月举行的多边裁军高级别会议上，各方就日内瓦裁谈会工作和多边裁军谈判问题进行了有益探讨。中方希望此次会议对多边裁军谈判进程起到积极的推进作用。", "军控、裁军与安全休戚相关，历来是国际安全形势变化的“晴雨表”。当前，国际社会普遍希望推进多边裁军进程、特别是裁谈会工作，进一步促进各国安全。", "今年以来，各方对推进裁谈会工作显示出积极意愿和建设性态度，但有关各方分歧尚未弥合。要打破裁谈会僵局，有待裁谈会成员国做出新的努力。", "当前形势下，中国对重振裁谈会工作、推进多边裁军进程有以下主张：", "首先，应尊重和维护裁谈会的权威地位。作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构，裁谈会是任何其他国际机制无法取代的。冷战结束以来，在裁谈会先后谈判达成了《禁止化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》，这两个条约对防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散和推进国际军控和裁军进程功不可没，是经得起历史考验的。只有坚持在裁谈会框架内谈判“禁止生产核武器用裂变材料条约”，才能实现该条约的核裁军和防扩散双重目标，确保条约的权威性、有效性和普遍性。", "第二，应重视和平等对待各国的正当安全关切。裁谈会不可能在真空的环境下开展工作，国际和地区安全形势对其工作势必产生直接和重要影响。无论在启动谈判之前，还是在谈判过程之中，各成员国的正当安全关切都应该得到充分尊重和妥善解决。这才是严肃认真的多边军控条约谈判的目的所在，也是确保条约的公正性、使条约得到普遍支持和遵守的必要前提。", "第三，应保持对裁谈会的信心，进一步发挥创造性思维。", "推进裁谈会工作取得进展，靠的是各成员国的共同努力，尤其是在裁谈会框架内形成合力。另起炉灶的想法和做法显然无助于推进裁谈会工作，也不可能谈出一个好的“禁产条约”。越是在面临僵局和困难的时候，裁谈会成员国越应更加充分地发挥政治智慧和外交上的创造力，保持裁谈会启动“禁产条约”谈判的势头，不遗余力地寻找推进裁谈会就“禁产条约”相关问题开展实质性工作的途径。", "第四，应致力于全面推进裁谈会的工作。“禁产条约”谈判应该早日启动。与此同时，裁谈会也有必要围绕核裁军、防止外空军备竞赛、对无核国家安全保证这几项重要议题开展实质性工作。这是裁谈会最广大成员国的呼声。我相信，上述三项议题方面的工作将对“禁产条约”谈判起到积极的促进作用。", "中国一贯支持裁谈会工作，支持尽早在裁谈会启动“禁产条约”谈判。中国在今年担任裁谈会轮值主席期间，与其他轮值主席充分合作，与成员国广泛协商，为弥合各方分歧、打破目前僵局做出了不懈努力。我们希望各方尊重彼此正当安全关切，并继续通过认真、平等、公开、透明的对话和协商，致力于尽早就裁谈会工作计划达成一致，启动裁谈会各项实质性工作。", "不断推进国际军控和裁军进程符合各方共同利益，也是各国肩负的历史责任。我们相信裁谈会成员国的政治意愿和集体智慧，对裁谈会早日启动“禁产条约”谈判及其他领域的实质性工作保持信心。与此同时，我们也迫切地呼吁各方为此做出新的努力与尝试。中国愿与各方一道，为推进多边军控与裁军事业的健康发展、维护世界和平与安全而加倍努力。", "沙佩尔先生(荷兰)(以英语发言)：我谨代表以下41个国家发言：澳大利亚、奥地利、阿尔巴尼亚、比利时、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、德国、匈牙利、意大利、爱尔兰、日本、肯尼亚、大韩民国、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、墨西哥、黑山、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其和乌拉圭。", "这些国家来自全球很多区域，共同致力于加强多边裁军系统(这将是我今天发言的主题)，以使这一系统达到其目的。主席先生，我们感谢你组织这次会议，提供了一个机会来评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来所取得的进展。", "我刚才提到的41个国家感到遗憾的是，十多年来，多边裁军机制、尤其是裁军谈判会议，没有满足国际社会的期望，《第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议最后文件》(第S/10-2号决议)、大量大会决议所载的决定和建议，以及不扩散核武器条约审议大会的成果文件中都表达了这些期望。裁军谈判会议根本没有完成任务，没有通过有效的多边军备控制、裁军及不扩散文书来应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战。", "几年来，新的多边裁军文书方面缺乏进展，这直接影响了我们在二十一世纪的共同安全，并且削弱了多边裁军系统。虽然其他多边裁军论坛取得了进展，但是裁军谈判会议未能发掘其潜力，也没能就感兴趣的国家更广泛参与和加强与民间社会成员的接触等问题达成一致。", "我们各国认为裁军谈判会议停滞不前、陷于僵局，以及缺乏成果的可悲情况是不可接受的。我们迫切需要振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推动多边裁军谈判。在这方面，我们高度赞赏秘书长提出的支持这些努力的倡议。", "2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议强调了各国对裁军谈判会议陷于僵局的原因的看法。但最重要的是，高级别会议更加清楚地表明，国际社会不想只是进行审议，而是要不再拖延地采取行动。", "各成员可能意识到，在2011年裁军谈判会议过程中，包括在你、主席先生于3月访问日内瓦时与你的互动中，在日内瓦的成员越来越多地以口头和文件方式表达了他们对这种僵局的关切。他们还向秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员表示了其关切。", "但是，尽管历届裁军谈判会议主席十多年来做出了相当大的努力，尽管裁谈会成员提出了各种建议和倡议，以及尽管通过了本来会使裁谈会完成其任务的各项决定，但是裁谈会仍未能开展实质性工作。", "在纽约这里，联合国裁军审议委员会再一次遗憾地未能提出任何具体建议。我们认为这进一步显示了更广泛多边裁军机制所面临的持续挑战。", "如果多边裁军机制尤其是裁军谈判会议不能克服这个危机，那么国际社会，尤其是大会，将需要做出反应，并且认真考虑克服危机的方法和途径。我们再也不能在2012年1月召开另一届会议，同时认为持续的僵局是既成事实，而且我们对此无能为力。", "各国已经在讨论不同的可选办法。有些国家侧重于让大会在推动多边裁军谈判方面发挥更加主要和积极的作用。有些国家则注重执行先前在裁军谈判会议和其他相关多边论坛达成的各项协议。有些国家力求加强谈判的筹备工作。有些国家把重点放在努力在裁军谈判会议范围内启动一个正式的振兴进程。有些国家则力求纳入一个更广泛的裁军机制改革进程。", "虽然这些不同倡议的侧重点不同，但是正在对其进行探讨——需要进行探讨——包括通过找到最有效的方法实现无核武器世界来加强全球安全。我们希望本次辩论能够为我们提供一个合适的平台，继续以透明、包容性方法，探讨本着注重成果的精神有效推动多边裁军谈判的所有未来可能的可选办法。无论是在日内瓦还是在这里，我们都必须担负起我们的责任，毫不拖延地有效处理这些关切。", "我们欢迎秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会关注裁军机制面临的问题。与此同时，我们承认，造成当前困难的责任在于各国，找到解决办法的责任也落在各国的肩上。我们随时准备为这项前瞻性工作做出积极和建设性贡献。参与多边裁军谈判并为其成功做出贡献符合世界各国的重要利益，同时也是它们的一种权利与义务。", "Kim Sook先生(大韩民国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先我愿与前面的发言者一道，对你召开本次会议表示衷心感谢。大韩民国是请求召开本次会议信函的联署成员国之一，它赞同荷兰代表刚才所作的发言。但是，此刻，我愿以我国代表的身份发言。", "近年来，我们为实现核裁军和不扩散领域期待已久的突破采取了许多积极步骤。仅在去年，我们就目睹签署了新的《裁武条约》，在华盛顿特区召开了核安全问题首脑会议，在不扩散核武器缔约国审议大会上一致通过了时间跨度为十年的《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))。特别是在不扩散条约2010年审议大会上通过《最后文件》无异于国际社会正式承认，裁军和不扩散再次成为全球议程的核心。", "继其它裁军领域出现这一系列积极动态后，现在我们对振兴裁军谈判会议寄予了比近年来其它任何时候都要高的期望。2010年9月，作为国际社会对裁军谈判会议的一种回应，秘书长召开了一次高级别会议，从而反映了国际社会的期望。我们还注意到今年许多代表团做出了各种努力。尽管如此，裁军谈判会议的工作仍进展甚微，国际社会的耐心正在逐步耗尽。此外，联合国裁军审议委员会(裁审会)自1999年以来也一直未提出任何最后文件或建议。多边裁军机制实际上处于严重混乱之中。", "我们认为，让裁军谈判会议回到正轨上来是所有解决方案的核心。裁谈会的进一步瘫痪不仅有可能危及它作为裁军事务首要论坛的地位与合法性，而且还有可能破坏包括裁审会在内的多边裁军机制的基础。我坚信，如果裁军谈判会议希望继续发挥核心作用的话，它就应迅速行动起来。", "为鼓励裁军谈判会议向前迈进，最重要的是，各国有必要在其安全考虑和工作方式上表现出更大的政治灵活度。只有各国表现出灵活度与合作精神，裁军谈判会议才能取得重大进展，并与迅速变化的裁军大环境保持同步。会议进程现在需要的不是没完没了和空洞的辩论，而是具体的行动。", "正如大韩民国在2010年9月高级别会议上所建议的那样，同时也鉴于今天上午秘书长又再次提出这一建议，我谨呼吁成立一个在秘书长主持下的知名人士小组，以找到解决裁军谈判会议当前困难的办法。", "在这方面，我们欢迎秘书长关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)，在报告中，他支持成立这个小组。秘书长的咨询委员会指出，一个知名人士小组可能会有助于幕后谈判，并吸引全球高度关注该问题。最近我们看到在千年发展目标和气候变化筹资等领域成立了类似小组。它们可以作为良好的范例。", "我们知道，裁军谈判会议是大会催生的一个机构，因而大会对它催生的这个机构所面临的困境进行讨论，是很自然的。在这方面，我认为，裁军谈判会议的内部努力以及其外部政治驱动力都有可能大大帮助打破裁谈会所处的僵局。我希望大会第一委员会今年将继续讨论如何振兴多边裁军机制。", "大韩民国认为，国际社会一致认为在裁军谈判会议面前的所有问题中，最需要谈判缔结的是一项禁止生产用于武器的裂变材料条约。裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的谈判对于核不扩散与核裁军来说都是不可或缺的。裂变材料禁产条约和《全面禁止核试验条约》对于全球核裁军和防扩散制度来说，具有象征性和实质性的至关重要意义。我们相信，我们一旦开始裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，这一势头必将导致就诸如核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及消极安全保证等其它重大问题进一步展开全面而平衡的讨论。", "大韩民国再次呼吁裁军谈判会议所有成员给予合作，以尽早开始关于裂变材料禁产条约的实质性工作，这不仅有利于核不扩散，而且也更广泛有利于核裁军。大韩民国将尽其所能，以启动裁军谈判会议进程。", "茹科夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦全心全意地支持振兴多边裁军、防扩散和军备控制机制。我们支持维持并加强现有的三大裁军机构：联合国裁军审议委员会、第一委员会以及裁军谈判会议。这些论坛已证明了它们的必要性与效率，并为维护国际和平与安全做出了重要贡献。", "我们认为，现在问题并不在于彻底重组这些机构，而在于凝聚政治意愿启动这些机制，以达成新的普遍性裁军和防扩散协议。我们认为，多边裁军进程——即裁军谈判会议内部——的当前现状并不是多边裁军机制任何系统性瘫痪导致的结果，而是反映各国在裁军和不扩散问题上有着不同侧重点，而且它们对国家正当利益的看法存在差异。裁谈会各种问题的根源来自其外部。", "显然，裁军谈判会议处理的是非常敏感的问题，即国家安全问题。在这方面，与其它任何地方不同，我们必须愿意在利益平衡基础上达成合理妥协。此外，我们不应将造成裁军谈判会议处境的原因过于简单化，或将其归结为程序上的分歧或企望与要求上的冲突。", "重要的是，尽管最近有人发出了要裁军谈判会议关门、改变其基本工作原则或启动新模式的极端呼声，但是该论坛的绝大多数参与者仍广泛确认保留裁军谈判会议作为关键的多边裁军机制非常重要。一些国家建议的休克疗法是一种极端步骤，有可能不仅使裁军谈判会议最终陷入瘫痪，还有可能严重削弱所有三大裁军机构，并最终摧毁现有裁军机制。", "我们不能同意这种办法。没有什么灵丹妙药。我们的目标必须带着耐心以尊重彼此的态度去寻求共同接受的打破僵局的办法，而不是仓促草率地采取措施和作出决定。不仅对于程序性事宜，而且对于实质性问题而言，都应如此，更不用说拒绝提供资助等惩罚性措施。", "在这方面，我们支持裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生采取的平衡办法，其主旨是，裁军轨道上，包括裁军谈判会议中的停滞不前状况主要不是由于裁军机制的种种缺陷，而是由世界地缘政治局势、各国之间的战略冲突以及缺乏政治意愿。", "我们反对审查裁军谈判会议“协商一致”的主要工作原则。与此同时，我们愿意采取灵活态度，并寻求可以打破僵局的新办法。在这方面，一个有意思的想法会是增加裁军谈判会议成员，促进非政府组织的更多参与，并且加强有关裁军事务的公共宣传。", "普遍性的裁军协议可在联合国的主持下、以协商一致为基础来制订。只有在这种情况下，这些协议才会行之有效，并且适应新的现实和挑战。把谈判转到想法一致国家间的平行轨道上，不可能带来任何普遍性或者可行的条约。我们坚信，振兴裁军谈判会议将有利于所有会员国。我们认为，除了带着耐心以尊重彼此的态度进行对话，以便减轻裁军谈判会议某些成员国的安全关切，或者在裁军谈判会议议程基础上达成协议外，别无他法。", "CD/1864号文件是达成妥协的现实基础。俄罗斯联邦支持这份文件，由此表明我们愿意考虑我们的伙伴的立场，并且同意妥协。我们期望我们的伙伴们也这么做。俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议中的优先事项是制订一项禁止在外空部署一切类型武器的条约。我们和中国提交的条约草案考虑了所有国家的利益，无一例外。", "另一个重大挑战是起草一项普遍、公平而且可核查的裂变材料禁产条约。这项条约如获通过，将是朝加强裁军和核不扩散制度方向又迈出一步。", "巴沃先生(瑞士)(以法语发言)：主席先生，请允许我感谢并祝贺你召开此次2010年9月24日振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议的后续会议。你的倡议和参与肯定将帮助我们在这个问题上向前推进。", "瑞士完全赞同荷兰代表此前以40个国家的名义所作的发言。请允许我从瑞士的角度补充谈几点。", "瑞士完全支持秘书长推动多边裁军谈判和振兴裁军谈判会议工作的倡议。这一进程已经产生重要影响。自2010年9月以来，我们看到，第一委员会、裁军谈判会议和联合国裁军审议委员会都进行了重要讨论。过去10个月来，已经清楚的是，越来越多的国家认为，在与裁军有关的各种问题上缺乏进展的状况不可接受。在讨论过程中，同样显而易见的是，有越来越多的国家认为，迫切需要重振裁军机制并开始实质性工作，尤其重要的是应通过就裁军谈判会议议程上四个核心问题中的一个或几个进行谈判来这样做。", "瑞士坚信，当前不能就新的多边裁军和防扩散文书达成一致的情况已经破坏了多边裁军体系，这种趋势从长期来看不符合任何国家的利益。为了解决这种情况，我们必须通过调动政治意愿和在裁军谈判会议外部增加压力，寻求在该机构内部作出补充性努力。我们还必须认识到，目前的僵局不能完全归咎于外部政治因素，它也与体制问题有关。目前的机制显然没有能力激发必要的政治意愿，也不能在政治意愿在发展的时候加以利用。", "为了向前推进，我们还必须建立体现并且能够处理当前现实的体制和机制。我们生活在一个全球化、相互依存的世界中，面临着诸多共同裁军和防扩散挑战。必须摒弃只从一个层面处理军备控制、裁军和防扩散问题的做法，而应采取更加全面综合的办法。至关重要的是应认识到，裁军和防扩散活动影响国际社会感到关切的众多领域，而不仅仅是和平与安全，这些活动对人的安全、人权、发展、环境和卫生等问题都有影响。只有我们把这些方面都纳入考虑，我们才能够应对我们面临的挑战。", "我们的体制不应当再以显然已经过时的国家安全压倒一切的理念为基础，也不应再继续偏向于这种理念。如果不对其进行改变，裁军谈判会议就有可能偏袒某些国家的利益，而牺牲全世界大多数国家和人民的利益。我们坚信，必须以包容性方式开展工作，并且要以所有利益攸关方，如其它相关国家、专家界或民间社会代表的意见为基础。", "我们需要旨在产生成果而非维持现状的机制。这些体制必须既敏于应对，又有预防性，而且能够拿出处理当前和未来挑战所需要的文书。因此，瑞士要重申，国际社会需要能够鼓励就所有与广义裁军相关问题进行有意义、及时、有包容性和有效讨论与谈判的机制、平台和环境。这必须是我们的长期目标。", "尽管2010年9月24日高级别会议的意图是推动有关如何克服裁军谈判会议僵局的讨论，但自那时以来，局面没有得到改善。从许多方面来说，今天的僵局更加严重。瑞士认为，我们现在必须同时和持续地在各个层面和若干领域采取实际行动，以此作为当前对话的补充。", "在日内瓦裁军谈判会议中，在今年剩下的时间里以及在2012年会议期间，各方必须在现有框架内启动实质性工作，并且开始谈判。裁谈会还必须继续以更有系统和更注重成果的方式反思其优势和弱点，以便作出必要改变，使裁谈会更能发挥作用。裁谈会除了表明它能够产生成果之外，别无选择。", "在第一委员会第六十六届会议期间，会员国也许想考虑启动针对具体问题的进程，例如设立不限成员名额的审议核裁军问题的工作组，包括审议裂变材料或防止外空军备竞赛等问题。这些进程应当以日内瓦为基地，利用裁军谈判会议内外的无与伦比的专业知识。为了可持续地开展这些进程并且鼓励裁军谈判会议恢复工作，这些进程应当是相辅相成的，未来可能在该论坛中取得突破，并且其设计方式要让我们能够在适当阶段把相关成果传达给裁军谈判会议。", "在大会一级的更广大范围内，会员国应当提出新思维、新主意和务实的办法以推动振兴进程。这些基础工作至关重要，将为更深入的改革进程获得必要的更广泛支持，铺平道路。在这方面，执行秘书长裁军事项咨询委员会最近报告中的建议，设立一个高级别小组，负责迅速制定这一改革的建议，可以是向前迈出的一个建设性步骤。", "最后，我谨强调，在我们设法进一步努力振兴多边裁军机制时，瑞士仍然认为需要一些常设裁军代表团，在来自政府、国际组织和民间社会的专家的支助下，审查执行现有协议的问题和谈判新的文书。我们也继续认为，需要一个类似于裁军谈判会议的常设论坛，以处理我们领域中的挑战并促进二十一世纪的全球安全。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴重申，促进多边主义这个裁军谈判的核心原则的重要性。按照《联合国宪章》，商定的多边解决办法是处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续方法。", "在裁军机制中，裁军谈判会议在关于普遍接受的裁军条约的多边谈判中发挥着关键作用。如果裁军谈判会议不存在，我们将必须立即创建它。我们对于裁军谈判会议十多年来无法进行实质性工作感到遗憾。一些人坚持认为，原因在于它的工作方法和议事规则。古巴不同意这种解释。关于我们评估的正确性的最佳证明就是，裁军谈判会议发生的情况并非裁军机制中的孤立现象。", "例如，联合国裁军审议委员会今年连续第12次没有商定实质性建议即收场，绝非偶然。此外，第一委员会每年通过的数十项决议——特别是有关裁军的决议——根本未获执行。大会第四次专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议仍未召开，尽管不结盟运动多年来坚持要求召开它。", "古巴支持联合国裁军机制包括裁军谈判会议的改进。然而，我们相信，多数裁军机制目前陷于瘫痪，这首先是某些国家缺乏取得真正成果特别是裁军成果的政治意愿所引起的。", "我们感到关切的是，一些代表团暗示，现在要把裁军谈判会议抛在一边，转而开展替代性谈判进程。古巴反对以联合国范围以外的受某些国家控制的有选择性和即兴的临时安排来取代裁军谈判会议。如果强加这种标准，我们将危险地倒退。解决办法并不是开始忽略裁军谈判会议，或缩小其重要性。相反，我们大家今天应比以往更有责任维护和加强它。", "裁军谈判会议必须尽早通过一项全面和均衡的工作方案，其中将真正的裁军优先事项列入考虑。古巴愿意同裁军谈判会议一道，就消除和禁止核武器的条约、禁止外空军备竞赛的条约、对古巴这样的无核武器国家作出有效安全保证的条约以及禁止生产用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约开展谈判。我们认为，裁军谈判会议能够同时支持这些谈判。", "谈判有关禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料的条约将是积极的行动，但如果没有确定随后实现核裁军的步骤，这一行动本身仍然不够充分。", "核裁军是并且必须继续是裁军的最高优先事项。在此基础上，必须在裁军谈判会议范围内达成共识。裁军谈判会议必须紧急开始谈判一项在特定时间范围内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约。核武器的存在本身以及有关拥有和使用核武器的理论对国际和平与安全构成严重威胁。当今世界上有将近23 000件核武器，其中7 560件可供立即使用，这是根本不可接受的状况。", "8月22日，古巴将担任裁军谈判会议主席并负责起草和谈判该机构提交第一委员会的报告。我们的坚定目标是，竭尽全力促进该机构按照其谈判有关裁军和军备控制的国际条约的任务规定，进行实质性谈判。这将需要裁军谈判会议每个成员国作出贡献。我们的手中掌握着以具体行动证明我们对裁军与和平的承诺的机会。", "申善浩先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我对你召开今天的重要会议，表示赞赏。也请允许我表示希望，本次会议将为振兴裁军谈判会议和使它回到正轨，提供良好的机会。", "我国代表团完全支持阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹先生以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "核裁军仍然是实现世界和平与安全的最高优先事项。1945年首次出现核武器标志着用来危害人类的最具毁灭性武器的历史的开端。向日本广岛和长崎投掷核炸弹是这种武器历史上发生的极为重要的事件，足以向世界证明，甚至一枚核武器就能给全球和平安全造成毁灭性的后果。此外，1945年出现第一个核武器国家是造成核武器向世界其他地方扩散从而引起连锁反应的根本原因。如果人类科学的伟大成就没有被用于可导致全人类毁灭的不光彩的危险目的，那么核武器的扩散今天可能不是问题。正如我们可以看到的那样，核武器是一个直接关系到人类生存及世界和平与安全的问题。", "核武器国家有不可避免的义务履行其依照现有国际准则所作的承诺。1996年，国际法院向世界非常清楚地表明，使用核武器违反国际法。国际法院提请我们注意，所有其他现有武器无例外皆受条约或公约的充分监督，但核武器却仍然处于多边国际法之外。对无核武器国家的消极安全保证也是如此。", "最近出现的事态发展为核裁军的前景蒙上阴影，成为国际社会关注的焦点。使人想起冷战的核理论公开促进核武器现代化方案。我提请各位成员注意，有关项目正在开展，以便研制像常规武器那样使用的小型核武器。", "此外，导弹防御系统的研制不顾国际社会的关切，正在稳步向前迈进。为应对称为“无赖国家”研发的所谓弹道导弹而开展这一防御系统根本不符合逻辑，因为这一系统投资巨大，而且地理网络覆盖全世界。导弹防御系统的性质和范围毫无掩饰地披露了其辩护者的真实目标。这个真实目标无非就是获取对其核对手的绝对核优势和全球霸权。", "在目前不断变化的世界，人们可以容易地预言，这一危险举措最终将引发新的核军备竞赛。这表明，世界最大核武器国家已失去其出于任何原因在国际社会面前谈论扩散问题的法律和道德理由。如果最大核武器国家真想防止扩散，它就应当通过谈判缔结废除核武器的条约来树立良好的榜样。", "全面和彻底消除核武器仍然是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的一贯政策。应当以有时限、可核查、不可逆转和具有法律约束力的方式缔结消除核武器的条约。朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的这一政策很好地反映数十年来我国在持续不断外来核威胁和核讹诈下所面临的独特安全环境。自美国于1957年将首枚核武器引入南朝鲜以来，那里的核武器数量现已超过1 000枚。", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国作为裁军谈判会议的成员国和现任主席国，将作出一切努力向前推进裁军谈判会议。核裁军、消极安全保证、禁止在外层空间部署武器和禁产裂变材料都是裁军谈判会议的未决议题。令人遗憾的是，核裁军和消极安全保证问题尚未得到解决，尽管这些问题有随着联合国的成立即已开始的长达数十年之久的讨论历史。", "裁军谈判会议陷入僵局已持续十多年，原因是缺乏政治意愿。如果裁军谈判会议要向前迈进，它就应当充分考虑所有会员国的安全利益。在这方面，裁军谈判会议于2009年通过的工作方案具有价值，应当予以重新考虑，因为该工作方案平等地反映议程所列所有未决问题。", "拉加利尼先生(意大利)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我首先再次表示，我国代表团感谢你安排本次关于重振裁军谈判会议的辩论会，对秘书长于2010年9月召开的高级别会议采取后续行动。", "我们完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员先前所作的发言。我们还赞同荷兰代表团以包括我国在内的若干观点相同的国家的名义提出的看法。然而，我要以我国代表的身份提出几点意见作为对本次辩论会的贡献，并确定对这一举措和去年开展的一般努力可能采取的具体后续行动。", "裁军谈判会议十多年来一直停滞不前。它未能开展其核心任务，那就是谈判裁军和不扩散领域的全球国际文书。但我要指出，整个国际裁军机制目前正经历严重困难。联合国裁军审议委员会尽管仍然是供各方进行深入讨论的有益论坛，但多年来一直未能就实质性的建议或决定达成一致。", "总的来说，尽管我们近年来看到取得巨大成功，但这些成功是通过双边渠道在裁军谈判会议之外的论坛或通过既定的联合国裁军机制以外的临时方式取得的。然而，意大利仍然坚信一个专门致力于全球裁军谈判的论坛的重要性和真正必要性。这种论坛将推进国际和平与裁军事业。", "继续声称裁军谈判会议不能正常运作是由于缺乏政治意愿在我们看来已不再可信。例如，今年有两个会员国主动就裂变材料禁产条约的具体方面组织三次出席情况良好和非常成功的会边活动，以克服裁军谈判会议由程序问题产生的停滞。会边活动大大提高了会员国对未来条约的主要问题的了解。一俟谈判开始，此举将证明对各方都有裨益。", "在我们看来，使裁军谈判会议停滞不前的原因不是缺乏政治意愿，而是少数成员滥用议事规则。2009年，裁军谈判会议一致通过了一项工作方案，以便就裂变材料禁产条约开展谈判，并设立了四个临时工作组，其中一个工作组负责进行这些谈判。然而，由于未能就组织事项达成共识，例如为会议确定时间、地点和轮值主席，裁军谈判会议无法执行该工作方案。因此，应当进一步考虑审查裁谈会的一些工作方法，以便提高其效力和效率。", "裁军谈判会议议事规则的其他规定也应加以重新评估。主席由各国逐月轮任，此种更换似乎过于频繁，不利于裁谈会工作的延续性。初步建议是，一年当中由两个轮值主席国主持该机构的工作似乎更妥。主席的决策权也能更为具体。此外，要求每年通过一份工作方案的规定似乎是不明智的。这使任何成员在12月31日后都能无限期地阻挠谈判。应当考虑在其后各年中继续沿用裁谈会最初通过的工作方案，除非成员一致商定新的工作方案。", "当然，我们并非看不到在修改会议议事规则方面所遇到的困难。正如我们去年在关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作的高级别会议上提到的那样，政治问题无法靠程序性办法来解决。但是，我们也相信，必须拿出勇气和决心来处理这个问题，同时努力解决根本的政治问题。裁谈会全体成员需要为此而努力。", "恢复裁军谈判会议的工作再也不能推延了。这已成为一项紧迫要务。目前的僵局正在迅速地摧毁裁谈会本已所剩无几的声誉和权威。", "如果在大会第六十六届会议结束的时候仍无法作出决定，促使裁谈会如CD/1864号文件——2009年通过的工作方案——指出的那样，恢复谈判，那么我们担心，那项关于在裁谈会之外进行谈判的提议将会得势。意大利虽不乐见此种结局，但是当然也不反对，因为核裁军及核不扩散是我们外交政策的重点领域。", "为促使在振兴裁谈会方面达成一致，意大利愿意考虑与今后讨论消极安全保证问题有关的各项提议，以期未来可能在此问题上展开谈判。《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)固然是阻止核武器主要原材料供应的工具，但同时也需要作出消极安全保证，以使非核武器国家不担心会对它们使用或威胁使用核武器。", "这两个目标完全反映了我们对实现无核武器世界的共同期望。它们也是加强核不扩散制度的一个途径。在这个背景下，我们也应当铭记，去年在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上通过的关于后续行动的结论和建议(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))在述及裁谈会的实质性任务时，仅提到两个项目，即《禁产条约》和消极安全保证。", "今天的辩论证实了国际社会对裁谈会及整个裁军机制的关注。大会可在这一领域发挥具体作用，而今天的讨论实际上可以对进一步开展行动起到催化作用。我们希望尽快在大会下一届会议上，特别是在第一委员会中继续这一讨论，并就如何在裁军和防扩散领域恢复谈判提出具体想法。", "科门特先生(奥地利)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你在奥地利以及其他48个国家的要求下安排今天的大会辩论，讨论这一重要的议程项目。但是，我还要表示，奥地利感到失望的是，这场辩论实际上已变得必不可缺，因为我们没有达到去年关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议的要求，既未能振兴裁军谈判会议，也未能推进多边裁军谈判，这正是一种明显的失败迹象。", "我们完全赞成以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言，以及荷兰代表以跨区域会员国组群名义所作的发言。此外，我们想作以下评论。", "与其他国家一样，奥地利欣见最近国际安全政策出现的积极势头。与此同时，国际社会要求进行具体的裁军及防扩散问题多边谈判的愿望却继续受挫。多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议，依然处于僵局。去年我们希望能产生的势头并未实现。虽然在找出裁谈会所存在的问题上，各方意见明显趋于一致，但迄今未就必要的解决办法达成一致。", "举例来说，关于程序性问题，我们认为，裁谈会的程序结构，特别是其协商一致规则，不符合二十一世纪的需要。奥地利认为，我们在裁谈会上看到的那种从程序上挟持会议的做法是不可接受的。我们负有共同的责任，必须找出各种办法，防止以此种方式持续滥用协商一致规则。", "虽然过去曾经有过一些成功，但由于程序性工具似乎能确保任何时候都可以不受限制地行使否决权，裁军谈判会议现已成为一个完全形同虚设的多边裁军论坛。裁谈会拒绝吸纳新成员，而且在与民间社会互动接触方面，情况令人沮丧——这些是反映裁谈会工作方法陈旧过时的其他例子。", "但是，裁谈会所面临的不光是程序性问题。归根到底，裁谈会长期以来一直处于瘫痪状态，其根源是政治问题以及没有足够的解决问题的政治意愿。裁谈会成员国无法一致商定开始进行关于《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)的谈判。奥地利希望这些谈判能够立即开始。今天，有一个成员国表示反对开始这些谈判。", "然而，裁军谈判会议的政治问题以及造成其僵局的原因有其更深层的根源。对于裁谈会及其自1997年以来的瘫痪局面，各方普遍负有责任。此外，我们不仅在《禁产条约》上未能达成一致。核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及消极安全保证，也是引起分歧的问题。因此，核心问题在于缺乏通过多边渠道缔结多边条约，从而解决裁军和防扩散问题的真正政治承诺。与任何其他论坛相比，在裁军谈判会议中，缺乏承诺的问题最为严重。", "这就引出了这样一个问题，即：裁谈会实际上是否依然能作为多边裁军谈判的有效论坛发挥作用。奥地利认为，裁谈会不仅已信誉大失，而且还有可能丧失其合法性。在过去14年里，裁谈会未能履行其任务规定。我们不能再继续脱离现实，想当然地以为我们即将打破裁谈会的僵局。", "奥地利坚定致力于多边主义，并且极为重视多边机构。但是这些机构本身并不是目的。归根到底，我们所作努力的着眼点并不是裁军谈判会议这个机构，而是要在多边裁军谈判上取得进展。", "在找到问题之后，是否有什么解决之道呢？我们认为，基本上有两个可选方案。", "一方面，我们可以通过裁谈会或者在裁谈会内部，继续展开工作，与各成员国一道努力，并等待各成员国最终达成一致意见。然而，我们显然不能把政治意愿强加于各成员国。14年来，我们一直努力弥补在形成平衡工作方案方面存在的不足，但却一无所获，因此，这一办法看起来不太有望成功。", "裁谈会成员国也可力图通过改变会议的工作方法来推动取得进展，例如明确说明协商一致规则不适用于工作方案等程序性问题，或者在特殊情况下暂时停止实施这一规定。成员国最终可以吸纳那些已表达其参与裁谈会工作意愿的国家，并通过向民间社会开放，利用外部知识专长和投入，启发新的思维。", "这些都将是重要的措施。然而，这些措施同样被讨论了多年，却毫无实际进展。因此我们的疑问是：即便是最温和的措施，它们在裁谈会内部是否有机会取得一致；更重要的是，这些措施能否切实带来政治上的突破。", "我们认为，我们应当另辟蹊径，也探讨裁谈会框架外的办法。比如，我们认为大会可以在裁军谈判中发挥更加积极、直接和核心的作用。", "某些人缺乏政治意愿，或者更糟糕的是，缺乏对取得多边进展的真正承诺，这不应成为阻止国际社会其它成员向前迈进的理由。我们坚信，也可以通过启动谈判并处理多年来在议程上僵持不下的问题，从而在过程中凝聚政治意愿。正是基于这一背景，奥地利期待着第一委员会下届会议将就如何推进并促成多边裁军谈判做出实质性决定。我们再也等不起了。", "归根结底，重要的是要取得实质性成功。我们务使各项文书为成功提供便利，而不是相反成为成功的障碍。自去年召开不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会以来，我们再次明确承诺要实现一个没有核武器的世界。这是一个集体承诺，我们需要付诸行动。我们必须开始具体侧重于能使我们通过裁军谈判会议、大会或任何其它建设性多边做法来实现该目标的各种因素。", "克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我感谢你就这个重要问题召开本次会议。", "印度尼西亚完全赞同埃及常驻代表早些时候以不结盟运动名义所做的发言。", "印度尼西亚长期致力于一个没有核武器和其它大规模毁灭性武器的世界，它期待今天的讨论将营造出明确的政治势头，以使我们得以克服一直妨碍在多边裁军目标上取得进展的种种障碍。", "继一致通过不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))以及美国和俄罗斯联邦签署新的《裁武条约》后，我们从2010年9月24日的高级别会议上看到了解决裁军谈判会议僵局的真正契机。从任何意义上来说，这都是两项重要和极有价值的成就。打破数十年来核裁军领域里的僵局似乎终于指日可待了。它点燃了新的希望：国际社会也许可以通过在这些重要成就和新达成谅解的基础上再接再厉，从而在可预见的未来实现一个没有核武器世界的愿景。", "因而，自9月份会议以来全球核裁军议程一直没有取得切实进展令人失望就可以理解了。在日内瓦，裁军谈判会议仍未能就一项均衡和全面的工作方案达成协议；而在纽约，联合国裁军审议委员会的会议又一次以未能商定实质性建设而告终。", "尽管去年做出了承诺，但是在执行不扩散条约审议大会的《最后文件》包括执行其任务授权、召开关键的2012年关于设立中东无核武器区会议方面却进展甚微。", "印度尼西亚强调，充分履行裁军、不扩散及军备控制领域中的各项国际商定承诺非常重要。现在是各国特别是核武器国家兑现它们对全面核裁军作出的承诺的时候了。为此采取有时限要求的行动是建立信任、确保振兴裁军谈判会议并启动有效裁军谈判的最佳途径。", "我们应明确一点。正如秘书长和不结盟运动主席今天上午指出的那样，并不是联合国裁军机制本身出了问题，因为正是这一机制促成了草拟设立无核武器区、常规军备控制、限制以及裁军问题指导方针的工作。也正是这一机制及其前身体系使得《化学武器公约》和《生物武器公约》、《不扩散条约》以及《全面禁止核试验条约》等条约成为可能。", "我们同意程序非常重要，但是我们不应抱有任何幻想。如果缺乏实现目标的意愿，那么再好的程序也不会结出成果。印度尼西亚相信，有了政治意愿，裁军谈判会议就能够推动就核武器公约、消极安全保证、按照香农任务授权就裂变材料禁产条约以及就防止外层空间军备竞赛的条约开展谈判。", "我们还强调，在关于裁军问题的首次特别会议上通过的协商一致的《最后文件》(S-10/2号决议)仍然有效，在这个与会国数量最多的会议上制定了全面裁军战略。我们敦促各国再次发挥各自作用，召开关于裁军问题的第四届特别会议，并使它取得圆满成功。", "最后，请允许我再次强调本次会议对于凝聚政治意愿以实施具体裁军步骤十分重要。我们大家必须携手努力，推行旨在从我们的星球上根除核武器和其它大规模毁灭性武器祸患的各项措施。为此，印度尼西亚决心一如既往，继续发挥其积极作用。", "乌里瓦里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言)：哥斯达黎加对大会有此机会评估国际裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议现状的问题表示欢迎。我们希望本次辩论会将振兴会议的工作，再次激起变革它的政治意愿，改革其工作方法，从而改进会议。", "哥斯达黎加赞同荷兰常驻代表以第65/93号决议41个提案国的名义所作的发言，该发言为本次辩论会奠定了基础。尽管裁军谈判会议的成员组成不对外开放，它陷于僵局之中，我们也无法作为一个拥有完全权利的成员参加会议，但是对哥斯达黎加来说，它仍是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。我们肯定它在加强全球安全和促进国际稳定方面发挥的主导作用。自1994年以来我们就一直持这一观点，当时我们曾对参加会议表示过正当兴趣但未得到满足，现在我们作为驻日内瓦非正式观察员国小组的一个积极成员再次表示有此兴趣。", "裁军不是一个仅仅关系到军事事务的孤立问题，而是一个关系到所有人并影响我们每个人的有机过程。在这方面，我们必须不断努力，以通过有效谈判取得进展。因此，我们对会议陷于瘫痪、继续重复老路和同样的错误还需花费大量资源以维持其各种形式深表关切。这些严重挫败削弱了会议处理新兴安全问题的能力，并理所当然引发了不满和不耐。", "但是，形成裁军谈判会议僵局的主要原因并不限于当前的工作方法；也许更重要的是迄今一直盛行的军事办法而非人本主义的做法。现在已经到了从其对人类安全所具有价值的角度来看待裁军问题，从国际人道主义法和人权的视角来看待军备控制问题的时候了。只有这样做，我们才有可能将辩论的概念矛头引向一个更加积极——而且，我们认为——更加有效的方向。", "促进并维护国家和国际安全的主要工具不是武器，而是对人类安全、尊严以及法治的尊重。我们不否认各国享有军事防御的权利，尽管我们早在60多年前就选择撤销我们的武装部队。不过，我们坚信，用本质上军事性的办法处理安全与裁军问题也许会使我们趋近管制武器和控制国际武器库的目标，但永远带不来全面裁军。", "坦率地说，我们目前在裁军谈判会议经历的不过是裁军的假象。这是销毁某些武器就意味着进展的假象，尽管马上取而代之的是更有威力的武器；在这种假象中，某些武器被禁止是由于它们可能拥有的战略优势远远低于更新式和更先进的武器；这是民间社会要求得到满足的假象，而事实上，唯一的结果是一个陷入瘫痪和令人麻痹的进程。", "此外，裁军谈判会议的运作就像是一个封闭的俱乐部，在这里，仅有三分之一的联合国会员国负责就全面裁军进行谈判。矛盾的是，比如说，这个集团不包括没有武装部队的27个国家中的任何一个，因此，军事裁军已经让位于国家现实情况。", "2010年的全球军费达到了1.6万亿美元。就数字本身而言，它说明不了什么问题。然而，我们只要在2015年前每年投入这笔钱的10%，国际社会就能够在2015年前实现千年发展目标。", "哥斯达黎加认为，正如我们先前所说的那样，振兴和改组多边裁军谈判的任何努力都必须把人的安全作为重点。这一重点在就禁止杀伤人员地雷和集束弹药进行谈判时至关重要。它在制订强有力武器条约的筹备会议中也一直发挥着关键作用。", "已经确定的是，核武器不符合国际法，特别是国际人道主义法。《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)和国际法院在1996年作出一致决定，确认各国均有开始和完成有关全面禁止和消除核武器谈判的法律义务。", "为了建立信任和发出善意信号，从而使裁军谈判会议或者其他机构中的谈判能够开始，核武器国家应当放弃它们把核武器现代化、更换或者升级这些武器的计划。", "我国代表团认为，核武器国家拿到谈判桌上的仅仅是“象征性”裁减，同时却把大量资源用于研究和实现能够保持或者加倍增强这些威胁的设施的现代化上，这种做法不利于裁军。", "最后，哥斯达黎加认为，裁军谈判会议等多边裁军机构和进程可以开始与负责促进和保护人权和国际人道主义法的机构互动和合作，以便更有效地根据各国对裁军所作的承诺，追踪它们在这些领域履行义务的情况。", "哥斯达黎加认为，必须把执行各项裁军协议作为一个要素纳入人权理事会的普遍定期审查中。我们有时听到，寻求在通过人道主义办法实现裁军和军备控制的基础上建立一个更公正和更安全的世界不过是一厢情愿的想法。我们不同意这种评价。相反，我们所看到的是裁军谈判会议在军事性办法方面陷入瘫痪，这是不容置疑的证据。我们仍然有时间调整裁军谈判会议的方向，使它具备新的模式、更好的工作方法和真正的妥协。", "维奥蒂女士(巴西)(以英语发言)：振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议是走向一个更安全世界的基本步骤。国际社会已多次重申，必须通过坚定的政治意愿来应对核武库存在本身构成的威胁。我们的共同目标应当是实现一个无核武器世界，这是我们长期寻求的目标。", "我们感兴趣地注意到裁军事项咨询委员会最近的报告。正如报告所指出的那样，咨询委员会成员在提出裁军谈判会议僵局解决办法方面面临的困难证明，导致僵局的原因是政治性的，因此与裁军谈判会议的体制或程序问题无关。因此重要的是应强调报告提出的建议，即如果秘书长决定召集一个高级别名人小组，他应当请小组就振兴整个联合国裁军机制的手段进行研究。", "巴西认为，任何改革努力都应当把联合国裁军机制作为一个整体看待，而不仅仅是审视裁军谈判会议。因此，我们支持召开大会专门讨论裁军问题的第四届特别会议，会议可以审查1978年举行的关于裁军问题的第一届特别会议建立的体制结构。我们不鼓励任何试图部分修改裁军机制的运作方式，以有限目标为基础，并且局限于一个议题，例如裂变材料问题的做法。", "巴西认为，裁军谈判会议是由国际社会适当组成的进行核裁军谈判的唯一机构。我们把通过缔结核裁军公约来消除核武器作为最高优先，我们也支持就裁军谈判会议议程上的其它三个核心问题即用于核武器和其它爆炸装置的裂变材料、消极安全保证以及预防外空军备竞赛问题开展谈判。", "我们不支持认为只有裂变材料条约的谈判时机已经成熟的看法。我们也不支持认为只有一个国家对裁军谈判会议的僵局负有责任的说法。即使在裂变材料条约方面确实只有一个国家在阻碍进程，但其它国家也阻碍了与其它议程项目有关的文书的谈判。", "甚至就裂变材料条约而言，会员国之间也存在明显的意见分歧。巴西主张，条约的谈判应当考虑库存问题。一项仅限于禁止生产的条约对核裁军的影响将微乎其微，甚至根本没有影响。", "关于裁军谈判会议体制这个方面，特别是关于其议事规则的批评缺少一致性。人们会问，那些谴责在《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)谈判中滥用协商一致规则的国家是否愿意在裁军谈判会议审议的其它问题上接受以多数通过的决定。对国家安全有影响的谈判总是敏感和复杂的。协商一致规则是裁军谈判会议的一个特殊程序，反映了这种实际情况。", "巴西支持考虑扩大裁军谈判会议的成员组成，因为这将促进在这个机构中进行更丰富和更全面的讨论。我们也主张加强民间社会在追踪裁军谈判会议工作方面的参与，因为这有助于提高对于我们在核裁军领域面临的挑战的认识。", "虽然过去几年来在裁军和防扩散领域的积极事态发展，特别是不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会取得的成功基础上作出了努力，但裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局，这肯定是一个令人关切的问题。", "核武器的存在对人类生存构成了最直接的威胁。因此，迫切需要谈判达成有利于核裁军的文书。但是，人们应当提出这样一个问题：如果没有裁军谈判会议，国际社会是否能够更好地就这些文书进行谈判？巴西认为，裁谈会尽管有缺点，但实际上无可替代。这就是为什么裁军谈判会议的振兴，不能意味着想办法绕过它。", "主席(以法语发言)：我们已听取本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。", "下午1时散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The President (spoke in French): In opening this meeting, I would like to be able to commend the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, I cannot do so owing to the paralysis that has characterized the Conference for more than 10 years. That is serious for disarmament, which is, let us not forget, a key element of promoting peace, and for the Conference and its role in global governance. If the Conference does not regain its momentum, it could well be discredited and become completely useless.", "In that context, I wish to especially thank our Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the Conference, in particular by organizing the High-level Meeting that took place last September. I fully endorse such efforts. Moreover, I had the opportunity to impart my concern with regard to the stagnation of the Conference both during that High-level Meeting and when I addressed the Conference directly in Geneva in February.", "The High-level Meeting gave rise to a certain number of welcome initiatives. In particular, the fact that the follow-up to the Meeting will be on future agendas of the First Committee and of the General Assembly provides Member States the opportunity to discuss the situation of the Conference. Furthermore, it must be recalled that that is in line with the United Nations Charter, which clearly states that the General Assembly", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments”.", "The General Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to Member States on that issue, and I call on participants to do so today.", "During the autumn 2010 session, the First Committee thus adopted a draft resolution by consensus and included the issue on the agenda of its next session. I therefore encourage the Committee to send a strong signal to the Conference on Disarmament this year with a view to overcoming its stagnation.", "In order to revitalize the Conference, the Secretary-General also mandated the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to devote itself exclusively to the situation of the Conference on Disarmament during its two working sessions in 2011. I hope that the recommendations contained in the report drawn up by the Board (A/65/228) will hold the full attention of members of the Conference and of all States members of the General Assembly. I believe that the establishment of a high-level panel of eminent persons could bring a new perspective and revitalize the Conference. We will shortly have the opportunity, at an informal meeting, to hear more about the Board’s work.", "I believe it crucial to identify the real reason for the paralysis. Some blame the consensus rule. That is part of the basic rules of the Conference’s work, and it is always desirable that the decisions of the Conference enjoy broad-based support. Still, the consensus rule should not become a reason for deadlock or an implicit right of veto. However, that explanation falls a little short. The Conference has always respected that principle. In the past, in much more complex, polarized situations, the Conference demonstrated its capacity to successfully conclude difficult negotiations.", "What is lacking today is a true political will to move forward. A flexible approach, using all available disarmament tools and based on stronger negotiation and persuasion skills, is necessary to overcome resistance and build a climate of trust.", "While informal approaches are, in my opinion, an avenue to explore, such approaches and their outcomes must nevertheless be in the context of the Conference. We must not deprive the Conference of its legitimacy by circumventing it, but help it to recover its former effectiveness. Our efforts must seek that goal, and that must motivate our discussions today.", "In trying to overcome the current deadlock, it is important to maintain an integrated approach on disarmament and non-proliferation matters. That is one of the great qualities of the programme of work adopted in 2009. Although unfortunately never implemented, that programme is the outcome of a subtle balance among the various interests and concerns of Member States. In that regard, it should serve to inspire us if we want to move forward, and it could be used as a model to the Conference in the quest for a new programme of work. I am confident that States members of the Conference will ultimately shoulder their responsibilities, negotiate a new programme of work and, above all, implement it.", "In recent years, the international environment has been particularly conducive to disarmament. Expectations are therefore high. It is our duty not to disappoint them. I therefore call on speakers today, beyond stating support for the Conference, to truly examine concrete channels in order to enable us to overcome the deadlock and to provide the means for significant progress on disarmament.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: We meet in the midst of a growing crisis of confidence. The United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, has failed us for too long. As we look ahead, we face two critical questions. First, what are we to do when the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is incapable of delivering on its mandate? Secondly, how can the world resume the process of building disarmament norms that apply universally?", "Those questions led me to convene the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations last September. The concerns expressed at that Meeting, coupled with the many initiatives that were proposed, testify to the importance that Member States attach to the challenge. I am also grateful to the President of the General Assembly for his own efforts to address the issue. In the Chairman’s summary of that meeting (A/65/496, annex), I proposed four actions.", "First, I strongly suggested that the Conference on Disarmament readopt its 2009 programme of work, or a similar proposal submitted during the 2010 session. To encourage progress, I addressed the Conference on Disarmament last January for my third time as Secretary-General. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to respond. I look forward to a more action-oriented move from the membership, pending the final status of the Conference on Disarmament’s 2011 session.", "Secondly, I proposed that the General Assembly include an item to follow-up on the High-level Meeting on the agenda of its sixty-fifth session. The Assembly approved that request. It has also added the item to the agenda of its forthcoming sixty-sixth session.", "Thirdly, I asked my Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to review the issues raised at the High-level Meeting. The Board has completed its review. My report on the Board’s work (A/65/228) is now before members, and I look forward to their feedback.", "Fourthly, I stated that I would submit a report on the High-level Meeting and its follow-up to next year’s first session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "Member States have identified many options for revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament and carrying forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. One option is the status quo approach, namely, to continue seeking consensus in the Conference on Disarmament without fundamentally changing its mandate or rules. Many States, however, are understandably reluctant to follow such a course, given the years that have passed without result. Indeed, I am among the many who have warned that the status quo will simply render the Conference on Disarmament irrelevant and obsolete. A second set of options consists of various proposals for fundamental reforms in the multilateral disarmament machinery. Some feel that those would be best addressed at a fourth special session of the General Assembly on disarmament. There is still no consensus among Member States on convening such a gathering. That leaves the third option — incremental change.", "Yet even these proposals, modest as they are, have encountered resistance. Various States argue strongly for or against changing the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure. Proposals for ad hoc mechanisms have also found supporters and opponents. State policy priorities differ widely. States even disagree over where reforms should be implemented. Should it be in the Conference on Disarmament, in the General Assembly and its First Committee, outside the United Nations, in a conference on a specific disarmament issue, or in an ad hoc forum organized by like-minded countries?", "As Secretary-General, I see no fundamental flaw in the United Nations disarmament machinery that may be blamed for this deadlock, and certainly none that cannot be overcome by changes in State policies. The problem lies not with the vehicle, but with the driver. What is needed most of all is a closer alignment between policy priorities and multilateral disarmament goals. If differences persist, we could consider the appointment of a high-level panel of eminent persons, as I have suggested. Alternatively, States could conduct the negotiations in an ad hoc committee of the General Assembly or at a United Nations conference.", "There are no quick fixes. The road ahead will not be easy. Yet we must never abandon multilateralism or our respect for universal norms. We must remain true to the ideals of the United Nations. In addressing disarmament, as with other global public goods, our goal is not to advance the preferences of the few, but the common interests of all.", "If the Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked, the General Assembly has a responsibility to step in. As I have said before, the Conference on Disarmament should not be held perpetually hostage by one or two members. Concerns should be addressed through negotiations. The stakes are too high to continue falling short. The world expects progress. Let us defer no longer. Let us put an end to this long cycle of stagnation. For my part, I will do all I can to assist in achieving our shared goals.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "I shall now suspend the formal meeting to declare open the informal meeting of the General Assembly on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The meeting was suspended at 10.25 a.m. and resumed at 10.45 a.m.", "The President (spoke in French): There are 50 speakers on the list. That calls for a certain discipline with respect to the length of statements. I propose limiting statements to eight minutes, but it is quite possible and representatives are free to talk for a shorter time than that and only to speak for five minutes. In preparing texts of that length, one can count on a page usually taking three minutes.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at this important meeting. The Non-Aligned Movement is composed of 120 countries, and if I take eight minutes for each of them, it will take up about one day to deliver my statement, but I am not going to do that.", "This meeting, convened as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations that was held upon the initiative of the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, is very important. I would like to thank the Secretary-General and you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting.", "As consistently reaffirmed by the Non-Aligned Movement summits and ministerial conferences, including the recent sixteenth NAM ministerial conference held in Bali, Indonesia, in May, NAM underscores the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. It reiterates its determination to promote multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the areas of disarmament and non‑proliferation. NAM reaffirms its principled position on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issues of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects, and stresses the importance that efforts aiming at nuclear non‑proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts on nuclear disarmament. Progress in both is essential to strengthening international peace and security.", "In that context, NAM stresses that nuclear disarmament, as the highest priority established by the first special session devoted to disarmament and as a legal obligation, should not be made conditional to confidence-building measures or other disarmament efforts. While emphasizing the vital role of a strong and genuine political will in multilateral negotiations on disarmament, NAM hopes that today’s deliberations and the proposals made by the Secretary-General and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters will contribute to enhancing political will in support of the United Nations disarmament machinery and the multilateral disarmament negotiations within the United Nations.", "To realize a world free of nuclear weapons free from the colossal global expenditures and the energies of the nuclear-weapon States concentrated on the possession, development and modernization of nuclear weapons, using such expenditures instead to further global development and peace, it is critical that nuclear-weapon States fulfil their nuclear disarmament obligations. There should be concrete progress in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.", "NAM reiterates its deep concern over the lack of progress towards nuclear disarmament, in particular on the part of the nuclear-weapon States, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with the relevant multilateral legal obligations. As a necessary step in the much-sought and long-delayed realization of general and complete disarmament, NAM underscores the need for the nuclear-weapon States to implement their nuclear disarmament obligations and their unequivocal undertaking in 2000, and further reiterated at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), so as to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. In that regard, NAM emphasizes the urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament with a specific time frame and without delay.", "NAM notes with concern the lack of multilateral agreement on a number of its key priorities, in particular beginning negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, and calls for tangible progress in that regard. NAM States parties to the nuclear Non‑Proliferation Treaty are convinced that it is vital that the action plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference on aspects of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East be implemented.", "Welcoming the adoption by consensus of the detailed plan of action on the Middle East, particularly the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and the conclusion and recommendations of the follow-on action of the 2010 NPT Review Conference, NAM States parties to the NPT strongly urge the Secretary-General and sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and coordination with the States of the region, to immediately take the necessary measures to convene in 2012 the conference on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, to be attended by all States of the Middle East.", "NAM remains steadfast in fully supporting the multilateral disarmament agenda and in strengthening the United Nations disarmament machinery. It is high time that all countries, working together, cooperate more and bring to bear the respective political capital to revitalize that crucial machinery. Promoting the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery hinges on creating a suitable political environment, taking into account the security interests of all States, rather than changing the rules of procedure.", "While there is a need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery, it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community through the United Nations disarmament machinery, including key legal instruments, resolutions, guidelines and other crucial documents that constitute the framework, and are a reference for the work of the United Nations in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It thus remains important to preserve the nature, role and purpose of each part of this important machinery.", "NAM recognizes the need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. In this context, NAM notes that the main difficulty facing the disarmament machinery lies in the lack of true political will by some States to achieve actual progress, including, in particular, on nuclear disarmament.", "While it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community within the Conference on Disarmament, NAM expresses its disappointment at the fact that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda for many years. In this regard, NAM believes that it is counterproductive to ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference only to its rules of procedure, as such an approach could conceal the true obstacle faced by the Conference, which is lack of political will.", "NAM reaffirms the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament and reiterates its call on the Conference to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work by, inter alia, establishing an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament as soon as possible and as the highest priority. NAM emphasizes the necessity of starting negotiations without further delay on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. NAM reaffirms the importance of the unanimous conclusion reached by the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.", "NAM noted the adoption by the Conference of the programme of work for the 2009 session (CD/1864) on 29 May 2009, which was not implemented. NAM calls on the Conference to agree by consensus on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work without further delay.", "NAM encourages the Conference on Disarmament to consider appointing a special coordinator on the expansion of the membership of the Conference as early as possible, with a view to examining the possible expansion of its membership, in accordance with its rules of procedure.", "NAM also reaffirms the importance and relevance of the Disarmament Commission as the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery and reaffirms that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as reaffirmed in the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons adopted by the sixteenth Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali.", "NAM will consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Board and present our views during discussions of this issue during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "The President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU). The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, align themselves with this declaration.", "I would like first of all to commend you, Mr. President, for having scheduled this debate at this very appropriate moment. I should like also to thank the Secretary-General for his efforts and the message conveyed to us today, as well as the Chair of the Advisory Group and the Chair of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The European Union is indeed disappointed at the absence of progress since the high-level meeting last September. We are nonetheless hopeful that our deliberations today will prove an opportunity to heed the calls made at that meeting for forward-looking and concrete discussions of future options — both for revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and for the review of practical ideas on how to pursue multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We are encouraged by the fact that the high-level meeting and the General Assembly follow-up resolution, resolution 65/93, have stimulated the reflection process in both Geneva and New York. Indeed, we have been encouraged by important positive developments in the areas of global disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, illustrated, for example, by Security Council resolution 1887 (2009), the New START Agreement, the Washington on Nuclear Security Summit, the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the intensified international public debate in which you, Mr. Secretary-General, have been personally involved, through your five-point plan. The European Union warmly welcomes these developments, though we are, naturally, aware that renewed and constant effort will be needed to ensure that the international community builds on the new momentum.", "Indeed, now is the time to reinforce and revitalize multilateral efforts, since we all recognize that today’s global security problems require cooperative and multilateral solutions. We in the European Union are fully committed to maintaining and strengthening the momentum and committed to implementing agreed outcomes in full cooperation with other States, both because this is in keeping with our EU strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and because this is more than ever a key condition of international peace and security.", "Notwithstanding the positive trends overall, the European Union remains deeply troubled by the apparent dysfunction of a crucial part of the disarmament machinery: the ongoing stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. The adoption in 2009 of the programme of work would have been an important breakthrough which would have allowed Conference members to start negotiations on a multilateral and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. For the European Union, launching these negotiations remains important and urgent. The EU thus continues to urge the last remaining State so far unwilling to join the consensus to begin negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Doing so would allow the Conference to resume its negotiating role and thereby regain credibility and continue to pursue its fundamental purpose.", "All States members of the Conference on Disarmament should, we believe, appreciate the fact that starting FMCT negotiations is the beginning of a process of identifying and protecting specific national security concerns, rather than the outcome of such a process. The European Union considers the blockage of the whole Conference on Disarmament forum by a refusal even to start negotiations to be an unacceptable practice. It seriously undermines the principle of multilateral cooperation.", "We also consider that there are confidence-building measures that can be taken immediately, without waiting for the beginning of formal negotiations. That is why we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and then uphold a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "The EU thus reaffirms once more its commitment to engaging in substantive discussions on all the other core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We deeply regret that despite clear manifestations of strong political will on the part of the majority of Conference on Disarmament members and firm support for negotiations and clear calls at both the current session of the General Assembly and the 2010 NPT Review Conference, the Conference has not yet been able to build upon the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. We acknowledge the security concerns of all States, but at the same time we firmly believe that the consensus rule must not be subject to abuse. The world cannot afford to stand still on the crucial issues of disarmament and non‑proliferation or to allow procedural issues to stymie real political progress. A review of working methods is therefore part of the EU’s proposals to improve the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Let me use this occasion to reiterate the EU’s longstanding attachment to the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament. The European Union supports the call made by the informal group of observer States to the Conference, including some States members of the EU, to appoint, during the current session, a special coordinator on expansion of the membership of the Conference.", "Consistent with the EU’s engagement with civil society, we are also keen to explore ways to strengthen the voice of non-governmental organizations and to associate research institutions with the work of the Conference.", "The First Committee is another important body where discussion of current topics and potential initiatives on non-proliferation and disarmament issues can fruitfully take place. States Members of the United Nations share responsibility for maintaining the relevance of this forum, and we believe that the First Committee should therefore improve its working methods so as to be capable of debating contemporary security challenges and developing concrete measures to address them.", "I would also like to make mention of the United Nations Disarmament Commission. We believe that its procedures and operating principles should also be thoroughly reviewed and enhanced.", "Greater involvement of civil society in the work of that body should also be welcome. The aim of the United Nations Disarmament Commission is to submit recommendations on issues of disarmament and arms control to the General Assembly and, through it, to the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, it is with great regret that the EU notes that both the deliberative and the negotiating bodies set up under the auspices of the General Assembly have been falling short of their agreed goals for more than a decade.", "The Conference on Disarmament, in accordance with the mandate it received, should be the place to forge multilateral treaties shared by nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States alike. However, given the continuing stalemate in the Conference, the international community needs to reflect on options and, if necessary, identify other ways to ensure progress. In sum, Mr. President, the European Union is ready to engage with you and with all States Members of the United Nations to identify ways and means to overcome the deadlock in the Conference.", "Let me summarize the European Union’s concrete proposals. First, we call on all States Members of the Conference on Disarmament to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to begin work on the other issues on the agenda. Secondly, we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and uphold an immediate moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Thirdly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and to duly reflect on this issue in their reports to the General Assembly. We naturally encourage the Assembly to remain seized of the issue. Fourthly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to include the current observer States as full members. Lastly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to explore ways to strengthen the contribution of non‑governmental organizations in the Conference and to increase contacts with research institutions.", "In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to making the United Nations and the disarmament machinery able to deliver tangible results. We also stand ready to work with all delegations on further steps to make other operational suggestions and to envisage other concrete and operational options. The effective functioning of multilateral disarmament institutions is vital to our security. The long-term deadlock of core disarmament forums such as the Conference on Disarmament poses a serious problem which it calls all States to overcome. Moreover, time is running out. The Conference on Disarmament needs to resume its work without delay. We reiterate our call for a substantive follow-up and for the disarmament machinery to do what it was created to do.", "Mr. Araud (France): Allow me, Mr. President, on behalf of the People’s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, to thank you for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010. We welcome the personal commitment and leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We fully support your continuing efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. We are deeply concerned by its long-running stalemate and lack of progress since last year’s meeting. It is crucial to reaffirm the negotiating role of the Conference and to allow it to resume its substantive work without delay.", "Ten months after the High-level Meeting, today’s follow-up meeting is a timely opportunity to reflect on the situation of the disarmament machinery and to consider ways to make further progress on disarmament and international peace and security.", "We welcome the numerous positive developments in the area of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. In particular, the adoption of a concrete and balanced action plan on all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) at the Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT in 2010 has shown the international community’s firm commitment to reinforcing the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and addressing nuclear issues with a global and pragmatic approach.", "Now, all State parties must work together to advance the implementation of the NPT action plan. In this context, the permanent five States members of the Security Council are strongly determined to assume their responsibilities and play their part. At the High-level Meeting in September last year, France undertook to organize the first permanent five follow-up meeting to the 2010 NPT Review Conference.", "Accordingly, on 30 June and 1 July, the permanent five met in Paris at the Director Generals and experts level with a view to considering progress on the commitment they made at the NPT Review Conference and to contributing to the preparation of the next NPT review cycle. They discussed a wide range of issues relating to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. That was the second time that the permanent five got together in that format with that agenda, the first being the London conference on confidence-building measures in 2009. The Paris conference was therefore a significant and vital opportunity to further build mutual trust and confidence on nuclear matters.", "We would like to share with the Assembly the general outcomes of our discussions, which were reflected in the final joint press statement issued at the end of the conference. As nuclear-weapon States, we discussed how we intend to meet our disarmament obligations under the NPT, including engagement on the efforts called for in the 2010 NPT action plan, particularly the steps outlined in action 5, as well as reporting and other efforts.", "We continued our previous discussions on the issues of transparency and mutual confidence, including nuclear doctrine and capabilities, and on verification. Such measures are important for establishing a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.", "We also shared views on measures to uphold the NPT’s non-proliferation pillar to include how to respond to notifications of withdrawal from the NPT, while recognizing the provisions of article 10, and stressed the need to strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, including by promoting the adoption of the Additional Protocol and the reinforcement of IAEA resources and capabilities for deterring and detecting non-compliance.", "All States — NPT parties and non-parties — must contribute to fulfilling the overall objective of disarmament by creating the necessary security environment, resolving regional tensions, promoting collective security, ensuring that the international nuclear non-proliferation regime remains robust and reliable, and making progress in all areas of disarmament.", "We are convinced that, as the sole standing multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of the international community, the Conference on Disarmament should maintain the primary role in substantive negotiations on priority questions of disarmament. We call on all Conference member States to agree without delay on the comprehensive and balanced programme of work, allowing the Conference to resume its substantive work.", "We recognized that the one key element in the effective implementation of article 6 of the NPT and in the prevention of nuclear proliferation is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). An FMCT would help cut off the most important building blocks needed for nuclear weapons. We reiterate our support for the immediate commencement of negotiation at the Conference on Disarmament of an FMCT, including verification provisions.", "In order to sustain the potential of negotiation in the Conference, the permanent five will, prior to the next session of the General Assembly, renew their efforts with other relevant partners to promote such negotiation. Furthermore, the permanent five recall their commitment to promoting and ensuring the swift entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and its universalization.", "(spoke in French)", "I would like at this juncture to make some brief remarks in my national capacity. I fully endorse the European Union’s statement. France, in all forums, including the Group of Eight (G-8) which we are chairing, supports any initiative seeking to improve international security in all areas: nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional, ballistic proliferation and space.", "We must continue to jointly insist to those who may seek to take advantage of the stalemate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament that they are going against history. Today there is a consensus, minus one, for opening negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Needless to say, we hope that those negotiations will be conducted under the auspices of the Conference, since that is what it exists for.", "With regard to the start of negotiations, we must demonstrate visibly our commitment to ending production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. Four nuclear-weapon States have already declared a moratorium on production of such material. We call earnestly on all nuclear Powers to declare a similar moratorium immediately. And we must go even further by making this halt to fissile material production irreversible. France has been a pioneer in this area by dismantling its production facilities irreversibly.", "In the interests of saving time, I will stop here. The full version of my statement will be available on the website of France’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I have the privilege today of speaking on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative (NPDI), whose current members are Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.", "We are very grateful to you for convening this debate, Mr. President, as well as for your personal efforts towards the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, including through your visit to Geneva this year. We also welcome the Secretary-General’s commitment to this critical task.", "This debate comes at an appropriate moment. At the conclusion of the second part of the Conference’s annual session and sufficiently ahead of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, it is the right time to jointly assess the developments that have taken place since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and to exchange views on how to facilitate the Conference’s resumption of substantive work. We should capitalize on a period of reflective momentum that has prevailed in New York and Geneva in recent months, and for which the meeting itself was a constructive stimulus.", "The Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative was established in September 2010 in order to build on the renewed momentum in disarmament and non-proliferation resulting from, in particular, the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). At their second foreign ministers’ meeting in Berlin on 30 April, the NPDI member States reaffirmed their intention to work towards achieving nuclear disarmament and strengthening the international non‑proliferation regime. Recognizing the danger to all humankind posed by the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons and the necessity of addressing increased proliferation risks, decreasing nuclear arsenals, strengthening nuclear security and improving nuclear safety, we continue to consider it compelling and urgent to reduce nuclear risks and achieve tangible progress on the path towards a world free of nuclear weapons. In Berlin, the NPDI foreign ministers reiterated their determination to support and help drive implementation of the consensus outcomes of last year’s NPT Review Conference.", "NPDI members have welcomed, sometimes led and certainly actively participated in various initiatives in the first and second part of the Conference on Disarmament’s session this year aimed at facilitating work on the its current core issues. At the same time, however, we note with deep regret that the Conference has not been able to profit from broader positive trends in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. It has so far not implemented the three actions in the NPT Review Conference’s action plan that pertain to its work: action 6 on establishing a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament; action 7 on substantive discussions on negative security assurances; and action 15 on fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) negotiations.", "We also have to acknowledge that, instead of making progress, the Conference has actually taken a step backwards from its consensus adoption of a programme of work (CD/1864) in May 2009. We are convinced that the use of the consensus rule to prevent the start of FMCT negotiations, as well as substantive discussions on the other three core issues, has not only harmed the Conference’s already diminished credibility, but also seriously undermined the entire multilateral disarmament process and, in the long run, therefore, the security interests of the entire international community.", "The Conference on Disarmament has been unable to fulfil the task assigned to it — the negotiation of disarmament and non-proliferation instruments — for more than a decade. In light of this situation, we reiterate our firm conviction that the Conference must immediately start negotiations on an FMCT. However, while patience is a virtue, of course, continued passivity is not. Therefore, if an agreement on launching FMCT negotiations continues to elude us in the third part of the Conference’s session, we are determined to ask the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session later this year to address the issue and consider ways to proceed with the aim of beginning FMCT negotiations.", "We acknowledge that, of course, FMCT negotiations will be challenging from both a political and a technical point of view, no matter what venue is selected. In our view, these two aspects are closely intertwined. While we continue to consider that the earliest possible start of negotiations on an FMCT is the priority, we consider that establishing a group of scientific experts assigned to examine the technical aspects of an FMCT could facilitate and contribute to the start of negotiations. We are very willing to discuss this idea with interested parties.", "The NPDI’s concerns are by no means limited to one specific aspect of the Conference’s work. In order to reshape it into an effectively functioning institution whose composition reflects the realities of this century, not the last, its current working methods need to be examined critically, its membership reviewed and its interaction with civil society increased.", "While we consider the Conference’s return to substantive work to be the most urgent task we have, our interest in revitalization extends beyond it. The Disarmament Commission constitutes another theoretically important but increasingly irrelevant pillar of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It would greatly profit from a review of its current work and from well-calibrated structural reform.", "Furthermore, we call on the General Assembly’s own First Committee to increase its practical relevance to disarmament and international security. Given the objective of today’s debate, we particularly appeal to it to move the FMCT and other disarmament core issues forward. Overall, the Assembly should, in our view, continue to play an important role in marshalling the expectations of the international community vis-à-vis the multilateral disarmament machinery and identifying possible solutions to persistent problems. We look forward to this, as well as to possible future debates on the highly relevant and critical issue of making progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I thank you for convening this important discussion, Mr. President. The United Kingdom welcomes your personal commitment and the leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We are very pleased to have this opportunity to take stock since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.", "The Government of the United Kingdom remains firmly committed to the long-term goal of a world without nuclear weapons, and to making progress on multilateral disarmament. We take seriously our international disarmament obligations and have made concrete progress in the past year. In our strategic defence and security review in October 2010, we announced a number of disarmament measures around reducing the number of nuclear warheads and missiles on our submarines. We also gave a new, stronger assurance to non-nuclear weapon States.", "There has been good progress on the international disarmament agenda in 2011. In February, the New START agreement entered into force, and a few weeks ago, the five nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) took part in a conference of the permanent five members of the Security Council in Paris. This was only the second time such a meeting has taken place, following the 2009 meeting hosted by the United Kingdom. We were delighted with the confidence-building discussions that took place and by the opportunity to look in detail at our disarmament obligations.", "The outcomes from the conference, which my French colleague has already outlined on behalf of the permanent five, clearly demonstrate our collective determination to work together to implement the commitments made in the 2010 NPT Review Conference action plan (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This includes practical steps taken by the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia as depositories of the NPT in our commitment towards the implementation of the 1995 NPT resolution on a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.", "We look forward to making progress on the disarmament and confidence-building initiatives agreed at the conference. As part of this follow-up work, the United Kingdom will host an expert-level meeting with our permanent five partners on lessons learned from our pioneering work with Norway on the verification of warhead dismantlement. Our work with Norway has demonstrated that nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon States alike are able to make an active contribution to their NPT obligations through research into the verification of nuclear disarmament, while still complying with their non-proliferation obligations. Indeed, the cooperation of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear disarmament verification research is necessary in order to achieve effective and mutually trusted technical and procedural solutions to support verifiable multilateral nuclear disarmament.", "Despite positive progress and momentum elsewhere, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva has so far failed to produce any substantive work since the High-level Meeting last September. There is overwhelming support for the principle of a treaty that would end the future production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. Starting negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would constitute a significant achievement and necessary building block for our ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, as we all know, one country continues to block this step. It is for this reason, as opposed to any other, that we are here today and have made no tangible progress on FMCT since the High-level Meeting last September.", "If we want to move forward, we must focus our collective efforts on persuading all members to agree again to set the Conference on Disarmament back to work and start negotiating an FMCT. The side events organized by our Australian and Japanese colleagues constituted a welcome and informative initiative towards this end.", "If it is to strengthen the global disarmament and non-proliferation framework in a meaningful way, a future FMCT must prohibit the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons and other explosive devices by all States. For this reason, the United Kingdom wishes to re-emphasize its strong commitment to starting negotiations on an FMCT within the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament represents the best option we have for negotiations with all the relevant States as members. It is an institution that, through its rules of procedure, shows respect for everyone’s security. And we still have a programme of work ready to go, agreed by all except one. Document CD/1864 provides for negotiations on an FMCT as well as substantive discussions on the other agenda items on which the Conference on Disarmament has also failed to make progress in the past two years.", "We must continue to reassure all members that the Conference on Disarmament’s well-established rules offer protection for all countries security interests, both during negotiations and in the eventual signature and ratification phase. It is to be expected that some countries will have concerns about what an FMCT might mean for them. There will be plenty of opportunities to discuss all of the issues and concerns at the negotiating table.", "The public statement from the Paris conference of the permanent five reiterated the strong support of the five for the immediate start of FMCT negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The permanent five made a commitment to renew efforts with relevant partners to promote such negotiations prior to the next session of the General Assembly. We intend to pursue further detailed discussions on the main treaty issues with other relevant partners, building on the side events that have already taken place. As these discussions progress, momentum towards negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament will continue to build. We appeal to all States to sustain this momentum, and on the last remaining State to join the consensus and end its block on allowing the Conference on Disarmament to conduct its work as soon as possible. This block has been damaging for multilateralism inside the United Nations and has encouraged some to consider bypassing traditional institutions in order to try to make quick progress on an FMCT.", "The Conference on Disarmament urgently needs to show that it is still relevant and that it can prove its potential as the best means of finding sustainable solutions for the challenges of global arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in the twenty-first century.", "Ms. Gottemoeller (United States of America): I thank you, sir, for the opportunity to speak today. The United States welcomed the initiative of the Secretary-General to convene last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, in the hopes that it would spur progress on negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in the Conference on Disarmament. We co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on follow-up to the High-level Meeting, and we also welcome the opportunity today to take stock of where we are 10 months later. The United States shares your commitment to progress, Mr. President, and your interest in seeing this process carried forward.", "Two years ago in his speech in Prague, President Obama affirmed the commitment of the United States “to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons” and laid out a plan of action for near-term practical steps to move in that direction. Since then, significant progress has been registered. I will not detail all of it here, but I would like to highlight a few successes because they stand in stark contrast to the continuing failure to begin negotiations on a priority objective — a ban on the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons.", "A key arms control achievement of the past year was the entry into force of the New START agreement with the Russian Federation this past February. Implementation of the Treaty is well under way. As of last weekend, we and the Russian Federation had exchanged 1,000 notifications in implementation of the Treaty regime. Furthermore, we have conducted 13 inspections, six by the Russian Federation and seven by the United States. We are keeping pace in our implementation efforts.", "In May, President Obama also submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent the protocols of the African and South Pacific nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties. And we are in discussion with parties to the South-East Asia and Central Asia nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties in an effort to reach agreement that would allow the United States to sign the Protocols to those treaties, as well.", "The United States remains committed to securing ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, and we are engaging the United States Senate and the American public on the merits of that Treaty.", "As already reported by the representative of France, the nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) — the permanent five — met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July to engage on issues bearing on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, and in particular steps outlined in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This was a continuation of discussions begun in London in 2009 and will continue with a third conference in the context of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 NPT Review Conference. These meetings are helping to build a process for permanent-five dialogue on transparency, nuclear doctrine and verification, recognizing that such a dialogue is needed if we are to establish a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.", "The United States has spared no effort to initiate negotiations in the Geneva Conference on Disarmament on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. The completion of such a treaty continues to be the top multilateral priority for the United States and the vast majority of others, and would be a major international achievement in non-proliferation and disarmament. At a time when significant progress has been registered in other areas of arms control and disarmament, it is all the more disappointing that a single State has prevented the Conference on Disarmament from again taking its place on the disarmament stage and undertaking negotiations to reach that long-overdue objective.", "The preference of the United States is to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) within the Conference on Disarmament. We welcomed the initiative of Australia and Japan to organize serious technical FMCT discussions at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament this year. The activity proved to be productive, substantive and collegial, but this does not obscure the central fact that the Conference on Disarmament remains blocked and that we are no closer to FMCT negotiations today than we were two years ago, when a compromise programme of work was adopted by consensus by all 65 Conference on Disarmament members.", "It is because of this continuing stalemate that we have launched consultations to move the issue forward. We are encouraged, therefore, that the permanent five agreed in Paris to take steps prior to the next General Assembly session to renew efforts with other relevant partners to promote such FMCT negotiations, and we are planning these activities now.", "Turning to the issue of the United Nations disarmament machinery and how it functions — or does not function — I note that this is often a subject of discussion. For example, improvements motivated the 1978 decision to create the Committee on Disarmament — renamed Conference soon after — by the then-member States of the Conference on Disarmament’s predecessor body. They judged that certain changes, such as a rotating presidency and membership expansion, would render the body more representative and more productive. The decisions of those States were recalled in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2).", "More recently, serious thought and a number of interesting ideas have emerged regarding reform of the Conference on Disarmament and other disarmament machinery. But we should consider such proposals with our eyes wide open, realistic about what the root cause of the current deadlock is. While the machinery could certainly benefit from a tune-up, it is not the underlying cause of the breakdown in the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference has produced good results in years past: the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Put simply, when countries share an objective, they can move it forward in the Conference on Disarmament, and this is an experience we wish to see repeated, starting with the fissile material cut-off treaty.", "The Secretary-General has offered recommendations on how to proceed with a review of multilateral disarmament affairs, and he has provided us with a thoughtful report on the work of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228). The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has also provided stimulating food for thought. We have a wealth of ideas.", "A panel of eminent persons, the Conference on Disarmament itself, or some others might usefully continue their exploration to include recommendations on the following: how to revamp or reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which, after yeoman’s efforts, has been unable to reach consensus for a number of years on any agenda item; and how to update the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. Its decalogue and agenda could be updated to reflect the current international security environment. Members should also review some of its other procedures and recommend changes that would encourage greater continuity and focus.", "Also included would be recommendations on how to provide for continuity on an agreed Conference on Disarmament work programme from year to year, such as automatic rollover of an agreed programme of work; how to protect national security interests while preventing abuse of the consensus rule; and whether expansion of the Conference on Disarmament would improve its efficiency, and how to reflect universal disarmament goals in deliberative and negotiating bodies while maintaining their efficacy and ensuring that States’ security concerns are respected and protected. This is the fundamental issue. In this regard, we view that, theoretically, working with 193 members would inevitably pose complexities. I might note that the Conference on Disarmament in its current composition, expanded since 1996 to 65 member States, has yet to demonstrate its ability to function as a negotiating body.", "In exploring new ways to proceed, we think that balance is needed. The status quo is unacceptable, but we should also guard against being overly ambitious, lest we lose our way. As we seek our way forward, we must keep our eye on the prize and, for most of the international community, that prize is a fissile material cut-off treaty as the next immediate multilateral nuclear disarmament step. Calls for yet another special session on disarmament are a distraction at best. A special session on disarmament is not the only or the most practical vehicle for reform in the light of its record of failure. Unless we have agreed objectives for such a session, we should better direct our efforts where progress can be made.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I would like to begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting. I would also like to thank you and the Secretary-General for your statements.", "The High-level Meeting held in September 2010 held useful discussions on the work of the Conference on Disarmament and multilateral disarmament negotiations. China hopes that today’s meeting will also play an active role in facilitating multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Arms control and disarmament are closely related to security and have always been the barometer of changes in the international security situation. It is now the general hope of the international community that the multilateral disarmament process, and the work of the Conference on Disarmament in particular, will move forward so as to further promote the security of all States.", "Since the beginning of this year, the parties have displayed positive intentions and adopted a constructive approach to the advancement of the work of the Conference on Disarmament. However, differences among the parties remain to be bridged and renewed efforts are required of Conference members in order to break the impasse in its work.", "Given the current circumstances, China would like to make the following proposals on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward the multilateral disarmament process.", "First, the authority of the Conference on Disarmament should be respected and maintained. As the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Conference is irreplaceable by any other international mechanism. Since the end of the Cold War, the Conference has negotiated and concluded the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. These two instruments have contributed greatly to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the advancement of the international arms control and disarmament process, and their effects have been vindicated by history. If the fissile material cut-off treaty is to fulfil its dual objective of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and in order to ensure its authority, effectiveness and universality, it must be negotiated within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Secondly, the legitimate security concerns of States should receive due attention and equal treatment. The Conference on Disarmament cannot work in a vacuum, and international and regional security situations are bound to have a direct and important bearing on its work. The legitimate security concerns of member States should be fully respected and appropriately addressed, both at the time of launching negotiations and during the negotiating process. It is for this very purpose that we engage in serious negotiations on multilateral arms control treaties, and it is also the necessary precondition for universal support for and compliance with such treaties.", "Thirdly, we should maintain confidence in the Conference on Disarmament and further engage in creative thinking. Progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament depends on the common efforts of — and especially synergy among — all member States in the framework of the Conference. Any idea or practice of resorting to another framework is obviously not conducive to the work of the Conference on Disarmament and will not produce a satisfactory fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). In the face of deadlock and difficulties, it is all the more necessary for Conference members to use political wisdom and fully mobilize diplomatic creativity to maintain the momentum on launching FMCT negotiations, and spare no effort in seeking workable ways to push the Conference to carry out substantive work on FMCT-related issues.", "Fourthly, efforts should be made to advance the work of the Conference on Disarmament in a comprehensive manner. While negotiations on the FMCT should start at an early date, the Conference should also engage in substantive work on other important items, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States. This is the wish of the great majority of Conference members. I am convinced that work on these three items will have a positive effect on promoting FMCT negotiations.", "China has always supported the work of the Conference on Disarmament and is in favour of starting FMCT negotiations as soon as possible. During China’s tenure as President of the Conference on Disarmament this year, it has cooperated fully with other Presidents, conducted broad-based consultations with member States and made unremitting efforts to narrow differences and break the impasse. We hope that all sides will respect each other’s legitimate security concerns and continue dialogue and consultations in a serious, equal, open and transparent manner with a view to reaching agreement on the programme of work of the Conference as soon as possible so that substantive work on various items can begin.", "Taking forward the international arms control and disarmament process is in the interests of all parties and is the historic responsibility of all States. We believe in the political will and collective wisdom of the States members of the Conference on Disarmament and remain confident that the Conference will launch FMCT negotiations and start substantive work in other areas. Meanwhile, we make an urgent call on all parties to make new efforts and attempts to that end. China is willing to work with others and redouble its efforts to promote the healthy development of the cause of multilateral arms control and disarmament and to maintain world peace and security.", "Mr. Schaper (Netherlands): I have the honour of taking the floor on behalf of the following 41 States: Australia, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Uruguay.", "These States, from many regions across the globe, share the commitment to strengthen the multilateral disarmament system — and this will be the theme of my remarks today — so that this system can fulfil its purpose. We thank you, Sir, for organizing this meeting, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "The 41 States I just mentioned consider it regrettable that, for more than a decade, the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference on Disarmament in particular, have not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S/10-2) and the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous General Assembly resolutions and in outcome documents of the Review Conferences of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Conference on Disarmament is simply failing to fulfil its mandate. It is failing to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.", "For several years now, this lack of progress on new multilateral disarmament instruments has directly affected our common security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system. While progress has been made in other multilateral disarmament forums, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to unlock its potential or to agree on the issue of wider participation by interested States and on enhanced engagement with members of civil society.", "Our countries find this sorry picture of stagnation, stalemate and lack of results in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. We see an urgent need to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. In this regard, we are highly appreciative of the Secretary-General’s initiatives in support of such efforts.", "The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 highlighted the views of States on the causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. But above all, the High-level Meeting made it more evident that the international community wants to move beyond mere deliberations to action, and without further delay.", "As members may be aware, during the course of 2011 Conference on Disarmament members in Geneva have increasingly voiced and documented their concerns about the deadlock, including during an interaction with you, Sir, on the occasion of your visit to Geneva in March. They have also expressed their concerns to the Secretary-General and the members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "But despite the considerable efforts of consecutive Conference on Disarmament Presidents for more than a decade, despite various suggestions and initiatives of Conference members, and despite the adoption of decisions that would have seen the Conference fulfil its mandate, the Conference is still failing to undertake substantive work.", "Here in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission regrettably once again failed to produce any concrete recommendations. We consider this to be an additional indicator of the continued challenges facing the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.", "If the multilateral disarmament machinery, especially the Conference on Disarmament, is not able to overcome this crisis, the international community, and the General Assembly in particular, will need to respond and give serious consideration to ways and means to overcome it. We cannot afford to start another Conference session in January 2012 accepting that the continued impasse is a given and that we cannot do anything about it.", "Already, States are discussing various options. Some focus on giving the General Assembly a more central and active role in advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. Some focus on implementing agreements previously reached in the Conference on Disarmament and other relevant multilateral forums. Some seek to intensify preparations for negotiations. Some focus on efforts to motivate a formal revitalization process within the Conference on Disarmament, and some seek to include a broader reform process of the disarmament machinery.", "Although these different initiatives point to different focuses, they are all being explored — and need to be explored — in order to improve global security, including through finding the most effective way to achieve a world without nuclear weapons. We hope that this debate can provide us with a suitable platform to keep addressing, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations effectively and in an outcome-oriented spirit. We must assume our responsibility, both in Geneva and here, to address these concerns effectively without further delay.", "We welcome the attention of the Secretary-General and his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to the problems facing the disarmament machinery. At the same time, we recognize that the responsibility for current difficulties rests with States, as does the responsibility to find solutions. We stand ready to contribute actively and constructively to this forward-looking endeavour. All the States of the world have a vital interest, a right and a duty to participate in and contribute to the success of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Kim Sook (Republic of Korea): At the outset, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing my sincere appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this meeting. As one of the member countries that co-signed the letter requesting this gathering, the Republic of Korea associates itself with the remarks made just now by the representative of the Netherlands. At this juncture, however, I would like to speak in my national capacity.", "In recent years, we have taken many positive steps towards the long-awaited breakthrough in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Just last year alone, we witnessed the signing of the New START agreement, the Nuclear Security Summit held in Washington, D.C., and the adoption of the decade-spanning Final Document by consensus at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In particular, the adoption of the Final Document at the 2010 NPT Review Conference amounts to a formal recognition by the international community that disarmament and non-proliferation are once again becoming central to the global agenda.", "After these series of positive movements in other disarmament areas, our expectation for the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament is now greater than at any other time in recent years. Reflecting the aspirations of the international community, a High-level Meeting was convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 as a response of the international community to the Conference on Disarmament. We have also observed various efforts made by many delegations this year. Nevertheless, the Conference continues to make little progress and the patience of the international community is gradually running out. Moreover, the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) has also failed to produce any final documents or recommendations since 1999. The multilateral disarmament machinery is, in fact, in severe disarray.", "We believe that getting the Conference on Disarmament back on track lies at the heart of any solution. Further paralysis of the Conference may not only jeopardize its status and legitimacy as the premier forum for disarmament, but also damage the very foundations of the multilateral disarmament machinery, including the UNDC. I firmly believe that the Conference on Disarmament should act quickly if it wishes to continue to play a central role.", "To encourage the Conference on Disarmament to move forward, it is necessary above all for each country to demonstrate more political flexibility with respect to its security considerations and modus operandi. Only when countries show flexibility and a spirit of cooperation will the Conference be able to evolve significantly and keep up with the rapidly changing disarmament climate. What the Conference process needs now is not an endless and empty debate, but concrete action.", "As the Republic of Korea proposed at the September 2010 High-level Meeting, and as the Secretary-General suggested again this morning, I would like to call for the establishment of a group of eminent persons, under the auspices of the Secretary-General, to find solutions to the current difficulties in the Conference on Disarmament.", "In this regard, we welcome the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228), in which he supports the establishment of such a group. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Board noted that a group of eminent persons could help behind-the-scenes negotiations and draw significant global attention to the issue. We have recently witnessed similar kinds of groups in the fields of Millennium Development Goals and climate change financing. These cases could be good examples.", "As we know, the Conference on Disarmament is a child of the General Assembly, and it is natural for the Assembly to discuss the predicament of its child. In this regard, I believe that not only internal efforts of the Conference on Disarmament but also external political stimulus may be of great help in breaking the deadlock in the Conference. I hope that the First Committee of the General Assembly will continue this year to discuss ways to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery.", "The Republic of Korea is of the opinion that the international community shares the common view that, among all the issues in the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for weapons is most in need of negotiation. The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is indispensable not only for nuclear non‑proliferation, but also for nuclear disarmament. An FMCT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are of vital importance, symbolically and substantively, to the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. We are confident that once we start the negotiations on an FMCT, the momentum will lead to further discussions on other major issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances, in a comprehensive and balanced way.", "Once again, the Republic of Korea calls upon all Conference on Disarmament members to cooperate in commencing substantive work on an FMCT at the earliest possible time, to the benefit not only of nuclear non-proliferation, but also and more largely of nuclear disarmament. The Republic of Korea, for its part, will do its utmost to set the Conference on Disarmament process in motion.", "Mr. Zhukov (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation wholeheartedly supports the revitalization of the multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control machinery. We support the preservation and strengthening of the existing disarmament triad: the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee and the Conference on Disarmament. These forums have proven their necessity and their efficiency, and they have made a significant contribution to preserving international peace and security.", "In our view, it is not now a matter of radically reorganizing them, but rather of marshalling the political will to kick-start these mechanisms to create new universal disarmament and non-proliferation agreements. We believe that the current situation of the multilateral disarmament process, specifically within the Conference on Disarmament, is the result not of any systemic breakdown in the multilateral disarmament machinery, but rather a reflection of the different priorities of States on disarmament and non‑proliferation matters and in their vision of their legitimate national interests. The roots of the Conference’s problems are extraneous to it.", "Obviously, the Conference on Disarmament deals with very sensitive matters, namely, those of State security. Here as nowhere else, we must be willing to strike a reasonable compromise based on a balance of interests. In addition, we should not oversimplify the reasons behind the situation in the Conference on Disarmament or boil them down to procedural disagreements or clashes of ambitions and claims.", "Significantly, notwithstanding the radical recent calls for the Conference on Disarmament to be closed down, for changes to its basic working principles or for a launch of new formats, an absolute majority of forum participants broadly recognized the importance of retaining the Conference on Disarmament as the key multilateral negotiation mechanism. The shock therapy proposed by some countries is a radical step that could not only paralyse the Conference on Disarmament definitively, but also seriously undermine the entire disarmament triad and ultimately destroy the existing disarmament machinery.", "We cannot agree to such an approach. There is no silver bullet. Our aim must be to engage in a patient and respectful quest for mutually acceptable ways of breaking the deadlock, rather than taking rash and hasty steps and decisions. This pertains not only to procedural but also to substantive matters, not to mention punitive measures, such as the denial of financing.", "In that regard, we support the balanced approach taken by the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, to the effect that stagnation on the disarmament track, including at the Conference, is due mainly not to shortcomings in the mechanism but to the world geopolitical situation, strategic clashes between States and the lack of political will.", "We oppose any review of the Conference on Disarmament’s main working principle of consensus. At the same time, we are prepared to be flexible and seek fresh approaches that could break the deadlock. In that context, one interesting idea would be to broaden the membership of the Conference, to promote the greater involvement of non-governmental bodies, and to enhance public communications on disarmament matters.", "Universal disarmament agreements can be elaborated under the auspices of the United Nations and on the basis of consensus. It is only in such circumstances that agreements become functional and adaptable to new realities and challenges. The diversion of negotiations onto parallel tracks among likeminded States is unlikely to lead to any universal or viable treaty. We are convinced that the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament would be in the interests of all Member States. We see no alternative to patient and respectful dialogue aimed at allaying the security concerns of particular Conference members, or to the achievement of agreement on the basis of the Conference agenda.", "Document CD/1864 is a realistic basis for compromise. By supporting it, the Russian Federation demonstrated its willingness to take the positions of its partners into account and to agree to compromise. We expect the same of our partners. The Russian Federation’s priority within the Conference on Disarmament is to develop a treaty on the prohibition of all types of weapons in outer space. The draft treaty submitted by us and China takes the interests of all States into account, without exception.", "Another important challenge is the drafting of a universal, equitable and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. Its adoption would be one further step towards strengthening the disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation regime.", "Mr. Bavaud (Switzerland) (spoke in French): Allow me to thank and congratulate you, Sir, for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, of 24 September 2010. Your initiative and engagement will undoubtedly help us to move forward on this issue.", "Switzerland fully subscribes to the statement delivered earlier by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 countries. Allow me to add a few elements from the Swiss perspective.", "Switzerland fully supports the Secretary-General’s initiatives to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations and to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. This process has already had significant effects. Since September 2010, we have seen important discussions in the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Disarmament Commission. Over the past 10 months, it has become clear that a growing number of States find the lack of progress on various issues related to disarmament unacceptable. In the course of these deliberations, it has also become evident that more and more States see the urgent need to revitalize the disarmament machinery and to start substantive work, most notably in the form of negotiations on one or several of the four core issues on the Conference’s agenda.", "Switzerland is convinced that the ongoing lack of agreement on new multilateral disarmament and non‑proliferation instruments has undermined the multilateral disarmament system — a trend that will be in the interest of no State in the long run. To address this situation, we need to pursue complementing efforts undertaken within the Conference on Disarmament by marshalling political will and stepping up pressure outside that body. We also need to understand that the current deadlock cannot be attributed solely to external political factors, but is also linked to institutional issues. The existing mechanisms are manifestly unable to catalyze the necessary political will and to capitalize on it where it is developing.", "To move forward, we also need to have institutions and mechanisms that reflect and capable of addressing current realities. We are living in a global, interdependent world that faces a multitude of shared disarmament and non-proliferation challenges. It is important to move from one-dimensional approaches to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation to more holistic approaches. It is critical to recognize that disarmament and non-proliferation activities affect numerous areas of concern to the international community other than peace and security; they have an impact on human security, human rights, development, the environment and health, to name just a few. Only if we include these aspects into our considerations will we be able to confront the challenges we are facing.", "Our institutions should no longer be based on or continuously favour a clearly outdated conception of an all-prevailing national security paradigm. If they do not change, the Conference on Disarmament may run the risk of privileging the interests of some at the expense of the interests of the overwhelming majority of States and peoples of the world. We are convinced of the need to work inclusively and to build on the views of all stakeholders, such as other interested States, expert communities or civil society representatives.", "We need institutions that are designed to produce results and not to maintain the status quo. They must be both responsive and preventive, and thus able to produce the instruments needed to address current as well as future challenges. Switzerland therefore recalls that the international community needs mechanisms, platforms and environments that encourage meaningful, timely, inclusive and effective deliberations and negotiations on all issues relating to disarmament in a larger sense. This must be our long-term goal.", "While the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 was intended to promote the debate on how to overcome the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the situation has not improved since then. In many ways, the deadlock is today more severe. Switzerland is of the view that we now need to complement the current dialogue with real action on various levels and on several fronts at the same time and in a sustainable manner.", "In the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, for the remainder of the year and for the 2012 session, it is important to initiate substantive work within the existing framework and to start negotiations. The Conference must also continue the ongoing reflection on its strengths and weaknesses in a more systematic and outcome-oriented way with a view to making the necessary changes to make the Conference more functional. The Conference has no option but to demonstrate that it can produce results.", "At the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee, Member States may want to consider launching issue-specific processes, for instance setting open-ended working groups on nuclear disarmament issues, including fissile material or the prevention of an arms race in outer space. Such processes should be anchored in Geneva, making use of the unparalleled expertise available in and around the Conference on Disarmament. If they are to be sustainable and provide an incentive to the Conference to resume its work, such processes should be complementary with possible future breakthroughs in that forum and be designed in a way that allows relevant results to be transmitted to the Conference at an appropriate stage.", "At the broader level of the General Assembly, Member States should take forward the revitalization process by introducing fresh thinking, new ideas and pragmatic approaches. Such groundwork is essential to paving the way for the broader support needed to launch a deeper reform process. In this regard, the implementation of the recommendation contained in the recent report of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters on the setting-up of a high-level panel charged with the task of rapidly formulating proposals on such a reform could represent a constructive way forward.", "To conclude, I would like to stress that as we try to move forward in our efforts to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery, Switzerland remains convinced of the need for a permanently available pool of disarmament delegations — supported by experts from Governments, international organizations and civil society — to review implementation issues of existing agreements and to negotiate new instruments. We also continue to believe in the need for a permanent forum, similar to the Conference on Disarmament, that addresses challenges in our field and contributes to global security in the twenty-first century.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba reaffirms the importance of promoting multilateralism as the core principle of disarmament negotiations. Multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues.", "Within the disarmament machinery, the Conference on Disarmament plays a crucial role in the multilateral negotiation of universally accepted disarmament treaties. If the Conference did not exist, we would have to create it without delay. We regret that the Conference has been unable to carry out substantive work for over a decade. Some insist that the causes lie in its working methods and rules of procedure. Cuba does not share that interpretation. The best vindication of our assessment is that what has happened to the Conference on Disarmament is far from an isolated situation within the disarmament machinery.", "For instance, it is no coincidence that the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded its work again this year, for the twelfth consecutive time, without agreeing on substantive recommendations. In addition, every year the First Committee adopts dozens of resolutions — particularly on disarmament — that are simply not implemented. The fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament has still not been convened, in spite of the fact that the Non-Aligned Movement has insisted on this matter for many years.", "Cuba supports the optimization of the United Nations disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament. However, we are convinced that the paralysis currently affecting most of the disarmament machinery is caused first and foremost by the lack of political will on the part of some States to achieve genuine results, particularly on disarmament.", "We are concerned about the insinuations by some delegations that the time has come to set aside the Conference on Disarmament and turn to alternative negotiation processes. Cuba opposes the replacement of the Conference with selective, improvised ad hoc arrangements outside the framework of the United Nations and managed by certain countries. If such criteria are imposed, we would be taking a dangerous step backwards. The solution is not to start disregarding the Conference on Disarmament or to minimize its importance. On the contrary, today more than ever, its preservation and strengthening are the responsibility of us all.", "The Conference must adopt as soon as possible a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes real disarmament priorities into consideration. Cuba is ready to negotiate, in parallel with the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty that eliminates and prohibits nuclear weapons; a treaty that bans the arms race in outer space; a treaty that provides effective security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States, like Cuba; and a treaty that bans the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is capable of supporting these negotiations simultaneously.", "The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty for the manufacture of nuclear weapons would be a positive action, but still insufficient in and of itself if the subsequent steps to achieve nuclear disarmament are not defined.", "Nuclear disarmament is and must remain the highest priority in disarmament. On this basis, consensus must be achieved in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference must urgently commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specific time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. The mere existence of nuclear weapons and of doctrines prescribing their possession and use poses a serious threat to international peace and security. It is simply unacceptable that there are almost 23,000 nuclear weapons in the world today, 7,560 of which are ready for immediate use.", "On 22 August, Cuba will assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament and the responsibility to draft and negotiate the report of that body for presentation to the First Committee. It is our firm purpose to make every possible effort to promote substantive negotiations with that body, in accordance with its mandate to negotiate international treaties on disarmament and arms control. That will require the contribution of each and every member of the Conference. The opportunity to prove our commitment to disarmament and peace through concrete actions is in our hands.", "Mr. Sin Son Ho (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me first of all extend my appreciation to you, Sir, for having organized this important meeting today. Allow me also to express my hope that this meeting will provide a good opportunity to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and return it to the right track.", "My delegation fully supports the statement made by Mr. Maged A. Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Nuclear disarmament remains a top priority in securing world peace and security. The first appearance of nuclear weapons in 1945 marked the beginning of the history of the most destructive weapons ever used against humankind. The dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, was its central event, more than amply proving to the world the destructive consequences of even a single nuclear weapon for global peace and security. Moreover, the appearance of the first nuclear-weapon State in 1945 was a fundamental root cause of nuclear proliferation to the rest of the world, resulting in a chain reaction. If the successes of a sacred human science had not been used to an ill-famed and dangerous end that could result in the destruction of all humankind, the proliferation of nuclear weapons might not be an issue today. As we can see, nuclear weapons are a matter directly relating to the survival of humankind and to the peace and security of the world.", "The nuclear-weapon States have an unavoidable obligation to implement their commitments under the existing international norms. In 1996, the International Court of Justice made it very clear to the world that the use of nuclear weapons is a violation of international law. It brought to our attention the fact that all other existing weapons without exception are under the full control of treaties or conventions, but that nuclear weapons remain outside multilateral international laws. The same is true of negative security assurances towards non-nuclear-weapon States.", "Recent developments cast dark shadows over the prospects for nuclear disarmament, focusing the attention of the international community. Nuclear-weapons modernization programmes are openly propelled by nuclear doctrines that recall the Cold War. I bring to members’ attention the fact that projects are under way to develop small nuclear weapons to be used like conventional weapons.", "In addition to this, the development of a missile defence system is making steady headway, in defiance of international concerns. The system being promoted under the pretext of responding to so-called ballistic missile developments by what some call “rogue States” is far from logical, given its exorbitant funding and geographical network covering the entire world. The nature and scope of the missile defence system speak eloquently of its defender’s real target, which is none other than gaining absolute nuclear superiority and global hegemony over its nuclear rivals.", "In the current changing world, one can easily predict that this dangerous move will eventually spark a new nuclear arms race. This shows that the world’s largest nuclear-weapon State has lost its legal and moral justification to talk of proliferation issues before the international community, on whatever grounds. If the largest nuclear-weapon State truly wants non-proliferation, it should set a good example by negotiating a treaty abolishing nuclear weapons.", "The total and complete elimination of nuclear weapons remains the consistent policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. A treaty abolishing nuclear weapons should be concluded in a time-bound, verifiable, irreversible and legally binding manner. This policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a good reflection of the unique and special security environment to which the country has been exposed for decades under continuing external nuclear threat and blackmail. Since the first nuclear weapon was introduced into South Korea in 1957 by the United States, the number of nuclear weapons there has exceeded 1,000.", "As a state member and the current President of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea will do everything possible to move the Conference forward. Nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, and the banning of outer space weapons and fissile materials are all pending issues in the Conference. It is regrettable that nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances have not yet been settled, although they have a history of decades-long discussion that began with the establishment of the United Nations.", "The cause of the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament, which has persisted for more than a decade, is a lack of political will. If the Conference is to move forward, the security interests of all member countries should be fully considered. In this regard, the programme of work adopted by the Conference in 2009 is something of value to be reconsidered, since it reflects on an equal basis all the pending issues on the agenda.", "Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Allow me at the outset to reaffirm my delegation’s gratitude to you, Sir, for having arranged this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, in follow-up to the High-Level Meeting convened in September 2010 by the Secretary-General.", "We fully subscribe to the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Observer of the European Union. We also share the views presented by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of like-minded States, including my own. I would like, however, to make a few comments in my national capacity, as a contribution to the debate and to identify a possible concrete follow-up to this initiative and to the general exercise launched last year.", "The Conference on Disarmament has been stalled for more than a decade. It has not been able to perform its core task, which is negotiating global international instruments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. But I would argue that the whole international disarmament machinery is currently experiencing serious difficulties. The United Nations Disarmament Commission, while remaining a useful forum for in-depth discussion, has not been able to agree on substantial recommendations or decisions for many years.", "In general, although we have seen significant successes in recent years, they have been achieved bilaterally, in forums other than the Conference on Disarmament or through ad hoc formats outside the established United Nations disarmament machinery. Still, Italy firmly believes in the importance and genuine need of a forum dedicated to global disarmament negotiations that will advance the cause of international peace and disarmament.", "To continue asserting that the Conference on Disarmament is not functioning due to a lack of political will is, in our opinion, no longer credible. For example, this year two member States took it upon themselves to organize three well-attended and very successful side events on specific aspects of the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in an effort to overcome the procedure-driven inertia of the Conference. The side events significantly enhanced the membership’s knowledge of key topics of a future Treaty that will prove to be to everyone’s advantage once negotiations start.", "What is thwarting the Conference on Disarmament is, rather, in our opinion, the misuse of the rules of procedure by a small number of members. In 2009, the Conference adopted by consensus a programme of work to carry out negotiations on an FMCT and to set up four ad hoc working groups, one of which was tasked with undertaking these negotiations. However, the Conference was prevented from implementing the programme of work in the absence of consensus on organizational matters, such as establishing the time, place and chair rotation for the meetings. Further thought should, therefore, be given to reviewing some of the working methods of the Conference so as to make them more effective and more efficient.", "Other provisions of the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament also warrant a reappraisal. The monthly rotation of the presidency appears to be too frequent, to the detriment of continuity in the Conference’s work. As a preliminary suggestion, two presidencies a year would appear to be more appropriate. The President’s decision-making authority could also be better specified. Furthermore, the rule requiring the adoption every year of a work programme appears to be unwise. It allows any member, immediately after 31 December, to indefinitely block negotiations. Consideration should be given to maintaining the same programme of work initially adopted by the Conference for the following years unless the membership agrees by consensus on a new one.", "Of course, we are not blind to the hurdles in modifying the Conference’s rules of procedure. As we stated last year at the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, there are no procedural solutions to political problems. Nonetheless, we are also convinced that the issue must be addressed with courage and commitment to succeed, while looking to solve the underlying political problems. That requires an effort by the whole membership of the Conference.", "Resumption of the work of the Conference on Disarmament can no longer be postponed. It has become a matter of urgency. The ongoing stalemate is quickly destroying what is left of its prestige and authority.", "If by the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly no decision has been taken to compel the Conference to start negotiations as indicated in CD/1864 — the work programme approved in 2009 — we fear that the proposal to move them outside the Conference will gain momentum. While not enthusiastic regarding such an outcome, Italy will certainly not oppose it, as nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are priority areas of our foreign policy.", "To facilitate reaching agreement on the revitalization of the Conference, Italy is open to proposals for future discussions on negative security assurances (NSAs), with a view to a possible future start of negotiations on this question. While a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) represents the tool to stem supplies of the main raw materials of nuclear weapons, NSAs would be needed to reassure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear arms.", "Those are two goals that completely reflect our common aspiration of a world free of nuclear weapons. They also represent a way to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. In this context, we should also bear in mind that the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions adopted last year at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I)) mention, as substantive tasks for the Conference, only those two items: FMCT and NSAs.", "Today’s debate confirms the international community’s attention to the Conference and the disarmament machinery in general. The General Assembly can play a specific role in this field, while today’s discussions can actually be a catalyst for further action. We hope that as soon as in the Assembly’s next session, particularly in the First Committee, we will take this discussion forward and come up with concrete ideas on how to relaunch negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Mr. Kmentt (Austria): I would like to express to you, Mr. President, our appreciation for scheduling today’s General Assembly debate on this important agenda item, which had been requested by Austria together with 48 other Member States. However, I would also like to express Austria’s disappointment that this debate had actually become a necessity, because it is a clear sign of failure that we have been able neither to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament nor to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, as requested in the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last year.", "We fully associate ourselves with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and also with the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of Member States. In addition, we would like to offer the following comments.", "Like others, Austria has welcomed the recent positive momentum in international security policy. At the same time, expectations of the international community to engage in concrete multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations continue to be frustrated. The multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, remains in deadlock. The momentum that we hoped to generate over the past year did not materialize. While there has been a strong convergence on diagnosing the Conference’s illnesses, no agreement on the necessary medicine has been reached so far.", "On procedural issues, for instance, in our view the Conference’s procedural architecture, particularly its consensus rule, is inadequate for the twenty-first century. Austria finds the procedural hostage-taking of the kind that we see in the Conference unacceptable. It is our shared responsibility to find ways to prevent such a continued abuse of the consensus rule.", "Its past successes notwithstanding, the Conference on Disarmament has become a forum where multilateral engagement on disarmament can be pretended safely, given that procedural tools seem to guarantee an unrestricted veto at all times. The Conference’s refusal to admit new members and the dismal practice regarding engagement with civil society are other examples of the Conference’s obsolete and outdated working methods.", "The Conference is not confronted with a procedural problem alone, though. Ultimately, the Conference is and has been in paralysis for such a long time due to political issues, and insufficient political will to overcome them. States members of the Conference cannot agree to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), which Austria would like to see start without delay. There is opposition today from one member State to starting those negotiations.", "However, the political issues of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its deadlock go deeper. Responsibility for the Conference and for its paralysis since 1997 is more widely shared. Furthermore, it is not only the FMCT that does not muster consensus. Nuclear disarmament, prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances are also divisive issues. The ultimate problem is therefore the lack of real political commitment to address disarmament and non-proliferation through multilateralism leading to multilateral treaties. It is this lack of commitment that the Conference on Disarmament has come to epitomize more than any other forum.", "This begs the question whether the Conference can in fact still serve as an effective forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. In Austria’s view, the Conference has not only lost much of its credibility but is also risking its legitimacy. For the past 14 years, the Conference has failed to deliver on the mandate. We cannot continue with this wishful-thinking approach, which makes us believe that we are just about to break the impasse in the Conference.", "Austria is firmly committed to multilateralism and attaches great importance to the multilateral institutions. Yet those institutions are not a purpose in themselves. Ultimately, we are not committed to the Conference on Disarmament as an institution but to progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "After diagnosing the problems, is there a therapy? In our view, there are essentially two options.", "On the one hand, we could continue to work through and within the Conference, working with and waiting for member States to finally reach consensus. However, it is clear that political will cannot be forced upon member States. After 14 years of trying in vain to bridge the gaps on a balanced programme of work, this does not look very promising.", "States members of the Conference could also try to stimulate progress by addressing the Conference’s working methods, for instance by clarifying that the consensus rule does not apply to procedural questions such as the programme of work, or that it could be suspended in exceptional cases. States members could finally admit those States that have expressed their wish to participate in the work of the Conference and facilitate fresh thinking by opening the Conference to outside expertise and input from civil society.", "Those would be important steps. However, they, too, have been discussed for many years without real progress. We therefore have doubts both as to the chances of finding agreement on even such modest steps within the Conference and, more importantly, about whether they would actually contribute to bringing about a political breakthrough.", "In our view, we should therefore consider another course of action and explore options outside the framework of the Conference also. We could, for example, envisage the General Assembly playing a more active, direct and central role in disarmament negotiations.", "The absence of political will — or worse, real commitment to multilateral progress — on the part of some should be no reason to prevent the rest of the international community from moving forward. We believe strongly that political will can also be generated through process, by starting negotiations and addressing the issues that have been stuck on the agenda for so many years. It is against this background that Austria expects that the next session of the First Committee will decide in substance on how to move forward and enable multilateral disarmament negotiations. We cannot afford to wait any longer.", "What counts, in the final analysis, is substantive success. We have to ensure that our instruments facilitate success and do not become, to the contrary, an obstacle to success. Since last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, we have a renewed and clear commitment to achieving a world without nuclear weapons. This is a collective commitment and we need to act on it. We must begin focusing in concrete terms on the parameters that will enable us to reach this goal through the Conference on Disarmament, the General Assembly or any other constructive multilateral approach.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia): Let me begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting on such an important issue.", "Indonesia fully associates itself with the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Long committed to a world free from nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, Indonesia expects that today’s discussion will generate clear political momentum to enable us to overcome the obstacles that have continued to hamper progress on multilateral disarmament goals.", "At the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010, we saw a real opportunity to resolve the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament in the wake of the consensus adoption of the Final Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the New START agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation. By any token, those were two significant and highly worthy achievements. A break in the decades-old impasse in nuclear disarmament finally seemed to be in reach. New hope was kindled that, by building on these critical achievements and emerging understanding, the international community could realize the vision of a nuclear-weapons free world in the foreseeable future.", "The dismay at the absence of tangible progress on the global nuclear disarmament agenda since the September meeting is thus understandable. The Conference on Disarmament remains unable to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work in Geneva, and the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded yet another session in New York without agreeing to substantive recommendations.", "Despite expressions of commitment last year, there has also been little progress on the implementation of the Final Document of the NPT Review Conference, including its mandate on holding the crucial 2012 conference on the establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone in the Middle East.", "Indonesia underscores the importance of delivering fully on internationally agreed commitments in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is high time that that all States, particularly nuclear-weapon States, honour the commitments they have undertaken on complete nuclear disarmament. Undertaking time-bound actions to that end is the best way to build confidence and to ensure that the Conference on Disarmament can be reinvigorated and meaningful disarmament negotiations commenced.", "We should be clear. As stated by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement this morning, it is not that the United Nations disarmament machinery itself is problematic, for it was this machinery which enabled the drafting of guidelines for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, as well as for conventional arms control, limitation and disarmament. The Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, among others, were made possible through this machinery and its predecessor system.", "We agree that procedures are very important, but we should not have any illusions. If the will to attain goals is lacking, the best of procedures will not bear fruit. Indonesia is confident that, given the political will, the Conference on Disarmament can advance negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, a fissile material cut-off treaty in accordance with the Shannon mandate, and a treaty on the prevention of arms race in outer space.", "We also stress the continued validity of the consensus Final Document adopted at first special session on disarmament (resolution S-10/2), which set out a comprehensive disarmament strategy by the largest-ever gathering of States. We urge all States once again to play their part in convening a fourth special session on disarmament and making it a fitting success.", "Allow me to conclude by underlining again the significance of this meeting in galvanizing political action for achieving concrete disarmament steps. We must all work together and promote measures to abolish the scourge of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction from our planet. To this end, Indonesia, as in the past, is determined to continue to play an active role.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes this opportunity for the General Assembly to assess the status of the international disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We hope that this debate will revitalize the work of the Conference, renew the political will to transform it, reform its working methods and thereby improve it.", "Costa Rica aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 41 States that sponsored resolution 65/93, which lay the groundwork for this debate. Despite its closed membership, its state of deadlock, and our inability to participate in it as a member with full rights, the Conference on Disarmament, for Costa Rica, is still the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. We recognize its leading role in strengthening global security and promoting international stability. We have held this view since 1994, when we expressed our legitimate but unsatisfied interest in participating in the Conference, which we reiterate now as an active member of the Geneva-based informal group of observer States.", "Disarmament is not an isolated exercise relating only to military affairs; it is an organic process that interests and affects all of us, and on which we must constantly strive to make progress through productive negotiations. We are therefore greatly concerned at the paralysis in the Conference, its continuing repetition of the same routines and same mistakes, and the significant resources required to maintain its rituals. Through these grave failures, the Conference has compromised its capacity to address emerging security problems and generated justified dissatisfaction and impatience.", "However, the major reasons behind the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament are not limited to its current working methods; perhaps more important is the militaristic, as opposed to humanistic, approach that has prevailed to date. The time has come to approach disarmament in terms of its value for human security and arms control through the lens of international humanitarian law and human rights. By doing so, we could turn the conceptual thrust of the debate in a more positive — and, in our view, effective — direction.", "The main tools for promoting and maintaining national and international security are not weapons, but respect for human security and dignity and the rule of law. We do not deny the right of countries to military defence, despite the fact that we opted to abolish our armed forces more than 60 years ago. However, we are convinced that while an essentially militaristic approach to security and disarmament might bring us closer to arms regulation and the control of international arsenals, it will never lead to global disarmament.", "To be blunt, with the Conference on Disarmament we are experiencing only the illusion of disarmament. It is the illusion that destroying certain weapons signifies progress, despite their being immediately replaced by more powerful ones; it is the illusion whereby certain weapons are proscribed because the strategic advantage they may have is exponentially inferior to that offered by newer and more advanced ones; it is the illusion of fulfilling the requirements of civil society, when in fact the only result is a paralysed, and paralyzing, process.", "The Conference on Disarmament, furthermore, operates like a closed club, in which only one third of the States Members of the United Nations have the responsibility of negotiating global disarmament. It is paradoxical, for example, that this group does not include a single one of the 27 countries that do not have armed forces, and thus military disarmament has taken second place to national realities.", "Global military spending reached $1.6 trillion in 2010. On its own, this figure tells us little. Yet if we invested just 10 per cent of that sum annually until 2015, the international community would be in a position to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by that date.", "Costa Rica believes that any efforts aimed at revitalizing and restructuring the multilateral disarmament negotiations must focus on human security, as we said earlier. That focus was key in the negotiations on banning anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions. It was also been instrumental in the preparatory meetings for a robust arms trade treaty.", "Nuclear weapons have already been determined to be incompatible with international law and international humanitarian law in particular. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as the unanimous decision taken by the International Court of Justice in 1996, affirm that there is a legal obligation on the part of States to commence and conclude negotiations on the global prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons.", "To build trust and send a signal of goodwill in order to allow for the commencement of negotiations in the Conference of Disarmament or in another body, the nuclear-weapon States should abandon their plans for the modernization, replacement or upgrading of those weapons.", "My delegation does not consider conducive to disarmament the fact that nuclear-weapon States bring to the negotiating table a merely “representative” reduction, while channelling considerable resources into research on and the modernization of facilities that are capable of maintaining or multiplying these threats.", "In conclusion, Costa Rica believes that the multilateral disarmament bodies and processes, such as the Conference on Disarmament, could begin to interact and cooperate with the bodies in charge of the promotion and protection of human rights and international humanitarian law, with the goal of more effectively following up on the implementation of States’ duties in those areas in the light of their commitments to disarmament.", "Costa Rica deems it necessary that the implementation of disarmament agreements be incorporated as a factor in the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. We sometimes hear that seeking to create a more just and secure world on the basis of a humanitarian approach towards disarmament and arms control is but wishful thinking. We do not agree with this assessment. Rather, what we have observed, as undeniable evidence, is the paralysis in the Conference with respect to the militaristic approach. We still have time to reorient the Conference on Disarmament in such a way as to equip it with new paradigms, better working methods and real compromise.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations are essential steps towards a more secure world. The international community has repeatedly reaffirmed that the threat posed by the mere existence of nuclear arsenals must be tackled with steadfast political will. Our common purpose must be to achieve the long-sought-after goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "We take note with interest of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. The difficulty facing the members of the Advisory Board in proposing solutions to the deadlock in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as is evident in the document, proves that the reasons for the stalemate are political and therefore not related to institutional or procedural issues in the Conference. It is thus important to emphasize the recommendation made in the report that the Secretary-General, if he decides to convene a high-level panel of eminent persons, request a study on the means to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery in general.", "Brazil believes that any reform effort should consider the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole and not only the Conference on Disarmament. That is why we support the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly on Disarmament, which could examine the institutional structure established by the first special session on disarmament, held in 1978. We discourage any initiatives that try to partially amend the operation of the machinery based on a limited goal and restricted to only one subject, such as, for example, fissile material.", "Brazil considers that the Conference on Disarmament is the only body duly constituted by the international community to negotiate nuclear disarmament. While we attach the highest priority to the elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a convention on nuclear disarmament, we support the launching of negotiations on the other three core issues of the agenda of the Conference, namely, fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We do not endorse the view that only the issue of a treaty on fissile material is ripe for negotiations. Nor do we support the thesis that only one country should be held responsible for the stalemate in the work of the Conference. If this is true with respect to the subject of a treaty on fissile material, other countries have blocked the negotiation of instruments related to the other agenda items.", "Even with regard to a treaty on fissile material, there exists a clear difference of views between Member States. Brazil advocates the negotiation of a treaty that takes into consideration the issue of stocks. A treaty limited to the prohibition of production would have little or no effect on nuclear disarmament.", "The criticism of the institutional aspects of the Conference on Disarmament, in particular regarding its rules of procedure, is not consistent. One could ask whether the countries denouncing the abuse of the rule of consensus in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would be ready to accept majority decisions on other issues that are under consideration by the Conference. Negotiations affecting the security of States are always sensitive and complex. The rule of consensus is a special procedure of the Conference on Disarmament that reflects this reality.", "Brazil supports the consideration of the expansion of the membership of the Conference, as this would promote richer and more comprehensive discussions within that body. We also advocate the", "increased participation of civil society in following the work of the Conference, since that would contribute to a greater awareness about the challenges faced in the area of nuclear disarmament.", "It is certainly a matter of concern that the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament continues to prevail despite the efforts made in the last few years, based on positive developments in the disarmament and non-proliferation scenario, particularly the successful outcome of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The existence of nuclear weapons constitutes the most immediate threat to the survival of humankind. The negotiation of instruments conducive to nuclear disarmament is therefore urgent. The question that one should ask, however, is the following: Would the international community be in a better position to negotiate those instruments without the Conference on Disarmament? Brazil believes that, despite its shortcomings, there really is no alternative to the Conference. That is why revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament cannot mean finding ways to circumvent it.", "The meeting rose at 1 p.m." ]

[ "33529.", "Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The PRESIDENT (spoke in French): I had wished to commend the Conference on Disarmament on the opening of this meeting, but unfortunately it was not possible to do so because the Conference has been paralysed for more than a decade. This has serious implications for disarmament, which is an important factor in the promotion of peace — and we must not forget this; it also has serious implications for the CD and its role in global governance. If the CD fails to regain its momentum, it is likely that it will be discredited and rendered useless.", "In this regard, I would like to thank in particular our Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the Conference and, in particular, for organizing the high-level meeting last September. I fully endorse such efforts. In addition, I had the opportunity to raise my concerns about the paralysis in the work of the Conference on Disarmament during that high-level meeting, as well as directly in the Conference in Geneva last February.", "A number of welcome initiatives were made at the high-level meeting. In particular, the follow-up to the Conference will be placed on the future agenda of the First Committee and the General Assembly, thus providing an opportunity for Member States to discuss the status of the Conference. It is also important to note that this is consistent with the Charter of the United Nations. The Charter clearly states that the General Assembly", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and arms control”.", "The General Assembly has the power to make recommendations to Member States on this issue, and I appeal to participants today to do so.", "Accordingly, during its fall 2010 session, the First Committee adopted by consensus a draft resolution to include this issue on the agenda of the Committee at its next session. I therefore encourage the Committee to send a strong message this year to the Conference on Disarmament with a view to overcoming the stalemate in its work.", "In order to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, the Secretary-General also mandated the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to devote its two working sessions in 2011 to the status of the Conference. I hope that the recommendations contained in the Committee ' s report (A/65/228) will receive the full attention of the members of the Conference and of all members of the General Assembly. I believe that the establishment of a high-level panel of eminent persons could provide a new perspective for revitalizing the Conference. We will soon have an opportunity to learn more about the work of the Advisory Board at an informal meeting.", "I think it is important to find the real reason for the paralysis in the CD. The issue was attributed to the rule of consensus. It has always been desirable that consensus be part of the basic rules governing the work of the Conference and that the decisions of the Conference be widely supported. However, the rule of consensus should not be a cause of deadlock or disguised veto power. However, this interpretation is somewhat inadequate. The CD has always respected the principle of consensus. In the past, even under more complex and polarized circumstances, the CD has demonstrated its ability to successfully conclude difficult negotiations.", "What is lacking today is a genuine political will to move the work of the Conference on Disarmament forward. Overcoming resistance and building a climate of trust requires a flexible approach, using all available disarmament tools and working on the basis of enhanced negotiation and persuasion skills.", "While I believe that the informal approach is a path worth exploring, it must be placed within the framework of the Conference. We must not bypass the Conference and deprive it of its legitimacy, but must help it return to its former effectiveness. That is the goal we must pursue in our efforts, and it must also be the motivation for our discussions today.", "In trying to overcome the current impasse, it is important to maintain an integrated approach to disarmament and non-proliferation matters. This is one of the strengths of the programme of work adopted in 2009. This programme, while regrettably never implemented, is the result of a delicate balance between the different interests and concerns of Member States. In that regard, it should inspire us to move forward, and it could serve as a model for the Conference in its search for a new programme of work. I am confident that the members of the Conference will finally shoulder their responsibilities to negotiate and, most importantly, implement a new programme of work.", "In recent years, the international environment has been particularly conducive to disarmament, and therefore expectations have been high. It is our duty to live up to their expectations. I therefore appeal to the speakers at today ' s meeting not only to express their support for the Conference, but also to explore, in a practical manner, concrete avenues through which we can overcome the deadlock and provide the means to make significant progress in disarmament.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: We are meeting today in a context of growing crisis of confidence. We have long been disappointed by the work of the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. Looking ahead, we face two key issues. First, what should we do when the world ' s sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is unable to fulfil its mandate? Secondly, how can the world resume the process of establishing universally applicable disarmament norms?", "These issues led me to convene last September's high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "The concerns expressed at that meeting and the many initiatives put forward attest to the importance that Member States attach to this challenge. I would also like to thank the President of the General Assembly for his personal efforts to address this issue. In the Chair ' s summary of that meeting, I proposed four actions.", "First, I strongly recommend that the Conference on Disarmament once again adopt its 2009 programme of work or a similar proposal submitted during its 2010 session. To encourage progress, I addressed the Conference on Disarmament for the third time in January this year in my capacity as Secretary-General. To date, the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to respond. I look forward to more action-oriented initiatives by member States in the light of the final state of affairs of the 2011 session of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Secondly, I propose that the General Assembly include in the agenda of its sixty-fifth session an item to follow up on the implementation of the outcome of that high-level meeting. The General Assembly approved the request. It had also included the item in the agenda of the forthcoming sixty-sixth session.", "Thirdly, I invite my Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to consider the issues raised at the high-level meeting. The Committee has completed its consideration. My report on the work of the Committee (A/65/228) is now before members, and I look forward to their feedback.", "Fourthly, I propose that I submit a report on the high-level meeting and its follow-up to the first session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons next year.", "Member States have identified options for revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. One option is to maintain the status quo approach: to continue to seek consensus within the Conference on Disarmament without fundamentally changing its mandate or rules. It is understandable, however, that many countries are reluctant to follow this practice, given the years that have elapsed without results. Indeed, I join many who have cautioned that the status quo can only render the Conference on Disarmament irrelevant and obsolete. The second possible option contains proposals for a thorough reform of the multilateral disarmament machinery. Some felt that it would be preferable to discuss those recommendations at the fourth special session of the General Assembly on disarmament. There is still no consensus among Member States on the convening of that conference. This leaves a third possible option, incremental reform.", "But even these modest proposals have encountered resistance. Different States either strongly supported or strongly opposed changes to the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament. There was also support for and opposition to the proposal to establish an ad hoc mechanism. National policy priorities vary widely. States have not even been able to agree where the reforms should be implemented. Should reform be implemented in the Conference on Disarmament, in the General Assembly and its First Committee, outside the United Nations, in a conference on specific disarmament issues, or in an ad hoc forum organized by like-minded countries?", "As Secretary-General, I do not see any fundamental flaws in the United Nations disarmament machinery that could lead to such a stalemate, nor do I see in any way any deficiencies that cannot be overcome by changing national policies. The problem is not the vehicle but the driver. Above all, policy priorities should be more closely aligned with multilateral disarmament objectives. If there are still differences, we could, as I suggested, appoint a high-level panel of eminent persons. Alternatively, States could negotiate in an ad hoc committee of the General Assembly or at a United Nations meeting.", "Quick fixes do not exist. The road ahead will not go smoothly. However, we must not abandon multilateralism or fail to respect universal norms. We must continue to uphold the ideals of the United Nations. Dealing with disarmament issues, like other global public goods, is not a goal for a few, but for the common good of all.", "If the Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked, the General Assembly has a responsibility to intervene. As I said before, the Conference on Disarmament should not remain hostage to one or two members for a long time. Concerns should be addressed through negotiations. The risk of continued stagnation is too high. The world looks forward to progress. We should not delay further. Let us end this protracted cycle of stagnation. For my part, I will do my best to help achieve our common goals.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "I shall now suspend the formal meeting and declare open the informal meeting of the General Assembly on the follow-up to the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010.", "The meeting was suspended at 10.25 a.m. and resumed at 10.45 a.m.", "The President (spoke in French): I have 50 speakers on my list. This requires some discipline in the length of statements. I propose that statements be limited to eight minutes, but most likely, and that representatives freely choose to make statements shorter than eight minutes and only five minutes. In preparing your statements accordingly, you may refer to the usual three-minute time required for a one-page statement.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to address this important meeting on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. As the Non-Aligned Movement is composed of 120 countries, I will not, however, take up one day of my statement if it is calculated on the basis of the eight-minute statement by each country.", "This meeting is important as a follow-up to the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, held on 24 September 2010 at the initiative of the Secretary-General. I would like to thank the Secretary-General and you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting.", "As has been consistently reaffirmed at various NAM summits and ministerial meetings, most recently at the sixteenth NAM Ministerial Conference, held in Bali, Indonesia, in May, NAM stresses the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. The Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms its determination to promote multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation. The Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms its principled positions on the issue of nuclear disarmament, which remains the highest priority for the Movement, and on issues related to nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects, and stresses that efforts aimed at nuclear non-proliferation must go hand in hand with those aimed at nuclear disarmament. Progress on both fronts is essential to strengthening international peace and security.", "In this context, NAM stresses that nuclear disarmament, as the most important priority and a legal obligation established by the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, should not be premised on confidence-building measures or other disarmament efforts. While emphasizing the crucial role of strong and genuine political will in multilateral disarmament negotiations, the Non-Aligned Movement hopes that today ' s discussions and the recommendations made by the Secretary-General and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Affairs will help to strengthen the political will to support the United Nations disarmament machinery and multilateral disarmament negotiations within the United Nations.", "In order to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons, and instead of focusing enormous global expenditures and efforts on the possession, development and modernization of nuclear weapons, nuclear-weapon States should direct those expenditures towards further global development and peace, it is essential that the nuclear-weapon States fulfil their nuclear disarmament obligations. Concrete progress should be made in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.", "NAM reiterates its deep concern at the lack of progress on nuclear disarmament, in particular by the nuclear-weapon States, towards the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. The Non-Aligned Movement stresses the importance of the fulfilment by the nuclear-weapon States of their nuclear disarmament obligations and their unequivocal undertaking, made in 2000 and further reaffirmed at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as a necessary step towards the active pursuit of general and complete disarmament, which has been long overdue, with a view to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. In this regard, NAM stresses the urgent need to commence negotiations on the achievement of general and complete nuclear disarmament without delay within a specific timetable.", "The Non-Aligned Movement notes with concern the lack of multilateral agreement on some of our important priorities, in particular the commencement of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, and we call for tangible progress in this regard. NAM States parties to the NPT firmly believe that it is essential that the action plan adopted at the 2010 NPT Review Conference on nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, peaceful uses of nuclear energy and implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East be implemented.", "The Non-Aligned Movement welcomes the adoption by consensus of a detailed plan of action on the Middle East, in particular on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, as well as the conclusions and recommendations on the follow-up to the 2010 NPT Review Conference, and strongly urges the Secretary-General and the sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and coordination with the States of the region, to take the necessary measures immediately to convene a conference in 2012 with the participation of all States of the Middle East on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction.", "The Non-Aligned Movement remains firmly committed to the multilateral disarmament agenda and to the strengthening of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It is time for all States to work together to strengthen cooperation and to utilize their political capital in order to revitalize the current disarmament machinery. The advancement of the United Nations disarmament machinery depends on creating an appropriate political environment, taking into account the security interests of all States, rather than changing the rules of procedure.", "While there is a need to improve the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery, it is also important to recall the achievements of the international community through the United Nations disarmament machinery, including important instruments such as the principal legal instruments, resolutions, guidelines, which constitute a framework and a frame of reference for the work of the United Nations in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is therefore still important to preserve the nature, role and objectives of each part of this important mechanism.", "NAM recognizes the need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. In this regard, NAM notes the main difficulties facing the disarmament machinery, namely the lack of genuine political will on the part of certain States to make real progress, in particular nuclear disarmament.", "While recalling the importance of the achievements of the international community in the Conference on Disarmament, the Non-Aligned Movement expresses its disappointment that the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda for many years. In this regard, NAM believes that it would be counterproductive simply to attribute the CD ' s lack of concrete results to its rules of procedure, which could mask the real obstacle facing the Conference, namely, the lack of political will.", "NAM reaffirms the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body and reiterates its call upon the Conference to reach a comprehensive and balanced programme of work, including the establishment of an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament as soon as possible and with the highest priority. NAM stresses the need for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. NAM reaffirms the importance of the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.", "NAM notes that on 29 May 2009, the Conference adopted its programme of work for its 2009 session (CD/1864), which was not implemented. NAM calls on the CD to agree immediately by consensus on a comprehensive and balanced programme of work.", "NAM encourages the Conference on Disarmament to consider the early appointment of a special coordinator on the expansion of the membership of the Conference in order to examine the possibility of increasing its membership in accordance with its rules of procedure.", "NAM also reaffirms the importance and relevance of the Disarmament Commission as the sole specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery and reaffirms that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. This was also reaffirmed in the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons adopted at the sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali.", "The Non-Aligned Movement will consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee and present its views during the discussion of this issue at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "The President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU). The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, align themselves with this statement.", "I would like to begin by thanking you, Mr. President, for arranging this debate at this very appropriate time. I would also like to thank the Secretary-General for his efforts and the message he has conveyed to us today, as well as the Chairman of the Advisory Group and the President of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The European Union is indeed disappointed by the lack of progress since the high-level meeting last September. However, we hope that our deliberations today will provide an opportunity to hear the call made at that meeting for forward-looking and concrete discussions on future options — to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to examine practical ideas on how to proceed with multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We are encouraged that the High-level Meeting and the follow-up General Assembly resolution — resolution 65/93 — have triggered a process of reflection in Geneva and New York. Indeed, we are encouraged by important positive developments in the field of global disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, such as Security Council resolution 1887 (2009), the New START Treaty, the Washington Nuclear Security Summit, the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the more active international public debate in which the Secretary-General personally participated and presented a five-point plan. The European Union warmly welcomes these developments, although we are aware of the need for renewed and sustained efforts to ensure that the international community expands this new momentum.", "In fact, it is time to strengthen and revitalize multilateral efforts, because we all recognize that today's global security problems require dynamic and cooperative solutions. We in the European Union are fully committed to maintaining and strengthening that momentum and to implementing the agreed results in full cooperation with other States, as this is in line with the EU strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, which is, more than ever, the main condition for international peace and security.", "Despite the overall positive trend, the European Union remains deeply disturbed by the apparent dysfunction of a key sector of the disarmament machinery: the Conference on Disarmament continues to be deadlocked. The adoption of a programme of work for 2009 could have been an important breakthrough in enabling the members of the Conference on Disarmament to begin negotiations on a multilateral and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. The European Union believes that the commencement of these negotiations remains important and urgent. The EU therefore continues to urge the last remaining countries that have so far been reluctant to join the consensus to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. This will enable the Conference on Disarmament to resume its negotiating role, thus restoring credibility and continuing to achieve its basic purpose.", "We believe that all members of the Conference on Disarmament should understand that the commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty is the beginning of a process to identify and protect specific national security concerns, not the outcome of that process. The European Union considers it unacceptable to block the entire Conference from even refusing to start negotiations. This seriously undermines the principles of multilateral cooperation.", "We also believe that some confidence-building measures can be taken immediately without waiting for the commencement of formal negotiations. That is why we call on all nuclear-weapon States to declare and then implement a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "The EU therefore reaffirms once again its commitment to engage in substantive negotiations on all the other core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We deeply regret that the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to build on the momentum for global disarmament and non-proliferation, despite the strong political will expressed by the majority of its member States and the strong support for negotiations and clear appeals made at this session of the General Assembly and at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT. While we recognize the security concerns of all States, we firmly believe that the consensus provision cannot be abused. The world cannot stand idly by on key issues of disarmament and non-proliferation or allow procedural issues to block real political progress. Therefore, the EU ' s proposals for improving the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament include a review of its working methods.", "Allow me to take this opportunity to reiterate the EU ' s long-standing support for the expansion of the Conference on Disarmament. The European Union supports the call of the informal group of observer States to the Conference, including some EU member States, for the appointment of a special coordinator on the question of increasing the membership of the Conference during this session.", "In line with the EU ' s engagement with civil society, we are also eager to explore ways to strengthen the voice of non-governmental organizations and to involve research institutions in the work of the Conference.", "The First Committee is another important body that can fruitfully discuss current issues and possible initiatives on disarmament and non-proliferation. The Member States of the United Nations have a responsibility to maintain the important role played by this forum, and we believe that the First Committee should therefore improve its working methods in order to be able to discuss contemporary security challenges and devise concrete measures to address them.", "I would also like to mention the United Nations Disarmament Commission. We believe that its procedural and operational principles should also be comprehensively reviewed and strengthened.", "The wider participation of civil society in the work of that body should also be welcomed. The purpose of the United Nations Disarmament Commission is to submit recommendations on disarmament and arms control issues to the General Assembly and, through it, to the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, the EU notes with great regret that the deliberative and negotiating bodies established under the auspices of the General Assembly have not met their agreed objectives for more than a decade.", "In accordance with its accepted mandate, the Conference on Disarmament should be the venue for the conclusion of multilateral treaties to which both nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States are parties. However, in view of the continuing stalemate in the Conference, the international community needs to consider options and, if necessary, to find other ways to ensure progress. In conclusion, Mr. President, the EU is ready to work with you and the entire membership of the United Nations to find ways and means to break the deadlock in the Conference.", "Allow me to summarize some of the EU ' s specific proposals. First, we call upon all members of the Conference on Disarmament to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to begin work on other issues on its agenda. Secondly, we call on all nuclear-weapon States to declare and maintain an immediate moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Thirdly, we call upon the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to review their respective working methods and to give due thought to this issue in their reports to the General Assembly. We certainly encourage the General Assembly to remain seized of this issue. Fourthly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to admit the current observer States to full membership. Finally, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to explore ways to increase the contribution of non-governmental organizations in the Conference on Disarmament and to enhance contacts with research institutions.", "In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to achieving tangible results for the United Nations and the disarmament machinery. We are also ready to take further steps, together with all delegations, to develop other operational proposals and to envisage other specific operational options. The effective functioning of multilateral disarmament bodies is crucial to our security. The protracted stalemate in core disarmament forums, such as the Conference on Disarmament, has created a serious problem that requires all Member States to address. And time is running out. The Conference on Disarmament needs to resume its work without delay. We reiterate our call for substantive follow-up and for the disarmament body to do what it was created to do.", "Mr. Araud (France): Allow me, on behalf of the People ' s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, to thank you, Mr. President, for convening the follow-up meeting to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010. We welcome your personal commitment and leadership on disarmament and non-proliferation issues. We fully support your constant efforts to revive the Conference on Disarmament. We are extremely concerned about the prolonged stalemate in the Conference and the lack of progress since last year ' s session. It is essential to reaffirm the negotiating role of the CD and to enable it to resume substantive work without delay.", "Ten months after the high-level meeting, today's follow-up meeting is a timely opportunity to reflect on the current state of the disarmament machinery and to consider ways to make further progress on disarmament and international peace and security issues.", "We welcome the many positive developments in the areas of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. The adoption, in particular at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, of a concrete and balanced action plan on the three pillars of the NPT demonstrates the firm commitment of the international community to strengthening the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and to addressing nuclear issues in a comprehensive and pragmatic manner.", "All States parties must now work together to advance the implementation of the NPT action plan. In that regard, the five permanent members of the United Nations are determined to shoulder their responsibilities and fulfil their role. At the high-level meeting last September, France assumed the responsibility of organizing the first follow-up meeting of the five permanent members to the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "Thus, from 30 June to 1 July this year, the P5 held a meeting in Paris at the level of Director-General and experts with a view to reviewing the progress made by States in implementing the commitments made at the NPT Review Conference and to contributing to the preparation of the next NPT review cycle. They discussed a wide range of issues related to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. That was the second time that the permanent five had met in that format to discuss the agenda. The first was the London Conference on confidence-building measures, held in 2009. The Paris Conference is therefore an important and crucial opportunity to further build mutual trust and confidence on nuclear issues.", "We would like to share with the Assembly the broad results of our discussions. These results were reflected in the final joint press statement issued at the end of the meeting. As a nuclear-weapon State, we discussed how we intend to fulfil our disarmament obligations under the NPT, including by participating in the work called for in the 2010 NPT action plan - In particular, the steps set out in action 5, as well as reporting and other work.", "We followed up on earlier discussions on transparency and mutual trust (including nuclear doctrines, nuclear energy) and verification. These measures are important in laying a solid foundation for further work on disarmament.", "We also agreed on measures to preserve the non-proliferation pillar of the NPT in order to include responses to notifications of withdrawal from the Treaty, while recognizing the provisions of article 10, and stressed the need to strengthen the safeguards function of the International Atomic Energy Agency, including through facilitating the adoption of additional protocols and increasing the resources of the Agency and enhancing its ability to deter and detect non-compliance.", "All Member States — States parties and States not parties — must contribute to the overall goal of disarmament by creating the necessary security environment, eliminating regional tensions, promoting collective security, ensuring that the international nuclear non-proliferation regime remains dynamic and reliable and making progress in all areas of disarmament.", "We firmly believe that, as the single permanent forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations in the international community, the Conference on Disarmament should maintain its primary role in substantive negotiations on disarmament priorities. We call on all States parties to agree without delay on a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that will enable the Conference to resume its substantive work.", "We recognize that a key element for the effective implementation of article VI of the NPT and the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). An FMCT would contribute to a ban on the production of the most important essential materials required for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. We reiterate our support for the immediate commencement of negotiations on an FMCT, including verification provisions, in the Conference on Disarmament.", "In order to maintain the possibility of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament, the five permanent members will again work with other relevant partners to promote such negotiations before the next session of the General Assembly. In addition, the permanent five renewed their commitment to promote and ensure the rapid entry into force and universalization of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "(spoke in French)", "At this juncture, I would like to make a brief statement on behalf of my country. I fully associate myself with the EU statement. In all forums, including the Group of Eight, which we are chairing, France supports any initiative that seeks to strengthen international security in all fields, including nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional weapons, ballistic proliferation and space.", "We must continue to join forces to stress to those who seek to exploit the deadlock in the work of the Conference on Disarmament that they are moving against the tide of history. Today, only one country is free to reach a consensus to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Needless to say, we hope that these negotiations will take place under the auspices of the Conference on Disarmament, which is the very purpose for which it exists.", "With regard to the conduct of negotiations, we must demonstrate our commitment to ending the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. Four nuclear-weapon States have declared a moratorium on the production of such materials. We sincerely call upon all nuclear-weapon States to make a similar moratorium without delay. We must also go further and make the fissile material cut-off irreversible. France has irreversibly dismantled its production facilities and has been a pioneer in this field.", "To save time, that's all I'm saying. The full text of my statement is available on the website of the Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I have the honour to speak today on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. The current membership of the organization is Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.", "We are very grateful to you, Mr. President, for convening this debate, as well as for your visit to Geneva this year and your personal efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. We also welcome the commitment shown by the Secretary-General to this important task.", "This debate is very timely. This is the moment when the second part of the annual session of the Conference on Disarmament ends with a sufficient period of time before the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. This is the appropriate time to jointly assess the developments that have taken place since the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament last September and to exchange views on how to move the General Assembly back to substantive work. We should take advantage of the wave of reflection that has taken place in New York and Geneva in recent months, and this meeting can also give a positive impetus to that momentum.", "The Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative was established in September 2010 to build on the new momentum on disarmament and non-proliferation generated by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). At the second meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs, held in Berlin on 30 April this year, the members of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative reaffirmed their intention to work towards nuclear disarmament and to strengthen the international non-proliferation regime. While we recognize the danger that the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons poses to all humanity and the need to address the increased risk of proliferation, the reduction of nuclear arsenals, the strengthening of nuclear safeguards and the improvement of nuclear safety, we continue to believe that there are good reasons and an urgent need to reduce nuclear risks and to make tangible progress along the path towards a world free of nuclear weapons. The Foreign Ministers of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative reaffirmed in Berlin their determination to support and help advance the consensus outcome of last year ' s NPT Review Conference.", "Members of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative welcomed, and sometimes led and, of course, actively participated in, initiatives to advance the work of the Conference on Disarmament on its current core issues, presented this year in parts I and II. At the same time, however, we note with deep regret that the Conference did not benefit from the broad positive momentum in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation. To date, it has not implemented the three actions related to its work in the NPT Review Conference action plan, namely action 6 on the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament; action 7 on substantive discussions on negative security assurances; and action 15 on negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT).", "We must also acknowledge that the Conference has not only failed to make progress, but has in fact taken a step backwards from the point of view of the unanimous adoption of the programme of work (CD/1864) in May 2009. We believe that the use of the rule of consensus to block negotiations on an FMCT and substantive discussions on the other three core issues not only undermines the Conference ' s already damaged credibility, but also seriously weakens the entire multilateral disarmament process and, therefore, in the long run, the security interests of the entire international community.", "For more than a decade, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to fulfil the mandate entrusted to it to negotiate disarmament and non-proliferation instruments. In the light of this situation, we reiterate our firm belief that negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament must begin without delay. However, while patience is certainly a virtue, it continues to be passive but not passive. We are therefore determined to request the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session later this year to address this issue and to consider how to take action on the commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, if we are still unable to agree on such a treaty in the third part of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Of course, we recognize that whatever path is chosen, a fissile material cut-off treaty is challenging not only politically but also technically. We believe that these two dimensions are closely intertwined. While we remain of the view that the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty is a priority, we also believe that the establishment of a group of scientific experts to examine the technical aspects of a fissile material cut-off treaty might facilitate and facilitate the start of negotiations. We are very willing to explore this idea with interested parties.", "The Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative is by no means concerned with a specific aspect of the work of the Conference on Disarmament. If it is to be transformed into an effectively functioning body whose membership reflects the realities of this century rather than those of the last century, it needs to look critically at its current working methods, examine its members and strengthen its interaction with civil society.", "Although we believe that the resumption of substantive work in the Conference on Disarmament is the most urgent task, our interest in revitalization goes beyond that. The Disarmament Commission is another very important and increasingly irrelevant pillar of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It would benefit greatly from a review of its current work and from well-designed structural reforms.", "Furthermore, we call on the General Assembly ' s own First Committee to enhance its practical relevance in addressing disarmament and international security issues. In view of the objectives of today's debate, we would like in particular to call on it to move forward with the fissile material cut-off treaty and other core disarmament issues. We believe that, as a whole, the General Assembly should continue to play an important role in guiding the international community ' s expectations of the multilateral disarmament machinery and in finding solutions to persistent problems. We look forward to that and to participating in a possible future debate on the important and highly relevant issue of taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Tessem (United Kingdom): I thank you, Mr. President, for convening this important discussion. The United Kingdom welcomes your personal commitment and leadership on disarmament and non-proliferation issues. Following the convening last September of the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, we are very pleased to have this opportunity to take stock.", "The Government of the United Kingdom remains firmly committed to the long-term goal of a world free of nuclear weapons and to progress in multilateral disarmament. We take our multilateral disarmament obligations seriously and have made concrete progress over the past year. In the Strategic Defence and Security Review issued in October 2010, we announced a number of disarmament measures to reduce the number of nuclear warheads and missiles on our submarines. We have also given new and stronger assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States.", "In 2011, there was good progress on the international disarmament agenda. In February, the new START Treaty entered into force, and a few weeks ago the five nuclear-weapon States recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) participated in the meeting of the five permanent members of the Security Council in Paris. This was the second such meeting since the 2009 conference hosted by the United Kingdom. We are pleased with the confidence-building discussions that took place during the Conference and the opportunity to study in detail our disarmament obligations.", "My French colleague, on behalf of the P5, has already outlined the outcome of this meeting, which clearly demonstrates our common resolve to work together to meet the commitments made in the action plan of the 2010 NPT Review Conference (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). These include practical steps by the United Nations, the United States and Russia, as depositaries of the NPT, to fulfil our commitment to the implementation of the 1995 NPT Review Conference resolution on making the Middle East a zone free of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.", "We look forward to progress on disarmament and confidence-building initiatives agreed at that meeting. As part of the follow-up, the United Kingdom will host an expert-level meeting with P5 partners to discuss lessons learned from our pioneering work with Norway in verifying the dismantlement of nuclear warheads. Our work with Norway shows that both nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States can make a positive contribution to the implementation of their NPT obligations by studying how to verify nuclear disarmament, while remaining in compliance with their non-proliferation obligations. Indeed, the cooperation of non-nuclear-weapon States in the field of nuclear disarmament verification research is necessary, as it can lead to effective and mutually trusted technical and procedural solutions in support of verifiable multilateral nuclear disarmament.", "Despite positive developments and momentum elsewhere, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva has yet to carry out any substantive work since the high-level meeting last September. The vast majority of States supported the principle of a treaty banning the future production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in the Conference on Disarmament will be a major achievement and a necessary building block for achieving our ultimate goal of a world free of nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, we all know that one country continues to block that step. It is for this reason, not for other reasons, that we are in this situation today and that no real progress has been made on an FMCT since last September ' s high-level meeting.", "If we want to move forward, we must focus our collective efforts on persuading all members to agree once again to get the Conference on Disarmament back to work and to start negotiations on an FMCT. The side event organized by our Australian and Japanese colleagues is a welcome and useful initiative to that end.", "If the global disarmament and non-proliferation framework is to be strengthened effectively, a future FMCT must prohibit all States from producing fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices. The United Kingdom would therefore like to re-emphasize its strong commitment to start FMCT negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament is the best option for negotiation with all the countries concerned as members. Through its rules of procedure, the Conference on Disarmament has demonstrated respect for the security of all. Moreover, we still have an immediate programme of work, which has been endorsed by all but one. Document CD/1864 provides for negotiations on an FMCT and substantive discussions on other agenda items on which the Conference on Disarmament has not made progress in the past two years.", "We must continue to assure all members that the established rules of the Conference on Disarmament protect the security interests of all States, both during negotiations and at the final stage of signature and ratification. It can be expected that some States will have concerns about what an FMCT would mean for them. There will be ample opportunity at the negotiating table to discuss all these issues and concerns.", "In their public statements, the P5 reaffirmed their strong support for the immediate commencement of FMCT negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The P5 are committed to making renewed efforts with relevant partners to facilitate negotiations before the next session of the General Assembly. On the basis of the side events that have already taken place, we intend to discuss in further detail with other relevant partners the main issues related to the Treaty. As these discussions advance, the momentum for negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament will continue to grow. We call upon all States to maintain this momentum and invite the last remaining State to join the consensus to stop obstructing the process and to enable the Conference on Disarmament to commence its work as soon as possible. This impediment has been undermining multilateralism within the United Nations and has prompted some States to consider bypassing traditional regimes in order to make rapid progress on an FMCT.", "The Conference on Disarmament urgently needs to demonstrate that it remains relevant and that it can prove its potential to be the best means of finding solutions to the challenges of global arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in the twenty-first century.", "Ms. Gottemoeller (United States of America): Thank you, Mr. President, for giving me the opportunity to speak today. The United States welcomes the initiative of the Secretary-General to convene last September ' s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations with a view to facilitating progress in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in the Conference on Disarmament. We co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting, and we welcome today's opportunity to review what we are in 10 months. The United States shares your commitment, Mr. President, to progress and your desire to ensure that this process moves forward.", "In his speech in Prague two years ago, President Obama affirmed the commitment of the United States to “the search for peace and security for a world free of nuclear weapons” and outlined a plan of action for practical steps in the near future in that direction. Since then, important progress has been made. I will not dwell here on all progress, but I would like to highlight a few successes, which stand in stark contrast to the continued failure to start negotiations on a priority goal — a ban on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.", "A major achievement in arms control over the past year was the entry into force in February of this year of the new START treaty with the Russian Federation. Implementation of the Treaty is proceeding steadily. As of last weekend, we had exchanged 1,000 notifications with the Russian Federation on the implementation of the Treaty regime. In addition, we conducted 13 inspections, 6 by the Russian Federation and 7 by the United States. We are keeping pace with our implementation.", "In May this year, President Obama also submitted to the Senate the protocols to the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty and the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty for comment and endorsement. Discussions are under way with the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the Treaty on the Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, with a view to reaching an agreement to enable the United States to also sign the protocols to those treaties.", "The United States remains committed to ensuring ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, and we are communicating with the United States Senate and the American public on the benefits of the Treaty.", "As reported by the representative of France, the five nuclear-weapon States recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), namely the P5, met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July to discuss issues related to nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, in particular the practical steps outlined in the action plan adopted at the 2010 NPT Review Conference (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). The Paris Conference was a continuation of the discussions initiated in London in 2009 and will hold its third meeting within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 NPT Review Conference. These meetings are helping to establish a P5 process of dialogue on transparency, nuclear doctrines and verification, while recognizing that such dialogue is necessary if we are to build a solid foundation for further disarmament efforts.", "The United States has done its utmost to launch negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. The conclusion of such a treaty will continue to be the highest multilateral priority for the United States and the vast majority of other States and will be a major international achievement in the area of non-proliferation and disarmament. At a time when significant progress has been made in other areas of arms control and disarmament, it is all the more disappointing that one State has prevented the Conference on Disarmament from once again playing its rightful role in the disarmament arena and from negotiating to achieve this long-unachieved goal.", "The United States hopes to negotiate a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament. We welcome the initiative of Australia and Japan to engage in serious technical discussions on a fissile material cut-off treaty outside the main session of the Conference on Disarmament this year. This event was productive, substantive and took place in an atmosphere of equality and friendship, but it did not obscure the central fact that the Conference on Disarmament was blocked, that today we are no closer to the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty than we were two years ago, when all 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament adopted a compromise programme of work.", "It is precisely because of the continuing impasse that we have consulted to make progress on this issue. We are therefore encouraged that the five permanent members agreed in Paris to take steps before the next session of the General Assembly to renew their efforts, together with other relevant partners, to facilitate such negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty, and that we are currently planning those activities.", "On the question of the United Nations disarmament machinery and how it functions — or why it is not — I note that this is a subject that is frequently discussed. For example, improvements in various aspects prompted the then member States of the former body of the Conference on Disarmament to decide in 1978 to establish the Committee on Disarmament — later renamed the Conference on Disarmament. They concluded that certain changes — such as rotation of the presidency and expansion of membership — would make the body more representative and effective. The Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2) recalled the decisions of those States.", "Recently, the reform of the Conference on Disarmament and other disarmament machinery has been given serious thought and some interesting ideas. However, when we consider those proposals, we should look at the root causes of the current impasse in a realistic manner. While this mechanism can certainly benefit from a single adjustment, it is not the root cause of the collapse of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference has achieved good results over the past few years: the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. In short, if States are united in their goals, they will be able to advance that goal in the Conference on Disarmament, as we would like to see again, first and foremost with regard to a fissile material cut-off treaty.", "The Secretary-General has made recommendations on how to proceed with the review of multilateral disarmament matters and has provided us with a considered report on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228). The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has also provided inspiring and thought-provoking material. Many ideas have been put forward.", "It would be useful for a panel of eminent persons, the Conference on Disarmament itself or some other parties to continue to explore and make recommendations on how to modify or reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which has suffered so hard over the years but has not been able to reach consensus on any agenda item, and how to update the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. Its Decalogue and agenda could be updated to reflect the current international security environment. Member States should also review some of its other procedures and recommend changes that would help to improve continuity and sharpen the focus.", "It should also contain recommendations on how to ensure the continuity of the programme of work agreed upon annually by the Conference on Disarmament, such as the automatic extension of the agreed programme of work; how to protect national security interests while preventing abuse of the consensus rule; and whether expansion of the Conference on Disarmament would improve its efficiency and reflect the general disarmament objectives of the deliberative and negotiating bodies, while ensuring their efficiency and respecting and protecting the security concerns of States. This is a fundamental issue. In this regard, we believe that, theoretically, working with the 193 member States will inevitably create complications. I would like to point out that, since its expansion to 65 members in 1996, the current membership of the Conference on Disarmament has not yet demonstrated its ability to function as a negotiating body.", "In the search for new solutions, we believe that a balance needs to be struck. The status quo is unacceptable, but we should also prevent the high tide, otherwise we will be lost. In our search for a way out, we must focus on the established objective, for most members of the international community, of concluding a fissile material cut-off treaty as the next direct multilateral nuclear disarmament step. The call for another special session on disarmament will, at best, serve only to divert attention. Given its record of failure, the special session on disarmament is not the only or the most practical instrument of reform. Unless we agree on the objectives of such a conference, we should focus our energies where progress can be made.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I thank you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting. I would also like to thank you and the Secretary-General for their statements.", "At the high-level meeting on multilateral disarmament last September, useful discussions were held on the work of the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and multilateral disarmament negotiations. China hopes that this meeting will contribute positively to the multilateral disarmament negotiation process.", "Arms control, disarmament and security are closely linked and have traditionally been the “barometer” of changes in the international security situation. At present, there is a general desire on the part of the international community to advance the multilateral disarmament process, in particular the work of the CD, and to further the security of States.", "Since this year, there has been a positive willingness and constructive attitude to move the work of the Conference forward, but the differences among the parties have not been bridged. New efforts by CD members are required to break the deadlock in the CD.", "Under the current circumstances, China has the following ideas for revitalizing the work of the Conference and advancing the multilateral disarmament process:", "First, the authority of the Conference should be respected and upheld. As the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, the CD is irreplaceable for any other international mechanism. Since the end of the cold war, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) have been negotiated successively in the Conference on Disarmament, and they stand up to the historic test of preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and advancing the international arms control and disarmament process. Only by insisting on negotiating a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons within the framework of the CD can the twin objectives of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation be achieved, ensuring its authority, effectiveness and universality.", "Secondly, the legitimate security concerns of States should be valued and treated equally. The Conference cannot work in a vacuum and the international and regional security situation is bound to have a direct and important impact on its work. The legitimate security concerns of member States should be fully respected and properly addressed, both before and during the negotiation process. That is the purpose of serious negotiations on multilateral arms control treaties and the necessary prerequisite for ensuring their impartiality and universal support and compliance.", "Thirdly, confidence in the CD should be maintained and creative thinking further developed.", "Progress in the work of the CD depends on the joint efforts of member States, particularly in the framework of the CD. It is clear that the idea and approach of a different stove does not contribute to advancing the work of the Conference, nor can a good FMCT be negotiated. The more we face deadlocks and difficulties, the more the member States of the Conference should take full advantage of their political wisdom and diplomatic creativity, maintain the momentum of the Conference to start FMCT negotiations and spare no effort in finding ways to move the Conference forward with substantive work on FMCT-related issues.", "Fourthly, efforts should be made to advance the work of the Conference in its entirety. Negotiations on an FMCT should begin at an early date. At the same time, it is also necessary for the Conference to begin substantive work on the important topics of nuclear disarmament, prevention of an arms race in outer space and security assurances to non-nuclear States. This is the voice of the largest membership of the Conference. I am confident that work on these three issues will contribute positively to the FMCT negotiations.", "China has always supported the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the early commencement of FMCT negotiations in the Conference. During its presidency of the Conference this year, China cooperated fully with the other Presidents, consulted widely with member States and worked tirelessly to bridge differences and break the current impasse. We hope that all parties will respect each other ' s legitimate security concerns and continue to work towards the early agreement on a programme of work for the Conference and the commencement of substantive work in the Conference through serious, equal, open and transparent dialogue and consultations.", "It is in the common interest and the historical responsibility of States to continue to advance the international arms control and disarmament process. We believe in the political will and collective wisdom of the member States of the Conference and we maintain confidence in the early start of the Conference's substantive work on FMCT negotiations and other areas. At the same time, we urgently call for new efforts and attempts to that end. China is ready to work with all parties to redouble its efforts to advance the cause of multilateral arms control and disarmament and to maintain world peace and security.", "Mr. Schaper (Netherlands): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the following 41 countries: Australia, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Uruguay.", "They come from many regions of the globe and share a common commitment to strengthening the multilateral disarmament system. This will be the subject of my statement today) so that the system can serve its purpose. We thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this meeting, which provides an opportunity to take stock of the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "The 41 States I have just mentioned regret that, for more than a decade, the multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, has not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S/10-2), the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous General Assembly resolutions and the outcome document of the Review Conference of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Conference on Disarmament has failed to fulfil its mandate and to address the urgent security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.", "The lack of progress in new multilateral disarmament instruments over the years directly affects our common security in the twenty-first century and weakens the multilateral disarmament system. While progress has been made in other multilateral disarmament forums, the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to realize its potential and has not been able to agree on issues such as wider participation by interested States and increased engagement with members of civil society.", "Our countries find unacceptable the lamentable stagnation, stalemate and lack of results in the Conference on Disarmament. We urgently need to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. In that regard, we highly appreciate the initiative of the Secretary-General to support those efforts.", "The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 highlighted the views of States on the causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. Above all, however, the high-level meeting made it even clearer that the international community did not want to consider but to act without further delay.", "Members may be aware that, in the course of the 2011 Conference on Disarmament, including in your interaction with you, Mr. President, during your visit to Geneva in March, members in Geneva have increasingly expressed their concerns about this impasse in oral and documentary terms. They also expressed their concerns to the Secretary-General and to the members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "However, despite the considerable efforts of the successive Presidents of the Conference on Disarmament for more than a decade, the various proposals and initiatives put forward by the members of the Conference and the adoption of decisions that would have enabled the Conference to fulfil its mandate, the Conference has not been able to commence substantive work.", "Here in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission once again regrets not being able to make any specific recommendations. We believe that it further demonstrates the continuing challenges facing the broader multilateral disarmament machinery.", "If the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference on Disarmament in particular, cannot overcome this crisis, then the international community, and the General Assembly in particular, will need to respond and seriously consider ways and means of overcoming it. We will no longer be able to convene another session in January 2012, considering that the continuing impasse is a fait accompli and that we cannot do anything about it.", "Countries are already discussing different options. Some have focused on giving the General Assembly a more central and active role in advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. Some have focused on the implementation of previous agreements reached in the Conference on Disarmament and other relevant multilateral forums. Some countries have sought to strengthen preparations for the negotiations. Some States have focused on efforts to launch a formal revitalization process within the Conference on Disarmament. Some States have sought to incorporate a broader process of reform of the disarmament machinery.", "Although these different initiatives have a different focus, they are being explored — and need to be explored — to enhance global security by finding the most effective ways to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons. We hope that this debate will provide us with a suitable platform to continue to explore, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for effectively advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations in a results-oriented spirit. We must shoulder our responsibility, both in Geneva and here, to effectively address those concerns without delay.", "We welcome the attention paid by the Secretary-General and his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to the problems facing the disarmament machinery. At the same time, we recognize that the responsibility for the current difficulties lies with States and that the responsibility for finding solutions lies with them. We stand ready to contribute actively and constructively to this forward-looking exercise. It is in the vital interest of the nations of the world to participate in and contribute to the success of multilateral disarmament negotiations, as well as a right and an obligation to do so.", "Mr. Kim Sook (Republic of Korea): At the outset, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing our sincere gratitude to you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting. The Republic of Korea, a co-sponsor of the letter requesting the convening of this meeting, aligns itself with the statement just made by the representative of the Netherlands. At this point, however, I would like to speak in my national capacity.", "In recent years, we have taken many positive steps towards the long-awaited breakthrough in the field of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Last year alone, we witnessed the signing of the new START Treaty, the convening of the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and the adoption by consensus at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of the Final Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). The adoption of the Final Document, particularly at the 2010 NPT Review Conference, is tantamount to the formal recognition by the international community that disarmament and non-proliferation are once again at the centre of the global agenda.", "Following this series of positive developments in other areas of disarmament, we now have higher expectations than at any other time in recent years to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament. In September 2010, as a response by the international community to the Conference on Disarmament, the Secretary-General convened a high-level meeting, reflecting the expectations of the international community. We also note the efforts of many delegations this year. Despite this, little progress has been made in the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the patience of the international community is gradually being exhausted. Moreover, the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) has not produced any final document or recommendations since 1999. The multilateral disarmament machinery is, in fact, in a state of great confusion.", "We believe that putting the Conference on Disarmament back on track is central to all solutions. The further paralysis of the Conference has the potential not only to jeopardize its status and legitimacy as the primary forum for disarmament matters, but also to undermine the foundations of the multilateral disarmament machinery, including the Disarmament Commission. I firmly believe that the Conference on Disarmament should act quickly if it wishes to continue to play its central role.", "To encourage the Conference on Disarmament to move forward, it is of the utmost importance that States demonstrate greater political flexibility in their security considerations and working methods. Only with flexibility and a spirit of cooperation can the Conference on Disarmament make significant progress and keep pace with a rapidly changing disarmament environment. What the Conference process now requires is not endless and empty debate, but concrete action.", "As suggested by the Republic of Korea at the high-level meeting in September 2010, and in view of the Secretary-General ' s renewed proposal this morning, I would like to call for the establishment of a Panel of Eminent Persons under the auspices of the Secretary-General to find a solution to the current difficulties of the Conference on Disarmament.", "In that regard, we welcome the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228), in which he supported the establishment of the group. The Secretary-General ' s Advisory Committee had noted that a panel of eminent persons might help behind-the-scenes negotiations and attract high global attention to the issue. Recently we have seen the establishment of similar groups in areas such as the Millennium Development Goals and climate change financing. They can serve as good examples.", "We know that it is natural for the Conference on Disarmament to discuss the difficult situation that it is facing as a result of the Conference. In this regard, I believe that internal efforts within the Conference on Disarmament, as well as its external political driving forces, have the potential to contribute significantly to breaking the deadlock in which the Conference finds itself. I hope that this year the First Committee of the General Assembly will continue to discuss ways to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery.", "The Republic of Korea believes that the international community has agreed that of all the issues before the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty banning the production of fissile material for weapons purposes is the one most needed to be negotiated. Negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) are essential for both nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament. A fissile material cut-off treaty and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are of vital symbolic and substantive importance to the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. We are confident that this momentum will lead to further comprehensive and balanced discussions on other important issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances, once we begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty.", "The Republic of Korea once again calls upon all members of the Conference on Disarmament to cooperate with a view to the early commencement of substantive work on a fissile material cut-off treaty, which would benefit not only nuclear non-proliferation but also nuclear disarmament more broadly. The Republic of Korea will do its utmost to initiate the process of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Mr. Zhukov (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation wholeheartedly supports the revitalization of the multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control machinery. We support the maintenance and strengthening of the three existing disarmament bodies: the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee and the Conference on Disarmament. These forums have proved their necessity and efficiency and have made an important contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security.", "In our view, the problem now lies not in the complete restructuring of those institutions, but in the political will to activate them in order to reach new universal disarmament and non-proliferation agreements. We believe that the current state of affairs in the multilateral disarmament process — within the Conference on Disarmament — is not the result of any systematic paralysis of the multilateral disarmament machinery, but reflects the differing focus of States on disarmament and non-proliferation issues and their differing views on the legitimate interests of States. The root causes of the CD ' s problems come from its outside.", "Clearly, the Conference on Disarmament deals with very sensitive issues, namely, national security. In that regard, unlike anywhere else, we must be willing to reach a reasonable compromise based on a balance of interests. Moreover, we should not oversimplify the causes of the situation in the Conference on Disarmament or attribute them to procedural differences or conflicts of aspirations and demands.", "Importantly, despite recent extreme calls to close the Conference on Disarmament, to change its basic working principles or to initiate new modalities, the importance of keeping the Conference on Disarmament as the key multilateral disarmament machinery was widely recognized by the vast majority of participants in that forum. The shock therapy proposed by some States is an extreme step that threatens not only to paralyse the Conference on Disarmament eventually, but also to seriously weaken all three disarmament bodies and eventually destroy the existing disarmament machinery.", "We cannot agree with this approach. There's no magic cure. Our goal must be to find a mutually acceptable way out of the impasse with patience and respect for each other, rather than hasty measures and decisions. This should be the case not only for procedural matters but also for substantive issues, not to mention punitive measures such as denial of financial assistance.", "In this regard, we support the balanced approach taken by the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, whose main thrust is that the stagnation on the disarmament track, including in the Conference on Disarmament, is not due primarily to the shortcomings of the disarmament machinery, but rather to the geopolitical situation of the world, strategic conflicts among States and the lack of political will.", "We oppose the review of the main working principles of the Conference on Disarmament “consensus”. At the same time, we are ready to be flexible and to seek new ways to break the deadlock. In this regard, an interesting idea would be to increase the membership of the Conference on Disarmament, to promote greater participation of non-governmental organizations and to enhance public information on disarmament matters.", "Universal disarmament agreements could be developed under the auspices of the United Nations on the basis of consensus. Only in this context will these agreements be effective and adapted to new realities and challenges. Moving the negotiations to parallel tracks among like-minded States would not lead to any universal or viable treaty. We are convinced that the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament will benefit all Member States. We believe that there is no alternative to a patient and respectful dialogue aimed at alleviating the security concerns of some members of the Conference on Disarmament or at reaching an agreement on the basis of the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.", "CD/1864 is a realistic basis for compromise. The Russian Federation supports the document, thereby demonstrating its readiness to consider the position of our partners and to agree to compromise. We expect our partners to do the same. The Russian Federation ' s priority in the Conference on Disarmament is to develop a treaty banning the deployment of all types of weapons in outer space. The draft treaty submitted by us and China takes into account the interests of all States, without exception.", "Another major challenge is the drafting of a universal, equitable and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. Its adoption would be a further step towards strengthening the disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation regime.", "Mr. Bavo (Switzerland) (spoke in French): Allow me to thank and congratulate you, Mr. President, for convening this follow-up meeting to the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations on 24 September 2010. Your initiative and participation will certainly help us move forward on this issue.", "Switzerland fully associates itself with the statement made earlier by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 countries. Allow me to make a few additional comments from the Swiss perspective.", "Switzerland fully supports the Secretary-General ' s initiative to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations and revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. This process has already had an important impact. Since September 2010, we have seen important discussions in the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Disarmament Commission. Over the past 10 months, it has become clear that a growing number of States consider the lack of progress on various disarmament-related issues to be unacceptable. In the course of the discussions, it was also evident that an increasing number of States were of the view that there was an urgent need to revitalize the disarmament machinery and to start substantive work, especially if this was to be done through negotiations on one or more of the four core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Switzerland firmly believes that the current failure to agree on new multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation instruments has undermined the multilateral disarmament system and that this trend is not in the interest of any State in the long run. To address this situation, we must seek complementary efforts within the Conference on Disarmament by mobilizing political will and increasing pressure outside that body. We must also recognize that the current impasse cannot be attributed solely to external political factors, but is also related to institutional issues. The current mechanism clearly does not have the capacity to galvanize the necessary political will, nor can it be used as it develops.", "In order to move forward, we must also establish institutions and mechanisms that reflect and can address current realities. We live in a globalized and interdependent world facing many common disarmament and non-proliferation challenges. Instead of addressing arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation at one level only, a more comprehensive and integrated approach must be adopted. It is essential to recognize that disarmament and non-proliferation activities affect many areas of concern to the international community, not just peace and security, and that they have implications for human security, human rights, development, the environment and health. Only if we take those aspects into account can we meet the challenges we face.", "Our institutions should no longer be based on or continue to favour the concept of the predominance of clearly outdated national security. If it is not changed, the Conference on Disarmament risks favouring the interests of certain States at the expense of the majority of States and peoples of the world. We firmly believe that it is important to work in an inclusive manner and based on the views of all stakeholders, such as other interested States, the expert community or representatives of civil society.", "We need mechanisms aimed at producing results rather than maintaining the status quo. They must be both responsive and preventive and capable of producing the instruments needed to address current and future challenges. Switzerland would therefore like to reiterate the need for the international community to be able to encourage a mechanism, platform and environment for meaningful, timely, inclusive and effective discussions and negotiations on all issues related to disarmament in general. That must be our long-term goal.", "Despite the intention of the high-level meeting on 24 September 2010 to advance discussions on how to overcome the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the situation has not improved since then. In many ways, today's impasse is even more serious. Switzerland believes that we must now complement the current dialogue by taking practical action at all levels and in a number of areas simultaneously and on a continuous basis.", "In the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, for the remainder of this year and during the 2012 session, it is essential that the parties begin substantive work and negotiations within the existing framework. The Conference must also continue to reflect on its strengths and weaknesses in a more systematic and results-oriented manner in order to make the necessary changes to make it more effective. The CD has no choice but to show that it can produce results.", "During the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee, Member States may wish to consider initiating a process on specific issues, such as the establishment of an open-ended working group to consider nuclear disarmament, including issues such as fissile material or the prevention of an arms race in outer space. These processes should be based in Geneva and draw on unparalleled expertise within and outside the Conference on Disarmament. In order to carry out these processes in a sustainable manner and to encourage the Conference on Disarmament to resume its work, these processes should be mutually reinforcing, with the possibility of a breakthrough in that forum in the future and in a way that will enable us to communicate the relevant outcomes to the Conference at an appropriate stage.", "In the broader context of the General Assembly, Member States should come up with new thinking, new ideas and pragmatic approaches to facilitate the revitalization process. These building blocks are crucial and will pave the way for the necessary broader support for a deeper reform process. In that regard, the establishment of a high-level panel tasked with the rapid development of proposals for such reform, as recommended in the recent report of the Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, could be a constructive step forward.", "In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that, as we seek to make further efforts to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery, Switzerland continues to believe that there is a need for permanent disarmament missions, with the support of experts from Governments, international organizations and civil society, to examine the implementation of existing agreements and to negotiate new instruments. We also continue to believe that there is a need for a permanent forum similar to the Conference on Disarmament to address the challenges in our field and to promote global security in the twenty-first century.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba reaffirms the importance of promoting multilateralism, the core principle of disarmament negotiations. In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, agreed multilateral solutions are the only sustainable way to address disarmament and international security issues.", "In the disarmament machinery, the Conference on Disarmament plays a key role in multilateral negotiations on universally accepted disarmament treaties. If the Conference on Disarmament does not exist, we must create it immediately. We regret that the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to undertake substantive work for more than a decade. Some argue that this is due to its working methods and rules of procedure. Cuba does not agree with this interpretation. The best proof of the correctness of our assessment is that what happens in the Conference on Disarmament is not an isolated phenomenon in the disarmament machinery.", "It is no coincidence, for example, that the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded this year for the twelfth consecutive time without agreeing on substantive recommendations. Moreover, dozens of resolutions adopted each year by the First Committee — particularly those relating to disarmament — have not been implemented at all. The fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament has still not been convened, despite the insistence of the Non-Aligned Movement on it for many years.", "Cuba supports improvements in the United Nations disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament. However, we are convinced that most disarmament machinery is currently paralysed, first and foremost because of the lack of political will on the part of certain States to achieve real results, particularly in the area of disarmament.", "We are concerned that some delegations have suggested that the time has come to leave the Conference on Disarmament aside and move towards an alternative negotiation process. Cuba opposes the replacement of the Conference on Disarmament with a selective and ad hoc arrangement outside the United Nations, controlled by certain States. If such a standard is imposed, we will dangerously reverse it. The solution is not to begin to ignore or diminish the importance of the Conference on Disarmament. On the contrary, today more than ever, we all have a responsibility to preserve and strengthen it.", "The Conference on Disarmament must adopt, as soon as possible, a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into account genuine disarmament priorities. Cuba is ready to join the Conference on Disarmament in negotiating a treaty on the elimination and prohibition of nuclear weapons, a treaty on the prohibition of an arms race in outer space, a treaty on effective security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States such as Cuba and a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament can support these negotiations simultaneously.", "The negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons would be a positive step, but without the identification of subsequent steps towards nuclear disarmament, it would remain insufficient in itself.", "Nuclear disarmament is and must remain the highest priority for disarmament. On that basis, consensus must be reached within the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament must urgently begin negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. The very existence of nuclear weapons and doctrines relating to their possession and use pose a serious threat to international peace and security. It is simply unacceptable that there are nearly 23,000 nuclear weapons in the world today, of which 7,560 are ready for immediate use.", "On 22 August, Cuba will assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament and be responsible for drafting and negotiating that body for submission to the First Committee. Our firm goal is to make every effort to facilitate substantive negotiations in that body in accordance with its mandate to negotiate international treaties on disarmament and arms control. This will require the contribution of each member State of the Conference on Disarmament. We have in our hands the opportunity to prove our commitment to disarmament and peace with concrete action.", "Mr. Shin Song Ho (Democratic People's Republic of Korea): Allow me at the outset to express my appreciation to you, Mr. President, for convening today's important meeting. Let me also express the hope that this meeting will provide a good opportunity to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and get it back on track.", "My delegation fully supports the statement made by Mr. Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority for achieving world peace and security. The first emergence of nuclear weapons in 1945 marked the beginning of the history of the most destructive weapons used against humanity. The dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, is an extremely important event in the history of such weapons, sufficient to prove to the world that even one nuclear weapon can have devastating consequences for global peace and security. Moreover, the emergence of the first nuclear-weapon State in 1945 was the root cause of the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other parts of the world and thus of a chain reaction. The proliferation of nuclear weapons may not be a problem today if the great achievements of human science are not used for the shameful and dangerous purposes that could lead to the destruction of all mankind. As we can see, nuclear weapons are an issue that is directly related to the survival of humankind and to world peace and security.", "Nuclear-weapon States had an unavoidable obligation to fulfil their commitments under existing international norms. In 1996, the International Court of Justice made it very clear to the world that the use of nuclear weapons was contrary to international law. The International Court of Justice has drawn our attention to the fact that all other existing weapons, without exception, are under full treaty or convention supervision, but nuclear weapons remain outside multilateral international law. The same applies to negative security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States.", "Recent developments have cast a shadow over the prospects for nuclear disarmament and have been the focus of international attention. It is reminiscent that cold war nuclear doctrines have openly promoted nuclear weapons modernization programmes. I would like to draw the attention of members to the fact that projects are under way to develop small nuclear weapons that are used in the same way as conventional weapons.", "Moreover, the development of missile defence systems is moving steadily forward, despite the concerns of the international community. It is simply not logical to carry out this defence system in response to the so-called ballistic missiles developed by the so-called “breeding nations” because of the huge investment in the system and the global reach of the geographical network. The nature and scope of the missile defence system undisguisedly discloses the true objectives of its defenders. This real goal is nothing less than to gain an absolute nuclear advantage and global hegemony over their opponents.", "In the current changing world, one can easily predict that this dangerous initiative will eventually trigger a new nuclear arms race. This shows that the world ' s largest nuclear-weapon States have lost their legal and moral justification to talk about proliferation before the international community for any reason. If the largest nuclear-weapon States really wanted to prevent proliferation, they should set a good example by negotiating a treaty to abolish nuclear weapons.", "The complete and total elimination of nuclear weapons remains the consistent policy of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea. A treaty to eliminate nuclear weapons should be concluded in a time-bound, verifiable, irreversible and legally binding manner. This policy of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is a good reflection of the unique security environment that my country has been facing for decades under constant external nuclear threats and blackmail. Since the United States introduced its first nuclear weapon into South Korea in 1957, the number of nuclear weapons there has now exceeded 1,000.", "The Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea, as a member State of the Conference on Disarmament and as the current President, will make every effort to move the Conference on Disarmament forward. Nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, a ban on the deployment of weapons in outer space and a ban on the production of fissile material are outstanding issues for the Conference on Disarmament. Regrettably, the issues of nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances have not yet been resolved, despite the decades-long history of discussions that began with the establishment of the United Nations.", "The stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament has been going on for more than a decade because of a lack of political will. If the Conference on Disarmament is to move forward, it should take fully into account the security interests of all Member States. In this regard, the programme of work adopted by the Conference on Disarmament in 2009 has value and should be reconsidered, as it equally reflects all outstanding issues on its agenda.", "Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Allow me to begin by expressing once again my delegation ' s appreciation to you, Mr. President, for arranging this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament to follow up on the high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010.", "We fully associate ourselves with the statement made earlier by the Permanent Observer of the European Union. We also share the views expressed by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of like-minded countries, including my own. However, I would like to make a few comments in my national capacity as a contribution to this debate and to identify possible concrete follow-up to this initiative and to the general efforts undertaken last year.", "The Conference on Disarmament has been stalled for more than a decade. It has failed to carry out its core task, namely, to negotiate global international instruments in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation. But I would like to point out that the entire international disarmament machinery is currently experiencing serious difficulties. While the United Nations Disarmament Commission remains a useful forum for in-depth discussion, it has been unable to agree on substantive recommendations or decisions for many years.", "Overall, while we have seen great successes in recent years, they have been achieved through bilateral channels in forums outside the Conference on Disarmament or through ad hoc means outside the established United Nations disarmament machinery. However, Italy remains convinced of the importance and the genuine need for a forum dedicated to global disarmament negotiations. Such a forum would advance the cause of international peace and disarmament.", "The continued assertion that the Conference on Disarmament is not functioning properly is a lack of political will that, in our view, is no longer credible. This year, for example, two Member States took the initiative to organize three well-attended and very successful side events on specific aspects of a fissile material cut-off treaty to overcome the procedural stagnation of the Conference on Disarmament. The side event significantly improved Member States ' understanding of the main issues of the future treaty. Once negotiations begin, this will prove to be beneficial to all parties.", "In our view, the reason for the stagnation of the Conference on Disarmament is not the lack of political will, but the abuse of the rules of procedure by a few members. In 2009, the Conference on Disarmament unanimously adopted a programme of work to commence negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and established four interim working groups, one of which is responsible for those negotiations. However, the Conference on Disarmament was unable to implement the programme of work because it was unable to reach consensus on organizational matters, such as setting the time, venue and presidency for the Conference. Further consideration should therefore be given to reviewing some of the working methods of the Conference with a view to enhancing its effectiveness and efficiency.", "Other provisions of the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament should also be reassessed. The monthly rotation of the presidency seems to be too frequent and does not facilitate continuity in the work of the Conference. The preliminary suggestion was that it would seem more appropriate to have the two Presidents in charge of the work of the body during the year. The President ' s decision-making authority could also be more specific. Moreover, the provision requiring the annual adoption of a programme of work does not seem advisable. This has enabled any member to block negotiations indefinitely after 31 December. Consideration should be given to continuing the programme of work originally adopted by the Conference in subsequent years, unless members agree on a new programme of work.", "Of course, we do not lose sight of the difficulties encountered in amending the rules of procedure of the Conference. As we mentioned last year at the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament, political issues cannot be resolved by procedural means. However, we are also convinced that it is necessary to show courage and determination to address this issue while trying to resolve fundamental political issues. All members of the Conference need to work towards that end.", "The resumption of the work of the Conference on Disarmament can no longer be postponed. This has become a matter of urgency. The current impasse is rapidly destroying the Conference ' s scarce reputation and authority.", "If, at the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, it is still not possible to take a decision that would lead to the resumption of negotiations in the Conference, as indicated in document CD/1864 — the programme of work adopted in 2009 — we are concerned that that proposal for negotiations outside the Conference will take hold. Italy does not welcome such an outcome, but certainly does not oppose it, because nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are the areas of focus of our foreign policy.", "In order to promote agreement on the revitalization of the Conference, Italy is ready to consider proposals related to future discussions on negative security assurances, with a view to possible future negotiations on this issue. While a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is a tool to stop the supply of the main raw materials for nuclear weapons, negative security assurances are also needed to enable non-nuclear-weapon States to avoid fear of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against them.", "Those two goals fully reflect our common aspirations for a world free of nuclear weapons. They are also a way to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. In this context, we should also bear in mind that the conclusions and recommendations on follow-up adopted last year at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) refer to the substantive mandate of the Conference by referring to only two items, namely, an FMCT and negative security assurances.", "Today ' s debate confirms the interest of the international community in the CD and the disarmament machinery as a whole. The General Assembly has a specific role to play in this area, and today's discussion can in fact act as a catalyst for further action. We hope that this discussion will continue as soon as possible at the next session of the General Assembly, particularly in the First Committee, and that concrete ideas will be put forward on how to resume negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Mr. Comente (Austria): I thank you, Mr. President, for scheduling today's General Assembly debate on this important agenda item at the request of Austria and 48 other countries. However, I would also like to express Austria ' s disappointment that this debate has in fact become indispensable, as we failed to meet the requirements of last year ' s high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and failed to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and advance multilateral disarmament negotiations, which is a clear sign of failure.", "We fully associate ourselves with the statements made on behalf of the European Union and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the cross-regional group of Member States. In addition, we would like to make the following comments.", "Like others, Austria welcomes the recent positive momentum in international security policy. At the same time, the desire of the international community to undertake concrete multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation continues to be frustrated. The multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, remains deadlocked. The momentum that we hoped for last year has not materialized. While there has been a clear convergence of views in identifying the problems that exist in the CD, no agreement has been reached so far on the necessary solutions.", "On procedural issues, for example, we believe that the procedural structure of the Conference, and in particular its consensus rule, is not in line with the needs of the twenty-first century. Austria believes that the procedural hostage-taking that we have seen in the CD is unacceptable. It is our shared responsibility to find ways to prevent the continued abuse of the consensus rule in this way.", "While there have been some successes in the past, the Conference on Disarmament has now become a completely non-existent multilateral disarmament forum, as procedural tools seem to ensure that the veto can be exercised without restriction at all times. The CD refuses to include new members, and it is frustrating to engage with civil society — These are other examples that reflect the outdated working methods of the Conference.", "But the Conference faces more than a procedural issue. Ultimately, the Conference has long been paralysed, rooted in political problems and insufficient political will to resolve them. The members of the Conference could not agree on the commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Austria hopes that these negotiations can begin immediately. Today, one member State expressed its opposition to the commencement of those negotiations.", "However, the political problems of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stalemate have deeper roots. There is a general responsibility for the Conference and its paralysis since 1997. Moreover, we were not only unable to reach agreement on an FMCT. Nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances are also divisive issues. The core problem, therefore, is the lack of a genuine political commitment to multilateral treaties, concluded through multilateral channels, to address disarmament and non-proliferation issues. The lack of commitment is most acute in the Conference on Disarmament than in any other forum.", "This raises the question of whether the CD can in fact remain an effective forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. Austria believes that the CD has not only lost its credibility, but also risks losing its legitimacy. Over the past 14 years, the Conference has been unable to fulfil its mandate. We cannot continue to be detached from reality, assuming, of course, that we are about to break the deadlock in the CD.", "Austria is firmly committed to multilateralism and attaches great importance to multilateral institutions. But they are not ends in themselves. Ultimately, the focus of our efforts is not on the Conference on Disarmament, but on progress in multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Is there any solution when the problem is found? We believe that there are essentially two options.", "On the one hand, we can continue our work, either in the CD or within the CD, working with member States and awaiting their eventual agreement. However, it is clear that we cannot impose political will on Member States. For 14 years, we have tried to fill the gaps in the formation of a balanced programme of work, but we have achieved nothing, so that this approach seems less promising.", "The member States of the Conference could also seek to facilitate progress by changing the working methods of the Conference, for example by making it clear that the rule of consensus does not apply to procedural issues such as the programme of work, or by suspending this provision in exceptional circumstances. Member States can eventually bring in those who have expressed their will to participate in the work of the Conference and to inspire new thinking by opening up to civil society, drawing on outside expertise and inputs.", "These will be important measures. However, these measures have also been discussed for many years without real progress. Therefore, our question is whether even the most modest measures have an opportunity for convergence within the CD; and, more importantly, whether they can actually bring about a political breakthrough.", "We believe that we should explore ways outside the framework of the CD as well. For example, we believe that the General Assembly can play a more active, direct and central role in disarmament negotiations.", "The lack of political will on the part of some, or worse, the lack of a genuine commitment to multilateral progress, should not be a reason to prevent other members of the international community from moving forward. We are convinced that political will can also be gathered in the process by initiating negotiations and addressing issues that have been on the agenda for many years. It is against this background that Austria looks forward to the next session of the First Committee to take substantive decisions on how to move forward and bring about multilateral disarmament negotiations. We can't wait any longer.", "Ultimately, it is important to achieve substantive success. We must ensure that instruments facilitate success and not, on the contrary, become obstacles to success. Since last year ' s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, we have renewed our unequivocal commitment to a world free of nuclear weapons. This is a collective commitment, and we need to put it into action. We must begin to focus specifically on the factors that will enable us to achieve that goal through the Conference on Disarmament, the General Assembly or any other constructive multilateral approach.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia): Allow me at the outset to thank you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting on this important issue.", "Indonesia fully associates itself with the statement made earlier by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Indonesia, which has long been committed to a world free of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, expects that today ' s discussion will create a clear political momentum that will enable us to overcome the obstacles that have prevented progress on multilateral disarmament goals.", "Following the unanimous adoption of the Final Document of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. In any sense, these are two important and valuable achievements. Breaking the decades-long stalemate in the field of nuclear disarmament seems to be finally within reach. It has raised new hopes that the international community may be able to build on these important achievements and new understandings to realize the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons in the foreseeable future.", "It is therefore understandable that there has been no real progress on the global nuclear disarmament agenda since the September meeting. In Geneva, the Conference on Disarmament has still not been able to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work, while in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission ended once again by failing to agree on substantive building.", "Despite the commitments made last year, little progress has been made in the implementation of the Final Document of the NPT Review Conference, including the implementation of its mandate and the convening of the key 2012 conference on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.", "Indonesia stresses the importance of fully implementing the internationally agreed commitments in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is time for all States, particularly the nuclear-weapon States, to honour their commitments to complete nuclear disarmament. Time-bound actions to that end are the best way to build confidence, ensure the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and launch effective disarmament negotiations.", "We should be clear. As the Secretary-General and the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement have pointed out this morning, it is not the United Nations disarmament machinery itself that has gone wrong, because it is it that has led to the drafting of guidelines on the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, conventional arms control, limitation and disarmament. It is this mechanism and its predecessor system that has made possible treaties such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "We agree that procedure is important, but we should have no illusions. If there was no will to achieve the goals, then the best procedure would not bear fruit. Indonesia is confident that, with political will, the Conference on Disarmament will be able to advance negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, a fissile material cut-off treaty in accordance with the Shannon mandate and a treaty on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We also stress that the consensus Final Document (resolution S-10/2), adopted at the first special session on disarmament, remains valid and that a comprehensive disarmament strategy has been developed at this Conference, the largest number of participants. We urge all States to once again play their part by convening the fourth special session on disarmament and to bring it to a successful conclusion.", "In conclusion, allow me to stress once again the importance of this meeting in galvanizing the political will to implement concrete steps towards disarmament. We must all work together to promote measures aimed at eradicating the scourge of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction from our planet. To that end, Indonesia is determined, as always, to continue to play its active role.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes this opportunity for the General Assembly to assess the current state of the international disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We hope that this debate will revitalize the work of the Conference, rekindle the political will to change it and reform its working methods, thus improving the Conference.", "Costa Rica associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 sponsors of resolution 65/93, which laid the foundation for this debate. Despite the fact that the membership of the Conference on Disarmament is closed to the outside world, which is deadlocked and unable to participate as a fully empowered member, for Costa Rica it remains the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. We recognize its leading role in strengthening global security and promoting international stability. We have maintained this view since 1994, when we expressed a legitimate and unsatisfied interest in participating in the Conference, and now again as an active member of the Group of Informal Observer States in Geneva.", "Disarmament is not an isolated issue related solely to military matters, but an organic process that concerns all and affects each of us. In that regard, we must continue our efforts to make progress through effective negotiations. We are therefore deeply concerned that the Conference is paralysed, that it continues to repeat old ways and that the same mistakes require considerable resources to sustain its various forms. These serious setbacks have weakened the Conference ' s ability to address emerging security issues and have, of course, provoked resentment and impatience.", "However, the main reason for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament is not limited to the current working methods; perhaps more important is the military approach that has prevailed so far than the humanist approach. The time has come to look at disarmament from the perspective of its value to human security and at arms control from the perspective of international humanitarian law and human rights. Only by doing so will we be able to direct the concept of the debate towards a more active — and, in our view, more effective — direction.", "The main instrument for promoting and maintaining national and international security is not weapons, but respect for human security, dignity and the rule of law. We do not deny the right of States to military defence, although we chose to withdraw our armed forces more than 60 years ago. However, we are convinced that a inherently military approach to security and disarmament may bring us closer to the goal of regulating weapons and controlling international arsenals, but never to general disarmament.", "Frankly, what we are currently experiencing in the Conference on Disarmament is nothing but the illusion of disarmament. This is the illusion that the destruction of certain weapons means progress, although they are immediately replaced by more powerful weapons; in this illusion, some weapons are banned because they may have a strategic advantage far less than that of newer and more sophisticated weapons; it is the illusion that civil society demands are met, and the only result, in fact, is a process of paralysis and paralysis.", "Moreover, the Conference on Disarmament operates as a closed club, where only one third of the States Members of the United Nations are responsible for negotiating general disarmament. Paradoxically, this group does not include, for example, any of the 27 countries without armed forces, so military disarmament has given way to national realities.", "Global military expenditures reached $1.6 trillion in 2010. As far as the figures themselves are concerned, they do not make any sense. However, with only 10 per cent of that amount per year by 2015, the international community will be able to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.", "Costa Rica believes that, as we said earlier, any effort to revitalize and restructure multilateral disarmament negotiations must focus on human security. This focus is crucial when negotiating a ban on anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions. It has also been playing a key role in preparatory meetings for the development of a strong arms treaty.", "It has been determined that nuclear weapons are not in conformity with international law, in particular international humanitarian law. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the International Court of Justice unanimously decided in 1996 to recognize the legal obligation of all States to commence and conclude negotiations on the total prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons.", "In order to build confidence and send a signal of good will so that negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament or other bodies can begin, nuclear-weapon States should abandon their plans to modernize, replace or upgrade nuclear weapons.", "My delegation is of the view that disarmament is not served by the mere “symbol” cuts to the negotiating table by the nuclear-weapon States, while at the same time devoting significant resources to the study and modernization of facilities that can sustain or double those threats.", "In conclusion, Costa Rica believes that multilateral disarmament bodies and processes, such as the Conference on Disarmament, can begin to interact and cooperate with those responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights and international humanitarian law in order to follow up more effectively on the implementation of their obligations in these areas, in line with the commitment of States to disarmament.", "Costa Rica believes that the implementation of disarmament agreements must be included as an element in the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. We sometimes hear that the search for a more just and secure world based on a humanitarian approach to disarmament and arms control is nothing but a wishful thinking. We disagree with that assessment. On the contrary, what we see is an indisputable evidence of the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament in its military approach. We still have time to reorient the Conference on Disarmament to a new paradigm, better working methods and real compromise.", "Ms. Viotti (Brazil): Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations are essential steps towards a safer world. The international community has repeatedly reaffirmed the need to address the threat posed by the very existence of nuclear arsenals through strong political will. Our common goal should be to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons, which we have long sought.", "We note with interest the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. As indicated in the report, the difficulties faced by the members of the Advisory Board in proposing a solution to the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament prove that the reasons for the impasse are political and therefore irrelevant to the institutional or procedural aspects of the Conference. It is therefore important to emphasize the recommendation made in the report that, should the Secretary-General decide to convene a high-level panel of eminent persons, he should request the panel to undertake a study on means of revitalizing the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole.", "Brazil believes that any reform effort should look at the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole and not just at the Conference on Disarmament. We therefore support the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could review the institutional structure established by the first special session on disarmament, held in 1978. We do not encourage any attempt to partially modify the way the disarmament machinery operates, based on limited objectives and limited to one topic, such as fissile material.", "Brazil believes that the Conference on Disarmament is the only body for negotiations on nuclear disarmament that is properly composed of the international community. We attach the highest priority to the elimination of nuclear weapons through the conclusion of a convention on nuclear disarmament, and we support negotiations on the other three core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, namely, fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We do not support the view that only a fissile material treaty is ripe for negotiation. Nor do we support the argument that only one State is responsible for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. Even though it is true that only one State is obstructing the process in the context of a fissile material treaty, other States are obstructing the negotiation of instruments related to other agenda items.", "Even in the case of a fissile material treaty, there are clear differences of opinion among Member States. Brazil argued that the issue of stocks should be taken into account in the negotiation of the treaty. A treaty limited to a production ban would have little or no impact on nuclear disarmament.", "There is a lack of consistency in the criticism of the institutional aspects of the Conference on Disarmament, particularly its rules of procedure. It would be asked whether those who condemned the abuse of the consensus rule in the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would be willing to accept the decision adopted by a majority on other issues before the Conference on Disarmament. Negotiations that affect national security are always sensitive and complex. The rule of consensus is a special procedure of the Conference on Disarmament and reflects this reality.", "Brazil supports the consideration of an expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament, as this would facilitate a richer and more comprehensive discussion in this body. We also advocate greater involvement of civil society in tracking the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as this has helped to raise awareness of the challenges we face in the field of nuclear disarmament.", "Despite the efforts made over the past few years to build on the positive developments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, in particular the success of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the continued stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament is certainly a matter of concern.", "The existence of nuclear weapons poses the most immediate threat to the survival of humanity. There is therefore an urgent need to negotiate an instrument conducive to nuclear disarmament. However, the question should be asked: would the international community be better able to negotiate these instruments without the Conference on Disarmament? Brazil believes that, despite its shortcomings, the CD is in fact irreplaceable. That is why the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament cannot mean finding a way around it.", "The President (spoke in French): We have heard the last speaker for this meeting.", "The meeting rose at 1 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "下午3时05分开会。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "主席(以法语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在2010年11月23日第52次全体会议上一并就议程项目13、关于千年首脑会议成果的后续行动的议程项目115，以及关于加强联合国系统的议程项目120进行了一次辩论。", "各位成员还记得，在议程项目13和议程项目115下，大会分别在第9次、第41次、第100次以及第105次全体会议上通过了第65/1号、第65/7号以及第65/285号决议。还在议程项目13下，大会分别在第52次、第72次以及第109次全体会议上通过了第65/10号、第65/234号及第65/309号决议。", "在开幕词中，我要向大会谈谈我的一些想法。我们今天开会是为了应对与实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战，并审议实现这项权利对千年发展目标的影响。我向埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统表示非常热烈的欢迎。他的国家多民族玻利维亚国是这项权利的热诚捍卫者。我还向联合国享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士表示最热烈的欢迎。她也将参加今天下午的讨论。", "2010年7月，大会通过了第64/292号决议。该项决定是朝着明确确认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权的方向迈出的第一步。此后，2010年9月，人权理事会通过了一项决议，申明享有饮水和卫生设施的权利源于享有有尊严生活和可接受的生活水平的权利。", "对于数百万人来说，获得安全饮水和卫生设施是一项迫切的发展需要。千年发展目标7要求到2015年将无法获得饮水和卫生设施的全球人口减半。实现这项目标对于实现其他目标——例如关于减贫、儿童健康和普及教育的目标——至关重要。", "在经过10年努力之后，所取得的进展是不够的。目前仍有10亿人无法获得饮水，有20多亿人享受不到基本的环卫服务。我欢迎并支持秘书长上个月发出的“可持续卫生设施——2015年到来之前的五年努力”倡议。", "这些数字与非洲之角目前所遭遇的干旱一道再次提醒我们，当今世界在满足我们的水需要方面存在严重不平等现象。在某些区域，男女老幼因为仅缺乏几公升水而死亡，而在其他区域，水被浪费。因此，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权对于确保每个人都享有有尊严和自由的生活至关重要。", "由于我们今天将有机会进行讨论，我们面临许多挑战，例如，在许多情况下，缺乏正常运作的国家机构，以及技术和财政资源有限。实现这些权利将是在实现关于饮水的千年发展目标和所有千年发展目标方面取得的进展。", "距离2015年最后期限已经没有多少时间了，我们必须立即采取果断的行动。根据我们在2010年9月第六十五届大会召开之时举行的关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上做出的承诺以及我刚才提到的秘书长提出的倡议，我们应当不断重申我们实现目标的共同意愿并为此加倍做出努力。我希望明年在里约热内卢举行的可持续发展大会将激发起新的动力，实现人人享有饮用水和卫生设施的目标。", "今天，我们有极好的机会传递这个信息——我们有成功的决心。我鼓励发言者强调采取切实和面向成果的措施，使人们享有饮水和卫生设施的权利成为现实。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下讲话。", "秘书长(以英语发言)：由于缺乏饮水和卫生设施，发展中国家总有接近半数的人民饱受健康问题的磨难。不洁的饮用水以及简陋的卫生设施已经成为世界儿童的第二大杀手。实现将无法获得清洁饮水的人口减半的千年发展目标的进展尽管大致顺利，但是全世界仍将无法实现卫生设施方面的目标。因此，我欣见此次全体会议的召开。", "去年7月，大会确认人人享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。人权理事会随后在去年9月具体指出，这项权利源自于享有适当生活标准的权利。这些都是重要的进步。它们为各国政府和联合国系统都提供了稳固的法律框架。目前的任务是将这项承诺转化为国际和国家层面的具体义务。只有在这种情况下，人民才能真正享有这项权利，特别是贫困人民。", "我们应当清楚了解的是，享有饮水和卫生设施的权利并不意味着水应当免费提供。相反，它意味着饮水和卫生设施的提供应当人人负担得起并且能够获得，并且各国必须为实现这个目标尽其所能。我们绝不接受居住同一城市的贫民窟居民得付富人五倍甚至十倍的水价。我们绝不接受超过10亿农村人民没有厕所，而得露天便溺。我们绝不接受任意让贫民窟、农地及工厂的废水污染当地环境。", "上月，联合国启动了“可持续的环境卫生：2015年前的五年奋斗”倡议。当时我提及缺乏安全的饮用水和足够的卫生设施如何对儿童的健康成长造成不利影响。我也提到良好的卫生设施如何能加强我们防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和疟疾的努力，这只是生活在卫生环境下的人民能更好地抵御其他各种疾病。我还指出，良好的卫生设施和卫生习惯能提高学习表现和降低缺勤率，这对少女尤为如此，有助于赋予她们权能和平等。简而言之，改善卫生设施能够帮助实现我们所有的发展目标。", "许多政府已经把饮水和卫生设施的权利纳入宪法和国内法规。还没有这样做的国家应当立刻进行这些工作。对无法获得饮用水和卫生设施的人我们必须对他们提供这些服务，以维护其尊严和幸福。今天，我关注着非洲之角的紧急状况。当地数百万人正在苟延残存，根本无法享有应享的权利。他们急需各种援助——包括粮食、饮用水以及被迫暂时栖身的难民营的适当卫生设施。", "然而，在这样的短期救济之外，还必需考虑长期的持续解决办法。这需要农业转型，以改善农村人民特别是牧民的应变能力，并尽量降低未来灾难可能产生的影响。这意味着致力于实现人人享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。这意味着为人民和社区的繁荣创造必要的安全条件。饮水、卫生、稳定、繁荣与和平都是相互紧密关联的目标。只有我们齐心协力，才能取得进展。", "主席(以法语发言)：我感谢秘书长的讲话。", "大会现在听取多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下的讲话。", "莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统(以西班牙语发言)：我今天来到这里，向联合国表达我最崇高的敬意，这不仅因为召开今天的会议，也因为一年前在这里大会通过了关于饮水权是普遍人权的这一前所未有的历史性宣言(第64/292号决议)。", "这使我相信，这新的千年将有机会弥补世界人民受到的伤害。由于大会的努力，如果今天承认饮水是一项人权，那么它就是所有权利之母。如果总统、政府和国家不保证饮水是一项人权，他们也肯定不会尊重世界任何地方的人权。因此，我相信我们在联合国能取得显著的进展，保证人权得到享有，人民的意愿得以实现。", "如果饮水是一项人权，那么它就不得作为私有买卖的商品。提供饮水必须是一项公共服务。如果饮水是一项人权，那么营利公司绝不能以此牟利。我们经联合国核准,发表这项关于享有饮水是一项人权的声明，从而共同担负着一项义务，必须协同努力，分享经验，以便实施各种政策来确保水资源可以作为一项人权被享有。", "我谨借此机会谈谈秘书长所提到的一些国家人民遭受的痛苦。由于缺水，儿童失去生命，农民无法耕作。与任何权利一样，水权也必须得到尊重。各种人权都有其对立者——那些导致不平等现象或使人民遭受不公正待遇的政策。同样，水资源也有其对立者，而这个自然资源的敌人就是全球变暖现象。全球变暖现象是水资源的首敌。它导致我国去年遭受了最严重的干旱、霜冻和低温气候。在玻利维亚境内的亚马逊流域，数以百万计的鱼因此而死亡。在高原地区，人们不得不背井离乡，四处去寻水。", "全球变暖产生的各种影响是一个必须通过我们自身的努力来解决的非常严重问题。然而，作为一个负责任的政府，我们正在试行《我的水资源》方案中的各种新政策。我们正在加大在水资源方面的投入。没有水，就不可能有生命。没有水，就不可能有粮食。没有水，就不可能有地球。因此，保障这一对生命如此关键的自然资源，是各国政府的义务。", "值得庆幸的是，在玻利维亚，由于我国人民的良知，也由于我国是一个民主国家，水权被载入我国《宪法》。我们正依照这项政策，并通过我国的“我的水资源”方案，协同我国337个城市一道开始优先考虑一些项目和方案。这些项目和方案不只是一个市长或一个总统提出的倡议，它们也是为了满足我们自然资源受益者的需求——例如人的饮水、农作物用水和牲畜用水。", "有些代表可能会说，给牲畜供水很可笑。但是有很多家庭靠饲养牲畜谋生，而那些牲畜需要水。玻利维亚高原上无水的时节，很多家庭可以抛下家园和土地离去，却不能丢下牲畜。他们的牲畜在大自然面前只能听从摆布。当然，雨季期间，这些家庭便重返其土地，找回那些熬过干旱季节幸存下来的牲畜。死去的牲畜躯体和骨架遍布原野，但仍有些还活着。这是全球变暖造成的后果。全球变暖现象影响到水资源，摧毁了家庭，特别是那些贫穷农民的家庭。", "这个经历成为唤醒我们来实施这个方案的一个警钟。我们抱有很高的期望。我们已为1 000万名玻利维亚居民投入了1亿美元。我们希望更进一步，与大会分享这一经验，同时也吸取其它国家的经验。我来到这里，是要向其他发言者学习。我愿向在座的各位以及联合国这里的其他领导人请教，探讨我们如何互补以确保把水资源作为一种公共服务。当然，我们单枪匹马无法解决这个问题或发生在其他区域、国家和大陆的那些问题。但我们有责任进行深入思考并做长远考虑。", "一些国家的水资源被当作奢侈品来挥霍，这些国家的人们丝毫不考虑如何分享水资源，而只顾争夺水资源，这是不容出现的情况。在这方面，任何争夺都是不容许的。作为发展中国家，我们有着一些导致彼此疏远的重大分歧。任何形式的争夺都无法解决贫穷或失业问题。但如果我们能相互合作，共同努力，我们一定能解决这些问题。我们进行的努力、奋斗和任务都是为了寻求全人类之间达到一种平衡。", "联合国已在全世界范围内采取各种重要举措。我们听说，一些区域将要举行各种全民投票来决定水是一项权利，还是一种私有商品，或是一种公共服务。大约80%或90%的人将投票赞成水是一项人权和一种公共服务，而不是一种私有商品。我们不愿看到诸如在玻利维亚发生的情况：一些跨国公司把水据为私有，企图通过卖水来牟利。我们怎么能卖水？水怎么能成为一种私有商品？", "我们——致力于维护祖国、土著民族和古柯种植者的农村和城市社会运动、工人、专家和知识分子——谴责此类争夺。2000年，我们驱逐了一些跨国公司。那一年对我们来说，是重要的一年。一些公司曾企图将水的价格提高5倍。这些情况使我们对此问题进行了认真而深入的思考。通过这些社会运动，我们组织并修改了我国《宪法》。我们本着对每个国家各自政策和方案的高度尊重，在有关国际论坛上提出了这些问题。分享我们的经验是我们的义务，每个国家也都有义务为造福社会而这样做。", "我来自玻利维亚民族，带着我国的政策来到这里，向联合国这里的各国领导人和大使致以敬意。他们一年前在这里以极大的才智和智慧宣布，享有水资源是一项人权。如果这是一项人权，那么现在我们就有责任执行那项由联合国定义的政策。我称赞秘书长和大会制定了那些政策。我们将始终愿意在此分享我们的经验。", "主席(以法语发言)：我邀请了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士参加本次会议。", "如果没有人反对，我是否可以认为大会希望在不形成先例的情况下，邀请享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士在本次会议上发言？", "就这样决定。", "主席(以法语发言)：按照刚才所作的决定，并在不形成先例的情况下，我现在请享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员发言。", "德阿尔布克尔克女士(以法语发言)：主席先生，首先我要感谢你邀请我参加本次重要会议。今天我荣幸并高兴地在此评估在千年发展目标背景下在实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面已取得的进展和仍存在的挑战。", "(以英语发言)", "整整一年前，继大会就享有饮水和卫生设施的权利进行历史性表决后，一些记者问我，承认这项人权会有何影响，我立即回顾了埃莉诺·罗斯福说过的至理名言，她说：人权始于小地方，在离家很近的地方。除非这些权利在那里有实际意义，否则它们在任何地方都不会有什么意义。因此，今天在我们汇聚一堂庆祝该决议通过一周年之际，我们必须扪心自问这个同样的问题。这项决议会影响没有安全水源和卫生设施的数十亿人生活吗？它是否有助于防止每年因与水和卫生设施有关的疾病而造成的约150万儿童死亡？它是否会导致缺水学校和女孩因没有男女分厕而辍学的学校改善条件？它是否有助于改变因为没有水和卫生设施而面临高孕产妇死亡率的医院的处境？", "法蒂玛和约翰是缺乏安全水源和卫生设施的数十亿人中的范例。在我的一次国家访问中，我遇到了法蒂玛和她的女儿们。她们每天都必须走好几个小时去打水。她们无法工作或上学，因为一天中的很大一部分时间都花在这件事情上。她们一家常常腹泻，在我见到她们的前一天，一个朋友在走路打水途中差一点遭到强奸。", "2年后，在我的另一次访问中，我见到了约翰，他无家可归。他居住的城市中公用厕所都关闭了。用约翰的话说，他成了当地无家可归者的卫生设施技师。他发明了一种帐篷厕所，人们可以将粪便排到塑料袋中。然后约翰会把粪便收集起来并骑上他的自行车把它们带走，努力寻找一个开放使用的厕所，以倒掉袋子里的粪便。", "这些侵犯人权的情况必须结束。第64/292号决议必须成为结束世界上所有像法蒂玛和约翰一样的人的痛苦的指导方针。我期望大会决议能切实影响人们的生活，这个期望值太高了吗？我不这样认为。", "挑战十分严峻，并将继续如此，但是在世界各地积累的经验表明，承认享有饮水和卫生设施是一项人权，能够真正带来不同。", "对享有饮水和卫生设施的权利的承认取得了哪些成就呢？当大会和人权理事会通过决议，承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项基本人权时，各国做出了非常明确的承诺。它们承认水和卫生设施是适当生活水平权利的一部分，必须像已提及的那样，充分予以提供、使它们可以获得、而且是安全、可负担得起的，从文化角度来说让每个人都可以接受，而不予歧视。", "这些决议提高了政治关注度，并帮助营造了改进世界上获得水和卫生设施渠道所急需的紧迫感。在这一背景下，我要赞扬玻利维亚、德国和西班牙在这方面在联合国一级发挥的领导作用。这些决议包含了一种对我们所生活世界的新愿景——一个每个人都能享有安全饮水和卫生设施的世界；一个人们不会因为喝的水而生病或因为不得不随地排泄而使他人生病的世界；一个人们不必在是带孩子去看病还是支付水费账单之间做出选择的世界。", "这种新愿景要求政策制定者、各国政府、地方当局、非政府组织、联合国各机构、私营部门以及人们自己都要转变心态。这意味着最脆弱者、最贫穷者、土著居民、贫民窟居住者以及无家可归者——这些人通常是没有发言权的——不再被置之不理，而是成为制定政策时的优先考虑。这种新愿景意味着确保能获得安全饮用水和卫生设施不再是一种慈善之举，或只是政策制定者的良好想法。与人权不同的是，善意想法的结果取决于不断变化的政治事态。善意想法不具法律约束力。", "这是否意味着人权不考虑各国可能面临的资源局限或危机的影响？当然不是。既然承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利，各国就应当有意识地采取步骤，逐渐实现这些权利，最大限度地利用可利用的资源，同时杜绝在提供水和卫生设施方面的各种形式的歧视。", "即使在资源有限的情况下，也可以取得大量进展，比如我们现在面临的这种情况。例如，其中一些步骤是在国家立法中承认这些权利，实施国家行动计划以落实享有饮水和卫生设施的权利，并优先对待得不到服务或服务欠缺的社区，以便为每个人提供最起码的条件。", "自去年明确承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利之后，我不断收到想落实这些人权但在落实过程中需要援助与指导的各国政府、非政府组织、服务提供商以及联合国各机构提出的请求。", "过去3年来，我一直在收集良好做法。我收到了5大洲提交的200多份报告，我将在9月份向人权理事会提出一份简编。这些做法形式多样，这证明道路不是唯一的，也表明实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利并非遥不可及。", "请允许我分享一些我遇到的例子。其中一个是在马拉维等不同国家推行的“植树厕所”生态型环卫系统，其目的是将粪便直接放在地洞中堆肥，随后在这块非常肥沃的土上种上一棵果树——在马拉维通常是种一棵香蕉树。出售香蕉成为植树厕所主人的一种挣钱途径，以支付这种环卫解决办法的费用。", "同样，国家法律文书也是保护水权的重要工具。例如，在博茨瓦纳法院最近的一项裁决中，被逐出其土地、眼睁睁看着自己取水的井被拆除的土著社区根据该国的《水法》成功打赢了官司。上诉法院除其他外根据大会决议指出，水法允许所有拥有土地的人钻孔取水作为家用，而不需拥有具体的水权，限制这一权利可能等同于遭《宪法》禁止的残忍或不人道待遇。", "在全球一级，我高兴地看到，通过我依照授权与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)进行合作，明年联合国水机制全球环境卫生和饮用水问题年度评估报告将包含更多关于国家对享有饮水和卫生设施的权利的承认、它们的可受理性以及公共参与和非歧视的信息。", "同时，负责审查在实现获得水和卫生设施的千年发展目标上所取得进展的儿基会-世卫组织联合监测方案正与我密切合作，制定将顾及人权标准的新指标。我还领导着一支工作队，负责制定指标，以衡量在提供安全饮水与卫生设施方面的非歧视和平等程度。", "在这种背景下，请允许我呼吁联合国所有会员国在谈判2015年后的全球发展议程时，对饮用水和卫生设施框架使用人权。这样做至关重要，因为目前的千年发展目标没有衡量歧视对于享有饮用水和卫生设施的影响。因此，一个国家可以在千年发展目标方面表现出色，但却丝毫没有改变土著人民、贫民窟居民或残疾人的命运。", "此外，饮用水的质量尚未在世界范围内得到监测。目前没有在全球层面评估饮用水和卫生设施服务的承担能力和获得这些服务的距离。一个严峻的现实是，我们根本不知道有多少人能够获得符合供应充足、高质量、容易获得、担负得起和可以接受的标准的饮用水和卫生设施。这些标准是人权框架规定的，并且在去年得到了联合国会员国的支持。现在，而且即使在千年发展目标最后期限过后的很长时间内，都必须使全球发展议程与大会作出的人权承诺保持一致。", "过去三年来，我在实地访问和与努力改善享有饮用水和卫生设施的社区和政策制定者的会晤中汲取到的经验教训表明，这些权利——正如我先前所说的那样——是能够实现的。即便在资源非常有限的国家和社区中，甚至在紧急状况下都能实现这些权利。当然，依然存在许多挑战，其中包括财政的和纯粹技术性的障碍。不过，我必须强调，政治意愿和健全的管理将继续在扩大享有饮用水和卫生设施方面发挥最具决定性的作用。", "本着这种精神，最后，我要吁请相关利益攸关方，包括各个国家、联合国机构、捐助方、民间社会以及私营部门在它们作出各种努力的时候，在国家和国际层面利用人权框架，以确保人人享有饮用水和卫生设施。大会和人权理事会承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权提供了出发点是在作出这一努力时至关重要的工具。通过运用这一框架，干预措施将收到更好成效，结果将更为成功，影响也将更为持久。", "主席(以法语发言)：我谨通知大会，我的名单上有35位发言者。我请各位发言者把发言限制在5分钟以内，以便使尽可能多的人能够参加，否则，下周初将继续进行本次辩论。", "我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以西班牙语发言)：在代表欧洲联盟发言前，我谨欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下与会，并感谢他在这个非常重要的问题上发挥的领导作用和他今天下午所作的发言。我也欢迎秘书长所作的发言，并且欢迎享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士与会。", "(以英语发言)", "我荣幸地代表欧洲联盟及其成员国发言。", "候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛，参与稳定与结盟进程的可能候选国波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚，欧洲自由贸易联盟成员国列支敦士登、欧洲经济区成员国以及乌克兰赞同这一发言。", "主席先生，欧洲联盟感谢你召开本次大会会议，讨论这一极为重要的议题。获得安全饮用水和卫生设施对于人们享有健康和有尊严地生活至关重要。所有国家都有责任确保人们享有充分人权，而且能够平等地获得保健、教育、安全饮用水和卫生设施以及社会和其它基本服务。欧洲联盟赞赏大会最近承认获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权，而且人权理事会明确了这一权利是享有适当生活水准的人权的一部分。", "欧洲联盟也要回顾，联合国会员国虽然对相关决议持不同立场，但我们认为重要的是，国际社会应当展现团结一致的政治意愿，以便解决全球饮用水和卫生设施的危机。", "此外，水资源管理影响到能源、农业、粮食安全和环境等所有对包容性增长和可持续发展有重要意义的部门，也影响和平与安全。", "因此在国际上，政策制定者越来越多地意识到饮用水和卫生设施对于可持续人类发展的重要性，这部分归功于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作。通过千年发展目标，国际社会已经把获得饮用水和卫生设施作为重中之重。在此基础上，我们共同朝实现这个目标取得了实质性进展。", "不过，我们不能骄傲自满，因为饮用水和卫生设施对全世界数亿人来说依然是生死攸关的问题。约有8.84亿人无法获得得到改善的水源，还有超过26亿人得不到可以接受的卫生设施。", "此外，全世界约有三分之一的人生活在受饮用水紧张影响的地区，而且，对饮用水的需求正在增加。发展中国家对饮用水基础设施的投资严重滞后，在非洲尤其如此，使这些国家容易遭受旱灾和洪水，造成巨大的社会、环境和经济影响。获得饮用水和卫生设施在城市环境中是一个特别突出的问题，在这方面，发展中国家城市人口的迅速增长正在增加对基础设施和服务的压力。", "欧盟完全清楚，获得饮用水和卫生设施至关重要，从人权角度和作为一个发展问题来说都是如此。欧盟将进一步把可持续水管理作为其今后发展政策的优先事项。", "欧盟及其成员国在水资源部门对非洲国家有坚定的政治承诺，并且与它们紧密协作。这体现在去年11月在利比亚商定的非洲联盟和欧盟的联合战略中。去年，欧盟还发起了一项千年发展目标倡议，为非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家提供10亿欧元，并且以饮用水和卫生设施为重点。", "总的来说，我们最近看到，由于认识到与气候变化相关的挑战和绿色增长的需要，欧盟及其成员国加强致力于饮用水问题。此外，德国和法国将分别于2011年11月在波恩主办水、能源与粮食关系会议，并于2012年3月在马赛主办世界水论坛。", "欧盟也欣见世界卫生组织和儿童基金会正在牵头努力，研究饮用水和卫生设施方面2015年后的发展框架。我们承认，必须对饮用水和卫生设施服务的质量、承担能力和可及性进行全球监测非常重要。", "最后，请允许我指出，即将于2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约会议二十周年大会)将为全世界提供一个独特机会，确保对可持续发展作出新的政治承诺。", "欧盟及其成员国决心为里约会议二十周年大会取得成功作贡献。获得安全饮用水和卫生设施以及水资源的可持续管理问题在里约会议二十周年大会及其成果文件中应当占据重要地位。大会应当补充和支持我们的努力，以确保全面实现千年发展目标，并且促进持续、包容各方和公平的经济增长和可持续发展。", "维奥蒂女士(巴西)(以西班牙语发言)：巴西欢迎在玻利维亚的倡议下，有机会讨论充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施权利的问题。我很高兴欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下与会。我们非常认真和非常感兴趣地听取了他的发言，我们赞同他呼吁就这个非常重要的问题加强合作、行动和团结。我还应感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士，我赞扬她所做的出色工作。", "获得安全饮用水和卫生设施是消除贫困的先决条件。我们的社会发展努力同各领域的进展密切相关。在国家层面，巴西努力确保安全饮用水和卫生设施的普及化。在国际层面，我们分享自己的经验，并学习别国管理水资源的经验，特别是在干旱和半干旱地区。", "巴西认识到，享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利同尊重生命权、人身安全、健康、粮食和足够的住房有着本质上的联系。如同社会和经济领域中的权利，国家有责任确保其公民充分享受这些权利。尊重这些权利，完全符合1992年《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》所载的各国使用本身水资源的主权原则。", "在行使享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面存在各项挑战，我们在深入审议这些挑战时，必须承认联合国人权实体的核心作用。巴西坚定支持特别报告员在澄清同饮用水和卫生设施的权利相关的各项义务的性质和内涵所作的努力。在这方面，我们期待通过她向第六十六届会议提交的报告，审议在实现这项权利方面存在的挑战。", "明年举行的联合国可持续发展会议将为再次讨论可持续发展方面的饮用水和卫生设施的供应提供又一次机会。我们希望同全体会员国一道作出紧张的努力，在该领域取得有意义的成果，能够导致实现享有饮用水和安全设施的权利。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我谨代表我国代表团欢迎在承认饮用水和卫生设施的权利的第64/292号决议获得通过一年后，召开关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的本次辩论会。", "该决议提醒我们，这项权利已经获得国际法的承认，因此具有法律约束力。西班牙对于我们今天把全部精力用于执行人权理事会第15/9号和第16/2号决议中所载的这项权利，表示赞许。后一项决议尤其重要，因为它延长了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利特别报告员的任期。通过特别报告员和前任独立专家卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克的工作，我们能够为今天承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利奠定基础。我要表示，西班牙感谢今天在座的特别报告员所做值得赞扬的工作，为我们履行这项人权提供了坚实的工作基础。", "必须从人权角度来考虑对饮水权的承认。尽管国际合作努力帮助减缓了局势，但只有从人权角度着手才能改善局势。正是由于这一信念，促使西班牙同德国一道，5年前在日内瓦人权理事会提倡审议享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。我国承认所有人权的普遍性，不管是公民、政治、经济、社会还是文化权利。此外，我们认为，正如特别报告员在今天的发言中指出的那样，尊重所有人权同实现千年发展目标之间有着直接的联系。", "我谨强调她的建议，即各国需要了解如何充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，起草必须被纳入减贫战略和国家预算的国家行动计划。将近9亿人缺乏饮用水和超过25亿人得不到基本卫生设施，这是无法令人接受的事实。", "今天，国家和其他有关行动者确切了解它们在该领域中的人权义务。因此，当前的挑战是有效履行和实现这些义务。在这方面，正如特别报告员那样，我们强调查明最佳做法的重要性。饮水和卫生的最佳做法的标准包括，在人权准则基础上确定标准，以及在非歧视、参与、责任、影响以及当然还有可持续性等原则基础上确定共同的标准。在确保有效行使享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利之时，必须考虑到这些标准。", "西班牙是对有关该问题的决议投赞成票的122个国家之一，该决议是多民族玻利维亚国刚好在一年前提交大会的。因此，我们欢迎今天的辩论以及特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克的与会，她对该问题做出了巨大贡献。西班牙认为，至今已经完成了我们能够支持的大量工作，以便尽可能有效地进一步充分实现这项权利。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，首先，我谨感谢你主动召集会员国参加本次会议，以便让我们共同思考一个需要世界各国政府作出承诺的议题，以确保充分实现享有饮用水的人权。我也谨代表秘鲁代表团和秘鲁政府欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会。", "国际人权准则包含享有饮用水的具体义务。它们要求各国保障所有人为个人和家庭用途而享有足够的饮用水，包括消费、卫生、洗衣、准备食物以及个人和家庭卫生。这些准则还要求各国继续逐步改善充分的卫生服务，以作为人的尊严和私人生活的先决条件，并保护饮用水供应和资源的质量。", "秘鲁认为，水是可再生的自然资源，是生活必需品和可持续发展以及维护支撑这一发展的系统和自然周期的战略部分，并且是国家安全的基本部分。根据我国的立法，水被赋予社会文化、经济和环境价值，因此，必须通过平衡所有这些价值的综合管理来利用它。我们认为，水是我们生态系统的组成部分，是经过水文循环而再生的资源。在这方面，秘鲁认为，水资源的利用和综合管理必须考虑到下列原则。", "第一项原则是水的价值和综合管理。第二，必须优先重视获取水源的问题。第三，公众应参与影响到饮用水质量、数量和可获得性等问题以及其它与饮用水有关问题的决策。第四，必须从法律上保证对饮用水的投资，无论是公共投资、私人投资还是两者相结合。第五，必须尊重农民和土著社区的饮水权。第六，必须采取可持续的办法来利用和保护水资源。第七，应下放水资源管理的权力。最后，必须将水源利用和保护的效率作为一个优先事项。", "随着一年前第64/292号决议的通过，国际社会在提高对保证特别是那些缺水者获得饮用水重要性的认识上向前迈出了重要一步。秘鲁在确定有关饮用水和卫生设施权的各项义务以最终承认它为人权的整个进程中发挥了积极作用。我们参与了首先在日内瓦然后又在纽约进行的磋商，这导致该决议获得通过。秘鲁支持决议的通过，它符合我先前阐述的原则，这些原则是基于我国的国内立法和这样一种假设，即保障该项人权必须取决于本地管理、规划和分配充分享受该权利所必要的充足资源。换句话说，要实现该权利，行政管理当局就必须采取全面做法，承认享有饮用水的人权会产生多层面影响。", "各国要实现这项权利还有很多工作有待完成，首先就是它们要根据本国法律与优先事项来充分理解其影响。秘鲁重申，享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权源自适当生活水平权，并与能达到的最高标准身心健康和生命权与人类尊严权之间有着千丝万缕的联系。本着这一精神，我们确认将遵循这些原则，并再次承诺继续努力，以确保它们成为日益看得见摸得着的现实。", "巴顿先生(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：美国坚定地致力于探索解决我们世界面临的饮水挑战的办法。美国在2010年9月发表的实现千年发展目标的战略中，我们欣见取得的进展，认识到在1990年至2005年期间超过16亿人获得改良的饮用水源。与此同时，美国也对许多国家无法可持续享用安全饮用水和基本卫生设施人口的比例仍然处于令人不可接受的高位表示关切。", "在2010年9月在日内瓦召开的人权理事会会议上，美国加入了第15/9号决议的共识，该决议申明：", "“享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权源于适当生活水准的权利，与享有能达到的最高标准身心健康权密切相连。”(A/HRC/RES/15/9，第3段)", "这两条原则都援引自《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》，它们呼吁各国政府采取步骤以逐渐实现该人权。在3月份的人权理事会上，美国支持延长有关该问题独立专家的任务期限。", "关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权，我们持以下观点。第一，各国政府应努力逐步实现安全饮用水和卫生设施的普及并应寻求为特别是服务不足的人口拓宽渠道。各国政府应酌情制定并实施国家政策与战略并承诺投入充足的预算资源，以便它们能够尽快推进该目标。", "第二，各国政府有义务确保在非歧视的基础上提供获得安全饮用水和卫生服务的渠道。政府还有义务为处于其监护下的人员提供或确保其享有安全饮用水和卫生设施。", "第三，可以将享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利合理解释为包括可获取烹饪用水。还可以将其合理理解为意味着有充足数量和质量的水——尽管未必达到饮用质量——以满足个人卫生的基本需求。", "最后，为支持所有这些目标，各国政府应在饮用水和卫生服务的提供上努力提高透明度和问责，并让公众参与政府的决策。善治是实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利的基础。", "在这方面，我们愿肯定并赞扬秘书长饮用水和卫生问题咨询委员会的工作以及它致力于通过“可持续的环境卫生——2015年前的五年奋斗”倡议来落实各项饮用水和卫生举措。该倡议针对决策者，力求凝聚有利于饮用水和卫生方案的政治意愿。", "美国希望本次旨在开展对话的全体会议还将导致各国政府采取具体行动，减少无法可持续获取安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人员数量。", "博内先生(法国)(以法语发言)：法国赞同以欧洲联盟的名义所作的发言。我愿感谢玻利维亚代表团召开本次会议的倡议。我国欣见第64/292号决议获得通过，大会通过该决议承认了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权。这使我们得以在过去一年加紧就该问题动员各国政府和其它方面。继跨出这一历史性的一步后，人权理事会还一致通过了2010年9月30日第15/9号决议，将享有饮用水的基本权利与拥有适当生活水平的权利挂钩。", "我们需在安全饮用水和卫生设施问题所涉各利益攸关充分参与的情况下执行这些决议，将所有人享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利变为现实，从而向前迈进。本着这一精神，法国致力于在一个公开、非正式和跨区域国家集团即蓝色集团的框架内，促进享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利，并努力将其付诸实现。在这方面，我们赞扬安全饮用水和卫生设施所涉人权问题特别报告员所做的分析、评估和倡导工作。其它一些值得赞扬的举措也在寻求提高对这些新案文及其所载承诺的认识，并力求努力将其付诸实现。我特别要欢迎秘书长在卫生设施方面提出的倡议。", "法国欢迎联合国欧洲经济委员会根据《关于水与健康的议定书》所做的工作，特别是为编写关于平等获取饮用水良好做法的手册而正在进行的筹备工作。我们还感谢那些支持我们介绍世界卫生大会第64/24号决议并使其获得一致通过的众多国家。该决议呼吁世界卫生组织各成员国、整个联合国以及其它利益攸关方确保加强饮用水、卫生和公共健康政策的一体化，以充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。", "我国将于2012年3月12日至17日在马赛举办第六届世界水论坛。享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利是法国国际活动的优先事项，该论坛将是在这个领域加紧动员的一个机会。我们必须重申，各国担负着为落实这一权利建立适当组织框架以及设立负责监督其执行的机制的主要责任。我们尤其重视不同利益攸关方各自作用的划定。", "我们坚信，只有在政治决策的不同层面采取联合行动，才能促成适应每个具体情况的重要进展，因此我们呼吁各方更加认识到地方当局在国家法律和规章的范围内提供国家服务的作用。所有相关的公共利益攸关方必须调动起来，致力于执行以合作方式解决问题的办法，确保所有人都能切实而公平地获得饮用水。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我谨感谢埃及召开这次会议，讨论在实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利方面所面临的挑战。我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下，并感谢他倡议召开这次辩论会，这一倡议得到了一些会员国的支持，我们还要感谢他为这次会议所作的准备。", "大会在第六十四届会议上通过了重要的第64/292号决议，承认享有安全清洁的饮水和卫生设施是一项人权，并且支持全面实现所有人权的国际努力。埃及重申，所有人权都是普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的，并且人们必须公平和全面地享有所有各项人权。该决议强调会员国必须在国家层面采取一切必要措施，按照国际人道主义法和国际条约规定的义务，确保达到所有人都享有人权的要求。", "在这种情况下，埃及认为，必须努力解决我们各国人民，尤其是发展中国家人民在确保清洁饮用水和卫生设施的获取上所面临的一切挑战，要考虑到国家和区域特点，同时遵守有关国际水道和跨界水资源的国际和区域条约的条款，避免划分与国际商定人权文书所规定权利不同的分类别人权。", "审查实现千年发展目标方面所取得进展的高级别全体会议的成果文件(第65/1号决议)重申了我们承诺将无法获得洁净饮用水和卫生设施的人数减少一半。即使一些国际报告显示到2015年有可能实现这一目标，但是埃及相信，一些挑战会妨碍这一承诺的兑现，最大的挑战就是获得执行相关国家方案的资金，估计每年为112亿美金。", "此外，我们需要加倍努力，解决气候变化的负面影响，实现可持续发展，尤其是经济和社会发展；控制人口增长；加强在技术转让、科学研究和发展，尤其在饮水和卫生设施领域的国际合作。", "在这方面，埃及政府几年前通过了一项水资源领域的综合国家计划，以支持善治，从而确保公平和公正地分配洁净饮用水和向我国人民提供卫生服务，且不对环境造成伤害。这一计划的执行工作基于权力下放，与相关部门和国家机构进行全面合作，从而提高用水效率以维持健康；应对气候变化的负面影响；支持国家水资源管理委员会的作用以及私营部门在管理水资源中的参与；在相关国家实体之间持续更新和交换数据与信息；协调国家投资；使用水合理化，在这方面赋予妇女更大的作用。", "实现为世界所有人民提供洁净饮用水和卫生设施的目标将需要在国际层面采取一项基于几个主要支柱的全面综合的办法，其中最重要的支柱是解决气候变化造成的挑战；促进水技术领域的国际合作；提供所需的财政资源和官方发展援助以支持提供洁净饮用水和卫生设施的国家方案和政策；尤其在相关国家中支持可持续发展方案；开发防止污染的技术。", "在这种情况下，联合国和国际社会必须加强共同努力，开展综合研究以解决妨碍实现世界各国人民享有洁净饮用水和卫生设施权利所面临的主要挑战，并将每个会员国的情况和特点所造成的不同挑战考虑在内。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴欢迎我们敬爱的同志、兄弟般的多民族玻利维亚国的埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统。当然，我们完全支持他的发言，并感谢他个人和他的国家在国际社会最重要问题上，例如在今天大会正在审议的问题上所发挥的领导作用。", "水是人类生存的核心元素。莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统明智地申明，水就是生命。在多民族玻利维亚国的倡议下，一年前通过了关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议，这项决议是一个里程碑。联合国第一次承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利是一项基本人权。", "我们在这个大厅发言的同时，世界上有超过8.84亿的人无法获得饮用水资源，有26亿人，其中包括10亿儿童，无法获得基本的卫生设施。我们不能消极地接受这样的事实，每年有超过350万的人死于因受污染的水而造成的疾病，世界上每八个人中就有一个人得不到饮用水。除非我们迅速和有效地采取行动，否则到2025年有超过30亿的人将受到缺水问题的影响。", "世界上多数人生活在水资源主要用于农业的发展中国家。因此，气候变化造成的缺水问题，除其他外，意味着农业、水产养殖和其他形式的粮食生产将受到严重影响，使发展中国家业已不稳定的粮食安全状况更加恶化。", "必须加强国际合作，而且需要建立不受世界银行和国际货币基金组织歧视性要求和附加条件限制的基金和财政机制。这些国际基金，不论是否由联合国主持，都必须提供具体的资金和技术来源，从而扩大饮用水、卫生设施、农业和水产养殖生产、综合水生产和生态系统可持续管理的覆盖面。", "1995年，古巴实现了有关获得饮用水和卫生设施的千年发展目标，并认为获得水是一项基本人权。在我国，国家负责水资源和卫生设施的管理与控制。我们采取了许多措施，确保享有水的人权。请允许我仅举数例。", "我们改进了水的供给与质量，提高了水的合理使用率。我们将生产性过程中的用水量减少了30%。我们实现了水传播疾病的发病率逐年下降。我们为逾96%的人口提供了饮用水。我们扩大了饮用水的覆盖面、氯化程度和质量。我们建立了旱灾预警系统。", "尽管取得了这些进展，但是与其它发展中国家一样，古巴也面临着气候变化、自然灾害以及水源缺乏等各种挑战。", "美国政府对古巴施行的长达半个多世纪的罪恶的经济、金融和贸易封锁给获取新技术、水务产品及其裨益并增加这些领域的职业培训制造了严重限制与障碍。", "古巴不支持跨国公司主张的水资源私有化计划或市场机制，它们声称此种计划或机制是解决自然资源包括水源短缺的一种办法。平等、不受歧视地获得充足的水源和卫生设施是一种基本权利，绝不能以此作为又一个谋取利润的机会来加以操纵。联合国必须成为讨论该问题并就此达成协议的主要论坛。", "阿斯卡罗夫先生(乌兹别克斯坦)(以俄语发言)：今天关于水资源、实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施这项人权所面临主要挑战以及它对实现千年发展目标所产生影响的辩论会给我们提供了一个讨论这个非常重要议题的机会。", "7月20日，安全理事会讨论了气候变化对广泛意义上安全的影响(见S/PV.6587)。在那次会议上所作的许多发言中都直接提到了这样的事实，即：缺水是世界许多地区面临的重大挑战之一。", "今天，没有人会对这样一个无可争议的事实提出异议，即：年复一年，地球上都不幸遭受日益增多的自然灾害和气候变化的影响。过去一年来，我们看到海地、日本、智利和新西兰发生了破坏力史无前例的地震。我们看到巴基斯坦和澳大利亚发生了水灾。我们看到美国、中国和非洲之角发生了严重旱灾。", "在中亚，我们还看到这些现象暴露出令人担忧的问题。作为阿姆河和Sir Darya河主要源头的帕米尔和天山山脉的冰川正在融化。今天，我们区域遭受了极其严重的旱灾，影响到区域各国的社会经济发展，包括千年发展目标的实现。我们遭遇到粮食减产、环境恶化以及生态危机带来的其它消极后果。", "请允许我仅举一例。曾是世界上第四大陆地水体的咸海已经消失，并成为巨大的阿拉尔库姆沙漠。在这方面，理性并合理地使用水源和能源是中亚面临的重大挑战之一。对该挑战采取任意而为和模棱两可的做法只会导致生态灾害的加剧。", "今天，我们在咸海地区面临的不仅只是生态问题，还有影响到全球的社会经济和人口问题，这是秘书长在2010年4月访问咸海地区时亲眼所见。", "我愿指出，我们乌兹别克斯坦正在实施一系列方案，以合理使用水源，并提高其使用效率。在农业改革方面，我们成立了用水者协会。我们减少了专门种植棉花的土地面积，现在它只占到我们耕地的25%。尽管我国加紧发展经济，但是我们一直在减少从河流中提取的水量。过去数年来，我们投资10多亿美元用于恢复我们的土壤。由此，我们现在增加了74万多公顷耕地。", "尽管取得了所有这些成就，但是必须承认的是，我们仍有300多万人无法获得清洁的饮用水。乌兹别克斯坦占中亚地区总人口的将近50%，在咸海灾害中我们首当其冲。我们感到，我们有道义上的权利呼吁区域各国协调努力，以确保理性合理地使用水资源。此外，中亚必须充分履行联合国关于水源和联合用水的各项公约，其中包括1992年3月17日的《联合国保护和利用跨界水体和国际湖泊公约》和1997年4月4日的《国际水道非航行使用法公约》。这两份文件都明确规定，对跨界水体的使用包括建造水力发电站都绝不可损害环境和/或邻国的利益。", "在这些普遍公认的国际法律原则与规范的指导下，乌兹别克斯坦明确反对在中亚河流的上游建造任何大型水力发电站而不顾及河流下游地区各国的利益。正如我国总统在2010年9月千年发展首脑会议上所说的那样，", "“任何企图实施30至40年前在苏联时期起草的在上游建造包括巨型水坝在内大型水电设施项目——这些计划没有考虑到该地区的地震活动，而拟议的修建工程可能把地震频率提高8至9点——的做法都可能对环境造成无可挽回的损害，带来非常危险的人为灾难”(A/65/PV.3，第14页)。", "去年乌兹别克斯坦加入了国际大坝委员会，该委员会在其研究报告中说，在跨界水道上建造大坝可能意味着诸多方面的巨大风险。", "2008年，联合国开始发出粮食日益短缺的警报。气候变化和水源短缺使粮食减产，甚至危及生命。没有有保障的水源供给，安全、稳定或生命权这项人权就无从谈起。如联合国粮食及农业组织的基本文件中指出的那样——乌兹别克斯坦完全赞同这种说法——淡水应首要用于生产粮食。这对于中亚来说尤其具有现实意义，各国必须合理、负责任地使用水资源，因为各国、整个区域乃至每个人的生命与安全都要依赖水源。", "伯杰先生(德国)(以英语发言)：德国完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员所作的发言。", "首先，请允许我感谢大会主席和玻利维亚总统倡议召开本次重要的全体会议，讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的人权问题。多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下莅临会议令我们今天倍感荣幸。我还要热烈欢迎享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士。今天的辩论使我们有机会回顾我们取得的成就，而且更为重要的是，思考今后的挑战。", "过去12个月中，在联合国，首先在大会，然后在日内瓦的人权理事会承认了享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，它来源于享有适当生活水准的权利。这一突破是相关国家政府、全球民间社会组织、各国人权机构以及专家多年来在国际和国内参与的结果。", "德国感到自豪的是，我们从一开始就参与了这一进程。2008年，德国和西班牙在人权理事会提出了一项倡议，要求设立当时的关于这个问题的独立专家一职。我们看到，我们的倡议得到了越来越多的支持，其结果是2011年人权理事会设立了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员一职。假如没有来自各个区域集团的许多与我们志同道合会员国的重要支持，原本不可能向前迈出这重要的一步。", "目前的巨大挑战是落实我们共同作出的决定。谈到享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，我们不得不重申有必要进行更广泛的思考，而不仅仅是考虑技术可行性问题。要想制订可持续的解决办法，我们就必须采用将此种权利作为人权来对待的办法。在我们为那些有需要的人们制订解决办法时，饮水和卫生设施是否安全、优质、充足、有供应、在实际上和经济上是否易于获得以及是否负担得起的问题就必须得到充分关注。忽视这些必备要素就意味着忽视那些拥有这些人权者的真正需要。", "副主席克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)主持会议。", "我们还应当考虑的是，在各个具体国家所处的情况中执行方案时，不存在放之四海而皆准的做法。然而，共同标准仍然是一样的，即，实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。在这方面，我们期待讨论特别报告员将在今年9月向人权理事会提交的最佳做法汇编。在此背景下，并且考虑到秘书长今天也予以强调的人权与千年发展目标之间的联系，我们感到特别高兴的是，世界卫生组织和儿童基金会对饮水和卫生设施部门的联合监测方案调整了有关获得饮水和卫生设施的标准，使它们符合享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员确定的标准。", "在结束发言前，我鼓励全世界各个地区想法一致的国家参与促进和落实享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，并确保在讨论国家解决方案和制订国家行动计划时坚持将此种权利作为人权来对待。", "加西亚·冈萨雷斯先生(萨尔瓦多)(以西班牙语发言)：我们赞扬多民族玻利维亚国提出倡议以及埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和大会主席发挥领导作用，召开关于把享有安全饮用水和卫生设施作为人权的全体辩论。", "水是一切形式生命的基础，它对人类、动物和环境都是必不可少的。获得饮水和卫生设施是有尊严生活的必要条件。没有水，就无法享有许多人权。因此，水对于民生和社会发展非常重要。事实上，一切伟大文明都是起源发展于靠近巨大水源的地方。", "获得饮用水是萨尔瓦多政府完全支持的一项基本人权，但目前，这项人权由于影响水这种重要液体的两个主要因素——短缺和污染——而受到阻碍。研究表明，全世界五分之一的人口无法获得安全的饮用水。每天有6 000人由于饮水受污染而死亡，其中大多数是儿童。", "萨尔瓦多饮水和卫生设施供应服务的获得水平仍然很低，特别是在农村地区。不过，在毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳总统领导的现任政府的领导下，我们正在制订各个领域的一系列项目，以便改善我国境内这种重要液体的供应和质量。我国政府把可持续和全面的水管理视作一个参与性进程，目的是实现提供高质量清洁饮水方面保护、养蓄、保卫和预防的国际商定目标，以便通过有效协调公共政策，确保全体人民和后世子孙获得饮用水的权利。", "2010年7月28日，萨尔瓦多与许多国家一道作为提案国，在大会全体会议上促成通过了题为“享有饮水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议。这确实是促进可持续人类发展国际努力方面的重要一步。", "然而，要有效执行这项把饮用水作为人权的宣言，就必须在实践中同时采取一系列措施，防止浪费和污染水源及借水牟利。在许多有可能导致社会暴力的冲突中，水正日益成为一个关键因素。", "作为人权，获得饮用水和卫生设施必须做到公平、非歧视、数量充足和质量好、在经济、社会和环境上可以持续，并且负担得起。因此，国家有义务保护人民不被切断供水服务，并且不受污染的影响，并且防止个人或公司侵犯其他人的权利。", "我们不能忽视森林在养蓄水源方面的作用。如果大片森林被摧毁，这将对整个水资源系统产生消极影响，导致供水量和水质下降。同样重要的是要管制与采矿、石油勘探和农业产业化有关的活动，这些活动是水污染的直接来源。", "我们都有责任确保每一个人，特别是最贫困和最受排斥的群体的基本需求得到满足，并且能够获得饮水和卫生设施。实现千年发展目标应当有助于满足这些需求。不过，在每一个人都能充分行使其获得饮水和卫生设施的权利方面，仍有许多工作要做。我国代表团认为，这个问题应当成为有关2012年联合国可持续发展大会实质性内容讨论的一个重要部分。", "最后，萨尔瓦多政府同意，各国都应当采取措施，促进更合理地利用水资源。", "布格斯塔勒女士(瑞典)(以英语发言)：瑞典完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "瑞典欢迎召开今天这次关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利的全体讨论会。获得安全饮水和适当的卫生设施，对于人的生命、健康和尊严是绝对必需的。享有饮水和卫生设施的权利目前在全世界已被公认是一项人权，它产生于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》中有关健康和适当生活水准的权利，并且获得大会和安全理事会各项决定的证实。", "有鉴于此，瑞典欣见人权理事会今年3月一致通过一项决议，设立关于享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权的特别报告员一职。我们赞扬特别报告员所做的出色工作，并且我们感谢她今天在这里的发言。", "各国现在必须确保人人都可获得安全饮水，以满足个人基本需要，并且以非歧视性的方式组织安排供水。对水资源进行有效、公平和可持续的管理，是实现可持续发展、包容性经济增长和实现千年发展目标的一个重要先决条件。即将召开的2012年联合国可持续发展会议，为我们大家提供了一个战略性机会，以便进一步应对在所有各级改善水资源管理的挑战，并且向所有人，特别是妇女，提供安全饮水和基本卫生设施，妇女往往在确保地方一级供水并满足家庭需求方面发挥核心作用。", "迄今为止，在人权理事会和其他联合国人权机构所做的工作帮助我们确定了各国在享有饮水和卫生设施的权利方面的义务，并且为我们今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础——在实地尊重并执行这项最近获得承认的权利，并且使所有人实际享有这项权利。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言)：首先，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯热烈欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛阁下。我们感谢他的亲自参与，并感谢玻利维亚倡导这项有意义的举措。", "去年，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯是第64/292号决议的积极提案国，大会在该决议中承认，享有安全和干净饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权，对于充分享受生活和所有人权至关重要。第64/292决议在人权理事会以往各项决议基础上更进了一步。这项决议后来得到了人权理事会第15/9号决议的补充，后者加强了大会在承认这项关键人权时的法律框架。", "近年来，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯把大量资源用于实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。过去十年里，通过审慎地在基础设施和组织安排上进行投资，我们把管道输水从70%增加到98%以上。通过建立新的配水系统、现代化污水处理设施和大幅改善的垃圾收集和处理，我们显著改善了卫生设施。", "我国在实现和加强这一人权方面所取得的小小成功告诉我们，如果存在必要的资源和政治意愿，完全可以实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。国际社会经常表示对实现这项权利的政治承诺，但是我们往往让英勇的民间社会组织和小企业主来做这方面的大量艰苦工作，而他们却没有能力进行必要的多部门改革。", "我们现在必须落实去年决议的呼吁，", "“通过国际援助和合作，向尤其是发展中国家提供财政资源，帮助进行能力建设，转让技术，以便加紧努力，向所有人提供安全、清洁、容易获得和负担得起的饮水和卫生设施”(第64/292号决议，第2段)。", "我们能否响应这一号召，将成为无法获得安全饮水的8.84亿人和无法获得基本卫生设施的26亿人对我们进行评判的标准。", "本次会议也必须认识到，象圣文森特和格林纳丁斯这样的发展中国家近来所取得的成果的脆弱性，以及享有安全饮水的权利所面临的迫在眉睫威胁的紧迫性。气候变化和荒漠化很可能使饮水权方面最近的进展化为乌有，并将进一步阻碍向千百万人提供饮水和卫生设施的努力，这些人在生活中缺乏这些基本必需品是不可原谅的。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯最近反常的干旱迫使政府不得不用船把饮水送到我们群岛的其他岛屿，并且影响到了我国的农业生产力和水利发电能力。海平面上升危及小岛屿发展中国家的水位，不久可能对这些社区的饮水、农业和畜牧业造成灾难性的影响。", "根据联合国水机制，到2025年，被列为“缺水”的国家数目将增加50%。今后几年中，缺水以及因此不可避免造成的紧张将产生明显的安全影响。", "为了实现饮水权，必须进行发展合作和增加资源。此外，国际社会必须开始把水问题纳入全球政治议程的主流，把气候变化同供水更密切地联系起来，并且考虑到许多国家，特别是发达国家所使用、过度使用和浪费的水的真正价值。", "联合国并不缺少有关饮水和卫生设施议题的重要和用意良好的决议和宣言。我们有大会决议、人权理事会决议以及独立专家和特别报告员的报告。千年发展目标规定了到2015年把无法持久获得安全饮水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半的目标——这个目标不幸看来根本无法实现。", "三年前，潘基文秘书长宣布2008年为“最底层十亿人民年”。对于缺乏安全饮水的将近十亿人，慷慨陈辞的时代早已过去。当我们继续随便冲洗我们的厕所、把喝剩一半的进口矿泉水瓶扔进垃圾堆和又一次尽情享受长时间的淋浴之时，让我们下决心为那些仅仅为了找到一口未污染的水而冒生命危险并且耗费数日的人采取有意义的行动。", "鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言)：我向埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统转达尼加拉瓜人民和政府的热情问候，以及对他的赞赏和感谢，因为他领导多民族玻利维亚国把享有安全饮水和卫生设施的权利当作一项对充分享受生活来说必不可少的人权。从一开始，尼加拉瓜就自豪地支持这项倡议，而这项倡议最终导致通过了第64/292号决议。", "丹尼尔·奥尔特加·萨维德拉司令领导的和解和民族团结政府认为至关重要的是应把人视作发展的核心，以充分尊重尼加拉瓜人民的人权，特别是在实现使他们能够享有体面生活水准的经济、社会和文化权利方面。在这方面，考虑到饮用水和卫生设施对于个人的健康和尊严至关重要，我国政府已努力投资改善获得饮用水和卫生设施的途径，并且制订了国家计划。同样，我们坚决反对过去几届政府开始的私有化努力。享有饮用水的人权——人类的生命——绝不能被私有化。", "仍有8.84亿人得不到饮用水，有26亿人缺少基本卫生设施。饮用水供应不足和不当在全世界是一个长期的卫生问题。发展中国家有80%的疾病是缺少清洁饮用水和适当卫生设施引起的，因此也是患病和死亡的主要原因之一，尤其对儿童而言。", "这种悲惨的局面应当激励会员国继续共同努力，争取充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。这还应当激励国际社会动员技术援助和合作，以便支持与获得饮用水和卫生设施有关的国家行动计划和倡议。实现获得饮用水和卫生设施的目标对人类发展和实现千年发展目标都至关重要。在这方面，饮用水和卫生设施没有得到必要的重视，因此我们未能朝实现与它们紧密相联的千年发展目标一个重要组成部分的方向加大和维持进展。", "必须要做的是根据人权标准和原则，包括享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利以及与非歧视等相关的人权义务来规划和做出合作和发展援助努力，同时确保采取适当和有效的措施，以便确定和应对对人权产生的任何消极影响。", "如果不进行考虑到今世后代所有需求的可持续水管理，我们就会面临与日俱增的风险，发现我们自己陷入不仅事关全世界最贫困人口的发展和生存而且还有可能威胁国际和平与安全的局面中。只有我们各国人民意识到这种不可持续的消费和生产模式不可能再继续下去，我们才能拯救地球母亲，并且最终拯救我们星球上的所有人。", "安德里亚纳里韦卢-拉扎菲先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言)：请允许我对主席组织本次重要会议表示马达加斯加政府的感谢。这次会议将使联合国会员国能够讨论享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权这一至关重要的议题。", "在大会于2010年7月通过其关于享有饮用水和卫生设施是一项基本权利的历史性的第64/292号决议一年之后，开始一场真诚对话的时候到了，目的是规划直接走向充分和有效实现这一对实现千年发展目标来说至关重要的权利的道路，而且最重要的是，确定我们必须找到持久办法加以解决的挑战和障碍。第64/292号决议与此前的所有决定和行动一道，为实现我们在2015年以前把得不到饮用水和卫生设施的人数减半的明确目标作出了巨大贡献。", "水是人类生命的根本。马达加斯加认为，获得饮用水和卫生设施是真正的基本权利，应当无一例外或不歧视地予以尊重。因此，每一个国家和政府都有责任和义务来确保它们的每一个公民都能充分享有这项权利。马达加斯加政府把这一愿景作为其行动的指导原则，对发展和消除贫困方面与饮用水和卫生设施有关的战略性挑战和问题予以高度重视，并且在1999年颁布了一部关于水的法律，在2008年设立水资源部，从而在最高层面把承诺转化为行动。水资源部的职责是通过以千年发展目标为基础，旨在确保经济增长和马达加斯加人民民生条件以及确保获得饮用水和发展环卫基础设施的办法，促进可持续和有支持的发展。", "此外，马达加斯加卫生部的环境卫生服务和工程司把预防与生活水准低下有关的疾病作为主要目标，建立了一个卫生和环境服务部门。土地管理部和环境部等其它各部委在这些领域作支持性努力。于2008年11月通过的国家环境卫生政策和战略加强了马达加斯加政府的立法和管制框架。这一战略以提高马达加斯加全国的环卫和个人卫生工作效力为目标，负责管理水资源，特别是保护饮用水、养蓄水源、保护环境、最好地使用水资源以及饮用水供应和家庭废水环卫处理。", "为了应对缺少饮用水和得不到卫生设施造成的无处不在的疾病危险和其它后果，我们在马达加斯加各国伙伴和朋友的支持下，并且通过我国政府的努力，加强了具体行动。仅举几例说明：“Dioran WASH马达加斯加”倡议是一个对话和交流经验的平台，接受国家“Dioran WASH”战略和宪章的管制，把政府机构、国家和国际非政府组织、双边和多边技术和资金合作伙伴聚集起来。这一倡议使我们得以在为人民提供饮用水和宣传良好的环卫和个人卫生做法方面取得了巨大进展。自2007年以来，我们还在“WASH”框架内设立了几百个采取饮用水-环境卫生-个人卫生综合一体办法的基础卫生诊所。我们还为这一倡议增添了一个卫生设施和安全饮用水初级环境保护方案，我们正在寻求更多伙伴支持这个方案。", "马达加斯加作出了巨大努力，但是我国在实现千年发展目标方面仍面临许多挑战。每年的干旱都会影响我国南部地区，给成千上万人民特别是儿童构成持续威胁。2010年，43%的人口可以获取安全的饮用水，48%的家庭拥有卫生设施。这与政府自身设定的到2015年有63%的人口可获取安全饮用水和56%的人口拥有卫生设施的目标离得还很远。", "各种障碍，包括资金匮乏、人力资源不足、缺少有关环境卫生和个人卫生要求的最新数据、特别是农村地区行为方式改变的因素以及文化因素都使这些挑战雪上加霜。我国政府铭记这些挑战，同时鼓励非政府组织和民间社会更多地参与饮用水供应设施和卫生设施的组织、运作以及管理活动。", "马达加斯加政府呼吁加紧调集财政资源，使世界各国人民特别是发展中国家和非洲国家人民能够充分享有饮用水和卫生设施的基本权利。我国政府呼吁所有会员国有效履行它们已做出的承诺，务使这种权利成为现实，而非仅仅停留在理论上。", "迪亚洛先生(塞内加尔)(以法语发言)：首先，我愿衷心感谢本次会议的主办各方、主要是玻利维亚，并对这一受人欢迎的倡议表示高度赞赏。", "大会在其第64/292号决议中指出，享有安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施是一种人权，它对充分享受生活并享有各种人权来说至关重要。这一重大进步与宣布2005年至2015年为“生命之水”国际行动十年一道，将水和卫生问题决定性地摆到了联合国议程的优先位置。", "在这一背景下，我国定期重申它致力于并决心实现千年发展目标，特别是目标7，即到2015年将不能持续享有安全饮用水或卫生服务的人口比例减少一半。", "这就是为什么享有安全饮用水和充足卫生服务这个国际发展议程上的重大挑战得到了我国发展政策的优先重视。本着同一精神，塞内加尔几十年来一直执行一项饮用水供应政策，旨在以尽可能低的成本为不同用户提供数量充足、质量合格的饮用水。该政策引发了一场机构和立法改革，特别注重于加强管理并为最受边缘化的人群提供饮用水，这提高了该部门的效力。", "此外，充满活力的私营部门及水资源统筹管理行动计划的执行也支撑了该机制。除这些努力外，还出现了另外一个积极动态，即在水和卫生千年方案框架内，特别是在贫困的近郊和农村地区建立了多个水力基础设施。该方案的实施使我们取得了相当显著的成果。尽管取得了这些使实现该具体领域中千年发展目标大有希望的积极成果，但是，特别是在郊区饮用水质量和供给以及卫生方面仍有大量工作有待完成。", "为减少城乡之间获取饮用水和卫生设施方面的差异，我们开展了旨在利用特别是集水区域地表水和径流水的活动。", "如果我们不考虑诸如旱灾和水灾等可能会加剧水资源紧缺并使获取饮用水和卫生问题更加恶化的气候现象，我们就打不赢这场仗。这就是为什么我呼吁加强国际合作与援助，这对于支持发展中国家的活动以落实在这方面制定的目标势在必行。", "最后，我愿向关于安全饮用水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士重申，塞内加尔政府欢迎她计划不久之后对我国进行的访问。", "奥尔埃耶先生(吉布提)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿赞扬戴斯主席在玻利维亚以及包括我国在内的20多个国家的倡议下，促成召开本次会议，目的是在通过题为“享有饮水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议一年后，就实现享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权及其对实现千年发展目标的影响开展对话。", "多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次会议使我们今天在此的集会更显重要，通过将该问题摆在国际议程之上也彰显出高层对饮水和卫生设施问题的政治承诺。", "本次会议召开的时机也十分重要，因为它是在非洲之角地区当前遭遇严重干旱的背景下召开的，旱灾横跨索马里、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚和吉布提，1 000多万人正面临严重饥饿。不幸的是，尽管在过去6个月中发出过早期预警和呼吁，然而世界对人道主义灾难漫延的认识却很迟缓，灾难造成清洁水源、粮食、住房和保健服务等资源被严重耗尽。", "我们距离国际社会承诺的到2015年全面实现将无法获取或承担不起安全饮用水或基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半的千年发展目标的最后期限只有数年之遥。因此，除非国际社会表现出充分诚意，否则跨越这一鸿沟是不可想象的，因为目前仍有将近10亿人没有优质的饮用水，并有26亿多人享受不到改良的卫生设施。", "不过，非常令人鼓舞的是，许多国家正致力于承认享有饮用水和卫生设施是一项人权，并且正在通过适当的政治意愿，采取短期和长期措施来实现这些目标。", "与其它问题一样，我们不能逃避的现实是，在充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面，世界分为享有者和未享有者两极。但我们必须记住，我们负有义务。这些区别必须让位于理智和具体的政治承诺，以确保大部分人口能够获得安全饮用水和卫生设施，无论他们的生活状况如何，也无论他们居住在什么地方。", "人权问题独立专家认为，人权禁止歧视、排斥和剥夺任何群体或个人权利的行为，无论这些人生活在农村地区、贫民窟还是贫困之中。正因为如此，人权框架赋予国家实现人权的主要责任，国家应当确保逐步实现普遍享有人权的目标，并且创造总体的支持性环境。", "我国是淡水资源最不充足的国家之一，我们有可能在未来25年内耗尽水资源。我们是人均可得用水最少的国家之一。在186个接受缺水状况审查的国家中，吉布提是全世界17个风险最大国家之一，被称为面临“极度风险”。对于我们和其它处于相同情况的国家而言，气候变化不断改变的模式预计将带来更多干旱和洪水。预期缺水的情况将变得更加严重。", "随着世界人口的增长，饮用水消耗量的增加将不可避免，而且，考虑到灌溉用水增加而且效率低下、腐败现象和资源管理不善，缺水问题将益加恶化。尽管一些缺水国家或许拥有其它天然资源，使它们能够投资建设盐水淡化工厂、建造水库或者以其它方式确保粮食生产，但大多数国家都面临真正的生存挑战。", "在通过关于安全饮用水和卫生设施问题的第64/292号决议一年之后，我们很高兴参加本次会议，评估在千年发展目标背景下取得的进展。我们在充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面确实有很长的路要走，但是，这种展望不应妨碍我们，使我们不去为使得不到饮用水或者缺少可接受卫生条件的千百万人能够享受他们的人权而努力奋斗。", "Ngculu先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我国代表团要感谢大会主席召开本次会议，讨论与在千年发展目标下实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利相关的挑战。", "南非还要赞扬多民族玻利维亚国代表团，特别是埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下作出努力，并且致力于确保获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权。", "南非宪法的人权法案为充分享有所有人权和基本自由，包括获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权提供了法律框架。此外，南非宪法规定享有经济、社会和文化权利是正当合理的——这来源于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约、公民及政治权利国际公约》——特别是在逐步实现这些权利，包括获得饮用水和卫生设施的权利的基础上这样做。", "在这方面，我国政府有义务创造必要的有利环境，以确保所有南非人民都能获得条件可以接受的饮用水和卫生设施。我国政府制订了专门方案、政策、标准和法律，以确保人们实现和享有获得饮用水和卫生设施的权利，而且自1994年以来一直为过去的弱势群体和种族歧视的受害者创造获得基本饮水和卫生设施的条件，从而致力于确保人们获得基本饮水和卫生设施的权利。", "这项权利具有全面性，它还涉及其它权利，如享有适当住房和适当生活水准以及享受可实现的最高卫生标准的权利。南非政府对处理人居问题采取的办法是不仅仅建造住房本身，还包括提供获得基本卫生设施、保健和饮用水的途径。", "水和环境是南非经济增长和发展的催化剂。水务部是使人民享有饮用水和卫生设施人权方面的国家职能机构，其作用是确保国家拥有足够水源和保护环境，以便满足我国发展的需要，包括千年发展目标。", "南非政府内阁还在2003年批准了供水服务战略框架，并且致力于实现以下卫生设施目标：所有南非人民都应能够获得运作良好的基本卫生设施；所有学校都应拥有适当和安全的供水和卫生服务；所有诊所都应配备适当和安全的供水和卫生设施，以及停用所有使用便桶的厕所。", "在非洲水事部长理事会的主持下，南非在通过利用和管理水资源促进可持续社会和经济发展以及保护非洲生态系统方面与其它非洲国家积极合作和协作。南非还利用“非洲发展新伙伴关系”的饮水和卫生设施基础设施项目和南部非洲发展共同体的饮水和卫生设施项目，以进一步实现非洲人民享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利。为了响应千年发展目标的承诺，南非致力于执行一项专门的供水服务方案。考虑到我们是一个缺水国家，南非自己也走在渐进式水资源管理的前列。", "我们要高兴地宣布，南非做得不错。在实现正规基本供水服务的千年发展目标方面，我们在2005年已经把正式积压量减少一半，就基本卫生设施而言，我们在2008年实现了千年发展目标。南非政府取得的这些成就可以归功于专门的战略行动和强有力的政治意愿和承诺。不过，尽管我们认识到在为贫困家庭提供饮水等基本服务方面已经取得巨大进展，但仍然有许多人得不到或者无法充分获得饮用水。", "实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面的重要挑战与气候变化有关，气候变化是一个现实问题，它影响到许多人，并且对南非的长期可持续发展、经济增长、生活质量、移徙和城市化都构成威胁。", "南非仍然致力于确保获得饮用水的权利不可侵犯，在这方面，我们同其他代表团一道呼吁各国和国际组织，通过国际援助和合作，向尤其是发展中国家提供财政资源、帮助进行能力建设和转让技术，以便加紧努力，向所有人提供安全、清洁、容易获得和负担得起的饮用水和卫生设施，以便实现千年发展目标7和更广泛的可持续发展目标。", "克勒希先生(匈牙利)(以英语发言)：匈牙利完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "前面的发言者已经发表了很多意见，各会员国显然就一系列广泛问题达成了强烈的共识，这促使我就我们认为特别重要的一些问题和信息作非常简短的重点发言。", "保护水资源和对水进行综合、可持续的管理，包括卫生设施是我国的主要优先事项。我们保证同我们的伙伴进一步分享我们在这些领域中的经验。", "匈牙利认为，坚实的法律基础对于国家和国际层面成功的水管理和卫生设施极端重要。匈牙利努力在所有水问题上，以及在明年举行的联合国可持续发展会议(里约会议二十周年会议)上，加强国际伙伴关系。", "应当普及干净饮用水和卫生设施，但今天的现实远非如此，因为全世界数亿人民继续由于被剥夺了我们认为是必需的像样人类生活而受苦。我们认为，这是一个必须受到保护的所有人的权利。为此需要对脆弱地区的管理机构、政策和基础设施进行投资。如果我们现在不采取预防性措施，毁灭性的人道主义、经济和社会后果将造成更大的代价。", "Vigny先生(瑞士)(以法语发言)：2010年7月18日大会在其第64/292号决议中宣布，享有安全和清洁饮用水及卫生设施的权利是充分享有生活和所有人权所必不可少的条件，这是在水问题上迈出的一个历史性步骤。", "瑞士积极参加了这些谈判并对决议表示支持，同时强调在大会和人权理事会的工作中进行协调的必要性。这两个联合国机构通过的决议为实际获得廉价和非歧视性的质量合格的服务引进了新的道德和质量层面。瑞士坚决认为，由于千年发展目标和我们需要为2015年以后制定的新目标，必须采取以人权为基础的方法。", "考虑到这一点，我们欢迎独立专家在大会第六十五届会议期间提交的关于享有安全饮水和安全设施的权利对于实现千年发展目标、特别是目标7.C的重要性的报告(A/65/254)。目标7.C谋求在2015年把无法获得安全饮用水或基本卫生服务的人口比例减少一半。世界卫生组织/儿童基金会供水和卫生联合监测方案为监测实现有关水和卫生的千年发展目标而制定的标准，现在应当纳入这些新的层面。", "瑞士同其他几个国家一道，支持联合监测方案的这项任务，它使我们能够从人权角度监测供水和卫生领域作出的进展。该方案所描述的目前情况，表明在供水方面存在巨大差异以及卫生设施严重不足。实地的需求同现有的财政资源之间存在着巨大差距。在此情况下，需要增加低收入国家提供的饮水和卫生资金以及提供给低收入国家的这方面资金。", "获得包括瑞士在内的无数合作伙伴支持的“人人享有水和卫生设施工作队”谋求在全球层面促进这个问题的对话与承诺。", "今年初，瑞士议会同意增加我国的官方发展援助。这一增加将主要用于水问题。瑞士发展与合作机构决定支持设立和共同资助一个瑞士非政府组织会社，它将注重水和卫生设施普及率极小的国家，尤其是脆弱国家。", "在承认饮水权方面所获得的进展必须转变为具体的解决办法，并且这种办法的规模必须作适当调整。这将是即将在2012年举行的世界水论坛的主要议题，并且也将是享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权特别报告员卡塔丽娜•德阿尔布克尔克女士的工作核心。我感谢她非常详细、具体和有意义的发言。", "瑞士批准和支持的《关于水与健康的议定书》是一项具体解决办法的良好例子。有关《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》的这项国际文书记载了人权、卫生、保护环境和可持续发展之间的密切联系。", "在这种背景下，瑞士发展与合作机构及其伙伴正在制定准则，在有关安全饮水和卫生以及综合管理水资源的项目范围内，更好地体现饮水权的各个方面。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨感谢大会主席召开本次重要对话，并且当然要感谢秘书长和特别报告员今天早些时候的发言。我也谨感谢埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和多民族玻利维亚国把这个维持生命和实际上创造生命的人类需求提交大会讨论。", "澳大利亚人对水有所了解。我们是地球上有人居住的最干涸的大陆。我们的降雨量最少，我国土地的四分之三——这是很大一片土地——是干旱或半干旱地区。过去十年里，我们经历了科学家们估计为千年一次的最严重干旱。", "当然，澳大利亚是一个富裕国家和发达国家；然而，我国的地理和气候状况至为严酷。由于气候变化、干旱和水道的退化，我国所有主要城市的公民习惯于用水限制。当然，作为一个富裕的发达国家，我们面临问题的严重性不能同吉布提常驻代表几分钟前如此雄辩地描述的情况相提并论。", "但是我们确实希望，我们各国应理解水对于生存和人民生计的重要性，以及水和卫生设施对于人民的健康、社区——特别是偏远的土著社区——的可持续性，以及环境是必不可少的。我们认识到，享有水和卫生设施，是实现《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》以及《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所载的人权的基础。", "今天的其他发言者雄辩地谈到我们面临的统计数字：20多亿人民没有基本卫生设施。其部分原因是缺水，但是部分原因也是政策和管理不当，未能确保人人获得安全、负担得起的饮水和卫生设施的供应和服务，不管他们是谁和住在那里。", "这对于千年发展目标的影响是明显的；如果我们不提供安全饮水和有效的卫生设施，就根本无法实现千年发展目标。澳大利亚感到鼓舞的是，世界将要实现千年发展目标7，向数亿人提供安全饮水。但是我们对于10亿人很可能达不到卫生设施目标感到震惊。我们必须做得更好。", "过去两年，我国政府对发展中国家的饮水、环境卫生和个人卫生投资了逾3.3亿美元，我们还计划在今后4年另外投资10亿美元，以作出更多努力。我国非政府组织也把饮水作为优先事项。", "今天其他人谈到的多变的降雨模式、供水污染、供水的低效利用和漏水、基础设施陈旧、人口高增长率、迅速的都市化、歧视及边缘化，都是对实现提供安全饮水和卫生设施目标的巨大挑战。为了应对这些挑战，需要加强政策和管理、通过供资和支助能力来增加投资、采用创新和成本效益高的卫生和供水技术，以及更加注重最弱势和边缘群体的权利。", "我们需要改善城市环境中的饮水和卫生设施规划，缩小城乡人口享有饮水和卫生设施水平之间的差距。我们需要在贫困社区、特别是我所说的偏远的土著社区，扩大建造雨水收集和储存设施。我们需要增强地方社区实施自己的地方饮水和卫生倡议的能力。", "我们需要作出更大努力，支持水资源的综合管理，包括安全的废物处置和分享供水安排。我们还需要毫不拖延地解决缺水和卫生设施不足对妇女、年幼女童和残疾人的健康、教育和经济机会所造成的不成比例的影响。", "最后，澳大利亚人知道，水是宝贵的资源——生命之源——必须加以精心管理。我们自己将继续把它作为优先事项并尽可能提供援助，以帮助应对阻碍亿万人获得安全饮水和卫生设施的各项挑战。我们将继续参加像今天这样的极为重要的辩论。我们还要鼓励大会把这个重要议题保留在其议程上。", "卡凡多先生(布基那法索)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨感谢多民族玻利维亚国代表团要求召开本次会议，并感谢大会主席戴斯号召各方支持享有饮水和卫生设施基本权利的极其公正的事业。", "今天，正如在座的所有发言者指出的那样，享有饮水和卫生设施是一项基本人权。可是，根据联合国儿童基金会和世界卫生组织在2008年编写的一份报告，在当今世界，逾8.84亿人仍然缺乏饮水，25亿人仍然缺乏适当的卫生设施。", "考虑到这种状况，布基那法索政府建立了一个国营公司——国家饮水和卫生设施办事处——负责建造、管理和保护收集、运输、处理和提供饮水的设施，以满足城市和工业需求。该公司还建造、促进、改善及管理集体、个人和自主的卫生设施，用于城市和半城市地区的废水和固体废物的排放。", "过去几年来，由于我国在饮水和卫生设施供应方面取得了显著进展，我国于2010年9月荣获“千年发展目标奖”。我们谨再次感谢各个伙伴对我国政府的支持，使我们得以取得这些成果。", "然而，由于我国降雨量不够和分布极不平均，布基那法索为管理水所作的努力受到限制。这种情况导致我们于1998年在同摩洛哥王国的合作下，发起了“SAGA行动”，利用已被证实有效的技术进行人工降雨。这项试验相当成功，现已成为一个持续不断的方案。", "作为一个遭遇过干旱的撒哈拉国家，布基那法索借此机会提醒国际社会注意沙漠的扩大及其恶劣后果。非洲之角、特别是索马里目前引人注目、甚至悲惨的局势，使人们对这些后果有所了解。", "我们希望，定于9月20日举行的主题为“在可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”的高级别会议，将使我们有机会处理这一问题的核心、特别是享有饮水和适当的卫生设施问题。", "缺乏饮水和卫生设施，对于教育、住房、工作、两性平等及整个生活都有严重后果。因此，非常迫切需要为这一问题找到适当和可持续的解决办法，而它的原因和后果是众多和复杂的。然而，我们认为，通过一致和包容性的努力，会员国在联合国系统和其他利益攸关者的协助下，将能够创造有利条件，为仍然缺乏安全饮水和卫生设施的人口提供这些资源。", "侯赛因女士(马尔代夫)(以英语发言)：马尔代夫欢迎召开关于享有饮水和卫生设施权利的本次非常重要的辩论会。我们感谢主席在发起本次重要讨论方面起了领导作用。", "马尔代夫奉行一项确保所有有人居住的岛屿享有清洁饮水的政策。由于马尔代夫群岛的地质形成和地理，水非常稀少，并且管理费用极其昂贵。我国没有河流或溪流。我国的少量小面积湿地和淡水湖仍有待管理。我国的主要淡水资源，是在深度很浅的很薄淡水层中获得的地下水。因此，它很容易在卫生流程中受到盐水入侵和污染，并且为了避免过度开采需要进行密集管理，而这往往是极其复杂和昂贵的。我们的经验教训是，这一努力所带来的健康裨益和社会影响大大超过支出。", "根据世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会“联合监测方案”2010年的报告，约有8.84亿人缺乏改良水源，有26亿多人没有卫生设施，马尔代夫对此深表关切。我们感到非常震惊的是，约有150万5岁以下儿童死于与饮水和卫生设施有关的疾病，每天会为此损失4.43亿个上学日。现在需要采取紧急的革新行动，以应对这些全球问题。", "毫无疑问，水在世界各地是一种稀缺商品。对于像马尔代夫这样极易受到气候变化影响的国家来说更是如此，这加重了我们淡水资源可持续性已面临的威胁。对于像马尔代夫这样的小岛屿国家来说，气候变化对我们水资源的影响不是一个遥远的现实，而是我们目前面临的一个尖锐问题。我们致力于推动解决这个直接关系到我国人民的福祉和社会经济发展的至关重要的问题。", "马尔代夫欢迎通过第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议。这些决议确认享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，并特别重申，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权源自享有适当生活水平的权利，并与能达到的最高标准身心健康以及享有生命权和人类尊严权有着密不可分的关联。", "我们重申，在各项现行人权条约中规定了享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，因此要求承担起具有法律约束力的义务。长期以来，马尔代夫致力于采取各种措施，以保护和确保享有饮水权。我国的政策旨在确保所有有人居住的岛屿都享有充分的饮水和卫生服务。", "我们承认这项权利，并制定了加强我国水资源管理计划，以应对气候变化和海平面上升的影响。马尔代夫认为，必须进一步评估确保享有饮水权的现行措施，以确定它们在海平面上升、极端气候事件日益频发以及降雨量变化的背景下是否具有可持续性。", "我们认为，确认享有饮水和卫生设施权是一种突破，它表明了国际社会解决这个重要问题的政治意愿和强烈渴望。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言)：首先，我愿感谢大会主席召开本次关于享有饮水和卫生设施权这个关键问题的重要会议，该问题是国际社会面临的一个重大挑战。它是实现摩洛哥极为重视的经济权和社会权的核心。我们高兴地得知，分配给卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士的任务是倡导这项权利，她正本着专业精神尽心尽力地执行这项任务。", "众所周知，要求确认并实现饮水权的呼声越来越高，这是正当的，并对充分有效行使人权至关重要。没有水，就不可能或想象有生命。这种说法不是政治性的，也不涉及意识形态或道义。它是庄严呼吁享有生命权。我们将饮水权纳入国际规范，难道不正是在帮助保护生命吗？这难道不正是联合国系统存在的理由吗？我们能够心安理得地接受主要是发展中国家中数百万男女老幼因为经济、地理或环境的原因而被剥夺享有充分饮水的权利吗？这就是我们对尊重人类尊严的理解吗？在非洲和亚洲，妇女或儿童必须平均走6公里路才能找到水，这是可接受的吗？", "我感到骄傲的是，我个人经历过这种苦难，并曾经在非常困难的条件下生活过。所以我在谈饮水权的时候，我知道自己在说什么。", "根据世界卫生组织的说法，世界各地所有住院病人中有一半是患了水传播的疾病。联合国开发计划署称，缺乏饮水和卫生设施会对健康权产生严重后果。每年都有180万儿童死于不安全饮水和卫生条件差引起的疾病；这一数字比暴力冲突导致的死亡人数要高得多。发展中世界每10人中就有4人受到水源短缺的影响。由于人口增长、城市扩大、污染以及气候变化的影响，这种情况正在恶化。", "对这种悲哀的评估，国际社会应该听之任之吗？我们希望不是。我们恢复理性，唤起人们良知，并动员起来寻求可持续解决办法的时候到了。召开本次会议本身就是一种承认局势严重性的形式，并呼吁采取行动。我们绝不能只是说说而已，而是要携手迅速行动起来。", "我不能不感到遗憾的是，对于地球上数百万人的生活如此重要的本次辩论会，却是在一个几乎空荡荡的大会堂里进行的。从这一点上可看不出国际社会对这一基本权利做出了什么深刻或大量承诺。", "摩洛哥是这个新的集体提高认识活动的一个心甘情愿和积极的参与者。我国支持为全面确认普遍享有饮水和卫生设施权利所做的各项国际努力。摩洛哥欣见2010年7月通过第64/292号决议。", "我国致力于承认饮水权不是一件新鲜事。自赢得独立以来，摩洛哥就将享有饮水作为一个优先事项。20世纪60年代，我们启动了一个造坝项目，这使我们得以将我们的储水能力提高到170亿立方米。摩洛哥几乎所有城区人口都可获得饮用水；在郊区，有60%的人可获得饮用水。在摩洛哥中小城镇建造的数百家净水厂使我们在废水处理方面取得巨大成就。", "立法和行政框架现代化使我们得以改变水资源管理，通过需求管理和资源保护来增加供应。2009年10月，穆罕默德六世国王陛下宣布", "“我们当前和未来的挑战在于不懈努力管理我们的资源，它们的经济使用、价值最大化、管理得当以及质量维系将是我们发展方式的基础。”", "在区域和国际层面上，我国历来都与面临与获取饮用水有关的经济、社会和人的困难的国家站在一起。在以交流经验为特点的积极、自愿和富有活力的南南合作背景下，摩洛哥为兄弟国家，特别是非洲国家提供了帮助，例如在人工降雨方面。我国也非常清楚受气候变化影响的国家，特别是岛屿国家和受旱灾影响国家的处境，遗憾的是，非洲之角目前就正在遭受旱灾。", "只有国际联合行动才能使后世子孙充分获得饮用水。然而，联合国宣布到2025年时三分之二的全球人口，或者说55亿人将有可能生活在受中度或严重缺水影响的地区，此时此刻，我们如何能够不感到关切。在非洲，已有25%的人口处于极度缺水的状况中。大量人口因旱灾而逃离非洲之角，这充分证明今天的辩论很有必要。尊重人的尊严始于确保获得饮水的普遍权利。现在就是团结起来采取行动的时候，因为我们在这个机构中的主要责任是确保获取水这一地球上所有生命的源泉，以便帮助拯救生命。我要说，水是地球上所有生命的根本。", "当我说，本次辩论是在空荡荡的大会堂中举行的时候，并不是要把任何人单独挑出来批评，只不过是对我们竟会毫无热情——我不说是冷漠——地对待这样一项基本、至关重要和有重要影响的人权感到痛心。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：我感谢主席召开本次全体会议。请允许我通过主席对多民族玻利维亚国总统阁下、我们的同伴和兄弟埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛参加今天下午的辩论会表示欢迎。", "联合国各个机构和机关的报告都指出，世界各地获得饮水和卫生设施的情况是不平衡的。这些报告指出，在享有此种权利方面，各个区域和国家之间存在极端分化现象。获得饮水和卫生设施是必须确保地球上所有男男女女都能享有的一项人权。少数富裕阶层独霸和独享地球母亲赐予的财富，而将近10亿人却无法获得饮用水，这种情况应当受到谴责。约26亿人缺乏可以接受的卫生设施，而少数富有者却在虚假和使人异化的资本主义市场中炫耀挥霍无度的生活。", "每天有4千到5千名儿童由于得不到饮用水而死亡。贫困、经济和社会不平等、气候变化、自然资源遭破坏以及全球资本主义体系所特有的不公平的权力平衡，都是这个问题的根源。", "人类是否将能够扭转这些毁灭生命的破坏性趋势，建立起有利于保护生命的更民主、公正和多元化的社会？我们认为这是有可能的。为确保人类能够享有基本人权，包括获得饮水和卫生设施的权利，并且能够实现其自由，我们必须铲除经济竞争和市场原教旨主义狭隘和可鄙的根基，并且为世界团结创造条件。", "在委内瑞拉，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权得到保障。我国在法律规定中确认，国家对水资源拥有完全主权，获得饮用水是一项基本权利，而且，水对生命和人类福祉至关重要，也是发展所需的根本资源。", "今天下午，埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下谈到，水是一切权利的源头。我们听到了他的心声。不维护这项权利，任何人权都得不到尊重。我要补充指出，供应水必须是公共服务，而不是财富和贸易的来源。他呼吁我们寻求人与自然之间的平衡。我们完全赞同这些人道主义原则。", "委内瑞拉有关水资源的立法确定，水是社会物品。因此，国家确保所有城市和农村社区，包括土著民族和所有社会弱势群体，都能享有饮用水。法律还保证，为充分行使主权和国家安全，绝不允许外国公司借任何地方的水资源牟利。水是公共物品，不能成为任何自然人或法人的私有物品。", "联合国确定了一项千年发展目标，旨在到2015年把无法可持续获得饮用水的人口比例减半。委内瑞拉通过建立网络，把得不到饮用水的人口比例减少到15%，在2001年实现了这一扩大饮用水覆盖面的目标。通过建立网络减少得不到卫生服务的人数，我们在2005年实现了扩大卫生设施服务覆盖面的目标。", "今天，委内瑞拉95%以上的人口均能获得饮用水。在我国的玻利瓦尔革命运动中，为收集、利用、净化及供应饮用水建立了大型基础设施，由此所获得的总生产能力能够为居住在委内瑞拉的3 000万人民提供充足的饮用水。通过实施旨在增加饮用水和卫生设施的国家计划，我国也达到了卫生目标，实现了92%的普及率。", "最后请允许我表示，我国希望，在本次辩论中发言的各代表团所作的发言将促使我们确保本星球所有人都能享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The President (spoke in French): Members will recall that the General Assembly held a debate on agenda item 13 jointly with agenda items 115 on the follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit and 120 on the strengthening of the United Nations system at its 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 13, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/10, 65/234 and 65/309 at its 52nd, 72nd and 109th plenary meetings, respectively.", "By way of an opening remark, I would like to share some thoughts with the Assembly. We have met today to address the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation and to consider the impact of the realization of that right on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). I extend a very cordial welcome to His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, whose country, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is an ardent upholder of this right. I also extend my warmest welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who will also be participating in this afternoon’s discussions.", "In July 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. That decision was a first step towards the explicit acknowledgment of the right to drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Thereafter, in September 2010, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution asserting the right to water and sanitation as deriving from the right to a dignified life and an acceptable standard of living.", "For millions of people, access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an urgent development need. MDG 7 calls for the halving by 2015 of the proportion of the global population with no access to drinking water and sanitation. The realization of this Goal is crucial to achieving others, such those concerning poverty reduction, child health and education for all.", "The progress achieved after 10 years of effort has been inadequate. There are still 1 billion people with no access to drinking water and more than 2 billion without basic sanitation services. I welcome and support the initiative “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015”, launched by the Secretary-General last month.", "These figures, along with the drought currently afflicting the Horn of Africa, recall for us the scale of the inequality in today’s world with respect to meeting our water needs. While in some regions men, women and children die because they lack just a few litres of water, in other regions water is wasted. The human right to water and sanitation is therefore critical to ensuring that everybody enjoys a dignified and free life.", "As we will have the opportunity to discuss today, we face many challenges, such as, in many cases, the absence of functional State institutions and limited technical and financial resources. Realizing these rights would represent progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goal on water and the totality of the MDGs.", "The 2015 deadline leaves us very little time to take decisive action. In the spirit of the commitment that we made at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, which opened the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly in September 2010, and in the spirit of the Secretary-General’s initiative that I just mentioned, we should daily reaffirm our collective will to achieve the Goals and redouble our efforts to do so. I hope that the Conference on Sustainable Development to be held next year in Rio will spark a new impetus to achieve universal access to water and sanitation.", "Today, we have an excellent opportunity to send the message that we have the will to succeed. I encourage speakers to emphasize practical, results-oriented approaches to making the right to water and sanitation a reality.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: At any one time, close to half of all people in developing countries are suffering from health problems caused by poor water and sanitation. Together, unclean water and poor sanitation are the world’s second biggest killers of children. While progress is broadly on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal target of reducing by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water, the world will miss the sanitation target. I therefore welcome this plenary meeting.", "Last July, the General Assembly recognized the right to water and sanitation. Then, in September, the Human Rights Council specified that this right is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living. Those were important advances. They provide a solid legal framework for Governments and the United Nations system alike. The task now is to translate that commitment into specific obligations at the international and national levels. Only then can people — and especially the poor — realize this right.", "Let us be clear — a right to water and sanitation does not mean that water should be free. Rather, it means that water and sanitation services should be affordable and available to all, and that States must do everything in their power to make that happen. It is not acceptable that poor slum-dwellers pay five or even 10 times as much for their water as wealthy residents of the same cities. It is not acceptable that more than 1 billion people in rural communities live without toilets and have to defecate in the open. It is not acceptable that wastewater from slums, farms and industry is allowed to pollute the environment.", "Last month, the United Nations launched the “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015” initiative. I spoke then of how the lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation adversely affects children’s health and development. I also told of how good sanitation can boost our efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and malaria, simply because people living in hygienic conditions are better prepared to fight off other diseases. I also pointed out that good sanitation and hygiene can increase school performance and reduce absenteeism, especially among adolescent girls, thereby contributing to their empowerment and equality. In short, improved sanitation can contribute to all our development goals.", "Many Governments have already included the rights to water and sanitation in their constitutions and domestic legislation. Those Governments that have yet to do so should follow suit without delay. We must reach all those who are denied the water and sanitation services that are necessary for their dignity and well-being. Today, my mind is on the emergency in the Horn of Africa. Millions are struggling merely to survive and scarcely enjoying the full range of their rights. They need immediate assistance, from food and water to adequate sanitation in the camps to which many have been forced to flee.", "Such short-term relief, however, must be linked to long-term sustainability. That will require an agricultural transformation that improves the resilience of rural people — especially pastoralists — and minimizes the scale of any future crisis. It means working to realize the right to water and sanitation for all. It means creating the conditions of security necessary for people and communities to thrive. Water, sanitation, stability, prosperity and peace — these goals are closely, inextricably linked. Progress can be ours if we work together.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "President Morales Ayma (spoke in Spanish): I come here today to express my deepest respect and admiration for the United Nations, first of all for holding this meeting, and also because a year ago here in the General Assembly adopted an historic and unprecedented declaration on the right to water as a universal human right (resolution 64/292).", "That leads me to believe that this new millennium will offer the chance to make up for the harm inflicted on the peoples of the world. If today water is a human right thanks to the General Assembly, then water is the mother of all rights. If presidents, Governments and States do not guarantee water as a human right, they will certainly respect no human right anywhere in the world. I therefore believe that we can make significant progress in the United Nations in ensuring the enjoyment of human rights, fulfilling the aspirations of our peoples.", "If water is a human right, it must stop being a commodity in private trade. It must be a public service. If water is a human right, it cannot be subject to commerce in the hands of mercenary companies. In issuing this declaration on water as a human right with the approval of the United Nations, we share the obligation to work together and share our experience in order to implement policies to ensure that water can be enjoyed as a human right.", "I take this opportunity to give voice to the suffering of the peoples mentioned by the Secretary-General. Children lose their lives and farmers cannot work because of a lack of water. As is the case with any right, the right to water must be respected. And human rights have opponents — policies that lead to inequalities or inflict injustice on people. Water, too, has its opponent; the enemy of this natural resource is global warming. Global warming is water’s chief enemy, thanks to which last year my country endured the worst year of drought, frost, and low temperatures. In Bolivia’s Amazon region, millions of fish died as a result. On the high plateau, people have had to leave their homes and travel in search of water.", "The effects of global warming are a very serious problem that we have had to address through our own efforts. However, as a responsible Government, we are experimenting with new policies under the My Water programme. We are investing more in water, for without water there can be no life. Without water, there can be no food. Without water, there can be no planet Earth. It is thus the obligation of the Governments of nations to guarantee this natural resource, so vital to life.", "Fortunately, in Bolivia, thanks to the conscience of our people and our democratic nation, the right to water is enshrined in our Constitution and we therefore have a duty to implement it. With this policy, through our My Water programme, together with our 337 municipalities, we are beginning to prioritize projects and programmes that are not just the initiative of one mayor or one President but respond to the needs of the beneficiaries of our natural resources, such as drinking water for people and water for crops and livestock.", "Some representatives may say that providing water for livestock is ridiculous, but there are families whose livelihood depends on animals, and those animals need water. When there is no water on the Bolivian high plateau, families can abandon their communities and their land, but they cannot abandon their livestock. Their livestock are at the mercy of nature. During the rainy season, of course, families return to their lands and recover those animals that have survived the drought. The bodies and skeletons of dead animals strew the fields, but some survive. This is a result of global warming. It affects water; it destroys families, particularly those of poor peasant farmers.", "This experience has been a wake-up call to us to implement this programme. Our expectations are high. We have invested $100 million for 10 million inhabitants of Bolivia. We wish to go further by sharing this experience with the Assembly, and to share in other experiences from other countries. I have come here to learn from other speakers. I want to learn from those here and from other leaders in the United Nations how we can complement one another in guaranteeing water as a public service. Alone, we surely cannot solve this problem or those that occur in other regions, countries and continents. We have a duty to think hard and long.", "It must not be that in some countries water can be wasted as a luxury, as it is in some countries where people are heedless of how it should be shared but rather compete for it. There is no place for competition here. As developing countries, we have major differences that divide us. Competition of any kind will not solve the problems of poverty or unemployment. But if we can work by cooperating with one another, surely we can do it. Our work, struggle and task are to seek a balance among all human beings.", "The United Nations has taken important measures around the world. We have heard that, in some regions, referendums will be held to decide whether water will be a right, a private commodity or a public service. Some 80 or 90 per cent of the people will vote for water as a human right and a public service, and not a private commodity. We do not want to see some multinational companies, as has happened in Bolivia, privatizing water to profit from its sale. How can we sell water? How can water be a private commodity?", "We — rural and urban social movements, workers, professionals and intellectuals committed to their countries, indigenous peoples, coca growers — condemn such competition. The year 2000, when we expelled some multinational companies, was a momentous time for us. Some businesses had sought to increase the price of water by 500 per cent. These events led us to think hard and deeply. Through these social movements, we organized and rewrote our Constitution; and we have come to raise these issues in international forums with great respect for the policies and programmes of every country. It is our obligation to share our experiences, as it is for every country to do for the good of the community.", "I come from the Bolivian people with our policies to greet the leaders and ambassadors of the United Nations, who a year ago declared here, with great wisdom and intelligence, that water is a human right. If it is a human right, it is now our responsibility to implement that policy defined by the United Nations. I commend the Secretary-General and the Assembly for those policies. We will always be willing to share our experience here.", "The President (spoke in French): I have invited the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to participate in this meeting.", "If there is no objection, may I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly, without setting a precedent, to invite the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to make a statement at this meeting?", "It was so decided.", "The President (spoke in French): In accordance with the decision just taken and without setting a precedent, I now give the floor to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Ms. De Albuquerque (spoke in French): At the outset, I thank you, Sir, for inviting me to participate in this important meeting. It is an honour and a pleasure to be here today to assess the progress achieved and the continuing challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.", "(spoke in English)", "When, exactly one year ago, following the historic General Assembly vote on the right to water and sanitation (resolution 64/292), journalists asked me about the impact of the recognition of this human right, I immediately recalled the wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt, who said that human rights begin in small places, close to home. And unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Hence today, as we gather to celebrate the first anniversary of the adoption of the resolution, we must ask ourselves the same questions. Will this resolution have any impact on the lives of the billions of people who do not have access to safe water and sanitation? Will it help to prevent the roughly 1.5 million child deaths that occur each year due to water- and sanitation-related diseases? Will it lead to improvements in schools where water is lacking and girls drop out because there are no sex-segregated toilets? Will it help to change the situation in hospitals that are without water and sanitation and face high rates of maternal mortality?", "Fatima and John are examples of the billions of people suffering from a lack of safe water and sanitation. I met Fatima and her daughters in one of my country missions. They had to walk for hours every day to fetch water. They could not work or attend school because much of the day was spent in this task. The family often suffered from diarrhoea, and one friend had almost been raped the day before I met them while walking to fetch water.", "Two years later, I met John, a homeless man, during another of my missions. The public restrooms in his city had been shut down. John became, as he put it, the sanitation technician for the local homeless community. He improvised a toilet inside a tent where people would defecate into plastic bags. John would then collect and carry away the faeces on his bike, trying to find an open toilet where he could empty the bags.", "These human rights violations must be stopped. Resolution 64/292 must serve as the guide for putting an end to the suffering of all the Fatimas and Johns in the world. Am I expecting too much from a resolution of the General Assembly when I expect it to have a tangible impact on people’s lives? I do not think so.", "The challenges are and will remain great, but the experiences already occurring around the world show that the recognition of water and sanitation as human rights can truly make a difference.", "What has the recognition of the right to water and sanitation achieved? When both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council adopted resolutions recognizing water and sanitation as fundamental human rights, States undertook very clear commitments. They recognized that water and sanitation are derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and must, as has already been mentioned, be available in sufficient quantity, accessible, safe, affordable and culturally acceptable to all, without discrimination.", "These resolutions raised political attention and helped to crate the sense of urgency that is badly needed to improve access to water and sanitation in the world. In this context, I praise Bolivia, Germany and Spain for their leadership in this regard at the United Nations level. These resolutions entail a new vision for the world we live in — a world where everyone has access to safe water and sanitation; a world where people do not get sick from the water they drink or make other people sick because they are forced to defecate in the open; a world where people do not have to choose between taking their child to the doctor and paying their water bills.", "This new vision requires a shift in the mindset of policymakers, national Governments, local authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations agencies, the private sector and the people themselves. It means that the most vulnerable, the poorest, the indigenous, the slum-dwellers and the homeless — those who are usually voiceless — are no longer left behind and are prioritized in policymaking. This new vision means that ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation is not a gesture of charity or simply a good idea for policymakers. Unlike human rights, good ideas are subject to changing political currents. Good ideas are not legally binding.", "Does this mean that human rights ignore the resource limitations every State may face, or the impact of crises? Of course it does not. By recognizing the rights to water and sanitation, States are expected to take deliberate steps to progressively realize these rights, making maximum use of available resources while putting an end to all forms of discrimination in providing access to water and sanitation.", "A great deal of progress can be made, even within a climate of limited resources, such as that which we are facing right now. Some of these steps are, for example, the recognition of these rights in national legislation, the adoption of national action plans for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, and putting the priority on unserved or under-served communities so as to provide a minimal level of access for everyone.", "Since the explicit recognition of the right to water and sanitation last year, I have received repeated requests for help from Governments, NGOs, service providers and United Nations agencies that want to implement these human rights but need assistance and guidance in doing so.", "Over the past three years, I have been collecting good practices. I have received over 200 submissions from the five continents, and I will present a compendium to the Human Rights Council in September. These practices cover a diverse array, demonstrating that there is no single path and showing that the realization of the rights to water and sanitation is within reach.", "Let me share some of the examples that I came across. One of them is the arbor loo ecological type of sanitation introduced in different countries, including Malawi, which aims to compost faeces directly in a pit and to subsequently grow a fruit tree — normally a banana tree in Malawi — on this very fertile soil. Selling the bananas becomes a way for the arbor loo owner to make money to pay for this sanitation solution.", "Equally, national legal instruments are important tools for the protection of the right to water. In a recent court decision in Botswana, for example, indigenous communities who were evicted from their land and saw their water borehole dismantled successfully brought suit under the country’s Water Act. The Appellate Court, informed inter alia by the Assembly’s resolution, noted that the water law allowed anyone occupying land to drill boreholes for domestic use without specific water rights and that limiting this right could amount to cruel or inhumane treatment prohibited under the Constitution.", "At the global level, I am glad that, thanks to my mandated cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water report will next year include more information related to issues such as national recognition and justifiability of the rights to water and sanitation, as well as public participation and non-discrimination.", "Also, the UNICEF-WHO joint monitoring programme, which reviews progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal targets related to access to water and sanitation, is working closely with me in the development of new indicators that will take into account human rights criteria. I am also leading a task force charged with developing indicators to measure non-discrimination and equality in the access to safe water and sanitation.", "In this context, let me call on all States Members of the United Nations to apply human rights to the water and sanitation framework when negotiating the post-2015 global development agenda. This is crucial because the current MDG framework does not measure the impact of discrimination on access to water and sanitation. Hence a State can be an MDG hero while having left unchanged the fate of indigenous peoples, slum dwellers, or people with disabilities.", "Furthermore, water quality is not yet being monitored worldwide. Affordability of, and the distance to, water and sanitation services are not being assessed at the global level. The harsh reality is that we simply do not know how many people have access to water and sanitation that meets the standards stipulated by the human rights framework of availability, quality, accessibility, affordability and acceptability that the States Members of the United Nations supported last year. Now, and even long after the MDG timeframe has expired, the global development agenda must be aligned with the human rights commitments undertaken by the Assembly.", "The lessons I learned over the past three years while conducting missions and meeting with communities and policymakers who work to improve access to water and sanitation demonstrate that these rights are, as I said earlier, within reach. This is true even in countries and communities with very limited resources, even in emergency situations. Of course, numerous challenges remain, including financial and purely technical obstacles. However, I must emphasize that political will and sound management continue to play the most decisive role in the expansion of access to water and sanitation of good quality.", "In this spirit, I would conclude by calling on all relevant stakeholders, including States, United Nations agencies, donors, civil society and the private sector to use the human rights framework in all their efforts, at the national and global levels, to ensure access to water and sanitation for all. The point of departure provided by the recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation by both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council is a vital tool in this endeavour. By applying this framework, the results of interventions will be better, outcomes will be more successful and impacts will be more sustained.", "The President (spoke in French): I should like to inform the Assembly that there are 35 speakers inscribed on my list. I call on all speakers to limit their statements to no more than five minutes in order to enable maximum participation, otherwise the debate will continue early next week.", "I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union) (spoke in Spanish): Before I speak on behalf of the European Union (EU), I should like to welcome the participation in this meeting of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank him for the leadership he has shown in connection with this very important issue and for his statement this afternoon. I welcome also the statement made by the Secretary-General and the participation of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque.", "(spoke in English)", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member States.", "The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and the European Free Trade Association country Liechtenstein, member of the European Economic Area, as well as Ukraine, align themselves with this declaration.", "Mr. President, the European Union would like to thank you for having organized this meeting of the General Assembly on a topic of the utmost importance. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for people to live in health and dignity. All countries bear the responsibility of ensuring that people enjoy their full human rights and that they have equal access to health care, education, safe drinking water and sanitation, and social and other basic services. The European Union acknowledges the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council’s specification that this right is part of the human right to an adequate standard of living.", "While also recalling that there are different positions within the United Nations membership on the relevant resolutions, the European Union believes that it is important that the international community demonstrate united political will to address the global water and sanitation crisis.", "In addition, the management of water resources affects all sectors that are important for inclusive growth and sustainable development, such as energy generation, agriculture, food security and the environment, as well as peace and security.", "As a result, there has been a growing international recognition among policymakers of the importance of water and sanitation for sustainable and human development, including thanks to the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the international community made access to safe drinking water and sanitation a top priority. On this basis, we have collectively made substantial headway towards reaching this goal.", "However, there is no room for complacency, as access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a matter of life and death for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Some 884 million people still lack access to improved water sources, while more than 2.6 billion people lack access to acceptable sanitation.", "Furthermore, about a third of the world’s population lives in areas affected by water stress, and the demand for water is increasing. Investments in water infrastructure are lagging far behind in developing countries, especially in Africa, making them vulnerable to droughts and floods, with dramatic social, environmental and economic impacts. Access to water and sanitation is a particularly acute problem in the urban environment, where rapid population growth in cities in the developing world is putting additional pressure on infrastructure and services.", "The EU is fully aware of the fundamental importance of access to water and sanitation, both from the human rights perspective and as a key development issue. The EU will further prioritize sustainable water management in its future development policy.", "The EU and its member States have a strong political commitment to and a close collaboration with African countries in the water sector. This was reflected in the African Union/EU Joint Strategy agreed in Libya in November last year. Last year, the EU also launched an MDG initiative which provides €1 billion for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries and has a focus on water and sanitation.", "Overall, we have recently witnessed a reinforced commitment from the EU and its member States to water in recognition of the challenges related to climate change and the need for green growth. Furthermore, Germany and France will host, respectively, a conference on the water-energy-food nexus, to be held in Bonn in November 2011, and the World Water Forum in Marseille, in March 2012.", "The EU also welcomes the efforts being led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF to look at the post-2015 development framework for water and sanitation, and we acknowledge the importance of the global monitoring of the quality, affordability and accessibility of water and sanitation services.", "To conclude, let me point out that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in June 2012, offers a unique opportunity for the world to secure a renewed political commitment for sustainable development.", "The EU and its member States are determined to contribute to making the Rio+20 Conference a success. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation and the sustainable management of water resources should figure prominently in the Rio+20 Conference and its outcome. This should complement and support our efforts to secure the full realization of the MDGs and the promotion of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil) (spoke in Spanish): Brazil welcomes this opportunity to discuss challenges to the full realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation, at the initiative of Bolivia. It is a pleasure to welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We listened very carefully and with great interest to his statement, and we echo his call for greater cooperation, action and solidarity in connection with this very important issue. I should like also to thank Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, and I commend her for her outstanding work.", "Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a precondition for poverty eradication. Our efforts to develop our societies are closely linked to progress in this area. At the national level, Brazil is working to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Internationally, we have shared our experience and have learned from others in the management of water resources, in particular in arid and semi-arid areas.", "Brazil recognizes the right to access to drinking water and sanitation as intrinsically related to respect for the rights to life, physical integrity, health, food and adequate housing. As with rights in the social and economic field, it is the responsibility of the State to guarantee the full enjoyment of those rights for their citizens. Respect for this right is fully compatible with the principle of the sovereign right of States to make use of their own water resources, as enshrined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.", "In deepening our consideration of the challenges that implementing the right to drinking water and sanitation presents, we must recognize the central role of the human rights entities of the United Nations. Brazil firmly supports the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to clarify the nature and content of the obligations associated with the right to water and sanitation. In this regard, we look forward to considering, through her report to the sixty-sixth session, the challenges related to the achievement of this right.", "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held next year, will offer another opportunity to return to the subject of access to water and sanitation in the context of sustainable development. We hope to work intensively with all Member States to achieve meaningful results in this area that can lead to realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): First, on behalf of my delegation, I would like to welcome this debate on the human right to drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the recognition of the right to water and sanitation.", "The resolution reminds us that this right is already recognized in international law and thus legally binding. Spain commends the fact that all our synergies are focused today on implementing this right, as reflected in resolutions 15/9 and 16/2 of the Human Rights Council. The latter is particularly relevant, since it renewed the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The work of the Special Rapporteur and former Independent Expert, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, has made it possible to lay the foundations for recognition of access to drinking water and sanitation today. I would like to express Spain’s gratitude for the commendable work of the Special Rapporteur, who is here today, which has given us a solid working base from which to implement this right as a human right.", "The recognition of the right to water must be considered from the human rights perspective. While international cooperative efforts have helped to mitigate the situation, it can be improved only if tackled from this perspective. It was exactly this conviction that moved Spain, together with Germany, to take the initiative five years ago of considering the human right to drinking water and sanitation in the Human Rights Council in Geneva. My country recognizes the universality of all human rights, be they civil, political, economic, social or cultural. Moreover, we believe that there is a direct link between respect for all human rights and the achievement of the MDGs, as the Special Rapporteur indicated in her statement today.", "I wish to highlight her recommendation that States need to understand how to fully realize the human right to water and sanitation by drawing up national action plans that must be integrated into poverty reduction strategies and national budgets. It is not acceptable that nearly 900 million people lack drinking water and that more than 2.5 billion have no access to basic sanitation.", "Today, States and other actors involved understand exactly what their human rights obligations are in this area. The current challenge, therefore, is in their effective implementation and achievement. In this regard, we emphasize the importance of identifying best practices, as the Special Rapporteur did. The criteria for best practices in water and sanitation include the identification of standards based on human rights norms, as well as shared criteria based on such principles as non-discrimination, participation, responsibility, impact and, of course, sustainability. These criteria must be taken into account while ensuring that the right to drinking water and sanitation is being effectively implemented.", "Spain was among the 122 States that voted in favour of the resolution on this issue presented to the Assembly by the Plurinational State of Bolivia exactly one year ago. We therefore welcome today’s debate and the presence of Special Rapporteur Catarina de Albuquerque, who has contributed so much to the issue. Spain believes that a great deal of work has been done that we can support in order to further the full realization of this right as effectively as possible.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, Mr. President, I would like to thank you for taking the initiative of convening Member States for this event in order to enable us to reflect together on a subject that requires commitment on the part of every Government worldwide to ensuring the due realization of the human right to water. On behalf of my delegation and the State of Peru, I would also like to welcome the presence here of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma.", "International human rights norms include specific obligations regarding access to drinking water. They require States to guarantee access for all to sufficient drinking water for personal and domestic use, which includes consumption, sanitation, washing clothes, preparing food and personal and domestic hygiene. These norms also require States to continue progressively to ensure improved access to adequate sanitation services as a prerequisite for human dignity and private life, and to protect the quality of drinking water supplies and resources.", "In the view of Peru, water is a renewable natural resource, essential to life and a strategic part of sustainable development and the maintenance of the systems and natural cycles that sustain it, as well as being essential to our nation’s security. Through our legislation, it is endowed with sociocultural, economic and environmental value and must therefore be exploited through integrated management that balances all those values. We consider water to be an integral part of our ecosystems and a resource that is renewed by the hydrological cycle. In that context, Peru believes that the use and integrated management of water resources must take the following principles into consideration.", "The first of these is the valuation of water and its integrated management. Second, access to water must be prioritized. Third, the public should participate in making decisions that affect the quality, quantity and availability of water, and any other water-related issues. Fourth, investments in water — be they public, private or a combination of the two — must be legally secured. Fifth, the water rights of peasant and indigenous communities must be respected. Sixth, water resources must be used and conserved in a sustainable way. Seventh, water resource management should be decentralized. Finally, efficiency in water use and conservation must be a priority.", "With the adoption of resolution 64/292 a year ago, the international community took a significant step forward in raising awareness of the importance of guaranteed access to water, especially to those for whom it is scarce. Peru played an active role throughout the process of identifying the obligations surrounding the right to drinking water and sanitation, with a view to its ultimate recognition as a human right. We participated in the consultations that were held first in Geneva and then in New York, and that led to the resolution’s adoption. Peru supported that adoption in keeping with the principles I enumerated earlier, which are based on our domestic legislation and on the assumption that the guarantee of that human right must be subject to the local management, planning and adequate allocation of resources necessary to full enjoyment of that right. In other words, in realizing that right, administrations must adopt a comprehensive approach that recognizes the multidimensional impact of the human right to water.", "Much remains to be done for States to implement this right, beginning with their full understanding of its implications in line with national laws and priorities. Peru reaffirms that the human right to water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably linked to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health, and to the right to life and human dignity. In that vein, we assert our adherence to those principles and renew our promise to keep working to ensure that they become an increasingly palpable reality.", "Mr. Barton (United States of America): The United States is deeply committed to finding solutions to our world’s water challenges. In the United States Strategy for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals, released in September 2010, we welcomed progress, recognizing that over 1.6 billion people gained access to improved sources of drinking water between 1990 and 2005. At the same time, the United States expressed its concern that in many countries, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains unacceptably high.", "At the September 2010 session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, the United States joined consensus on resolution 15/9, which affirms", "“that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, para. 3).", "Both tenets are drawn from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and they call upon Governments to take steps towards the progressive realization of this human right. At the Human Rights Council in March, the United States supported the renewal of the mandate of the Independent Expert on this issue.", "In the context of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we believe the following. First, Governments should strive to progressively realize universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation and should seek to expand access, especially for underserved populations. Governments should develop and implement national policies and strategies, where needed, and commit sufficient budgetary resources so that they will be able to advance this goal as quickly as possible.", "Secondly, Governments have an obligation to ensure that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is provided on a non-discriminatory basis. Governments also have obligations to provide or ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation to persons in their custody.", "Thirdly, the right to safe drinking water and sanitation can reasonably be interpreted to include access to cooking water. It can also be reasonably understood to mean water in sufficient quantity and quality — although not necessarily potable quality — to meet basic needs regarding personal hygiene.", "Finally, in support of all of that, Governments should work towards greater transparency and accountability in water and sanitation service provision, and include the public in Government decision-making. Good governance is fundamental to the achievement of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In this regard, we would like to recognize and applaud the efforts of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation and its commitment to implementing water and sanitation initiatives through its “Sustainable sanitation — five-year drive to 2015” initiative, which targets decision-makers in an effort to build political will for water and sanitation programmes.", "The United States hopes that this plenary meeting, aimed at providing dialogue, will also lead Governments to take concrete action to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.", "Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): France aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union. I would like to thank the Bolivian Mission for the initiative to convene this meeting. My country welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292, whereby the General Assembly recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. It has enabled us over the past year to intensify mobilization of Governments and others on this issue. Following that historic step forward, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus its resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010, which links the basic right to water to the right to an adequate standard of living.", "With the full involvement of all stakeholders on the issue of safe drinking water and sanitation, we need to move forward by implementing those resolutions and making the right of all to safe drinking water and sanitation a reality. In that spirit, France is committed, in the framework of an open, informal and trans-regional group of States — the Blue Group — to promoting the right to drinking water and sanitation and to working for its implementation. In that regard, we commend the excellent analysis, assessment and advocacy efforts of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Other praiseworthy initiatives seek to raise awareness of these new texts and the commitments they entail, and seek to work for their implementation. I especially welcome the Secretary-General’s initiative on sanitation.", "France welcomes the work of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in the context of its Protocol on Water and Health, particularly the preparations under way for a handbook on good practices for equitable access to water. We also thank the many countries that supported our introduction of World Health Assembly resolution 64/24, enabling its adoption by consensus. That resolution calls on States members of the World Health Organization and the United Nations generally, as well as other stakeholders, to ensure enhanced integration of water, sanitation and public health policies with a view to achieving full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "My country will host the sixth World Water Forum in Marseille from 12 to 17 March 2012. The right to drinking water and sanitation is a priority of France’s international activities, and the Forum will be an opportunity to step up our mobilization in this area. We must recall the prime responsibility of States in creating an adequate organizational framework for realizing that right and mechanisms for monitoring its enforcement. We attach particular importance to delineating the respective roles of the various stakeholders.", "Convinced that only joint action at the various levels of political decision-making will enable significant steps forward adapted to each individual context, we call for greater recognition of the role of local authorities in delivering State services in the context of national laws and regulations. All public stakeholders concerned must mobilize and commit to implementing cooperative solutions that will guarantee effective and equitable access to drinking water for all.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I would like to express Egypt’s appreciation for the convening of this meeting to discuss the challenges of realizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and thank him for his initiative to call for this debate, which is supported by a number of Member States, and for his preparations for this meeting.", "The General Assembly adopted the important resolution 64/292 at its sixty-fourth session, recognizing the human right to safe and clean water and sanitation and supporting international efforts towards the full realization of all human rights. Egypt reaffirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated, and must be enjoyed on an equal basis and in an integrated manner. It stresses the importance for Member States to take all necessary measures at the national level to ensure the fulfilment of the requirements to achieve human rights for all, in accordance with international humanitarian law and obligations under international treaties.", "In this context, Egypt believes that it is necessary to work towards addressing all the challenges faced by our peoples, especially in developing countries, in ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account national and regional particularities, while adhering to the terms of international and regional treaties on international watercourses and transboundary water resources, and avoiding the identification of sub-categories of human rights that differ from those stipulated in internationally agreed human rights instruments.", "The outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting to review the progress made on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/1) reaffirmed our commitment to reducing the number of people lacking access to clean drinking water and sanitation by 50 per cent. Although several international reports indicate the possibility of achieving this goal by 2015, Egypt believes that several challenges could hinder the fulfilment of this commitment, the biggest of which is obtaining the funding for the implementation of relevant national programmes, which is estimated at $11.2 billion annually.", "In addition, we need to redouble our efforts to address the negative consequences of climate change; achieve sustainable development, especially economic and social development; control population growth; and strengthen international cooperation in the field of technology transfer, scientific research and development, particularly in the field of drinking water and sanitation.", "In this context, several years ago the Government of Egypt adopted an integrated national plan in the field of water resources in a manner that supports good governance, in order to ensure the equitable and fair distribution of clean drinking water and the provision of sanitation services to its people, without prejudice to the environment. The implementation of this plan is based on decentralization, with the full cooperation of concerned ministries and national agencies, in order to improve the efficiency of water use to sustain good health; combat the negative consequences of climate change; support the role of national water boards and the participation of the private sector in managing the water sector; continuously update and exchange data and information among the relevant national entities; coordinate national investments; and rationalize water usage, giving a bigger role to women in this regard.", "Realizing the goal of providing access to clean drinking water and sanitation for all the peoples of the world will require the adoption of a comprehensive and integrated international approach based on several main pillars, the most important of which are addressing the challenges posed by climate change; promoting international cooperation in the field of water technology; providing the needed financial resources and official development assistance to support national programmes and policies for the provision of clean drinking water and sanitation; supporting sustainable development programmes, especially in relevant countries; and developing technologies that prevent pollution.", "In this context, the United Nations and the international community must intensify their joint endeavours to develop integrated studies in order to address the major challenges hindering the realization of the right of the peoples of the world to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account the different challenges posed by the circumstances and particularities of each Member State.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba welcomes the participation in this debate of our dear comrade, President Evo Morales Ayma of the brotherly Plurinational State of Bolivia. Of course, we fully support his statement and thank him for his personal leadership and that of his country on matters of the greatest importance to the international community, such as that under consideration by the Assembly today.", "Water is at the very heart of the survival of humankind. As was wisely affirmed by President Morales Ayma, water is life. Resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation, adopted a year ago upon the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, was a milestone. For the first time, the United Nations recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental human right.", "As we speechify in this Hall, more than 884 million people on this planet are without access to sources of drinking water, and 2.6 billion people, almost 1 billion of them children, are without access to basic sanitation. We cannot passively accept the fact that each year more 3.5 million people die of diseases borne by polluted water, and that one out of every eight people in the world are without drinking water. Unless we act rapidly and effectively, more than 3 billion will suffer water shortages by 2025.", "Most people on this planet live in developing countries where the main use of water is for agriculture. Hence, a shortage of water due, inter alia, to climate change means that agriculture, aquaculture and other forms of food production will be seriously affected, worsening the already parlous food security of developing countries.", "International cooperation must be enhanced, and financial funds and mechanisms that are not subject to the discriminatory dictates and conditionalities of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund need to be created. These international funds, whether or not they are sponsored by the United Nations, must provide tangible financial and technological resources to extend the coverage of drinking water, sanitation, agricultural and aquacultural production, integrated water production and the sustainable management of ecosystems.", "In 1995, Cuba achieved the Millennium Development Goal on access to drinking water and sanitation and believes that access to water is a fundamental human right. In our country, the State is responsible for the management and control of water and sanitation. We have taken many measures to guarantee the human right to water. Allow me to mention just a few.", "We have improved the supply and quality of water, increasing its rational use. We have reduced by 30 per cent the volume of water used in production-related processes. We have achieved annual decreases in the morbidity rate associated with waterborne diseases. We have supplied drinking water to more than 96 per cent of the population. We have increased the coverage, chlorination levels and quality of drinking water. We have developed early warning systems for drought.", "Despite this progress, and as is the case for other developing countries, Cuba faces varied challenges with respect to climate change, natural disasters and water shortages.", "The criminal economic, financial and trade blockade imposed by the United States Government on Cuba for over half a century has entailed considerable limitations and obstacles to access to new technology, water industry products and their benefits, as well as to achieving increased professional training in these areas.", "Cuba does not support plans to privatize water or market mechanisms promoted by multinational corporations as an alleged solution to shortages of natural resources, including water. Equitable access to water and sanitation, without discrimination and in sufficient quantities, is a fundamental right and must not be manipulated as yet another opportunity to make a profit. The United Nations must be the principal forum in which to debate this issue and achieve agreements on it.", "Mr. Askarov (Uzbekistan) (spoke in Russian): Today’s debate on water and the main challenges in realizing the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) gives us an opportunity to discuss this very important topic.", "On 20 July, the Security Council discussed the impact of climate change on security (see S/PV.6587) in the broader sense of the term. In many statements made on that occasion, direct allusion was made to the fact that water shortages are one of the main challenges to many regions of our planet.", "Today, nobody disputes the incontrovertible truth that our planet, with each passing year, is unfortunately experiencing increasing numbers of natural catastrophes and the impact of climate change. Over the past year, we have seen earthquakes of unprecedented destructive force in Haiti, Japan, Chile and New Zealand. We have seen floods in Pakistan and Australia. We have seen severe droughts in the United States, China and the Horn of Africa.", "In Central Asia, we are also seeing alarming symptoms of these phenomena. The glaciers of the Pamir and Tian Shan mountains, which are the main sources for the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers, are melting. This year, our region experienced an extremely severe drought, which affected the socioeconomic development of the countries of the region, including the achievement of the MDGs. We have seen reduced food production, degradation of the environment and other negative consequences of ecological crises.", "Allow me to provide just one example. What was once the fourth-largest continental body of water in the world, the Aral Sea, has disappeared and has turned into the Aralkum — a gigantic desert. In that regard, the rational and reasonable use of water and energy resources is one of the main challenges facing Central Asia. Haphazard and ambiguous approaches to this challenge will only lead to a worsening of ecological disasters.", "Today in the Aral region, we are experiencing not just ecological but also socioeconomic and demographic problems with global consequences, as the Secretary-General saw with his own eyes during his visit to the Aral region in April 2010.", "I would like to note that we in Uzbekistan are implementing a series of programmes for rationalizing water use and making it more efficient. In the context of agricultural reform, we have set up water users’ associations. We have reduced the land area dedicated to cotton growing, which now accounts for only 25 per cent of our arable land. Despite the intensive economic development of our country, we are reducing our water intake from rivers. We have spent over $1 billion on restoring our soil over the past few years. As a result, we have now increased our arable land by 740,000 hectares.", "Despite all this, it must be acknowledged that 3 million of our people do not have access to clean drinking water. Uzbekistan has almost 50 per cent of the entire population of the Central Asian region and has endured the brunt of the Aral disaster. We feel that we have the moral right to call for coordinated efforts on the part of States of the region to ensure a rational and reasonable use of water resources. Furthermore, Central Asia must fully implement the United Nations conventions on water and joint water use, including the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes of 17 March 1992 and the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 21 May 1997. Both documents clearly stipulate that all decisions on the use of transboundary watercourses, including the construction of hydroelectric power stations, must in no way harm the environment and or the interests of neighbouring countries.", "Guided by these generally accepted international legal principles and norms, Uzbekistan categorically opposes any construction of large hydroelectric power stations in the high reaches of the rivers of Central Asia that does not take into account the interests of the countries in the lower regions of the rivers. As stated by our President at the MDG summit in September 2010,", "“any attempt to implement projects drafted 30 to 40 years ago in the Soviet period to build large-scale hydropower facilities upstream, including enormous dams — plans that do not take into account the seismicity of the area, which the proposed construction could raise by eight to nine points — could inflict irreparable damage on the environment and create a very dangerous man-made catastrophe” (A/65/PV.3, p. 15).", "The International Commission on Large Dams, which Uzbekistan joined last year, has said in its research that major dams built on transboundary watercourses can entail great risks in many respects.", "In 2008, the United Nations began raising the alarm on increasing food shortages. Climate change and water shortages are undermining food production and even endangering lives. Without secure water supplies, we cannot talk about security, stability or the human right to life. As is stated in the basic text of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — and Uzbekistan fully agrees — fresh water should be used primarily for the production of food. This is particularly relevant for Central Asia, where every State must be rational and responsible in its use of water resources, on which the life and security of every country, the entire region and every human being depend.", "Mr. Berger (Germany): Germany fully aligns itself with the statement made by Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Let me start by thanking the Presidents of the General Assembly and of Bolivia for convening this important plenary meeting on the human right to water and sanitation. We are particularly honoured today by the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The debate today gives us an opportunity to reflect on what we have achieved and, more important, on the challenges ahead.", "The past 12 months have witnessed the recognition, first in the General Assembly and then in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, of the human right to water and sanitation that is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living at the United Nations. That breakthrough is the result of years of engagement of interested national Governments, civil society organizations around the globe, national human rights institutions and experts at the international and national levels.", "Germany is proud to have been part and parcel of the process right from the beginning. In 2008, Germany and Spain launched an initiative in the Human Rights Council to create the mandate of the then Independent Expert on the question. We have witnessed growing support for our initiative, which in 2011 led to the creation by the Human Rights Council of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. That important step forward would not have been possible without the crucial support of many like-minded Member States from all regional groups.", "The great challenge now is to implement the decisions that we collectively took. Talking about the human right to water and sanitation, we cannot but reiterate the necessity to think in broader terms than simply technical feasibility questions. We must use a human rights approach if we want to create sustainable solutions. The questions of safety, quality, sufficiency, availability, the physical and economic accessibility and the affordability of water and sanitation must receive adequate attention when we create solutions for those in need. Ignoring such parameters means ignoring the real needs of those who are the bearers of such human rights.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "We should also take into account that there is no one size fits all when it comes to implementation in individual country situations. However, the common denominator remains the same — the realization of the right to safe water and sanitation. In that regard, we look forward to discussing the compendium of best practices that will be presented by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council in September. In that context, and taking into account the link between human rights and the Millennium Development Goals, highlighted also today by the Secretary-General, we are particularly pleased by the fact that the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for the Water and Sanitation Sector has adapted and aligned its criteria regarding access to water and sanitation to those defined by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Before I close, I would like to encourage like-minded Member States of all regions of the world to engage in the promotion and implementation of the human right to water and sanitation and to make sure that a human rights approach is maintained when discussing national solutions and designing national action plans.", "Mr. García González (El Salvador) (spoke in Spanish): We commend the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the leadership of President Evo Morales and of the President of the General Assembly to convene this plenary debate on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Water is the basis of all forms of life. It is vital to human beings, animals and the environment. Access to drinking water and sanitation is necessary for a dignified life. Many human rights cannot be enjoyed without water. Hence, water is very important for well-being and social development. In fact, all great civilizations have always developed close to large water supplies.", "Access to drinking water is a fundamental human right that the Government of El Salvador fully supports and that currently is jeopardized principally by two major factors that affect that vital liquid: shortage and pollution. According to research, one-fifth of the world population does not have access to sources of safe water. Every day, 6,000 people, most of them children, die because of polluted water.", "The level of access to water and sanitation supply services in El Salvador remains low, in particular in rural areas. However, under the current Administration of President Mauricio Funes Cartagena, a series of projects is being developed in various areas to improve the supply and quality of the vital fluid in the country. The sustainable and comprehensive management of water is seen by the Government of our country as a participatory process aimed at achieving the internationally agreed goals of protection, conservation, defence and prevention regarding the quality and availability of clean water in order to ensure the right of access for the entire population and future generations through efficient coordination of public policies.", "On 28 July 2010, El Salvador joined a large group of sponsors in adopting resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”, in the plenary of the General Assembly. That was certainly an important step in international efforts to promote sustainable human development.", "However, in order to effectively implement that declaration of water as a human right, in practice it must go hand in hand with a series of measures to prevent the waste, pollution and financial exploitation of water. Water is increasingly becoming the key element in numerous conflicts that may result in social violence.", "Access to drinking water and sanitation as a human right must be fair, non-discriminatory, adequate in terms of quantity and quality, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, and affordable. It is therefore the duty of the State to protect people from being disconnected from water services and from pollution and to prevent violation of the rights of others by individuals or companies.", "We cannot ignore the role of forests in the conservation of water. When large areas of forest are destroyed, that has a negative impact on the entire water system, leading to a drop in the availability and quality of the water. It is equally important to regulate activities connected to mining, oil prospecting and industrial agriculture, which are direct sources of water pollution.", "We are all responsible for ensuring that everyone, in particular the most needy and excluded groups, can enjoy their basic needs and access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals should help to meet such needs. However, much remains to be done until everyone can exercise their full right to water and sanitation. In our delegation’s opinion, the issue should be a significant part of the discussions on the substantive content of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "To conclude, the Government of El Salvador shares the view that States should implement measures for a more rational use of that resource.", "Ms. Burgstaller (Sweden): Sweden fully aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "Sweden welcomes the convening of today’s plenary discussion on the right to water and sanitation. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is absolutely central for human life, health and dignity. The right to water and sanitation is now recognized the world over as a human right, derived from the rights to health and to an adequate standard of living in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and confirmed by decisions taken by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.", "In light of this, Sweden welcomed the consensus adoption of a resolution in the Human Rights Council in March this year that established the post of Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We commend the Special Rapporteur for her excellent work, and we thank her for her presentation here today.", "States must now ensure that everyone has access to safe drinking water for basic personal use and that water supply is organized in a non-discriminatory way. The efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources is an important prerequisite for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The upcoming 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development offers a strategic opportunity for all of us to further address the challenge of improving water resource management at all levels, and to make safe water and basic sanitation accessible to all, in particular to women, who often play a central role in securing the water supply at the local level and for households needs.", "Up to now, the work that has been done in the Human Rights Council and other United Nations human rights bodies has helped us define the obligation of States in relation to the right to water and sanitation, and has given us a strong basis for the work that lies ahead — respecting and implementing this recently recognized right on the ground to make it a reality for everyone.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): At the outset, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines warmly welcomes His Excellency Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We are grateful for his personal involvement and for Bolivia’s championing of this worthy initiative.", "Last year, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was an enthusiastic sponsor of resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognized the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. Resolution 64/292 built upon previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council, and has subsequently been reinforced by Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which strengthened the legal framework surrounding the General Assembly’s recognition of this critical human right.", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has devoted tremendous resources to the achievement of the right to water and sanitation in recent years. In the past decade, we have increased access to pipe-borne water from 70 per cent to over 98 per cent through prudent infrastructural and organizational investments. We have markedly improved sanitation through the establishment of new water distribution systems, modern sewage treatment facilities, and vastly enhanced garbage collection and disposal.", "Our modest national success in realizing and entrenching this human right has taught us that the right to water and sanitation is eminently achievable if the requisite resources and political will are present. The international community has often given voice to a political commitment to the achievement of this right, but too often we have left much of the hard work in this regard to heroic civil society organizations and small business-persons that lack the capacity to effect the sort of multisectoral change that is needed.", "We must now act to operationalize the call of last year’s resolution", "“to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer, through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all” (resolution 64/292, para. 2).", "Our ability to answer this call will be the standard upon which we will be judged by the 884 million people who lack access to safe drinking water and the 2.6 billion who do not have access to basic sanitation.", "This meeting must also recognize the fragility of recent gains in developing countries like Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the urgency of looming threats to the right to safe drinking water. Climate change and desertification threaten to undo recent progress in achieving the right to water, and will further stymie efforts to extend water and sanitation to the hundreds of millions who inexcusably live without these basic necessities.", "Recent unseasonal droughts in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have forced the Government to transport drinking water by ship to other islands in our archipelago, and have affected our agricultural capacity and our ability to generate hydroelectricity. Sea-level rise is threatening the water tables in small island developing States, and may soon have a disastrous effect on access to drinking water, farming and livestock in those communities.", "According to UN-Water, the number of States categorized as “water scarce” will increase by 50 per cent by 2025. This scarcity, and the tensions that it will inevitably engender, will have obvious security implications in the coming years.", "In fulfilment of the right to water, development cooperation and increased resources are critical. Additionally, the international community must begin to mainstream the issue of water in the global political agenda, link climate change more closely to water access, and consider the true value of the water that is used, overused and wasted in many countries, particularly developed countries.", "At the United Nations, there is no shortage of important and well-meaning resolutions and declarations on the topic of water and sanitation. We have General Assembly resolutions, Human Rights Council resolutions, and reports of independent experts and special rapporteurs. The Millennium Development Goals have established a target of halving by 2015 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation — a target that unfortunately appears to be woefully out of reach.", "Three years ago, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared 2008 the year of the bottom billion. For the nearly 1 billion who lack safe drinking water, the time for noble sentiments is long past. As we continue to casually flush our toilets, toss our half-consumed bottles of imported spring water into the trash and luxuriate in another long shower, let us resolve to act meaningfully for those who risk their lives and consume their days simply in search of a mouthful of unpolluted water.", "Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): I convey the warm regards of the people and Government of Nicaragua to President Evo Morales Ayma, and acknowledge and thank him for the leadership of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life. From the outset, Nicaragua was a proud supporter of this initiative, which culminated in the adoption of resolution 64/292.", "The Government of Reconciliation and National Unity headed by Commandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra considers it essential that the human being be seen as the central focus of development, in full respect for the human rights of Nicaraguans, particularly in the implementation of the economic, social and cultural rights that enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. In this regard, and considering that water and sanitation are vital to individual health and dignity, my Government has striven to invest in and draw up national plans for improving access to water and sanitation. Similarly, we are firmly opposed to the privatization efforts initiated under previous Governments. The human right to water, the life of human beings, can never be privatized.", "There are 884 million people who still lack drinking water and 2.6 billion without basic sanitation. The insufficient and inadequate supply of drinking water is a persistent health issue worldwide. Eighty per cent of diseases in the developing world are the result of a lack of clean water and adequate sanitation, and thus one of the chief causes of sickness and death, particularly in children.", "This grim picture should inspire Member States to continue to work together in the quest for full attainment of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It should also inspire the international community to mobilize technical assistance and cooperation in support of national action plans and initiatives related to the provision of access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving access to water and sanitation is essential to human development and the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In that regard, water and sanitation have not been accorded the attention necessary to increase and sustain progress towards the attainment of an important part of the MDGs, to which they are closely linked.", "What must be done is to plan and implement cooperation and development assistance efforts in accordance with human rights standards and principles, including the right to water and sanitation, as well as with human rights obligations relating to non-discrimination, among others, ensuring that adequate and effective measures are taken to identify and address any negative consequences for human rights.", "Without sustainable management of water that takes all the needs of present and future generations into account, we run the growing risk of finding ourselves trapped, not only as concerns development and survival for many of the world’s most dispossessed peoples, but also in situations that are a potential threat to international peace and security. Only the dawning awareness of our peoples that it is impossible to continue with unsustainable models of consumption and production will enable us to save Mother Earth and, eventually, all the human beings on our planet.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): Allow me to offer the Government of Madagascar’s thanks to the President for organizing this important meeting, which will enable the States Members of the United Nations to discuss the crucial subject of the human right to water and sanitation.", "One year after the General Assembly’s adoption in July 2010 of its historic resolution 64/292 on the fundamental right to water and sanitation, the time has come to launch a genuine dialogue designed to map the road that leads directly to the full and effective implementation of that right, so essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and above all to identify the challenges and obstacles to which we must find lasting solutions. Along with all earlier decisions and actions, the resolution has contributed significantly to efforts to achieve our stated goal of halving the number of those lacking access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.", "Water is essential to human life. Madagascar believes that access to water and sanitation is a genuine basic right that should be respected without exception or discrimination. That being the case, every State and Government has the duty and obligation to ensure each of its citizens’ full enjoyment of that right. With this vision as the guiding principle for its actions, the Government of Madagascar, which attaches great importance to the strategic challenges and issues related to drinking water in development and in combating poverty, put its commitments into practice at the highest level with its enactment in 1999 of a code of laws on water and its creation in 2008 of a Ministry of Water. The Ministry’s mandate is to promote sustainable and supported development in Madagascar with an approach based on the MDGs, designed to ensure conditions for economic growth and the welfare of the Malagasy people, and to secure access to drinking water and develop sanitation infrastructure.", "Similarly, with the chief aim of preventing diseases linked to substandard living conditions, the Ministry of Health’s sanitation service and engineering department has established a health and environment service. Various other ministerial departments, such as the ministries for land management and the environment, provide backup efforts in these areas. Our national sanitation policy and strategy, adopted in November 2008, strengthens the Government of Madagascar’s legislative and regulatory framework. With the main aim of improving the effectiveness of sanitation and hygiene efforts throughout Madagascar, it is responsible for managing water resources, particularly in protecting water, conserving water resources, protecting the environment, making the best use of water resources, and supplying drinking water and sanitation for domestic waste water.", "In order to deal with the omnipresent dangers of disease and other consequences of a lack of drinking water supplies and access to sanitation, we have been able to increase concrete action with the support of various partners and friends to Madagascar among nations, alongside the efforts of our Government. To cite just a few examples, the Diorano-WASH Madagascar initiative — a platform for dialogue and sharing experience that brings together Government bodies, national and international non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners, regulated by a national Dioran WASH strategy and charter — has enabled us to make great progress in providing the population with drinking water and promulgating good hygiene and sanitary practices. Since 2007, we have also set up hundreds of basic health clinics within the WASH framework that practice an integrated water-sanitation-hygiene approach. We have added a sanitation and safe drinking water primary environment care programme to this initiative, for which we are seeking more partnership support.", "Madagascar has deployed considerable efforts, but our country continues to face many challenges in terms of achieving the MDGs. Every year drought affects the southern part of the country, posing a continuing threat to thousands of people, especially children. In 2010, 43 per cent of the population had access to safe drinking water, and 48 per cent of households had access to sanitation. That is far from the goal that the Government has set itself, which is to achieve access to safe drinking water for 63 per cent of the population and to sanitation for 56 per cent by 2015.", "Bearing in mind these challenges, which are exacerbated by myriad obstacles, including lack of financing; insufficient capacity in terms of human resources; lack of current data on requirements in the area of sanitation and hygiene; factors related to behaviour change, particularly in rural areas; and cultural factors, our Government is encouraging increased involvement on the part of non-governmental organizations and of civil society in activities relating to the organization, operation and management of water supply installations and sanitation facilities.", "The Government of Madagascar calls for a greater mobilization of financial resources so as to enable all peoples of the world, particularly those in the developing countries and in Africa, to fully realize their basic rights to water and to sanitation. Our Government calls also on all Member States to effectively implement the commitments that they have undertaken to ensure that this right becomes reality and does not remain only theoretical.", "Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): I should like at the outset to warmly thank the organizers of this meeting, Bolivia most of all, and to express our deep satisfaction at this welcome initiative.", "In its resolution 64/292, the General Assembly stated that access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. This major advance, along with the proclamation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, definitively placed the issue of water and sanitation high on the agenda of the United Nations.", "In that context, my country regularly reiterates its commitment and determination to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly Goal 7 — to reduce by half, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water or sanitation services.", "That is why access to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation services, which is a major challenge on the international development agenda, has high priority in terms of our national development policies. In the same vein, Senegal, for several decades, has been implementing a water-supply policy aimed at providing a sufficient quantity and quality of water to various users at the lowest possible cost. That policy has led to an institutional and legislative reform that enhanced the effectiveness of the sector, with a particular focus on improved management and providing the most marginalized sectors of the population with access to water.", "Moreover, this mechanism is buttressed by a dynamic private sector and the implementation of a plan of action for the integrated management of water resources. In addition to those efforts, another positive development has taken place: the establishment, in the framework of the Millennium Water and Sanitation Programme (PEPAM), of several hydraulic infrastructures, particularly in poor peri-urban zones and in rural areas. The implementation of the programme has already enabled us to achieve quite striking results. Despite these positive results, which are promising in terms of the achievement of the MDGs in this particular domain, much remains to be done in the area of water quality and delivery, as well as sanitation, especially in rural areas.", "With a view to reducing inequalities in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation between urban and rural areas, we have undertaken activities aimed at harnessing surface and run-off water, particularly with respect to catchment areas.", "We will not win this fight if we do not take account of climate-related phenomena such as droughts and floods, which can exacerbate constraints on water resources as well as the problem of access to water and sanitation. That is why I call for increased international cooperation and assistance, which are imperative necessities for supporting the activities of developing countries in the implementation of the objectives set in that respect.", "In conclusion, I should like to reiterate to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, the readiness of the authorities of Senegal to welcome her to our country in the context of the visit she is planning to pay us soon.", "Mr. Olhaye (Djibouti): I wish at the outset to commend President Deiss for having facilitated the holding of this meeting at the initiative of Bolivia, joined by more than 20 States, including my own, with the aim of providing a dialogue on the principal challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”.", "The presence at this meeting of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, adds significance to our gathering here today and underscores the high-level political commitment to the issues of water and sanitation by placing them on the international agenda.", "The timing of this meeting is also quite significant, as it is taking place against the backdrop of the current severe drought in the Horn of Africa region, which straddles Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti, where more than 10 million people are facing severe starvation. It is unfortunate that, despite the early warnings issued and the appeals made over the past six months, the world has been slow to recognize the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe, where resources for clean water, food, shelter and health services have been acutely depleted.", "We are only a few years away from the deadline for the commitments made by the international community to achieve fully the Millennium Development Goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people unable to reach or afford safe drinking water or access basic sanitation. Unless, therefore, there is sufficient goodwill on the part of the international community, it is inconceivable that that gap will be bridged, given that almost a billion people lack access to improved water sources and that more than 2.6 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation.", "It is quite encouraging, however, that many countries are committing to recognizing access to water and sanitation as human rights and taking, with appropriate political will, both short- and long-term measures to fulfil these goals.", "As with everything else, we cannot escape the reality that the world is divided into haves and have-nots when it comes to the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. But we need to bear in mind that we have an obligation. These differences must give way to rational and concrete political commitments to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for large parts of the population, irrespective of their station in life or where they live.", "According to the Independent Expert on human rights, human rights prohibit discrimination against and the exclusion and deprivation of any group or individual, whether living in rural areas, in slums or in poverty. This is why the human rights framework places primary responsibility for the realization of human rights on the State, which should ensure the progressive achievement of universal access and create an overall enabling environment.", "My country is one of the most deficient in freshwater resources, and we risk running out of water in the next 25 years. We are one of the countries with the least water available per capita. Out of the 186 countries reviewed for water stress, Djibouti is included among the 17 most at-risk countries in the world, described as being at “extreme risk”. For us and other countries in similar situations, the changing patterns of climate change are expected to cause increased drought and flooding. The water shortage situation is predicted to become ever more intense.", "With the growth of the world population, an increase in drinking water consumption is inevitable, and, taken together with increased and inefficient irrigation, corruption and poor resource management, the problems of water shortage will be exacerbated. While some water-deficit countries may be endowed with other resources to enable them to invest in desalination plants, build water reservoirs or secure food in other ways, most countries face real challenges for survival.", "One year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on safe drinking water and sanitation, it is gratifying to participate in this meeting to assess the progress achieved within the context of the Millennium Development Goals. We have indeed a long way to go to fully realize the right to drinking water and sanitation, but that prospect should not deter us from striving hard to enable the millions without drinking water or lacking acceptable sanitation conditions to enjoy their human rights.", "Mr. Ngculu (South Africa): My delegation wishes to express its appreciation to the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on the challenges with regard to the realization of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "South Africa also wishes to commend the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and in particular His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, for their efforts and commitment to ensuring the human right to water and sanitation.", "The Bill of Rights of the South African Constitution provides a legislative framework for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the human right to water and sanitation. In addition, the South African Constitution provides for the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights, which derives from the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, especially based on the progressive realization of these rights, including the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In this regard, our Government has an obligation to create the enabling environment necessary to ensure that all South Africans have access to acceptable levels of water and sanitation. Our Government has established dedicated programmes, policies, criteria and legislation to ensure the realization and enjoyment of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and has committed itself to ensuring access to basic water services since 1994 by creating access to basic water and sanitation to previously disadvantaged people and the victims of racial discrimination.", "The comprehensive nature of this right also touches upon other rights, such as the right to adequate housing and an adequate standard of living, and the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. The approach undertaken by the Government of South Africa when dealing with the issue of human settlement is not only about the four walls, but also includes the provision of access to basic services such as basic sanitation, health and water.", "Water and environment are catalysts for South Africa’s economic growth and development. The role of the Department of Water Affairs, which holds the national mandate on the human right to water and sanitation, is to ensure that the country has enough water and that the environment is protected in order to meet our country’s development needs, including the MDGs.", "The South African Cabinet further approved the Strategic Framework for Water Services in 2003 and committed itself to the following sanitation targets: all people in South Africa shall have access to a functional basic sanitation facility; all schools shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; all clinics shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; and all bucket toilets shall be eradicated.", "South Africa actively works and collaborates with fellow African countries, under the auspices of the African Ministerial Council on Water, in the use and management of water resources for sustainable social and economic development and maintenance of African ecosystems. South Africa also uses the New Partnership for Africa’s Development water and sanitation infrastructure programme and the Southern African Development Community water and sanitation programme to further realize the human right to water and sanitation for the African people. In response to the Millennium Development Goals pledge, South Africa has committed itself to implementing a dedicated water services programme. Considering that we are a water-scarce country, South Africa also placed itself at the forefront of progressive water resource management.", "We are pleased to announce that South Africa has done well. In terms of achieving the MDG of formal basic water supply, we halved the formal backlog in 2005; and in terms of basic sanitation, the MDG was achieved in 2008. The achievements of the South African Government can be ascribed to specific strategic actions and strong political will and commitment. However, while we acknowledge that great strides have been made in bringing basic services such as water to poor households, many still do not have access to water or have insufficient access.", "Important challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to water and sanitation are related to climate change, which is a reality that impacts a great number of people and represents a threat to South Africa’s long-term sustainable development, economic growth, quality of life, migration and urbanization.", "South Africa remains committed to ensuring that the right to access to water remains sacrosanct, and in this connection we join other delegations in calling on States and international organizations to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all, for the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 7 and broader sustainable development goals.", "Mr. Körösi (Hungary): Hungary fully aligns itself with the statement made by the European Union.", "Much has been said already by previous speakers, and, obviously, there is a strong convergence among Member States on a broad spectrum of issues, and it encourages me to be very brief and to focus on some points and messages we deem particularly important.", "Protection of water resources and integrated, sustainable water management, including sanitation, are key priorities for my country. We are committed to further sharing with our partners our experiences in these fields.", "Hungary is of the view that a firm legal basis is of vital importance for successful water management and sanitation at both the national and international levels. Hungary encourages the reinforcement of the international partnership on all water-related issues, also in relation to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held next year.", "Access to clean drinking water and sanitation should be universal, but this is far from a reality today, as hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer, having been deprived of what we deem essential to a decent human life. We believe that it is a right of all that needs to be protected. It requires investments in management institutions, policies and infrastructure throughout vulnerable areas. The devastating humanitarian, economic and social consequences will come at a much higher cost if we do not take preventive measures now.", "Mr. Vigny (Switzerland) (spoke in French): The proclamation on 28 July 2010 by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/292, of the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights was a historic step with respect to the issue of water", "Switzerland actively participated in those negotiations and supported the resolution, while highlighting the need for coordination between the work of the General Assembly and that of the Human Rights Council. The resolutions adopted by these two United Nations bodies bring new ethical and qualitative dimensions in terms of physical, economic and non-discriminatory access to services of acceptable quality. Switzerland firmly believes that, in view of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new goals we need to define for the period following 2015, a human rights-based approach is of the essence.", "With that in mind, we welcome the report (A/65/254) submitted by the independent expert, during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, on the importance of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation to the realization of the MDGs, particularly Goal 7.C, which seeks to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population with no access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation services. The benchmarks of the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, put in place to monitor the achievement of the MDGs related to water and sanitation, must now incorporate these new dimensions.", "Switzerland, along with several other countries, supports the Joint Monitoring Programme in this task, which will enable us to monitor the progress made in the area of access to water and sanitation from a human rights perspective. The current situation as described by the Programme reveals major inequalities in terms of access to water and a massive shortfall as concerns sanitation. There is a very wide gap between the needs in the field and the financial resources available. The situation calls for increased financing for drinking water and sanitation by and for low-income countries.", "The Water and Sanitation for All Task Force, supported by numerous partners, including Switzerland, seeks to promote dialogue and commitments with respect to this issue at the global level.", "At the beginning of this year, the Swiss Parliament agreed to increase our official development assistance. The increase will be devoted primarily to water. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation decided to support the establishment and joint financing of a consortium of Swiss non‑governmental organizations that will focus on countries where water and sanitation coverage is extremely sparse, notably in vulnerable countries.", "The progress made in terms of recognizing the right to water must be translated into concrete solutions that must be adjusted to scale. That will be a key topic at the forthcoming World Water Forum, to be held in 2012, and will also lie at the heart of the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, whom I thank for her very detailed, specific and meaningful statement.", "The Protocol on Water and Health, ratified and supported by Switzerland, is a good example of a concrete solution. This international instrument, which pertains to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, enshrines the close link that exists between human rights, health, protection of the environment and sustainable development.", "In that context, the Swiss Development and Cooperation Agency and its partners are in the process of elaborating guidelines aimed at taking better account of the various dimensions of the right to water in the framework of projects related to safe drinking water sanitation and to the integrated management of water resources.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I would like first of all to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this important dialogue, and, of course, the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur for their comments earlier today. I would also like to thank President Evo Morales and the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having brought this life-sustaining, indeed, life-creating, human need before the General Assembly.", "Australians understand something about water. We are the driest inhabited continent on Earth. We have one of the lowest rainfalls, and about three quarters of our land — and there is a lot of it — is arid or semi-arid. Over the past decade we have experienced what scientists estimate to have been our worst drought in 1,000 years.", "But of course Australia is a wealthy country, and a developed country; our geology and climate, however, are tough, and our citizens are accustomed to water restrictions in all our major cities as a result of climate change, drought and the degradation of our waterways. Of course, as a developed country that is wealthy, we suffer nothing like the magnitude of the problem so eloquently defined a few minutes ago by the Permanent Representative of Djibouti.", "But we do hope that, as a nation, we understand the importance of water to survival and people’s livelihoods and the imperative of water and sanitation to people’s health, the sustainability of communities — particularly remote and indigenous communities — and the environment. We recognize that access to water and sanitation is fundamental to the realization of human rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "Other speakers today have spoken eloquently about the figures we confront — more than 2 billion people with no access to basic sanitation — due, in part, to water scarcity but also due, in part, to poor policies and management that have failed to ensure that everyone, regardless of who they are and where they live, can gain access to safe, affordable water and sanitation supplies and services.", "The implications for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are clear; we simply cannot attain the MDGs without providing safe water and effective sanitation. Australia is encouraged that the world is on track to meet the MDG 7 target to deliver safe drinking water to hundreds of millions of people, but we are alarmed that the sanitation target is likely to be missed by 1 billion. We must do better.", "My own Government has invested over $330 million in water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries in the past two years, and we are planning to spend another $1 billion in the next four to do much more. Our non-governmental organizations also give priority to water.", "Variable rainfall patterns, pollution of water supplies, inefficient use and leakage of water supplies, poor infrastructure, high population growth, rapid urbanization, discrimination and marginalization are all big challenges, which others have spoken about today, to achieving the goal of delivering safe drinking water and sanitation. Addressing those challenges requires enhanced policy and management, increased investments through funding and capacity support, the application of innovative and cost-effective sanitation and water technologies, and an improved focus on the rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized.", "We need to improve water and sanitation planning for urban settings and close the gap in the level of access between urban and rural populations. We need to expand rainwater catchment and storage facilities to communities in need, particularly, as I have said, to remote and indigenous communities. We need to empower local communities to enact their own local water and sanitation initiatives.", "We need to do more to support integrated water resource management, including safe waste disposal and water-sharing arrangements. And without delay, we need to address the disproportionate impact that poor water and sanitation access has on health, education and economic opportunities for women, young girls and people with disabilities.", "To conclude, Australians know that water is a precious resource — the life source — and that it must be carefully managed. We ourselves will continue to give what priority and assistance we can to help meet the challenges that impede access to safe drinking water and sanitation for many hundreds of millions of people. We will continue to participate in vital debates, such as today’s, and we would encourage the General Assembly to keep this vital subject on its agenda.", "Mr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having called for this meeting and President Deiss for rallying to the very just cause of the fundamental right to water and sanitation.", "Access to drinking water and sanitation is today a basic human right, as all speakers here have stated. Alas, in today’s world, more than 884 million people still lack access to drinking water, while 2.5 billion still lack access to appropriate sanitation facilities, according to a report prepared in 2008 by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization.", "Bearing this situation in mind, the Government of Burkina Faso has set up a State-owned company — the National Water and Sanitation Office — tasked with building, managing and protecting facilities for capturing, transferring, treating and delivering drinking water to meet urban and industrial needs. It also builds, promotes, improves and manages collective, individual and autonomous sanitation facilities for the evacuation of waste water and solid waste in urban and semi-urban areas.", "Notable progress made by my country over the past few years in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation led to our being honoured with a Millennium Development Goals Award in September 2010. We would like once again to thank the partners whose support for our Government enabled it to achieve these results.", "However, Burkina Faso’s efforts to manage water have been limited by rainfall that is inadequate and very unequal across the national territory. This situation led us, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Morocco, in 1998 to launch Operation SAGA, which aims to create artificial rainfall using proven techniques. The experiment was quite successful and is now an ongoing programme.", "As a Sahelian country that has suffered from drought, Burkina Faso takes this opportunity to alert the international community to the expansion of the desert and its nefarious consequences. The current dramatic and even tragic situation in the Horn of Africa, and Somalia in particular, gives some idea of those consequences.", "We hope that the high-level meeting scheduled for 20 September, on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, will be an opportunity for us to address the core of the problem and, in particular, the matter of access to drinking water and appropriate sanitation facilities.", "Lack of access to water and sanitation has serious consequences for education, housing, work, gender parity and life in general. It is thus very urgent to identify appropriate and sustainable solutions to this problem, whose causes and consequences are many and complex. Nevertheless, through concerted and inclusive efforts, the Member States, with the assistance of the United Nations system and other stakeholders, will be able to create, in our opinion, the conditions conducive to guaranteeing access to safe drinking water and sanitation to populations that still lack them.", "Ms. Hussain (Maldives): The Maldives welcomes the convening of this very important debate on the right to water and sanitation. We thank the President for his leadership in initiating this important discussion.", "The Maldives has a policy towards ensuring that all inhabited islands have access to clean water. Water is very scarce and extremely expensive for us to manage due to the geological formation and geography of the Maldives archipelago. There are no rivers or streams. The few small wetlands or freshwater lakes that we have yet to be managed. Our main freshwater resource is groundwater in the form of a thin freshwater lens found in very shallow depths. It is therefore highly susceptible to saline intrusion and contamination due to sanitation processes and needs intensive management, which is often extremely involved and expensive, to avoid overexploitation. Our lesson is that the health benefits and social impacts of this effort far outweigh the expense.", "The Maldives is deeply concerned that, according to the 2010 Joint Monitoring Programme report of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, approximately 884 million people lack access to improved water sources and that over 2.6 billion people do not have access to sanitation. We are very alarmed that approximately 1.5 million children under the age of five die and that 443 million school days are lost every day as a result of water- and sanitation-related diseases. Urgent and transformational action is needed now to combat these global issues.", "There is no doubt that water is a scarce commodity all over the globe. It is even more so for countries like the Maldives, which are highly vulnerable to climate change, adding further pressure to existing threats to the sustainability of our freshwater resources. For small island States like the Maldives, the impact of climate change on our water resources is not a distant reality but an acute problem that we are faced with in the present. Our commitment to contributing to resolve this most critical of issues is directly related to the well-being and socio-economic development of our people.", "The Maldives welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which recognize the human right to water and sanitation and reaffirm, inter alia, that the human right to water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably linked to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity.", "We reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation is set out in existing human rights treaties and therefore entails legally binding obligations. The Maldives has long been engaged in taking measures to protect and ensure the right to water. Our national policy is to ensure that all inhabited islands have adequate water and sanitation services.", "We acknowledge that right and have put plans in place to enhance the management of our water resources in order to combat the impact of climate change and sea-level rise. The Maldives believes that existing measures to ensure the right to water must be evaluated further in order to determine their sustainability in the context of sea-level rise, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and changes in precipitation levels.", "We consider that the recognition of the human right to water and sanitation is a breakthrough that demonstrates the political will and determined aspiration of the international community’s to resolve this important issue.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): I would like at the outset to thank the President of the General Assembly for having organized this important meeting on the critical issue of the right to water and sanitation, which is a major challenge to the international community. It is at the heart of the realization of the economic and social rights that Morocco holds dear. We are delighted to learn that Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque has been tasked to advocate this right, which she is doing with great commitment and professionalism.", "We all know that the increasingly numerous calls for the recognition and realization of the right to water are legitimate and essential to the full and effective exercise of human rights. No life is possible or conceivable without access to water. This claim is not political, ideological or moral. It is a solemn appeal in favour of the right to life. By enshrining the right to water in international norms, are we not simply helping to protect life? Is that not the raison d’être of the United Nations system? Can we legitimately accept that millions of women, men and children, mostly in developing countries, are deprived of sufficient access to water for economic, geographic or environmental reasons? Is that our understanding of respect for human dignity? Is it acceptable that, in Africa and Asia, the average distance that a woman or a child must walk in order to find water is six kilometres?", "I am proud of having personally experienced that trial and of having lived in very difficult circumstances. When I talk about the right to water, I know what I am talking about.", "According to the World Health Organization, half of all hospital beds across the world are occupied by patients suffering from waterborne diseases. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the lack of access to drinking water and sanitation has grave consequences for the right to health. Every year, 1.8 million children die of diseases caused by unsafe water and poor hygiene; that figure is far higher than the number of deaths caused by violent conflict. Four people out of every 10 in the developing world are affected by water shortages. The situation is deteriorating because of demographic growth, urban sprawl, pollution and the impact of climate change.", "Should the international community resign itself to this sorrowful assessment? We hope not. The time has come for us to come to our senses, appeal to people’s consciences and mobilize the search for sustainable solutions. The organization of this meeting is already, in and of itself, a form of recognition of the gravity of the situation and a call to action. We must not stop at words but act together, and quickly.", "I cannot but regret the fact that this debate, which is so important to the lives of millions of people across the planet, is taking place in a General Assembly Hall that is practically empty. That does not herald any deep or massive commitment on the part of the international community to this fundamental right.", "Morocco is a willing and energetic participant in this new collective awareness-raising. My country supports any international effort to give full recognition to the universal right to water and sanitation. Morocco welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 in July 2010.", "My country’s commitment to recognizing the right to water is not new. Since winning its independence, Morocco has made access to water a priority. In the 1960s, we launched a dam construction programme that has enabled us to increase our storage capacity to 17 billion cubic metres. Almost all of our urban population in Morocco has access to drinking water; in rural areas, 60 per cent have such access. The construction of hundreds of water purification plants in small and medium-sized Moroccan towns has led to great achievements in terms of wastewater treatment.", "The modernization of the legislative and administrative framework has allowed for changes to water resource management by increasing supply through demand management and resource protection. In October 2009, His Majesty Mohammed VI declared that", "“our present and future challenge is to work tirelessly to master our resources, where economy in their use, the maximization of their value, expediency in their organization and preservation of their quality will be the basis of our development methods”.", "At the regional and international levels, my country has always stood shoulder to shoulder with countries facing economic, social and human difficulties linked to access to water. In the context of active, voluntary and dynamic South-South cooperation characterized by exchanges of experience, Morocco has provided assistance to brother countries, in particular in Africa, such as on artificial rainfall. My country has also been very aware of the situation of countries affected by climate change, in particular island countries, and by drought, as is unfortunately currently the case in the Horn of Africa.", "Only international joint action will enable future generations to have adequate access to water. However, how can we not be concerned when the United Nations declares that by 2025, two-thirds of the global population, or 5.5 billion people, could live in areas affected by moderate or serious water stress. In Africa, 25 per cent of the population is already in a situation of extreme water stress. The drought-driven exodus from the Horn of Africa fully justifies today’s debate. Respect for human dignity begins with the enshrinement of the universal right to water. It is time to unite and to act, since our prime responsibility in this body is, above all, to help save lives by ensuring access to the source of all life on Earth. I would say that water is essential to all life on Earth.", "When I commented on the fact that this debate is taking place before an almost empty Assembly Hall, it was not to single anybody out, but only to deplore the fact that such a basic, fundamental and seminal human right can be addressed with, I will not say indifference, but little enthusiasm.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank the President for having convened this plenary. Allow me, through him, to welcome the participation of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, our companion and brother Evo Morales Ayma, in this afternoon’s debate.", "The reports of United Nations agencies and bodies indicate that access to water and sanitation is unequal across the world. They reveal the existing polarities among regions and countries with regard to the enjoyment of such rights. Access to water and sanitation is a human right that must be ensured for all men and women on Earth. The fact that a wealthy minority monopolizes the benefits and enjoyment of the gifts of Mother Earth, while almost a billion people lack access to drinking water, is to be condemned. Some 2.6 billion people lack acceptable sanitation facilities, while that same minority flaunts the obscene extravagances that they enjoy in the contrived and alienating capitalist market.", "Every day, between 4,000 and 5,000 children die as a result of lack of access to drinking water. The root causes can be found in poverty, economic and social inequality, climate change, the destruction of natural resources and the unfair balance of power that characterize the global capitalist system.", "Will humankind be able to reverse such destructive trends, which annihilate life, and to create a more democratic, just and pluralistic society conducive to the preservation of life? We believe that that is possible. In order to ensure that humankind can exercise fundamental human rights, including access to water and sanitation, and achieve its freedom, we must uproot the narrow and miserly foundation of economic competition and market fundamentalism and make way for the reign of world solidarity.", "In Venezuela, the human right to water and sanitation is ensured. Our country has a legal provision that recognizes the nation’s full sovereignty over water, that access to water is a fundamental right and that water is vital to life and human well-being and an essential resource for development.", "This afternoon, His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma said that water is the mother of all rights. We hear him. If that right is not upheld, no human right will be respected. I would add that water delivery must be a public service, not a source of wealth and trade. He called on us to seek a balance between human beings and nature. We fully share such humanist principles.", "Venezuela’s water-related legislation establishes that water is a social good. Therefore, the State ensures access to water to all communities, urban and rural, including indigenous peoples and all vulnerable social groups. The law also guarantees that, in full exercise of sovereignty and national security, foreign companies can never be allowed to exploit any water source anywhere. Water is a public good. It cannot be privately owned by any natural or legal person.", "The United Nations established a Millennium Development Goal aimed at halving the percentage of people without sustainable access to drinking water by 2015. Venezuela achieved the Goal of drinking water coverage in 2001 by building networks to reduce to 15 per cent the number of people without drinking water. The goal of sanitation service coverage was", "reached in 2005 by building networks to reduce the number of people without sanitation services.", "More than 95 per cent of the population of Venezuela today has access to drinking water. Our country, in the context of the Bolivarian revolution, has established major infrastructures for the capture, harnessing, purification and supply of drinking water, resulting in a total production capacity that can provide enough water for the 30 million people living in Venezuela. Our country also met the sanitation objective, achieving coverage of 92 per cent by means of our national plan aimed at expanding access to drinking water and sanitation.", "Allow me to conclude by voicing my country’s hope that the contributions made by the various delegations that have spoken in this debate will serve as an incentive to ensure that the right to water and sanitation can be enjoyed by all human beings on this planet.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The President (spoke in French): Members will recall that, at its 52nd plenary meeting, on 23 November 2010, the General Assembly held a joint debate on agenda item 13, agenda item 115, on follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit, and agenda item 120, on strengthening of the United Nations system.", "Members will recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the General Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 13, the General Assembly adopted resolutions 65/10, 65/234 and 65/309 at its 52nd, 72nd and 109th plenary meetings, respectively.", "In my opening statement, I would like to share with the Assembly some of my thoughts. We are meeting today to address the challenges related to the realization of the human right to water and sanitation and to consider the impact of its realization on the Millennium Development Goals. I extend a very warm welcome to President Evo Morales Ayma. His country, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, was an ardent defender of that right. I also extend my warmest welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. She will also participate in the discussion this afternoon.", "In July 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/292. The decision is a first step towards a clear recognition of the right to water and sanitation as a human right. Subsequently, in September 2010, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution affirming that the right to water and sanitation stems from the right to live in dignity and an acceptable standard of living.", "Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an urgent development need for millions of people. Millennium Development Goal 7 calls for halving the global population without access to water and sanitation by 2015. Achieving that goal is essential to achieving other goals, such as those on poverty reduction, child health and universal education.", "After 10 years of effort, the progress made is not enough. One billion people still lack access to drinking water and more than two billion do not have access to basic sanitation services. I welcome and support the Secretary-General's initiative entitled “Sustainable sanitation — five years before 2015” launched last month.", "Together with the current drought in the Horn of Africa, these figures remind us once again of the serious inequalities in meeting our water needs in today's world. In some regions, men, women and children die as a result of a lack of only a few litres of water, while in others water is wasted. The human right to water and sanitation is therefore essential to ensure a life of dignity and freedom for everyone.", "As we will have an opportunity to discuss today, we face many challenges, such as, in many cases, the lack of functioning national institutions and limited technical and financial resources. The realization of those rights would be progress towards the Millennium Development Goals on water and all the Millennium Development Goals.", "There is not much time left before the 2015 deadline, and we must take decisive action now. In line with the commitments we made at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, held on the occasion of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly in September 2010, and the initiative of the Secretary-General to which I have just referred, we should constantly reaffirm our common will to achieve the Goals and redouble our efforts to that end. I hope that the Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held next year in Rio de Janeiro, will give new impetus to achieving the goal of water and sanitation for all.", "Today, we have an excellent opportunity to convey that message — our resolve to succeed. I encourage speakers to emphasize practical and results-oriented measures to make the right to water and sanitation a reality.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: As a result of the lack of water and sanitation, almost half of the population in developing countries is suffering from health problems. Unpurified drinking water and poor sanitation have become the second-largest killer of children in the world. While progress towards the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people without access to clean water has been largely successful, the sanitation target will remain elusive worldwide. I therefore welcome the convening of this plenary meeting.", "Last July, the General Assembly affirmed the right of everyone to water and sanitation. The Human Rights Council subsequently specified last September that this right stems from the right to an adequate standard of living. These are important advances. They provide a solid legal framework for both Governments and the United Nations system. The task now is to translate this commitment into specific obligations at the international and national levels. Only in such circumstances can people truly enjoy that right, especially the poor.", "It should be clear to us that the right to water and sanitation does not mean that water should be free of charge. Rather, it means that the provision of water and sanitation should be affordable and accessible to all and that States must do their utmost to achieve this goal. We will never accept that slum dwellers living in the same city pay five or ten times as much water as the rich. We will never accept that more than 1 billion rural people do not have toilets and are drowning in the open. We will never accept the arbitrary contamination of the local environment by the wastewater of slums, agricultural lands and factories.", "Last month, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Sanitation: Five Years to 2015 initiative. I mentioned at that time how the lack of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation adversely affected the healthy development of children. I also mentioned how good sanitation can strengthen our efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and malaria, just to make people living in a healthy environment more resilient to other diseases. I also noted that good sanitation facilities and hygiene practices improve learning performance and reduce absenteeism, especially among adolescent girls, and contribute to their empowerment and equality. In short, improving sanitation can help to achieve all our development goals.", "Many Governments have incorporated the right to drinking water and sanitation into their constitutions and domestic legislation. States that have not yet done so should do so without delay. Those who do not have access to drinking water and sanitation must be provided with those services in order to preserve their dignity and well-being. Today, I am following the emergency situation in the Horn of Africa. Millions of people on the ground are struggling to survive and have no access to their entitlements. They urgently need all kinds of assistance — including food, potable water and adequate sanitation in camps where they are forced to temporarily shelter.", "However, in addition to such short-term relief, long-term durable solutions need to be considered. This will require a transformation of agriculture to improve the resilience of rural people, especially pastoralists, and to minimize the potential impact of future disasters. This means working towards the realization of the right of everyone to drinking water and sanitation. This means creating the necessary security conditions for the prosperity of people and communities. Water, sanitation, stability, prosperity and peace are closely interrelated goals. Progress can be made only if we work together.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "President Morales Ayma (spoke in Spanish): I am here today to convey to the United Nations my highest esteem, not only for the convening of today ' s meeting, but also for the unprecedented and historic declaration adopted here a year ago by the General Assembly on the right to water as a universal human right (resolution 64/292).", "That leads me to believe that this new millennium will have the opportunity to make up for the harm done to the peoples of the world. Thanks to the efforts of the General Assembly, if today water is recognized as a human right, it is the mother of all rights. They will certainly not respect human rights anywhere in the world if the President, the Government and the State do not guarantee water as a human right. I am therefore confident that we can make significant progress at the United Nations in guaranteeing the enjoyment of human rights and the fulfilment of the will of the people.", "If drinking water is a human right, it cannot be a commodity that is traded privately. The provision of drinking water must be a public service. If drinking water is a human right, then profit-making companies must not profit from it. With the approval of the United Nations, we have issued this statement on access to water as a human right, which places a shared obligation on us to work together and share our experiences in order to implement policies to ensure that water resources can be enjoyed as a human right.", "I would like to take this opportunity to refer to the suffering of some of the peoples mentioned by the Secretary-General. Owing to the lack of water, children lost their lives and farmers were unable to farm. Like any right, the right to water must be respected. All human rights have opponents — policies that lead to inequality or subject people to injustice. Similarly, water resources have opponents, and the enemy of this natural resource is the phenomenon of global warming. Global warming is the first enemy of water resources. It led to the worst drought, frost and cold climate in our country last year. In the Bolivian Amazon, millions of fish have died as a result. In the highlands, people had to leave their homes and go around looking for water.", "The effects of global warming are a very serious problem that must be addressed through our own efforts. However, as a responsible Government, we are piloting new policies in my Water Resources programme. We are increasing our investment in water resources. There can be no life without water. Without water, there can be no food. Without water, there can be no Earth. It is therefore the duty of Governments to safeguard this natural resource so vital to life.", "Fortunately, in Bolivia, the right to water has been enshrined in our Constitution because of the conscience of our people and because our country is a democratic State. In line with that policy, and through our “My Water” programme, we are beginning to prioritize projects and programmes together with our 337 cities. These projects and programmes are not just initiatives by a mayor or a president; they are also designed to meet the needs of the beneficiaries of our natural resources — for example, water for humans, water for agricultural crops and water for livestock.", "Some representatives may say that water for livestock is ridiculous. However, many families depend on livestock for their livelihood, which require water. In Bolivia ' s highlands, many families can leave their homes and land without leaving their livestock. Their livestock are subject to manipulation in the face of nature. Of course, during the rainy season, the families returned to their land and recovered livestock that survived the dry season. The bodies and skeletons of dead livestock are scattered throughout the field, but some are still alive. This is the consequence of global warming. Global warming affects water resources and destroys families, especially those of poor farmers.", "That experience served as a wake-up call for us to implement the programme. We have high expectations. We have invested $100 million in 10 million Bolivians. We would like to go further and share that experience with the General Assembly, while also drawing on the experiences of others. I am here to learn from other speakers. I would like to ask you here, as well as other United Nations leaders here, how we can complement each other to ensure that water resources are used as a public service. Of course, we cannot solve this problem alone or those that occur in other regions, countries and continents. But we have a responsibility to think in depth and in the long term.", "In countries where water resources are squandered as luxury goods, people do not think at all about sharing water resources, but rather about competing for it, a situation that cannot be allowed. In this regard, any competition is inadmissible. As developing countries, we have some major differences that lead to alienation. No form of competition can solve the problems of poverty or unemployment. But if we can cooperate and work together, we can certainly resolve these problems. Our efforts, struggles and tasks are all aimed at seeking a balance among all humankind.", "The United Nations has taken important initiatives around the world. We have heard that some regions are about to hold various referendums to determine whether water is a right, a private commodity or a public service. Approximately 80 or 90 per cent of the population will vote in favour of water as a human right and a public service, not as a private commodity. We do not want to see what has happened in Bolivia: some transnational corporations have used water as private property in an attempt to sell it for profit. How can we sell water? How can water become a private commodity?", "We — the rural and urban social movements, workers, experts and intellectuals committed to defending the homeland, indigenous peoples and coca growers — condemn such competition. In 2000, we expelled a number of transnational corporations. That year was an important one for us. Some companies have attempted to increase water prices fivefold. These circumstances have led us to reflect on this issue seriously and in depth. Through these social movements, we have organized and amended our Constitution. We have raised these issues in the relevant international forums, with a high degree of respect for each country ' s respective policies and programmes. It is our duty to share our experiences, and it is the duty of every State to do so for the benefit of society.", "I come here from the Bolivian nation, with our policy, to pay tribute to the leaders and ambassadors here at the United Nations. They declared here a year ago, with great wisdom and wisdom, that access to water is a human right. If this is a human right, it is now our responsibility to implement that United Nations-defined policy. I commend the Secretary-General and the General Assembly for having formulated those policies. We will always be willing to share our experiences here.", "The President (spoke in French): I have invited Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, to participate in this meeting.", "If there is no objection, may I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly to invite, without setting a precedent, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, to address this meeting?", "It was so decided.", "The President (spoke in French): In accordance with the decision just taken and without setting a precedent, I now give the floor to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Ms. de Albuquerque (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for inviting me to this important meeting. It is an honour and a pleasure for me to be here today to take stock of the progress made and the challenges that remain in achieving the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.", "(spoke in English)", "Exactly a year ago, following a historic vote by the General Assembly on the right to water and sanitation, some journalists asked me about the implications of recognizing this human right, and I immediately recalled the wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt, who said that human rights begin in small places, close to home. Unless those rights have meaning there, they will have no meaning anywhere. We must therefore ask ourselves the same question today as we gather to celebrate the first anniversary of the adoption of the resolution. Will this resolution affect the lives of billions without safe water and sanitation? Does it help prevent the deaths of some 1.5 million children each year as a result of water and sanitation-related diseases? Does it lead to improved conditions in schools with water shortages and in schools where girls drop out of school because they do not have separate toilets? Does it help to change the situation of hospitals that face high maternal mortality due to lack of water and sanitation?", "Fatima and John are examples of billions of people who lack safe water and sanitation. During my country visit, I met Fatima and her daughters. They must walk for hours every day to fetch water. They are unable to work or go to school because much of the day is spent on this matter. Their family often suffered from diarrhoea and one day before I met them, a friend was almost raped while walking to fetch water.", "Two years later, in my other visit, I saw John, who was homeless. Public toilets were closed in the city where he lived. In John ' s words, he became a local sanitation technician for the homeless. He invented a tented toilet where people can drain their shit into plastic bags. John would then collect the dung and take them with him on his bicycle, trying to find an open toilet to dump the dung in the bag.", "Those violations must end. Resolution 64/292 must serve as a guideline for ending the suffering of all people in the world like Fatima and John. Is the expectation that General Assembly resolutions will have a real impact on people's lives too high? I don't think so.", "The challenges are daunting and will continue to be, but the experience accumulated around the world shows that recognizing access to water and sanitation as a human right can make a real difference.", "What have been the achievements in the recognition of the right to water and sanitation? When the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council adopted resolutions recognizing the right to water and sanitation as a fundamental human right, States made very clear commitments. They recognize that water and sanitation are part of the right to an adequate standard of living and must be fully available, accessible and safe and affordable, as already mentioned, and culturally acceptable to everyone without discrimination.", "These resolutions have raised political attention and helped to create the much-needed urgency to improve access to water and sanitation worldwide. In that context, I would like to commend Bolivia, Germany and Spain for their leadership at the United Nations level in that regard. Those resolutions contain a new vision of the world we live in — a world in which everyone has access to safe drinking water and sanitation; a world in which people are not sick because of drinking water or because they have to excrete where they are; a world in which people do not have to choose between taking their children to health care or paying water bills.", "This new vision requires a change of mindset among policymakers, Governments, local authorities, non-governmental organizations, United Nations agencies, the private sector and people themselves. This means that the most vulnerable, the poorest, the indigenous, slum-dwellers and the homeless — These people usually have no say — they are no longer ignored, but are given priority in policy-making. This new vision means that ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation is no longer a charitable exercise or is a good idea for policymakers. Unlike human rights, the outcome of good intentions depends on changing political developments. The idea of goodwill is not legally binding.", "Does this mean that human rights do not take into account the resource constraints or the impact of crises that States may face? Of course not. In recognition of the right to water and sanitation, States should consciously take steps towards the progressive realization of these rights, making maximum use of available resources, while eliminating all forms of discrimination in the provision of water and sanitation.", "Even when resources are limited, much progress can be made, as is the case now. For example, some of these steps are the recognition of these rights in national legislation, the implementation of national action plans to implement the right to water and sanitation, and the prioritization of communities without or without services, in order to provide minimum conditions for everyone.", "Since the explicit recognition of the right to water and sanitation last year, I have continued to receive requests from Governments, non-governmental organizations, service providers and United Nations agencies that want to implement these human rights and that need assistance and guidance in their implementation.", "I have been collecting good practices for the past three years. I have received over 200 reports from five continents, and I will present a compendium to the Human Rights Council in September. The diversity of these practices attests to the fact that the road is not the only one and to the fact that the realization of the right to water and sanitation is not remote.", "Allow me to share some examples that I have encountered. One is an eco-sanitary “tree-plant latrine” system in different countries, such as Malawi, which aims to compost excreta directly in a cave and then plant a fruit tree on this very fertile soil — usually a banana tree in Malawi. The sale of bananas is a means of earning money from the owners of tree-planted toilets to cover the cost of such sanitation solutions.", "Similarly, national legal instruments are important tools for the protection of the right to water. For example, in a recent decision by the Botswana courts, indigenous communities who had been evicted from their land and watched their wells removed from water had successfully won a case under the country ' s Water Act. The Court of Appeal stated, inter alia, on the basis of General Assembly resolutions, that the water law allows all those who own land to drill for water for domestic use without the need to have a specific right to water, and that limiting this right may amount to cruel or inhuman treatment prohibited by the Constitution.", "At the global level, I am pleased to see that, through my cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) as mandated, next year ' s UN-Water annual assessment report on global environmental sanitation and drinking water will contain more information on the recognition of the right to water and sanitation by States, their admissibility and public participation and non-discrimination.", "Meanwhile, the UNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring Programme, which reviews progress towards the Millennium Development Goals on access to water and sanitation, is working closely with me to develop new indicators that will take into account human rights standards. I also led a task force to develop indicators to measure non-discrimination and equality in the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In this context, allow me to appeal to all States Members of the United Nations to use human rights to the water and sanitation framework in the negotiations on the global development agenda beyond 2015. This is essential because the current Millennium Development Goals do not measure the impact of discrimination on access to water and sanitation. Thus, a country can make a difference with regard to the Millennium Development Goals, but it has done nothing to change the fate of indigenous peoples, slum dwellers or persons with disabilities.", "Furthermore, the quality of drinking water has not yet been monitored worldwide. There is currently no global assessment of affordability of and access to water and sanitation services. It is a stark reality that we have no idea how many people have access to drinking water and sanitation that meet the standards of adequate, high-quality, accessible, affordable and acceptable supply. These standards are set out in the human rights framework and received the support of United Nations Member States last year. The global development agenda must now be aligned with the human rights commitments made by the General Assembly, even long after the Millennium Development Goals deadline.", "The lessons I have learned over the past three years in my field visits and meetings with communities and policymakers working to improve access to water and sanitation have shown that these rights — as I said earlier — can be realized. These rights can be realized even in countries and communities with very limited resources and even in emergency situations. Of course, many challenges remain, including financial and purely technical obstacles. I must stress, however, that political will and sound management will continue to play the most decisive role in expanding access to drinking water and sanitation.", "In that spirit, I would like to conclude by calling upon relevant stakeholders, including States, United Nations agencies, donors, civil society and the private sector, to use the human rights framework at the national and international levels in their efforts to ensure access to drinking water and sanitation for all. The recognition by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council that the human right to water and sanitation provides a starting point is an essential tool in this endeavour. Using this framework, interventions will be better effective, more successful and more lasting.", "The President (spoke in French): I should like to inform the Assembly that there are 35 speakers on my list. I invite speakers to limit their statements to no more than five minutes in order to enable as many participants as possible, otherwise this debate will continue early next week.", "I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union) (spoke in Spanish): Before speaking on behalf of the European Union, I would like to welcome the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and to thank him for his leadership on this very important issue and for his statement this afternoon. I also welcome the statement made by the Secretary-General and the presence of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque.", "(spoke in English)", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member States.", "The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the stabilization and association process and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and the European Free Trade Association country Liechtenstein, member of the European Economic Area, as well as Ukraine, align themselves with this statement.", "The European Union thanks you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting of the General Assembly to discuss this very important subject. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for people to live in health and dignity. All States have a responsibility to ensure that people enjoy their full human rights and have equal access to health care, education, safe drinking water and sanitation, as well as social and other basic services. The European Union appreciates the recent recognition by the General Assembly of the human right to drinking water and sanitation and the fact that the Human Rights Council has identified this right as part of the human right to an adequate standard of living.", "The European Union would also like to recall that, while the States Members of the United Nations take different positions on the relevant resolutions, we believe that it is important for the international community to show political will in solidarity in order to resolve the global crisis of drinking water and sanitation.", "In addition, water resources management affects all sectors of importance for inclusive growth and sustainable development, including energy, agriculture, food security and the environment, as well as peace and security.", "Internationally, therefore, policymakers are increasingly aware of the importance of water and sanitation for sustainable human development, in part thanks to the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the Millennium Development Goals, the international community has made access to drinking water and sanitation a top priority. On that basis, together we have made substantial progress towards that goal.", "However, we cannot be complacent because drinking water and sanitation remain a matter of life and death for hundreds of millions of people around the world. Some 884 million people lack access to improved water sources and more than 2.6 billion lack access to acceptable sanitation.", "In addition, about one third of the world ' s population lives in areas affected by water stress, and the demand for drinking water is increasing. Developing countries are seriously lagging behind in their investments in drinking water infrastructure, particularly in Africa, which leaves them vulnerable to droughts and floods, with enormous social, environmental and economic impacts. Access to drinking water and sanitation is a particular problem in the urban environment, where rapid urban population growth in developing countries is increasing pressure on infrastructure and services.", "The EU is fully aware that access to drinking water and sanitation is essential, both from a human rights perspective and as a development issue. The EU will further prioritize sustainable water management in its future development policies.", "The EU and its member States have a strong political commitment to and work closely with African countries in the water sector. This is reflected in the joint strategy of the African Union and the European Union agreed in Libya last November. Last year, the EU also launched a Millennium Development Goals initiative to provide 1 billion euros to African, Caribbean and Pacific countries, with a focus on drinking water and sanitation.", "In general, we have recently seen an increased commitment by the EU and its member States to the issue of drinking water, in recognition of the challenges associated with climate change and the need for green growth. In addition, Germany and France will host the Water, Energy and Food Linkages Conference in Bonn in November 2011 and the World Water Forum in Marseille in March 2012.", "It also welcomed the efforts being led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF to study the post-2015 development framework for water and sanitation. We recognize the importance of global monitoring of the quality, affordability and accessibility of drinking water and sanitation services.", "In conclusion, let me note that the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), to be held in June 2012, will provide a unique opportunity for the world to secure renewed political commitment to sustainable development.", "The EU and its member States are determined to contribute to the success of Rio+20. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation and the sustainable management of water resources should figure prominently in Rio+20 and its outcome document. The General Assembly should complement and support our efforts to ensure the full achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and to promote sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development.", "Ms. Viotti (Brazil) (spoke in Spanish): Brazil welcomes the opportunity, at the initiative of Bolivia, to discuss the full realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation. I am pleased to welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We listened very carefully and with great interest to his statement, and we endorse his call for enhanced cooperation, action and solidarity on this very important issue. I should also like to thank Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, for her excellent work.", "Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a prerequisite for poverty eradication. Our social development efforts are closely linked to progress in various areas. At the national level, Brazil worked to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. At the international level, we share our experiences and learn from the experiences of other countries in managing water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid areas.", "Brazil recognizes that the right to drinking water and sanitation is intrinsically linked to respect for the right to life, physical integrity, health, food and adequate housing. Like rights in the social and economic fields, it is the duty of the State to ensure their full enjoyment by its citizens. Respect for those rights was fully consistent with the principle of the sovereign right of States to use their own water resources, as contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.", "In our in-depth consideration of the challenges to the exercise of the right to water and sanitation, we must recognize the central role of United Nations human rights entities. Brazil strongly supported the Special Rapporteur ' s efforts to clarify the nature and content of the obligations relating to the right to drinking water and sanitation. In this regard, we look forward to considering the challenges to the realization of this right through her report to the sixty-sixth session.", "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development next year will provide another opportunity to revisit the issue of access to drinking water and sanitation in the context of sustainable development. We hope to work intensively with all Member States to achieve meaningful results in this area that will lead to the realization of the right to drinking water and safe facilities.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minueza (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, on behalf of my delegation, I would like to welcome the convening of this debate on the human right to drinking water and sanitation one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292, which recognizes the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "The resolution reminds us that this right is recognized in international law and is therefore legally binding. Spain commends the fact that we are devoting all our energy today to the implementation of this right, as contained in Human Rights Council resolutions 15/9 and 16/2. The latter resolution was particularly important because it extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the work of the Special Rapporteur and former independent expert, Catarina de Albuquerque, we can lay the foundation for today's recognition of the right to drinking water and sanitation. I would like to express Spain ' s gratitude to the Special Rapporteur here today for his commendable work, which provides us with a solid basis for our work in the implementation of this human right.", "The recognition of the right to drinking water must be considered from a human rights perspective. While international cooperation efforts had helped to alleviate the situation, only a human rights approach could improve it. It is because of that conviction that Spain, together with Germany, promoted the consideration of the human right to drinking water and sanitation in the Human Rights Council in Geneva five years ago. My country recognizes the universality of all human rights, whether civil, political, economic, social or cultural. Furthermore, we believe that, as the Special Rapporteur pointed out in his statement today, there is a direct link between respect for all human rights and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "I would like to highlight her recommendation that States need to understand how to fully realize the human right to drinking water and sanitation and to draft national action plans that must be included in poverty reduction strategies and national budgets. It is unacceptable that nearly 900 million people lack access to drinking water and that more than 2.5 billion people lack access to basic sanitation.", "Today, States and other relevant actors are well aware of their human rights obligations in this area. The challenge, therefore, is to implement and fulfil these obligations effectively. In this regard, like the Special Rapporteur, we stress the importance of identifying best practices. Best practice standards for water and sanitation include standards based on human rights norms and common standards based on the principles of non-discrimination, participation, responsibility, impact and, of course, sustainability. These criteria must be taken into account in ensuring the effective exercise of the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "Spain was one of the 122 countries that voted in favour of the resolution on this issue, which was submitted to the General Assembly by the Plurinational State of Bolivia just one year ago. We therefore welcome today's debate and the presence of the Special Rapporteur, Catarina de Albuquerque, who has contributed greatly to this issue. Spain believes that a great deal of work that we can support has been accomplished so far in order to achieve the full realization of this right as effectively as possible.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for having taken the initiative to bring Member States to this meeting in order to allow us to reflect together on a subject that requires the commitment of the Governments of the world to ensure the full realization of the human right to drinking water. On behalf of the delegation and the Government of Peru, I would also like to welcome the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "International human rights norms include specific obligations regarding access to drinking water. They require States to guarantee access for all to adequate drinking water for personal and domestic purposes, including consumption, sanitation, laundry, preparation of food and personal and domestic hygiene. They also require States to continue to progressively improve adequate sanitation services as a prerequisite for human dignity and private life and to protect the quality of drinking water supplies and resources.", "In Peru ' s view, water is a renewable natural resource, a vital requirement for life and a strategic component of sustainable development and of the maintenance of the systems and natural cycles that underpin that development, as well as an essential part of national security. According to our legislation, water is given socio-cultural, economic and environmental values and must therefore be used through integrated management that balances all these values. We believe that water is an integral part of our ecosystem and a regenerative resource from the hydrological cycle. In this regard, Peru believes that the following principles must be taken into account in the use and integrated management of water resources.", "The first is the value of water and its integrated management. Secondly, priority must be given to access to water. Thirdly, the public should participate in decision-making on issues affecting the quality, quantity and accessibility of drinking water and other drinking water-related issues. Fourthly, investments in drinking water must be legally guaranteed, whether public investment, private investment or a combination of both. Fifthly, the right to drinking water of farmers and indigenous communities must be respected. Sixth, a sustainable approach to the use and protection of water resources must be adopted. Seventh, water resources management should be decentralized. Finally, efficiency in water use and protection must be a priority.", "With the adoption of resolution 64/292 a year ago, the international community took an important step forward in raising awareness of the importance of ensuring access to drinking water, especially for those who lack it. Peru has played an active role in the entire process of defining the obligations relating to the right to drinking water and sanitation in order to finally recognize it as a human right. We participated in consultations first in Geneva and then in New York, which led to the adoption of the resolution. Peru supports the adoption of the resolution, which is in line with the principles that I have previously articulated, which are based on our domestic legislation and on the assumption that the guarantee of that human right must depend on local management, planning and the allocation of adequate resources necessary for the full enjoyment of that right. In other words, the realization of this right requires a comprehensive approach by the administrative authorities, recognizing that the human right to drinking water has a multidimensional impact.", "Much remains to be done by States to realize this right, beginning with a full understanding of its impact in accordance with their national laws and priorities. Peru reiterates that the human right to drinking water and sanitation stems from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably linked to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and to life and human dignity. In that spirit, we confirm that those principles will be followed and renew our commitment to continue working to ensure that they become increasingly visible and tangible realities.", "Mr. Barton (United States of America): The United States is firmly committed to exploring solutions to the water challenge facing our world. In its strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, published in September 2010, the United States welcomes the progress made and recognizes that more than 1.6 billion people have access to an improved drinking water source between 1990 and 2005. At the same time, the United States is concerned that the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains unacceptably high in many countries.", "At the Human Rights Council meeting held in Geneva in September 2010, the United States joined the consensus on resolution 15/9, which affirmed that:", "“The human right to safe drinking water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is closely linked to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, para. 3)", "Both principles are drawn from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which calls on Governments to take steps towards the progressive realization of that human right. At the Human Rights Council in March, the United States supported the extension of the mandate of the independent expert on the issue.", "With regard to the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we share the following views. First, Governments should work towards the progressive realization of universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation and should seek to broaden access, especially for underserved populations. Governments should, where appropriate, develop and implement national policies and strategies and commit adequate budgetary resources so that they can advance this goal as soon as possible.", "Secondly, Governments have an obligation to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation services on a non-discriminatory basis. The Government is also obliged to provide or ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for persons in its custody.", "Third, the right to safe drinking water and sanitation can be reasonably interpreted to include access to water for cooking. It can also reasonably be understood to mean water in sufficient quantity and quality - Despite the fact that the quality of drinking is not always achieved — to meet the basic needs of personal hygiene.", "Finally, in support of all these goals, Governments should work towards greater transparency and accountability in the provision of drinking water and sanitation services, as well as public participation in government decision-making. Good governance is the foundation for the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In that regard, we would like to acknowledge and commend the work of the Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Drinking Water and Sanitation and its commitment to implementing water and sanitation initiatives through the “Sustainable Sanitation — Five Years to 2015” initiative. The initiative targets policy makers and seeks to build political will for water and sanitation programmes.", "The United States hopes that this plenary meeting for dialogue will also lead to concrete actions by Governments to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.", "Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): France aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union. I would like to thank the delegation of Bolivia for its initiative to convene this meeting. My country welcomes the adoption of resolution 64/292, by which the General Assembly recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. This has enabled us to intensify the mobilization of Governments and others on this issue over the past year. Following this historic step, the Human Rights Council also unanimously adopted resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010, which links the fundamental right to drinking water with the right to an adequate standard of living.", "We need to move forward by implementing those resolutions, with the full participation of all stakeholders involved in the issue of safe drinking water and sanitation, to make the right to safe drinking water and sanitation a reality for all. In this spirit, France is committed to the promotion of the right to drinking water and sanitation within the framework of an open, informal and cross-regional group of countries, namely the Blue Group, and to working towards its realization. In this regard, we commend the Special Rapporteur on the human rights aspects of safe drinking water and sanitation for his analytical, assessment and advocacy work. Other commendable initiatives are also seeking to raise awareness of these new texts and the commitments contained therein and to work towards their realization. In particular, I would like to welcome the Secretary-General's initiative on sanitation.", "France welcomes the work of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe under the Protocol on Water and Health, in particular the preparations under way for the preparation of a handbook on good practices on equal access to drinking water. We also thank the many countries that supported our presentation of World Health Assembly resolution 64/24 and its unanimous adoption. The resolution calls upon States members of the World Health Organization, the United Nations as a whole and other stakeholders to ensure greater integration of water, sanitation and public health policies for the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "My country will host the sixth World Water Forum in Marseille from 12 to 17 March 2012. The right to drinking water and sanitation was a priority for France ' s international activities, and the Forum would be an opportunity to intensify mobilization in that area. We must reaffirm that States bear the primary responsibility for establishing an appropriate organizational framework for the implementation of this right and for establishing mechanisms to oversee its implementation. We attach particular importance to the delineation of the respective roles of the different stakeholders.", "We firmly believe that only joint action at different levels of political decision-making can lead to significant progress adapted to each specific situation, and we call for greater awareness of the role of local authorities in the provision of State services within the framework of national laws and regulations. All relevant public stakeholders must be mobilized and committed to implementing cooperative solutions to problems and ensuring effective and equitable access to drinking water for all.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I would like to thank Egypt for convening this meeting to discuss the challenges to the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and thank him for his initiative to convene this debate, which has the support of a number of Member States, and for his preparations for this meeting.", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly adopted important resolution 64/292, recognizing access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right and supporting international efforts for the full realization of all human rights. Egypt reaffirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated and that all human rights must be enjoyed fairly and comprehensively. The resolution stressed the need for Member States to take all necessary measures at the national level to ensure the fulfilment of the human rights of all, in accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law and international treaties.", "In this context, Egypt believes that efforts must be made to address all the challenges faced by our peoples, in particular those of developing countries, in ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account national and regional specificities, while respecting the provisions of international and regional treaties on international watercourses and transboundary water resources and avoiding the categorization of human rights in categories different from those provided for in internationally agreed human rights instruments.", "The outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting to Review Progress Made towards the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/1) reaffirmed our commitment to halve the number of people without access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Even if international reports showed that it was possible to achieve that goal by 2015, Egypt was confident that some of the challenges would impede the fulfilment of that commitment, the biggest being access to funds for the implementation of the relevant national programmes, estimated at $11.2 billion per year.", "Furthermore, we need to redouble our efforts to address the negative impacts of climate change and to achieve sustainable development, in particular economic and social development; to control population growth; and to strengthen international cooperation in the areas of technology transfer, scientific research and development, especially in the areas of water and sanitation.", "In that regard, the Government of Egypt adopted a comprehensive national plan in the area of water resources a few years ago to support good governance, thus ensuring the fair and equitable distribution of clean drinking water and the provision of sanitation services to our people without harm to the environment. The implementation of this plan is based on decentralization, with full cooperation with relevant sectors and national institutions, to improve water efficiency for health; to address the negative impacts of climate change; to support the role of national water management committees and the participation of the private sector in the management of water resources; to continuously update and exchange data and information among relevant national entities; to coordinate national investments; and to rationalize the use of water, giving women a greater role in this regard.", "Achieving the goal of providing clean drinking water and sanitation for all the world ' s people will require a comprehensive and integrated approach at the international level based on several main pillars, the most important of which is to address the challenges posed by climate change; to promote international cooperation in the field of water technology; to provide the financial resources and official development assistance needed to support national programmes and policies for the provision of clean water and sanitation; to support sustainable development programmes, especially in the countries concerned; and to develop pollution prevention technologies.", "In this context, the United Nations and the international community must strengthen their joint efforts to undertake comprehensive studies to address the main challenges that impede the realization of the right to clean drinking water and sanitation for all the peoples of the world, taking into account the different challenges posed by the circumstances and characteristics of each Member State.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba welcomes our beloved comrade, President Evo Morales Ayma of the brotherly Plurinational State of Bolivia. Of course, we fully support his statement and thank him personally and his country for their leadership on the most important issues before the international community, such as those before the General Assembly today.", "Water is the core element of human existence. President Morales Ayma wisely affirmed that water is life. At the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, a milestone was the adoption a year ago of resolution 64/292 on the human right to drinking water and sanitation. For the first time, the United Nations recognizes the right to drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental human right.", "As we speak in this Hall, more than 884 million people in the world do not have access to drinking water resources and 2.6 billion people, including 1 billion children, do not have access to basic sanitation. We cannot passively accept the fact that every year more than 3.5 million people die from diseases caused by contaminated water and that one in eight people in the world has no access to drinking water. Unless we act quickly and effectively, more than 3 billion people will be affected by water scarcity by 2025.", "Most of the world ' s people live in developing countries where water resources are used mainly for agriculture. As a result, the water scarcity caused by climate change means, inter alia, that agriculture, aquaculture and other forms of food production will be seriously affected, further exacerbating the already precarious food security situation in developing countries.", "International cooperation must be strengthened, and there was a need for funds and financial mechanisms that were not subject to discriminatory World Bank and International Monetary Fund requirements and conditionalities. These international funds, whether sponsored by the United Nations or not, must provide specific financial and technical sources to expand the coverage of drinking water, sanitation, agricultural and aquaculture production, integrated water production and sustainable management of ecosystems.", "In 1995, Cuba met the Millennium Development Goals on access to drinking water and sanitation and considered access to water a fundamental human right. In my country, the State is responsible for the management and control of water resources and sanitation facilities. We have taken many measures to ensure the human right to water. Allow me to cite just a few.", "We have improved the availability and quality of water and improved its rational use. We have reduced water use in productive processes by 30 per cent. We have achieved an annual decline in the incidence of waterborne diseases. We have provided drinking water to over 96 per cent of the population. We have expanded the coverage, chlorination and quality of drinking water. We have established an early warning system for drought.", "Despite that progress, Cuba, like other developing countries, faces challenges such as climate change, natural disasters and water scarcity.", "The criminal economic, financial and trade embargo imposed by the United States Government on Cuba for more than half a century has created serious restrictions and obstacles to access to new technologies, water products and their benefits and to increased vocational training in those areas.", "Cuba does not support water privatization schemes or market mechanisms advocated by transnational corporations, which claim to be a solution to the shortage of natural resources, including water. Equal and non-discriminatory access to adequate water and sanitation is a fundamental right and must not be manipulated as another profit-making opportunity. The United Nations must be the main forum for discussion and agreement on the issue.", "Mr. Askarov (Uzbekistan) (spoke in Russian): Today's debate on water resources, the main challenge to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals will provide us with an opportunity to discuss this very important topic.", "On 20 July, the Security Council discussed the impact of climate change on security in its broader sense (see S/PV.6587). The fact that water scarcity is one of the major challenges facing many parts of the world was directly mentioned in many statements made at that meeting.", "Today, no one will dispute the indisputable fact that, year after year, the planet is unfortunately suffering from increasing natural disasters and the effects of climate change. Over the past year, we have witnessed unprecedented earthquakes in Haiti, Japan, Chile and New Zealand. We have seen floods in Pakistan and Australia. We have seen severe droughts in the United States, China and the Horn of Africa.", "In Central Asia, we have also seen these phenomena reveal worrying problems. The glaciers of Pamir and Tianshan mountains, the main sources of the Amu and Sir Darya rivers, are melting. Today, our region suffers from an extremely severe drought that affects the socio-economic development of the countries of the region, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. We have suffered from reduced food production, environmental degradation and other negative consequences of the ecological crisis.", "Allow me to cite just one example. The Aral Sea, once the fourth-continental body of water in the world, has disappeared and has become the vast Alarcum desert. In this regard, rational and rational use of water and energy resources is one of the major challenges facing Central Asia. An arbitrary and ambiguous approach to the challenge would only lead to an intensification of ecological disasters.", "Today, we face not only ecological problems but also socio-economic and demographic problems affecting the world, as the Secretary-General saw with his own eyes during his visit to the Aral Sea region in April 2010.", "I would like to point out that in Uzbekistan we are implementing a series of programmes to rationalize and increase the efficiency of water use. In the area of agricultural reform, we have established an association of water users. We have reduced the area devoted to cotton, which now accounts for only 25 per cent of our arable land. Despite our intensified economic development, we have been reducing the amount of water extracted from rivers. Over the past few years, we have invested more than $1 billion to restore our soil. As a result, we have now added more than 740,000 hectares of arable land.", "Despite all these achievements, it must be acknowledged that we still have more than 3 million people without access to clean drinking water. Uzbekistan, which accounts for nearly 50 per cent of the total population of Central Asia, has borne the brunt of the Aral Sea disaster. We feel that we have a moral right to call on the countries of the region to coordinate their efforts to ensure rational and rational use of water resources. In addition, Central Asia must fully implement the United Nations conventions on water and joint use, including the United Nations Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Water Bodies and International Lakes of 17 March 1992 and the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 4 April 1997. Both documents clearly state that the use of transboundary water bodies, including the construction of hydroelectric power plants, must not harm the environment or the interests of neighbouring countries.", "Guided by these universally recognized international legal principles and norms, Uzbekistan categorically rejects the construction of any large hydroelectric power station upstream of the Central Asian rivers, without regard for the interests of the countries of the downstream region of the river. As our President said at the Millennium Development Summit in September 2010,", "“Any attempt to implement a project drafted 30 to 40 years ago during the Soviet era for the construction of large hydroelectric facilities upstream, including giant dams; These plans do not take into account the seismic activity in the area, and the proposed construction could increase the frequency of the earthquake by 8 to 9 points — all of which could cause irreparable damage to the environment and very dangerous man-made disasters” (A/65/PV.3, p. 14).", "Last year, Uzbekistan joined the International Commission on Dams, which, in its study, stated that the construction of dams on transboundary waterways could represent significant risks on many fronts.", "In 2008, the United Nations began to warn of growing food shortages. Climate change and water shortages reduce food production and even endanger lives. Without a secure water supply, there is no human right to security, stability or the right to life. As stated in the basic document of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Uzbekistan fully agrees with that statement — fresh water should be used primarily for food production. This is particularly relevant for Central Asia, where all States must use water resources rationally and responsibly, as all States, the region as a whole and every human life and security depend on them.", "Mr. Berger (Germany): Germany fully associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "At the outset, allow me to thank the President of the General Assembly and the President of Bolivia for their initiative to convene this important plenary meeting on the human right to water and sanitation. The presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a great honour for us today. I would also like to warmly welcome Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Today's debate gives us an opportunity to review our achievements and, more importantly, to reflect on the challenges ahead.", "In the past 12 months, the human right to water and sanitation has been recognized at the United Nations, first in the General Assembly and then in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, from the right to an adequate standard of living. This breakthrough was the result of years of international and national engagement by Governments, global civil society organizations, national human rights institutions and experts.", "Germany is proud to have been involved in this process from the outset. In 2008, Germany and Spain launched an initiative at the Human Rights Council to establish the post of independent expert on the issue at that time. We have seen increasing support for our initiative, which resulted in the creation of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation by the Human Rights Council in 2011. It would not have been possible to take this important step forward without the significant support of like-minded Member States from various regional groups.", "The great challenge now is to implement the decisions we have taken together. Turning to the human right to water and sanitation, we cannot but reiterate the need for broader thinking, not just technical feasibility. For sustainable solutions to be devised, we must adopt an approach that treats such rights as human rights. As we develop solutions for those in need, adequate attention must be paid to the safety, quality, availability, physical and economic accessibility and affordability of water and sanitation. Neglecting these essential elements means ignoring the real needs of those who possess these human rights.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "We should also consider that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to programme implementation in specific country situations. However, common standards remain the same, that is, the realization of the right to water and sanitation. In this regard, we look forward to discussing the compilation of best practices to be submitted by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council in September this year. In this context, and in view of the link between human rights and the Millennium Development Goals, which the Secretary-General has also emphasized today, we are particularly pleased that the joint monitoring programme of the World Health Organization and UNICEF in the water and sanitation sector has adjusted standards on access to water and sanitation to bring them into line with those established by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Before concluding, I encourage like-minded countries in all regions of the world to engage in the promotion and implementation of the human right to water and sanitation and to ensure that such rights are consistently treated as human rights when discussing national solutions and developing national action plans.", "Mr. García González (El Salvador) (spoke in Spanish): We commend the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the leadership of President Evo Morales and the President of the General Assembly in convening the plenary debate on access to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right.", "Water is the foundation of all forms of life and is essential to human beings, animals and the environment. Access to water and sanitation is a necessary condition for living in dignity. Many human rights cannot be enjoyed without water. Water is therefore important for livelihood and social development. In fact, all great civilizations have their origins in the proximity of vast water sources.", "Access to drinking water is a fundamental human right that the Government of El Salvador fully supports, but at present this human right is hampered by two main factors that affect this important liquid — shortages and pollution. Studies show that one fifth of the world ' s population does not have access to safe drinking water. Every day 6,000 people, most of them children, die as a result of contaminated water.", "Access to water and sanitation services in El Salvador remains low, especially in rural areas. However, under the leadership of the current Government of President Mauricio Funes Cartagena, we are developing a series of projects in various fields to improve the availability and quality of this vital liquid in our country. The Government views sustainable and comprehensive water management as a participatory process aimed at achieving the internationally agreed goals of protection, conservation, defence and prevention in the provision of quality clean water, in order to ensure, through effective coordination of public policies, the right to drinking water for all people and future generations.", "On 28 July 2010, El Salvador co-sponsored resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”, in a plenary meeting of the General Assembly. This is indeed an important step in international efforts to promote sustainable human development.", "However, the effective implementation of this declaration on drinking water as a human right requires a series of simultaneous measures in practice to prevent waste and pollution of water sources and their exploitation. Water is increasingly becoming a key factor in many conflicts that may lead to social violence.", "As human rights, access to drinking water and sanitation must be equitable, non-discriminatory, adequate in quantity and quality, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable and affordable. States are therefore obliged to protect people from cutting off water services and from pollution, and to prevent individuals or companies from violating the rights of others.", "We cannot ignore the role of forests in water conservation. If large areas of forests are destroyed, this will have a negative impact on the entire water system, leading to a decline in the quantity and quality of water. It is also important to regulate activities related to mining, oil exploration and agricultural industrialization, which are direct sources of water pollution.", "We all have a responsibility to ensure that the basic needs of everyone, especially the poorest and most excluded groups, are met and that water and sanitation are accessible. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals should help to meet those needs. However, much remains to be done to enable everyone to fully exercise his or her right to drinking water and sanitation. My delegation believes that this issue should be an important part of the discussions on the substantive elements of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Lastly, her Government agreed that States should take measures to promote more rational use of water resources.", "Ms. Bugstal (Sweden): Sweden fully aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union.", "Sweden welcomes the convening of today's plenary discussion on the right to drinking water and sanitation. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is essential for human life, health and dignity. The right to water and sanitation is now universally recognized as a human right, derived from the right to health and an adequate standard of living in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and confirmed by decisions of the General Assembly and the Security Council.", "In this context, Sweden welcomes the unanimous adoption by the Human Rights Council last March of a resolution establishing the post of Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We commend the Special Rapporteur for her excellent work, and we thank her for her statement here today.", "States must now ensure universal access to safe drinking water to meet basic individual needs and organize water supplies in a non-discriminatory manner. Effective, equitable and sustainable management of water resources is an important prerequisite for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The upcoming 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development provides a strategic opportunity for all of us to further address the challenge of improving water resources management at all levels and to provide safe drinking water and basic sanitation to all, especially women, who often play a central role in ensuring water supply at the local level and in meeting household needs.", "The work done so far in the Human Rights Council and other United Nations human rights bodies has helped us to define the obligations of States with regard to the right to water and sanitation and has laid a solid foundation for our future work — to respect and implement this recently recognized right on the ground and to make it available to all in practice.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): At the outset, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines warmly welcomes His Excellency Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We thank him for his personal engagement and Bolivia for advocating this meaningful initiative.", "Last year, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was an active sponsor of resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognized that the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right and essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. Resolution 64/292 builds on previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council. This resolution was subsequently complemented by Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which strengthened the legal framework of the General Assembly in recognizing this key human right.", "In recent years, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has devoted considerable resources to the realization of the right to water and sanitation. Over the past decade, we have increased piped water from 70 per cent to over 98 per cent through prudent investment in infrastructure and organizational arrangements. We have significantly improved sanitation facilities through the establishment of new water distribution systems, modern sewage treatment facilities and significantly improved garbage collection and disposal.", "Our modest success in realizing and strengthening this human right tells us that the right to water and sanitation can be fully realized if the necessary resources and political will exist. The international community has often expressed its political commitment to the realization of this right, but we have often left a lot of hard work to be done by courageous civil society organizations and small business owners who have not been able to undertake the necessary multisectoral reforms.", "We must now implement the call in last year ' s resolution.", "“Provide, through international assistance and cooperation, financial resources, in particular to developing countries, for capacity-building and transfer of technology to intensify efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation to all” (resolution 64/292, para.", "Our response to this call will be the standard by which 884 million people without access to safe drinking water and 2.6 billion without access to basic sanitation will judge us.", "This meeting must also recognize the fragility of recent gains in developing countries such as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the urgency of the imminent threat to the right to safe drinking water. Climate change and desertification are likely to wipe out recent advances in the right to drinking water and further hamper efforts to provide water and sanitation to millions of people whose lack of these basic necessities in life is inexcusable.", "The recent abnormal drought in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has forced the Government to ship water to other islands of our islands and has affected our agricultural productivity and hydropower capacity. Sea-level rise endangers the water levels of small island developing States and may soon have disastrous effects on water, agriculture and livestock in those communities.", "According to UN-Water, the number of countries classified as “water scarcity” will increase by 50 per cent by 2025. The lack of water and the resulting inevitable tension will have a clear security impact in the coming years.", "In order to realize the right to water, development cooperation and increased resources are essential. Furthermore, the international community must begin to mainstream water issues into the global political agenda, to link climate change more closely to water supply and to take into account the true value of water used, overused and wasted in many countries, particularly in developed countries.", "The United Nations does not lack important and well-intentioned resolutions and declarations on water and sanitation issues. We have resolutions of the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the reports of independent experts and special rapporteurs. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set the target of halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015 — a goal that unfortunately seems to be simply missed.", "Three years ago, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared 2008 the “year of the bottom billion”. For nearly a billion people who lack safe drinking water, the era of generosity is long past. Let us resolve to take meaningful action for those who risk their lives and spend several days just to find an uncontaminated water, as we continue to flush our toilets, to dump half of the imported mineral bottles into the dump and to enjoy another long shower.", "Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): I convey to President Evo Morales Ayma the warm greetings of the people and the Government of Nicaragua, as well as his appreciation and gratitude for his leadership of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in making the right to safe drinking water and sanitation a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life. From the outset, Nicaragua was proud to support this initiative, which culminated in the adoption of resolution 64/292.", "The Government of Reconciliation and National Unity, led by Commander Daniel Ortega Saavedra, considers it essential to view the human person as the centrepiece of development in order to fully respect the human rights of the Nicaraguan people, in particular with regard to the realization of the economic, social and cultural rights that enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. In this regard, given the importance of drinking water and sanitation for the health and dignity of individuals, my Government has made efforts to invest in improving access to drinking water and sanitation and has developed a national plan. Likewise, we strongly oppose the privatization efforts that have begun in past Governments. The human right to drinking water — human life — must not be privatized.", "There are still 884 million people without access to drinking water and 2.6 billion without access to basic sanitation. Inadequate and inappropriate access to drinking water is a chronic health problem worldwide. Eighty per cent of diseases in developing countries are caused by the lack of clean drinking water and adequate sanitation and are therefore one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among children.", "This tragic situation should inspire Member States to continue to work together towards the full realization of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. This should also inspire the international community to mobilize technical assistance and cooperation to support national action plans and initiatives related to access to water and sanitation. Achieving the goals of access to drinking water and sanitation is essential for human development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, drinking water and sanitation have not received the necessary attention, so we have not been able to scale up and sustain progress towards achieving an important component of the Millennium Development Goals, which are closely linked to them.", "What must be done is to plan and implement cooperation and development assistance efforts in accordance with human rights standards and principles, including the right to water and sanitation and human rights obligations related to non-discrimination, while ensuring that appropriate and effective measures are taken to identify and address any negative impact on human rights.", "Without sustainable water management that takes into account all the needs of present and future generations, we are at increasing risk of finding ourselves trapped in a situation that not only affects the development and survival of the world ' s poorest people, but also threatens international peace and security. Only when our peoples realize that this unsustainable pattern of consumption and production cannot continue can we save Mother Earth and, ultimately, all of us on our planet.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): Allow me to express the gratitude of the Government of Madagascar to the President for organizing this important meeting. This meeting will enable States Members of the United Nations to discuss the crucial issue of the human right to drinking water and sanitation.", "One year after the adoption by the General Assembly of its historic resolution 64/292 on access to drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental right in July 2010, the time has come to begin a genuine dialogue aimed at charting the way directly to the full and effective realization of that right, which is essential for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and, above all, to identify the challenges and obstacles that we must find lasting solutions to address. Together with all previous decisions and actions, resolution 64/292 has made a significant contribution to achieving our clear goal of halving the number of people without access to drinking water and sanitation by 2015.", "Water is fundamental to human life. Madagascar believes that access to drinking water and sanitation is a genuine fundamental right that should be respected without exception or discrimination. It is therefore the responsibility and obligation of each State and Government to ensure that every one of its citizens can fully enjoy this right. The Government of Madagascar has adopted this vision as the guiding principle of its action, placing great emphasis on the strategic challenges and issues related to drinking water and sanitation in the context of development and poverty eradication, and in 1999 enacted a law on water, which established the Ministry of Water Resources in 2008, thereby translating commitments into action at the highest level. The Ministry of Water Resources is mandated to promote sustainable and supportive development by building on the Millennium Development Goals and ensuring economic growth and living conditions for the Malagasy people, as well as ensuring access to drinking water and developing sanitation infrastructure.", "In addition, the Department of Environmental Health Services and Engineering of the Ministry of Health of Madagascar has established a health and environmental service as its main objective to prevent diseases related to a low standard of living. Other ministries, such as the Ministry of Land Management and the Ministry of the Environment, are making supportive efforts in these areas. The national sanitation policy and strategy adopted in November 2008 strengthened the legislative and regulatory framework of the Government of Madagascar. This strategy is aimed at improving the effectiveness of sanitation and hygiene throughout Madagascar and is responsible for the management of water resources, in particular the protection of drinking water, the preservation of water sources, the protection of the environment, the best use of water resources and the provision of drinking water and the sanitation of domestic wastewater.", "In order to address the dangers and other consequences of the ubiquitous disease caused by the lack of drinking water and access to sanitation, we, with the support of our partners and friends in Madagascar and through the efforts of our Government, have strengthened concrete actions. To cite just a few examples, the “Dioran Wah Madagascar” initiative is a platform for dialogue and exchange of experiences, governed by the national “Dioran Wah” strategy and charter, bringing together government agencies, national and international non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners. This initiative has enabled us to make great strides in providing people with drinking water and promoting good sanitation and hygiene practices. Since 2007, we have also established hundreds of basic health clinics within the framework of the “WASH” integrated approach to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. We have also added a sanitation and safe drinking water primary environmental protection programme to this initiative, and we are seeking additional partners to support it.", "Madagascar has made great efforts, but we still face many challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Annual drought affects the southern part of the country and poses a continuing threat to thousands of people, especially children. In 2010, 43 per cent of the population had access to safe drinking water and 48 per cent of households had sanitation facilities. This is far from the Government ' s own target of 63 per cent of the population having access to safe drinking water and 56 per cent to sanitation by 2015.", "These challenges are compounded by various barriers, including lack of financial resources, inadequate human resources, lack of up-to-date data on sanitation and hygiene requirements, and factors of behavioural change, especially in rural areas, and cultural factors. Bearing in mind these challenges, my Government encourages the increased participation of non-governmental organizations and civil society in the organization, operation and management of drinking water supply and sanitation facilities.", "The Government of Madagascar calls for the intensification of the mobilization of financial resources to enable the peoples of the world, in particular those of developing and African countries, to fully enjoy their fundamental rights to drinking water and sanitation. My Government calls on all Member States to effectively implement the commitments they have made and to ensure that this right becomes a reality, not merely a theoretical one.", "Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the sponsors of this meeting, mainly Bolivia, and to express our deep appreciation for this welcome initiative.", "In its resolution 64/292, the General Assembly noted that access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and the enjoyment of all human rights. Together with the proclamation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, this significant progress has decisively placed water and sanitation issues high on the United Nations agenda.", "In this context, my country regularly reaffirms its commitment and determination to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, in particular Goal 7, to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water or sanitation.", "That is why access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, a major challenge on the international development agenda, has been given high priority in our development policy. In the same vein, Senegal has been implementing a drinking water supply policy for decades, aimed at providing different users with sufficient quantity and quality at the lowest possible cost. The policy has led to institutional and legislative reforms, with a particular focus on strengthening management and providing drinking water to the most marginalized, which has enhanced the effectiveness of the sector.", "In addition, the mechanism is underpinned by a dynamic private sector and the implementation of action plans for the integrated management of water resources. In addition to these efforts, there has been another positive development, namely, the establishment of a number of hydraulic infrastructure within the framework of the Millennium Water and Sanitation Programme, especially in poor peri-urban and rural areas. The implementation of the programme has enabled us to achieve considerable results. Despite these positive and promising results in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in this specific area, much remains to be done, particularly with regard to the quality and availability of drinking water and sanitation in suburban areas.", "In order to reduce disparities in access to drinking water and sanitation between urban and rural areas, activities have been undertaken to utilize surface and run-off water, especially in catchment areas.", "We cannot win this war if we do not consider climate phenomena such as drought and floods that could exacerbate water scarcity and exacerbate access to drinking water and sanitation. That is why I call for increased international cooperation and assistance, which is necessary to support the activities of developing countries to implement the goals set in this regard.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate to the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, that the Government of Senegal welcomes her planned visit to my country shortly.", "Mr. Olhaye (Djibouti): At the outset, I would like to commend President Deiss for having facilitated this meeting, at the initiative of Bolivia and more than 20 countries, including my own, with a view to a dialogue on the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”.", "The presence at this meeting of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, has made our gathering here today all the more important, as well as a high-level political commitment to water and sanitation by placing the issue on the international agenda.", "The timing of this meeting is also important, as it is taking place against the backdrop of the current severe drought in the Horn of Africa region, which spans Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti, with more than 10 million people facing severe hunger. Unfortunately, despite early warning and appeals over the past six months, the world ' s awareness of the spread of humanitarian disasters has been slow, resulting in the severe depletion of resources such as clean water, food, housing and health services.", "We are only a few years away from the international community ' s commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people who are unable to reach or afford safe drinking water or basic sanitation by 2015. It is therefore inconceivable to bridge this divide unless the international community demonstrates its full sincerity, as nearly 1 billion people still lack access to quality drinking water and more than 2.6 billion do not have access to improved sanitation.", "It is very encouraging, however, that many countries are working to recognize access to drinking water and sanitation as a human right and are taking short- and long-term measures to achieve these goals through appropriate political will.", "Like other issues, the reality that we cannot escape is that the world is divided into the enjoyment and non-enjoyment poles for the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. But we must remember that we have an obligation. These distinctions must give way to reason and a specific political commitment to ensure that the majority of the population has access to safe drinking water and sanitation, regardless of their living conditions or their place of residence.", "The independent expert on human rights believes that human rights prohibit discrimination, exclusion and denial of the rights of any group or individual, whether they live in rural areas, slums or poverty. That is why the human rights framework places the primary responsibility for the realization of human rights on the State, which should ensure the progressive realization of the goal of universal enjoyment of human rights and create an overall supportive environment.", "My country is one of the least endowed with freshwater resources, and we are likely to run out of water in the next 25 years. We are one of the countries with the lowest per capita access to water. Of the 186 countries reviewed for water scarcity, Djibouti is one of the 17 most at-risk countries in the world, described as being at “extreme risk”. For us and other like-minded countries, changing patterns of climate change are expected to lead to more droughts and floods. Water shortages are expected to increase.", "As the world population grows, drinking water consumption will inevitably increase, and water scarcity will worsen, taking into account increased and inefficient irrigation water use, corruption and poor resource management. While some water-scarce countries may have other natural resources that enable them to invest in saline plants, build reservoirs or otherwise ensure food production, most face real survival challenges.", "One year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on safe drinking water and sanitation, we are pleased to participate in this meeting to assess the progress made in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. It is true that we have a long way to go towards the full realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation, but that vision should not prevent us from working hard to enable millions of people without access to drinking water or access to acceptable sanitation to enjoy their human rights.", "Mr. Ngculu (South Africa): My delegation would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting to discuss the challenges related to the realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation under the Millennium Development Goals.", "South Africa would also like to commend the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, in particular His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, for its efforts and commitment to ensuring the human right to drinking water and sanitation.", "The South African Constitution ' s Bill of Rights provides the legal framework for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the human right to drinking water and sanitation. In addition, the Constitution of South Africa justifies the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights — derived from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — This is particularly the case on the basis of the progressive realization of these rights, including the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "In that regard, my Government has an obligation to create the necessary enabling environment to ensure that all South Africans have access to acceptable drinking water and sanitation facilities. The Government has worked to ensure the right of access to basic drinking water and sanitation by establishing specific programmes, policies, standards and laws to ensure the realization and enjoyment of the right to drinking water and sanitation, and by creating access to basic water and sanitation for former vulnerable groups and victims of racial discrimination since 1994.", "This right is comprehensive and relates to other rights, such as the right to adequate housing and to an adequate standard of living, as well as the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. The approach taken by the Government of South Africa to address the issue of human settlements was not only to construct housing per se, but also to provide access to basic sanitation, health care and drinking water.", "Water and the environment are catalysts for economic growth and development in South Africa. The role of the Ministry of Water, which is the competent national body for the human rights of the people to drinking water and sanitation, is to ensure that the State has adequate water and environmental protection to meet the development needs of the country, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "The South African Government Cabinet also approved the Strategic Framework for Water Services in 2003 and is committed to the following sanitation goals: All South Africans should have access to well-functioning basic sanitation facilities; all schools should have adequate and safe water and sanitation services; all clinics should be equipped with adequate and safe water and sanitation facilities; and all latrines using toilets should be discontinued.", "Under the auspices of the African Ministers ' Council on Water, South Africa actively cooperates and collaborates with other African countries in promoting sustainable social and economic development through the use and management of water resources and the protection of African ecosystems. South Africa also utilizes the NEPAD Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Project and the SADC Water and Sanitation Project to further realize the right to drinking water and sanitation for African people. In response to the Millennium Development Goal commitments, South Africa is committed to a dedicated water service programme. Considering that we are a water-scarce country, South Africa itself is at the forefront of progressive water resource management.", "We are pleased to announce that South Africa has done well. In meeting the Millennium Development Goals for formal basic water services, we have already halved the formal backlog in 2005, and in terms of basic sanitation we achieved the Millennium Development Goals in 2008. These achievements of the South African Government can be attributed to dedicated strategic action and strong political will and commitment. However, while we recognize that significant progress has been made in providing poor families with basic services, such as drinking water, many still lack access to or adequate access to drinking water.", "The major challenge to the realization of the human right to water and sanitation is related to climate change, a real problem that affects many people and threatens long-term sustainable development, economic growth, quality of life, migration and urbanization in South Africa.", "South Africa remains committed to ensuring the inviolability of the right to drinking water, and in this regard we join other delegations in calling upon States and international organizations, through international assistance and cooperation, to provide financial resources, capacity-building and the transfer of technology, especially to developing countries, in order to intensify efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation to all in order to achieve Millennium Development Goal 7 and the broader sustainable development goals.", "Mr. Körösi (Hungary): Hungary fully aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union.", "The many views expressed by previous speakers and the apparent strong consensus among Member States on a wide range of issues prompted me to make very brief and focused statements on a number of issues and information that we consider to be of particular importance.", "The protection of water resources and the integrated and sustainable management of water, including sanitation, are our main priorities. We pledge to share our experience in these areas further with our partners.", "Hungary believes that a solid legal basis is essential for successful water management and sanitation at the national and international levels. Hungary is working to strengthen international partnerships on all water issues and at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) next year.", "There should be universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation, but the reality today is far from so, because hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer from the denial of decent human life, which we believe is necessary. We believe that this is a right that must be protected for all. This requires investment in regulatory institutions, policies and infrastructure in vulnerable areas. If we do not take preventive measures now, the devastating humanitarian, economic and social consequences will be more costly.", "Mr. Vigny (Switzerland) (spoke in French): The declaration by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/292 of 18 July 2010, that the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is an essential condition for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights is a historic step on the issue of water.", "Switzerland actively participated in those negotiations and supported the resolution, while stressing the need for coordination in the work of the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. The resolutions adopted by the two United Nations bodies introduced a new ethical and quality dimension to practical access to affordable and non-discriminatory quality and quality services. Switzerland strongly believes that the Millennium Development Goals and the new goals we need to set for the period beyond 2015 require a human rights-based approach.", "With this in mind, we welcome the report of the independent expert submitted during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the importance of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, in particular Goal 7.C (A/65/254). Goal 7.C seeks to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation. The standards set by the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation for monitoring the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals on water and sanitation should now incorporate these new dimensions.", "Switzerland, together with several other countries, supports this task of the Joint Monitoring Programme, which enables us to monitor progress in the area of water supply and sanitation from a human rights perspective. The current situation described in the programme indicates significant disparities in the availability of water and a serious lack of sanitation. There is a huge gap between needs on the ground and available financial resources. In this context, there is a need to increase water and sanitation funding for low-income countries and for low-income countries.", "The Water and Sanitation for All Task Force, supported by numerous partners, including Switzerland, seeks to promote dialogue and commitment on this issue at the global level.", "Earlier this year, the Swiss Parliament agreed to increase our official development assistance. This increase will be used mainly for water issues. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) has decided to support the establishment and co-financing of a Swiss NGO association that will focus on countries with very low water and sanitation coverage, especially vulnerable countries.", "The progress achieved in the recognition of the right to drinking water must be translated into concrete solutions and the scale of such an approach must be adjusted appropriately. This will be the main theme of the forthcoming World Water Forum in 2012 and will also be at the core of the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque. I thank her for her very detailed, concrete and meaningful statement.", "The Protocol on Water and Health, ratified and supported by Switzerland, is a good example of a concrete solution. This international instrument on the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes documents the close link between human rights, health, protection of the environment and sustainable development.", "In this context, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and its partners are developing guidelines to better reflect the various aspects of the right to drinking water in the context of projects on safe drinking water and sanitation and integrated water resources management.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): At the outset, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this important dialogue and, of course, the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur for their statements earlier today. I would also like to thank President Evo Morales and the Plurinational State of Bolivia for bringing this human need to sustain and actually create life to the General Assembly for discussion.", "Australians know about water. We are the drying-out continent inhabited on Earth. We have the lowest rainfall, three quarters of our land. This is a large area — arid or semi-arid. Over the past decade, we have experienced one of the worst droughts estimated by scientists for the millennium.", "Of course, Australia is a rich and developed country; however, our geography and climate are harsh. As a result of climate change, drought and the degradation of waterways, citizens of all our major cities are accustomed to water restrictions. Of course, as a rich and developed country, the seriousness of the problems we face cannot be compared to what the Permanent Representative of Djibouti so eloquently described a few minutes ago.", "But we do hope that our countries will understand the importance of water for survival and people's livelihoods and that water and sanitation are essential for people's health, the sustainability of communities — especially remote indigenous communities — and the environment. We recognize that access to water and sanitation is fundamental to the realization of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "Other speakers today spoke eloquently about the statistics we face: more than 2 billion people do not have access to basic sanitation. This is partly due to lack of water, but partly to inadequate policies and management that fail to ensure access to safe, affordable water and sanitation facilities and services for all, regardless of who they are and where they live.", "This has a clear impact on the Millennium Development Goals; the Goals will not be achieved if we do not provide safe drinking water and effective sanitation. Australia is encouraged that the world is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 7, providing safe drinking water to hundreds of millions of people. But we are alarmed that 1 billion people are likely to miss the sanitation target. We must do better.", "Over the past two years, my Government has invested more than $330 million in water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries, and we plan to invest an additional $1 billion over the next four years to do more. Water is also a priority for our non-governmental organizations.", "Changing rainfall patterns, water pollution, inefficient use and leakage of water supplies, outdated infrastructure, high population growth rates, rapid urbanization, discrimination and marginalization, as others speak of today, are enormous challenges to achieving the goal of providing safe drinking water and sanitation. To address these challenges, there is a need to strengthen policies and management, increase investment through funding and support capacities, introduce innovative and cost-effective sanitation and water technologies, and focus more on the rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups.", "We need to improve water and sanitation planning in urban settings and reduce the gap between urban and rural populations ' access to water and sanitation. We need to expand the construction of rainwater harvesting and storage facilities in poor communities, especially in the remote indigenous communities to which I refer. We need to empower local communities to implement their own local water and sanitation initiatives.", "We need to do more to support integrated water resources management, including safe waste disposal and shared water supply arrangements. We also need to address without delay the disproportionate impact of water and sanitation shortages on the health, education and economic opportunities of women, young girls and persons with disabilities.", "Finally, Australians know that water is a valuable resource — the source of life — that must be carefully managed. For our part, we will continue to prioritize and, to the extent possible, provide assistance to help meet the challenges that impede access to safe drinking water and sanitation for millions of people. We will continue to participate in such an extremely important debate as today. We would also like to encourage the General Assembly to keep this important issue on its agenda.", "Mr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia for its request to convene this meeting, as well as the President of the General Assembly, Mr. Deiss, for his call for support for the most just cause of the fundamental right to water and sanitation.", "Today, as all speakers here have pointed out, access to water and sanitation is a fundamental human right. However, according to a 2008 report prepared by the United Nations Children ' s Fund and the World Health Organization, more than 884 million people in the world still lack access to drinking water and 2.5 billion still lack adequate sanitation.", "In view of this situation, the Government of Burkina Faso has established a State-owned company, the National Water and Sanitation Office, which is responsible for the construction, management and protection of water collection, transport, treatment and provision facilities to meet urban and industrial needs. It also builds, promotes, improves and manages collective, individual and autonomous sanitation facilities for municipal and semi-urban wastewater and solid waste discharges.", "Over the past few years, our country has been awarded the Millennium Development Goals Award in September 2010, thanks to its remarkable progress in the provision of water and sanitation. Once again, we would like to thank our partners for their support to our Government, which has enabled us to achieve those results.", "However, the efforts of Burkina Faso to manage water have been limited by insufficient and very uneven rainfall in the country. This situation led us, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Morocco, to launch in 1998 Operation Saga, which uses proven technologies for manual rainfall. The experiment was quite successful and has now become an ongoing programme.", "As a Saharan country that had experienced drought, Burkina Faso took the opportunity to remind the international community of the expansion of the desert and its dire consequences. The current dramatic and even tragic situation in the Horn of Africa, in particular in Somalia, sheds light on these consequences.", "We hope that the high-level meeting on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, scheduled for 20 September, will give us an opportunity to address the core of this issue, in particular access to water and adequate sanitation.", "Lack of drinking water and sanitation has serious consequences for education, housing, work, gender equality and life as a whole. It is therefore very urgent to find appropriate and sustainable solutions to this problem, whose causes and consequences are numerous and complex. However, we believe that, through concerted and inclusive efforts, Member States, with the assistance of the United Nations system and other stakeholders, will be able to create conditions conducive to the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation resources to populations still lacking them.", "Ms. Hussain (Maldives): The Maldives welcomes this very important debate on the right to water and sanitation. We thank the President for his leadership in launching this important discussion.", "The Maldives pursues a policy of ensuring access to clean water for all inhabited islands. Due to the geological formation and geography of the Maldives Islands, water is scarce and management costs are extremely high. We have no rivers or streams. A small number of our small wetlands and freshwater lakes remain to be managed. The country ' s main freshwater resource is groundwater obtained in very shallow, thin freshwater layers. As a result, it is vulnerable to saltwater intrusion and contamination in sanitation processes and, in order to avoid over-exploitation, requires intensive management, which is often extremely complex and expensive. Our lesson is that the health benefits and social impact of this effort far outweigh expenditures.", "The Maldives is deeply concerned that, according to the 2010 report of the Joint Monitoring Programme of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, about 884 million people lack access to improved water sources and more than 2.6 billion do not have access to sanitation. We are very alarmed that about 1.5 million children under the age of 5 die from water- and sanitation-related diseases, for which 443 million school days are lost every day. Urgent and innovative action is needed to address these global problems.", "There is no doubt that water is a scarce commodity around the world. This is particularly true for countries as vulnerable to climate change as the Maldives, which exacerbates the already existing threats to the sustainability of our freshwater resources. For small island States such as Maldives, the impact of climate change on our water resources is not a distant reality, but a acute problem that we currently face. We are committed to contributing to the resolution of this crucial issue, which is directly related to the well-being and socio-economic development of our people.", "Maldives welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9. The resolutions recognize the human right to water and sanitation and, in particular, reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably linked to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and the right to life and human dignity.", "We reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation is enshrined in existing human rights treaties and therefore requires legally binding obligations. The Maldives has long been committed to taking measures to protect and ensure the right to water. Our policy is to ensure that all inhabited islands have access to adequate water and sanitation services.", "We recognize that right and have developed plans to strengthen our water resources management to address the effects of climate change and sea-level rise. Maldives believes that it is important to further assess existing measures to ensure the right to drinking water in order to determine their sustainability in the context of sea-level rise, increasing frequency of extreme weather events and changes in rainfall.", "We believe that the recognition of the right to drinking water and sanitation is a breakthrough that demonstrates the political will and strong desire of the international community to address this important issue.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this important meeting on the crucial issue of the right to drinking water and sanitation, a major challenge facing the international community. It is central to the realization of the economic and social rights to which Morocco attaches great importance. We are pleased to learn that the mandate assigned to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque is to advocate for that right, and that she is carrying out it with great professionalism.", "It is well known that the growing demand for the recognition and realization of the right to drinking water is legitimate and essential for the full and effective exercise of human rights. Without water, life is impossible or imagined. This statement is not political, nor does it involve ideology or morality. It is a solemn call for the right to life. Are we not helping to protect life by including the right to drinking water in international norms? Is that not the raison d'être of the United Nations system? Can we properly accept that millions of men, women and children, mainly in developing countries, are denied the right to adequate drinking water for economic, geographical or environmental reasons? Is that our understanding of respect for human dignity? Is it acceptable that women or children in Africa and Asia must travel an average of six kilometres to find water?", "I am proud that I have personally experienced this suffering and have lived under very difficult conditions. So when I was talking about the right to water, I knew what I was talking about.", "According to the World Health Organization, half of all inpatients around the world suffer from waterborne diseases. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the lack of drinking water and sanitation has serious consequences for the right to health. Each year, 1.8 million children die from diseases caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation; this number is much higher than the number of deaths caused by violent conflict. Four out of every 10 people in the developing world are affected by water shortages. This situation is worsening as a result of population growth, urban expansion, pollution and the effects of climate change.", "Should the international community leave this sad assessment to itself? We hope not. The time has come to restore reason, to inspire people's conscience and to mobilize for sustainable solutions. The convening of this meeting is in itself a form of recognizing the gravity of the situation and calling for action. We must not speak but act together quickly.", "I cannot but regret that this debate, which is so important to the lives of millions of people on Earth, is taking place in an almost empty Hall. It is not clear from this that the international community is deeply or substantially committed to this fundamental right.", "Morocco is a willing and active participant in this new collective awareness-raising campaign. My country supports international efforts to fully recognize the universal right to water and sanitation. Morocco welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 in July 2010.", "My country ' s commitment to the recognition of the right to drinking water is not new. Since gaining independence, Morocco has made access to drinking water a priority. In the 1960s, we launched a dam-building project that enabled us to increase our water storage capacity to 17 billion cubic metres. Almost all urban areas in Morocco have access to drinking water; in the suburbs, 60 per cent have access to drinking water. The construction of hundreds of water purification plants in small and medium-sized towns in Morocco has led us to great achievements in wastewater treatment.", "Modernization of legislative and administrative frameworks has enabled us to change water resources management and to increase supply through demand management and resource protection. In October 2009, His Majesty King Mohammed VI declared", "“Our present and future challenges lie in our tireless efforts to manage our resources, whose economic use, maximization of value, proper management and quality maintenance will be the basis of our approach to development.”", "At the regional and international levels, my country has traditionally been side by side with countries facing economic, social and human difficulties related to access to drinking water. In the context of positive, voluntary and dynamic South-South cooperation, characterized by the exchange of experience, Morocco had helped sister countries, particularly in Africa, for example in the area of artificial rainfall. My country is also very aware of the situation of countries affected by climate change, in particular island countries and countries affected by drought, which, unfortunately, is currently affecting the Horn of Africa.", "Only joint international action would enable future generations to have full access to drinking water. However, at a time when the United Nations has declared that two thirds of the global population, or 5.5 billion people, will be at risk of living in areas affected by moderate or severe water shortages by 2025, how can we not be concerned? In Africa, 25 per cent of the population already suffers from acute water shortages. The large number of people fleeing the Horn of Africa as a result of the drought is amply proof of the need for today's debate. Respect for human dignity begins with ensuring the universal right to drinking water. Now is the time to act together, because our primary responsibility in this body is to help save lives by ensuring access to water, the source of all life on Earth. I would say that water is fundamental to all life on Earth.", "When I say that this debate is taking place in an empty General Assembly Hall, it is not to single out anyone for criticism, but simply to be unzealous to us — I will not say that it is indifference — it is sad to deal with such a fundamental, vital and influential human right.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): I thank the President for convening this plenary meeting. Allow me, through the President, to welcome His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, our companion and brother Evo Morales Ayma, to this afternoon's debate.", "Reports from United Nations agencies and bodies indicate that access to water and sanitation is uneven worldwide. These reports indicate that there is extreme polarization between regions and countries in the enjoyment of such rights. Access to water and sanitation is a human right that must be guaranteed to all men and women on Earth. The monopolization and exclusive enjoyment of the wealth of Mother Earth by a few wealthy sectors, while nearly a billion people lacked access to drinking water, was to be condemned. Some 2.6 billion people lack access to acceptable sanitation facilities, while a few rich people flaunt their wasteful lives in false and alienated capitalist markets.", "Between 4,000 and 5,000 children die every day as a result of lack of access to drinking water. Poverty, economic and social inequality, climate change, the destruction of natural resources and the unfair balance of power that characterizes the global capitalist system are at the root of the problem.", "Will humankind be able to reverse these destructive trends of life destruction and to build more democratic, just and pluralistic societies that protect life? We believe that this is possible. To ensure that humankind can enjoy fundamental human rights, including the right to drinking water and sanitation, and can realize its freedoms, we must eliminate the narrow and despicable roots of economic competition and market fundamentalism and create conditions for world solidarity.", "In Venezuela, the human right to water and sanitation is guaranteed. In its legal provisions, my country recognizes that the State has full sovereignty over water resources, that access to drinking water is a fundamental right and that water is essential to life and human well-being and a fundamental resource for development.", "This afternoon, His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma spoke of water as the source of all rights. We heard him. No human right is respected without its preservation. I would add that water supply must be a public service, not a source of wealth and trade. He called on us to seek a balance between man and nature. We fully endorse those humanitarian principles.", "Venezuelan legislation on water resources establishes that water is a social good. The State therefore ensures access to drinking water for all urban and rural communities, including indigenous peoples and all socially vulnerable groups. The law also guarantees that, for the full exercise of sovereignty and national security, foreign companies shall not be allowed to exploit water resources anywhere. Water is a public good and cannot be a private object of any natural or legal person.", "The United Nations has set a Millennium Development Goal aimed at halving the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water by 2015. By establishing a network to reduce the proportion of the population without access to drinking water to 15 per cent, Venezuela had achieved the goal of expanding access to drinking water in 2001. By establishing networks to reduce the number of people without access to health services, we achieved the target of expanding the coverage of sanitation services in 2005.", "Today, more than 95 per cent of the population of Venezuela has access to drinking water. In our Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement, a large-scale infrastructure has been established for the collection, utilization, purification and supply of drinking water, and the total production capacity thus acquired can provide adequate drinking water for the 30 million people living in Venezuela. Through the implementation of the national plan to increase access to drinking water and sanitation, we have also achieved the sanitation target of 92 per cent coverage.", "Allow me to conclude by expressing my country ' s hope that the statements made by the delegations that have spoken in this debate will prompt us to ensure the right to water and sanitation for all on this planet.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "第334次会议简要记录", "2011年7月27日星期三上午10时30分在纽约总部举行", "主席： 迪亚洛先生 (塞内加尔)", "目录", "通过议程", "委员会上次会议以来的最新进展", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势和政治进程的事态发展", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "其他事项", "上午10时40分宣布开会。", "通过议程", "1. 议程通过。", "委员会上次会议以来的最新进展", "2. 主席总结委员会上次会议以来开展的一些活动和取得的进展时说，6月23日，主管政治事务副秘书长帕斯科先生向安全理事会简要介绍了中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。6月28日，美国参议院通过了一项决议，威胁巴勒斯坦权力机构如果9月继续在联合国为建国拉票就中止向其提供财政援助。", "3. 6月28日和29日，委员会在布鲁塞尔召开联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议。从6月28日至30日，伊斯兰会议组织外长理事会第三十八届会议在阿斯塔纳举行；Daou先生(马里)代表委员会参加了会议，他将在稍后的日期汇报情况。", "4. 7月5日，以色列政府公布了在西岸定居点建造大约400个住房单元的投标。7月7日，美国众议院通过一项决议，“[重申]其强烈反对在以色列和巴勒斯坦通过谈判达成的协定之外建立或寻求承认巴勒斯坦国的企图”，并“[敦促]行政当局考虑在审查团结协定期间，中止向巴勒斯坦权力机构提供财政援助。”7月11日，四方主要代表在华盛顿特区开会，但尚未发布任何声明。", "5. 7月12日和13日，新闻部在布达佩斯举行第十九次中东和平问题国际媒体研讨会；作为委员会主席，他发了一份函电，其副本已分发给委员会所有成员。", "6. 过去一个月，巴勒斯坦领导人继续努力，以期国际上承认巴勒斯坦为根据1967年边界建立的国家，并要求国际社会支持巴勒斯坦申请联合国会员国资格。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国近期承认了巴勒斯坦国。阿塞拜疆、冰岛、挪威、西班牙和土耳其政府已确认支持巴勒斯坦申请该组织的会员国资格。挪威和冰岛还提升了巴勒斯坦外交代表在其各自国家的地位。", "7. 7月26日，安全理事会就中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题举行公开辩论。", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势和政治进程的事态发展", "8. Mansour先生(巴勒斯坦观察员)说，他已于2011年7月26日向安全理事会简要报告了巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势，包括东耶路撒冷的局势，特别谈及增加定居点活动、巴勒斯坦政治犯在以色列监狱的困境，以及对加沙地带不道德的封锁问题。他上月去过巴勒斯坦被占领土两次：每次都与监狱事务部长和该部积极分子就以色列加剧对被占领土的压制和巴勒斯坦政治犯的痛苦进行建设性、翔实的讨论。他重申委员会依然对囚犯的困境感到忧虑，并且做出努力在国际上推进其事业。他还提请注意委员会主席团决定就囚犯问题在日内瓦再举行一次会议，可能就在2012年。监狱事务部表示希望继续加强与委员会的关系，并向其转告以色列监狱的巴勒斯坦政治犯感谢委员会推进其事业的函电。", "9. 近来，他访问了Bil’in村，该村居民的非暴力抗议活动导致以色列改变正在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建的隔离墙的路线。他与人民委员会在此地会面，鼓励其成员继续努力，依照国际法院的咨询意见拆除隔离墙。", "10. 巴勒斯坦代表团继续努力促使巴勒斯坦作为一个独立的国家在联合国大会第六十六届会议一开始便得到认可。在这方面，确认和巩固巴勒斯坦人民取得的成就，即完成由巴勒斯坦权力机构总理法耶兹先生负责的两年期建国方案，是非常重要的。巴勒斯坦权力机构方面履行了与国际社会的协定，其中规定建立巴勒斯坦国家机构，结束以色列占领，巴勒斯坦独立；如今已做好准备管理一个独立的中等收入国家。现在正是国际社会帮助结束占领和承认巴勒斯坦为一个独立国家的时候了。超过120个国家已通过承认巴勒斯坦国促进和平。然而，巴勒斯坦建国之路显然存在重大障碍：如果构成最大障碍的国家继续否认巴勒斯坦加入国际社会的权利，巴勒斯坦代表团将转向其他选择，首先是继续开展和平进程谈判。", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "11. 主席说，联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议已于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行。各国政府、巴勒斯坦、政府间组织、联合国实体、民间社会组织和媒体代表以及委员会代表团参加了会议。", "12. 与会者强调各方重新开始直接谈判的必要性。欧洲联盟代表说，四方以美国总统奥巴马在2011年5月19日声明中概述的原则为指导、促进巴勒斯坦人民内部和解、成立过渡政府，是非常重要的。", "13. 在全体会议上，14名专家介绍了欧洲为促进以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的和平所采取的措施。在强调迫切需要提出一个两国解决方案的同时，与会者就巴勒斯坦作为一个国家得到承认并为联合国所接纳的谈判成果进行了调查。一些与会者指出，谈判和巴勒斯坦成为会员国的资格并不相互排斥；自决权是巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利，因此其本身是不容讨价还价的。", "14. 与会者对将两国解决方案付诸实现的时限表示关切。要注意的是，欧洲联盟内部没有对承认巴勒斯坦国的问题达成共识，承认巴勒斯坦国的决定应当由每个会员国单独做出。与会者强调，巴勒斯坦人不应成为中东合法民主愿望得到欧洲社会支持的例外情况。", "15. 在敦促捐助者继续向巴勒斯坦人民提供人道主义援助的同时，许多与会者说，欧洲应当试图影响以色列，包括通过其贸易政策施加影响，使其尊重国际法。国民议会、欧洲议会和民间社会在促进巴勒斯坦人民权利方面所发挥的重要作用已得到强调。会议结论副本已分发给委员会各个成员。", "16. 除了参加会议之外，委员会代表与民间社会组织还举行了磋商。这些组织对委员会的工作表示欢迎，并要求它继续努力，帮助民间社会加强在国际上的协调作用，并与巴勒斯坦权力机构进行协调。", "17. 委员会代表还与比利时外交部和欧洲机构的官员举行会议。这些会议重点关注达成两国解决方案的迫切需要。委员会代表敦促在国家和欧洲层面采用切实可行的措施，着眼于重新开启永久性地位谈判，促进巴勒斯坦国的建立。", "18. 委员会注意到该报告。", "其他事项", "19. Ferdous先生(新闻部)说，由新闻部组织、2011年7月12日和13日在布达佩斯举行的中东和平问题媒体研讨会吸引了大约100名与会者，包括以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构的政策制定者、国际媒体代表、学术界成员和民间社会代表。媒体研讨会审查了中东和北非广泛的政治变化，以及Twitter和Facebook等新媒体在促进政治变革中越来越大的作用。除了秘书长和委员会主席发表公开声明之外，就各种专题举行了共五次小组讨论会，包括中东和平进程停滞及克服的办法，以及文化和媒体在促进以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的理解中所发挥的作用。会议最后由新闻部副秘书长发表了一项声明。国际媒体对研讨会的报道非常积极。他感谢委员会主席和秘书处以及巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员为研讨会的成功举行提供了支持和指导。", "20. 谈及新闻部更新有关巴勒斯坦问题和联合国的永久性展览项目时，他说，一份已更新文本和修改后的设计已转交委员会秘书处审查。根据收到的评论意见，不久将提交该文本的修订版。他希望，和过去一样，新闻部可以期待委员会的支助，为将展", "览翻译成当地语文提供原始经费，最好是在2011年11月29日举行声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日庆祝活动的时候。", "上午11时25分散会。" ]

[ "Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People", "Summary record of the 334th meeting", "Held at Headquarters, New York, on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.30 a.m.", "Chair: Mr. Diallo (Senegal)", "Contents", "Adoption of the agenda", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011", "Other matters", "The meeting was called to order at 10.40 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "1. The agenda was adopted.", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "2. The Chair, summarizing some of the activities and development that had taken place since the Committee’s previous meeting, said that, on 23 June, Mr. Pascoe, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, had briefed the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On 28 June, the United States Senate had passed a resolution threatening to suspend financial assistance to the Palestinian Authority if it went ahead with its September bid for statehood at the United Nations.", "3. On 28 and 29 June, the Committee had convened the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process in Brussels. From 28 to 30 June, the thirty-eighth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of the Islamic Conference had been held in Astana; Mr. Daou (Mali), who had represented the Committee at the meeting, would provide a briefing at a later date.", "4. On 5 July, the Government of Israel had published tenders for the construction of some 400 housing units in settlements in the West Bank. On 7 July, the United States House of Representatives had passed a resolution “[reiterating] its strong opposition to any attempt to establish or seek recognition of a Palestinian state outside of an agreement negotiated between Israel and the Palestinians” and “[urging] the administration to consider suspending assistance to the Palestinian Authority pending a review of the unity agreement”. On 11 July, the Quartet principals had met in Washington, D.C., but had issued no statement.", "5. On 12 and 13 July, the Department of Public Information had held the nineteenth annual International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East in Budapest; as Chair of the Committee, he had sent a message, a copy of which had been distributed to the members of the Committee.", "6. Over the past month, the Palestinian leadership had continued its efforts to gain international recognition of Palestine as a State on the basis of the 1967 borders and to ask for the international community’s support of the Palestine request for membership in the United Nations. The Syrian Arab Republic had recently recognized the State of Palestine. The Governments of Azerbaijan, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Turkey had confirmed their support for Palestine’s request for membership in the Organization. Norway and Iceland had also raised the status of the Palestinian diplomatic representation in their respective countries.", "7. On 26 July, the Security Council had held an open debate on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "8. Mr. Mansour (Observer for Palestine) said that he had briefed the Security Council on 26 July 2011 on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular with regard to the increased settlement activity, the plight of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons, and the immoral blockade of the Gaza Strip. He had been to the Occupied Territory twice in the last month: each time, he had enjoyed a constructive, informative discussion with the Minister for Prisoners’ Affairs and activists in that Ministry on the intensification of the Israeli repression in the Occupied Territory and the suffering of Palestinian political prisoners. He had reiterated the Committee’s continued concern at the prisoners’ plight and its efforts to advance their cause internationally. He had also drawn their attention to the Committee Bureau’s decision to hold another meeting in Geneva on the question of prisoners, possibly in 2012. The Ministry had expressed its desire to continue strengthening its relationship with the Committee and had informed him of messages of gratitude from Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons to the Committee for advancing their cause.", "9. Recently, he had visited the village of Bil’in, whose residents’ non-violent protests had resulted in the re-routing of the wall being built by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. He had met with the Popular Committee there, encouraging its members to continue their efforts to dismantle the wall, in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice.", "10. His delegation continued its efforts towards the recognition of Palestine as an independent State beginning with the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly. In that connection, it was important to recognize and consolidate the accomplishments made by the Palestinian people, namely, the completion of a two-year State-building programme headed by Mr. Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority had delivered on its end of the agreement with the international community, which provided for the building of Palestinian State institutions, the end of the Israeli occupation, and the independence of Palestine; it was now ready to govern as an independent, middle-income State. It was now time for the international community to help end occupation and to recognize Palestine as an independent State. Over 120 countries had invested in peace through the recognition of the State of Palestine. There were, clearly, major obstacles in Palestine’s path to statehood, however: if the country that constituted the greatest obstacle continued to deny Palestine the right to join the community of nations, his delegation would turn to its other options, the first of which would be to continue negotiation of the peace process.", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli‑Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011", "11. The Chair said that the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process had been held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011. The Meeting had been attended by representatives of Governments, Palestine, inter‑governmental organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations and the media, as well as a delegation from the Committee.", "12. Participants had stressed the need for the parties to resume direct negotiations. The representative of the European Union had said it was important for the Quartet to be guided by the principles outlined by United States President Obama in his statement of 19 May 2011 and for the inter-Palestinian reconciliation to lead to the formation of a transitional Government.", "13. In plenary meetings, 14 experts had given presentations on steps taken by Europe to promote peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Highlighting the urgent need to bring about a two-State solution, participants had enquired as to the outcome of negotiations in the event that Palestine was recognized and admitted as a State into the United Nations. It had been noted by some that the negotiations and the membership of Palestine as a Member State were not mutually exclusive; the right to self-determination was an inalienable right of the Palestinian people and therefore itself was not negotiable.", "14. Concern had been expressed regarding the time frame for making the two-State solution a reality. It had been noted that there was no consensus within the European Union regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine and that the decision to recognize it should be made by each member individually. Participants had stressed that Palestinians should not constitute an exception to receiving support from the European community for the legitimate democratic aspirations of the Middle East.", "15. While urging donors to continue providing humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people, many participants had said that Europe should attempt to influence Israel, including through its trade policy, to respect international law. The crucial role of national parliaments, the European Parliament and civil society in promoting the rights of the Palestinian people had been emphasized. A copy of the conclusions of the Meeting had been distributed to Committee members.", "16. In addition to participating in the Meeting, the Committee’s representatives had held consultations with civil society organizations. Those organizations had welcomed the work of the Committee and asked it to continue its efforts to help civil society strengthen its coordination internationally and with the Palestinian Authority.", "17. The Committee’s representatives had also held meetings with officials of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of European institutions. Those meetings had focused on the urgent need to achieve a two-State solution. The Committee’s representatives had urged the adoption of practical measures at the national and European levels with a view to restarting permanent status negotiations and promoting the establishment of the State of Palestine.", "18. The Committee took note of the report.", "Other matters", "19. Mr. Ferdous (Department of Public Information) said that the media seminar on peace in the Middle East organized by the Department of Public Information and held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011 had drawn some 100 participants, including policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, representatives of the international media, and members of academia and civil society. The media seminar had examined the sweeping political changes in the Middle East and North Africa and the growing role of new media such as Twitter and Facebook in fostering political change. In addition to opening statements by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Committee, a total of five panels had been held on a range of topics, including the standstill in the Middle East peace process and ways to overcome it, and the role of culture and media in promoting understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. The meeting had ended with a statement by the Under-Secretary-General for Public Information. International media coverage of the seminar had been very positive. He thanked the Chair and the secretariat of the Committee, as well as the Permanent Observer for Palestine, for their support and guidance in making the seminar a success.", "20. Referring to the project of the Department of Public Information to update its permanent exhibit on the question of Palestine and the United Nations, he said that a copy of the updated text and revised design had been forwarded to the Committee secretariat for review. On the basis of the comments received, a revised version of that text would be submitted shortly. He hoped that, as in the past, the Department could count on the support of the Committee in providing seed money for local language translations of the exhibit, preferably in time for the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2011.", "The meeting rose at 11.25 a.m." ]

[ "Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People", "Summary record of the 334th meeting", "Held at Headquarters, New York, on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.30 a.m.", "Chairman: Mr. Diallo (Senegal)", "Contents", "Adoption of the agenda", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011", "Other matters", "The meeting was called to order at 10.40 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "1. The agenda was adopted.", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "2. The Chairman, summarizing some of the activities undertaken and the progress made since the Committee ' s previous meeting, said that on 23 June the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, Mr. Pascoe, had briefed the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On 28 June, the United States Senate adopted a resolution threatening the Palestinian Authority to suspend financial assistance if it continued to vote for statehood at the United Nations in September.", "3. On 28 and 29 June, the Committee convened in Brussels an international United Nations conference in support of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. The thirty-eighth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was held in Astana from 28 to 30 June; Mr. Daou (Mali), representing the Committee, participated in the meeting and will report at a later date.", "4. On 5 July, the Government of Israel published tenders for the construction of approximately 400 housing units in West Bank settlements. On 7 July, the United States House of Representatives adopted a resolution “[reiterating] its strong opposition to attempts to establish or seek the recognition of a Palestinian State, in addition to agreements negotiated between Israel and Palestine”, and “[Urges] the Administration to consider suspending financial assistance to the Palestinian Authority during the review of the unity agreement”. On 11 July, Quartet principals met in Washington, D.C., but no statements have yet been issued.", "5. On 12 and 13 July, the Department of Public Information held its nineteenth International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East in Budapest; as Chairman of the Committee, he had sent a message, copies of which had been circulated to all members of the Committee.", "6. Over the past month, the Palestinian leadership has continued its efforts with a view to international recognition of Palestine as a State established on the basis of the 1967 borders and has called on the international community to support Palestine in its application for membership in the United Nations. The Syrian Arab Republic had recently recognized the State of Palestine. The Governments of Azerbaijan, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Turkey have confirmed their support for Palestine ' s application for membership in the organization. Norway and Iceland have also upgraded the status of Palestinian diplomatic representatives in their respective countries.", "7. On 26 July, the Security Council held an open debate on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "8. Mr. Mansour (Observer for Palestine) said that he had briefed the Security Council on 26 July 2011 on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, with particular reference to increased settlement activity, the plight of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons and the immoral blockade of the Gaza Strip. He had visited the Occupied Palestinian Territory twice the previous month: on each occasion, he had a constructive and informative discussion with the Minister of Prisons and the Ministry ' s activists on the intensification of Israeli repression in the occupied territories and the suffering of Palestinian political prisoners. He reiterated the Committee ' s continued concern about the plight of prisoners and its efforts to advance their cause internationally. He also drew attention to the decision of the Bureau of the Committee to hold another meeting in Geneva on the issue of prisoners, possibly in 2012. The Ministry of Prison Affairs expressed the hope that its relationship with the Committee would continue to be strengthened and conveyed to it the appreciation of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons for the Committee ' s messages in furtherance of its cause.", "9. He had recently visited the village of Bil 'in, where non-violent protests by its inhabitants had led Israel to change the route of the wall being built in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. He met here with the People ' s Committee and encouraged its members to continue their efforts to dismantle the wall in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice.", "10. His delegation continued its efforts to promote Palestinian recognition as an independent State at the beginning of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. In that regard, it is important to recognize and consolidate the achievements of the Palestinian people, namely, the completion of the two-year State-building programme under the responsibility of the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority, Mr. Fayyad. For its part, the Palestinian Authority had fulfilled its agreement with the international community, which provided for the establishment of Palestinian State institutions, an end to Israeli occupation and Palestinian independence; it was now ready to administer an independent middle-income country. It was time for the international community to help end the occupation and recognize Palestine as an independent State. More than 120 countries have promoted peace by recognizing the State of Palestine. However, it is clear that there are major obstacles on the road to Palestinian statehood: if the countries that constitute the greatest obstacle continue to deny the right of Palestine to join the international community, the Palestinian delegation will turn to other options, beginning with the continuation of the peace process negotiations.", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011", "11. The Chair said that the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process had been held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011. Representatives of Governments, Palestine, intergovernmental organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations and the media, as well as Committee delegations, participated in the meeting.", "12. Participants stressed the need for the parties to resume direct negotiations. The representative of the European Union said that it was very important for the Quartet to be guided by the principles outlined by United States President Obama in his statement of 19 May 2011 to promote reconciliation within the Palestinian people and to establish a transitional government.", "13. In plenary sessions, 14 experts presented the measures taken in Europe to promote peace between Israel and Palestine. While stressing the urgent need for a two-State solution, participants had conducted a survey of the outcome of negotiations on Palestine as a State recognized and accepted by the United Nations. Some participants pointed out that negotiations and Palestine ' s membership were not mutually exclusive; the right to self-determination was an inalienable right of the Palestinian people and was therefore not negotiable in itself.", "14. Concern was expressed about the time frame for the realization of the two-State solution. It should be noted that there was no consensus within the European Union on the recognition of a Palestinian State, and that the decision to recognize a Palestinian State should be taken by each Member State alone. It was stressed that the Palestinians should not be an exception to the European community's legitimate democratic aspirations in the Middle East.", "15. While urging donors to continue to provide humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian people, many participants said that Europe should try to influence Israel, including through its trade policy, to respect international law. The important role played by the National Assembly, the European Parliament and civil society in promoting the rights of the Palestinian people has been highlighted. A copy of the conclusions of the meeting was circulated to members of the Committee.", "16. In addition to participating in the meeting, representatives of the Committee held consultations with civil society organizations. They welcomed the work of the Committee and requested it to continue its efforts to help civil society to strengthen its coordinating role at the international level and to coordinate with the Palestinian Authority.", "17. The Committee ' s representatives also held meetings with officials of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European institutions. Those meetings focused on the urgent need to reach a two-State solution. Representatives of the Committee urged the adoption of practical measures at the national and European levels aimed at relaunching permanent status negotiations for the establishment of a Palestinian State.", "18. The Committee took note of the report.", "Other matters", "19. Mr. Ferdous (Department of Public Information) said that the Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East, organized by the Department of Public Information and held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011, had attracted some 100 participants, including policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, international media representatives, members of academia and representatives of civil society. The media seminar reviewed the wide-ranging political changes in the Middle East and North Africa and the growing role of new media, such as Twitter and Facebook, in promoting political change. In addition to public statements by the Secretary-General and the Chairman of the Committee, five panel discussions were held on various topics, including the stagnation of the Middle East peace process and ways to overcome it, and the role of culture and the media in promoting understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. The meeting concluded with a statement by the Under-Secretary-General of the Department of Public Information. International media coverage of the seminar was very positive. He thanked the Chairman and the secretariat of the Committee and the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations for their support and guidance in the successful conduct of the Seminar.", "20. Turning to the Department ' s updating of the permanent exhibit project on the question of Palestine and the United Nations, he said that an updated text and a revised design had been transmitted to the Committee secretariat for review. Based on the comments received, a revised version of the text will be submitted shortly. He hoped that, as in the past, the Department of Public Information could look forward to the Committee's support for the future", "The translation into local languages provides seed money, preferably for the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2011.", "The meeting rose at 11.25 a.m." ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会1991年4月29日第690(1991)号决议所设、最近经安理会2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议延长任务期限的联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)担任西撒特派团部队指挥官。他接替2011年4月10日任满的赵京民少将(中国)。我愿借此机会感谢赵少将的奉献精神和他对西撒特派团军事部门的有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by the Security Council in its resolution 690 (1991) of 29 April 1991 and most recently extended in its resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of MINURSO. He replaces Major General Jingmin Zhao (China) who completed his assignment on 10 April 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Major General Zhao for his dedication and effective leadership of the MINURSO military component.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by the Security Council in its resolution 690 (1991) of 29 April 1991 and most recently extended by the Council in its resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I wish to inform you that I intend to appoint Major General Abdul Hafez (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of MINURSO. He replaces Major General Zhao Jingmin (China), who completed his assignment on 10 April 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Major General Zhao for his dedication and effective leadership of the military component of MINURSO.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/ 459)。你在信中表示拟任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)担任联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)部队指挥官。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/459) concerning your intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (Speak 459). In your letter, you expressed the intention to appoint Major General Abdul Khafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO). Members of the Council took note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会2011年6月27日第1990号决议所设联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的指挥权。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法耶中将(埃塞俄比亚)担任特派团团长兼联阿安全部队的部队指挥官。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此信为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the command of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), which the Security Council established under its resolution 1990 of 27 June 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I intend to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and UNISFA Force Commander.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the command authority of the United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei, established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1990 of 27 June 2011.", "I should like to inform you that I intend to appoint Tadé Vréd Tres Fatay (Ethiopia) as head of mission and head of force.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ban Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/ 461)。你在信中表示拟任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法耶中将(埃塞俄比亚)担任特派团团长兼联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)部队指挥官。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/461) concerning your intention to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011. In your letter, you expressed the intention to appoint Tadé Vréd Tres Fatye (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei (UNISP). Members of the Council took note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "安全理事会第6591次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午10时45分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6591st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.45 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6591st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.45 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "The situation in Côte d'Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (Speak387)." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目6", "人口基金——执行主任的报告", "联合国人口基金", "2008年至2013年人口基金战略计划的中期审查", "执行主任的报告", "摘要", "本次人口基金战略计划中期审查报告是根据执行局第2009/16号决定提交的，该决定将2008-2011年战略计划延长到2013年。本报告也是根据大会第63/232号决议的指导提交的。中期审查使人口基金的战略方向更加明确，以便在吸取经验教训基础上指导其2012年和2013年的工作。", "根据一系列内部和外部的审查，并通过本组织内外许多重要的利益攸关方参与的广泛协商过程，中期审查审查了人口基金运作所在的不断变化的环境，评述了2008年至2010年实施战略计划的进展、成就和挑战。因此，它补充了执行主任的年度报告DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)及其附件(附件另见人口基金网站)以及DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)/Add.1所载的详细分析。", "中期审查的首要结论是，虽然人口基金有很多值得骄傲的地方，但是该组织的潜力尚未得到充分发挥。查明了与本组织交付发展和管理成果的能力有关的一系列关键挑战。拟议中的经修订的战略方向和成果框架旨在应对这些挑战，做法包括加强本组织的重点，并确定本组织所面临问题的优先顺序，从而提出一套简化的成果和产出。另外，还包括旨在加强本组织对结果问责的明确指标。综合财政资源框架列出了实施战略计划其余部分所需资源的估计数。", "决定的若干要点载于本报告。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.中期审查的范围和过程 5\n3.背景情况 6\n4. 2008-2010年的进展、某些成果和主要挑战摘要 8\nA.发展成果 8\n1.进展情况 8\n2.某些成果 9\n3.主要挑战 9\nB.管理成果 10\n1.进展情况 10\n2.一些成就 11\n3.重大挑战 12\n5.未来方向，2012-2013年 13\nA.战略方向 13\nB.改进成果问责 14\n1.概念框架：将发展成果框架和管理成果框架联系起来 14\n2.订正成果框架方面的重要原则 15\nC.突出发展成果的重点 17\n1.使发展成果框架重点突出 17\n2.发展成果框架的成果和产出 17\n3.贯穿各领域的问题 19\nD.实现优良运作 20\n1.突出管理成果框架的重点 20\n2.管理成果框架产出 20 \n6.综合财政资源框架 21\nA.人发会议资源需求和流动情况 21\nB.2012-2013年所需资源 22\n1.收入预测 22\n2.成果框架与资源之间的关联 22\n3.所需资源 23\n7.执行经过修订的战略计划 24\nA.业务计划 24\nB.将全球、区域和国家各级统一起来 24\n1.国家一级 24\n2.全球和区域两级 24\n3.重组 25\nC.加强计量方法 25\nD.制定新的战略计划 25\n8.决定的构成要素 26 \n 附件 \n1.经修订的发展成果框架 27\n2.经修订的管理成果框架 32", "简称", "AWPs 年度工作计划", "CARMMA 加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率的宣传运动", "CPR 避孕普及率", "DRF 发展成果框架", "EmONC 急诊妇产科护理和新生儿护理", "FGM/C 切割女性生殖器", "GBV 性别暴力", "GRP 全球和区域方案", "H4+ 保健4+机构伙伴关系(世卫组织、人口基金、儿童基金会、世界银行和艾滋病规划署)", "ICPD 国际人口与发展会议", "LDCs 最不发达国家", "MDGs 千年发展目标", "MISP 最低初步成套服务", "MMR 孕产妇死亡率", "MOPAN 多边组织业绩评估网", "MRF 管理成果框架", "MTR 中期审查", "NDPs 国家发展计划", "NEX 国家执行", "NGOs 非政府组织", "OFA 业务基金账户", "PAD 考绩和发展制度", "PRSs 减贫战略", "PRSPs 减贫战略文件", "RBM 成果管理制", "RHCS 生殖健康商品保障", "SDPs 服务站点", "SRH 性健康和生殖健康", "STI 性传播感染", "UNAIDS 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据执行局第2009/16号决定(该决定将2008-2011年战略计划延长到2013年)和第2011/13号决定(第９项)(该决定将提交战略计划中期审查的时间推迟到2011年第二届常会)提交的。本报告也是根据大会第63/232号决议的指导提交的。中期审查审查了人口基金运作所在的不断变化的环境，评述了2008年至2010年实施战略计划方面的进展、成果和挑战，作为对执行主任的年度报告DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)及其附件(附件另见人口基金网站)以及DP/FPA/ 2011/3(Part I)/Add.1所载的详细分析的补充，中期审查还列出了经修订的人口基金的战略方向，包括在吸取经验教训基础上修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架。", "2. 导言部分之后，本报告第二节介绍了中期审查的范围和过程。第三节侧重于背景情况介绍。第四节概述2008-2010年期间的进展、成果和面临的主要挑战。第五节题为“2012-2013年未来发展方向”，集中讨论未来的内容，包括本组织的战略方向、新的概念框架以及经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架。第六节介绍综合财政资源框架，并说明实现战略计划成果所需的资源。第七节重点讨论如何实施经修订的战略计划，包括制定下一个战略计划(2014年至2017年)所需采取的步骤。第八节载有决定的若干要点。经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架分别载于附件一和附件二。", "二. 中期审查的范围和过程", "3. 中期审查过程包括回顾与前瞻部分。在回顾部分审查了2008年至2010年期间实施战略计划方面的成果和挑战，并研究不断变化的全球环境所产生的影响。中期审查采取了分析工作(包括内部和外部)和咨询相结合的方式(见图1)。", "图1. 中期审查的过程", "内部和外部审查： 咨询： - 年度报告(发展结果框架/管理结果框架的进展情况)- 对全球方案和5个区域方案的中期审查(外部) - 人口基金工作人员：–各司间工作组–执行委员会 - 监督事务司的报告 –内联网的博客和讨论小组 - 联合国审计委员会的报告 –全体工作人员全球会议 - 国家办事处年度报告和国家方案评估- 外部评估：全球发展中心、多边组织业绩评估网、联合王国国际发展部多边援助审查 • 执行局(正式和非正式)：–2010年6月、2010年11月、2011年2月和2011年6月- 合作伙伴和利益攸关方： \n –中期审查咨询小组 –全球和区域方案外部咨询小组 \n –咨询开发署、儿基会和妇女署", "一套综合的调查结果和建议", "4. 前瞻部分审查人口基金如何能通过进一步突显组织的战略重点(包括修订成果框架)和更新战略计划剩余期间的资源估计数，更好地完成任务。该过程研究了内部和外部利益攸关方(包括执行局)提出的一系列“全局性”的问题，不过，审查的目的是要加强战略计划，而不是从根本上修改该计划。", "5. 讨论的主题包括本组织应致力于解决什么问题(例如，本组织是否应继续有三个重点领域：人口与发展，生殖健康和权利，以及性别平等，还是应该缩小其重点所涉范围)；本组织应发挥什么作用(例如，它是否能通过提供服务、产生证据、能力建设，还是通过宣传、提供政策咨询和协助推动创新来最好地支助各国)；本组织应在哪些地方开展工作(例如，是否应该继续在全球范围内广泛运作，还是应减少其所覆盖的地域范围)。", "6. 至于回顾审查部分，在本组织内部并与上述利益攸关方讨论了未来发展方向问题。这些合作伙伴提供的任何超出这次修订战略计划范围的相关意见，将纳入制订下一个战略计划中(2014年至2017年)。", "三. 背景情况", "7. 人口基金的总体任务是基于国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)的《行动纲领》和千年发展目标。这项总体任务加上大会第62/208号决议、大会和经济及社会理事会其他相关决议，以及执行局有关决定的指导，均推动战略计划。但是，自该计划产生以来，世界已经改变，外部和内部的事件和趋势均影响人口基金的工作。因此，在制订本组织未来发展方向时，已考虑到这些动态，以便人口基金能以最佳的方式支持各国实施人发会议《行动纲领》，实现千年发展目标。", "8. 人发会议议程的关键组成部分依然没有完成，而且，离2015年实现千年发展目标的完成日期只剩下几年，但是许多目标的实现仍然遥遥无期。特别令人关切的是，最近发现，人口基金能对千年发展目标做出最直接贡献的目标——千年发展目标5(改善孕产妇保健)——离实现的距离最远。[1] 部分是由于这个原因，近几年，联合国和区域及国家各级重新关注孕产妇保健，以及更广泛的性健康和生殖健康问题，这为人口基金创造了一个机会。", "9. 随着世界人口在2011年接近70亿，而且对发展可持续性问题的担忧不断增加，人口动态和计划生育成为关注的焦点。世界人口增长速度有所放缓，但许多国家生育率仍然很高。与此同时，全世界年轻人群体人数之多，前所未有。与此同时，许多国家面临与低生育率导致人口老龄化相关的挑战。移徙和城市化现象严重是当今尤为重要的问题。", "10. 尽管这些问题得到重视，但是政治气候在不断变化，这意味着，虽然1994年对人发会议议程达成广泛共识，如今已经不能将这种共识视为理所当然，这对人口基金下一阶段工作是一个挑战。", "11. 自2007年制订战略计划以来，地缘政治和经济大环境也发生了变化。一些传统上得到援助的国家现已成为中等收入国家。世界许多地区出现高增长率，这意味着许多其他国家也正在转变成中等收入国家。这些事态发展表明，联合国需采取新的参与方式，尤其是因为这些国家可能成为潜在的捐助者和/或南南合作的重要提供者。全球金融危机导致许多捐助者面临财政挑战，但是，虽然这对发展援助预算产生压力，官方发展援助在2010年达到1 287亿美元的历史最高水平。[2]", "12. 这些变化影响到发展援助的作用，使得在巴黎和阿克拉作出的承诺将重点更多地放在能力建设和国家自主权和国家执行方面。在联合国，这种影响体现在更多地往上游移动的趋势，从提供援助转变为提供想法。这对本组织的作用和基本业务模式提出重要的挑战，意味着与合作伙伴合作及评估绩效需要采用新的方式。同时，关于加强对结果的问责要求也越来越多，这反映在出现了由捐助者和其他利益攸关方组织的绩效考核活动。", "13. 联合国内部的一些事态发展也影响到人口基金。改革的努力正在继续，重点强调“一体行动”。建立妇女署可能会影响到人口基金在性别平等方面的作用，可能造成的全面影响尚不得而知。", "14. 这些事态发展突出表明人口基金所面临的挑战和机遇，这些挑战和机遇被作为考虑因素纳入纳入下文所述未来发展方向制订过程。", "四. 2008-2010年的进展、某些成果和主要挑战摘要", "15. 中期审查的首要结论是，虽然人口基金有很多值得骄傲的地方，但是该组织的潜力尚未得到充分发挥。正如第一节所述，2008年至2010年战略计划实施情况的详细分析载于执行主任的年度报告。本节概述已取得的进展，并重点介绍某些成果。它主要侧重于通过中期审查了解到的若干关键领域的经验教训，人口基金必须改善这些领域的状况，才能加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标的进展，提高人口基金的效率和效力。修订战略计划特别以这些领域为重点。", "16. 将依照战略计划的两个成果框架的结构介绍审查结果：", "• 发展成果框架界定本组织在人发会议议程方面的工作，列出人口基金正在哪些领域努力以协助各国改善高层次的发展和保健成果。", "• 管理成果框架的重点集中在人口基金为了促进以有效率和有效力的方式对总的发展成果作出贡献而必须开展的业务活动。", "A. 发展成果", "1. 进展情况", "17. 发展成果框架有三个重点领域：人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及性别平等。这三个领域又分为13个成果，并通过26个指标来衡量。图2表明实现战略计划规定的2011年目标的进展情况，是依据DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)号文件附件所作的概括。总的来说，只有九个目标已经或很可能在2011年原定目标日期获得实现，而有10个目标很可能无法实现。这三个重点领域的进展情况各不相同，最成功的是性别平等领域。", "图2. 发展成果框架的进展情况", "[]", "2. 某些成果", "18. 这三个领域均有显着的成果。在人口与发展领域，约95%国家在开展的调查中列入人发会议问题。人口基金还向近80国家提供能力建设支助，以便筹备2010年的人口普查，特别是在数据分析方面。青年同伴教育网络已从2007年在36个国家有5 000名成员，增加到目前约在45个以上国家有20 000名成员。", "19. 在生殖健康和权利领域，人口基金与保健4+机构伙伴关系就j降低孕产妇和新生儿死亡率战略进行了密切合作。能力建设的工作重点放在助产士培训和生殖健康商品保障等方面，人口基金在这些方面协助30多个国家改善了提供诸如避孕药和孕产妇保健药品等重要用品方面的情况。消除妇科瘘运动帮助42个国家的6 000余名患者得到医治，并协助确保关注和资助瘘管病的防治，以及病患重返社会。能力建设方面的努力促进了在人道主义状况中实施最低初步成套服务的工作取得相当大的进展，目前已在80%以上的人道主义状况中实施最低初步成套服务。人口基金关于避孕套的倡议在2010年向74个国家提供支助。", "20. 在性别平等领域，人口基金和儿童基金会共同实施世界上最大的加速放弃残害/切割女性生殖器官作法的方案，该方案利用基于人权的方法来支助制订和实施各项相关的法律、政策和方案。对国家能力建设的支助也加强了各项监测和减少基于性别的暴力的机制：目前90%以上的国家有这种系统。", "3. 主要挑战", "21. 尽管取得了这些成果，整体进展仍明显不足，因此，中期审查的重点放在确定加强绩效所需应对的主要挑战。这方面的四个关键的经验教训如下：", "• 战略重点。由于采用一种各自为政“筒仓式”做法，三个重点领域未得到充分协调统一，人口基金被认为没有一个明确的战略重点，其内部凝聚力减少，并在外部削弱了本组织的品牌。尽管未将资源平均分配给三个重点领域——生殖健康和权利迄今为止得到方案资源的最大份额(每年约60%)——但是从形式上看三个重点领域同等重要，因此更难以确定哪个领域是本组织的战略重点。", "• 资源分散。无论是在全球还是国家一级，人口基金的资源都过于分散，削弱了本组织显示成效的能力。在全球范围内，2010年，近50个办事处在每个国家的开支为200万美元或更少。试图在各地都发挥作用，意味着那些面临最大问题的国家得不到足够的资源：仅以一个指标为例，产妇死亡病例总数的一半集中在六个国家，而人口基金分配给这些国家的资源只占其总资源的16%。而且这些资源在国家一级的影响力被削弱，因为国家办事处在预算极少的情况下还试图致力于许多成果领域。最近一项审查发现，在国家一级，三个重点领域分配到的资源相差无几，这表明人口基金的方案规划并不总是充分考虑到当地需求和能力，而是试图面面俱到，处理本组织任务规定的所有方面问题。更糟糕的是，本组织采用通过年度工作计划加以管理的无数实施伙伴的做法：在2010年，人口基金有1 400多个实施伙伴，处理了2 300多个年度工作计划，这些计划所产生的小项目无法形成规模，产生影响；导致效率低下，造成重大财务管理问题。具体情况详述如下。", "• 明确人口基金的作用。尽管联合国系统内正在经历从提供援助到提供想法的重大转变，人口基金尚未系统地设法处理这种转变对其在国家一级工作的影响，并确保本组织的各项要求如何能在这一新的模式中产生绩效。这个问题在中等收入国家中尤为尖锐，这些国家所面临的挑战通常与不平等和边缘化群体等问题有关。因此，若要接触到这些国家最贫困群体，则需要本组织采取不同于在最不发达国家中采用的方法，因为最不发达国家的大部分人口是得不到足够的服务的。", "• 计量。与计量方法相关的一些挑战使得评估战略计划最初几年的进展情况的工作更加困难。例如，发展成果框架所包括的结果指标往往无法定期加以衡量。此外，人口基金对更高级别成果的贡献常常难以得到准确的记录，因为发展成果框架指标主要是各国与人口基金的共同责任，而没有得到其他能评估基金直接贡献的指标的补充。", "22. 综上所述，虽然在发展成果框架的一些领域已取得重大进展，本组织仍有可能做得更多、更好。这次审查已确定在战略计划剩余时期应解决的一系列挑战。", "B. 管理成果", "1. 进展情况", "23. 管理成果框架的9项产出有19个指标，在最初的战略计划中，这些指标分列在6个主题下。像发展成果框架一样，管理成果框架的进展参差不齐，将按期至2011年达到目标的指标不到一半(图3)。然而，管理成果框架面临两项挑战，因此难以基于这一证据作出结论。", "24. 首先，近三分之一的指标在2010年没有可用的数据。其次，管理成果框架中的指标并非总是程度合适，有的指标范围太窄，因此，难以对一项产出的总体业绩作出结论。例如，产出“人口基金留住有工作动力并且有能力的工作人员”的一个指标是“从登出员额空缺广告到发出临时聘用通知的招聘时间”。这一指标仅反映确保人口基金人员充分配置过程的一个部分，完全没有反映出一个更重要的问题，即2010年人口基金所有员额有六分之一以上空缺。", "图3. 管理成果框架的进展", "[]", "2. 一些成就", "25. 尽管存在这些计量方面的挑战，在一些领域显然已取得进展。在成果管理和循证拟定方案领域，全组织已开展活动。例如，在全球范围，由于采取优化举措、启动评价政策以及制订循证拟定方案的指南，组织的能力开始提高(表现为国家方案评价的履行率从2009年的35%猛增到2010年的78%)。在区域一级，各办事处建立了分享经验教训的同行学习网络，并引入了质量保证机制。尽管如此，要确保整个组织系统地采用成果管理和循证拟定方案的原则，还需要做更多工作。", "26. 在人力资源领域，人口基金保持了高水平的工作人员满意度和动力，还被评为联合国系统内最值得推荐的工作单位之一。考绩和发展制度在全组织得到系统的采用，完成率很高，其他组织表示有兴趣采用这一工具。人口基金设计和采用了一个关于管理人员在工作场所道德行为方面问责责任的面对面培训单元，并全面遵守财务披露方案。", "27. 如2010年多边组织业绩评估网的审查评估结果所示，在伙伴关系努力方面，人口基金也获得良好评价，例如其对国家一级政策对话的贡献。在全球(如担任委员会和工作组的主席)、区域(如在青年和孕产妇保健等领域的战略活动中发挥带头作用)和国家(如通过联合举措)各级，人口基金为联合国改革努力作出的贡献已得到承认。现在，在应对人道主义危机方面，人口基金的地位也得到承认。", "28. 尽管宏观经济环境极具挑战性，但人口基金已超额完成战略计划的筹资目标。最后，在加强本组织对外地工作的侧重方面，已采取一些重要步骤：改组进程已于近期实际完成；虽然存在区域差异，但总的说来，国家办事处对区域办事处支助的相关性和质量给予积极的评价。", "3. 重大挑战", "29. 通过管理成果框架业绩审查、补充内部分析、外部审计员和内部审计员的报告、国家方案评价、伙伴的评估报告以及中期审查协商会议，查明了一长串需要改进的管理领域。不过，最终下述问题被普遍认为是本组织面临的最重要管理问题：", "• 方案实效。在从拟订方案、实施方案到监测和评价方案的全部过程中，人口基金的方案工作必须变得更具实效。目前，全组织在循证决策方面的需求和使用均有限。因此，人口基金的方案拟定并不总是由证据驱动的，证据的形式包括通过评价总结的经验教训以及其他方的研究结果(尽管在根据局势分析和调查结果拟定国家方案方面取得了进展)。在实施过程中，必须更注重利用成果管理原则。需要在国家、区域和全球各级加强监测和评价，并系统地利用监测和评价指导决策。", "• 管理资源。管理成果框架的管理资源产出是唯一一项所有指标均严重偏离轨道的产出。此外，联合国审计委员会在上一个两年期向人口基金出具了有保留的审计意见。根据目前的估计，迄今为止，2010年国家执行中的无凭证支出数额与前一年相比，没有显示出现下降。尽管为处理这些问题制订了政策，但遵守政策依然是一个挑战。还有一些管理决定也无谓地增加了风险，降低了效率。特别是，上文指出实施伙伴的数量激增，使财务管理更加困难。在实施伙伴数目达到或超过30个的国家办事处，近20%对伙伴进行的国家执行审计出具了负面结果，而在实施伙伴少于10个的国家办事处，这一百分比减少了一半。", "• 人力资源。尽管近年来征聘过程的一些方面已加快速度，但2010年组织的空缺率仍为17%，即每6个员额中，就有1个空缺。这严重影响了组织按计划实施工作的能力。此外，组织面临着一波退休潮，预计近三分之一的较年长工作人员将在今后5年退休。一个令人关切的相关问题是工作人员业绩的管理：仅有30%的工作人员感到表现不佳得到适当处理。为加强人口基金的考绩和发展制度，已作出大量努力，其重要成果是，目前几乎所有工作人员都得到评估，但使用该制度的方式没有充分解决表现不佳的问题：2010年，97%的工作人员要么被评为充分称职，要么被评为优秀，仅有3%被评为部分称职或不称职。", "• 资源调动。在战略计划期间，人口基金设法实现资源调动的目标，但这个问题仍被认为是一个重大挑战，原因有二。首先，作为经常(核心)资金捐助的资源的百分比在不断下降，2007年占收入的63%，2010年降至58%。其次，人口基金严重依赖少数捐助者：2010年，96%的经常捐助来自于15个最大的捐助者，这产生了相当大的风险。近年来，向人口基金提供捐助的国家的数量下降，2007年为182个国家，2010年降至150个国家。近年来，巴西、中国、印度、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯等新兴经济体以及私营部门(包括基金会)提供的发展援助大幅增长，但这样的发展援助仍仅占人口基金捐助的一小部分。", "30. 人口基金有潜力通过处理上述4个挑战实现出色的业务表现，这4个挑战共同构成本组织管理自己的关键要素，继而形成组织在实地实现发展成果的能力。", "五. 未来方向，2012-2013年", "31. 人口基金正处于一个转折点，外部环境不断变化，人发会议议程的进展不充分，这既带来了挑战，也创造了机会。本节在中期审查的重要结果和分析的基础上，阐述组织在今后两年应如何调整行动方向。", "A. 战略方向", "32. 为改进本组织的战略重点，中期审查进程重新审查了将发展成果框架分为3个重点领域的作法，以及人口基金工作最至关重要的目标对象这一问题。在此基础上制定出订正目标，如图4所示。", "图4", "[]", "33. 目标是：通过对人口动态、人权和性别平等的理解，以国家需要为驱动力，并针对国家的具体情况，实现人人享有性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)，促进生殖权利，降低孕产妇死亡率，加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5(A和B)的进展，以便增强得不到充分服务群体的权能，并改善这些群体的生活，特别是妇女和青年人(包括青少年)。", "34. 为完成这一目标，人口基金将继续与联合国其他机构、多边和双边组织、各国政府、包括信仰组织在内的非政府组织、学术机构以及私营部门协调并建立伙伴关系。人口基金在与这些伙伴合作时，将侧重于自己作为思想领导者、倡导者和伙伴关系建设者的相对优势，以推动实现人发会议议程和千年发展目标。", "B. 改进成果问责", "1. 概念框架：将发展成果框架和管理成果框架联系起来", "35. 要实现战略方向，必须加强人口基金内部确保成果问责的机制。本组织的成果框架，即发展成果框架和管理成果框架，是实现这一目标的重要工具，因为这两个成果框架既描述人口基金的优先事项，也是定期评估业绩的机制。因此，中期审查着力强调更新这两个成果框架。", "36. 这一过程的第一步是澄清人口基金成果的概念框架。发展成果框架和管理成果框架都是人口基金成果整体链条的固有组成部分，但人口基金直接开展的活动与更高一级发展成果之间的联系不够清楚。执行局第2010/32号决定明确要求人口基金加强这一联系。已为此拟定出一个简单的方案，如图5所示。", "图5. 概念框架", "[]", "37. 树枝代表人口基金推动实现的若干最高一级成果，经常用国际商定的指标来衡量这些成果，如避孕普及率、孕产妇死亡率和艾滋病毒流行率等千年发展目标的指标。许多行为体对这些成果[3] 作出贡献，进展方面的问责责任主要由国家自己承担，而不是人口基金等外部伙伴。人口基金所作的是推动在这一级实现变革，本组织也确实对此产生影响，因此，应该用这一级的进展来部分地衡量人口基金的业绩。然而，通常不可能按年制订这些指标的目标并衡量其进展。人口基金的作法是：衡量趋势，并评估在实现更长期目标(如千年发展目标的2015年目标)方面是否正在取得进展。", "38. 树干代表的中间一级一直是人口基金计量办法的一个缺口。这一级也是发展成果框架的一个部分，这一级表明人口基金为实现成果所作的直接贡献的核心是其在能力建设方面发挥的作用，以使各国自己能够实现人发会议议程。这一级的指标旨在跟踪以下产出：加强国家能力(计量方式包括避孕药具库存短缺的国家所占百分比降低)，以及人口基金的直接贡献(如受到培训的物流管理者的人数)。这一级的问责责任由人口基金与各国分担，但人口基金在这方面的直接作用更加重要。因此，将这一级包括在内将极大地加强成果链条，加强本组织评估方案业绩的能力。", "39. 树根代表人口基金切实有效管理自己的能力，从而为上文描述的更高级成果奠定坚实的基础。如管理成果框架所示，人口基金对这一领域的产出负有直接问责责任，尽管一些管理成果框架指标的业绩确实取决于人口基金的合作伙伴。", "2. 订正成果框架方面的重要原则", "40. 订正成果框架遵循的数项原则：", "• 通过确定轻重缓急顺序合并成果。由于希望开展各种活动，导致成果/产出和指标过多，其后果是，难以确定组织的优先事项，难以评估整体业绩。因此，第一条指导原则是，将那些其改进最有助于提高本组织推动人发会议议程方面能力的领域列为优先领域，在这个过程中将有关成果/产出和指标合并在一起。所以一些重要领域不再列为单独的成果/产出，特别是如果这些领域已纳入人口基金日常工作的主流，或并非人口基金需要重点改进的领域。例如，联合国改革对人口基金的工作很重要，但中期审查结果表明，这项工作已在本组织内形成制度，而且各伙伴普遍肯定人口基金在这一领域的努力，因此，不再将这项工作单独列成一项产出。这项原则意味着并非利益攸关方认为重要的所有专题都会被列入新的成果框架。不过，更简化、重点更突出的成果框架带来的无数好处足以抵消上述影响。", "• 避免大包大揽。考虑到组织的预算和能力，人口基金无法处理所有地方有关人发会议议程的所有方面问题，承认这一点意味着，必须谨慎选择组织的重点。驱动这些选择的综合因素应该包括：组织的相对优势以及人口基金开展工作的国家的需要、能力和明确表示的兴趣。采用避免大包大揽的原则，将改进人口基金向已在国家战略中优先安排人发会议议程某些方面问题的国家提供援助的能力，并改进衡量其在这些国家进展情况的能力。此外，不过分拉长战线，将使人口基金在确定重点关注一些具体国家的国际努力中，成为一个更具实效的伙伴。[4]", "• 避免“筒仓式”思维。订正框架遵循的另一条原则是，围绕组织的重要事项安排框架的结构，而不是基于现有的组织架构。各自为政的“筒仓式”思维在成果框架中极为普遍，由于合作不充分，造成效率低下。现在，成果框架反映本组织多个部门应为之作出贡献的机构优先事项。例如，尽管一项产出侧重于人力资源管理，但在设计该产出的时候，应使这一产出的责任不是完全由人力资源司承担，而是将人力资源管理作为全组织的一个优先事项，所有单位必须为此作出贡献。", "• 改进可计量性。最后一条指导原则是改进成果框架的可计量性。着力强调要确保可以定期衡量指标，因为至2010年底，在45个发展成果框架和管理成果框架指标中，10个指标(22%)没有可用的业绩数据。还有若干指标仅有较为陈旧的数据。此外，仅确定了战略计划结束时的目标，没有确定年度目标，因此限制了跟踪业绩和中期调整方向的能力。[5] 改进可计量性的另一个关键要素是为每一个指标编制元数据表。这些表格提供详细的定义、计算方法、数据来源和计量频率，是确保计量系统可靠性和改进透明度的一个重要机制。[6] 最后，选择这些管理成果框架指标，是为了侧重那些需要改进的具体组织行为，并为改变这样的行为营造动力。", "C. 突出发展成果的重点", "1. 使发展成果框架重点突出", "41. 新发展成果框架通过合并和重点关注数量有限的战略优先事项，强化了人口基金的重点，表现为成果的数量从13个降至 7个。此外，根据战略方向，制订出一个人口与发展、性健康和生殖健康与生殖权利以及性别平等的综合议程，这意味着，发展成果框架下的成果不再分列为3个领域，而是形成一整套将作为本组织在战略计划剩余2年内工作重点的核心领域。", "2. 发展成果框架的成果和产出", "42. 订正发展成果框架的结构如下：框架从更高的政策一级开始，第一项成果涉及将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、生殖健康、性别平等和减贫的联系融入国家和部门的计划与战略。然后，框架提出3项成果，内容涉及获得孕产妇保健、计划生育以及防治艾滋病毒/性传播感染服务的问题。尽管这些被列为单独的成果，但在业务操作时，将尽可能采用统筹的办法。", "43. 第5项成果涉及性别平等与生殖权利，第6项成果侧重于青年人。整个框架的最后一个环节是与数据的收集、分析和传播有关的一项成果，这一成果贯穿上述6个成果领域，并与第1项成果相关，因为这一成果确保满足对高质量数据的需要，以影响政策拟定。", "44. 如第五节所述，能力建设和方案产出已列入发展成果框架。对每一项成果，人口基金通过若干反映国家实现人发会议议程能力变化的产出，直接对国家的进展作出贡献，这类产出共计18项。由于这些产出事关能力发展，因此，它们彼此相互加强，并常常对不止一项成果作出贡献。例如，有关计划生育的能力发展也将惠及孕产妇保健服务，并有助于降低孕产妇死亡率。", "45. 全部的成果、产出以及指标和目标见附件一。", "成果1：人口动态及其与青年(包括少年)需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)性别平等和扶贫之间的关联被纳入国家及部门发展计划和战略。", "46. 人口基金在人口领域的相对优势在于：将人口分析有效用于鉴别贫穷和预测情况；能够进行贯穿各领域的主题分析，将人口动态与健康、性别及青少年政策挂钩。人口基金将同各国政府和其他伙伴共同努力，将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生部门政策和计划。人口基金还将与合作伙伴共同努力，将青年(包括少年)问题纳入扶贫战略和国家发展框架，促进青年(包括少年)在各级参与政策制订、执行和监督的权利。", "成果2：获得和利用优质孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加。", "47. 人口基金将重点关注作为生殖健康一部分的孕产妇保健。人口基金将与保健4+机构和其他合作伙伴密切合作，支持《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》，以及加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动等其他举措。人口基金将支持在执行国家人力资源政策(特别是提高助产技能)方面进行能力建设，以提供基本的产科急诊服务，处理不安全堕胎的并发症。此外，将更加强调处理产科瘘等孕产妇疾病。", "成果3：个人和夫妻有更多机会按照生育意向获得和利用优质计划生育服务。", "48. 人口基金将更加注重计划生育，包括将计划生育纳入综合生殖健康服务并与孕产妇保健和预防艾滋病毒挂钩。人口基金将继续支持各国政府加强生殖健康商品保障，包括建设国家能力，对提供各种可靠的现代避孕药具进行管理。人口基金还将通过在社区一级采取措施，重点增加对计划生育的需求。", "成果4：获得和利用优质的预防艾滋病毒和性传播感染服务的机会增加，特别是对青年(包括少年)和其他主要高危人群而言。", "49. 根据艾滋病署新的分工，人口基金主要工作重点是减少艾滋病毒的性传播、预防青年(包括少年)感染艾滋病毒以及预防母婴传播。主要措施包括扩大综合安全套方案规划，以及处理性工作中的艾滋病毒问题。", "成果5：以各种方式，特别是通过宣传和执行法律和政策促进了性别平等和生殖权利。", "50. 人口基金将继续建设国家能力，以执行促进性别平等和生殖权利的法律和政策，特别强调处理性别暴力，并将继续努力处理人道主义情况中的性别暴力问题，协力消除切割女性生殖器官等有害做法。此外，人口基金将本着整个联合国系统承诺“一个联合国”的精神促进性别平等，并视需要与妇女署和其他机构进行协调。人口基金还将继续倡导保护和实现生殖权利，积极与民间社会团体(包括宗教组织和社区组织)合作，让男人和男孩参与促进性别平等和生殖权利。", "成果6：青年(包括少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务及接受性教育的机会增加。", "51. 人口基金将加强对青年获得主要性健康和生殖健康服务的支持，特别强调向少女提供此类服务。人口基金将支持青年(包括少年)性教育，更加努力建设国家能力，以制订实施适龄综合性教育政策和课程。", "成果7：通过改进提供和分析数据工作，促进就人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)和性别平等作出循证决策并制定政策。", "52. 人口基金将加强努力，提高国家进行数据分析的能力，促进人口问题和动态、青年(包括少年)、两性平等及性健康和生殖健康方面的循证规划和方案拟订。特别关注领域是人道主义方面的数据。", "3. 贯穿各领域的问题", "53. 一些问题贯穿所有七个成果，在此一并提出，以避免在每项成果下重复。", "实现青年(包括少年)需求的主流化", "54. 虽然特别关注成果6，但所有成果都涉及青年(包括少年)的需求。人口基金将与各国政府和其他伙伴一道加强努力，倡导增加对青年(包括少年)健康、教育和生计的投资，并利用人口方面的机会窗口，同时处理下述关键问题：性健康和生殖健康服务、预防艾滋病毒和性别平等。此外，还将特别重视促进青年(包括少年)权利，包括他们在各级参与政策制订、执行和监督的权利。人口基金还将把重点放在最弱势和最边缘群体上，特别是少女。由于涉及青年的问题具有多部门性质，必须与其他合作伙伴进行协调。", "人权与性别平等", "55. 人权和性别平等将继续被纳入人口基金各项工作的主流。在此过程中，采取对文化有敏感认识的方法，重点是最贫穷、最受排斥的群体，包括从人权和性别平等的角度制订计划、政策、法律和方案，还包括确保妇女、青年和其他弱势群体了解自己的权利，并有权就其性健康和生殖健康及生活选择做出决定。", "包容性伙伴关系和国家自主权", "56. 人口基金在每项成果领域的工作将继续基于包容性伙伴关系和支持国家自主权的原则。各国政府仍然是人口基金的重要合作伙伴，即使人口基金与宗教组织、学术机构和私营部门等非政府组织建立了新的战略合作关系(如上所述，同时权衡避免伙伴关系泛滥的需要)。", "人道主义援助", "57. 人口基金将继续支持将人发会议行动纲领纳入应急准备、人道主义对策及过渡和复原进程。人口基金在人道主义方面的相对优势是生殖健康、处理性别暴力和数据领域。在从紧急情况向发展过渡期间，这种支持也极为重要。最近制定人口基金第二代人道主义应对战略，这将有助于促进主流化工作，使人口基金活动更具战略性、更可衡量和更可持续。人口基金将继续加强各区域办事处的能力，为国家办事处满足紧急状况下性健康和生殖健康的需要提供指导并动员支助。人口基金在全球一级的领导作用将通过以下方式得到加强：更加注重建立伙伴关系和保证质量等战略领域；借鉴从刚果民主共和国、海地、巴基斯坦和苏丹最近发生的紧急情况中吸取的经验教训。", "联合国改革", "58. 人口基金全力支持联合国改革。国家一级联合拟订方案及在全球和区域二级进行协调仍然是人口基金各项努力的根本所在。人口基金将继续在支持联合国改革方面发挥主导作用，并继续在各级坚决倡导“一体行动”议程。", "南南合作", "59. 人口基金将在所有7个成果领域加强对南南合作的支持，以促进交流知识和经验教训，进行能力建设，加速执行人发会议行动纲领和千年发展目标。这是提供技术援助和扩大人口基金与中等收入国家接触的有望成功的模式。", "D. 实现优良运作", "1. 突出管理成果框架的重点", "60. 实施上述各项原则能够大幅精简管理成果框架，将当前的9个产出减至4个。订正产出涉及上述主要挑战，是今后两年管理工作优先事项。", "61. 为了突出管理成果框架的重点，必须作出若干艰难决定，尽管合作伙伴和联合国改革等领域对本组织仍很重要，但最终没有被作为单独的产出列出，而是被纳入主流。透明度等其他领域将在成果框架外处理，将采取多种办法提高透明度，如承诺在人口基金网站上定期公布成果框架业绩数据。", "62. 因此，被列入管理成果框架的领域数目有限，这将有助人口基金在这些领域的业务活动取得卓越绩效。为提高基金及早查明问题并随时改正的能力，将比前几年更经常监测管理成果框架产出，高级管理部门将每年定期进行业绩评估。", "2. 管理成果框架产出", "产出1：通过加强注重成果的循证方案拟订提高方案效果。", "63. 人口基金发挥作用的能力取决于其方案拟订的质量，主要是在国家一级。今后两年的工作重点是成果管理制和循证方案拟订。人口基金已在这两个领域开发若干工具，并将集中精力确保系统地利用这些工具，从而改进方案拟订的质量。为此采取的具体步骤之一是实行质量保证机制，审查所有国家方案文件草案，使之符合与成果管理制和循证方案拟订有关的标准。另一步骤是改进国家方案评价工作，强调确保所作评价质量高，并为方案拟订提供信息。", "产出2：通过提高效率和改进风险管理加强资源管理。", "64. 在战略计划的剩余几年里，主要重点是改进人口基金对托付给它的资金的管理。其中一个方面是通过控制与管理和行政有关的费用及提高执行率提高效率。与此密切相关的是提高人口基金采购效率，特别注重缩短交货前置时间。[7] 第二个主要方面是，对联合国审计委员会和人口基金监督事务司就人口基金在国家一级的支出特别是在国家执行模式下的支出提出的关切作出有针对性的回应。加强这一领域的财务管理是今后两年的重要优先事项，重点是加强对实施伙伴的监督，促进实施伙伴的能力建设，以减少负面的审计结果、无凭据支出和逾期预支款。为了处理更宽泛的挑选和管理实施伙伴问题，如一些国家办事处与许多实施伙伴建立伙伴关系的做法等，目前正在实行质量保证制度，以确保管理人员切实发挥领导作用，包括监测潜在的风险领域和强制遵守减小风险措施。", "产出3：为人口基金实施任务配备足够的高绩效专业人员。", "65. 人口基金取得成功的能力在很大程度上取决于如何处理人力资源问题。这一产出有两个重点：第一，人口基金将专注于确保有足够的工作人员执行任务；第二，将优先加强问责制文化，改进处理业绩不佳问题的方式。此外，将查明能力缺口，并进行投资，让工作人员掌握必要技能，进一步增强人口基金的交付能力。为此，必须为人口基金全体工作人员提供安全和有保障的工作环境。而工作人员也必须坚持最高职业操守标准，继续在加强本组织道德标准方面取得进展。", "产出4：为满足战略计划资源需求获得基础广泛且稳定的资助。", "66. 若无资金，就不能实现本文件所述的雄心勃勃议程。在战略计划期间剩余时间里，重点是资金数额和来源。资金来源非常重要，因为定期捐款与专用捐款不同，能够使人口基金更有效和高效地规划和实施各项活动。此外，人口基金将着重实现其资金来源多样化，包括争取新兴经济体和私营部门增加捐款。采取更积极主动的办法调动资源将使人口基金能够为加速落实人发会议议程和实现千年发展目标5作出更多贡献。", "67. 管理成果框架产出指标和目标见附件二。", "六. 综合财政资源框架", "A. 人发会议资源需求和流动情况", "68. 直到2008年，《人发会议行动纲领》得到的捐助稳步增加，2008年达到了104亿美元。[8] 但此后这一趋势出现了停滞，2009年和2010年筹集的资金估计大体保持在相同的水平。预计2011年会略有增加，达到108亿美元。来自发展中国家的国内资源继续增加，预计将从2009年的298亿美元增加到2011年的340亿美元。", "69. 这些数字仍然大大低于实现《行动纲领》的各项目标所需资金总额。2009年所需资金估计为490亿美元，预计2012和2013年将分别增加到682亿美元和686亿美元。人口基金将按照大会最近关于2014年以后人发会议后续行动的第65/234号的要求，加紧宣传活动，努力使《人发会议行动纲领》持续成为发展纲领的重点内容。", "B. 2012-2013年所需资源", "1. 收入预测", "70. 2010-2011两年期人口基金收入估计为15.61亿美元(临时数字，因为2011年最终数字暂缺)，其中9.627亿美元为经常资源，5.986亿美元为其他资源。根据历史趋势和迄今为止捐助者提供的信息，人口基金预测2012-2013年总收入为17亿美元，其中2012年预计为8.30亿美元，2013年为8.70亿美元；10.39亿美元将来自经常捐助，6.80亿美元来自其他资源捐助。", "71. 这与本两年期初步实际捐助相比增加了10%。这一变化并不算大，因为需要大大加快千年发展目标5的进程，而且这一变化大大低于2000-2001两年期至2010-2011两年期的历史增长率，在这一期间复合增长率为16%。", "2. 成果框架与资源之间的关联", "72. 按照执行局第2010/32号决定的规定，人口基金将“确保与各个战略计划的体制和管理成果框架建立全面透明的联系”。", "73. 人口基金将根据成果框架中所确定的优先事项来编制2012-2013年预算，为实现各项指标统一调配资源。由于这项工作尚未完成，旨在推动实施中期审查所载变革措施的业务计划也未完成，因此将在向执行局提交预算时显示上述关联。届时，将就如何根据中期审查对资源进行再分配提出分析。", "74. 如上所述，简化了修订后的成果框架，以便集中处理本组织面临的最重要的问题。这一作法所带来的一方面影响是，成果框架产出不是由人口基金的各个司或各个股单独负责的，这与传统作法有所不同。[9] 其必然结果是，人口基金的各个司和各个股都将为多项产出做出贡献。", "3. 所需资源", "75. 2012-2013年期间将用于方案和机构预算的经费共计17.52亿美元，与2010-2011年的最初预测相比增加了20%。但是，2010年的支出明显超出最初预测，以2010年实际数字为基数进行比较表明，支出的增加幅度将低于11%。", "76. 拟议资源使用情况表明，与经常性管理费用相比，方案资源所占的比例发生了重大变化：分配给经常性管理费用的资源在总收入中的占比将从当前两年期的15.8%下降到2012-2013两年期的13.1%。", "77. 资源使用情况一栏下的方案部分既包括国家方案，也包括全球和区域方案。分配给国家方案和全球及区域方案的资源合在一起在经常资源中的占比与2008-2011年最初设想的比例(占经常资源的11.1%)相同。", "拟议所需资源，2012-2013年[10]", "(百万美元)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (最初预测) (最初预测)\n 经常资源 其他资源 共计 经常资源 其他资源 共计", "可用资源", "期初余额 51.7 278.4 330.0 55.3 191.9 247.2", "捐助和其他收入 950.0 450.0 1 400.0 1 038.8 680.0 1 718.8", "可用资源共计 1 001.7 728.4 1 730.0 1 094.1 871.9 1 966.0", "资源使用情况", "方案(收回成本后净额)[11] 689.4 498.2 1 187.6 820.6 639.2 1 459.8", "机构预算", "发展成效 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4", "管理", "经常性费用 189.0 32.5 221.6 185.8 39.5 225.3", "非经常性费用 8.9 — 8.9 5.99 — 5.9", "特殊用途 5.9 — 5.9 — — —", "机构预算共计 256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6", "使用共计 946.4 536.5 1 482.8 1 065.3 686.5 1 751.8", "七. 执行经过修订的战略计划", "78. 本报告所提出的战略计划变革不会在一夜之间发生，而将会在该计划剩余的几年中逐步实现。也不会由于某些变革被列入计划便会自动发生，而是需要人口基金的领导层和管理层持之以恒地给予重视。如下文所述，为筹划这些变革，设计了多个程序。", "A. 业务计划", "79. 为配合中期审查，正在制定2012-2013年业务计划。中期审查的审查结果和结论为业务计划提供了参考，业务计划将包括有关机制，以便更好地交付经修订的战略计划。业务计划将通过简化业务程序、精简决策过程和加强问责来提高效率。", "B. 将全球、区域和国家各级统一起来", "1. 国家一级", "80. 在执行局批准经修订的成果框架后，将更新国家办事处所使用的工具和导则，以便更好地将国家方案与经修订的成果和产出联系起来。在每个区域将分别召开规划会议，帮助国家和区域办事处将方案文件和行动计划与经过修订的战略计划统一起来。", "81. 国家办事处将负责与各国的合作伙伴一道，结合当地情况实施经过修订的战略计划中所述各项变革。这项工作应以国家自主、需要和能力为基础，其成果应该是国家方案重点更加突出，并务必以人口基金可能发挥作用的领域为优先领域。重要的是，不必将国家方案与所有成果和产出都挂钩，而仅仅应该注重于那些适合具体情况的成果和产出。那些包含属于经过修订的成果框架之外的活动的国家方案将逐步退出这些活动(应逐步进行，以减少对方案的干扰)。", "82. 由于更加注重人口基金可以发挥最大作用的关键领域，再加上更好地适应当地的具体情况，预计国家方案将更加多样化，摆脱“一刀切”的作法，采取这种做法使有关方案企图面面俱到，却没有充分考虑当地的具体情况。", "83. 在具体执行时还必须采取区别对待的作法，这种区别以国家自主为基础，并考虑到国家的需要和能力。例如，从交付成果到交付思维的转变——从为执行工作提供支持转变到上游的政策对话和宣传工作——将从当地的具体情况出发来进行。但是，在采取这一自下而上的作法时，还必须同时更加注重发挥质量保证机制的作用，以确保国家办事处达到最低标准。", "2. 全球和区域两级", "84. 根据第2009/16号决定的规定，人口基金全球和区域方案(DP/FPA/2007/19)延长到了2013年。在执行局批准经过修订的成果框架后，全球和区域方案将与新的成果和产出统一起来，并将为2012-2013年期间编制活动和成果。人口基金将根据在执行过程中所取得的经验教训编制新的全球和区域方案，然后连同2014-2017年新的战略计划一并提交给执行局。", "3. 重组", "85. 人口基金的重组工作最近才完成，旨在将各项变革措施制度化的机制仍在陆续推出。此外，计划在2012年对重组情况进行评价。因此，在中期审查期间没有对重组情况进行系统的审查。不断积累的经验教训将影响人口基金实时处理区域化问题的方式(包括通过业务计划进程)，并将为下一份战略计划提供重要的投入。", "C. 加强计量方法", "86. 如上所述，在计量方法方面存在的问题限制了评估人口基金近年来工作进展情况的能力，内部和外部审查都强调，必须改进人口基金的计量办法。旨在改进计量办法的工作已经进行了一段时间，而且在修订成果框架的过程中，对如何借鉴最初几年执行战略计划过程中的经验教训给予了高度重视，这反映在一些变化之中，例如在编制指标的过程中更加注重可计量性。对照具体目标定期审查绩效情况(尤其是管理成果框架中所列的各项具体目标)将有助于实时发现和尽早解决问题。以后还需要进一步努力，尤其是需要加强国家、区域和全球各级之间的联系，不论是在理念方面，还是在有助定期报告绩效趋势的管理信息系统方面。", "D. 制定新的战略计划", "87. 在中期审查进程结束后，将为拟订下一份战略计划(2014-2017年)绘制详细的路线图，并提交给执行局。关于当前计划执行情况(包括经过修订的成果框架、重组及全球和区域方案)的累积报告将在2013年提交给执行局。", "88. 下一份战略计划将列出在中期审查期间出现的但无法在中期审查中全面述及的问题，例如设立妇女署对于人口基金性别平等问题工作所带来的全面影响(仍在显现)和资源拨付和分配办法(对其进行修改不属于中期审查的范围)。如上所述，中期审查引发的改革将逐步进行，并将成为下一份战略计划的重要基础。最后，中期审查进程查明若干经验教训，这些经验教训将有助于开发更强大的系统(目的包括促进数据收集工作，将一个更明确的战略计划作为拟订预算的出发点的规划和预算过程记录下来)，并为制定下一份战略计划提供参考。", "八. 决定的构成要素", "89. 执行局不妨：", "(a) 注意关于人口基金2008-2013年战略计划的中期审查情况的本报告，欢迎本报告为加强人口基金的问责制度，以实现成果和业务优异所提供的战略指导；", "(b) 核准本报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载未来方向以及一整套重点突出的成果和产出，以此作为实现人发会议各项目标和帮助实现千年发展目标的重要步骤；", "(c) 批准本报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载经修订的2012-2013年发展和管理成果框架及综合财政资源框架，鼓励各国通过多年认捐等方式帮助人口基金达到2012-2013年期间经常资源和其他资源总额目标；", "(d) 强调经常资源对于有效执行战略计划的重要性，鼓励各国增加对人口基金经常资源的捐助；", "(e) 要求在2013年年会上提交关于2008-2013年战略计划的累积报告，在2013年第二届常会上提交新的战略计划。", "附件一", "经修订的发展成果框架¹", "产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n目标：普及性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)服务，促进生殖权利，降低产妇死亡率，并加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5(A和B)的进展 \n成果1：人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫之间的关联等问题被纳入国家及部门发展计划和战略 \n 主要指标 将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的多方面需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等、可持续发展和减贫之间的关联等问题纳入在国家发展计划和减贫战略的国家数目 \n 基线：62个(2010年) 将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目 \n 基线：54个(2010年) \n1.将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫之间的关联等问题纳入国家发展计划和减贫战略及其他有关国家计划和方案方面的国家能力得到加强\t1.1在人口基金支持下将人口动态问题纳入有关国家计划和方案的能力发展倡议的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)²1.2受过将人口动态问题纳入国家计划和方案方面培训的人数\t31(24%)750\t51(40%)1225\t61(48%)1 4502.制定包括性健康和生殖健康综合服务(包括计划生育)的国家卫生政策和计划的能力得到加强\t2.1在人口基金支持下制订包括性健康和生殖健康综合服务(包括计划生育)的国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目(及百分比)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%) \n\t(N=按国家规划周期统计，每年数字有所不同：2010年：45个；2012年：26个；2013年：48个) 3.各国吸纳青年人(包括青少年)参与政策对话和方案编制的能力得到加强\t3.1在人口基金支持下设有与青年人(包括青少年)共同进行政策对话和方案编制机制的国家数目(及百分比)\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%) \n (N=128)", "¹ 关于以下所列各项指标的定义、计算方法、数据源以及计量频度的详情载于人口基金网站上的元数据表。", "² 符号“(N=128)”表明，每个指标适用于一批特定的国家：在某些情况下，适用于人口基金的所有方案国，而在其他情况下，指标适用于某一组国家，例如正在开展某项特定活动的国家(例如，制订国家计划)，或者被确定为现有国际努力(例如《全球妇女和儿童卫生战略》)的一部分的国家。", "产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n成果2：获得和利用孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加 \n 主要指标 \n 孕产妇死亡比率 \n 基线：290例(2008年) \n由熟练保健人员接生的比例 \n 基线：63%(2008年) \n剖腹产在活产婴儿中占比不足5%的国家数目 \n 基线：46个(2010年) 4.实施综合助产方案方面的国家能力得到加强\t4.1拥有由人口基金发展的助产士政策管理能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%) \n\t(N=《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》所列49个国家 5.产科急诊和新生儿护理方面的国家能力得到加强\t5.1基金在国家一级以下发展了产科急诊和新生儿护理升级能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%) \n\t(N=《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》)所列49个国家 \n6.预防和治疗产科瘘以及使患者重返社会方面的国家能力得到加强\t6.1在人口基金的支持下产科瘘得到治疗的妇女人数\t6000\t8000\t10000\n7.在人道主义境况中实施最低初步成套服务的能力增加\t7.1在人口基金的支持下获得最低初步成套服务培训的人数\t3900\t4200\t4 500\n成果3：个人和夫妻有更多机会按照生育意向获得和利用优质的计划生育服务 \n 主要指标 \n 避孕普及率(现代方法) \n 基线：55.2(2009年) \n未得到满足的计划生育需要 \n 基线：11.4(2009年) \n拥有至少提供三种现代避孕方法的服务站点的国家的百分比 \n基线：36.6(2009-2010年) 8.国家生殖健康商品安全制度得到加强\t8.1在人口基金支持下在过去六个月内服务站点避孕药具没有缺货的国家数目(及百分比)\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%) \n\t(N=被列为《生殖健康商品安全全球方案》第一类国家的13个国家；与2010年基线11个国家相比，数目有所增加) \n\t8.2在人口基金支持下参加物流管理培训的工作人员人数\t225\t360\t4509.社区一级计划生育干预行动方面的国家能力得到加强\t9.1在人口基金支持下采取促进需求的主要干预措施，特别是促进对现代避孕方法需求的干预的国家数目(及百分比)\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%) \n\t(N=被列为《生殖健康商品安全全球方案》第一类和第二类国家的45个国家) \n成果4：尤其让年轻人(包括青少年)和其他面临风险的重点人群更多地获取和利用高质量的艾滋病毒和性传播疾病预防服务， \n 主要指标 \n青年(15-24岁)的艾滋病毒流行率 \n基线：0.3%(男)和0.6%(女)(2010年) \n在过去12个月中有多个性伙伴并在上一次性交中使用安全套的15-49岁男性和女性所占百分比 \n基线：48%的男性(15-49岁)和32%的女性(15-49岁) 10.规划、实施和监测预防方案以减少艾滋病毒的性传播方面的国家能力得到加强\t10.1　在人口基金的支持下完成对生殖健康与艾滋病毒政策、系统和服务交付之间的联系评估的国家数目(及百分比)\t7(23%)\t13(42%)\t20(65%) \n\t(N=《2011-2015年艾滋病规划署全球战略》所列31个国家) \n\t10.2实施专门针对青少年(a)和性工作者(b)的安全套需求生成综合框架的国家数目(及百分比)((a)N=艾滋病规划署列出的17个青年问题方面的重点国家\t(a)0\t(a)5(29%)\t(a)10(59%)\n\t(b)N=《2011-2015年艾滋病规划署全球战略》所列31个国家))\t(b)0\t(b)5(16%)\t(b)10(32%)\n11.通过社区领导的组织和网络等，增强各国满足年轻人和性工作者的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康需要的能力\t11.1　在人口基金支持下从事满足年轻人和性工作者的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康需要的方案的社区领导的组织/网络的数量\t116\t141\t176\n成果5：以各种方式，特别是通过宣传和执行法律和政策促进了性别平等和生殖权利 \n 主要指标 \n在18岁之前结婚或同居的20-24岁妇女所占的百分比 \n基线：共计35%；城市22%；农村45%(2000-2009年) \n建立了相关机制以执行各项旨在推进性别平等和生殖权利的法律和政策的国家所占的百分比 \n 基线：61.7%(2008年) \n12.执行有助于两性平等和生殖权利的国际协议、国内法律和政策方面的国家能力得到加强\t12.1　在人口基金支持下执行有助于两性平等和生殖权利的国际协议和国内法律的国家数目(及百分比)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%) \n (N=128) 13.处理基于性别的暴力行为和提供优质服务，包括在人道主义的背景下提供优质服务方面的国家能力得到加强\t13.1　在人口基金支持下拟订针对基于性别的暴力行为(包括女性生殖器切割/残害)的政策和方案对策的国家数目(及百分比)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%) \n\t(N=致力于性别选择和安理会第1325号决议工作的30个联合方案国和方案国) \n\t13.2　在人口基金支持下接受了与拟订针对人道主义背景下基于性别的暴力行为的方案有关的培训的人员数量\t120\t500\t800\n\t13.3　在人口基金支持下宣布放弃女性生殖器残害/切割做法的社区数目\t596\t715\t85814.通过推动社区领导的组织和网络参与更好地促进两性平等和生殖权利\t14.1　在人口基金的支持下社区领导的组织和网络吸纳推动男子和男孩参与促进两性平等活动的国家数目\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%) \n (N=35) \n成果6：青年(包括少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务及接受性教育的机会增加 \n 主要指标 \n 青少年出生率 \n 基线：52(2007年) \n能够正确识别预防艾滋病毒的性传播途径并反驳关于艾滋病毒传播的主要错误看法的15-24岁的青少年所占的百分比 \n基线：35%的男性和30%的女性(2005-2009年) \n在全国学校内外进行全面的与年龄相适应的性教育的国家的数目 \n 基线：待定 15.向被边缘化的青少年和年轻人提供基本的性健康和生殖健康服务的方案制订工作得到改进\t15.1　在人口基金支持下发展向年轻人提供基本的性健康和生殖健康服务能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) \n (N=128) 15.2　在人口基金支持下设计和实施针对被边缘化的少女的综合性方案的国家数目(及百分比)\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16.制定和实施适龄的综合性教育政策和课程方面的国家能力得到加强\t16.1　在人口基金支持下制定和实施适龄的综合性教育方案的国家数目(及百分比)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%) \n (N=128) \n\t16.2　在人口基金支持下获得为拟订、实施和评价综合性性教育课程提供技术援助方面培训的专家人数\t70\t210\t280\n成果7：人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)以及性别平等方面的数据提供及分析得到改进 \n 主要指标 \n已完成2010年人口和住房普查的国家数目 \n 基线：23(2010年) \n(在过去五年中)已进行全国性家庭调查，从而能够估计千年发展目标5B各项指标的国家数目 \n 基线：91(2010年) \n17.(包括在人道主义背景下)生成、利用和传播关于人口动态、青年、性别平等及性健康和生殖健康的优质统计数据方面的国家能力得到加强\t17.1在人口基金支持下发展人口普查、调查和其他统计数据的生成和传播能力的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n\t17.2在人口基金支持下在人口普查、调查和其他统计数据，包括在人道主义背景下的数据生成、分析和传播方面接受培训的人员数量\t645\t1290\t1 935\n18.加强各国的数据分析能力，为关于人口动态、青年、性别平等及性健康和生殖健康的决策和政策制定工作提供参考\t18.1在人口基金支持下发展对人口普查和调查数据进行深入分析能力的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)", "附件二", "经修订的管理成果框架¹", "产出 指标 基线(年) 2012年目标 2013年目标 \n通过加强成果管理和循证方案编制工作提高方案成效\t根据成果管理和循证方案编制标准至少达到“良好”的国家方案文件所占的百分比\t50%(2011年)\t70%\t80%\n\t至少有75%的年度工作计划产出实现指标目标的方案所占百分比\t51%(2007年)86%(2010年)\t90%\t95%\n\t至少达到“良好”的国家方案评价所占的百分比\t资料正在编录，将于2011年9月提供\t在有基线可用时再确定\t在有基线可用时再确定\n通过提高效率和风险管理加强对资源的管理\t经常性管理费用在总收入中所占百分比\t15.8%(2010-2011年)\t13.1%\t<13.1%\t经常资源和其他资源的执行率\t经常资源：85%(2009年)85%(2010年)\t经常资源：97%其他资源：79%\t经常资源：97%其他资源：79% 其他资源： 52%(2009年) \n 51%(2010年) \n\t在交付周期内向国家交付的核心商品订单的百分比\t79%(2010年)\t85%\t90%\n\t出具否定意见的国家执行审计的百分比\t17%(2007年)22%(2009年)\t10%\t8%\n\t逾期未付的总营运资金账户预付款的百分比\t9.9%(2010-2011年)\t9%\t8%\n\t根据质量保证标准执行伙伴至少有90%的年度工作计划的实施伙伴被评为“良好”的人口基金组织单位的百分比\t不适用\t75%\t85%\n人口基金人员配置合理，拥有高绩效的专业人士履行其使命\t空缺率\t不可用(2007)17%(2010年)\t15%\t13%\n\t认为人口基金有效处理绩效不佳问题的工作人员的百分比\t33%(2008年)30%(2009年)\t38%\tN/A²\n保障基础广泛和稳定的资金来源，以满足战略计划所需资源\t达到筹资目标的年度战略计划的百分比\t103%(2008年)109%(2010年)\t100%\t100%\t属于定期捐款的捐款总额的百分比\t63%(2007年)\t60%\t>60% \n 58%(2010年) \n\t从排名前15位以外的捐助者收到的每年定期捐款的百分比\t7%(2007年)4%(2010年)\t6%\t8%", "¹ 关于下面的每一项指标的定义、计算方法、数据源和计量频度的详情见人口基金网站上的元数据表。", "² 这个指标的数据每两年收集一次，所以没有2013年的目标。", "[1] 世界银行和国际货币基金组织，《2011年全球监测报告》。", "[2] 经济合作与发展组织，“2010年发展援助达到历史最高水平”，http://www.oecd.org/document/ 35/0，3746，en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1，00.html。", "[3] 这一级被称为“成果”，但在严格的监测和评价术语中，它既包括目标一级的指标，也包括成果指标。在这方面，人口基金沿用千年发展目标的办法，千年发展目标的指标也是将各级综合在一起。", "[4] 如“全球妇女和儿童健康战略”以及艾滋病署的全球战略。", "[5] 在一些情况下，无法制订年度目标，因为一些重要的指标无法进行年度计量，例如千年发展目标以及联合国大会艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题特别会议的指标。", "[6] 人口基金网站将公开提供元数据表。", "[7] 选定这一指标，是因为有人对目前采购交货前置时间表示关切。采购效率的另一个主要问题是所获价格，这个问题通过针对人口基金采购方式的结构改革得到处理：人口基金现在与其他采购大量生殖健康商品的实体有系统地进行协调，以实现规模经济，从而获得国际上已极具竞争力的价格。", "[8] 本段中所引用的数字均来源于“协助执行《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》的资金流动情况：秘书长的报告”，E/CN.9/2011/5。", "[9] 人力资源和资源调动产出的情况与此相同，这两方面似乎分别属于人力资源司及信息和对外关系司的权限。中期审查的一个主要的教训是，这些领域应属于整个组织的工作人员的责任，例如，区域办事处的主管重视绩效不佳的问题，人口基金代表负责资源调动。", "[10] 本表中所列数字均为估计数，可能会发生变化。", "[11] 包括为全球和区域方案拨付的11%的经常资源。" ]

[ "[]United Nations DP/FPA/2011/11", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "UNFPA – Report of the Executive Director", "United Nations Population Fund", "Midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013", "Report of the Executive Director", "Contents", "Page", "I. Introduction 4", "II. Midterm review scope and process 4", "III. Context 5", "IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges, 2008-2010 6", "A. Development results 7", "1. Progress 7", "2. Selected achievements 7", "3. Key challenges 8", "B. Management results 9", "1. Progress 9", "2. Selected achievements 10", "3. Key challenges 10", "V. Future directions, 2012-2013 12", "A. Strategic direction 12", "B. Improving accountability for results 13", "1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF 13", "2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks 14", "C. Sharpening the focus for development results 15", "1. Focusing the DRF 15", "2. DRF outcomes and outputs 15", "3. Cross-cutting issues 17", "D. Achieving operational excellence 19", "1. Focusing the MRF 19", "2. MRF outputs 19", "VI. Integrated financial resources framework 20", "A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD 20", "B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013 21", "1. Income projections 21", "2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources 21", "3. Resource requirements 22", "VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan 23", "A. Business plan 23", "B. Aligning global, regional and country levels 23", "1. Country level 23", "2. Global and regional levels 24", "3. Reorganization 24", "C. Strengthening the measurement systems 24", "D. Developing the new strategic plan 24", "VIII. Elements for a decision 25", "Annexes", "I. Revised development results framework 26", "II. Revised management results framework 32", "List of acronyms", "AWPs Annual workplans", "CARMMA Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa", "CPR Contraceptive prevalence rate", "DRF Development results framework", "EmONC Emergency obstetric and newborn care", "FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting", "GBV Gender-based violence", "GRP Global and regional programme", "H4+ Health 4+ partnership (WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, the World Bank and UNAIDS)", "ICPD International Conference on Population and Development", "LDCs Least developed countries", "MDGs Millennium Development Goals", "MISP Minimum Initial Service Package", "MMR Maternal mortality ratio", "MOPAN Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network", "MRF Management results framework", "MTR Midterm review", "NDPs National development plans", "NEX National execution", "NGOs Non-governmental organizations", "OFA Operating fund account", "PAD Performance appraisal and development", "PRSs Poverty reduction strategies", "PRSPs Poverty reduction strategy papers", "RBM Results-based management", "RHCS Reproductive health commodity security", "SDPs Service delivery points", "SRH Sexual and reproductive health", "STI Sexually transmitted infection", "UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in response to Executive Board decision 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan, 2008-2011, to 2013, and decision 2011/13 (item 9), which postponed the presentation of the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan to the second regular session 2011. It also responds to the guidance in General Assembly resolution 63/232. The MTR report examines the changing context within which UNFPA operates, and reviews the progress, achievements and challenges in the implementation of the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 complementing the detailed analysis contained in the annual report of the Executive Director, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) and its annex (available separately on the UNFPA website) and DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1, and sets out a revised strategic direction for the organization, including the revised development results framework (DRF) and the revised management results framework (MRF) based on the lessons learned.", "2. Following the introduction, section II of the present report describes the MTR scope and process. Section III focuses on the context. Section IV provides a summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges during 2008-2010. Section V, entitled Future directions, 2012-2013, focuses on prospective elements, including the strategic direction for the organization, the new conceptual framework and a description of the revised DRF and MRF. Section VI presents the integrated financial resources framework and describes the resources needed to attain the strategic plan results. Section VII focuses on operationalizing the revised strategic plan, including the steps needed to develop the next strategic plan, 2014-2017. Section VIII contains elements for a decision. The revised DRF and MRF are contained in annex I and annex II, respectively.", "II. Midterm review scope and process", "3. The MTR process has had both retrospective and prospective elements. The retrospective part reviewed achievements and challenges in implementing the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 and examined implications of the changing global context. This was done through a combination of analytic work (both internal and external) and consultation (see figure 1).", "Figure 1: MTR process", "[]", "4. The forward-looking part examined how UNFPA could better fulfil its mission by sharpening the strategic focus of the organization (including revising the results frameworks) and updating the resource estimates for the remaining period of the plan. The process examined a range of “big-picture” questions that arose from internal and external stakeholders (including the Executive Board), although the exercise was intended to strengthen the strategic plan rather than to fundamentally overhaul it.", "5. Topics addressed included what issues the organization should work on (for example, whether the organization should continue to have the three focus areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality, or if instead it should narrow its focus); what role the organization should play (for example, whether it can best support countries by delivering services, by generating evidence, by building capacity, or by advocating, providing policy advice and helping drive innovation); and where the organization should work (for example, whether it should continue to operate extensively across the globe or reduce its geographical coverage).", "6. As with the retrospective review, the future directions were discussed both internally and with the stakeholders listed above. Any pertinent contributions from these partners that extended beyond the scope of this revision of the strategic plan will be factored into the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017.", "III. Context", "7. The overall UNFPA mandate – based on the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – and the guidance from General Assembly resolution 62/208, other pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, and Executive Board decisions drive the strategic plan. But the world has changed since the inception of the plan and both external and internal events and trends impact UNFPA work. Therefore, these developments have been taken into consideration in developing the future directions for the organization, so that UNFPA is best positioned to support countries in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action and achieving the MDGs.", "8. Key elements of the ICPD agenda remain incomplete, and while only a few years remain until the 2015 completion date for the MDGs, many of the goals are still far from being met. Of particular concern is the fact that the Millennium Development Goal that UNFPA most directly contributes to - MDG 5, on improving maternal health - has recently been found to be the furthest from attainment.[1] Partly as a result, maternal health, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) more broadly, has been the focus of renewed attention in recent years, both at the United Nations and at the regional and national levels, creating an opportunity for UNFPA.", "9. As the world nears the seven billion mark in 2011 and concerns about the sustainability of development grow, population dynamics and family planning are under the spotlight. World population growth has slowed but fertility is still high in many countries. At the same time, the world is seeing the largest-ever cohort of young people. Meanwhile, many countries face challenges associated with low fertility leading to ageing populations. Increased migration and urbanization are especially important today.", "10. Despite attention to these issues, a changing political climate means that while there was broad consensus on the ICPD agenda in 1994 that unanimity cannot be taken for granted today, posing a challenge for the next phase of UNFPA work.", "11. The broader geopolitical and economic environment has also shifted since the development of the strategic plan in 2007. A number of countries that traditionally received aid are now middle-income, and, given the robust growth rates in many parts of the world, many others are transitioning into middle-income status. These developments suggest new modalities for the United Nations engagement, especially as a number of these countries are potential donors and/or important providers of South-South cooperation. The global financial crisis led to fiscal challenges for many donors, but although this put pressure on development assistance budgets, official development assistance reached an all-time high in 2010, at $128.7 billion.[2]", "12. These shifts affect the role of development assistance, with commitments in Paris and Accra putting more emphasis on capacity development and on national ownership and execution. In the United Nations this has been reflected through a trend of moving more upstream, from delivering things to delivering thinking. This presents important challenges to the role and basic business model of the organization, implying a new way of working with partners and assessing performance. Simultaneously, there is also growing demand for increased accountability for results, as reflected in the emergence of performance assessment initiatives organized by donors and other stakeholders.", "13. Inside the United Nations, a number of developments also affect UNFPA. Reform efforts continue, with an emphasis on “delivering as one”. While the establishment of UN-Women may impact the role of UNFPA in gender equality, the full implications are not yet known.", "14. These developments highlight both challenges and opportunities for UNFPA, which have been factored into the development of the future directions described below.", "IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements", "and key challenges, 2008-2010", "15. The overarching conclusion of the MTR is that while UNFPA has much to be proud of, its full potential is still to be realized. As noted in section I, detailed analysis of the strategic plan implementation from 2008 to 2010 is contained in the annual report of the Executive Director. The present section provides a brief summary of progress and highlights selected achievements. It focuses primarily on the lessons learned from the MTR about the key areas in which UNFPA needs to improve to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and the MDGs and make UNFPA more efficient and effective. These areas are the particular focus of the revision of the strategic plan.", "16. The presentation of findings is based on the structure of the strategic plan’s two results frameworks:", "the ICPD agenda, setting out the areas where UNFPA is seeking to assist countries in improving high-level developmental and health outcomes.", "that are necessary for UNFPA to contribute effectively and efficiently to the broader development results.", "A. Development results", "1. Progress", "17. The DRF has three focus areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. These are in turn divided into 13 outcomes, which are measured through 26 indicators. Figure 2 depicts the progress toward the 2011 targets set in the strategic plan, summarized from the annex of DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I). Overall, only nine targets have been or are likely to be achieved by the original target date of 2011, while 10 targets are unlikely to be met. Progress has been variable in the three focus areas, with the most success being seen in gender equality.", "Figure 2: DRF progress", "[]", "2. Selected achievements", "18. There have been notable achievements in each of the three areas. In population and development, nearly 95 per cent of countries now conduct surveys that include ICPD issues. UNFPA has also provided capacity-building support to nearly 80 countries in the preparation of the 2010 round of censuses, particularly in data analysis. The youth peer education network has grown from 5,000 members in 36 countries in 2007 to currently about 20,000 members in over 45 countries.", "19. In the area of reproductive health and rights, UNFPA has worked closely with the H4+ partnership on strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Capacity-building efforts have focused on areas such as midwifery training and reproductive health commodity security (RHCS), where UNFPA has helped improve availability of critical products such as contraceptives and maternal health medicines in more than 30 countries. The Campaign to End Fistula has helped repair more than 6,000 cases in 42 countries and helped secure attention and resources for fistula prevention, treatment and social reintegration. Efforts to develop capacity have resulted in considerable progress in implementing the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) in humanitarian settings, with the package now being implemented in more than 80 per cent of humanitarian settings. A UNFPA initiative on condoms provided support to 74 countries in 2010.", "20. In gender equality, UNFPA and UNICEF jointly implement the world’s largest programme to accelerate the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), which utilizes a human rights-based approach to support the development and implementation of laws, policies, and programmes. Support to national capacity-building has also strengthened mechanisms to monitor and reduce gender-based violence (GBV): more than 90 per cent of countries now have such systems.", "3. Key challenges", "21. Despite these successes, the overall progress has clearly been insufficient, so the MTR focused on identifying the key challenges that would need to be addressed to improve performance. Four key lessons have been learned in this context:", "areas that are insufficiently integrated, UNFPA is perceived as not having a clear strategic focus, reducing cohesion internally and weakening the organization’s brand externally. Although resources are not split equally across the three focus areas – reproductive health and rights receives by far the largest share of programmatic resources (approximately 60 per cent per year) – the fact that the focus areas are officially coequal makes it more difficult to clearly identify the organization’s focus.", "and within countries, reducing the organization’s ability to show impact. Globally, nearly 50 offices spent $2 million or less per country in 2010. Trying to reach everywhere means that insufficient resources are available for the countries facing the largest problems: to use one indicative metric, half of all cases of maternal mortality occur in only six countries, but UNFPA allocates 16 per cent of its resources to these countries. The impact of these resources is further diluted at country level when country offices try to work in numerous outcome areas despite having very small budgets. A recent review found that the allocation of resources at country level between the three focus areas fell into very narrow ranges, which suggests that UNFPA programming is not always adequately tailored to local needs and capacities and instead attempts to address all aspects of the organization’s mandate everywhere. Compounding this is the practice of using numerous implementing partners that are administered through myriad annual workplans (AWPs): in 2010, UNFPA had more than 1,400 implementing partners and handled more than 2,300 AWPs, which generated small projects unable to reach scale and show impact; led to inefficiencies; and posed significant financial management challenges, as discussed below.", "the United Nations from delivering things to delivering thinking, UNFPA has not systematically grappled with how this influences its work at country level and the organizational requirements to be effective in this new paradigm. This issue is especially acute in middle-income countries, where the challenges often relate to issues such as inequality and marginalized populations: reaching the poorest populations in these countries will require different organizational responses than in least developed countries (LDCs) in which most of the population is underserved.", "system have made it more difficult to assess progress over the initial years of the strategic plan. For example, the outcome indicators included in the DRF were often not measurable on a regular basis. Additionally, UNFPA contributions to higher-level results were often difficult to capture accurately, since the DRF indicators were primarily the joint responsibility of countries and UNFPA, and were not complemented by other metrics that enabled assessment of the Fund’s direct contributions.", "22. In summary, although significant progress has been made in some areas of the DRF, the organization has the potential to do more and better. The review has identified a series of challenges that should be addressed over the remainder of the strategic plan.", "B. Management results", "1. Progress", "23. The MRF has 19 indicators in nine outputs, which in the original strategic plan were grouped under six themes. As with the DRF, progress has been uneven, with less than half of the indicators on track to meet the targets by 2011 (figure 3). However, two challenges with the MRF have made it difficult to draw conclusions based on this evidence.", "24. First, nearly one third of the indicators did not have data available in 2010. Secondly, indicators in the MRF were not always at the appropriate level or had too narrow a scope, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the overall performance on an output. For example, one indicator for the output “UNFPA maintains motivated and capable staff” was “Recruitment time from advertisement of post to provisional offer”. This indicator captures only one part of the process of ensuring that UNFPA is adequately staffed, missing entirely a more fundamental issue, the fact that in 2010 more than one sixth of all UNFPA posts were vacant.", "Figure 3: MRF progress", "[]", "2. Selected achievements", "25. Despite these measurement challenges, progress has clearly been made in some areas. In the area of results-based management (RBM) and evidence-based programming, activities have been occurring across the organization. Globally, for example, an optimization initiative, the launch of the evaluation policy, and the development of guidance on evidence-based programming have begun to improve the organization’s capacity (as reflected in the fact that the compliance rate for country programme evaluation jumped from 35 per cent in 2009 to 78 per cent in 2010). At the regional level, offices have developed peer learning networks to share lessons and have introduced quality assurance mechanisms. Nonetheless, more work is needed to ensure that the principles of RBM and evidence-based programming are systematically employed throughout the organization.", "26. In the area of human resources, UNFPA has maintained high levels of staff satisfaction and motivation, and ranks as one of the most recommended places to work within the United Nations system. The performance appraisal and development (PAD) system is used systematically across the organization and has high completion rates with other organizations expressing interest in adopting the tool. UNFPA has designed and deployed a face-to-face training module on supervisory accountability for ethical behaviour in the workplace, and has had full compliance for the financial disclosure programme.", "27. UNFPA also scores well in its partnership efforts, such as in contributing to policy dialogue at country level, as assessed, for example, in the 2010 Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) review. UNFPA has been recognized for contributing to United Nations reform efforts, at global (e.g., chairing committees and task-teams), at regional (e.g., leading strategic exercises in areas such as youth and maternal health), and at country (e.g., through joint initiatives) levels. UNFPA also now has a recognized place in responding to humanitarian crises.", "28. Despite a very challenging macroeconomic environment, UNFPA has exceeded the funding targets in the strategic plan. Finally, some important steps have been taken on strengthening the organization’s field focus: the reorganization process has recently been physically completed, and while there are regional variations, in general country offices rate the relevance and quality of support from regional offices positively.", "3. Key challenges", "29. The combination of the MRF performance review, supplemental internal analyses, the reports of the external and internal auditors, country programme evaluations, assessment reports by partners, and the MTR consultations resulted in a long list of management areas in need of improvement. Ultimately, though, there was a high degree of convergence on the most important management issues facing the organization:", "effective across the spectrum from designing programmes, to implementing them, to monitoring and evaluating them. Currently, there is limited demand for and use of evidence for decision-making across the organization. As a result, UNFPA programming is not systematically driven by evidence, either in the form of lessons learned from evaluations or through research findings generated by others (although progress has been made in basing country programmes on situation analyses and survey results). In the course of implementation a greater focus must be placed on utilizing RBM principles. Monitoring and evaluation need to be strengthened at all levels – nationally, regionally, and globally – and used systematically to guide decision-making.", "was the only output where all indicators were significantly off-track. Moreover, UNFPA was given a qualified audit by the United Nations Board of Auditors in the last biennium. According to current estimates, the level of unsupported expenditure in national execution (NEX) in 2010 does not as yet show a decline from the previous year. Although policies have been developed to address these issues, compliance with them remains a challenge. Other management decisions also unnecessarily increase risk and reduce efficiency. In particular, the proliferation of implementing partners noted above makes financial management more difficult. In country offices with 30 or more implementing partners, nearly 20 per cent of NEX audits of partners had negative findings, while in country offices with fewer than 10 implementing partners, that percentage decreased by half.", "accelerated in recent years, the organization still had a vacancy rate of 17 per cent in 2010, meaning that one in six posts is vacant. This has significant implications for the capacity of the organization to implement according to its plans. Additionally, the organization faces a wave of retirements, with nearly one third of senior staff projected to retire in the next five years. A related concern is the management of staff performance: only 30 per cent of staff feel that underperformance is handled appropriately. Considerable efforts have been made to strengthen the UNFPA PAD system with the important result that nearly all staff are currently assessed, but the way the system is used does not adequately address underperformance: in 2010, 97 per cent of staff were assessed as either fully proficient or excellent, with only 3 per cent rated as partially or not proficient.", "mobilization targets over the course of the strategic plan but this was nonetheless considered a key challenge for two reasons. First, the percentage of resources contributed as regular (core) funding is declining, having dropped from 63 per cent of income in 2007 to 58 per cent in 2010. Secondly, UNFPA relies heavily on a small number of donors: 96 per cent of regular contributions in 2010 were from the 15 largest donors, creating a considerable risk. The number of countries donating to UNFPA has dropped in recent years, from 182 in 2007 to 150 in 2010. Development assistance from emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia and from the private sector (including foundations) has increased enormously in recent years, but this still amounts to only a small fraction of contributions to UNFPA.", "30. UNFPA has the potential to achieve operational excellence by addressing the four above-mentioned challenges, which together comprise the key elements of how the organization manages itself, which in turn shapes the organization’s ability to achieve development results on the ground.", "V. Future directions, 2012-2013", "31. UNFPA is at an inflection point, with a changing external environment and insufficient progress on the ICPD agenda both posing challenges and creating opportunities. Building on the key findings and analysis from the MTR, this section examines how the organization should shift course over the next two years.", "A. Strategic direction", "32. To improve the strategic focus of the organization, the MTR process re-examined the division of the DRF into three focus areas, as well as the question of the most critical target audiences for UNFPA work. As a result of this, a revised goal has been developed, which is depicted in figure 4.", "Figure 4", "[]", "33. The goal is to achieve universal access to SRH (including family planning), to promote reproductive rights, to reduce maternal mortality, and to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and MDG 5 (A and B), in order to empower and improve the lives of underserved populations, especially women and young people (including adolescents), enabled by an understanding of population dynamics, human rights and gender equality, and driven by country needs and tailored to the country context.", "34. To accomplish this goal, UNFPA will continue to coordinate and work in partnership with other United Nations agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations, national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including faith-based organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector. In working with these partners, UNFPA will focus on its comparative advantage as a thought-leader, advocate, and partnership-broker to advance the ICPD agenda and the MDGs.", "B. Improving accountability for results", "1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF", "35. To deliver on the strategic direction, mechanisms that ensure accountability for results within UNFPA must be strengthened. The organization’s results frameworks, i.e., the DRF and MRF, are the key tools for this, as they both delineate UNFPA priorities and are mechanisms to assess performance regularly. Therefore, the MTR has put considerable emphasis on updating the two results frameworks.", "36. The first step in this process was to clarify the conceptual framework for UNFPA results. The DRF and the MRF are both integral parts of the overall chain of UNFPA results, but the connection between the activities UNFPA is carrying out directly and the higher-level development results has not been sufficiently clear. The Executive Board, in decision 2010/32, specifically asked UNFPA to strengthen this linkage. A simple scheme has been developed for this and is shown in figure 5.", "Figure 5: Conceptual framework", "[]", "37. The branches of the tree are the highest-level results to which UNFPA contributes, which are often measured through internationally agreed indicators such as those for the MDGs, for example, contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and HIV prevalence. Many actors contribute to these outcomes[3] and accountability for progress is primarily with countries themselves, rather than with external partners such as UNFPA. Nevertheless, all UNFPA work is driving toward change at this level and the organization does influence it, so it is appropriate that UNFPA performance is in part measured by progress at this level. However, it is often not possible to set targets for and measure progress on these indicators on an annual basis. Instead, UNFPA will measure trends and assess whether progress is being made toward longer-term targets (for example, the 2015 targets for the MDGs).", "38. The intermediate level represented by the trunk of the tree has been a gap in the UNFPA measurement system to date. This level – which is also part of the DRF – reflects the fact that the heart of the organization’s direct contribution to achieving outcomes is its role in developing capacity, so countries themselves can achieve the ICPD agenda. The indicators at this level track outputs both in terms of improved country capacity (as measured by, for example, reduction in the percentage of countries that have stock-outs for contraceptives) and through the direct contributions that UNFPA makes (for example, the number of logistics managers trained). Accountability at this level is shared with countries but the direct role of UNFPA is more important here. As such, the inclusion of this level will significantly strengthen the results chain, bolstering the organization’s ability to assess its programmatic performance.", "39. The roots of the tree represent the Fund’s ability to manage itself effectively and efficiently, and so provide a solid foundation for the higher-level results described above. UNFPA is directly accountable for the outputs of this area – as reflected in the MRF – although performance on some MRF indicators does rely on the partners with which UNFPA works.", "2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks", "40. Several principles guided the revision of the results frameworks:", "activities had resulted in a proliferation of outcomes/outputs and indicators, with the consequence that it has been difficult to identify organizational priorities or to assess overall performance. Therefore, the first guiding principle was to consolidate the number of outcomes/outputs and indicators by prioritizing areas in which improvement would contribute the most to the organization’s ability to advance the ICPD agenda. As a result, some important areas are no longer singled out as separate outcomes/outputs, particularly if they have been mainstreamed in the Fund’s daily work or if they do not reflect areas in which UNFPA needs to focus on improving. For example, United Nations reform is important to UNFPA work, but the MTR findings suggest that this has been institutionalized within the organization and that partners generally rate UNFPA well in this area, and so it is no longer addressed in a stand-alone output. The implication of this principle is that the new results frameworks will not contain all of the topics considered important by some stakeholders. However, this is outweighed by the considerable benefits of having more streamlined and prioritized results frameworks.", "and capacity, it will never be able to address all aspects of the ICPD agenda everywhere, a recognition that necessitates careful choices about where to put the organization’s emphasis. These choices should be driven by a combination of the organization’s comparative advantages and the needs, capacities, and expressed interest of the countries in which UNFPA works. The principle of not doing everything everywhere will improve the Fund’s ability to provide assistance to and measure its progress in those countries that have prioritized particular aspects of the ICPD agenda in their own national strategies. Additionally, not overextending will enable UNFPA to be a more effective partner in the international efforts that identify specific sets of countries on which they focus.[4]", "frameworks was to structure them around matters of organizational importance rather than based on the existing organizational structure. “Silo” thinking has been too common in the results frameworks, leading to inefficiency from insufficient collaboration. The results frameworks now reflect corporate priorities to which multiple parts of the organization should contribute. For example, although there is an output that focuses on human resources management, this has been designed so that responsibility for this output does not rest solely with the Division for Human Resources; rather, human resources management must be a priority across the organization, to which all units must contribute.", "the measurability of the results frameworks. A strong emphasis was placed on ensuring that indicators could be measured on a regular basis, in response to the fact that no performance data were available by the end of 2010 for 10 of 45 (22 per cent) DRF and MRF indicators. For several others, only less recent data were available. Also, targets had only been established for the end of the strategic plan rather than for each year, limiting the ability to track performance and make course corrections in midstream.[5] Another key element of improving measurability has been the development of metadata sheets for each indicator. These provide detailed definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement, and act as an important mechanism to ensure the reliability of the measurement system as well as to promote transparency.[6] Finally, the MRF indicators were selected to focus on the specific organizational behaviours that need to be improved, and to create incentives to change these behaviours.", "C. Sharpening the focus for development results", "1. Focusing the DRF", "41. The new DRF strengthens UNFPA focus by consolidating and focusing on a limited set of strategic priorities, as reflected in a reduction in the number of outcomes from 13 to 7. Additionally, in line with the strategic direction, an integrated agenda of population and development, SRH and reproductive rights, and gender equality has been developed, meaning that the outcomes under the DRF are no longer compartmentalized into three areas but instead form a coherent package of core areas where the organization will focus its efforts in the remaining two years of the strategic plan.", "2. DRF outcomes and outputs", "42. The revised DRF is structured along the following lines: it starts at the higher policy level with an initial outcome on the integration of population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), reproductive health, gender equality and poverty reduction into national and sectoral plans and strategies. It then presents three outcomes that deal with issues of access to maternal health care, family planning and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) services. Although these are presented as separate outcomes, they will be operationalized through an integrated approach to the maximum extent possible.", "43. The fifth outcome deals with gender equality and reproductive rights, and the sixth outcome focuses on young people. The circle is completed by an outcome that relates to data collection, analysis and dissemination that cuts across the previous six outcome areas and links back to the first outcome in terms of ensuring the need for quality data to influence policy development.", "44. As described in section V, capacity-building and programmatic outputs have been included in the DRF. For each outcome, UNFPA is directly contributing to national progress through several outputs that reflect changes in country capacity to achieve the ICPD agenda, resulting in a total of 18 outputs. Because the outputs are about capacity development, they reinforce each other, frequently contributing to more than one outcome. For example, capacity development on family planning will also benefit services for maternal health and contribute to reducing maternal mortality.", "45. The full set of outcomes, outputs and the indicators and targets are included in annex I.", "Outcome 1: Population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), SRH (including family planning), gender equality and poverty reduction addressed in national and sectoral development plans and strategies.", "46. In the area of population, the comparative advantage of UNFPA lies in the effective utilization of population analysis for poverty diagnosis and scenario building, and the ability to provide cross-cutting thematic analysis linking population dynamics with health, gender, and adolescent and youth policies. UNFPA will work with governments and other partners to integrate SRH services (including family planning) into national health sector policies and plans. Similarly, the organization will work with its partners to include the issues of young people (including adolescents) in poverty reduction strategies (PRSs) and national development frameworks and to promote the right of young people (including adolescents) to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring.", "Outcome 2: Increased access to and utilization of quality maternal and newborn health services.", "47. UNFPA will have a strong focus on maternal health care as part of reproductive health. The organization will work closely with H4+ and other partners in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children Health, and other initiatives such as the Campaign on the Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA). UNFPA will support capacity development in the implementation of national human resource policies (particularly to increase midwifery skills), for the provision of basic emergency obstetric care, and for the management of the complications of unsafe abortion. Increased emphasis will be placed on addressing maternal morbidities such as obstetric fistula.", "Outcome 3: Increased access to and utilization of quality family planning services for individuals and couples according to reproductive intentions.", "48. UNFPA will strengthen its focus on family planning, including its integration within comprehensive reproductive health services and linkages with maternal health care and HIV prevention. It will continue to support governments to strengthen reproductive health commodity security, including by building national capacities to manage the delivery of reliable supplies of a variety of modern contraceptives. UNFPA will also focus on strengthening demand for family planning through interventions at the community level.", "Outcome 4: Increased access to and utilization of quality HIV- and STI-prevention services especially for young people (including adolescents) and other key populations at risk.", "49. Within the new UNAIDS division of labour, UNFPA will have a strong focus on the reduction of sexual transmission of HIV, the prevention of HIV in young people (including adolescents) and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Key interventions will include the scaling up of comprehensive condom programming, as well as addressing HIV in the context of sex work.", "Outcome 5: Gender equality and reproductive rights advanced, particularly through advocacy and implementation of laws and policy.", "50. UNFPA will continue to build national capacity to implement laws and policies that advance gender equality and reproductive rights with specific emphasis on addressing GBV, and will continue work on GBV in humanitarian settings as well as its partnership to eliminate harmful practices, including FGM/C. In addition, UNFPA will promote gender equality in the spirit of “One UN” commitments made by the entire United Nations system, coordinating with UN-Women and other agencies as needed. UNFPA will also continue to advocate for the protection and fulfilment of reproductive rights and will partner actively with civil society groups (including faith-based and community-based organizations) that engage men and boys in promoting gender equality and reproductive rights.", "Outcome 6: Improved access to SRH services and sexuality education for young people (including adolescents).", "51. UNFPA will strengthen its support for access to essential SRH services for young people, with special emphasis on reaching adolescent girls. UNFPA will support sexuality education for young people (including adolescents) and strengthen its efforts to build national capacities to design and implement age-appropriate, comprehensive sexuality education policies and curricula.", "Outcome 7: Improved data availability and analysis resulting in evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation around population dynamics, SRH (including family planning), and gender equality.", "52. UNFPA will strengthen its efforts to improve national capacities for data analysis for evidence-based planning and programming around population issues and dynamics, young people (including adolescents), gender equality and SRH. A particular area of focus is data in humanitarian settings.", "3. Cross-cutting issues", "53. A number of issues cut across the seven outcomes and are presented here collectively to avoid repetition under each outcome.", "Mainstreaming the needs of young people (including adolescents)", "54. Though focused on specifically in outcome 6, the needs of young people (including adolescents) are addressed across all outcomes. UNFPA will strengthen its work with governments and other partners to advocate for increasing health, education and livelihood investments for young people (including adolescents), and for seizing demographic windows of opportunity, while also addressing the critical issues of SRH services, HIV prevention and gender equality. Special attention will be given to promote the rights of young people (including adolescents), including their rights to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring. UNFPA will focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, in particular adolescent girls. Due to the multisectoral nature of issues related to young people, coordination with other partners is crucial.", "Human rights and gender equality", "55. Human rights and gender equality will continue to be mainstreamed across UNFPA operations using a culturally sensitive approach, with a focus on the poorest and most excluded groups. This includes using a human rights and gender-equality lens in the development of plans, policies, laws, and programmes. It also includes ensuring that women, young people and other vulnerable groups are informed of their rights and empowered to make decisions regarding their SRH and life options.", "Inclusive partnerships and national ownership", "56. UNFPA work across each of the outcome areas will remain based on principles of inclusive partnerships and support to national ownership. Governments will remain the key partners for UNFPA even as the organization builds new strategic collaborations with NGOs, including faith-based organizations, academic institutions and the private sector (balanced by the need to avoid a proliferation of partnerships, as noted above).", "Humanitarian assistance", "57. UNFPA will continue to support the integration of the ICPD Programme of Action into emergency preparedness, humanitarian response and transition and recovery processes. The UNFPA comparative advantage in humanitarian settings is in reproductive health, addressing GBV, and in the area of data. Such support is also essential during the transition period from emergency to development. The recent development of the second generation UNFPA humanitarian response strategy will help advance mainstreaming and make UNFPA activities more strategic, scalable and sustainable. UNFPA will continue to strengthen the capacity of regional offices to provide guidance and mobilize support for country offices to respond to SRH needs in emergency situations. UNFPA leadership role at the global level will be reinforced by increasing the focus on such strategic areas as partnership building and quality assurance, building on lessons learnt from recent emergencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Pakistan and the Sudan.", "United Nations reform", "58. UNFPA is deeply committed to United Nations reform. Joint programming at the country level and coordinated approaches at the global and regional levels will remain foundations of the organization’s efforts. UNFPA will also continue to play a leading role in championing United Nations reform and will remain a strong advocate for the “delivering as one” agenda at all levels.", "South-South cooperation", "59. Across the seven outcome areas, UNFPA will strengthen its support for South-South cooperation to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and lessons learned and to build capacity for accelerating the implementation of ICPD Programme of Action and the MDGs. This represents a promising modality for the provision of technical assistance and expands the ways in which UNFPA engages with middle-income countries.", "D. Achieving operational excellence", "1. Focusing the MRF", "60. Application of the principles described earlier in this section enabled a significant streamlining of the MRF, reducing the current nine outputs to four. The revised set of outputs addresses the key challenges outlined above, which are the managerial priorities for the next two years.", "61. Focusing the MRF required difficult decisions, as areas such as partnerships and United Nations reform remain important for the organization but were ultimately not included as separate outputs; rather they have been mainstreamed. Other areas will be addressed outside the results frameworks, such as transparency, which will be improved through approaches such as a commitment to regularly publish performance data on the results frameworks on the UNFPA website.", "62. The result is a limited set of areas in the MRF that, if addressed, will enable UNFPA to achieve operational excellence. To improve the Fund’s ability to identify problems early and make midstream course corrections, the MRF outputs will be monitored more regularly than in previous years, with the senior management assessing performance on a periodic basis over the course of each year.", "2. MRF outputs", "Output 1: Enhanced programme effectiveness through strengthened results-based and evidence-based programming.", "63. UNFPA ability to achieve impact depends on the quality of the programming that it delivers, primarily at country level. During the next two years, the emphasis will be on two aspects of this: RBM and evidence-based programming. UNFPA has developed tools in both areas and will focus on ensuring that these are utilized systematically and that the quality of programming improves as a result. One of the specific steps to accomplish this will be the introduction of a quality assurance mechanism to review all draft country programme documents for their compliance with a set of standards relating to RBM and evidence-based programming. Another step will be improving country programme evaluations, with an emphasis on ensuring that they are of high quality and that they inform programming.", "Output 2: Strengthened stewardship of resources through improved efficiency and risk management.", "64. Improving how UNFPA manages the resources entrusted to it will be a major focus over the remaining years of the strategic plan. One aspect of this is becoming more efficient by controlling costs associated with management and administration and improving implementation rates. Closely related to this is improving the efficiency with which UNFPA procurement is conducted, with a particular focus on reducing lead times for procurement.[7] A second key aspect involves responding specifically to the concerns raised by the United Nations Board of Auditors and the UNFPA Division for Oversight Services with regard to UNFPA expenditure at country level, particularly under the NEX modality. Strengthening financial management in this area will be a significant priority for the coming two years, with an emphasis on improving oversight of and building capacity of implementing partners in order to reduce negative audit findings, unsupported expenditure, and overdue advances. To address broader issues of the selection and management of implementing partners, such as the practice of some country offices of establishing partnerships with numerous implementing partners, a quality assurance system is being introduced to ensure that managers exercise their leadership roles rigorously, including by monitoring potential risk areas and enforcing adherence to risk mitigation measures.", "Output 3: Appropriately staffed UNFPA with high-performing professionals fulfilling its mission.", "65. UNFPA ability to succeed rests to a great extent on how it addresses human resources. The focus for this output is twofold: first, the organization will concentrate on ensuring that it has adequate staffing levels to carry out its mission; and secondly, it will prioritize strengthening the culture of accountability by improving how it addresses underperformance. Capacity gaps will be identified and investments made to equip staff with the necessary skills to better contribute to the organization’s ability to deliver. To complement this, safe and secure working environments must be provided to all UNFPA staff. In turn, staff must uphold the highest standards of professional integrity, continuing the progress that has been made in strengthening the organization’s ethical standards.", "Output 4: Secured broad-based and stable funding to meet the strategic plan resource requirements.", "66. The ambitious agenda described in this document cannot be achieved without resources. For the remainder of the strategic plan period, the focus is on both the quantity and the source of funding. The funding source is important because regular contributions – as opposed to those earmarked for specific purposes – enable the organization to more effectively and efficiently plan and implement activities. Additionally, UNFPA will focus on diversifying its funding base, including by pursuing increased contributions from emerging economies and the private sector. A more aggressive approach to resource mobilization will enable the organization to contribute even more to the acceleration of the ICPD agenda and the achievement of MDG 5.", "67. The MRF output indicators and targets are included in annex II.", "VI. Integrated financial resources framework", "A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD", "68. Donor assistance for the ICPD Programme of Action increased steadily until 2008, reaching $10.4 billion in 2008.[8] The trend has since stalled, with funding estimated to have remained at nearly identical levels in 2009 and 2010. It is projected to increase only slightly in 2011, to $10.8 billion. Domestic resources from developing countries have continued to increase, with a projected growth from $29.8 billion in 2009 to $34.0 billion in 2011.", "69. These figures remain well below the totals needed to achieve the objectives of the Programme of Action. That need was estimated at $49.0 billion in 2009 and is projected to increase to $68.2 billion in 2012 and $68.6 billion in 2013. UNFPA will accelerate its advocacy efforts to keep the ICPD Programme of Action high on the development agenda, consistent with the recent General Assembly resolution 65/234 on the follow-up to ICPD beyond 2014.", "B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013", "1. Income projections", "70. UNFPA income for the 2010-2011 biennium is estimated at $1.561 billion (a provisional figure as final figures for 2011 are not yet available). Of this amount $962.7 million is from regular resources and $598.6 million from other resources. Based on the historical trends and the information provided by donors to date, UNFPA forecasts a total income at $1.7 billion for 2012-2013, of which $830 million is forecast for 2012 and $870 million for 2013. Of that total, $1.039 billion would be from regular contributions and $680 million from other resource contributions.", "71. This represents a 10 per cent increase compared to the preliminary actual contributions for the current biennium. This change is modest given the need to accelerate progress on MDG 5 dramatically and is well below the historical growth rate evident in the bienniums from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011, over which period the compound growth rate was 16 per cent.", "2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources", "72. In line with Executive Board decision 2010/32 UNFPA will “ensure comprehensive, transparent linkages to the institutional and management results frameworks of the respective strategic plans”.", "73. UNFPA will base its 2012-2013 budget on the priorities identified in the results frameworks, realigning resources to enable the attainment of the targets. This exercise is incomplete, as is the business plan, which is the vehicle that will deliver some of the changes in the MTR, so these linkages will be shown when the budget is presented to the Executive Board. At that time, an analysis will be presented on the ways resources have been reallocated based on the MTR.", "74. As described above, the revised MRF has been streamlined to focus on the most important issues facing the organization. One implication of this is that the MRF outputs cannot be the sole responsibility of individual UNFPA divisions or units, as has historically been the case.[9] The corollary to this is that UNFPA divisions and units will contribute to multiple outputs.", "3. Resource requirements", "75. A total of $1.752 billion will be used for programmes and the institutional budget during 2012-2013, which corresponds to a 20 per cent increase over the original projection for 2010-2011. However, expenditure in 2010 significantly exceeded the original projection, and using the 2010 actual figures as a base for the comparison suggests that expenditure will increase by less than 11 per cent.", "76. The proposed use of resources represents a significant shift in the proportion of resources allocated to programmes as opposed to recurrent management costs: the percentage of total income allocated to recurrent management costs would fall from 15.8 per cent in the current biennium to 13.1 per cent in the next biennium, 2012-2013.", "77. The programmes portion of the use of resources includes both country programmes and the global and regional programme (GRP). The same split of regular resources between country programmes and the GRP as originally envisioned for 2008-2011 (which was 11.1 per cent of regular resources) is maintained in the proposed use of resources.", "Proposedresourcerequirements,2012-2013[10] \n(in$millions) \n 2010-2011(originalforecast) 2012-2013 \n Regularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\tRegularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\nResourcesavailable \nOpeningbalance 51.7\t278.4\t330.0\t55.3\t191.9\t247.2\nContributionsandotherincome 950.0\t450.0\t1,400.0\t1,038.8\t680.0\t1,718.8\nTotalavailable 1,001.7\t728.4\t1,730.0\t1,094.1\t871.9\t1,966.0\nUseofresources \nProgrammes(netofcostrecovery)[11] 689.4\t498.2\t1,187.6\t820.6\t639.2\t1,459.8\nInstitutionalbudget 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4 Development \neffectiveness \nManagement \n\tRecurringcosts\t189.0\t32.5\t221.6\t185.8\t39.5\t225.3\n\tNon-recurringcosts\t8.9\t-\t8.9\t5.9\t-\t5.9 5.9 - 5.9 - - - Special \npurpose 256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6 Total institutional \nbudget \nTotaluse 946.4\t536.5\t1,482.8\t1,065.3\t686.5\t1,751.8", "VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan", "78. The strategic plan changes proposed in the present report will not come about overnight, but rather will occur progressively over the remaining years of the plan. Nor will the changes happen automatically simply as a result of inclusion in the plan: instead, they will require sustained focus from the organization’s leadership and management discipline throughout UNFPA. Several processes have been designed to codify these changes, as described below.", "A. Business plan", "79. In concert with the MTR, the development of a business plan for 2012-2013 is under way. The MTR findings and conclusions have informed the business plan, and the business plan will include mechanisms to strengthen the delivery of the revised strategic plan. The business plan will improve efficiency by simplifying business processes, streamlining decision-making, and strengthening accountability.", "B. Aligning global, regional and country levels", "1. Country level", "80. Following the Executive Board approval of the revised results frameworks, tools and guidelines for country offices will be updated to facilitate linking of country programmes to the revised outcomes and outputs. Planning meetings will be held in each region to help country and regional offices to align programme documents and action plans to the revised strategic plan.", "81. Country offices will be responsible for translating the changes described in the revised strategic plan into local contexts, in conjunction with national partners. This process should be based on national ownership, needs and capacities, and should result in more focused country programmes that prioritize rigorously among the possible areas in which UNFPA can work. Importantly, country programmes are not expected to link to all outcomes and outputs: instead, they would focus only on those that are relevant for the specific contexts. Country programmes that contain activities outside the scope of the revised results frameworks will be expected to transition away from these activities (although this is expected to occur gradually to minimize programmatic disruptions).", "82. As a result of the combination of increased focus on the key areas in which UNFPA can make the most difference and better tailoring to the specificities of local contexts, country programmes are expected to become more diverse, moving away from a “one size fits all” approach in which programmes try to do everything everywhere and so are not sufficiently based on local context.", "83. Implementation will also necessarily occur in a differentiated manner that is predicated upon country ownership and that responds to country needs and capacities. For example, the shift from delivering things to delivering thinking – from implementation support to more upstream work on policy dialogue and advocacy – will be based on local contexts. This bottom-up approach will be balanced, however, by a greater emphasis on utilizing quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that country offices meet minimum standards.", "2. Global and regional levels", "84. As per decision 2009/16, the UNFPA global and regional programme (DP/FPA/2007/19) has been extended until 2013. Following the Executive Board’s approval of the revised results frameworks, the GRP will be aligned with the new outcomes and outputs, and activities and results will be developed for the period 2012-2013. UNFPA will use the lessons learned from implementation to develop a new GRP, which will be submitted to the Board with the new strategic plan for 2014-2017.", "3. Reorganization", "85. The UNFPA reorganization has only recently been physically completed, and the mechanisms to institutionalize the changes are still being rolled out. Additionally, an evaluation of the reorganization is planned for 2012. Therefore, no systematic review of the reorganization was undertaken during the MTR. As lessons are learned, they will influence how the organization approaches regionalization in real time (including through the business plan process), and will form an important input for the next strategic plan.", "C. Strengthening the measurement systems", "86. As discussed above, challenges with the measurement systems have inhibited the ability to assess UNFPA progress in recent years, and internal and external reviews highlighted the importance of improving the organization’s measurement systems. Efforts to improve these systems have been under way for some time, and in the process of revising the results frameworks considerable emphasis was placed on learning from the experience in the initial years of implementing the strategic plan, as reflected in changes such as the increased emphasis on measurability in the development of indicators. Regular reviews of performance against the targets (particularly those in the MRF) will enable challenges to be identified in real time, facilitating efforts to address problems early. Additional efforts are needed going forward, particularly to strengthen links between country, regional, and global levels, both conceptually and in terms of management information systems that enable routine reporting on performance trends.", "D. Developing the new strategic plan", "87. A detailed road map for the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017, will be developed and presented to the Executive Board after the conclusion of the MTR process. A cumulative report on implementation of the current plan (including the revised results framework, the reorganization, and the global and regional programme) will be presented to the Executive Board in 2013.", "88. The development of the next strategic plan will include topics that emerged during the MTR but that could not be comprehensively addressed in it, such as the full implications (which are still emerging) of the establishment of UN-Women for UNFPA work on gender and the systems for allocating and distributing resources (the modification of which was beyond the scope of the MTR). As noted above, the reform efforts launched as a result of the MTR process will occur progressively, and so they will serve as an important foundation for the next strategic plan. Finally, the MTR process has identified a number of lessons learned that will enable more robust systems to be developed (for example, to facilitate the collection of data, to document a planning and budget process in which the strategic plan is more clearly situated as the starting point for the development of the budget), and inform the process of developing the next strategic plan.", "VIII. Elements for a decision", "89. The Executive Board may wish to:", "(a) Take note of the present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013, and welcome the strategic direction in the report to strengthen UNFPA accountability for results and operational excellence;", "(b) Endorse the future directions as contained in the present report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and the focused set of outcomes and outputs as important steps towards achieving the ICPD goals and contributing to the Millennium Development Goals;", "(c) Approve the revised development and management results frameworks and the integrated financial resources framework for 2012-2013 contained in the report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and encourage all countries to assist UNFPA to reach the total figure for regular and other resources for the period 2012-2013, including through multi-year pledges;", "(d) Stress the importance of regular resources for the effective implementation of the strategic plan and encourage countries to increase their contributions to the regular resources of UNFPA;", "(e) Request submission of the cumulative report on the strategic plan, 2008-2013, at the annual session 2013, and the new strategic plan at the second regular session 2013.", "Annex I: REVISED DEVELOPMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹", "Goal: To achieveuniversal accessto sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),promotereproductiverights, reducematernalmortality, andaccelerateprogress on theICPD agenda andMDG 5 (A & B) \nOutcome 1:Populationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand povertyreductionaddressed innational andsectoraldevelopment plansand strategies \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave nationaldevelopment plans(NDPs) andpoverty reductionstrategies (PRSs)that addresspopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith themultisectoralneeds of youngpeople (includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand sustainabledevelopment andpoverty reduction \nBaseline: 62(2010) Number ofcountries thathave integratedsexual andreproductivehealth (SRH)services(including familyplanning) intonational healthpolicies andplans \nBaseline: 54(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n1. Strengthenednational capacityto incorporatepopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents), SRH(including familyplanning), genderequality andpoverty reductionin NDPs, PRSs andother relevantnational plansand programmes\t1.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment initiativesto incorporatepopulation dynamicsissues in relevantnational plans andprogrammes(N=128)²\t31(24%)\t51(40%)\t61(48%)\n\t1.2 Number of personstrained on how toincorporate populationdynamics issues innational plans andprogrammes\t750\t1,225\t1,450\n2. Strengthenedcapacity fordevelopment ofnational healthpolicies andplans withintegrated SRHservices(including familyplanning)\t2.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported thedevelopment of nationalhealth policies andplans with integratedSRH services (includingfamily planning)(N=variable by year,based on countryplanning cycles:2010:45; 2012:26;2013:48)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%)3. Strengthenednational capacityof young people(includingadolescents) forparticipation inpolicy dialogueand programming\t3.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA that haveinstitutionalmechanisms to partnerwith young people(including adolescents)in policy dialogue andprogramming\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%) \n (N=128)", "¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)", "² _(The notation “(N=128)” reflects the fact that each indicator has a defined set of countries to which it applies: in some cases this includes all UNFPA programme countries, whereas in other instances the indicator applies to a subset of countries, such as those in which a particular activity is occurring (for example, the development of national plans) or those that have been identified as part of existing international efforts (for example, the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health).)", "Outcome 2:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality maternaland newbornhealth services \n Key indicator(s) Maternalmortality ratio \nBaseline: 290(2008) Births attendedby skilled healthpersonnel \nBaseline: 63%(2008) Number ofcountries withcaesareansections lessthan 5% of livebirths \nBaseline: 46(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t4. Strengthenednational capacityto implementcomprehensivemidwiferyprogrammes\t4.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor management ofmidwifery workforcepolicies\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) 5. Strengthenednational capacityfor emergencyobstetric andnewborn care(EmONC)\t5.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor the upgrade ofEmONC in subnationalhealth plans\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) \n6. Enhancednational capacityfor prevention,treatment andsocialreintegration forobstetric fistula\t6.1 Number of womentreated for obstetricfistula with supportfrom UNFPA\t6,000\t8,000\t10,000\t\n7. Increasedcapacity toimplement theMinimum InitialService Package(MISP) inhumanitariansettings\t7.1 Number of personneltrained on MISP throughUNFPA support\t3,900\t4,200\t4,500\t\nOutcome 3:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality familyplanning servicesfor individualsand couplesaccording toreproductiveintentions \n Key indicator(s) Contraceptiveprevalence rate(modern methods) \nBaseline: 55.2(2009) Unmet need forfamily planning \nBaseline: 11.4(2009) Percentage ofcountries withservice deliverypoints (SDPs)offering at leastthree modernmethods ofcontraception \nBaseline: 36.6(2009-2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t8. Strengthenednational systemsfor reproductivehealth commoditysecurity (RHCS)\t8.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA with SDPs thathave no stock-outs ofcontraceptives withinthe last six months\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%) \n\t(N=13 Stream Icountries in the RHCSglobal programme; thenumber has increasedfrom 11 countries atthe baseline in 2010) \n\t8.2 Number of nationalstaff trained inlogistics managementthrough UNFPA support\t225\t360\t450\t9. Strengthenednational capacityforcommunity-basedinterventions forfamily planning\t9.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported keydemand generationinterventions,especially for modernmethods ofcontraception\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%) \n\t(N=45 Stream I & IIcountries in the RHCSglobal programme) \nOutcome 4:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality HIV- andSTI-preventionservicesespecially foryoung people(includingadolescents) andother keypopulations atrisk \n Key indicator(s) HIV prevalence inyouth (15-24years) \nBaseline: 0.3%(male) and 0.6%(female) (2010) Percentage ofwomen and menaged 15-49 whohad more than onepartner in thelast 12 monthswho used a condomduring their lastsexualintercourse \nBaseline: 48% ofmales (15-49) and32% of females(15-49) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n10. Enhancednational capacityfor planning,implementationand monitoring ofpreventionprogrammes toreduce sexualtransmission ofHIV\t10.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries that havecompleted an assessmentof the linkages betweenSRH and HIV policies,systems, and servicedelivery with supportfrom UNFPA(N=31 countries in theUNAIDS Global Strategy2011-2015)\t7(23%)\t13(42%)\t20(65%) 10.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where thecomprehensive condomdemand generationframework isimplemented,specifically targeting(a) young people and(b) in the context ofsex work\t(a) 0(b) 0\t(a) 5(29%)(b) 5(16%)\t(a)10(59%)(b)10(32%) \n\t((a)N=17 UNAIDSpriority countries foryoung people;(b)N=31countries in the UNAIDSGlobal Strategy2011-2015) \n11. Enhancednational capacityfor addressingthe HIV and SRHneeds of youngpeople and sexworkers,including throughcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t11.1 Number ofcommunity-ledorganizations/networkssupported by UNFPA toengage in programmesaddressing HIV andSRH-needs of youngpeople and sex workers\t116\t141\t176\t\nOutcome 5: Genderequality andreproductiverights advancedparticularlythrough advocacyandimplementation oflaws and policy \n Key indicator(s) Percentage ofwomen aged 20-24who were marriedor in unionbefore age 18 \nBaseline: 35%total; 22% urban;45% rural(2000-2009) Percentage ofcountries thathave mechanismsin place toimplement lawsand policiesadvancing genderequality andreproductiverights \nBaseline: 61.7%(2008) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n12. Strengthenednational capacityforimplementation ofinternationalagreements,nationallegislation andpolicies insupport of genderequality andreproductiverights\t12.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to implementinternationalagreements and nationallegislation for genderequality andreproductive rights(N=128)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%)\t\n13. Strengthenednational capacityfor addressinggender-basedviolence (GBV)and provision ofquality services,including inhumanitariansettings\t13.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to develop GBV(including femalegenitalmutilation/cutting)policy and programmaticresponses(N=30 joint programmingcountries and programmecountries for work onsex selection andSecurity Councilresolution 1325)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%)\t\n\t13.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in programmingfor GBV in humanitariansettings\t120\t500\t800\t\n\t13.3 Number ofcommunities supportedby UNFPA that declarethe abandonment offemale genitalmutilation/cutting\t596\t715\t858\t\n14. Enhancedpromotion ofgender equalityand reproductiverights throughengagement ofcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t14.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported civil societyorganizations/networksto engage men and boysin promoting genderequality(N=35)\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%)", "Outcome 6:Improved accessto SRH servicesand sexualityeducation foryoung people(includingadolescents) \n Key indicator(s) Adolescent birthrate \nBaseline: 52(2007) Percentage ofyoung people aged15-24 who bothcorrectlyidentify ways ofpreventing thesexualtransmission ofHIV and rejectmajormisconceptionsabout HIVtransmission \nBaseline: 35% ofmales and 30% offemales(2005-2009) Number ofcountriesimplementingcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation in andout of school atnational scale \nBaseline: To bedetermined Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget15. Improvedprogramming foressential sexualand reproductivehealth servicesto marginalizedadolescents andyoung people\t15.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported capacitydevelopment for theprovision of essentialSRH services to youngpeople\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) \n (N=128) 15.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveprogrammes to reachmarginalized adolescentgirls\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16. Strengthenednational capacityfor the designandimplementation ofcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation inpolicies andcurricula\t16.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveage-appropriatesexuality educationprogrammes(N=128)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%)\n\t16.2 Number of expertstrained through UNFPAsupport to providetechnical assistance ondesign, implementationand evaluation ofcomprehensive sexualityeducation programmes\t70\t210\t280", "Outcome 7:Improved dataavailability andanalysis aroundpopulationdynamics, SRH(including familyplanning) andgender equality \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave completedtheir 2010 roundof population andhousing censuses \nBaseline: 23(2010) Number ofcountries thathave conducted(in the last fiveyears) a nationalhousehold surveythat allows forthe estimation ofall MDG 5Bindicators \nBaseline: 91(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n17. Enhancednational capacityfor theproduction,utilization anddissemination ofqualitystatistical dataon populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH,including inhumanitariansettings\t17.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to produceand disseminate census,survey and otherstatistical data(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n\t17.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in theproduction, analysis,dissemination of censussurveys and otherstatistical dataincluding inhumanitarian settings\t645\t1,290\t1,935\n18. Strengthenednational capacityfor data analysisto informdecision-makingand policyformulationaround populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH\t18.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to producein-depth analysis ofcensus and survey data(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)", "Annex II: REVISED MANAGEMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹", "Output\tIndicator\tBaseline(year)\t2012target\t2013target\nEnhanced programmeeffectivenessthroughstrengthenedresults-based andevidence-basedprogramming\tPercentage of countryprogramme documentsrated at least “good”on results-basedmanagement andevidence-basedprogramming criteria\t50%(2011)\t70%\t80%\n\tPercentage ofprogrammes with atleast 75% of theirannual workplanoutputs that achievedindicator targets\t51%(2007)86%(2010)\t90%\t95%\n\tPercentage of countryprogramme evaluationsrated at least “good”\tDatabeingcompiledandwouldbeavailableinSeptember2011\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\nStrengthenedstewardship ofresources throughimprovedefficiency andrisk management\tPercentage of totalincome used forrecurring managementcosts\t15.8%(2010-2011)\t13.1%\t<13.1%\tImplementation ratefor regular resourcesand other resources\tRegularresources:85%(2009)85%(2010)Otherresources:52%(2009)\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79%\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79% \n 51%(2010) \n\tPercentage of ordersof core commoditiesdelivered to thecountry within thelead time\t79%(2010)\t85%\t90%\n\tPercentage ofnational execution(NEX) audits with anegative opinion\t17%(2007)22%(2009)\t10%\t8%\n\tPercentage of totaloperating fundaccount advances thatare overdue\t9.9%(2010-2011)\t9%\t8%\n\tPercentage of UNFPAorganizational unitswith at least 90% ofthe annual workplanswith implementingpartners rated atleast “good” onquality assurancestandards\tNotavailable\t75%\t85%\nAppropriatelystaffed UNFPA withhigh-performingprofessionalsfulfilling itsmission\tVacancy rate\tNotavailable(2007)17%(2010)\t15%\t13%\n\tPercentage of staffwho perceive thatUNFPA dealseffectively withunderperformance\t33%(2008)30%(2009)\t38%\tN/A²\nSecuredbroad-based andstable funding tomeet the strategicplan resourcerequirements\tPercentage of annualstrategic planfunding targetreached\t103%(2008)109%(2010)\t100%\t100%\n\tPercentage of totalcontributions thatare regularcontributions\t63%(2007)58%(2010)\t60%\t>60%\n\tPercentage of annualregular contributionsfrom other than thetop 15 donors\t7%(2007)4%(2010)\t6%\t8%", "¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)", "² _(Data for this indicator are gathered only every two years, so there is no target for 2013.)", "[1] World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2011.", "[2] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1,00.html.", "[3] This level is described as the “outcomes”, but in strict monitoring and evaluation terminology it encompasses both goal-level indicators and outcome indicators. In this, UNFPA is following the approach of the Millennium Development Goals, the indicators for which also combine multiple levels.", "[4] Such as the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health and the UNAIDS Global Strategy.", "[5] In a few cases, it is not possible to have annual targets, as some important indicators – such as those for the MDGs and for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS – cannot be measured annually.", "[6] The metadata sheets will be publicly available on the UNFPA website.", "[7] This indicator has been selected because of concerns raised about the current lead times for procurements. Another key aspect of procurement efficiency – the prices obtained – has been addressed in a structural change to the UNFPA approach to procurement: the organization now systematically coordinates with other entities that procure large quantities of reproductive health commodities to achieve economies of scale, thereby receiving prices that are already highly competitive internationally.", "[8] All figures quoted in this paragraph are from “Flow of financial resources for assisting in the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: Report of the Secretary-General”, E/CN.9/2011/5.", "[9] This is equally true for the outputs on human resources and on resource mobilization, which might appear to be the purview of the Division for Human Resources and of the Information and External Relations Division, respectively. One key lesson of the MTR is that these areas must be the responsibility of staff across the organization, such that, for example, supervisors in regional offices take underperformance seriously and UNFPA representatives assume responsibility for resource mobilization.", "[10] The numbers in this table are estimated and thus subject to change.", "[11] This includes an allocation of 11.1 per cent of regular resources for the global and regional programme." ]

[ "Second regular session 2009", "New York, 6-9 September 2011", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Report of the Executive Director", "United Nations Population Fund", "midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan 2008-2013", "Report of the Executive Director", "Summary", "The midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan is submitted in accordance with Executive Board decision 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan for 2008-2011 to 2013. The present report is also submitted in accordance with the guidance of General Assembly resolution 63/232. The midterm review made UNFPA strategic direction more clearly to guide its work in 2012 and 2013, based on lessons learned.", "Based on a series of internal and external reviews, and through the extensive consultation process involving many important stakeholders within and outside the Organization, the midterm review of the changing environment in which UNFPA operates, commenting on progress, achievements and challenges in implementing the strategic plan for the period 2008-2010. It therefore supplements the detailed analysis contained in the Executive Director's annual report DP/FPA/2009/3 (Part I) and its annex (see also the UNFPA website) and DP/FPA/2009/3 (Part I)/Add.1.", "The primary conclusion of the midterm review is that, while UNFPA has many proud places, its potential has not been fully realized. A series of key challenges related to the Organization's ability to deliver development and management results were identified. The proposed revised strategic direction and results framework aim at addressing these challenges, including strengthening the Organization's focus and identifying priorities for the Organization's problems, thereby proposing a simplified set of results and outputs. In addition, it also includes clear indicators aimed at strengthening the Organization's accountability for results. The integrated financial resources framework sets out the estimated resource requirements for the implementation of the remaining parts of the strategic plan.", "A number of elements of the decision are contained in the present report.", "Contents", "Proposed medium-term review of the scope and process 5 3. Context 6 4. Progress, certain results and key challenges for 2008-2010 8 A. Summary of developments 8", "Abbreviations", "AWPs Annual workplan", "CARMMA Campaign to accelerate the reduction of maternal mortality in Africa", "CPR prevalence of contraceptives", "DRF development results framework", "EmONC Emergency obstetric care and newborn care", "FGM/C Female Genital Mutilation", "GBV Gender Violence", "GRP Global and regional programmes", "H4+ Institutional Partnership for Health4+ (WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, the World Bank and UNAIDS)", "ICPD International Conference on Population and Development", "Least developed countries", "Millennium Development Goals", "MISP Minimum Package", "MMR Maternal mortality ratio", "PAAN Multilateral Organization Performance Assessment Network", "MRF management results framework", "MTR midterm review", "NDPs National Development Plan", "NEX NEX", "Non-governmental organizations", "Note by the Secretariat", "PAD Performance appraisal and development systems", "PRSs Poverty Reduction Strategy", "PRSPs poverty reduction strategy paper", "RBM results-based management", "RHCS Reproductive Health commodity security", "SDPs Service Station", "SRH Sexual and reproductive health", "STI Dissemination of sexually transmitted infections", "Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted pursuant to Executive Board decision 2009/16 (decision 2009/16). It decided to extend the strategic plan, 2008-2011 to 2013, and decision 2011/13 (para. 9) (a decision to defer the midterm review of the strategic plan to the second regular session 2011). The present report is also submitted in accordance with the guidance of General Assembly resolution 63/232. The midterm review reviewed the changing environment in which UNFPA operates, commented on the progress, results and challenges of the implementation of the strategic plan for the period 2008-2010, as a complement to the Executive Director's annual report DP/FPA/2009/3 (Part I) and its annex (see also the UNFPA website) and the detailed analysis contained in DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1 and the revised strategic direction of UNFPA, including the development results framework and management results framework, based on lessons learned.", "The scope and process of the midterm review are presented in section II of the present report. Section III focuses on background briefings. Section IV presents progress, results and key challenges for the period 2008-2010. Section V, entitled “The future direction for development, 2012-2013”, focuses on future elements, including the strategic direction of the Organization, the new conceptual framework and the revised development results framework and the management results framework. Section VI presents the integrated financial resources framework and describes the resources needed to achieve the results of the strategic plan. Section VII focuses on the implementation of the revised strategic plan, including the steps required to develop the next strategic plan (2014-2017). Section VIII contains a number of points of decision. The revised development results framework and the management results framework are presented in annexes I and II, respectively.", "Scope and process of the midterm review", "The midterm review process includes a review of the forward-looking component. The results and challenges of the implementation of the strategic plan for the period 2008-2010 were reviewed in part and the impact of the changing global environment was studied. The midterm review took a combination of analytical work, including internal and external, and consultations (see figure 1).", "Figure 1.", "Internal and external review: advisory: annual report (Progress in the development results framework/management results framework) - midterm review of global programmes and five regional programmes (GWPs). ( external) - UNFPA staff: Executive Committee of the various divisions - Report of the Division of Oversight Services (2011) Visitors and discussion groups on the Intranet - Report of the United Nations Board of Auditors Global meetings of all staff - Country Office annual reports and country programme assessments - external assessments: Global Development Centre, Multilateral Organization Performance Assessment Network, Executive Board for Multilateral Assistance Review of the United Kingdom Department for International Development ( formal and informal): Viet Nam June 2010, November 2010, February 2011 and June 2011 - partners and stakeholders: midterm review teams of global and regional programmes", "A comprehensive set of findings and recommendations", "The forward-looking review of how UNFPA can better fulfil its mandate by further highlighting the strategic priorities of the organization, including the revised results framework, and updating the resource estimates for the remainder of the strategic plan. The process examined a range of issues raised by both internal and external stakeholders, including the Executive Board, although the purpose of the review was to strengthen the strategic plan rather than to fundamentally revise the plan.", "The themes discussed included the Organization's commitment to addressing the issues (e.g. whether the Organization should continue to have three focus areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality, or should narrow the scope of its focus); what role the Organization should play (e.g. whether it could best support States by providing services, generating evidence, capacity-building or promoting innovation through advocacy, provision of policy advice and assistance); and what should be done by the Organization (e.g. whether it should continue to operate worldwide and should reduce the geographical scope of its coverage).", "With regard to the review segment, discussions were held within the Organization and with the above-mentioned stakeholders on the direction of future development. Any comments made by these partners beyond the scope of the revised strategic plan will be included in the formulation of the next strategic plan (2014-2017).", "Background", "The overall mandate of UNFPA is based on the Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). This overall mandate, combined with General Assembly resolution 62/208, other relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and the guidance of the Executive Board on decisions, promotes the strategic plan. However, since the inception of the plan, the world has changed and both external and internal events and trends affect the work of UNFPA. As a result, these developments have been taken into account in developing the Organization's future development orientation so that UNFPA can support countries in the best way in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action and achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "The key components of the ICPD agenda remain incomplete and the completion date of the Millennium Development Goals for 2015 is only a few years, but many of the goals remain distant. Of particular concern is the recent discovery that UNFPA can make the most direct contribution to the Millennium Development Goals - - Millennium Development Goal 5 (Improving maternal health) — is far from achieving. This is partly due to the renewed attention paid to maternal health at the United Nations and regional and national levels in recent years, as well as to the broader issue of sexual and reproductive health, which has created an opportunity for UNFPA.", "Population dynamics and family planning are the focus of attention as the world population is close to 7 billion in 2011 and is increasingly concerned about the sustainability of development. The pace of population growth has slowed, but many countries still have high fertility rates. At the same time, the number of young people around the world is unprecedented. At the same time, many countries face challenges related to population ageing as a result of low fertility. Migration and urbanization are of great importance today.", "Despite the importance attached to these issues, the changing political climate means that, despite the broad consensus reached on the ICPD agenda in 1994, this consensus cannot now be regarded as justified, which is a challenge for the next phase of UNFPA.", "The geopolitical and economic environment has also changed since the establishment of the strategic plan in 2007. Some countries that have traditionally received assistance have become middle-income countries. The high growth rate in many parts of the world meant that many other countries were changing to middle-income countries. These developments indicate that the United Nations needs to take new ways of engagement, particularly as they may become important providers of potential donors and/or South-South cooperation. The global financial crisis has led to financial challenges faced by many donors, but while it has exerted pressure on the development assistance budget, ODA has reached the highest historical level of $1,287 million in 2010. [2]", "These changes affect the role of development assistance, making commitments in Paris and Accra more focused on capacity-building and national ownership and national execution. At the United Nations, this impact is reflected in the trend towards more upstream movement, moving from assistance to ideas. This poses an important challenge to the Organization's role and basic business models, which means that cooperation and cooperation partners and the assessment of performance require new approaches. At the same time, there is a growing number of accountability requirements for the enhancement of results, reflected in performance appraisal activities organized by donors and other stakeholders.", "Some developments within the United Nations also affect UNFPA. Reform efforts are continuing and focus on “Delivering as One”. It may affect the role of UNFPA in gender equality and may not be informed of the overall impact.", "These developments highlight the challenges and opportunities faced by UNFPA, and those challenges and opportunities are taken into account in the future development directions described below.", "Summary of progress, achievements and major challenges 2008-2010", "The primary conclusion of the midterm review was that, while there were many proud locations in UNFPA, the potential of the organization had not been fully realized. As noted in section I, a detailed analysis of the implementation of the strategic plan for the period 2008-2010 is contained in the annual report of the Executive Director. The present section outlines progress made and highlights certain results. It focused primarily on lessons learned in several key areas through the midterm review, and UNFPA must improve the situation in these areas so as to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and the Millennium Development Goals and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of UNFPA. The revision of the strategic plan is particularly focused on these areas.", "The review will be presented in accordance with the structure of the two results framework of the strategic plan:", "• The development results framework defines the Organization's work on the ICPD agenda and identifies areas in which UNFPA is working to assist countries in improving the development and health outcomes at a high level.", "• The focus of the management results framework is on the operational activities to be undertaken by UNFPA in order to contribute to overall development results in an efficient and effective manner.", "Development results", "Progress", "The development results framework has three focus areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights and gender equality. These three areas are divided into 13 results and measured through 26 indicators. Figure 2 shows progress towards achieving the 2011 target set out in the strategic plan, as summarized in the annex to document DP/FPA/2009/3 (Part I). Overall, only nine targets have been achieved or are likely to be achieved at the original target date of 2011, while 10 targets are likely to be achievable. Progress in these three focus areas varied, most successful in the area of gender equality.", "Figure 2. Progress in the development results framework", "[]", "Certain results", "Both three areas have highlighted results. In the area of population and development, about 95 per cent of countries included in the survey. UNFPA has also provided capacity-building support to nearly 80 countries in preparation for the 2010 census, particularly in data analysis. Youth peer education networks have increased from 5,000 members in 36 countries in 2007 to more than 200,000 members in 45 countries currently.", "In the area of reproductive health and rights, UNFPA, in partnership with the Health4+ agency, has worked closely on a strategy to reduce maternal and newborn mortality. Capacity-building focused on the training of midwives and the safety of reproductive health commodities, in which UNFPA assisted more than 30 countries to improve the availability of important supplies such as contraceptives and maternal health medicines. The Movement for the Elimination of Ngynaecist fistula has helped more than 6,000 patients in 42 countries to receive medical treatment and to ensure attention and funding for the prevention of fistula and the reintegration of the disease. Capacity-building efforts have contributed to considerable progress in the implementation of the minimum initial package of services in the humanitarian situation, which is now implementing the lowest initial package of services in more than 80 per cent of the humanitarian situation. The UNFPA initiative on condoms supported 74 countries in 2010.", "In the area of gender equality, UNFPA and UNICEF jointly implement the world's largest programme to accelerate the abandonment of maiming/FGM, which uses a human rights-based approach to support the development and implementation of relevant laws, policies and programmes. Support for national capacity-building has also strengthened mechanisms for monitoring and reducing gender-based violence: more than 90 per cent of countries currently have such systems.", "Main challenges", "Despite these results, overall progress is still evident, and the midterm review focuses on identifying key challenges to be addressed to enhance performance. Four key lessons learned in this regard are as follows:", "• Strategic focus. As a result of the adoption of a separate “storage” approach, three focus areas were not fully harmonized, and UNFPA was deemed not to have a clear strategic focus on reducing internal cohesion and weakening the Organization's brands outside. Despite the fact that resources were not allocated on average to three focus areas — reproductive health and rights received the largest share of programme resources to date (about 60 per cent per year) However, it is equally important to see the three focus areas in the form, and it is more difficult to determine which areas are the strategic focus of the Organization.", "• Resource dispersion. At both the global and national levels, UNFPA resources are too decentralized and weaken the Organization's ability to demonstrate effectiveness. Globally, in 2010, nearly 50 offices spent $2 million or fewer in each country. The attempt to play a role across all regions means that those countries facing the greatest problem do not have adequate resources: In only one indicator, half of the total number of maternal deaths was concentrated in six countries, while UNFPA allocated only 16 per cent of its total resources. Moreover, the impact of these resources at the country level has been diminished, as country offices are trying to commit to many of the results areas in the context of very few budgets. A recent review found that at the country level, the resources allocated to the three focus areas varied, indicating that UNFPA programming did not always fully take into account local needs and capacities, but rather sought to address all aspects of the Organization's mandate. It is even worse that the Organization uses numerous implementing partners managed through the annual workplan: In 2010, UNFPA had over 1,400 implementing partners to deal with more than 2,300 annual work plans, resulting in small projects that could not be scaled up and had an impact on efficiency, leading to significant financial management issues. Details are given below.", "• Clear UNFPA role. Although the United Nations system is experiencing a major shift from aid to the provision of ideas, UNFPA has not systematically managed to address the impact of such changes on its work at the country level and to ensure that the Organization's requirements can yield performance in this new paradigm. This issue is particularly acute in middle-income countries, and the challenges faced by these countries are usually related to issues such as inequality and marginalized groups. Therefore, if access to the poorest groups of those countries is to be achieved, the Organization needs to adopt a different approach that differs from among the least developed countries, since most of the least developed countries are not able to have adequate services.", "• Measuring. Some of the challenges associated with measurement methods have made it more difficult to assess progress in the initial years of the strategic plan. For example, the results indicators contained in the development results framework are often not measurable on a regular basis. In addition, UNFPA contributions to higher-level outcomes are often difficult to obtain accurate records, as the development results framework indicators are primarily the shared responsibility of countries with UNFPA and are not supplemented by other indicators that can assess the direct contributions of the Fund.", "In summary, while significant progress has been made in some areas of the development results framework, the Organization is still likely to do more and better. The review identified a number of challenges that should be addressed during the remainder of the strategic plan.", "Management results", "Progress", "Nine outputs in the management results framework were 19 indicators, which were categorized under six themes in the initial strategic plan. As in the development results framework, progress in the management of the results framework will be mixed, with less than half of the indicators to be met by the end of 2011 (figure 3). However, the management results framework faces two challenges and makes it difficult to draw conclusions on this evidence.", "First, almost one third of the indicators were not available in 2010. Secondly, indicators in the management results framework are not always appropriate, with too narrow indicators, and it is therefore difficult to conclude the overall performance of one output. For example, an indicator of output “UNFPA retains work-driven and staff in a position to be able to do so” is “to advertise the vacancy from the post to send a provisional notice of recruitment”. This indicator reflects only one part of the process of ensuring the full staffing of UNFPA personnel and does not fully reflect a more important issue, namely, the fact that more than one of the six posts in UNFPA in 2010.", "Progress in the management results framework", "[]", "Several achievements", "Despite these measurement challenges, progress has been made in some areas. In the area of results-based management and evidence-based programming, activities have been carried out by all organizations. For example, at the global level, the organization's capacity has begun to increase as a result of the optimization initiatives, the launch of evaluation policies and the development of evidence-based programming guidelines (in the performance rate of country programme evaluations increased from 35 per cent in 2009 to 78 per cent in 2010. At the regional level, offices have established peer learning networks for sharing lessons learned and introduced quality assurance mechanisms. Nevertheless, more needs to be done to ensure that the principles of results-based management and evidence-based programming are systematically used by all organizations.", "In the area of human resources, UNFPA has maintained a high level of staff satisfaction and impetus and is also seen as one of the most recommended work units within the United Nations system. The performance appraisal and development system has been systematically adopted and the completion rate has been high and others have expressed interest in adopting this tool. UNFPA has designed and implemented a face-to-face training module on managers' accountability in the area of ethics at the workplace and has fully complied with financial disclosure programmes.", "As shown in the 2010 review of the Multilateral Organization Performance Assessment Network, UNFPA has also received good evaluations in terms of partnership efforts, such as its contribution to country-level policy dialogue. The contribution of UNFPA to the United Nations reform efforts has been recognized at the global (e.g. as chair of the Commission and the Working Group), regional (e.g., playing a leading role in strategic activities in the areas of youth and maternal health) and national (e.g. through joint initiatives). The status of UNFPA has now been recognized in response to humanitarian crises.", "Despite the challenging nature of the macroeconomic environment, UNFPA has completed its funding targets over time. Finally, with regard to strengthening the Organization's focus on field work, some important steps have been taken: the restructuring process has been completed in practice in the near future; although regional differences exist, country offices have given positive evaluation of the relevance and quality of regional office support.", "Major challenges", "Through the management results framework performance review, the supplementary internal analysis, the reports of external auditors and internal auditors, country programme evaluations, partner assessment reports and midterm review consultations, identified a long range of management areas requiring improvement. However, the ultimate issue was widely felt as the most important management issue facing the Organization:", "• Programme effectiveness. UNFPA programmatic work must be more effective in the overall process of programming, implementation programmes and monitoring and evaluation programmes. At present, there is limited demand and use for evidence-based decision-making. Therefore, UNFPA programming is not always driven by evidence, including through the evaluation of lessons learned and other party findings (although progress has been made in the development of country programmes based on the situation analysis and findings). In the course of implementation, more emphasis must be placed on the use of results-based management principles. Monitoring and evaluation needs to be strengthened at the national, regional and global levels and the systematic use of monitoring and evaluation guidance decision-making.", "• Management resources. The management resource output of the management results framework is the only output that is grossly off from orbit. In addition, the United Nations Board of Auditors issued a reservation audit opinion to UNFPA in the previous biennium. According to current estimates, the amount of undocumented expenditure in NEX in 2010 has not shown a decline compared to the previous year. Despite policies to address these issues, compliance remains a challenge. There are also management decisions that increase risks and reduce efficiency. In particular, the surge in the number of implementing partners noted above makes financial management more difficult. The number of implementing partners reached or exceeded 30 country offices, with nearly 20 per cent of the nationally executed audits conducted by partners having negative results, while the percentage was reduced by half by implementing partners than 10 country offices.", "• Human resources. Although some aspects of the recruitment process have accelerated in recent years, the vacancy rate for the organization in 2010 remains 17 per cent, i.e. one vacancy per six posts. This has severely affected the ability of organizations to plan implementation. In addition, the organization faces a wave of retirements, with nearly one third of the older staff expected to retire in the next five years. A concern related to the management of staff performance: only 30 per cent of staff feel poorly treated. In order to strengthen the UNFPA performance appraisal and development system, considerable efforts have been made, with significant results being assessed by almost all staff, but the way in which the system is used does not adequately address poor performance issues: In 2010, 97 per cent of staff were either rated to be full-time or rated to be good, with only 3 per cent being assessed as part of their duties or omissions.", "• Resource mobilization. During the strategic plan, UNFPA sought to achieve the goal of resource mobilization, but this was still seen as a major challenge for two reasons. First, the percentage of resources contributed as regular (core) funds has fallen, accounting for 63 per cent of income in 2007 and to 58 per cent in 2010. Secondly, UNFPA is heavily dependent on a small number of donors: in 2010, 96 per cent of regular contributions come from 15 largest donors, which has a considerable risk. In recent years, the number of countries that have contributed to UNFPA has declined, from 182 in 2007 to 150 countries. In recent years, the development assistance provided by emerging economies, such as Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia, as well as the private sector, including the Foundation, has grown significantly, but such development assistance remains a small fraction of UNFPA contributions.", "UNFPA has the potential to achieve an excellent operational performance by addressing the four challenges mentioned above, which constitute a common core of the Organization's management of its own elements, and to develop the Organization's capacity to achieve development results on the ground.", "Future direction, 2012-2013", "UNFPA is at a turning point where the external environment is changing and progress on the ICPD agenda is inadequate, which presents both challenges and opportunities. The present section builds on the important findings and analyses of the midterm review and describes how the organization should adapt its course of action over the next two years.", "Strategic direction", "In order to improve the Organization's strategic focus, the midterm review process revisited the practice of splitting the development results framework into three focus areas, as well as the most critical target audience for UNFPA work. On that basis, a revised target, as shown in figure 4.", "Figure 4", "[]", "The goal is to promote reproductive rights, reduce maternal mortality, accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and Millennium Development Goal 5 (A and B) in order to enhance the empowerment of groups without adequate services and to improve the lives of those groups, in particular women and young people (including adolescents).", "In order to achieve this goal, UNFPA will continue to coordinate and build partnerships with other United Nations agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations, Governments, non-governmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, academic institutions and the private sector. In collaboration with these partners, UNFPA will focus on its comparative advantages as a leader of thought, advocate and partnership-building to promote the achievement of the ICPD agenda and the Millennium Development Goals.", "Improving results accountability", "conceptual framework: linking the development results framework and the management results framework", "In order to achieve strategic direction, there is a need to strengthen mechanisms within UNFPA to ensure accountability for results. The Organization's results framework, namely, the development of results frameworks and the management of results framework, is an important tool for achieving that goal, since both results frameworks describe both UNFPA priorities and the mechanism for regular assessment of performance. Consequently, the midterm review focused on updating the two results framework.", "The first step in this process is to clarify the conceptual framework for UNFPA results. The development results framework and the management results framework are an integral part of the overall chain of results of UNFPA, but the link between the direct activities of UNFPA and the development results at the higher level is not clear. The Executive Board, in its decision 2010/32, explicitly requested UNFPA to strengthen this link. A simple programme has been developed for that purpose, as shown in figure 5.", "Figure 5. conceptual framework", "[]", "The trees, on behalf of UNFPA, contribute to the achievement of a number of the highest-level outcomes, often using internationally agreed indicators to measure those achievements, such as the prevalence of contraceptives, maternal mortality and HIV prevalence. Many actors contribute to these results [3], and accountability for progress lies primarily with the State itself, rather than external partners such as UNFPA. UNFPA was making a difference at that level, and the Organization had indeed had an impact on it, and should therefore be measured in part by progress at that level. However, it is usually not possible to set the targets of these indicators by year and to measure their progress. UNFPA approach is to measure trends and assess whether progress is being made towards achieving longer-term goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals target 2015.", "The middle level of the manpower representative has been a gap in the UNFPA measurement approach. This level is also part of the development results framework, which shows that the core of the direct contribution of UNFPA to the achievement of results is its role in capacity-building to enable countries themselves to achieve the ICPD agenda. The indicators at this level aim to track the following outputs: strengthening national capacities (including a decrease in the percentage of countries with a shortage of contraceptive stockpiles) and the direct contribution of UNFPA (e.g. the number of trained logistics managers). The accountability at this level is shared by UNFPA with countries, but the direct role of UNFPA in this regard is more important. The inclusion of this level would therefore greatly enhance the chain of results and enhance the Organization's ability to assess programme performance.", "On behalf of UNFPA, it effectively manages its own capacity, thus laying a solid foundation for the more senior results described above. As indicated in the management results framework, UNFPA has a direct accountability responsibility for the outputs in this area, although the performance of some management results framework indicators is indeed dependent on UNFPA partners.", "Key principles in the revised results framework", "The revised results framework follows several principles:", "• Concrete results through the identification of priorities. As a result of the desire to carry out activities, results/outs and indicators are too high, the result is the difficulty in identifying organizational priorities and in assessing overall performance. Thus, the guiding principle of article I is to place those areas that are most conducive to enhancing the Organization's ability to contribute to the ICPD agenda as a priority area, combining results/outputs and indicators in that process. Thus, a number of important areas are no longer listed as separate outcomes/outputs, particularly if those areas are mainstreamed into the regular work of UNFPA or are not areas where UNFPA needs to focus on improvements. For example, the reform of the United Nations is important for the work of UNFPA, but the results of the midterm review show that this work has been established within the Organization and that partners generally acknowledge the efforts of UNFPA in this area, and that this work will not be included in a single output. This principle means that all topics considered important by stakeholders will be included in the new results framework. However, the numerous benefits of a more streamlined and focused outcome framework are sufficient to offset the above-mentioned impacts.", "• Absorption. Taking into account the budgetary and capacity of the organization, UNFPA was unable to address all aspects of the ICPD agenda in all places, recognizing that this meant that it was necessary to carefully select the organizational focus. A combination of these options should include the comparative advantages of the organization and the needs, capacities and clear interest of the countries in which UNFPA works. The adoption of the principle of avoiding large-scale lens will improve the ability of UNFPA to provide assistance to countries that have prioritized certain aspects of the ICPD agenda in national strategies and to improve its capacity to measure progress in those countries. In addition, the disproportionate frontline will make UNFPA a more effective partner in identifying international efforts focusing on specific countries. [4]", "• Averting “short” thinking. Another principle followed by the revised framework is that the structure surrounding the organizational framework for important matters is not based on existing organizational structures. Their own “shall” thinking is extremely prevalent in the results framework, which is inefficient due to inadequate cooperation. The results framework now reflects the institutional priorities that the Organization should contribute to. For example, while a output focuses on human resources management, the responsibility for this output should not be fully vested in the Human Resources Division, but rather human resources management as an organization-wide priority, and all units must contribute to it.", "• Improve measurement. The last guiding principle is to improve the measurement of the results framework. Emphasis was placed on ensuring that indicators could be measured on a regular basis, since, by the end of 2010, 10 indicators (22%) were not available in 45 development results frameworks and management results framework indicators. There are also a number of indicators that have only become more obsolete. In addition, the goal at the end of the strategic plan was identified only and no annual targets were identified, thus limiting the ability to track performance and the direction of medium-term adjustments. [5] Another key element in improving measurement is the production of metadata for each indicator. These tables provide detailed definitions, methods of calculation, data sources and frequency of measurement, as an important mechanism to ensure the reliability of measurement systems and to improve transparency. [6] Finally, these management results framework indicators are chosen to focus on specific organizational actions that require improvement and to create momentum for changing such behaviour.", "C. Focus on development results", "Focusing the development results framework", "The new development results framework has strengthened the focus of UNFPA by consolidating and focusing on a limited number of strategic priorities, showing a reduction from 13 to 7 results. In addition, the development of a comprehensive agenda on population and development, sexual and reproductive rights and gender equality, in line with the strategic direction, means that the results of the development results framework are no longer divided into three areas, but constitute a set of core areas that will be the Organization's focus on its work in the remaining two years of the strategic plan.", "Outcomes and outputs of the development results framework", "The structure of the revised development results framework is as follows: the framework begins at a higher policy level, the first of which relates to plans and strategies for integrating population dynamics and their linkages with young people, including adolescents, reproductive health, gender equality and poverty reduction into national and sectoral sectors. The framework then presents three results related to access to maternal health, family planning and HIV/AIDS transmission services. Although these are listed as separate results, they will be used as integrated as possible in operational operations.", "The fifth outcome relates to gender equality and reproductive rights, and the sixth outcome focuses on young people. The final part of the overall framework is a result related to data collection, analysis and dissemination, which spans the six outcome areas referred to above and is related to the first outcome, since this result ensures that the needs of high-quality data are met to affect policy formulation.", "As noted in section V, capacity-building and programme outputs have been included in the development results framework. For each outcome, UNFPA has contributed directly to national progress through a number of outputs reflecting changes in national capacity to achieve the ICPD agenda. As these outputs are related to capacity development, they are mutually reinforcing and often contributing to more than one outcome. For example, capacity development on family planning will also benefit maternal health services and help reduce maternal mortality.", "All results, outputs and indicators and objectives are shown in annex I.", "Outcome 1: Population dynamics and their linkages with young people, including juveniles, gender equality and poverty reduction, including family planning, are integrated into national and sectoral development plans and strategies.", "UNFPA has a comparative advantage in the area of population: effective use of population analyses for the identification of poverty and projections; cross-cutting thematic analyses that link population dynamics to health, gender and adolescent policies. UNFPA will work with Governments and other partners to integrate sexual and reproductive health services, including family planning, into national health sector policies and plans. UNFPA will also work with partners to integrate youth, including juveniles, into poverty reduction strategies and national development frameworks and to promote the right of young people, including adolescents, to participate in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring at all levels.", "Outcome 2.", "UNFPA will focus on maternal health as part of reproductive health. UNFPA will work closely with health-care4+ agencies and other partners to support the Global Strategy on Women and Children's Health, as well as other initiatives to accelerate the maternal mortality reduction campaign in Africa. UNFPA will support capacity-building in the implementation of national human resources policies, in particular raising the skills of childbirth, to provide basic emergency obstetric services to address unsafe abortion complications. In addition, greater emphasis will be placed on addressing maternal diseases such as obstetric fistula.", "Outcome 3: There are more opportunities for individuals and couples to obtain and utilize quality family planning services in accordance with their reproductive intentions.", "UNFPA will focus more on family planning, including integrating family planning into integrated reproductive health services and linking maternal health and HIV prevention. UNFPA will continue to support Governments in strengthening reproductive health commodity security, including building national capacities, and in managing the provision of reliable modern contraceptives. UNFPA will also focus on increasing demand for family planning through measures at the community level.", "Outcome 4.", "In line with the new division of labour of the AIDS Agency, the main focus of UNFPA is on reducing HIV transmission, preventing HIV infection among young people, including adolescents, and preventing mother-to-child transmission. Major measures include the expansion of integrated condoms programming and the treatment of HIV in sexual work.", "Outcome 5: Promote gender equality and reproductive rights through advocacy and implementation of laws and policies.", "UNFPA will continue to build national capacities to implement laws and policies promoting gender equality and reproductive rights, with particular emphasis on gender-based violence and will continue its efforts to address gender-based violence in humanitarian situations and to work together to eliminate harmful practices such as female genital mutilation. In addition, UNFPA will promote gender equality in the spirit of commitment by the United Nations system as a whole to “One United Nations” and, as necessary, to coordinate with them and other agencies. UNFPA will also continue to advocate for the protection and realization of reproductive rights and engage actively with civil society groups, including religious organizations and community organizations, in promoting gender equality and reproductive rights.", "Outcome 6: Increased access to sexual and reproductive health services and sexual education for young people, including adolescents.", "UNFPA will strengthen support for young people in accessing primary sexual and reproductive health services, with particular emphasis on the provision of such services to adolescent girls. UNFPA will support young people, including juveniles, in their efforts to build national capacities to develop comprehensive education policies and curricula that are age-appropriate.", "Outcome 7.", "UNFPA will intensify its efforts to enhance national capacity for data analysis and to promote evidence-based planning and programming on population issues and developments, youth, including juveniles, gender equality and sexual and reproductive health. Special attention is given to humanitarian data.", "Cross-cutting issues", "A number of issues cross all seven results, which were made possible in order to avoid duplication under each outcome.", "Mainstreaming the needs of young people, including adolescents", "Although special attention is paid to outcome 6, all results relate to the needs of young people, including juveniles. UNFPA will work with Governments and other partners to advocate for increased investment in the health, education and livelihoods of young people, including adolescents, and to take advantage of population windows, addressing the following key issues: sexual and reproductive health services, HIV prevention and gender equality. In addition, special attention will be given to promoting the rights of young people, including juveniles, including their right to participate in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring at all levels. UNFPA will also focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, especially adolescent girls. Because of the multisectoral nature of youth-related issues, coordination must be coordinated with other partners.", "Human rights and gender equality", "Human rights and gender equality will continue to be mainstreamed into the work of UNFPA. In this process, culturally sensitive approaches have been adopted with a focus on the poorest and most excluded groups, including the development of plans, policies, laws and programmes from the perspective of human rights and gender equality, as well as ensuring that women, youth and other vulnerable groups are aware of their rights and have the right to decide on their sexual and reproductive health and life options.", "Inclusive partnerships and national ownership", "UNFPA work in each outcome area will continue to be based on inclusive partnerships and the principle of national ownership. Governments continue to be important partners in UNFPA, even if UNFPA has established new strategic relationships with non-governmental organizations such as religious organizations, academic institutions and the private sector (as mentioned above, balancing the need to avoid the proliferation of partnerships).", "Humanitarian assistance", "UNFPA will continue to support the integration of the ICPD Programme of Action into emergency preparedness, humanitarian response and transition and recovery processes. UNFPA has a humanitarian comparative advantage in reproductive health, gender-based violence and data areas. This support is also of great importance during the transition from emergency to development. The recent development of the second-generation humanitarian response strategy of UNFPA will help to promote mainstreaming and make UNFPA activities more strategic, measurable and sustainable. UNFPA will continue to strengthen the capacity of regional offices to provide guidance and mobilize support to country offices to meet the needs of sexual and reproductive health in emergencies. UNFPA leadership at the global level will be strengthened by focusing more on strategic areas such as partnerships and quality assurance, drawing on lessons learned from recent emergencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Pakistan and the Sudan.", "United Nations reform", "UNFPA fully supports United Nations reform. Joint programming at the country level and coordination at the global and regional levels remain fundamental to UNFPA efforts. UNFPA will continue to play a leading role in supporting United Nations reform and continue to advocate for the Delivering as One agenda at all levels.", "South-South cooperation", "UNFPA will strengthen its support for South-South cooperation in all seven results areas to promote the sharing of knowledge and lessons learned, capacity-building and accelerate implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and the Millennium Development Goals. This is a promising model for providing technical assistance and expanding UNFPA engagement with middle-income countries.", "Achieving good functioning", "Focusing on the management results framework", "The implementation of the above principles can significantly streamline the management results framework and reduce the current nine outputs to four. The revised outputs relate to the main challenges described above and are priorities for management over the next two years.", "In order to highlight the focus of the management results framework, a number of difficult decisions must be taken, although partners and United Nations reform areas are still important for the Organization, ultimately they are not listed as separate outputs but are mainstreamed. Other areas such as transparency will be dealt with outside the results framework and will take a variety of ways to increase transparency, such as commitment to regular publication of results framework performance data on the UNFPA website.", "As a result, the number of areas included in the management results framework will be limited, which will help UNFPA to achieve excellence in its operational activities in these areas. In order to enhance the Fund's early identification of issues and its ability to adapt, the senior management sector will conduct regular performance assessments on a regular basis over previous years.", "Management of results framework outputs", "Output 1: Enhanced programme effectiveness through enhanced results-based evidence-based programming.", "The ability of UNFPA to play a role depends on the quality of its programming, mainly at the country level. During the next two years, the focus will be on results-based management and evidence-based programming. UNFPA has developed a number of tools in these two areas and will concentrate on ensuring systematic use of these tools to improve the quality of programming. One of the concrete steps taken to that end is the implementation of the quality assurance mechanism to review the draft programme documents of all countries in order to bring them into line with the standards relating to results-based management and evidence-based programming. Another step was to improve country programme evaluation, highlighting the high quality of evaluation and to inform programming.", "Output 2: Enhanced resource management through efficiency and improved risk management.", "In the remaining years of the strategic plan, the main focus was on improving the management of UNFPA funds entrusted to it. One aspect is efficiency in the control of management-related costs and the improvement of implementation rates. It is closely related to improving UNFPA procurement efficiency, with a particular focus on reducing pre-delivery times for delivery. [7] The second main aspect is the targeted response of the United Nations Board of Auditors and the UNFPA Division of Oversight Services to the concerns raised by UNFPA expenditure at the country level, particularly under the NEX modality. Enhancing financial management in this area is an important priority for the next two years, with a focus on strengthening the oversight of implementing partners and promoting capacity-building for implementing partners to reduce negative audit findings, unwarranted expenditure and advance payments. In order to address the broader selection and management of implementation partners, such as the approach of a number of country offices in partnership with many implementing partners, the quality assurance system is being put in place to ensure effective leadership by managers, including monitoring potential risk areas and mandatory compliance with mitigation measures.", "Output 3.", "The ability of UNFPA to succeed depends to a large extent on how human resources are addressed. The output has two priorities: first, UNFPA will focus on ensuring that sufficient staff are able to carry out its mandate; and secondly, will give priority to strengthening a culture of accountability and improving the way in which performance is addressed. In addition, capacity gaps will be identified and investments will be made to allow staff to have the necessary skills and to further enhance UNFPA delivery capacity. To that end, a safe and secure working environment for all UNFPA staff must be provided. Staff must also uphold the highest standards of professional integrity and continue to make progress in strengthening the Organization's ethical standards.", "Output 4.", "The ambitious agenda described in this document cannot be achieved without funding. During the remaining time of the strategic plan, emphasis was placed on the level of funds and sources. Funding is very important because regular contributions are different from earmarked contributions, enabling UNFPA to plan and implement activities more effectively and efficiently. In addition, UNFPA will focus on diversifying its sources of finance, including the pursuit of increased contributions from emerging economies and the private sector. A more proactive approach to resource mobilization will enable UNFPA to contribute more to accelerating the implementation of the ICPD agenda and the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 5.", "The indicators and objectives of the management results framework are set out in annex II.", "Integrated financial resources framework", "Resource requirements and flows of the ICPD", "Until 2008, contributions to the ICPD Programme of Action had increased steadily, bringing about $1.4 billion in 2008. [8] However, this trend has since been stagnated, and funds raised in 2009 and 2010 are estimated to be largely at the same level. It is expected that a slight increase in 2011 will amount to $10.8 billion. Domestic resources from developing countries continue to increase, from $208 million in 2009 to $3.4 billion in 2011.", "These figures remain significantly below the overall level of funding required to achieve the goals of the Programme of Action. The funding required for 2009 is estimated at $490 million, which is expected to increase to $682 million and $668.6 million in 2012 and 2013. UNFPA will intensify its awareness-raising activities, as requested by the General Assembly in its recent report No. 34 on the follow-up to the International Conference on Population and Development in 2014, in order to keep the ICPD Programme of Action at the centre of the development agenda.", "Resource requirements for 2012-2013", "Income projections", "UNFPA income for the biennium 2010-2011 is estimated at $1561 million (temporary figures, as the final figures for 2011 are temporary), of which $96.7 million are regular resources and $59.6 million are other resources. Based on historical trends and the information provided by donors to date, UNFPA anticipates a total income of $1.7 billion in 2012-2013, of which $8.3 million is projected in 2012 and $870 million in 2013; $139 million will come from regular contributions and $6.8 million from other resources.", "This represents an increase of 10 per cent compared to the initial actual contributions for the biennium. This change is not significant because the process of achieving Millennium Development Goal 5 needs to be significantly accelerated and this change is significantly lower than the historical growth rate for the biennium 2000-2001 to the biennium 2010-2011, with an annual growth rate of 16 per cent during that period.", "Linkages between the results framework and resources", "In accordance with Executive Board decision 2010/32, UNFPA will “to ensure a comprehensive and transparent link with the institutional and management results framework of the strategic plan”.", "The UNFPA budget for 2012-2013 will be prepared in accordance with the priorities identified in the results framework to harmonize resources for the achievement of indicators. As this work has not yet been completed, the business plan aimed at promoting the implementation of the change measures contained in the midterm review has not been completed, the above-mentioned correlation will be reflected in the budget submission to the Executive Board. At that time, an analysis will be provided on how to redistribute resources based on the midterm review.", "As noted above, the revised results framework was simplified to focus on the most important issues facing the Organization. On the one hand, the impact of this approach is that the output of the results framework is not the sole responsibility of UNFPA divisions or units, which differ from traditional practices. [9] As a result, various UNFPA divisions and units will contribute to a number of outputs.", "Resource requirements", "The total provision for the programme and institutional budget for the period 2012-2013 will amount to $1752 million, an increase of 20 per cent compared to the initial projections for 2010-2011. However, the expenditure for 2010 is clearly beyond the original projections to compare the actual figures for 2010 to a table showing that the increase in expenditure will be less than 1 per cent.", "The proposed resource use shows that the proportion of resources allocated to the regular management costs has changed significantly compared to the regular management costs: the amount of resources allocated to the recurrent management costs is reduced from 15.8 per cent in the current biennium to 13.1 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013.", "The programme component under the column on resource use includes both country programmes and global and regional programmes. The resources allocated to country programmes and global and regional programmes are synonymous with the proportion originally envisaged in 2008-2011 (11.1 per cent of regular resources).", "Proposed resource requirements, 2012-2013 [10]", "(In millions of United States dollars)", "Total regular resources", "Resources available", "Initial balances", "Contributions and other income 950.0 450.01 400.01 1,038.8 68 0.01 718.8", "Total resources available", "Resource use", "Programme [11] 689.4 498.2", "Institutional budget", "Development effectiveness 531 5.7 8.7", "Management", "recurrent costs 189.0 32.5 226 185.8", "Non-recurrent costs 8.9 - 8.9", "Special purpose 5.9 - 5.9 -", "Total institutional budget 256.93 295.2 244.4 47.3 296", "A total of 946.4 536.51 482.8 1,065.3 686.5", "Implementation of the revised strategic plan", "Changes in the strategic plan presented in the present report will not occur overnight, but will be gradually achieved in the remaining years of the plan. Nor will there be no automatic occurrence as certain changes are included in the plan, but they require constant attention from UNFPA leadership and management. As noted below, a number of procedures have been designed to prepare these changes.", "Operational plan", "In collaboration with the midterm review, operational plans for 2012-2013 are being developed. The findings and conclusions of the midterm review provided reference to the business plan, which would include mechanisms to better deliver the revised strategic plan. The business plan will enhance efficiency by simplifying business processes, streamlining decision-making processes and strengthening accountability.", "Global, regional and national coherence", "Country-level", "Following the approval by the Executive Board of the revised results framework, tools and guidelines used by country offices will be updated to better link country programmes to the revised results and outputs. Planning sessions will be held in each region to help national and regional offices align their programmatic documents and action plans with the revised strategic plan.", "Country offices will be responsible for implementing changes described in the revised strategic plan, in conjunction with national partners. This work should be based on national ownership, needs and capacities, and its results should be more focused on country programmes and must be prioritized in areas where UNFPA could play a role. It is important that the country programme should not be linked to all results and outputs, but that it should be focused solely on the results and outputs that are tailored to specific circumstances. Country programmes containing activities that fall outside the revised results framework will gradually withdraw from these activities (should be carried out progressively to reduce disruption of programmes).", "With a greater focus on key areas in which UNFPA can play its greatest role, together with better adapting to local specific circumstances, it is expected that country programmes will be more diversified and out of the “one-size-fits-all” approach and that such an approach would make the programme's attempts without fully considering local specificities.", "The distinction must also be based on national ownership, taking into account national needs and capacities, when specific implementation is undertaken. For example, shifts from delivery to delivery thinking — from support for implementation to the upstream policy dialogue and advocacy — will be carried out from local specific circumstances. However, in adopting this bottom-up approach, it is also important to focus more on the role of quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that country offices meet minimum standards.", "Global and regional levels", "In accordance with decision 2009/16, UNFPA global and regional programmes (DP/FPA/2007/19) were extended to 2013. Following the approval by the Executive Board of the revised results framework, global and regional programmes will be aligned with new results and outputs and will be prepared for the period 2012-2013. UNFPA will prepare new global and regional programmes based on lessons learned during the implementation process, which will then be presented to the Executive Board in conjunction with the new strategic plan 2010-2013.", "Adjustments", "UNFPA reconfiguration has recently been completed and mechanisms aimed at institutionalizing change measures are still being rolled out. In addition, an evaluation of the restructuring is planned in 2012. There was therefore no systematic review of the restructuring during the midterm review. The evolving lessons will affect the way UNFPA actually addresses regionalization issues (including through the business plan process) and will provide important inputs for the next strategic plan.", "C. Enhanced measurement methods", "As noted above, problems with measurement methods limit the ability to assess progress in UNFPA work in recent years, both internal and external reviews underline the importance of improving the UNFPA measurement approach. Efforts aimed at improving the measurement approach have been undertaken for a period of time and, in the context of the revision of the results framework, have given high priority on how lessons learned from the implementation of the strategic plan in the initial years are reflected in some changes, such as greater measurement in the formulation of indicators. The periodic review of performance against specific targets, in particular those set out in the management results framework, will help to identify and address problems in real time. Further efforts will also be required, in particular the need to strengthen linkages at the national, regional and global levels, whether conceptually or in the management information system that helps to report on progress in performance.", "Developing a new strategic plan", "Following the midterm review process, a detailed road map will be prepared for the preparation of the next strategic plan (2008-2011) and presented to the Executive Board. A cumulative report on the implementation of the current plan, including the revised results framework, restructuring and global and regional programmes, will be presented to the Executive Board in 2013.", "The next strategic plan will list issues arising during the midterm review but not fully addressed during the midterm review, such as the overall impact of the establishment of a monet on the work of UNFPA on gender equality (mainly visible) and resource allocation and allocation options (which are not part of the midterm review). As noted above, the reform triggered by the midterm review will be gradual and will serve as an important basis for the next strategic plan. Finally, the midterm review process identified a number of lessons learned that would help to develop a stronger system (for the purpose of promoting data collection, documenting a more clear strategic plan as a starting point for the preparation of the budget) and provide information for the formulation of the next strategic plan.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish to:", "(a) To take note of the present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan for 2008-2013, and to welcome the strategic guidance provided to UNFPA in order to achieve results and operational excellence;", "(b) Approval of the future direction contained in the present report (DP/FPA/2009/11), as well as a set of focused results and outputs, as an important step towards achieving the goals of the Conference and helping to achieve the Millennium Development Goals;", "(c) To ratify the revised development and management results framework and the integrated financial resources framework contained in the present report (DP/FPA/2009/11), and encourage countries to help UNFPA meet the overall regular and other resources target for the period 2012-2013, including through multi-year pledges;", "(d) Emphasize the importance of regular resources for the effective implementation of the strategic plan and encourage increased contributions to UNFPA regular resources;", "(e) A cumulative report on the strategic plan for the period 2008-2013 was requested at the 2013 session and a new strategic plan was presented at the second regular session 2013.", "Annex I", "Revised development results framework1", "Outputs: 2010 baseline 2012 target 2013: achieving universal access to sexual and reproductive health (including family planning) services, promoting reproductive rights, reducing maternal mortality, and accelerating progress on the ICPD agenda and Millennium Development Goal 5 (A and B): population dynamics and their ability to integrate issues related to youth (including adolescent) needs, sexual and reproductive health (including family planning), gender equality and poverty reduction strategies into national and sectoral development plans and key indicators, including the integration of the number of national development plans and programmes in national development plans, including:", "Details on the definition of indicators, methods of calculation, data sources and measurement of frequency are available on the UNFPA website.", "The symbol “N=128” indicates that each indicator applies to a particular country: In some cases, all programme countries that apply to UNFPA, while in other cases indicators apply to a group of countries, such as those that are carrying out a specific activity (e.g., the development of national plans) or to countries identified as part of existing international efforts (e.g. the Global Strategy on Women and Children's Health).", "(a) Proportion of households with HIV/AIDS in countries with a total number of targets (12 per cent) (a) and the number of women in the country with the support of the National Strategy for HIV/AIDS (21 per cent) (12 per cent of the total number of women and children in the year 2010-2008) (4 per cent increase in the number of women's reproductive health-related and reproductive health-related interventions) (4 per cent) and the number of newborns (16 per cent of the country's target for 2010) (a) Proportion of national and other gender-responsive education programmes, with the support of UNFPA (35 per cent)", "Annex II", "Revised management results framework1", "(a) A total of <85 per cent (year) of the 2012 target, which is based on the results-based management and evidence-based programme development criteria at least 50% of the country programme document (2011) and 70 per cent (75 per cent) of the annual work plan for the implementation of the target of <9 per cent (2007)) 33% (2008) 30 per cent (2009) 38% N/A2 secure broad-based and stable sources of funding to meet the percentage of the annual strategic plan resource requirements to meet the funding targets 10.3 per cent (2008) 109 per cent (2010), 100 per cent of total regular contributions 63 per cent (2007), 60 per cent, 55 per cent (2010) 7 per cent (2007) 4 per cent (2010)", "Details on the definition, methodology, data sources and measurement of each indicator below are available on the UNFPA website.", "The data on the indicators were collected every two years, so no targets were set in 2013.", "World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2011.", "[2] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Development Assistance for 2010 at the highest level of history”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_344_475235_1_1_1_1_1,00.html.", "[3] This level is referred to as “delivery”, but in strict monitoring and evaluation terms it includes both targets and indicators of achievement. In this regard, UNFPA is using the Millennium Development Goals approach and the Millennium Development Goals indicators are integrated at all levels.", "[4] Global strategies for women and children's health, as well as the global strategy of the AIDS Agency.", "[5] In some cases, it is not possible to develop annual targets, as some important indicators are not able to undertake annual measurements, such as the Millennium Development Goals and the indicators of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS.", "[6] The UNFPA website will provide publicly a metadata.", "[7] The selection of this indicator was due to concerns expressed about the current time of procurement delivery. Another major problem in the efficiency of procurement is the price received, which is being addressed through structural reforms to the UNFPA procurement modality: UNFPA is now systematically coordinating with other entities that procure large reproductive health commodities in order to achieve economies of scale, thereby gaining the internationally competitive prices.", "[8] The figures cited in this paragraph are derived from “Financial flows to assist in the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: report of the Secretary-General”, E/CN.9 (2009)5.", "[9] Human resources and resource mobilization outputs are the same and appear to fall within the purview of the Human Resources Division and the Information and External Relations Division. One major lesson of the midterm review was that those areas should fall within the responsibility of the staff of the organization as a whole, for example, that heads of regional offices attach importance to poor performance and that UNFPA representatives are responsible for resource mobilization.", "[10] The figures set out in this table are estimates and may change.", "[11] Regular resources of 11 per cent for global and regional programmes." ]

[ "法国和美利坚合众国：决议草案", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议，尤其是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议及各项主席声明，以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议，", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺，并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性，", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)，注意到报告中的建议，包括2011年5月1日至14日派评估团到科特迪瓦工作，", "欢迎阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后，科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得的进展，", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺并采取举措以促进对话、公正与和解，包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会，呼吁科特迪瓦所有各方携手做出努力，实现国家的稳定和重建，", "注意到科特迪瓦按照《罗马规约》第12条第3款提交声明接受国际刑事法院管辖，法院检察官已据此请求预审分庭批准对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内发生的战争罪和危害人类罪进行调查，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统请布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府完成和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》尚未完成的事项，", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "对安全局势仍然岌岌可危和不稳定表示关切，回顾科特迪瓦政府负有在科特迪瓦保障和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统3月17日颁布命令，组建科特迪瓦共和国部队(共和国部队)，取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队，强调需要开展包容各方的进程，对安全部门进行改革，", "注意到如秘书长报告(S/2011/387)所述，武装冲突仍然很有可能重现，并注意到对平民的袭击，特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、出逃狱犯和其他非法武装人员发动的袭击，", "回顾最后一次立法选举是2000年12月10日举行的，强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对于科特迪瓦全面恢复宪法秩序、实现民族和解和进行有各方参与的治理至关重要，", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会全体民众，无论男女，都参与选举进程，在选举制度方面公平保护和尊重科特迪瓦所有利益攸关者的人权，尤其是尊重意见和言论自由，", "强烈谴责在选举后危机中发生的种种暴行、严重违反和侵犯人权以及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括法外杀害、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、(包括针对儿童的)性暴力和基于性别的暴力、据称在全国各地(特别是在阿比让和西部)发生的在冲突中招募和使用儿童的行为，", "又强烈谴责选举后危机中发生的袭击和骚扰联合国人员事件，重申这些行为违反了国际法，", "强调，必须调查被指称的所有各方的违反和侵犯人权行为，还重申，必须追究应对这些行为负责的人，不论其属于哪个党派，并欢迎瓦塔拉总统就此做出承诺，", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议设立的国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议，", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机中做出的努力，鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦实现稳定和完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国以及捐助方做出的贡献，", "回顾其以往关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议，重申妇女在消除冲突和建设和平中的重大作用和她们在刚摆脱冲突社会中重建社会构架方面的重要作用，", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动，", "1. 决定将联科行动的任期延长到2012年7月31日；", "2. 决定，联科行动军事部门的核定兵员仍为9 792人，有9 600名官兵和参谋人员，其中包括第1942(2010)号和第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 400人，以及192名军事观察员；", "3. 决定，联科行动的警察部门的核定人员仍为1 350人，并决定维持以前核定的8名海关干事；", "4. 决定批准在联科行动核定军事和警察人数范围内，通过适当调整特派团军事和警察人员人数，增派205名顾问来增加警员人数，这些顾问应有相关的技能，并是秘书长报告所述专门领域的专家；", "5. 决定，为在科特迪瓦实现稳定，包括创建一个有利于立法选举的安全环境，需要有第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 000名官兵和第1942(2010)号决议批准增派的400名官兵和100名警察；", "6. 重申，根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议，秘书长特别代表应核证，选举工作的各个阶段均按国际准则和商定标准，为举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供了一切必要保障；", "7. 决定联科行动应有以下任务：", "保护和安全", "(a) 保护平民", "根据自身能力，在部署地区内保护平民的人身安全免遭迫在眉睫的威胁，同时不妨碍科特迪瓦当局为此担负首要责任，", "订正保护平民的综合战略，并协同联合国国家工作队，与联合国保护平民战略协调一致，以便考虑到实地新情况和弱势群体的特殊需要，并根据第1960(2010)号和第1882(2009)号决议列入防止基于性别的暴力的措施，", "与人道主义机构密切合作，特别是在局势紧张地区和流离失所者返回问题上密切合作，收集关于平民面临威胁的信息，确定平民可能遭受的威胁，并收集违反人道主义法和人权法行为的可靠信息，酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意，并结合联科行动的保护战略，根据联合国全系统的保护战略采取适当行动，", "根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，监测并报告侵害和危害弱势群体(包括儿童)的行为，并协助做出努力，防止这种侵害和危害，", "(b) 应对剩余的安全威胁和边界挑战", "继续根据现有的任务规定，监测和阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体的活动，并定期向安理会通报这方面的情况，", "支持政府在边界沿线和边界地区，特别是与利比里亚接壤地区，监测和处理越界安全挑战和其他挑战，尤其注意武装分子和武器的越界流动，并为此同联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)进行密切协调，以加强特派团之间的合作，例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内，联合进行巡逻和应急规划，", "与政府协调，协助保障科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方的安全，包括在这方面顾及即将到来的立法选举的筹备和举行，", "(c) 监测军火禁运", "与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施的执行情况，包括按照第1980(2011)号决议，视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下，检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料，不论它们存放何处，", "酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施带入科特迪瓦的武器和任何有关物资，并以适当方式处置此类武器和物资，", "(d) 收缴武器", "酌情根据第1980(2011)号决议，继续协助国家当局，包括全国打击小武器和轻武器的扩散和非法贩运委员会，收缴、登记、护卫和处置武器和清除战争遗留爆炸物，", "支持政府协同其他伙伴制订和执行社区武器收缴方案，这一工作应结合减少社区暴力和实现和解的工作来进行，", "与政府协调，确保不在下文(f)段所述国家安全综合战略之外分发或重新使用收缴的武器，", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调，协助政府立即制订和执行一个新的作战人员解除武装、复员和重返社会以及解散民兵和自卫团体的全国方案，该方案应有各种明确的标准，符合新的情况，并考虑到待解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别的人、包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要，", "酌情与联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作，支持解除外国武装分子武装和遣返回国工作，", "(f) 重组和改革安全机构和法制机构", "协助政府立即与其他国际伙伴密切协调，同时也考虑到国家复员方案，对安全机构进行一次全部门审查，并制定一项国家安全综合战略和安全机构改革计划，", "在科特迪瓦政府的领导下并与国际利益攸关方密切合作，支持参与协助安全部门改革进程的各国际伙伴有效协调和统一工作并做到透明，且任务和责任有明确的分工，并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的最新情况，", "酌情就安全部门的改革和未来国家军队的组建向科特迪瓦政府提供咨询，以在其现有资源的范围内，应政府的请求，在与其他国际伙伴密切协调的情况下，帮助向安全和执法机构提供关于人权、儿童保护、免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力的培训，通过技术援助、同地办公和辅导方案支持警察、宪兵、司法人员和狱警的能力建设，帮助他们重新在科特迪瓦全境进行派驻，并支持建立一个可持续的审查机制，审查安全部门机构将采用的人员，", "在现有资源范围内，与国际伙伴协调，支持政府制定和执行一项国家司法部门战略，并制定和执行一项多年期联合国司法支助方案，以建设科特迪瓦的警察部门、司法机构、监狱和司法救助，并对有关的基础设施进行初步紧急修复和提供设备，", "在现有资源范围内，与联合国系统其他机构合作，支持和解，包括建立和运作防止、缓和或解决冲突的机制，特别是地方一级的机制，并扶持社会凝聚力，", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议任命的独立专家密切协调，帮助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权，特别注意针对妇女和儿童的严重侵犯人权行为和虐待行为，尤其是性暴力和基于性别的暴力，", "监测、帮助调查、公开报告和向安理会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的行为，以形成一个保护环境和结束有罪不罚的局面，并为此加强人权监测、调查和报告能力，", "提请安理会注意所有被指认有严重侵犯人权行为的人，并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "酌情并在现有资源范围内，根据第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，支持科特迪瓦政府打击性暴力和性别暴力的努力，包括与参加联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动的各实体合作，帮助拟订一项本国主导的多部门战略，任命保护妇女顾问，并确保有两性平等方面的专业知识和培训，", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "继续促进人道主义援助的通行无阻，并帮助加强向受冲突影响的脆弱人群提供人道主义援助的工作，特别是帮助加强有助于提供援助的安全条件，", "支持科特迪瓦当局与有关人道主义组织合作，为难民和流离失所者的自愿、安全和可持续的回返做准备，创造有利于回返的安全条件，", "和平与选举进程", "(i) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举", "促成一个包容各方的政治进程，支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境，包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力进行协调，", "支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举，提供适当的后勤和技术援助，协助政府作出有效的安全安排，", "提供技术和后勤支助，以协助独立选举委员会在举行立法选举前完成尚未完成的工作，并应请求协助所有政治利益攸关方之间的协商以及为此与独立选举委员会进行的协商，", "考虑到立法选举的具体情况，向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助，以便秘书长根据上文第6段履行认证立法选举的职责，", "(j) 新闻", "按照任务规定继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体，继续酌情向媒体和监管机构提供援助，", "继续通过联科行动的调频电台利用该行动的广播能力，协助创造和平环境、包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力，", "鼓励科特迪瓦的媒体和主要政治行为体全面遵守该国各政党在秘书长主持下签署的选举《良好行为守则》，并签署和遵守媒体《良好行为守则》，", "监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力的事件，提请安理会注意所有被指认煽动政治暴力的人，并随时向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并把国家权力扩展到科特迪瓦全境", "支持科特迪瓦当局在该国主要地区扩展和重建有效的国家行政管理，加强在国家和地方各级的公共行政管理，并开展各项瓦加杜古协议下尚未完成的与国家统一有关的工作，", "(l) 提供便利", "需要时在现有资源的范围内，与调解人和他在阿比让的特别代表协调，协助政府完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，包括酌情为特别代表办公室提供后勤支持，", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "8. 决定按照第1933(2010)号和第1962(2010)号决议，继续授权联科行动根据自身能力，在部署地区内使用一切必要手段执行任务；", "9. 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日发布法令，建立对话、真相与和解委员会，鼓励政府确保该委员会尽快全面开展工作，并呼吁联合国系统支持该委员会的工作，以确保委员会以符合科特迪瓦国际义务的方式开展工作；", "10. 呼吁政府采取必要步骤，重新建立和巩固有关机构，包括司法、警察和监狱部门，并进一步确保在科特迪瓦有效地保护人权，追究所有侵犯和违反人权的人的责任；", "11. 呼吁政府确保前总统巴博夫妇、前官员及任何其他被拘留人员的保护和拘留条件均符合国际义务，包括确保负责监测拘留中心的有关组织能够接触他们，并根据与适当程序和公正审判要求有关的国际义务来对其进行起诉和审判；", "12. 呼吁联科行动在符合其现有授权和责任的情况下，支持该国和国际社会做出努力，把在科特迪瓦严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法；", "13. 敦促所有各方为联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动提供充分合作，尤其是在科特迪瓦全境保障其安全、安保和行动自由，让其随时通行无阻，以便全面执行任务；", "14. 呼吁联合国国家工作队与政府协商，并与联合国开发计划署(开发署)及有关的国际伙伴密切合作，作为国家复员方案重返社会和经济生活构成部分的一个内容，帮助规划和执行微型项目，向前战斗人员提供可持续的替代谋生手段；", "15. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下，并酌情利用联科行动和联利特派团提供的协助，制定一项次区域战略，用以消除武装集团和武器越境流动以及非法贩运的威胁；", "16. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助安全部门改革的国际伙伴，包括私人公司，遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定，协调彼此的努力，以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴当中进行明确分工；", "17. 决定将安理会对法国部队的授权期限延长至2012年7月31日，以便它在部署和自身能力范围内支持联科行动；", "18. 请秘书长最迟在2011年12月31日向其提交一份中期报告，最迟在2012年6月30日提交最后报告，说明实地情况和本决议的执行情况，又请秘书长经常向安理会介绍情况，说明选举进程中的重大事件，包括联科行动为该进程提供的支持；", "19. 请秘书长考虑到即将举行的立法选举、当前的各项安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展，最迟在2012年3月31日通过上文第18段所述中期报告，或通过一份特别报告，提交可能对联科行动的结构和兵力所进行调整的建议；", "20. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "France and United States of America: draft resolution", "[]", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,", "Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,", "Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorisation from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,", "Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,", "Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,", "Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,", "Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary General (S/2011/387),", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,", "Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,", "Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,", "Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,", "Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,", "Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;", "3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;", "4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisors, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;", "5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;", "6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;", "7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),", "– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,", "– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,", "(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges", "– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,", "– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,", "– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,", "– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo", "– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,", "(d) Collection of weapons", "– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,", "– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,", "– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,", "– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,", "(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions", "– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,", "– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,", "– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,", "– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,", "– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,", "(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights", "– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,", "– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,", "– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),", "(h) Support humanitarian assistance", "– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,", "– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,", "– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,", "– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,", "– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,", "– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,", "(j) Public information", "– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,", "– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,", "– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,", "– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country", "– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,", "(l) Facilitation", "– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,", "8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);", "9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;", "10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;", "11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;", "13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;", "14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;", "15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;", "16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;", "18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;", "19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;", "20. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "France and the United States of America: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967, 1967 (2011), 1967 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) and 1992 (2011), and presidential statements on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d'Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-intervention and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (Speak387), noting the recommendations of the report, including the dispatch of the assessment mission to Côte d'Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress made in the recovery of stability and peace in Côte d'Ivoire, following the assumption of the presidency of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on 21 May 2011 by Al-Asamada de la majea,", "Commending President Waita for his commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of a dialogue, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling on all Ivorian parties to work together to achieve national stability and reconstruction,", "Noting that, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute, Côte d'Ivoire has submitted its declaration under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the Prosecutor of the Court has requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity that have occurred in Côte d'Ivoire since 28 November 2010,", "Taking note of the request made by President Vatara to the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaoré (“the Facilitator”), to continue to assist the Government of Côte d'Ivoire in the completion of the peace process and the outstanding matters of the Ouagadougou Agreement,", " (3) (*) Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "Expressing concern at the continuing precariousness and instability of the security situation, and recalling that the Government of Côte d'Ivoire has the primary responsibility to guarantee peace, stability and the protection of civilians in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Taking note of the announcement by President Vatar of 17 March by which the establishment of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire force (the Republic's forces) replaced the former Ivorian defence and security forces, and stressing the need for an inclusive process to reform the security sector,", "Taking note of the fact that armed conflict is still at risk, as stated in the Secretary-General's report (Sarts. 387), and of attacks against civilians, in particular former Republic Guard soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escapers and other illegal armed personnel,", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000, and stressing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is essential for the full restoration of constitutional order, national reconciliation and inclusive governance in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Emphasizing the importance of the equitable protection and respect for the human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders, in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression, for all Ivorian civil society, regardless of gender, in the electoral process,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, grave violations and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in the post-election crisis, including extrajudicial killings, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, reprisals, sexual and gender-based violence, allegedly committed against children, and the recruitment and use of children in conflicts throughout the country, in particular in Abidjan and western areas,", "Also strongly condemning the attacks and harassment of United Nations personnel in the post-election crisis, and reaffirming that these violations violate international law,", "Emphasizing the importance of investigating alleged violations and human rights violations by all parties, and reiterating that those responsible for such acts must be held accountable, irrespective of the parties, and welcoming President Waita's commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report of the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 16/25 (2011) (A/HRC/17/48) and its recommendations,", "Commending the efforts of the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in the post-election crisis, and encouraging them to remain committed to supporting the stabilization and completion of the peace process in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Commending the contributions of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its previous resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women and peace and security, and resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and resolution 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009), reaffirming the important role of women in the elimination of conflicts and peacebuilding and in rebuilding their social fabric in societies emerging from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d'Ivoire continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "Decides that the authorized strength of the military component of UNOCI remains 9,792, with 9,600 troops and staff, including 2,400 troops authorized in resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967, and 192 military observers;", "Decides that the authorized strength of the police component of UNOCI remains 1,350 and decides to maintain the previously authorized eight Customs officers;", "Decides to approve, within the authorized strength of UNOCI military and police, the increase of the number of police officers by the appropriate adjustments to the number of military and police personnel of the Mission, which shall have the relevant skills and represent experts in the specialized areas reported in the Secretary-General's report;", "Decides that, in order to achieve stability in Côte d'Ivoire, including the creation of a secure environment conducive to legislative elections, 400 troops and 100 police officers are required to ratify the additional authorized strength of 2,000 troops and 1942 (2010);", "Reaffirms that, in accordance with paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the electoral process are provided with all necessary safeguards for the holding of open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international norms and agreed standards;", "Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "In accordance with its capabilities, the physical integrity of the protection of civilians in the area of deployment is protected from imminent threats, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities in this regard,", "A revised comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and, in collaboration with the United Nations country team, coordinated with the United Nations protection strategy in order to take into account the new situation on the ground and the special needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence in accordance with resolutions 1960 (2010) and 1882 (2009),", "In close cooperation with humanitarian agencies, in particular with regard to situations of tension and the return of displaced persons, the collection of information on the threat faced by civilians, the identification of potential threats to civilians, and the collection of reliable information on violations of humanitarian and human rights law, drawing the attention of the Ivorian authorities, as appropriate, in line with the UNOCI protection strategy, and taking appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system-wide protection strategy,", "In accordance with resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), monitoring and reporting on violations and violations against vulnerable groups, including children, and assisting in efforts to prevent such violations and hazards,", "(b) To address remaining security threats and border challenges", "To continue monitoring and preventing activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups, in accordance with existing mandates, and to keep the Council regularly informed of this situation,", "Supporting the Government's monitoring and processing of cross-border security challenges and other challenges along the border and border areas, in particular those bordering Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons, and in this regard, in close coordination with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to strengthen cooperation among missions, such as joint patrols and emergency planning, where appropriate, within its mandate and capabilities,", "In coordination with the Government, to assist in the security of members of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in this regard taking into account the preparation and holding of upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring the arms embargo", "In cooperation with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1584 (2005), monitoring the implementation of the measures set out in paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), including the inspection of all weapons, ammunition and related materiel, wherever appropriate, without prior notification, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "The collection, as appropriate, of weapons and any related materiel in Côte d'Ivoire in violation of paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004) and the appropriate disposal of such weapons and materiel,", "(d) The collection of weapons", "As appropriate, pursuant to resolution 1980 (2011), continued to assist national authorities, including the National Committee against the proliferation and illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons, in the collection, registration, escort and disposal of weapons and ERW clearance,", "Supporting the Government's development and implementation of community weapons collection programmes in collaboration with other partners, which should be undertaken in conjunction with efforts to reduce community violence and achieve reconciliation.", "In coordination with the Government to ensure that weapons seized are not distributed or reused outside the comprehensive national security strategy described in paragraph (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "In close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, the Government has been assisting in the immediate development and implementation of a new national programme for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and the dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, which should have clear criteria in line with the new situation and take into account the rights and needs of different categories of people awaiting disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, including children and women,", "In cooperation with UNMIL and the United Nations country team in the region, as appropriate, to support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements,", "(f) Reshaping and reforming security institutions and rule of law institutions", "To assist the Government to conduct a sector-wide review of security institutions, in close coordination with other international partners, taking into account the national DDR, and to develop a comprehensive national security strategy and security sector reform plan,", "Under the leadership of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, international partners involved in the process of assisting in the reform of the security sector are effectively coordinated and harmonized and transparent, with clear division of tasks and responsibilities, and, where appropriate, report to the Council on the update of the security sector reform process,", "To advise the Government of Côte d'Ivoire, as appropriate, on the reform of the security sector and the establishment of the future national army in order to help provide training to security and law enforcement agencies on human rights, child protection, protection against sexual and gender-based violence, through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes to support the capacity-building of police, gendarmerie, justice and prison police, to help them re-engage throughout Côte d'Ivoire, and to support the establishment of a sustainable review mechanism to review the personnel to be employed by security sector agencies,", "Within existing resources, in coordination with international partners, support the Government in the formulation and implementation of a national justice sector strategy and the development and implementation of a multi-year United Nations justice support programme to build the police, the judiciary, prisons and judicial assistance in Côte d'Ivoire and provide initial emergency rehabilitation and equipment for the relevant infrastructure,", "Within existing resources, cooperation with other bodies of the United Nations system in support of reconciliation, including the establishment and operation of mechanisms for preventing, mitigating or resolving conflicts, in particular at the local level, and the promotion of social cohesion,", "(g) Supporting efforts to promote and protect human rights", "In close coordination with the independent expert appointed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution A/HRC/17/27, the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d'Ivoire, with particular attention to serious human rights violations and abuses against women and children, in particular sexual and gender-based violence,", "Monitoring, helping to investigate, report publicly and report to the Council on violations of human rights and humanitarian law, with a view to creating a situation that protects the environment and ends impunity, and thus strengthens human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacities,", "Draws the attention of the Council to all persons designated as having serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) updated on this matter regularly,", "In accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010), as appropriate and within existing resources, support the efforts of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire to combat sexual violence and gender-based violence, including in cooperation with entities participating in the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict, helping to develop a national-led multisectoral strategy for the appointment of women advisers and ensuring gender-equality expertise and training,", "(h) Support for humanitarian assistance", "Continuing to promote unhindered access to humanitarian assistance and to help strengthen the delivery of humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations affected by conflict, in particular by helping to strengthen the security conditions conducive to assistance,", "Supporting the Ivorian authorities, in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, to prepare for voluntary, safe and sustainable returns of refugees and displaced persons and to create security conditions conducive to return,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Supporting organizations and holding public, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections", "Towards an inclusive political process that supports the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including coordination with ECOWAS and the African Union,", "Supporting organizations and holding public, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, providing adequate logistical and technical assistance and assisting the Government in making effective security arrangements,", "The provision of technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing the outstanding work before the holding of legislative elections, and should assist, upon request, consultations among all political stakeholders and consultations with the Independent Electoral Commission,", "Taking into account the specific circumstances of the legislative elections, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General is provided with the necessary assistance in order to fulfil the role of the Secretary-General in certifying legislative elections in accordance with paragraph 6 above,", "(j) Information", "In accordance with its mandate, the media in Côte d'Ivoire continue to monitor closely, as appropriate, the assistance provided to the media and regulatory bodies,", "Continue to assist in the creation of a peaceful environment, including for legislative elections, through UNOCI's FM radio capacity to use the Operation's broadcasting capacity,", "Encourage the Ivorian media and key political actors to fully respect the Code of Good Conduct for the elections signed by the political parties in the country under the auspices of the Secretary-General and to sign and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the Media,", "Monitoring any public incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, drawing the Council's attention to all persons designated to incite political violence, and informing the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) of this update,", "(k) Redeployment and extension of State authority throughout Côte d'Ivoire", "Supporting the expansion and reconstruction of effective national administration in the main areas of the country, the strengthening of public administration at the national and local levels, and the unfinished work of the State under the Ouagadougou Agreement,", "(l) Facilitating", "Within existing resources, coordination with mediators and his Special Representative in Abidjan is needed to assist the Government in completing the outstanding work of the peace process, including, where appropriate, logistical support for the Office of the Special Representative, as appropriate.", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "Decides to continue to authorize UNOCI to use all necessary means of carrying out its mandate in the area of deployment, in accordance with resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010), in accordance with its capabilities;", "Welcomes President Vatara's decree of 13 May 2011 establishing a dialogue, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission is fully operational as soon as possible, and calls upon the United Nations system to support the work of the Commission in a manner consistent with the international obligations of Côte d'Ivoire;", "Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and consolidate relevant institutions, including the judiciary, the police and the prison sector, and to further ensure the effective protection of human rights in Côte d'Ivoire and to hold accountable all those who violate and violate human rights;", "Calls upon the Government to ensure that the protection and detention conditions of former President Bobo couples, former officials and any other detained persons are in compliance with international obligations, including ensuring that the relevant organizations responsible for monitoring detention centres are able to reach them and prosecute and try them in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "Calls upon UNOCI to support the efforts of the State and the international community to bring to justice those who violate serious human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d'Ivoire, in conformity with its existing mandate and responsibilities;", "Urges all parties to cooperate fully with UNOCI and in support of the operations of the French forces of UNOCI, in particular by guaranteeing their security, security and freedom of movement throughout Côte d'Ivoire, and by denying them access to full implementation;", "Calls upon the United Nations country team, in consultation with the Government and in close cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and relevant international partners, to contribute to the planning and implementation of micro-projects and to provide sustainable alternative means of livelihood to ex-combatants as part of the reintegration and economic life component of the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme;", "Encourages ECOWAS, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) and with the assistance provided by UNOCI and UNMIL, to develop a subregional strategy to eliminate the cross-border movement of armed groups and weapons and the threat of illicit trafficking;", "Calls upon the Government and all international partners involved in assisting in the reform of the security sector, including private companies, to comply with the provisions of the 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts to increase transparency and to establish a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "Decides to extend the mandate of the Council for the French forces until 31 July 2012, in order to support UNOCI within its capabilities;", "Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, no later than 31 December 2011, a midterm report on the situation on the ground and the implementation of the present resolution, no later than 30 June 2012, and further requests the Secretary-General to keep the Council regularly informed of the significant events in the electoral process, including the support provided by UNOCI for the process;", "Requests the Secretary-General, taking into account the progress made in the upcoming legislative elections, the current security challenges and rebuilding of national capacities, to submit recommendations that may be adjusted for the structure and strength of UNOCI by 31 March 2012, no later than 31 March 2012, or through a special report;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "第2000(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月27日第6591次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议，尤其是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议及各项主席声明，以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议，", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺，并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性，", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)，注意到报告中的建议，包括2011年5月1日至14日派评估团到科特迪瓦工作，", "欢迎阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后，科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得的进展，", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺并采取举措以促进对话、公正与和解，包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会，呼吁科特迪瓦所有各方携手做出努力，实现国家的稳定和重建，", "注意到科特迪瓦按照《罗马规约》第12条第3款提交声明接受国际刑事法院管辖，法院检察官已据此请求预审分庭批准对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内发生的战争罪和危害人类罪进行调查，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统请布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府完成和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》尚未完成的事项，", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "对安全局势仍然岌岌可危和不稳定表示关切，回顾科特迪瓦政府负有在科特迪瓦保障和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统3月17日颁布命令，组建科特迪瓦共和国部队(共和国部队)，取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队，强调需要开展包容各方的进程，对安全部门进行改革，", "注意到如秘书长报告(S/2011/387)所述，武装冲突仍然很有可能重现，并注意到对平民的袭击，特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、出逃狱犯和其他非法武装人员发动的袭击，", "回顾最后一次立法选举是2000年12月10日举行的，强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对于科特迪瓦全面恢复宪法秩序、实现民族和解和进行有各方参与的治理至关重要，", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会全体民众，无论男女，都参与选举进程，在选举制度方面公平保护和尊重科特迪瓦所有利益攸关者的人权，尤其是尊重意见和言论自由，", "强烈谴责在选举后危机中发生的种种暴行、严重违反和侵犯人权以及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括法外杀害、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、(包括针对儿童的)性暴力和基于性别的暴力、据称在全国各地(特别是在阿比让和西部)发生的在冲突中招募和使用儿童的行为，", "又强烈谴责选举后危机中发生的袭击和骚扰联合国人员事件，重申这些行为违反了国际法，", "强调，必须调查被指称的所有各方的违反和侵犯人权行为，还重申，必须追究应对这些行为负责的人，不论其属于哪个党派，并欢迎瓦塔拉总统就此做出承诺，", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议设立的国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议，", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机中做出的努力，鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦实现稳定和完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国以及捐助方做出的贡献，", "回顾其以往关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议，重申妇女在消除冲突和建设和平中的重大作用和她们在刚摆脱冲突社会中重建社会构架方面的重要作用，", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动，", "1. 决定将联科行动的任期延长到2012年7月31日；", "2. 决定，联科行动军事部门的核定兵员仍为9 792人，有9 600名官兵和参谋人员，其中包括第1942(2010)号和第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 400人，以及192名军事观察员；", "3. 决定，联科行动的警察部门的核定人员仍为1 350人，并决定维持以前核定的8名海关干事；", "4. 决定批准在联科行动核定军事和警察人数范围内，通过适当调整特派团军事和警察人员人数，增派205名顾问来增加警员人数，这些顾问应有相关的技能，并是秘书长报告所述专门领域的专家；", "5. 决定，为在科特迪瓦实现稳定，包括创建一个有利于立法选举的安全环境，需要有第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 000名官兵和第1942(2010)号决议批准增派的400名官兵和100名警察；", "6. 重申，根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议，秘书长特别代表应核证，选举工作的各个阶段均按国际准则和商定标准，为举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供了一切必要保障；", "7. 决定联科行动应有以下任务：", "保护和安全", "(a) 保护平民", "根据自身能力，在部署地区内保护平民的人身安全免遭迫在眉睫的威胁，同时不妨碍科特迪瓦当局为此担负首要责任，", "订正保护平民的综合战略，并协同联合国国家工作队，与联合国保护平民战略协调一致，以便考虑到实地新情况和弱势群体的特殊需要，并根据第1960(2010)号和第1882(2009)号决议列入防止基于性别的暴力的措施，", "与人道主义机构密切合作，特别是在局势紧张地区和流离失所者返回问题上密切合作，收集关于平民面临威胁的信息，确定平民可能遭受的威胁，并收集违反人道主义法和人权法行为的可靠信息，酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意，并结合联科行动的保护战略，根据联合国全系统的保护战略采取适当行动，", "根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，监测并报告侵害和危害弱势群体(包括儿童)的行为，并协助做出努力，防止这种侵害和危害，", "(b) 应对剩余的安全威胁和边界挑战", "继续根据现有的任务规定，监测和阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体的活动，并定期向安理会通报这方面的情况，", "支持政府在边界沿线和边界地区，特别是与利比里亚接壤地区，监测和处理越界安全挑战和其他挑战，尤其注意武装分子和武器的越界流动，并为此同联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)进行密切协调，以加强特派团之间的合作，例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内，联合进行巡逻和应急规划，", "与政府协调，协助保障科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方的安全，包括在这方面顾及即将到来的立法选举的筹备和举行，", "(c) 监测军火禁运", "与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施的执行情况，包括按照第1980(2011)号决议，视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下，检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料，不论它们存放何处，", "酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施带入科特迪瓦的武器和任何有关物资，并以适当方式处置此类武器和物资，", "(d) 收缴武器", "酌情根据第1980(2011)号决议，继续协助国家当局，包括全国打击小武器和轻武器的扩散和非法贩运委员会，收缴、登记、护卫和处置武器和清除战争遗留爆炸物，", "支持政府协同其他伙伴制订和执行社区武器收缴方案，这一工作应结合减少社区暴力和实现和解的工作来进行，", "与政府协调，确保不在下文(f)段所述国家安全综合战略之外分发或重新使用收缴的武器，", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调，协助政府立即制订和执行一个新的作战人员解除武装、复员和重返社会以及解散民兵和自卫团体的全国方案，该方案应有各种明确的标准，符合新的情况，并考虑到待解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别的人、包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要，", "酌情与联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作，支持解除外国武装分子武装和遣返回国工作，", "(f) 重组和改革安全机构和法制机构", "协助政府立即与其他国际伙伴密切协调，同时也考虑到国家复员方案，对安全机构进行一次全部门审查，并制定一项国家安全综合战略和安全机构改革计划，", "在科特迪瓦政府的领导下并与国际利益攸关方密切合作，支持参与协助安全部门改革进程的各国际伙伴有效协调和统一工作并做到透明，且任务和责任有明确的分工，并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的最新情况，", "酌情就安全部门的改革和未来国家军队的组建向科特迪瓦政府提供咨询，以在其现有资源的范围内，应政府的请求，在与其他国际伙伴密切协调的情况下，帮助向安全和执法机构提供关于人权、儿童保护、免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力的培训，通过技术援助、同地办公和辅导方案支持警察、宪兵、司法人员和狱警的能力建设，帮助他们重新在科特迪瓦全境进行派驻，并支持建立一个可持续的审查机制，审查安全部门机构将采用的人员，", "在现有资源范围内，与国际伙伴协调，支持政府制定和执行一项国家司法部门战略，并制定和执行一项多年期联合国司法支助方案，以建设科特迪瓦的警察部门、司法机构、监狱和司法救助，并对有关的基础设施进行初步紧急修复和提供设备，", "在现有资源范围内，与联合国系统其他机构合作，支持和解，包括建立和运作防止、缓和或解决冲突的机制，特别是地方一级的机制，并扶持社会凝聚力，", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议任命的独立专家密切协调，帮助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权，特别注意针对妇女和儿童的严重侵犯人权行为和虐待行为，尤其是性暴力和基于性别的暴力，", "监测、帮助调查、公开报告和向安理会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的行为，以形成一个保护环境和结束有罪不罚的局面，并为此加强人权监测、调查和报告能力，", "提请安理会注意所有被指认有严重侵犯人权行为的人，并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "酌情并在现有资源范围内，根据第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2011)号决议，支持科特迪瓦政府打击性暴力和性别暴力的努力，包括与参加联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动的各实体合作，帮助拟订一项本国主导的多部门战略，任命保护妇女顾问，并确保有两性平等方面的专业知识和培训，", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "继续促进人道主义援助的通行无阻，并帮助加强向受冲突影响的脆弱人群提供人道主义援助的工作，特别是帮助加强有助于提供援助的安全条件，", "支持科特迪瓦当局与有关人道主义组织合作，为难民和流离失所者的自愿、安全和可持续的回返做准备，创造有利于回返的安全条件，", "和平与选举进程", "(i) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举", "促成一个包容各方的政治进程，支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境，包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力进行协调，", "支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举，提供适当的后勤和技术援助，协助政府作出有效的安全安排，", "提供技术和后勤支助，以协助独立选举委员会在举行立法选举前完成尚未完成的工作，并应请求协助所有政治利益攸关方之间的协商以及为此与独立选举委员会进行的协商，", "考虑到立法选举的具体情况，向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助，以便秘书长根据上文第6段履行认证立法选举的职责，", "(j) 新闻", "按照任务规定继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体，继续酌情向媒体和监管机构提供援助，", "继续通过联科行动的调频电台利用该行动的广播能力，协助创造和平环境、包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力，", "鼓励科特迪瓦的媒体和主要政治行为体全面遵守该国各政党在秘书长主持下签署的选举《良好行为守则》，并签署和遵守媒体《良好行为守则》，", "监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力的事件，提请安理会注意所有被指认煽动政治暴力的人，并随时向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并把国家权力扩展到科特迪瓦全境", "支持科特迪瓦当局在该国主要地区扩展和重建有效的国家行政管理，加强在国家和地方各级的公共行政管理，并开展各项瓦加杜古协议下尚未完成的与国家统一有关的工作，", "(l) 提供便利", "需要时在现有资源的范围内，与调解人和他在阿比让的特别代表协调，协助政府完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，包括酌情为特别代表办公室提供后勤支持，", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "8. 决定按照第1933(2010)号和第1962(2010)号决议，继续授权联科行动根据自身能力，在部署地区内使用一切必要手段执行任务；", "9. 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日发布法令，建立对话、真相与和解委员会，鼓励政府确保该委员会尽快全面开展工作，并呼吁联合国系统支持该委员会的工作，以确保委员会以符合科特迪瓦国际义务的方式开展工作；", "10. 呼吁政府采取必要步骤，重新建立和巩固有关机构，包括司法、警察和监狱部门，并进一步确保在科特迪瓦有效地保护人权，追究所有侵犯和违反人权的人的责任；", "11. 呼吁政府确保前总统巴博夫妇、前官员及任何其他被拘留人员的保护和拘留条件均符合国际义务，包括确保负责监测拘留中心的有关组织能够接触他们，并根据与适当程序和公正审判要求有关的国际义务来对其进行起诉和审判；", "12. 呼吁联科行动在符合其现有授权和责任的情况下，支持该国和国际社会做出努力，把在科特迪瓦严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法；", "13. 敦促所有各方为联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动提供充分合作，尤其是在科特迪瓦全境保障其安全、安保和行动自由，让其随时通行无阻，以便全面执行任务；", "14. 呼吁联合国国家工作队与政府协商，并与联合国开发计划署(开发署)及有关的国际伙伴密切合作，作为国家复员方案重返社会和经济生活构成部分的一个内容，帮助规划和执行微型项目，向前战斗人员提供可持续的替代谋生手段；", "15. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下，并酌情利用联科行动和联利特派团提供的协助，制定一项次区域战略，用以消除武装集团和武器越境流动以及非法贩运的威胁；", "16. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助安全部门改革的国际伙伴，包括私人公司，遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定，协调彼此的努力，以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴当中进行明确分工；", "17. 决定将安理会对法国部队的授权期限延长至2012年7月31日，以便它在部署和自身能力范围内支持联科行动；", "18. 请秘书长最迟在2011年12月31日向其提交一份中期报告，最迟在2012年6月30日提交最后报告，说明实地情况和本决议的执行情况，又请秘书长经常向安理会介绍情况，说明选举进程中的重大事件，包括联科行动为该进程提供的支持；", "19. 请秘书长考虑到即将举行的立法选举、当前的各项安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展，最迟在2012年3月31日通过上文第18段所述中期报告，或通过一份特别报告，提交可能对联科行动的结构和兵力所进行调整的建议；", "20. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Resolution 2000 (2011)", "[]", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6591st meeting, on 27 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,", "Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,", "Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,", "Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,", "Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,", "Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,", "Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/387),", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,", "Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,", "Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,", "Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,", "Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,", "Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;", "3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;", "4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisers, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;", "5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;", "6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;", "7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),", "– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system-wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,", "– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,", "(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges", "– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,", "– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,", "– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,", "– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo", "– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,", "(d) Collection of weapons", "– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,", "– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,", "– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,", "– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,", "(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions", "– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,", "– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,", "– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,", "– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,", "– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,", "(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights", "– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,", "– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,", "– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),", "(h) Support humanitarian assistance", "– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,", "– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,", "– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,", "– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,", "– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,", "– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,", "(j) Public information", "– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,", "– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,", "– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,", "– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country", "– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,", "(l) Facilitation", "– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,", "8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);", "9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;", "10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;", "11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;", "13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;", "14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;", "15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;", "16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;", "18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;", "19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;", "20. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "Resolution 2000 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6591st meeting, on 27 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967, 1967 (2011), 1967 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) and 1992 (2011), and presidential statements on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d'Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-intervention and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (Speak387), noting the recommendations of the report, including the dispatch of the assessment mission to Côte d'Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress made in the recovery of stability and peace in Côte d'Ivoire, following the assumption of the presidency of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on 21 May 2011 by Al-Asamada de la majea,", "Commending President Waita for his commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of a dialogue, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling on all Ivorian parties to work together to achieve national stability and reconstruction,", "Noting that, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute, Côte d'Ivoire has submitted its declaration under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the Prosecutor of the Court has requested the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the investigation into war crimes and crimes against humanity that have occurred in Côte d'Ivoire since 28 November 2010,", "Taking note of the request made by President Vatara to the President of Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaoré (“the Facilitator”), to continue to assist the Government of Côte d'Ivoire in the completion of the peace process and the outstanding matters of the Ouagadougou Agreement,", " (3) (*) Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "Expressing concern at the continuing precariousness and instability of the security situation, and recalling that the Government of Côte d'Ivoire has the primary responsibility to guarantee peace, stability and the protection of civilians in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Taking note of the announcement by President Vatar of 17 March by which the establishment of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire force (the Republic's forces) replaced the former Ivorian defence and security forces, and stressing the need for an inclusive process to reform the security sector,", "Taking note of the fact that armed conflict is still at risk, as stated in the Secretary-General's report (Sarts. 387), and of attacks against civilians, in particular former Republic Guard soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escapers and other illegal armed personnel,", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000, and stressing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is essential for the full restoration of constitutional order, national reconciliation and inclusive governance in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Emphasizing the importance of the equitable protection and respect for the human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders, in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression, for all Ivorian civil society, regardless of gender, in the electoral process,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, grave violations and violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in the post-election crisis, including extrajudicial killings, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, reprisals, sexual and gender-based violence, allegedly committed against children, and the recruitment and use of children in conflicts throughout the country, in particular in Abidjan and western areas,", "Also strongly condemning the attacks and harassment of United Nations personnel in the post-election crisis, and reaffirming that these violations violate international law,", "Emphasizing the importance of investigating alleged violations and human rights violations by all parties, and reiterating that those responsible for such acts must be held accountable, irrespective of the parties, and welcoming President Waita's commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report of the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 16/25 (2011) (A/HRC/17/48) and its recommendations,", "Commending the efforts of the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in the post-election crisis, and encouraging them to remain committed to supporting the stabilization and completion of the peace process in Côte d'Ivoire,", "Commending the contributions of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its previous resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women and peace and security, and resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and resolution 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009), reaffirming the important role of women in the elimination of conflicts and peacebuilding and in rebuilding their social fabric in societies emerging from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d'Ivoire continues to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "Decides that the authorized strength of the military component of UNOCI remains 9,792, with 9,600 troops and staff, including 2,400 troops authorized in resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967, and 192 military observers;", "Decides that the authorized strength of the police component of UNOCI remains 1,350 and decides to maintain the previously authorized eight Customs officers;", "Decides to approve, within the authorized strength of UNOCI military and police, the increase of the number of police officers by the appropriate adjustments to the number of military and police personnel of the Mission, which shall have the relevant skills and represent experts in the specialized areas reported in the Secretary-General's report;", "Decides that, in order to achieve stability in Côte d'Ivoire, including the creation of a secure environment conducive to legislative elections, 400 troops and 100 police officers are required to ratify the additional authorized strength of 2,000 troops and 1942 (2010);", "Reaffirms that, in accordance with paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the electoral process are provided with all necessary safeguards for the holding of open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international norms and agreed standards;", "Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "In accordance with its capabilities, the physical integrity of the protection of civilians in the area of deployment is protected from imminent threats, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities in this regard,", "A revised comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and, in collaboration with the United Nations country team, coordinated with the United Nations protection strategy in order to take into account the new situation on the ground and the special needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence in accordance with resolutions 1960 (2010) and 1882 (2009),", "In close cooperation with humanitarian agencies, in particular with regard to situations of tension and the return of displaced persons, the collection of information on the threat faced by civilians, the identification of potential threats to civilians, and the collection of reliable information on violations of humanitarian and human rights law, drawing the attention of the Ivorian authorities, as appropriate, in line with the UNOCI protection strategy, and taking appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system-wide protection strategy,", "In accordance with resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), monitoring and reporting on violations and violations against vulnerable groups, including children, and assisting in efforts to prevent such violations and hazards,", "(b) To address remaining security threats and border challenges", "To continue monitoring and preventing activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups, in accordance with existing mandates, and to keep the Council regularly informed of this situation,", "Supporting the Government's monitoring and processing of cross-border security challenges and other challenges along the border and border areas, in particular those bordering Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons, and in this regard, in close coordination with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to strengthen cooperation among missions, such as joint patrols and emergency planning, where appropriate, within its mandate and capabilities,", "In coordination with the Government, to assist in the security of members of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in this regard taking into account the preparation and holding of upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring the arms embargo", "In cooperation with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1584 (2005), monitoring the implementation of the measures set out in paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), including the inspection of all weapons, ammunition and related materiel, wherever appropriate, without prior notification, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "The collection, as appropriate, of weapons and any related materiel in Côte d'Ivoire in violation of paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004) and the appropriate disposal of such weapons and materiel,", "(d) The collection of weapons", "As appropriate, pursuant to resolution 1980 (2011), continued to assist national authorities, including the National Committee against the proliferation and illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons, in the collection, registration, escort and disposal of weapons and ERW clearance,", "Supporting the Government's development and implementation of community weapons collection programmes in collaboration with other partners, which should be undertaken in conjunction with efforts to reduce community violence and achieve reconciliation.", "In coordination with the Government to ensure that weapons seized are not distributed or reused outside the comprehensive national security strategy described in paragraph (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "In close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, the Government has been assisting in the immediate development and implementation of a new national programme for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and the dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, which should have clear criteria in line with the new situation and take into account the rights and needs of different categories of people awaiting disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, including children and women,", "In cooperation with UNMIL and the United Nations country team in the region, as appropriate, to support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements,", "(f) Reshaping and reforming security institutions and rule of law institutions", "To assist the Government to conduct a sector-wide review of security institutions, in close coordination with other international partners, taking into account the national DDR, and to develop a comprehensive national security strategy and security sector reform plan,", "Under the leadership of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, international partners involved in the process of assisting in the reform of the security sector are effectively coordinated and harmonized and transparent, with clear division of tasks and responsibilities, and, where appropriate, report to the Council on the update of the security sector reform process,", "To advise the Government of Côte d'Ivoire, as appropriate, on the reform of the security sector and the establishment of the future national army in order to help provide training to security and law enforcement agencies on human rights, child protection, protection against sexual and gender-based violence, through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes to support the capacity-building of police, gendarmerie, justice and prison police, to help them re-engage throughout Côte d'Ivoire, and to support the establishment of a sustainable review mechanism to review the personnel to be employed by security sector agencies,", "Within existing resources, in coordination with international partners, support the Government in the formulation and implementation of a national justice sector strategy and the development and implementation of a multi-year United Nations justice support programme to build the police, the judiciary, prisons and judicial assistance in Côte d'Ivoire and provide initial emergency rehabilitation and equipment for the relevant infrastructure,", "Within existing resources, cooperation with other bodies of the United Nations system in support of reconciliation, including the establishment and operation of mechanisms for preventing, mitigating or resolving conflicts, in particular at the local level, and the promotion of social cohesion,", "(g) Supporting efforts to promote and protect human rights", "In close coordination with the independent expert appointed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution A/HRC/17/27, the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d'Ivoire, with particular attention to serious human rights violations and abuses against women and children, in particular sexual and gender-based violence,", "Monitoring, helping to investigate, report publicly and report to the Council on violations of human rights and humanitarian law, with a view to creating a situation that protects the environment and ends impunity, and thus strengthens human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacities,", "Draws the attention of the Council to all persons designated as having serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) updated on this matter regularly,", "In line with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2011), as appropriate and within existing resources, support the efforts of the Government of Côte d'Ivoire to combat sexual violence and gender-based violence, including in cooperation with entities participating in the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict, helping to develop a national-led multisectoral strategy for the appointment of women advisers and ensuring gender-equality expertise and training,", "(h) Support for humanitarian assistance", "Continuing to promote unhindered access to humanitarian assistance and to help strengthen the delivery of humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations affected by conflict, in particular by helping to strengthen the security conditions conducive to assistance,", "Supporting the Ivorian authorities, in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, to prepare for voluntary, safe and sustainable returns of refugees and displaced persons and to create security conditions conducive to return,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Supporting organizations and holding public, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections", "Towards an inclusive political process that supports the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including coordination with ECOWAS and the African Union,", "Supporting organizations and holding public, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, providing adequate logistical and technical assistance and assisting the Government in making effective security arrangements,", "The provision of technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing the outstanding work before the holding of legislative elections, and should assist, upon request, consultations among all political stakeholders and consultations with the Independent Electoral Commission,", "Taking into account the specific circumstances of the legislative elections, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General is provided with the necessary assistance in order to fulfil the role of the Secretary-General in certifying legislative elections in accordance with paragraph 6 above,", "(j) Information", "In accordance with its mandate, the media in Côte d'Ivoire continue to monitor closely, as appropriate, the assistance provided to the media and regulatory bodies,", "Continue to assist in the creation of a peaceful environment, including for legislative elections, through UNOCI's FM radio capacity to use the Operation's broadcasting capacity,", "Encourage the Ivorian media and key political actors to fully respect the Code of Good Conduct for the elections signed by the political parties in the country under the auspices of the Secretary-General and to sign and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the Media,", "Monitoring any public incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, drawing the Council's attention to all persons designated to incite political violence, and informing the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) of this update,", "(k) Redeployment and extension of State authority throughout Côte d'Ivoire", "Supporting the expansion and reconstruction of effective national administration in the main areas of the country, the strengthening of public administration at the national and local levels, and the unfinished work of the State under the Ouagadougou Agreement,", "(l) Facilitating", "Within existing resources, coordination with mediators and his Special Representative in Abidjan is needed to assist the Government in completing the outstanding work of the peace process, including, where appropriate, logistical support for the Office of the Special Representative, as appropriate.", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "Decides to continue to authorize UNOCI to use all necessary means of carrying out its mandate in the area of deployment, in accordance with resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010), in accordance with its capabilities;", "Welcomes President Vatara's decree of 13 May 2011 establishing a dialogue, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission is fully operational as soon as possible, and calls upon the United Nations system to support the work of the Commission in a manner consistent with the international obligations of Côte d'Ivoire;", "Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and consolidate relevant institutions, including the judiciary, the police and the prison sector, and to further ensure the effective protection of human rights in Côte d'Ivoire and to hold accountable all those who violate and violate human rights;", "Calls upon the Government to ensure that the protection and detention conditions of former President Bobo couples, former officials and any other detained persons are in compliance with international obligations, including ensuring that the relevant organizations responsible for monitoring detention centres are able to reach them and prosecute and try them in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "Calls upon UNOCI to support the efforts of the State and the international community to bring to justice those who violate serious human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d'Ivoire, in conformity with its existing mandate and responsibilities;", "Urges all parties to cooperate fully with UNOCI and in support of the operations of the French forces of UNOCI, in particular by guaranteeing their security, security and freedom of movement throughout Côte d'Ivoire, and by denying them access to full implementation;", "Calls upon the United Nations country team, in consultation with the Government and in close cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and relevant international partners, to contribute to the planning and implementation of micro-projects and to provide sustainable alternative means of livelihood to ex-combatants as part of the reintegration and economic life component of the national disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme;", "Encourages ECOWAS, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) and with the assistance provided by UNOCI and UNMIL, to develop a subregional strategy to eliminate the cross-border movement of armed groups and weapons and the threat of illicit trafficking;", "Calls upon the Government and all international partners involved in assisting in the reform of the security sector, including private companies, to comply with the provisions of the 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts to increase transparency and to establish a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "Decides to extend the mandate of the Council for the French forces until 31 July 2012, in order to support UNOCI within its capabilities;", "Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, no later than 31 December 2011, a midterm report on the situation on the ground and the implementation of the present resolution, no later than 30 June 2012, and further requests the Secretary-General to keep the Council regularly informed of the significant events in the electoral process, including the support provided by UNOCI for the process;", "Requests the Secretary-General, taking into account the progress made in the upcoming legislative elections, the current security challenges and rebuilding of national capacities, to submit recommendations that may be adjusted for the structure and strength of UNOCI by 31 March 2012, no later than 31 March 2012, or through a special report;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "缔约国为选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员提名的候选人名单", "秘书长的说明", "1. 根据《联合国海洋法公约》附件二第二条第1款，大陆架界限委员会应由21名委员组成，委员应是地质学、地球物理学或水文学方面的专家，由《公约》缔约国从其国民中选出，选举时妥为顾及确保公平地区代表制的必要，委员应以个人身份任职。", "2. 2011年4月26日，秘书长向缔约国发出照会，请各国在2011年4月27日至7月26日期间提交本国政府希望提名参选委员会一名委员的候选人姓名，并附上候选人的资历说明。", "3. 《公约》附件二第二条第2款规定，秘书长应依字母次序编制所有候选人的名单，并将名单提交所有缔约国。缔约国应秘书长请求递交的提名载于本说明附件。", "4. 候选人简历将载于SPLOS/234号文件。", "5. 委员会一名委员的选举将于2011年8月11日在联合国总部举行的一次缔约国会议上进行。会议应循程序载于秘书长的说明(SPLOS/232)。", "附件", "候选人名单", "姓名和国籍 提名国", "Urabe, Tetsuro(日本) 日本" ]

[ "Special Meeting", "New York, 11 August 2011", "List of candidates nominated by States parties for election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Pursuant to article 2, paragraph 1, of annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall consist of 21 members who shall be experts in the field of geology, geophysics or hydrography, elected by States parties to the Convention from among their nationals, having due regard to the need to ensure equitable geographical representation, who shall serve in their personal capacities.", "2. In a note dated 26 April 2011, the Secretary-General invited States parties to submit, from 27 April to 26 July 2011, the names of candidates whom their Governments might wish to nominate for the election of one member of the Commission, together with statements of qualifications of such candidates.", "3. Article 2, paragraph 2, of annex II to the Convention provides that the Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated and shall submit it to all the States parties. The nominations submitted by States parties to the Secretary-General in reply to his request are set out in the annex to the present note.", "4. The curricula vitae of the candidates will be circulated in document SPLOS/234.", "5. The election of one member of the Commission will take place at a Meeting of States Parties to be held at United Nations Headquarters on 11 August 2011. The procedures to be followed by the Meeting are set out in a note by the Secretary-General (SPLOS/232).", "Annex", "List of candidates", "Name and nationality Nominated by \n Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan) Japan" ]

[ "Special session", "New York, 11 August 2011", "List of candidates nominated by States parties for election to a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Note by the Secretariat", "In accordance with article 2, paragraph 1, of annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall be composed of 21 members, who shall be experts in geological, geophysical or hydrology, elected by States parties to the Convention from their nationals, and shall be elected in due course to the need to ensure equitable representation in the region and shall serve in their personal capacity.", "On 26 April 2011, the Secretary-General sent a note to the State party requesting States to submit their names of candidates wishing to nominate a member of the Committee for the period from 27 April to 26 July 2011, and to attach a statement of qualifications to the candidate.", "Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Convention stipulates that the Secretary-General shall prepare a list of all candidates in alphabetical order and submit the list to all States parties. The nomination submitted by the Secretary-General shall be contained in the annex to the present note.", "The curricula vitae of candidates will be contained in document SPLOS/234.", "The election of a member of the Committee will take place at a meeting of States Parties held at United Nations Headquarters on 11 August 2011. The proceedings should be followed by a note by the Secretary-General (SPLOS/232).", "Annex", "List of candidates", "Names and nationality", "Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan)" ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "日本政府提名的候选人简历", "卜部哲郎(Urabe,Tetsuro)", "(日本)", "个人详细资料", "国籍： 日本", "出生日期： 1949年1月10日", "电话： (81-3)58414542", "传真： (81-3)58412534", "电子邮件： urabe@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp", "办公地址： 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 13-0033", "教育", "1976年获东京大学地质学博士", "1973年获东京大学地质学硕士", "1971年获东京大学地质矿物学理学士", "现任职务", "2008年至今，任东京大学海洋联盟副执行主任", "2007年至今，放送大学兼职教授", "2000年至今，任东京大学地球与行星科学系教授", "专业经验", "2006-2007年，东京大学地球与行星科学系教授", "1996-2000年，日本地质调查所首席地质学家[1]", "1992-1996年，日本地质调查所实验矿物学科科长", "1990-1991年，日本地质调查所研究规划办公室副主任", "1985-1992年，日本地质调查所高级研究地质学家", "1979-1981年，加拿大多伦多大学地质系访问研究员", "1976-1985年，东京大学地质研究所助理教授", "研究活动", "我目前的研究兴趣主要集中在以下方面：(a) 大洋中脊和弧-弧后系统上的海底热液活动；(b) 与热液活动有关的块状硫化物矿床和作为深海矿产资源的铁锰结壳矿床；(c) 海底以下生物圈的微生物地球化学；(d) 热液系统内及其引发的地球化学循环；(e) 陆地和海底的“稀有金属”矿产资源。我曾并继续牵头进行许多重大的海洋研究项目，其中包括：日本-法国-南太地科委有关北斐济海盆的构造和热液活动的 STARMER项目(1987-1991年)；日本-美国有关东太平洋海隆超快速蔓延的热液强度的RidgeFlux项目(1993-1998年)；与海底热液活动有关的深部生物圈的太古宙园项目(2000-2006年)；目前在进行的TAIGA项目(2008-2012年；见http://www：gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp〜taiga/en /index.html)。", "巡航考察经验(*作为首席研究员或共同研究员)", "2011年5月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至日本冲绳海槽(TAIGA项目)\n 2010年6月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至南马里亚纳海槽(TAIGA项目)", "2009年2月 *“Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin号”研究船巡航至西北太平洋Takuyo-Daigo海山(日本海洋地球科学技术局巡航)", "2004年6月 *综合大洋钻探方案“JOIDES Resolution Leg 301号”研究船前往东北太平洋胡安·德富卡海脊", "2004年1月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至西北太平洋南马里亚纳海槽(太古宙园区项目)", "2002年7月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船钻探巡航至伊豆-小笠(太古宙园区项目)", "2001年6月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船(系留海洋钻探)钻探巡航至日本伊豆-小笠原弧(日本-美国)", "1998年9月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至东太平洋海隆(日本-美国)", "1995年10月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船巡航至巴布亚新几内亚(日本-巴布亚新几内亚-南太地科委)", "1994年9月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至东太平洋海隆(日本-美国)", "1993年11月 *“R/ V Melville号”研究船巡航至东太平洋海隆南部(日美海脊通量项目)", "1991年12月 *“Suroit/Cyana号”研究船潜水巡航至瓦努阿图(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1991年8月 * “Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至北斐济海盆(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1989年6月 “Nadir/Nautile号”研究船潜水巡航至北斐济海盆(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1987年7月 “VAtlantir II/Alvin号”研究船潜水巡航至西北太平洋伊豆-小笠原弧(美国-日本巡航)", "1986年5月 “Natsushima/Shinkai 2000号”研究船潜水巡航至西北太平洋伊豆-小笠原弧(日本地质调查所巡航)", "1985年9月 “VAtlantir II/Alvin号”研究船潜水巡航至厄瓜多尔沿海加拉帕戈斯裂谷(NOAA考察)", "1985年6月 “Nadir/Nautile号”研究船潜水巡航至日本南海海槽(日本-法国KAIKO项目) (还有12次巡航至东部和西部太平洋海盆)", "专业服务经验：", "2010至今 日本科学理事会联系成员\n 2003年至今 日本内阁厅大陆架延伸咨询委员会成员", "2006年至今 日本经济产业省自然资源和能源咨询委员会小组委员会成员和主席", "2008-2010年 资源地质学会会长", "1993-1997年 《经济地质学》编委会成员", "1993-1995年 《矿床》编委会成员", "1988-1990年 《采矿地质学》总编(东京)", "专业协会", "经济地质学家学会", "美国地球物理联盟", "资源地质学会", "日本地质学会", "日本地理学会", "日本地球化学学会", "海洋政策学会", "著作选目", "Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T.(201 1). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55 65.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (201 1). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I: 10 .1080/01490451003709334).", "Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in-situ biogeochernical processes of global seafloor aquifer； the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geogrqhy, 118(6), 1027-1 036 (in Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Joumal of Systematic and Evolutionaty Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.", "Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.", "Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura , H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).", "Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration； Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.", "Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).", "Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).", "Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionay Microbiology, 58, 810-816.", "Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.", "Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., ContinentalScientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.", "Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolultionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.", "Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.", "Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004). Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.", "Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.", "Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.", "Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.", "Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub-vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971", "Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.", "Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.", "Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.", "Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.", "Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30’S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.", "Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.", "Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters, 128, 183-197", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.", "Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., I,agabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.", "Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.", "Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.", "Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d'accretion du centre du bassin nord-fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771 -778.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d'un site hydrothermal actif； la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le bassin nord-fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt； importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.", "Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.", "Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.", "Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.", "Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.", "Urabe, T., and Scott, S.D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.", "Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan – Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.", "Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.", "[1] 日本通商产业省工业科学和技术机构日本地质调查所：日本地质调查所于2001年重组成为国家先进工业科学和技术研究所。" ]

[ "Special Meeting", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Curriculum vitae of a candidate nominated by the Government of Japan", "Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan)", "Personal details", "Nationality: Japanese", "Birth date: 10 January 1949", "Telephone: (81-3) 5841 4542", "Facsimile: (81-3) 5841 2534", "E-mail: urabe@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp", "Office address: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 13-0033", "Education", "Ph.D., University of Tokyo, 1976, Geology", "M.S., University of Tokyo, 1973, Geology", "B.S., University of Tokyo, 1971, Geology and Mineralogy", "Current positions", "2008-present Vice Executive Director, Ocean Alliance, University of Tokyo", "2007-present Adjunct Professor, University of The Air", "2000-present Professor, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo", "Professional experience", "2006-2007 Chair, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo", "1996-2000 Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan[1]", "1992-1996 Chief, Experimental Mineralogy Section, Geological Survey of Japan", "1990-1991 Deputy Director, Research Planning Office, Geological Survey of Japan", "1985-1992 Senior Research Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan", "1979-1981 Visiting Researcher, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Canada", "1976-1985 Assistant Professor, Geological Institute, University of Tokyo", "Research activities", "My current research interests are mainly focused on: (a) the seafloor hydrothermal activities both on the mid-ocean ridge and the arc-backarc systems; (b) the massive sulphide deposits related to hydrothermal activity and the ferromanganese crust deposits as deep-sea mineral resources; (c) the microbial geochemistry of the subseafloor biosphere; (d) the geochemical cycle within and from the hydrothermal systems; and (e) the “rare-metal” mineral resources on land and seafloor. I have led and continue to lead many major seagoing research projects, including the Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project (1987-1991) on the tectonics and hydrothermal activity in the North Fiji Basin; the Japan-US RidgeFlux project (1993-1998) on hydrothermal intensity on the super-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise; the Archaean Park project (2000-2006) on the deep biosphere related to seafloor hydrothermal activity; and the current TAIGA project (2008-2012; see http://www.gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~taiga/en/index.html).", "Research cruise experience (* as Principal Investigator or Co-P.I.)", "May 2011 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Okinawa Trough, Japan (TAIGA project)", "June 2010 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough (TAIGA project)", "February 2009 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin cruise to Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, north-western Pacific (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) cruise)", "June 2004 *R/V JOIDES Resolution Leg 301 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme to Juan de Fuca Ridge, north-eastern Pacific", "January 2004 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough, north-west Pacific (Archaean Park project)", "July 2002 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin (Archaean Park project)", "June 2001 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (tethered marine drill) drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan (Japan-United States)", "September 1998 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)", "October 1995 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 cruise to Papua New Guinea (Japan-Papua New Guinea-SOPAC)", "September 1994 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)", "November 1993 *R/V Melville cruise to southern East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States Ridge Flux project)", "December 1991 *R/V Suroit/Cyana submersible cruise to Vanuatu (Japan-France SOPAC STARMER project)", "August 1991 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)", "June 1989 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)", "July 1987 R/V Atlantir II/Alvin submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (United States-Japan cruise)", "May 1986 R/V Natsushima/Shinkai 2000 submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (Geological Survey of Japan cruise)", "September 1985 R/V Atlantis II/Alvin submersible cruise to Galapagos Rift, off Ecuador (NOAA expedition)", "June 1985 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to Nankai Trough, Japan (Japan-France KAIKO project)", "(as well as 12 more cruises to eastern and western Pacific basin)", "Professional service experiences", "2010-present Affiliated Member, Science Council of Japan", "2003-present Member, Advisory Committee for the Extension of the Continental Shelf, Cabinet Office of Japan", "2006-present Member and Chair of subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan", "2008-2010 President, Society of Resource Geology", "1993-1997 Member, Editorial Board, Economic Geology", "1993-1995 Member, Editorial Board, Mineralium Deposita", "1988-1990 Editor in Chief, Mining Geology (Tokyo)", "Professional associations", "The Society of Economic Geologists", "American Geophysical Union", "The Society of Resource Geology", "The Geological Society of Japan", "The Geographical Society of Japan", "The Geochemical Society of Japan", "The Society of Ocean Policy", "Selected publications", "Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (2011). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55-65.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I : 10 .1080/01490451003709334).", "Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in situ biogeochemical processes of global seafloor aquifer; the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geography, 118(6), 1027-1036 (in Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.", "Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.", "Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).", "Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration; Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.", "Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).", "Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).", "Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 810-816.", "Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.", "Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.", "Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.", "Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.", "Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004) Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.", "Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.", "Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.", "Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.", "Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub‑vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971.", "Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.", "Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.", "Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.", "Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.", "Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30'S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.", "Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.", "Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 183-197.", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.", "Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.", "Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.", "Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.", "Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d’accretion du centre du Bassin Nord Fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771-778.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d’un site hydrothermal actif; la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.", "Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.", "Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.", "Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.", "Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.", "Urabe, T., and Scott, S. D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.", "Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan — Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.", "Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.", "[1] Geological Survey of Japan, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan: the Geological Survey of Japan was reorganized in 2001 into the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)." ]

[ "Special session", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Election of a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Biographical information on candidates nominated by the Government of Japan", "Bangu (Urabe, Tetsuro)", "(Japan)", "Details of personal information", "Nationality: Japan", "Date of birth: 10 January 1949", "Tel: (81-3) 58414542", "Fax: (81-3) 58412534", "e-mail:urabe@eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp", "Office address: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 13-0033", "Education", "Dr. Geology, University of Tokyo, 1976", "Master of Geology at the University of Tokyo, 1973", "Geology of minerals at the University of Tokyo, 1971", "Present position", "To date 2008, the Deputy Executive Director of the Maritime Alliance, University of Tokyo", "To date, in 2007 the post-secondary Professor was sent to the University.", "To date 2000, Professor of Earth and Plant Sciences, University of Tokyo", "Professional experience", "Professor of Earth and planetary Science, University of Tokyo, 2006-2007", "1996-2000, Leader of the Japan Geological Survey", "1992-1996, piloted Chief of Mineralsology, Japan Geological Survey", "1990-1991 Deputy Director, Research Planning Office, Japan Geological Survey", "1985-1992 Senior Research Geologist, Japan Geology Survey", "1979-1981 Research Fellow, Geology, University of Toronto, Canada", "1976-1985, Assistant Professor, Geology Institute, University of Tokyo", "Research activities", "My current research interest is focused mainly on: (a) seabed hydrothermal activities in the marine and ar-clate system; (b) sediment deposits related to hydrothermal activities and ferromanganese crust deposits as deep mineral resources; (c) micro-organy chemistry of the seabed below biosphere; (d) Earth's chemical cycle within the hydrothermal system and its trigger; and (e) mineral resources on land and seabed. I have been and continue to lead a number of major marine research projects, including the STARMER project related to the construction and hydrothermal activities of the North Fiji Sea basin (1987-1991); the Japan-United States of America Ridge Flux project (1993-1998); the project on deep-sea biomagosphere related to seabed hydrothermal activities (2000-2006); the current IGA project (2008-2012); and http://www.un.html.", "Visiting experience (* as a Chief Fellow or co-response)", "“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS” study shipped to Okinawa (Japan) TAIGA project, June 2010* “Hakureimaru No.2/BMS” study shipped to South Malianna Heavy (TAIGA project)", "February 2009* “Natshushima/ROV Hyper Dolphin” study vessel cruise to Takuyo-Daigo Sea, North-West Pacific Ocean (Japan Maritime Science and Technology Agency)", "* Circulated in accordance with a decision taken by the Committee at its 1st meeting, on 1 October 2009.", "January 2004* “Hakureimaru No.2/BMS” study shipped to the South Mariana nautical miles in the north-west Pacific ( too-so-arch parking projects)", "∗ “Hakureimaru No.2/BMS” study ship drilling route to Iceto-children, and Other (ACPE project)", "June 2001* “Hakureimaru No.2/BMS” research vessel (Sure marine drilling) for drilling to Issoto-Japan, and arc (Japan-United States)", "September 1998* “Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500” study on the submarine's roadway to the Eastern Pacific Ocean (Japan-United States)", "October 1995* “Yokosuka/Shinkai, 6500” study cruise to Papua New Guinea (Japan-Papua New Guinea-South-South-South-West)", "September 1994* “Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500” study on the submarine's roadway to the Eastern Pacific Ocean (Japan-United States)", "November 1993* “R/V Melville” study cruise to the south-east of the Pacific Ocean, (the United States Sea Tunciation Project)", "December 1991* “Suroit/Cyana” study on the ship's roadway to Vanuatu (Japan-France-Southern CaraMER project)", "August 1991* “Yokosuka/Shinkai, 6500” study of the ship's submarine roadway to the northern Fiji Sea basin (Japan-France-South-Soko Commission STARMER project)", "In June 1989, “Nadir/Nautile” study vessel submarine traoys to the northern Fiji Sea basin (Japan-France-South-Asian Institute STARMER project)", "In July 1987, “VAtlantir II/Alvin” study ship submarines' submarines route to beauty in the north-west Pacific Ocean, and the former ar (United States-Japan cruise)", "In May 1986, “Natsushima/Shinkai 2000” study on the ship's submarine water route to beans-subsidiaries in the north-west Pacific (Japan Geological Survey).", "In September 1985, “VAtlantir II/Alvin” study ship submarine submarines' roadway to the Zarpagos Rift Valley (NOA study) off the coast of Ecuador", "In June 1985, “Nadir/Nautile” research vessel submarine traoy (Japan-France KAIKO project) (also 12 cruises to the Eastern and Western Pacific Basin)", "Professional service experience:", "To date, in 2010, associate members of the Japan Council of Science have extended the membership of the Advisory Committee on the Continental Shelf to the Office of the Cabinet of Japan until 2003.", "Membership and Chairperson of the Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Natural Resources and Energy of the Ministry of the Economy of Japan, 2006 to date", "Director, Resource Geology Institute, 2008-2010", "Membership of the Economic Geology Commission, 1993-1997", "Membership of the Committee on Mines, 1993-1995", "Total Mining Geology, 1988-1990 (Tokyo)", "Professional associations", "Institute of Geology", "United States Geophysical Alliance", "Resource Geology Institute", "Japan Geology Institute", "Japan Geology Institute", "Japan Institute of Geochemicals", "Ocean Policy Institute", "Publications", "Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (20111). The role of seamounts in the transport of corns and shocks: Relations among seamount size, background, and crustal sin flows. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 556.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of metanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep of Japan's publication, vol. 129, No. 1002.", "Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcal advections and in-situ biogeochernical processes of global seaborne aquifers; the sub-sea transit TGA. Journal of Geogrqhy, 118 (6), 10-136 (intention with English).", "Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum gen. nov., anaerobic, philic, filament bacterium of a novel sterllum, Caldsericaphyl.nov, vol. 9, pp. 512.", "Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A. Kimura, H. Kawarabayasi, Yum, Lunu, N.", "Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, composition and composition of communities in sub-Saharan Africa (see annex).", "Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of Gbolists with Young microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochia et Cosmochimica Acta, A1472-A72 (Abract).", "Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The recent lie of earth science and its application to mine exploration; Submarine hydrothermal as modem recy. Resource Geology, 59 (1), 43-72 (In Japan with the late).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First crop and ecological investigation of a bacterium accompanying the militarium lumber OP5 from chiefs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 62-23-62.", "Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and areotope geomorphology of active hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resourceology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).", "Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seagenerationthermal (2009).arc-backarc systems in West Asia. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).", "Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp.nov. a novel obphilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon from a deep-sea tank collected at Sui Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arcuri Ocean, International Journal of Intellectual Systems and Evo, 1658-8.", "Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow oceanography, 20 (1), 24-25.", "Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Reken/disarm of a secondary energythermal identified in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-performation flows. Earth and Planary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 mining C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Nature Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.", "Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., T., T., T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermus occupations.novs.", "Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-sea community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arcvances in Space Research, 359-1649, 1642-16, 1612.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 subscribers three emustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-holes in the North-East Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1 (1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geostrative processes in deepse hydrothermal vent and sub-ventil. Oceanography in Japan, 14 (2), 129-137 (Initien with English).", "Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration ideas and potential maps of the Kuroko hospitals in Northeasteast Korea. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.", "Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004). Kuroko repeated after the discovery of their modernues on Eritreaarc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific parties (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic structure ofbasal poic crust: collmenttalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustal raw materials on the eastern counterpart of Juan de Fuca Ridge, Eastern Pacific Ocean.121, DP, Station, United States of America.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Aminocers in the 308 Express C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219 (1-2), 147-153.", "Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surfaces to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, a natural growth in the economy, 3.6.", "Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory reductases and 16S rigours from deep-sea hydrothers of the Sui Seamount, Izu Bon, Applied microbiology, vol. 391.", "Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approaches to sto biosphere under seawaterthermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112 (2), 300-322 (In Japan with the explanation of English).", "Ibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interactions with volcanictic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount recdera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (18S), A174-A174.", "Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in Advocatemneys and water samples from deepse hydrothermal systems: Implications for Sub-ventosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 1791-191.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Front enantiomericèes L-form collects in deep-sea hydrothermal sub-vent of 156 fascans at the Sui Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32971", "Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of philic acid-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Znré (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.", "Takano, Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., InIGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of cyclothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate reserves and credit in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for volcanism at 17.5 So: Science, 161.", "Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal production rate from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie, 39, 249-252.", "Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K. Okamura, K., K., Sayanagi, K. Sugawara, T. Tonre, Takav, Kartu, Kartta, Šima, K.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of changeed basaltic andesite by aciduric-acid forests from the DESS Caldera, Manusin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and acid-rich hydrothermals from the Manus back-arcamp, Papua New Guinea, 25 (2) 139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume and handd phosphate over the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmo, 2297-23, 237-237, 23, 23, 237, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 239, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, and 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23,", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Parties (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions American Geoscience Union, 77 (26), 244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, Naka, J., Nagaya, Y. Okamura, K., and Ruan, (1996).", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.", "Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes trans the embargofast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13o 30 authorS 1840'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-95.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of ecomatic activities on hydrothermal venting the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.", "Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activities related toarc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectnes and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.", "Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geomorphology of hydrothermal from the North Fiji Basin spreading ofridges (south Pacific). Earth andetSence, Letters 183-197.", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basinbasalts and their macroma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd istopic and sewer constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), South Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.", "Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal from the North Fiji Basinridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., I, Gabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.", "Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japan-deepits and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD40-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japan submers can explore the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.", "Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-kind of Japan. Episode, 14, 246-251.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielleelle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, Naka, J., Ruan, Taka, Fiji, Applied Research and Lands in the South Pacific.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. 1991. Chemistry of hydrothermal from the 17oS site on the North Fiji Basinridge (SW). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.", "Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y. Jarvis, P., Joshima, M. Kisimoto, K. Kuwaa Kyung, Mayor, Mayi, J.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-Sea Beam studies of the Ssu Rift, Izu-Bin Arbourt, and Arts.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la trait d'accretion du Centre du bassin ord-fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de lional Adémi des Sciences, 310-7.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T. and Tanashi, M.", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of mons release from a customlizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming Earthchemical Journal, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T.", "Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on macro-materials. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board cooking (1987). Hydrothermalides from a tridera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, North Western Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.", "Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zesu Ridge: a deep-seamers survey, 21 September and 31 September 2008, p.m.", "Urabe, T.", "Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of burdenwall and geothermal systems between some Japan and Canada's volcantoxicide. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.", "Urabe, T., and Scott, S.D. (1983). Geology and bearwall of the South Bay massides, North West Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978). Quartzantecipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosakaré. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.", "Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kurokoador of the Kosakaré, Northeast Honshu, Japan Products of Friends on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.", "Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between cogenerational sphalerite andgalena from some of the Japanese epihydride. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Minera Situation Journal, 7, 552-561.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite co with pyrite from some Kurokoets. Mining Geology, Special Issue 6, 377-384.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Minera profiles of the Kuroko shelter in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.", "Japan Geological Survey of industrial science and technology institutions in the industrial sector of Japan: The Japan Geology Survey was restructured in 2001 as the National Institute of advanced Industrial Science and Technology." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目133", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "联合国伙伴关系办公室", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告系根据大会第52/466号和第53/475号决定递交；这两项决定均请秘书长定期向大会通报联合国伙伴关系办公室的活动情况。本报告补充了秘书长先前一些报告(A/53/700和Add.1、A/54/664和Add.1-3、A/55/763和Corr.1、A/57/133、A/58/173、A/59/170、A/60/327、A/61/189、A/62/220、A/63/257、A/64/91和A/65/347)所载的资料。", "联合国伙伴关系办公室是与联合国系统建立公私伙伴关系以推进千年发展目标的渠道。该办公室负责以下三个领域的工作：", "(a) 联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金)由秘书长于1998年3月设立，作为联合国系统与联合国基金会之间伙伴关系的接口单位，后者是一个公共慈善机构，负责管理罗伯特·特纳为支持联合国事业而捐赠的10亿美元。截至2010年12月31日，伙伴关系办公室已通过伙伴基金为43个联合国实体在124个国家实施的507个项目规划了总额超过11.7亿美元的资金，其中4亿美元是特纳核心资金，7亿美元(62%)来自其他合作伙伴；", "(b) 联合国民主基金是秘书长2005年7月成立的，旨在支持世界各地的民主化，侧重加强民间社会的声音，推动人权，确保所有群体参与民主进程。伙伴关系办公室通过该基金，为世界各地150个国家的340多个项目引入了约9 500万美元，这些方案涉及广泛领域，从加强民间社会的领导能力和推动妇女和青年参与，到允许民间社会发表意见的媒体方案等；", "(c) 伙伴关系咨询服务和外联成立于2006年，为的是满足联合国系统、各国政府和非国家行为者关于如何最好地制定和实施公私合作伙伴关系的不断增长的需求。伙伴关系办公室向各实体提供咨询意见，包括学术机构、公司、基金会、政府机构、媒体集团和民间社会组织。伙伴关系办公室鼓励投资于影响力大的举措，向潜在伙伴提供有关程序和最佳做法的咨询意见；协助设计方案和项目；帮助建立和管理全球和区域网络；作为一个行动框架，促进实现千年发展目标。", "一. 联合国国际伙伴关系基金", "1. 联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金)成立于1998年，作为联合国基金会与联合国系统间的接口单位。2009年伙伴基金通过联合国基金会，着重致力于与基于具体问题的联盟进行协调，充分利用所有部门的资源，并通过政策和宣传支助联合国的事业。", "2. 近年来，联合国基金会从一个主要基于项目的赠款组织，发展为一个建立运动，“倡导联合国事业，成为连接人员、想法和资源的平台，帮助联合国解决全球性问题”的组织。这样，联合国基金会力求协助联合国，“通过伙伴关系、宣传、争取民众支持和筹款，推广其最佳工作和思想”。", "3. 不过，赠款继续是联合国基金会工作的重要方面。2010年年底，给伙伴基金项目的拨款累计约达11.7亿美元，其中4亿美元来自特纳核心资金，7亿美元来自其他合作伙伴。43个联合国实体在124个国家实施了超过507个项目。附件一按主题和执行伙伴介绍了项目分布情况。下面介绍经挑选的部分方案和项目。", "A. 妇女和儿童健康", "4. 2010年，联合国基金会发挥特殊作用，协助外联和宣传工作，支持妇女和儿童健康全球战略，这是9月份联合国千年发展目标首脑会议期间一个高级别活动上正式启动的项目。联合国基金会与秘书长办公室一道领导一个进程，确保战略收到来自所有相关部门和地区的投入，并确保在启动活动上获得切实可行的成果，使其成为妇女和儿童健康问题的重大时刻。联合国基金会还与秘书长办公室和关键政府一道制定了传播战略，提升媒体的关注，并协调了宣传战略。", "5. 过去十年，公众和政界对全球健康的关注大幅度增加，重要的多方利益攸关方做出努力，如麻疹倡议和全球抗击艾滋病、结核和疟疾基金。这些投资已经开始出现成效，过去几年，儿童死亡率稳步降低，产妇死亡率下降，获得所需健康产品和服务的人比以往任何时候都多。", "6. 不过，如秘书长潘基文在2010年9月联合国千年发展目标高级别全体会议上启动的妇女和儿童健康全球战略所概述，国际社会将需要加速发展势头，以便在2015年实现千年发展目标。", "7. 12年来，联合国基金会和伙伴基金一直与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)和联合国系统其他组织一道，与发展中国家卫生部协作制订和扩大帮助儿童生存和发展的重大举措。随着时间的推移，联合国基金会的儿童健康投资已证明是吸引各种各样合作伙伴支持联合国主导的倡议的最有前途的途径之一。基金会成功指导脊灰炎、麻疹和疟疾工作，协助引入数以百万计的美元支助联合国的全球保健工作，提供了联合国系统各机构和各国政府之间新的合作模式，从而提高了儿童保健实地措施的效率和效益。", "8. 根除脊灰炎是联合国基金会和伙伴基金确定的优先事项之一，它仍然是世卫组织领导的筹款团队的优先工作，以筹集必要的资源，完成世卫组织2010年5月发布的全球根除脊灰炎新倡议2010年至2012年战略计划。", "9. 2010年，麻疹倡议锁定了非洲、亚洲和欧洲27个国家，计划为约2亿儿童接种疫苗。", "10. 麻疹倡议的合作伙伴正在与印度紧密合作，鼓励在人口高度密集的几个邦开展麻疹免疫工作。印度的此项工作在2010年开始，预计2011年将继续进行。", "11. 联合国基金会和伙伴基金将继续与各会员国、世卫组织、儿基会、美国红十字会、美国疾病控制中心及比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会及其他方面一道支助麻疹倡议。", "12. 这是全球努力防治疟疾的重要一年，因为目标是到2010年12月31日实现蚊帐全民普及。联合国基金会一直与联合国秘书长疟疾问题特使办公室、非洲开发银行、联合王国国际发展部和盖茨基金会一道加快采购和分配所需的1 000万至1 500万顶蚊帐，以确保全民覆盖。", "13. 此外，联合国基金会通过其获奖的“只要蚊帐”运动，继续宣讲疟疾的危害，调动各方面的合作伙伴和支持者，并与联合国执行伙伴协作，填补漏洞，资助购买和分配经杀虫剂处理的长寿命蚊帐，保护非洲最弱势群体。2010年期间，联合国基金会与伙伴基金合作，提供大约700万美元，由联合国执行伙伴把经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐分发给下列国家：布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚、利比里亚、卢旺达和塞拉利昂。", "B. 妇女与人口", "14. 联合国在处理两性不平等和增强妇女力量的问题时，面临巨大的任务。这个任务的核心是一套国际协议和原则，包括第四次妇女问题世界会议通过的《北京行动纲要》、《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》和千年发展目标，它们促使整个国际社会致力于解决妇女和女童的权利和需求问题。", "15. 联合国基金会妇女与人口方案和联合国一起，并与伙伴基金及其他伙伴协作，促进两性平等和增强妇女和女童的力量，其中特别注重生殖和性的健康和权利。增强妇女和女童的力量对于联合国基金会完成应对当今全球最棘手挑战的使命必不可少，即消除全球贫穷、实现社会公正和稳定世界人口。", "16. 2010年对于联合国少女工作队是关键的一年。工作队于2007年在伙伴基金和联合国基金会的帮助下成立，以支持联合国及其合作伙伴通过支助新的全面政策和方案，帮助边缘化的少女。工作队由人口基金和儿基会共同领导，包括联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和世卫组织。工作队是基金会和伙伴基金更多支助有关少女问题的全球协调工作的关键渠道。3月，工作队发布联合声明，保证加紧努力，实现少女权利，并拟订框架，为女童的教育、保健、安全、赋权和包容进行投资。工作队起初关注埃塞俄比亚、危地马拉、利比里亚和马拉维的项目，计划在未来五年扩大到至少20个国家。", "17. 2010年，联合国基金会正式推出“女孩向上”运动，让美国女孩有机会发挥精力和同情心，宣传联合国方案，并为之筹款，帮助世界上最难接触到的少女。“女孩向上”筹得的善款将经由伙伴基金，用于支助联合国系统各机构执行的少女方案，以解决一系列关键问题，包括上学和医疗保健、免于暴力和艾滋病毒/艾滋病和领导才能发展等。为启动这项工作，突出联合国通过“女孩向上”运动开展的工作，基金会承诺100万美元，用于联合国机构间方案，这些方案与联合国少女工作队在四个目标国家中的5个战略重点相一致。这项投资将被用来促进调动更多资源和合作伙伴，协助“少女向上”运动和联合国的少女工作。", "18. 2010年，联合国基金会继续支持联合国人口基金(人口基金)的宣传努力，特别是让宗教团体加入人口基金的消除妇科瘘运动的倡议，并努力帮助人口基金和美国政府之间建立牢固的合作关系。基金会和伙伴基金还支持人口基金在海地大地震后的努力，提供资金，重建生殖健康病房，修建太阳能路灯，使妇女在夜间得到安全。", "C. 可持续能源和气候变化", "19. 联合国基金会和伙伴基金继续支持秘书长能源和气候变化问题高级别咨询小组的工作。小组既要考虑满足世界发展的能源需求，又要协助减少温室气体排放，其成员有全球商界和民间社会的领导人，包括联合国基金会主席蒂莫西·沃思。4月，小组发布一份报告，呼吁联合国系统和会员国承诺实现两项相辅相成的目标：", "(a) 确保到2030年普及现代能源服务；", "(b) 到2030年，全球能源强度降低40%。", "20. 联合国基金会和一些会员国与咨询小组和联合国能源机制一道落实小组的主要建议：开展全球活动，支持能源用于可持续发展。活动的重点是改善现代能源服务和提高能源效率，以及宣传清洁能源对于实现千年发展目标的重要作用。", "21. 获得清洁廉价的现代能源，是促进社会和经济持久发展，实现千年发展目标的关键。在世界范围内，近30亿人依靠传统生物质能做饭取暖，约25亿人没有可靠的电力或没有电。现代能源服务的缺乏扼杀创收活动，阻碍提供基本服务，如医疗保健和教育。此外，低效做饭、照明和取暖设备产生的烟雾污染致使近200万妇女和少儿每年过早死亡，并导致各种慢性疾病和其它健康问题。", "22. 联合国基金会及其合作伙伴还与联合国系统各机构，包括世卫组织、联合国能源机制、环境署、难民署、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)一道，鼓励研制和分发清洁炉灶。", "D. 其他方案", "23. 联合国基金会和沃达丰基金会的技术伙伴关系已演化为使用无线技术加强联合国人道主义工作的领军公私伙伴关系。该伙伴关系最初承诺期限为5年，承付捐款为3 000万美元。现在，在该5年承诺期的最后一年，伙伴关系已取得重大进展，利用手机改善健康，加强人道主义危机后的通信。", "24. 该技术伙伴关系支持在非洲收集健康数据的方案，已在撒哈拉以南十多个国家和地区生根。基金支持世卫组织与各国卫生部一道培训卫生工作者使用移动装置收集保健数据。2010年最显著的发展是，已经过渡到卫生工作者广泛利用手机收集数据。", "25. 该技术伙伴方案还在为期三年的赠款项目的最后一年继续支持粮食署，加强人道主义危机中的通信。资金支持粮食署的通信能力建设方案，其中包括：培训紧急情况防备和反应方面的电信专家；建设人道主义紧急情况平台，规范全球信息和通信技术行业第一反应者的能力；资助重大灾害后迅速部署信息和通信技术工作队。此外，技术合作伙伴关系发起的“改变世界方案”，于2010年5月结束了为期一年的方案。方案部署了沃达丰4个信息通信技术专家，到粮食署在罗马、塞内加尔、泰国和乌干达的办事处工作，支持危机局势中的人道主义努力。", "26. 2010年海地危机发生后，联合国基金会帮助联合国开展工作送去100万美元，援助中央应急反应基金的项目、联合国开发计划署(开发署)的现金换工作方案和通过人口基金部署供应品。", "二. 联合国民主基金", "27. 联合国民主基金(民主基金)在2005年世界首脑会议期间作为秘书长信托基金设立，2006年4月启用，联合国伙伴关系办公室负责行政支助。自那时起，该赠款机构显然成为民间社会组织的一个基金。该基金是联合国唯一一个名称中有“民主”一词的实体，唯一一个主要宗旨是通过增强民间社会推动民主的联合国机构。民主基金的项目资金大部分提供给处于民主化过渡阶段和巩固阶段的国家的地方非政府组织。借助这些方式支持民主化的“需求方”而不是“供应方”，民主基金在补充和加强联合国的其他工作(如开发署与各国政府一起开展的工作)方面，发挥了明显和独特的崭新作用，加强世界各地的民主治理。", "28. 自其成立以来的短短几年，民主基金的项目组合、捐助基础、影响和知名度都有相当大的增长。其项目的宗旨是加强民间社会的声音、促进人权并鼓励所有群体参与民主进程。基金还支持许多侧重规范和政策问题的全球和区域重大项目。在头4轮供资活动中，民主基金支持了总共150个国家的340个项目，支付资金共9 500多万美元。活动包括支持民间社会的问责和透明度诉求以及建立旨在加强善治和法治的能力。", "A. 第四轮项目", "29. 2010年，民主基金开始向第四轮项目提供资金。2009年11月，通过便利民间社会组织访问的在线申请系统，第四轮项目开放供征集提案。共收到137个国家的组织提交的1 966份申请，反映了全球依然非常需要民主基金的服务。绝大多数提案都是地方民间社会组织提交的。", "30. 项目选择的第一阶段是独立专家根据既定标准评分。然后得分高的提案再经过联合国驻地协调员等的严格的质量控制审查和尽责评估，有时需要接受秘书长特别代表以及民主基金方案协商小组所有实体的质量控制审查和尽责评估。民主基金咨询委员会在审查的基础上，推荐一个项目短名单，然后，民主基金通知该名单上所列项目实施地点所在的会员国的常驻代表团。然后将该短名单提交给秘书长批准。要求入围的申请人在年中前提交项目文件草案，然后就其与民主基金谈判。项目资金的第一批在9月底之前发放。与国际标准相比，这一时间线更好一些。", "31. 在第四轮，59个项目获得的资金总额为14 690 000美元。这些项目按主要活动划分列举如下：", "(a) 社区发展(28%)；", "(b) 增强妇女权能(20%)；", "(c) 法治与人权(17%)；", "(d) 民主化工具(14%)；", "(e) 青年(8%)；", "(f) 媒体(8%)；", "(g) 加强政府部门(5%)。", "32. 2010年，民主基金收集了第二、第三和第四轮资助项目所需的报告，结束了第一轮已完成的项目，向咨询委员会报告了成果。", "B. 捐助群体", "33. 民主基金采取了多项措施，以加强其捐助群体。尽管全球金融危机的影响仍在持续，但这一群体持续增长，更多的致力于民主原则的低收入和中等收入国家的非传统捐助方也加入了这一群体。伊拉克、马达加斯加和巴拿马首次向民主基金捐款，从而把捐助国队伍扩大至39个会员国。2010年9月15日，为纪念国际民主日，举行了一次民主基金捐助者特别会议。从2005年到2010年，收到的捐款总额累计超过1.2亿美元。", "34. 2010年9月24日，美国总统奥巴马对大会致辞，提到了两个联合国实体的名字，其中之一就是联合国民主基金。奥巴马总统指出，现在，每一个会员国都应当增加民主基金，他还指出，民主是为公民服务的最有效的政府形式，民间社会是人类进步的塑造者和社区的良心所在，而民间社会正是民主基金的工作重点。奥巴马总统在2010年11月对印度进行国事访问期间，他与印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，作为世界上两个最大的民主国家的领导人，发表了联合声明，重申他们对该基金的坚定承诺。", "C. 评价", "35. 联合国民主基金及其咨询委员会坚信，对民主基金项目进行独立评估，是构建更强有力的学习过程的基础，也是改善民主基金的项目选择和管理的工具。2010年6月，民主基金与布鲁塞尔的一家国际知名评价公司Transtec达成为期两年的协议，以对第二和第三轮项目进行项目后评价。预定在2011年初完成第一次评价。", "D. 审计", "36. 2010年内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对联合国民主基金进行了审计，总体目标是依照联合国条例和细则以及其他适用政策和程序，评估民主基金的治理安排和管理其工作方案的实效和效率。该报告的结论是，民主基金的运作促进民主成为一项全球价值；民主基金成功实施了项目，帮助会员国建立维护民主体制的能力；民主基金的治理机制——方案协商小组和咨询委员会——有效地发挥了作用。报告认为，民主基金从第一轮项目(2006-2007年)的管理中学习了经验教训，调整了其工作程序，使项目管理效率越来越高，此外，民主基金通过中期及末期陈述报告建立了良好的监测系统，这些报告提供了可靠的关于项目活动的信息。审计建议，应制定一个更有条理的筹款策略，确保民主基金的财务可持续性； 民主基金向大会提交一份单独的秘书长报告，提升能见度；设立关键绩效指标，反映战略和运作目标；审查民主基金的运作预算，确保成本估算反映市价；审查民主基金用于评估所有项目的成效和影响的一般做法。监督厅认为，民主基金并不需要评估每一个项目，以证明其有效性和影响。", "E. 治理", "37. 2010年，基金两个理事机制咨询委员会和方案协商小组继续发挥积极的指导作用。咨询委员会的成员由秘书长根据新的职权范围任命，任期两年，从2010年1月至2011年12月。他们是：民主基金七个最大的捐助国——澳大利亚、德国、印度、日本、卡塔尔、西班牙和美国；反映地域多样性和对民主原则的承诺的六个国家——哥斯达黎加、加纳、伊拉克、毛里求斯、波兰和大韩民国；以个人身份任职的三名成员——哥伦比亚大学教授Michael Doyle(担任委员会主席)、普林斯顿大学的Kwame Anthony Appiah 以及耶鲁大学的Seyla Benhabib。委员会还包括两个非政府组织，即来自巴西的Connectas和国际和平研究所。", "38. 咨询委员会除了建议供资提案供秘书长批准外，还向秘书长提供编制方案框架和供资准则的政策指导。方案协商小组对项目选择过程和实施阶段提供了帮助和质量管理，同时利用了下列每个实体的具体专长：政治事务部、维持和平行动部、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、建设和平支助办公室、开发署、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室以及妇女署。", "F. 第五轮项目", "39. 2010年11月，联合国民主基金发起第五轮项目提案征集活动。2010年12月31日申请截止时，共收到149个国家的组织提交的3 754份申请，创民主基金的历史新高，几乎是前几年平均数量的两倍。其中绝大多数申请来自非洲、亚洲、美洲和欧洲的地方或区域民间社会组织。", "G. 民主实践", "40. 以下是民主基金一些相当典型的项目范例，展示了一系列用于帮助加强民间社会声音的行动。这些项目支持边缘化群体，表达青年关切，并打击腐败行为。例子中还有一个用于支持《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》的区域项目。", "民主实践一：缅甸的青年领导力培训", "41. 在缅甸，民主基金资助的一个项目旨在培养青年的领导技能、民间社会的参与和组织自助团体，总体目标是动员和鼓励采取行动，解决社区问题。该项目还在掸邦、克钦邦和克耶邦这些少数民族群体之间开展工作，旨在调和部族之间的差异。在一个案例中，掸邦和克钦邦的六个村庄在经过由项目组织的讨论之后，同意共同努力，重建让他们通向市场的桥梁。在另一个案例中，青年领袖决定举办一场足球比赛，聚集民众，并募集资金，修复当地学校。", "民主实践二：向巴基斯坦年轻人提供民主平台", "42. 在民主基金的资助下，巴基斯坦青年议会开展了一个项目，旨在让25 000多名年轻人了解民主的根本性质，并让他们有机会自由表达关于民主和政治参与的意见。该倡议通过圆桌会议和其他非正式的学习和信息传播工具开展工作，而民主青年队作为当地平台，讨论一系列影响青少年的问题。它们通过在国家一级的代间集会，与民主资源库相连接。", "民主实践三：俄罗斯联邦的移徙工人赋权", "43. 在2010年12月出现种族关系紧张局面时，民主基金资助的一个项目举行了会议，探讨如何保护俄罗斯联邦的年轻移民的人权。加强移徙工人的权利是一项日益重要的挑战，该项目努力让代表移民和少数民族的民间社会组织和工会获取权能；教育警察、机构、工会和社会服务部门了解防止歧视的工具和儿童移民的人权；为民间社会组织提供关于联合国公约、国际标准和做法、俄罗斯法律和法院诉讼、自我组织和自我帮助的培训；召开研讨会，与原籍国的非政府组织交流最佳做法。该项目的执行方是位于彼尔姆的暴力和贩卖人口受害者援助中心。", "民主实践四：争取也门妇女和青年参与", "44. 民主基金在也门资助的倡议始于2010年，目的是让也门妇女和青年人参与民主进程。项目旨在动员五个省份的妇女和年轻人成为有创造力的社会变革推动者，扩大政治参与；促进妇女和青年组织之间形成非党派联盟，为国家所面临的挑战寻找更有效、更包容的解决方案；通过促进社会和文化认可，增加妇女和年轻人担任公共领域中的领导角色的机会。成果包括开展关于宣传、选举制度和建立网络的培训；建立连接也门各地的参与者网站；开展小额赠款竞赛；媒体宣传。该项目由也门妇女联盟执行。", "民主实践五：在尼日利亚的采购监控", "45. 在尼日利亚，民主基金资助了一个项目，目的是评估2007年《公共采购法》的实施水平，让民间社会有效地观察和监测公共采购，帮助立法委员会履行其采购监督职能，并让采购实体和有关企业组织了解《公共采购法》的基本规定。该项目启动了一个用于整理、分析和传播采购监测资料的互联网门户网站，并出台了一份报告，其中揭示了尼日利亚公共采购中最常见的不当行为以及实施《公共采购法》的挑战。该项目的执行方是位于在阿坝和阿布贾的公共和私人发展中心。", "民主实践六：推进非洲的民主宪章", "46. 联合国民主基金资助了非洲一个区域项目，宣传和倡导《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》。非洲联盟的成员国在2007年通过了《宪章》，这标志着作为促进本地区善治的行为体的非盟迈出的重要一步。《宪章》要生效，需要至少15个成员国签署和批准，截至2010年年底，只有8个成员国签署和批准。该项目由非洲民主联盟和南非民主改革研究所提供的秘书处实施，将支持该宪章生效及其后的有效实施。", "三. 伙伴关系咨询服务和外联工作", "47. 联合国系统历来一直与私营部门和民间社会协作。联合国会员国以《2005年世界首脑会议成果文件》(见第60/1号决议)为基础，肯定了非国家行为体积极参与促进联合国系统发展纲领的重要性，并明确表示对此予以大力支持。千年发展目标是转变这一伙伴关系的分水岭，在过去十年中，联合国积极与私营部门和民间社会实体接触，而后者同样作出积极回应。联合国的吸引力源自其政治合法性、基于价值观的使命、在发展领域的知识和经验、与发展中国家的历史关系及其全球影响力和发言权。另一方面，私营部门已成为促进经济发展的主力军。", "48. 联合国伙伴关系办公室与联合国基金会合作，进一步促进和落实伙伴关系咨询服务和外联工作举措，并建立促进非国家行为体与联合国系统合作的创新战略。联合国伙伴关系办公室还发挥专长和能力，促使全球公司、基金会和主要慈善家参与联合国事业，并通过建设伙伴关系支持联合国系统的宣传和外联工作。", "A. 伙伴关系服务", "49. 在过去十年中，向联合国寻求如何进行和提供援助的咨询的私营部门实体数量大幅增加。规模各异、提供形形色色商品和服务的公司，均曾与联合国伙伴关系办公室联系，要求在如何与联合国一起寻找一些世界上最具挑战性问题的可持续解决方案方面提供协助并寻求咨询意见。", "50. 2010年，联合国伙伴关系办公室为若干工作队提供了服务，包括以区域为重点的团组(加勒比共同体工作队)、以议题为基础的团组(千年发展目标差距问题工作队)、协调机制(经济和社会事务部机构间协调、联合国宣传小组、联合国发展集团)。该办公室的主要作用是提供伙伴关系服务，并鼓励私营部门和民间社会参与联合国系统并作出贡献。", "51. 2010年，联合国伙伴关系办公室向私营部门公司、基金会、民间社会组织、学术机构和慈善家提供了咨询服务。来自非国家行为体的请求大多要向以最不发达国家的减贫、教育、卫生、救灾以及人道主义援助为重点的方案提供援助。该办公室与外部行为体订立了若干协议和谅解备忘录，以便正式确定支持千年发展目标的一些伙伴关系。", "52. 联合国伙伴关系办公室提供的伙伴关系咨询服务涵盖一系列领域，可以被归纳为四大类别：", "(a) 业务伙伴关系。该办公室继续鼓励公司伙伴支持联合国的方案和宣传活动；", "(b) 政策和倡导型伙伴关系。该办公室注意到私营部门和民间社会更多地关注提高对千年发展目标的认识和广泛了解。2010年，该办公室继续与一些全球协会交往，包括鼓励企业慈善委员会、企业公民领袖中心、国际奥林匹克委员会、国际商业领袖论坛、资源基金会和世界穆斯林慈善家大会；", "(c) 分享资源和专门知识。该办公室继续促使企业和基金会提供财务支助并与利益攸关方分享专门知识；", "(d) 网络和联盟。2010年，该办公室与支持千年发展目标的多方利益攸关方协作。联合国伙伴关系办公室帮助启动了珍珠倡议，这是一个由私营部门主导的方案，旨在鼓励海湾合作委员会六国的公司与联合国系统合作，改善企业治理、问责制以及富有智慧的企业社会责任实践。", "B. 主要创新项目和举措", "53. 下列名单按日期顺序排列，并分为以下三类，以反映项目或倡议的主要发起伙伴：会员国；联合国系统和其他国际组织；私营部门和民间社会。", "1. 会员国", "“反射镜”展览", "54. 2011年2月22日，在联合国总部举行了“反射镜”展览，该展览涉及经济及社会理事会推动慈善事业促进性别平等和妇女赋权的特别活动，展出了由来自世界各地的妇女艺术家的艺术作品。这一倡议的发起者是Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum殿下，她是迪拜妇女组织的主席和阿联酋副总理兼总统事务部长Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan殿下的妻子，这一倡议是对妇女赋权议程的杰出贡献，是宣扬文化理解与和平的正面讯息。", "在赫尔辛基举行的发展合作论坛", "55. 2010年6月，在赫尔辛基举行了高级别研讨会，以筹备2010年发展合作论坛。论坛由联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、芬兰外交部和联合国伙伴关系办公室主办，目标是，以确定让发展政策更加协调有效的对策，并加强发展合作在国际上的影响。", "千年发展目标颁奖典礼及庆祝活动", "56. 9月在纽约举行了2010年千年发展目标奖颁奖典礼。该奖项的目的是通过高调表彰在推进千年发展目标方面作出了表率的各国政府和民间社会的利益攸关方，并举办庆祝活动，从而支持千年发展目标并提高各方对这些目标的认识。联合国伙伴关系办公室的作用是协助千年发展目标奖委员会这一非盈利实体促进获得该奖项的会员国的提名工作。", "联合国关于奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者的永久纪念碑", "57. 联合国伙伴关系办公室继续协助永久纪念碑委员会实施全面的媒体、宣传和资源调动战略，目的是在联合国总部大楼树立一个永久纪念碑。永久纪念碑委员会主席是牙买加常驻联合国代表。联合国伙伴关系办公室管理该信托基金的资金接收、分配和支出。", "2. 联合国系统和其他国际组织", "让慈善事业促进妇女赋权和性别平等", "58. 2010年2月22日，经济及社会理事会协同经济和社会事务部、联合国伙伴关系办公室、联合国妇女发展基金以及鼓励企业慈善委员会，在联合国总部举行了一次主题为“让慈善事业促进妇女赋权和性别平等”的特别活动。活动重点是承诺推进与性别有关的千年发展目标和合作伙伴关系如何帮助“结束暴力侵害妇女和女童行为”并“促进妇女经济赋权”，活动由经社理事会主席哈米顿·阿里主持，联合国秘书长潘基文在开幕式上致辞。", "关于“通过体育赋予妇女权能”主题的高级别讨论会", "59. 2010年6月29日，国际奥林匹克委员会和联合国伙伴关系办公室协同联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室，主办了一次高级别会议，旨在交流意见和分享经验教训，讨论运动与千年发展目标之间的联系，重点在性别平等。40多名与会者，包括各国政府和联合国系统的高级代表、来自体育界的知名人士、以及来自私营部门、民间社会和学术界的领袖交流了关于运动和性别平等的想法。", "国际扫盲日研讨会：发展的重要基础", "60. 在2010年国际扫盲日，联合国伙伴关系办公室、教科文组织、开发署协同Global Wheel Houz，共同举办研讨会，讨论扫盲对于可持续发展、赋予穷人权能、加快通过创造性伙伴关系实现千年发展目标的进展的重要性。联合国扫盲十年荣誉大使劳拉·布什谈到通过教育赋予妇女权能的影响，联合国教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃肯定了扫盲对于赋予妇女权能、改善孕产妇保健和消除儿童死亡的多重益处。这一活动纪念了五年多来的青年参与以及筹款活动，旨在激励青年、私营部门和名人在支持千年发展目标方面开展协作。", "非洲投资者指数序列峰会", "61. 2010年9月17日，联合国伙伴关系办公室协同非洲问题特别顾问办公室、非洲投资者公司、纽约-泛欧证券交易所、非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)和新伙伴关系企业集团，共同主办了第三届年度非洲投资者指数序列峰会。峰会促使商界领袖、投资者和慈善家建立切实的投资合作伙伴关系，支持在非洲实现千年发展目标。", "3. 私营部门和民间社会", "关于气候风险的投资人峰会", "62. 2010年1月14日，对环境负责的经济体联盟、联合国基金会和联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部举办了第四届关于气候风险的投资人峰会。该峰会是在哥本哈根国际气候条约谈判之后召开的，汇集了来自世界各地代理数万亿美元资产的众多机构投资者、基金经理和财务顾问。峰会探讨了全球迅速转向清洁技术并提高能源效率可能刺激经济增长的方式，并强调了投资人可参与低碳过渡的方式。演讲者包括秘书长潘基文、美国前副总统戈尔、美国气候变化问题特使托德·斯特恩以及媒体执行官和慈善家特德·特纳。峰会还发表了《投资者催化低碳经济投资声明》，投资者在声明中呼吁美国和其他各国政府迅速采取行动，通过强有力的国家气候变化政策，推动低碳投资，减少造成气候变化的温室气体排放。", "第三届世界穆斯林慈善家大会", "63. 2010年3月21和22日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和世界穆斯林慈善家大会在多哈共同主办了第三届年度世界大会。大会聚集了来自慈善事业、政府、企业和民间社会的国际领导人，共同讨论当前面临的国际议程上的一些关键挑战。世界穆斯林慈善家大会鼓励穆斯林社会和其他各方建立创新合作伙伴关系，努力实现千年发展目标。", "海地希望工程", "64. 2010年3月22日，联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部主办了海地希望工程启动仪式。在启动仪式上，海地总理让-马科斯·贝勒里维、联合国海地问题特使和克林顿布什海地基金联合主席克林顿、美洲开发银行行长路易斯·阿尔贝托·莫雷诺以及可口可乐公司首席执行官穆泰康都表示支持这一公私伙伴关系，该伙伴关系将造福海地种植芒果的农民。这一估值为750万美元的五年期项目旨在通过发展可持续的芒果行业，让海地25 000多名芒果果农的收入增加一倍。该举措将让农民进入国际市场，提高其生活水平，并促进海地的长远发展和振兴。", "投资于千年发展目标：企业界如何推动可持续发展", "65. 2010年4月7和8日，联合国伙伴关系办公室与企业公民领导力中心主办了一次为期两天的高级别论坛，主题为“投资于千年发展目标：企业界如何推动可持续发展”。该论坛讨论了私营部门、基金会以及联合国系统之间有助于实现千年发展目标的合作领域。著名演讲者包括联合国千年项目主任杰弗里·萨克斯、千年运动主任萨利·谢迪、毕马威会计师事务所的迈克尔·黑斯廷斯和西联汇款基金会的塔亚·博世。", "关于评估拉丁美洲和加勒比地区伙伴关系动态的论坛", "66. 2010年4月28日，联合国伙伴关系办公室与资源基金会在联合国总部共同主办了关于“伙伴关系动态评估”主题的论坛。论坛探讨了伙伴关系的重要性及其对国际发展援助群体疏危解困、实现预期效果和收益的能力的影响。来自公共和私营部门的领导人汇聚一堂，讨论伙伴关系的潜力、挑战、复杂性和重要性，特别讨论了涉及促进拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的发展活动的伙伴关系。", "创造共享价值论坛", "67. 2010年5月27日，雀巢公司和国际商业领袖论坛在联合国伙伴关系办公室的支持下，在伦敦举行了第二届创造共享价值年度论坛。本次论坛汇聚了国际领导人，共同讨论当前在营养、水和农村发展等领域的全球可持续投资挑战与合作机会。论坛还向一个名为柬埔寨国际发展企业组织的地方非营利组织颁发了首届雀巢创造共享价值奖，该组织使用基于市场的方法，增加了柬埔寨乡村居民的收入。", "启动珍珠倡议", "68. 2010年9月20日，100多名商界领袖和政策制定者齐聚联合国总部，启动珍珠倡议，该倡议是一个由私营部门主导的行动方案，旨在改善海湾合作委员会六国的商业活动的企业治理、问责制以及富有智慧的企业社会责任实践。该活动由联合国伙伴关系办公室、沙迦美国大学和阿拉伯联合酋长国新月集团联合组织，让与会者讨论透明经营环境和可持续经济增长之间的联系。珍珠倡议的目的是为了帮助和鼓励海湾地区的私营公司与联合国系统和其他全球战略伙伴合作，提高各自利益攸关方对问责制和透明度的认识；并通过这些创新伙伴关系，将其企业社会责任承诺变为行动。", "布劳因创意领袖峰会", "69. 2010年9月22日至24日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和露易丝·布劳因基金会在纽约市的大都会俱乐部联合主办了第五次布劳因创意领袖年度峰会。该年度峰会提供了一个宝贵平台，让国家元首、诺贝尔奖获得者以及私营部门领袖探讨如何应对全球化的挑战和机遇，包括教育、卫生和贫困。", "2010年《慈悲宪章》TED(科技、娱乐和设计会议)讨论会", "70. 2010年11月18日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和TEDPrize组织在联合国总部共同主持了一次讨论会，以庆祝《慈悲宪章》一周年，凯伦·阿姆斯特朗获得了2008年TEDPrize奖。《慈悲宪章》是一份敦促世界所有人民和所有宗教推崇慈悲价值的文件，所载的一组原则旨在将慈悲思想和慈悲行动重新作为宗教、道德和政治生活的核心。", "四. 结论", "71. 特纳先生通过联合国基金会和伙伴基金作出了历史性的慈善捐款，这使得包括基金会和私营公司在内的非国家行为者对于寻求与联合国接触和协作的兴趣呈指数增长。", "72. 联合国基金会超越赠款作用的演变对整个联合国系统产生了重要影响。该基金会已能构思和启动各项活动，以推进联合国的目标，并与联合国系统各机构合作制定更清晰的宣传战略并加强合作机会。", "73. 本报告前面的章节显示，2010年，联合国基金会通过多种途径为联合国各项事业开展了领导倡议和运动，证明了该基金会的使命和方法的变化。此外，该基金会已与美利坚合众国联合国协会合并，以动员美国人支持联合国的事业。", "74. 联合国和联合国基金会之间现有的关系协定最初制定于1998年，其后在2007年更新，将审查该关系协定，以确保其与时俱进，反映联合国基金会与联合国合作的演变。", "75. 联合国民主基金已经成立5年了，已被证明是大会的一个极好的倡议。该基金向地方民间社会组织提供资助，以“需求”方为重点，成功补充了联合国系统以民主体制“供应”方为重点的许多机构的工作，使得联合国的工作方法更加全面，并让世界各地数千名民间社会活动家参与联合国的工作。", "76. 正在对联合国民主基金项目进行独立评估，以评估民主基金的影响，但显而易见，一个关键影响是扩大了支持队伍。2010年，民主基金收到约3 700份申请，对赠款的需求增加了一倍，民主基金已可被视为民间社会、特别是全球南部的民间社会的极为重要的资源。", "77. 联合国伙伴关系办公室的核心工作依然是运作伙伴基金和民主基金，不过，该办公室继续向寻求与联合国系统合作的各类非国家行为者提供咨询服务。2010年9月底，联合国伙伴关系办公室执行主任退休，民主基金的行政首长担任伙伴关系办公室的代理主管。", "附件一", "联合国国际伙伴关系基金的资金和项目分配情况", "A. 实施伙伴分配的1998-2010年联合国基金会所供资金", "(美元)", "[]", "注：“其他”包括33个所获资金不足1 000万美元的实施伙伴。", "B. 1998-2010年联合国基金会资助的项目在各个领域的分配", "[]", "简称：经社部，经济和社会事务部：粮农组织，联合国粮食及农业组织；开发署，联合国开发计划署；环境署，联合国环境规划署；教科文组织，联合国教育、科学及文化组织；人口基金，联合国人口基金；难民署，联合国难民事务高级专员办事处；儿基会，联合国儿童基金会；妇发基金，联合国妇女发展基金(现在的妇女署)；世卫组织，世界卫生组织。", "附件二", "联合国国际伙伴关系基金资助的按方案领域分列的项目", "(美元)", "截至2009年12月31日 2010年批准情况 共计\n 方案领域 项目数 价值 项目数 价值 项目数 价值", "儿童保健 103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 000", "人口与妇女 108 136 879 584 9 3 421 110 117 140 300 694", "环境 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 294 150 163 943 553", "和平、安全与人权 61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730", "其他 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 434 70 65 778 571", "共计 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685", "在11.7亿美元核定赠款中，4亿是特纳核心资金，7亿(62%)来自于其他伙伴。", "附件三", "2010年联合国国际伙伴关系基金咨询委员会的组成", "常务副秘书长阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗(主席)", "经济及社会理事会主席哈米顿·阿里(马来西亚常驻联合国代表)", "纽约中华医学基金会主席、全球公平倡议主任陈致和医学博士", "主管管理事务副秘书长安格拉·凯恩", "大会第二委员会主席恩赫策策格·奥其尔(蒙古常驻联合国代表)", "世界银行信息技术促进教育与卫生问题研究员玛丽·欧珂丝·史密斯", "福特基金会研究小组组长富兰克林·A·托马斯", "主管经济和社会事务副秘书长沙祖康", "联合国伙伴关系办公室代理主管罗兰·里奇(当然成员)", "附件四", "截至2010年12月1日各捐赠国向联合国民主基金提供的财政捐款", "(美元)", "捐赠国 累计捐助", "阿根廷 5 000", "澳大利亚 8 243 574", "保加利亚 10 000", "智利 220 000", "克罗地亚 71 000", "塞浦路斯 5 000", "捷克共和国 195 780", "丹麦 265 018", "厄瓜多尔 5 000", "爱沙尼亚 10 395", "法国 4 793 716", "格鲁吉亚 24 943", "德国 10 006 348", "匈牙利 75 000", "印度 25 000 000", "伊拉克 5 000", "爱尔兰 709 220", "以色列 52 500", "意大利 2 947 800", "日本 10 000 000", "拉脱维亚 5 000", "立陶宛 28 920", "马达加斯加 5 000", "蒙古 10 000", "摩洛哥 5 000", "巴拿马 7 000", "秘鲁 25 000", "波兰 200 000", "葡萄牙 150 000", "卡塔尔 10 000 000", "大韩民国 1 000 000", "罗马尼亚 422 860", "塞内加尔 100 000", "斯洛文尼亚 127 924", "西班牙 4 998 370", "斯里兰卡 5 000", "瑞典 7 166 325", "土耳其 125 000", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 609 350", "美利坚合众国 33 340 000", "共计 120 976 042", "附件五", "2010年联合国民主基金咨询委员会的组成", "会员国", "澳大利亚", "哥斯达黎加", "德国", "加纳", "印度", "伊拉克", "日本", "毛里求斯", "波兰", "卡塔尔", "大韩民国", "西班牙", "美利坚合众国", "非政府组织", "人权联系会", "国际和平研究所", "个人", "迈克尔·多伊尔", "夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚", "塞拉·本哈比", "附件六", "联合国伙伴关系办公室组织结构图" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 133 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "United Nations Office for Partnerships", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly decisions 52/466 and 53/475, wherein the Secretary-General was requested to inform the Assembly, on a regular basis, about the activities of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. It supplements the information contained in the previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/53/700 and Add.1, A/54/664 and Add.1-3, A/55/763 and Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 and A/65/347).", "The United Nations Office for Partnerships serves as a gateway for public-private partnerships with the United Nations system in furtherance of the Millennium Development Goals. The Office oversees the following three areas:", "(a) The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by the Secretary-General in March 1998 to serve as the interface for partnership between the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation — the public charity responsible for administering Robert E. Turner’s $1 billion contribution in support of United Nations causes. As at 31 December 2010, the Office had programmed through UNFIP a total of over $1.17 billion, of which $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds, and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners, for 507 projects implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries;", "(b) The United Nations Democracy Fund, which was established by the Secretary-General in July 2005 to support democratization around the world, focuses on strengthening the voice of civil society, promoting human rights and ensuring the participation of all groups in democratic processes. Through the Fund, the Office has channelled approximately $95 million to more than 340 projects in 150 countries around the world, ranging from strengthening civil society leadership skills and promoting the participation of women and youth, to media programmes allowing civil society to project its voice;", "(c) Partnership Advisory Services and Outreach was established in 2006 in response to the growing demand from the United Nations system, Governments and non-State actors on how best to develop and implement public-private partnerships. The Office provides advice to entities, including academic institutions, companies, foundations, government agencies, media groups and civil society organizations. Investment in high-impact initiatives is encouraged by providing advice to potential partners regarding procedures and best practices; assisting in the design of programmes and projects; helping to establish and manage global and regional networks; and promoting the Millennium Development Goals as a framework for action.", "I. United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "1. The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in 1998 to serve as the interface between the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations system. In 2009, UNFIP through the United Nations Foundation focused on working in coordination with issue-based coalitions, leveraging resources from all sectors, and supporting United Nations causes through policy and advocacy.", "2. In recent years, the United Nations Foundation has evolved from primarily a project-based grant-making organization to one that builds campaigns and serves “as an advocate for the United Nations and platform for connecting people, ideas and resources to help the United Nations solve global problems”. In this way, the Foundation seeks to assist the United Nations “to take its best work and ideas to scale — through partnerships, advocacy, constituency building and fund-raising”.", "3. Nevertheless, grant-making continues to be an important aspect of the United Nations Foundation’s work. At the end of 2010, the cumulative allocations to UNFIP projects reached approximately $1.17 billion, out of which $0.4 billion came from core Turner funds and $0.7 billion was generated from other partners. More than 507 projects have been implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries. The distribution of projects by themes and implementing partners is provided in annex I. A description of a selection of these programmes and projects is provided below.", "A. Women’s and children’s health", "4. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation took on a special role to assist with outreach and advocacy in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, which was launched formally at a high-level event during the United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals, in September. Working with the Office of the Secretary-General, the Foundation led a process to ensure that the strategy received input from all relevant sectors and regions and also to ensure a deliverable result at the launch event that would make it a distinct moment for women’s and children’s health issues. The Foundation also developed a communications strategy to elevate the attention of the media and coordinated an advocacy strategy, working with the Office of the Secretary-General and key Governments.", "5. Public and political attention to global health has increased dramatically over the past decade through important multi-stakeholder efforts such as the Measles Initiative and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. These investments have begun to pay off, with childhood mortality falling steadily for the last few years, maternal mortality on the decline, and more people than ever getting the health products and services they need.", "6. Nevertheless, as outlined in the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, launched in September 2010 by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the United Nations High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the international community will need to accelerate its momentum to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.", "7. For 12 years, the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP have worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and other United Nations system organizations, together with the ministries of health of developing countries to develop and expand major initiatives to help children to survive and thrive. Over time, United Nations Foundation investments in children’s health have proven to be one of the most promising avenues for attracting a wide variety of partner support for United Nations-led initiatives. The Foundation’s successful stewardship of campaigns on polio, measles, and malaria has helped to channel hundreds of millions of additional dollars in support of United Nations global health efforts and provided new models of collaboration between United Nations system agencies and national Governments, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of children’s health interventions on the ground.", "8. Polio eradication was one of the first priorities identified by the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP, and continues to be a priority as in the work with a WHO-led fund-raising team to raise the necessary resources to complete the eradication programmes of the new Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan 2010-2012, released by WHO in May 2010.", "9. In 2010, the Measles Initiative targeted 27 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with plans to vaccinate approximately 200 million children.", "10. Measles Initiative partners are working very closely with India to encourage measles campaigns in several highly populated states. India’s campaign began in 2010 and is expected to continue in 2011.", "11. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP will continue to work with Member States, WHO, UNICEF, the American Red Cross, the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, among others, in support of the Measles Initiative.", "12. This has been an important year in the global effort to combat malaria as the target of universal coverage of bednets was set for 31 December 2010. The United Nations Foundation has been working with the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Malaria, the African Development Bank, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom, and the Gates Foundation to accelerate the procurement and distribution of 10 million to 15 million nets needed to ensure full coverage.", "13. In addition, through its award-winning Nothing But Nets campaign, the United Nations Foundation has continued to raise the profile of malaria, engage a diverse set of partners and constituencies, and work with United Nations implementing partners to fill critical gaps by funding the purchase and distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to protect the most vulnerable populations in Africa. In 2010, the Foundation, in collaboration with UNFIP, provided approximately $7 million of funding for the distribution of insecticide-treated bednets by United Nations implementing partners to the following countries; Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.", "B. Women and population", "14. The United Nations has a vast mandate when it comes to addressing gender inequality and women’s empowerment. At the heart of this mandate is a web of international agreements and principles — including the Beijing Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, and the Millennium Development Goals — that commit the entire global community to address the rights and needs of women and girls.", "15. The United Nations Foundation women and population programme works with the United Nations, in collaboration with UNFIP, and other partners to promote gender equality and empower women and girls, with a particular focus on reproductive and sexual health and rights. Empowering women and girls is essential to the programme mission to address the toughest global challenges today — fighting global poverty, achieving social justice and stabilizing the world’s population.", "16. 2010 marked a pivotal year for the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force, a group that UNFIP and the United Nations Foundation helped to establish in 2007 to support the United Nations and its partners in reaching marginalized adolescent girls by supporting new comprehensive policies and programmes. Co‑chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, the Task Force also includes the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WHO. The Task Force has provided a critical avenue for the Foundation and UNFIP to enhance support of global coordination on adolescent girl issues. In March, the Task Force issued a joint statement pledging to intensify their efforts to fulfil the rights of adolescent girls and a framework for investing in girls’ education, health, safety, empowerment and inclusion. The Task Force has initially turned its attention to projects in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, and Malawi and plans to expand to at least 20 countries over the next five years.", "17. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation formally launched Girl Up, a campaign that gives American girls the opportunity to channel their energy and compassion to raise awareness and funds for United Nations programmes that help some of the world’s hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. Funds raised through Girl Up will be channelled through UNFIP in support of adolescent girl programmes implemented by United Nations system agencies working to address a range of critical issues, including access to education and health care, freedom from violence and HIV/AIDS, and leadership development. To jumpstart this work and to highlight the work of the Organization through the Girl Up campaign, the Foundation committed $1 million to inter-agency United Nations programmes that align with the five strategic priorities of the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force in the four target countries. This investment will be used as a catalyst to mobilize additional resources and partners for the Girl Up campaign and the work of the United Nations on behalf of adolescent girls.", "18. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation continued to support the advocacy efforts of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in particular an initiative to bring faith communities into the UNFPA Campaign to End Fistula, and efforts to help to foster a strong relationship between UNFPA and the United States Government. The Foundation and UNFIP also supported the efforts of UNFPA in Haiti in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake by providing funding to rebuild reproductive health wards and provide solar street lights to keep women safe at night.", "C. Sustainable energy and climate change", "19. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP continued to support the work of the Secretary-General’s high-level Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. This Group, convened to address the dual challenges of meeting the world’s energy needs for development while contributing to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, includes global leaders from business and civil society, including United Nations Foundation President Timothy Wirth. In April, the Group released a report in which it called upon the United Nations system and its Member States to commit themselves to two complementary goals:", "(a) Ensuring universal access to modern energy services by 2030;", "(b) Reducing global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030.", "20. The United Nations Foundation and select Member States are working with the Advisory Group and UN-Energy to carry out the Group’s leading recommendation: that a global campaign should be launched in support of energy for sustainable development. The campaign is to focus on improving access to modern energy services and enhancing energy efficiency, as well as raising awareness about the essential role of clean energy in reaching the Millennium Development Goals.", "21. Access to clean and affordable modern energy is critical to fostering lasting social and economic development and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Worldwide, almost 3 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and some 2.5 billion people have unreliable or no access to electricity. The lack of modern energy services stifles income-generating activities and hampers the provision of basic services such as health care and education. In addition, smoke from polluting and inefficient cooking, lighting, and heating devices kills nearly 2 million women and young children prematurely every year and causes a range of chronic illnesses and other health impacts.", "22. The United Nations Foundation and its partners also works with a full array of United Nations system agencies, including WHO, UN-Energy, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Food Programme (WFP) to encourage the development and distribution of clean cookstoves.", "D. Other programmes", "23. The United Nations Foundation and Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership has evolved into the leading public-private partnership using wireless communications technologies to strengthen the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations. Now in the final year of an initial five-year, $30 million commitment, the Partnership has made significant inroads in leveraging mobiles to improve health outcomes and enhance communications in the aftermath of humanitarian crises.", "24. The Technology Partnership programme to support the collection of health data in Africa has taken root in over a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Funds have supported the work of WHO with national health ministries to train health workers to use mobile devices for health data collection. The most significant development in 2010 has been the transition to collecting data on mobile phones, which are widely used by health workers.", "25. The Technology Partnership programme also continues to support the WFP in the final year of a three-year grant to strengthen communications in humanitarian crises. Funding supports the WFP communications capacity-building programme, which includes training telecommunications experts in emergency preparedness and response; building a humanitarian emergency platform to standardize capabilities throughout the global community of information and communications technology (ICT) first responders; and funding rapid deployment of ICT teams following major disasters. In addition, the World of Difference programme, spearheaded by the Technology Partnership, concluded its one-year programme in May 2010. The programme placed four ICT specialists from Vodafone at WFP offices in Rome, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda to support humanitarian efforts in crisis situations.", "26. In the aftermath of the crisis in Haiti in 2010, the United Nations Foundation helped the United Nations efforts by channelling over $1 million of assistance for projects benefiting the Central Emergency Response Fund, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) cash-for-work programme and for the deployment of supplies through UNFPA.", "II. United Nations Democracy Fund", "27. The United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) was established during the 2005 World Summit as a Secretary-General’s Trust Fund and launched in April 2006, with the United Nations Office for Partnerships providing administrative support. Since then, the grant-making body has become clearly defined as a fund for civil society organizations. It is the only United Nations entity that has the word “democracy” in its name and the only United Nations body with the primary purpose of supporting democracy through empowering civil society. The large majority of UNDEF project funds go to local non-governmental organizations in countries in both the transition and consolidation phases of democratization. By supporting the “demand” rather than “supply” side of democratization, UNDEF plays a new, distinct and unique role in complementing and enhancing the other work of the United Nations — the work with Governments, such as that of UNDP — to strengthen democratic governance around the world.", "28. In the short years since its creation, UNDEF has experienced considerable growth in its portfolio, its donor base, its impact and its visibility. Its projects aim to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. It also supports a number of major global and regional projects with a normative and policy focus. In its first four rounds of funding, UNDEF supported 340 projects in a total of 150 countries, with a total disbursement of more than $95 million. They ranged from supporting civil society efforts for accountability and transparency to building capacity for strengthening good governance and the rule of law.", "A. Fourth round of projects", "29. In 2010, UNDEF began funding its fourth round of projects. The round opened for proposals in November 2009, through an online application system that facilitated access by civil society organizations. A total of 1,966 applications from organizations in 137 countries were received, reflecting continuing strong global demand for the Fund’s services. The vast majority of proposals were submitted by local civil society organizations.", "30. The first stage of project selection was based on scoring by independent experts against set criteria. The high-scoring proposals were then subject to rigorous quality control and due diligence, including by United Nations Resident Coordinators and, where applicable, special representatives of the Secretary-General, as well as all entities of the UNDEF Programme Consultative Group. On the basis of that review, the Advisory Board of the Fund recommended a shortlist of projects, after which UNDEF advised Permanent Missions of Member States in which listed projects were to take place. The shortlist was then submitted to the Secretary-General for approval. Shortlisted applicants were asked to submit draft project documents by mid-year, which were then negotiated with UNDEF. The first tranches of project funding were disbursed by September. This timeline compares favourably with international standards.", "31. In the fourth round, 59 projects were funded at a total cost of $14,690,000. The break down of projects as defined by their key activities is as follows:", "(a) Community development (28 per cent);", "(b) Women’s empowerment (20 per cent);", "(c) Rule of law and human rights (17 per cent);", "(d) Tools for democratization (14 per cent);", "(e) Youth (8 per cent);", "(f) Media (8 per cent);", "(g) Strengthening the instrumentalities of government (5 per cent).", "32. Throughout 2010, the Fund collected the required reports on projects funded under the second, third and fourth rounds, conducted closing of completed projects from the first round and reported on its achievements to the Advisory Board.", "B. Donor base", "33. The Fund undertook a number of initiatives to strengthen its donor base, which continued to grow, despite the continuing impact of the global financial crisis, with the addition of more non-traditional contributors from low- and middle-income countries committed to democratic principles. Iraq, Madagascar and Panama contributed to UNDEF for the first time, expanding the group of donors to a total of 39 Member States. A special UNDEF donor meeting was held to mark the International Day of Democracy on 15 September 2010. The cumulative total amount of contributions received from 2005 through 2010 exceeded $120 million.", "34. On 24 September 2010, President Barack Obama of the United States singled out the United Nations Democracy Fund for support as one of only two United Nations entities mentioned by name in his address to the General Assembly. Declaring that it was time for every Member State to increase the Democracy Fund, President Obama spoke of democracy as the form of government that delivers most for citizens, and spoke of civil society — the focus of the work of UNDEF — as the shapers of human progress and the conscience of communities. During President Obama’s state visit to India in November 2010, he and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as leaders of the world’s two largest democracies, issued a joint statement reaffirming their strong commitment to the Fund.", "C. Evaluation", "35. The United Nations Democracy Fund and its Advisory Board are committed to independent evaluation of UNDEF projects as a basis for a stronger learning process and a tool to improve UNDEF project selection and management. In June 2010, the Fund entered into a two-year agreement with a Brussels-based firm of internationally respected evaluators, Transtec, to conduct post-project evaluations of the second- and third-round projects. The first evaluations were scheduled to be completed in early 2011.", "D. Audit", "36. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund in 2010 with the overall objective of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of UNDEF governance arrangements and management of its programme of work, in compliance with United Nations Regulations and Rules and other applicable policies and procedures. The report concluded that the operations of UNDEF promote democracy as a global value; that it had successfully implemented projects that help Member States to build capacity in upholding democratic institutions; and that the UNDEF governance mechanisms — the Programme Consultative Group and Advisory Board — function effectively. It found that learning the lessons from the administration of the first-round projects (2006-2007), UNDEF had adjusted its procedures so as to make its project administration increasingly efficient, and that UNDEF had established a good monitoring system with interim and final narrative reports, which provided solid information on project activities. The audit recommended the development of a more structured fund-raising strategy to ensure the Fund’s financial sustainability; a separate report of the Secretary-General on UNDEF to the General Assembly to enhance visibility; key performance indicators to reflect strategic and operational targets; a review of the operational budget of UNDEF to ensure that the cost estimates reflect prices in the market; and a review of the Fund’s general practice of evaluating all projects for effectiveness and impact. In the opinion of OIOS, UNDEF did not need to evaluate every single project to demonstrate its effectiveness and impact.", "E. Governance", "37. The two governing mechanisms of the Board, the Advisory Board and the Programme Consultative Group, continued to play an active and guiding role during 2010. Advisory Board members were appointed by the Secretary-General under new terms of reference, to serve a two-year term from January 2010 through December 2011. They were the seven largest contributors to UNDEF — Australia, Germany, India, Japan, Qatar, Spain and the United States; six countries reflecting geographical diversity and commitment to democratic principles — Costa Rica, Ghana, Iraq, Mauritius, Poland and the Republic of Korea; and three members serving in an individual capacity — Michael Doyle of Columbia University, who served as Chair of the Board; Kwame Anthony Appiah of Princeton University; and Seyla Benhabib of Yale University. Two non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Connectas, Brazil, and the International Peace Institute, also serve on the Board.", "38. In addition to recommending funding proposals for the Secretary-General’s approval, the Advisory Board provided him with policy guidance on the development of programme frameworks and funding guidelines. The Programme Consultative Group provided input and quality control in the project selection process and implementation phase, making use of the specific expertise of each of its entities: the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Peacebuilding Support Office, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UN-Women.", "F. Fifth round of projects", "39. The United Nations Democracy Fund launched its fifth round for project proposals in November 2010. When applications closed on 31 December 2010, UNDEF had received 3,754 project proposals from organizations in 149 countries — a record high in the history of the Fund and almost twice as many as the average of previous years. The vast majority of applications came from local or regional civil society organizations in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe.", "G. Democracy in Action", "40. Following are some examples of fairly typical UNDEF projects demonstrating the range of actions in support of strengthening the voice of civil society. The projects deal with support of marginalized communities, giving voice to youth concerns and dealing with anti-corruption. There is also an example of a regional project, in this case in support of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.", "Democracy in Action I: Training youth for leadership in Myanmar", "41. In Myanmar, UNDEF funds a project to educate youth in leadership skills, civil society engagement and organizing of self-help groups, with the overall objective of mobilizing and encouraging action to resolve community problems. Working among the minority Shan, Kachin and Kayah groups, the project also aims to reconcile differences between communities. In one case, six villages from the Shan and Kachin communities agreed after discussions organized by the project to work together to rebuild the bridge that linked them all to the market. In another case, youth leaders decided to stage a football match to bring people together and raise the money needed to repair the local school.", "Democracy in Action II: Giving young people a democratic platform in Pakistan", "42. UNDEF funds a project by the Youth Parliament of Pakistan to educate more than 25,000 young people in the fundamental nature of democracy and to give them the opportunity to express their views freely about democracy and political participation. The initiative works through round tables and other informal learning and information dissemination tools, while democracy youth teams act as local platforms to address a range of issues impacting young people. They are linked with democracy resource banks through intergenerational gatherings at the national level.", "Democracy in Action III: Empowering migrant workers in the Russian Federation", "43. As ethnic tensions flared in December 2010, an UNDEF-funded project held a session to explore ways of protecting the human rights of young migrants in the Russian Federation. With strengthening the rights of migrant workers an increasingly important challenge, the project works to empower civil society organizations and trade unions representing migrants and ethnic minorities; educates police, institutions, trade unions and social services in tools to prevent discrimination and in the human rights of child migrants; trains civil society organizations in United Nations conventions, international standards and practices, Russian law and court litigation, self-organization and self-help; and holds workshops with NGOs in countries of origin to exchange best practices. The project is implemented by the Center for Assistance to Victims of Violence and Human Trafficking, based in Perm.", "Democracy in Action IV: Engaging women and youth in Yemen", "44. A UNDEF-funded initiative in Yemen started work in 2010 to engage Yemeni women and young people in democratic processes. It seeks to mobilize women and young people in five governorates as creative social change agents to broaden political participation; foster non-partisan alliances between women and youth organizations towards more effective and inclusive solutions to the challenges facing the country; and expand opportunities for women and young people to take on leadership roles in the public arena through promoting social and cultural acceptance. Outputs include training in advocacy, electoral systems and networking; a website connecting participants throughout Yemen; small grants competitions; and media campaigns. The project is implemented by the Yemeni Women’s Union.", "Democracy in Action V: Monitoring procurement in Nigeria", "45. In Nigeria, UNDEF funds a project to evaluate levels of implementation of the Public Procurement Act of 2007, enable civil society to observe and monitor public procurement effectively, help legislative committees to carry out their procurement oversight functions, and educate procuring entities and selected business organizations on the basic provisions of the Public Procurement Act. The project has launched an Internet portal for collating, analysing and disseminating information on procurement observation, and a report that reveals the most common abuses in Nigerian public procurement, and the challenges of implementing the Public Procurement Act. The project is implemented by the Public and Private Development Centre, based in Aba and Abuja.", "Democracy in Action VI: Advancing a charter on democracy in Africa", "46. The United Nations Democracy Fund funds an Africa regional project to build constituencies of support for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Member States of the African Union adopted the Charter in 2007, marking a significant step forward for the Union as an actor promoting good governance in the region. To take effect, the Charter requires at least 15 member States to sign and ratify it, and only 8 had done so by end of 2010. The project, implemented by the African Democracy Coalition with its secretariat provided by the Institute for Democracy in Africa in South Africa, will support the entry into force of the charter and thereafter its effective implementation.", "III. Partnership advisory services and outreach", "47. Throughout its history, the United Nations system has worked with the private sector and civil society. Building on the 2005 World Summit Outcome document (see resolution 60/1), Member States have recognized the importance of, and expressed strong support for, active engagement of non-State actors in promoting the development agenda of the United Nations system. The Millennium Development Goals represent a watershed in transforming this partnership, with the United Nations actively reaching out to private sector and civil society entities throughout the past decade, and both have responded with equal enthusiasm. The attractiveness of the United Nations emanates from its political legitimacy, value-based mission, knowledge and experience in the development field, historic relationship with developing countries and its global reach and voice. On the other hand, the private sector has emerged as the dominant player in promoting economic development.", "48. The United Nations Office for Partnerships works in collaboration with the United Nations Foundation to further promote and implement partnership advisory services and outreach initiatives, as well as fosters innovative strategies for engaging non-State actors with the United Nations system. The Office leverages its expertise and capacity to engage global corporations, foundations, and leading philanthropists in United Nations causes while supporting the United Nations system in its advocacy and outreach efforts through partnership-building.", "A. Partnership services", "49. In the last decade, the number of private sector entities who approached the United Nations seeking advice on how to engage and provide assistance has increased significantly. Different sized companies, producing a wide spectrum of goods and services, have approached the United Nations Office for Partnerships to offer assistance and seek advice on how to join the United Nations in finding sustainable solutions to some of the world’s most challenging problems.", "50. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships served on several task forces, ranging from regionally focused groups (Caribbean Community task force), through issues-based groups (Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force), to coordination mechanisms (Department of Economic and Social Affairs inter-agency coordination, United Nations Communication Group, United Nations Development Group). The primary role of the Office is to provide partnership services and encourage private sector and civil society to participate and contribute to the United Nations system.", "51. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships provided advisory services to private sector companies, foundations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and philanthropists. The majority of requests from non-State actors offered assistance in programmes focused on poverty reduction, education, health, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance in the least developed countries. Several agreements and memorandums of understanding were established with external actors to formalize some of these partnerships in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "52. Partnership advisory services provided by the United Nations Office for Partnerships cover a range of areas and can be grouped into four broad categories:", "(a) Operational partnerships. The Office continues to encourage corporate partners to support United Nations programmes and advocacy campaigns;", "(b) Policy and advocacy partnerships. The Office has seen an increased interest from the private sector and civil society to raise awareness and wider understanding of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2010, the Office continued to engage global associations, including the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, the Business Civic Leadership Center, the International Olympic Committee, the International Business Leaders’ Forum, the Resource Foundation and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists;", "(c) Sharing resources and expertise. The Office continues to engage businesses and foundations not only to provide financial support, but also to share expertise with stakeholders;", "(d) Networks and alliances. In 2010, the Office worked with multiple stakeholders in support of the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations Office for Partnerships was instrumental in launching the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at encouraging corporations of the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council to work with the United Nations system at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices.", "B. Key innovative projects and initiatives", "53. The following list, in chronological order, is divided in the following three categories reflecting the key initiating partner of the project/programme: Member States; United Nations system and other international organizations; and the private sector and civil society.", "1. Member States", "“The Reflective Mirror” Exhibition", "54. Related to the Economic and Social Council special event on engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment, “The Reflective Mirror” exhibition, featuring artwork by women artists from around the world, was held at United Nations Headquarters on 22 February 2011. This initiative of Her Highness Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, President of the Dubai Women Establishment and wife of His Highness Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Presidential Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, was an outstanding contribution to the women’s empowerment agenda and a positive message of cultural understanding and peace.", "Development Cooperation Forum in Helsinki", "55. In June 2010, the High-level Symposium was held in Helsinki, in preparation for the 2010 Development Cooperation Forum. Organized by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat and the Foreign Ministry of Finland and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Forum’s objectives were to identify solutions that would make development policies more coherent and effective and improve the impact of development cooperation on an international level.", "Millennium Development Goal Awards ceremony and gala", "56. The 2010 Millennium Development Goal Awards were held in New York in September. The awards are intended to support and raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals by providing a high-profile platform to honour and celebrate exemplary efforts by national Governments and civil society stakeholders in advancing these international development goals. The role of the United Nations Office for Partnerships was to assist the Millennium Development Goal Awards Committee — a non-profit entity — in facilitating the nomination of Member States to receive the award.", "Permanent Memorial at the United Nations to the Victims of Slavery and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade", "57. The United Nations Office for Partnerships continued to assist the Permanent Memorial Committee in implementing a comprehensive media, outreach and resource mobilization strategy, aimed at erecting a permanent memorial monument at the United Nations Headquarters complex. The Permanent Memorial Committee is chaired by Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations. The Office administers the Trust Fund in terms of receipts, allocations and disbursements of funds.", "2. United Nations system and other international organizations", "Engaging philanthropy to promote women’s empowerment and gender equality", "58. On 22 February 2010, the Economic and Social Council, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, and the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, held a special event on the theme “Engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment” at United Nations Headquarters. Focused on commitments to advance the gender-related Millennium Development Goals and how partnerships can contribute to “ending violence against women and girls” and “promoting women’s economic empowerment” issues, the event was chaired by the President of the Economic and Social Council, Hamidon Ali and the opening session was addressed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.", "High-level discussion on the topic “Women’s empowerment through sport”", "59. On 29 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, hosted a high-level meeting to exchange views and share lessons on the linkages between sport and the Millennium Development Goals with a focus on gender equality. Over 40 participants, including senior representatives of Governments and the United Nations system, eminent personalities from the world of sport, and leaders from the private sector, civil society and academia, shared their ideas on sports and gender equality.", "Symposium on the International Literacy Day: An Essential Foundation for Development", "60. On the occasion of the 2010 International Literacy Day, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, UNESCO and UNDP, in association with Global Wheel Houz, co-hosted a symposium to discuss the importance of literacy for sustainable development, empowering the poor and accelerating progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals through creative partnerships. Laura Bush, the Honorary Ambassador for the United Nations Literacy Decade, spoke on the impact of women’s empowerment through education and Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, acknowledged the multiple benefits of literacy to empowerment of women, improve maternal health, and eradicate child mortality. The event marked the Five Years & Counting Youth Engagement & Fundraising Campaign intended to spur collaboration amongst the youth, the private sector, and high-profile individuals in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Africa Investor Index Series Summit", "61. On 17 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Africa Investor, the New York Stock Exchange Euronext the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the NEPAD Business Group, co-hosted the third annual Africa Investor Index Series Summit. The Summit engaged business leaders, investors, and philanthropists on practical investment partnerships that support the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.", "3. Private sector and civil society", "Investor Summit on Climate Risk", "62. On 14 January 2010, Ceres, the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the fourth Investor Summit on Climate Risk, at United Nations Headquarters. The event, which took place on the heels of international climate treaty talks in Copenhagen, gathered a leading number of institutional investors, fund managers, financial advisers and others from around the globe, representing trillions of dollars in assets. The Summit explored how the rapid global shift to clean technologies and energy efficiency could stimulate economic growth, and highlighted how investors could participate in the low-carbon transition. Speakers included the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, former United States Vice-President Al Gore, United States climate envoy Todd Stern and media executive/philanthropist Ted Turner. The Summit also saw the announcement of the Investor Statement on Catalysing Investment in a Low-Carbon Economy, in which investors called upon the United States and other Governments to move quickly to adopt strong national climate policies that would spur low-carbon investments to reduce emissions causing climate change.", "Third World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists", "63. On 21 and 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists co-hosted the third annual World Congress, in Doha. The Congress gathered international leaders from philanthropy, government, business and civil society to discuss some of the key current challenges on the international agenda. The World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists encourages innovative partnerships between the Muslim community and others in addressing the Millennium Development Goals.", "Haiti Hope Project", "64. On 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the launch of the Haiti Hope Project at United Nations Headquarters. During the launch, Jean-Max Bellerive, the Prime Minister of Haiti, and Bill Clinton, the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti and co-chair of the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, along with Luis Alberto Moreno, the President of the Inter-American Development Bank, and Muhtar Kent, the Chief Executive Officer of the Coca-Cola Company, expressed their support for this public-private partnership, which will benefit Haitian mango farmers. The five-year project, estimated at $7.5 million, aims to double the income of more than 25,000 mango farmers in Haiti by developing a sustainable mango industry. The initiative will raise the farmers’ standard of living by giving them access to an international market and contribute to the long-term development and revitalization of Haiti.", "Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development", "65. On 7 and 8 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, together with the Business Civic Leadership Center, hosted a two-day High-level Forum on the topic “Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development”. The Forum discussed areas of collaboration between the private sector, foundations, and the United Nations system that contribute to achieving the Goals. Some of the distinguished speakers included Jeffrey Sachs, the Director of the United Nations Millennium Project; Salil Shetty, the Director of the Millennium Campaign; Michael Hastings of KPMG; and Talya Bosch of the Western Union Foundation.", "Forum on evaluating the dynamics of partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean", "66. On 28 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in collaboration with the Resource Foundation, co-hosted a forum on the topic “Evaluating the dynamics of partnerships” at United Nations Headquarters. The Forum reflected upon the importance of partnerships and their impacts on the ability of the international development assistance community to generate desired results and benefits for those who need it most. Leaders from the public and private sector were brought together to discuss the potential, challenges, intricacies and importance of partnerships, particularly as they relate to promoting development activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.", "Creating Shared Value Forum", "67. On 27 May 2010, Nestlé and the International Business Leaders’ Forum, with the support of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, held the second annual Creating Shared Value Forum, in London. The Forum brought together international leaders to discuss current global challenges in sustainable investment and partnership opportunities in the areas of nutrition, water, and rural development. The Forum also awarded the inaugural Nestlé Prize in Creating Shared Value to the International Development Enterprises Cambodia, a local non-profit organization that uses market-based approaches to increase the income of the rural population in Cambodia.", "Launch of the Pearl Initiative", "68. On 20 September 2010, over 100 business leaders and policymakers convened at United Nations Headquarters to launch the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices of business activities across the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Co-organized by the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the American University of Sharjah, and the Crescent Group of the United Arab Emirates, the event allowed participants exchanged views on the linkages between a transparent business environment and sustainable economic growth. The objective of the Pearl Initiative is to enable and encourage private sector companies of the Gulf region to work with the United Nations system and other global strategic partners, in achieving greater awareness with regard to accountability and transparency with their respective stakeholders; as well as converting their commitments on corporate social responsibility into action through these innovative partnerships.", "Blouin Creative Leadership Summit", "69. From 22 to 24 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the Louise Blouin Foundation co-hosted the fifth annual Blouin Creative Leadership Summit at the Metropolitan Club in New York City. The annual Summit provides a valuable platform for Heads of State, Nobel Prize recipients, and private sector leaders to address the challenges and opportunities of globalization, including education, health and poverty.", "TED talk 2010 “Charter for Compassion”", "70. On 18 November 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and TEDPrize co-hosted a discussion at United Nations Headquarters to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the Charter for Compassion, the 2008 TEDPrize wish awarded to Karen Armstrong. The Charter for Compassion, a set of principles aimed at restoring compassionate thinking and compassionate action to the centre of religious, moral and political life, is a document that urges all people and all religions of the world to embrace the value of compassion.", "IV. Conclusions", "71. Mr. Turner’s historic philanthropic contribution through the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP has resulted in an exponential increase in interest from non‑State actors, including foundations and private companies, in pursuit of engagement and collaboration with the United Nations.", "72. The evolution of the United Nations Foundation beyond its grant-making role has had important impacts throughout the United Nations system. The Foundation has been able to conceive and launch campaigns in furtherance of the objectives of the Organization and to work with United Nations system agencies in developing sharper communications strategies and enhanced partnership opportunities.", "73. This evolved United Nations Foundation mission and approach was demonstrated by the Foundation’s leadership initiatives and campaigns for United Nations causes in a number of ways during 2010, as reflected in the earlier sections of the present report. In addition, the Foundation has merged with the United Nations Association of the United States of America to mobilize Americans in support of United Nations causes.", "74. The existing Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the United Nations Foundation, as originally established in 1998 and subsequently renewed in 2007, will be reviewed to ensure that it is updated to reflect the evolution of the Foundation’s collaboration with the United Nations.", "75. The United Nations Democracy Fund is now five years old and has proven to be an excellent initiative by the General Assembly. It has successfully complemented the work of many United Nations system agencies that concentrate on the “supply” side of democratic institutions by focusing on the “demand” side through grants to local civil society organizations. This allows the United Nations to pursue a more rounded approach and draws into the work of the Organization thousands of civil society activists from every corner of the world.", "76. The impact of the United Nations Democracy Fund is being assessed by independent evaluations of its projects but it is already clear that one key impact is the broadening of its constituency. With some 3,700 applications in 2010, UNDEF has doubled the demand for its grants and can now be seen as a critically important resource for civil society, particularly in the Global South.", "77. While the operations of UNFIP and UNDEF remain the core work of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Office has continued to provide advisory services to a wide range of non-State actors who seek to partner with the United Nations system. At the end of September 2010, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Partnerships retired from the Organization and the Executive Head of the Democracy Fund serves as the Officer in Charge of the United Nations Office for Partnerships.", "Annex I", "United Nations Fund for International Partnerships distribution of funds and projects", "A. Funds received from the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010 distributed by implementing partners", "Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685", "[](In United States dollars)", "Note: Others include 33 implementing partners which received funds less than $10 million.", "B. Thematic distribution of projects funded by the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010", "Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685", "[]", "Abbreviations: DESA, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund; UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; UNIFEM, United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN‑Women); WHO, World Health Organization.", "Annex II", "Projects funded through the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships by programme area", "(In United States dollars)", "Programme area As at 31 Approvals Total December in 2010 2009\n Number of Value Number of Value Number of Value projects projects projects", "Children’s 103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 health 000", "Population and 108 136 879 584 9 3 421 117 140 300 694 women 110", "Environment 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 150 163 943 553 294", "Peace, security 61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730 and human rights", "Other 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 70 65 778 571 434", "Total 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685", "Of the $1.17 billion approved grant amount, $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners.", "Annex III", "Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General (Chair)", "Hamidon Ali, President of the Economic and Social Council (Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations)", "Lincoln C. Chen, M.D., President, China Medical Board of New York, Director, Global Equity Initiative", "Angela Kane, Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Enkhtsetseg Ochir, Chair of the Second Committee, General Assembly (Permanent Representative of Mongolia to the United Nations)", "Mary Oakes Smith, Fellow, Information Technology for Education and Health, World Bank", "Franklin A. Thomas, Head, The Ford Foundation Study Group", "Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs", "Roland Rich (member, ex officio), Officer-in-Charge, United Nations Office for Partnerships", "Annex IV", "Financial contributions to the United Nations Democracy Fund, by donor, as at 1 December 2010", "(In United States dollars)", "Donor Cumulative contribution", "Argentina 5 000", "Australia 8 243 574", "Bulgaria 10 000", "Chile 220 000", "Croatia 71 000", "Cyprus 5 000", "Czech Republic 195 780", "Denmark 265 018", "Ecuador 5 000", "Estonia 10 395", "France 4 793 716", "Georgia 24 943", "Germany 10 006 348", "Hungary 75 000", "India 25 000 000", "Iraq 5 000", "Ireland 709 220", "Israel 52 500", "Italy 2 947 800", "Japan 10 000 000", "Latvia 5 000", "Lithuania 28 920", "Madagascar 5 000", "Mongolia 10 000", "Morocco 5 000", "Panama 7 000", "Peru 25 000", "Poland 200 000", "Portugal 150 000", "Qatar 10 000 000", "Republic of Korea 1 000 000", "Romania 422 860", "Senegal 100 000", "Slovenia 127 924", "Spain 4 998 370", "Sri Lanka 5 000", "Sweden 7 166 325", "Turkey 125 000", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 609 350 Ireland", "United States of America 33 340 000", "Total 120 976 042", "Annex V", "Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Democracy Fund", "Member States", "Australia", "Costa Rica", "Germany", "Ghana", "India", "Iraq", "Japan", "Mauritius", "Poland", "Qatar", "Republic of Korea", "Spain", "United States of America", "Non-governmental organizations", "Conectas Human Rights", "International Peace Institute", "Individuals", "Michael Doyle", "Kwame Anthony Appiah", "Seyla Benhabib", "Annex VI", "Organizational chart of the United Nations Office for Partnerships", "[]" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 133 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "United Nations Partnerships Office", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly decisions 52/466 and 53/475; both decisions request the Secretary-General to keep the Assembly regularly informed of the activities of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. The present report supplements the information contained in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/53/700 and Add.1, A/54/664 and Add.1-3, A/55/763 and Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 and A/65/347).", "The United Nations Office for Partnerships is a channel for public-private partnerships with the United Nations system to advance the Millennium Development Goals. The Office is responsible for three areas:", "(a) The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by the Secretary-General in March 1998 as an interface between the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation, the latter being a public charity institution responsible for the management of $1 billion that had contributed to the United Nations cause. As at 31 December 2010, the Office of the Partnerships had planned over $137 million for 507 projects carried out by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries through the Partners Fund, of which $400 million was core funding, $77 million (62 per cent) from other partners;", "(b) The United Nations Democracy Fund was established by the Secretary-General in July 2005 to support democratization around the world, focusing on strengthening the voices of civil society, promoting human rights and ensuring the participation of all groups in the democratic process. Through the Fund, the Office introduced approximately $95 million for more than 354 projects in 150 countries around the world, covering a wide range of areas, ranging from strengthening the leadership of civil society and promoting women and youth participation, to allowing civil society to express its opinions, among others;", "(c) Partnership advisory services and outreach were established in 2006 to meet the growing demands of the United Nations system, Governments and non-State actors on how best to develop and implement public-private partnerships. The Office advises entities, including academic institutions, companies, foundations, government agencies, media groups and civil society organizations. The Partnership Office encourages investment in influential initiatives to provide advice to potential partners on procedures and best practices; assist in the design of programmes and projects; help to build and manage global and regional networks; and promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals as a framework for action.", "United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in 1998 as the interface between the Foundation and the United Nations system. The 2009 Partners Fund, through the United Nations Foundation, focused on coordinating with coalitions based on specific issues, making full use of the resources of all sectors and supporting the cause of the United Nations through policy and advocacy.", "In recent years, the United Nations Foundation has developed a campaign “to advocate for the cause of the United Nations as a platform for linking personnel, ideas and resources to help the United Nations address global issues”. Thus, the United Nations Foundation seeks to assist the United Nations by promoting its best work and ideas through partnerships, advocacy, popular support and fundraising.", "However, grants continue to be an important aspect of the work of the United Nations Foundation. At the end of 2010, the allocation to the Partners Fund projects amounted to approximately $117.7 million, of which $400 million came from the core funding of Tuna and $700 million from other partners. 43 United Nations entities have implemented more than 507 projects in 124 countries. Annex I presents the distribution of the project by theme and implementing partners. The selected portions of the programmes and projects are presented below.", "Health of women and children", "In 2010, the United Nations Foundation played a special role in supporting outreach and advocacy efforts to support the global strategy on women and children's health, a project launched at a high-level event during the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Summit in September. The United Nations Foundation, together with the Office of the Secretary-General, is leading a process to ensure that the strategy receives inputs from all relevant sectors and regions and ensures that practical results are achieved in the start-up activities to make them a major moment for women and children's health problems. The United Nations Foundation has also developed communications strategies with the Office of the Secretary-General and key Governments to increase media attention and to coordinate advocacy strategies.", "Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in public and political attention to global health and important multi-stakeholder efforts, such as measles initiatives and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. These investments have begun to be effective, with the steady decline in child mortality, a drop in maternal mortality and more than ever for those who have access to the required health products and services.", "However, as outlined in the Global Strategy on Women and Children's Health launched by the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in September 2010, the international community will need to accelerate the development momentum to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.", "Over 12 years, the United Nations Foundation and the Partners Fund have been working with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other organizations of the United Nations system to develop and expand major initiatives in collaboration with the Ministry of Health in developing countries to help the survival and development of children. Over time, the UNICEF Child Health Investment has proved to be one of the most promising ways to attract a wide range of partners to support United Nations-led initiatives. The Foundation successfully guides polio, measles and malaria efforts to assist in the introduction of millions of United States dollars in support of the global health work of the United Nations, providing new models of cooperation among agencies and Governments of the United Nations system, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of child health field measures.", "The eradication of polio is one of the priorities established by the United Nations Foundation and the Partners Fund, which remains the priority of the WHO-led fundraising team to mobilize the resources necessary to complete the WHO-led global polio eradication initiative for 2010-2012.", "In 2010, the measles initiative locked 27 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe and planned to vaccination about 200 million children.", "The partners of the measles initiative are working closely with India to encourage measles immunization efforts in several countries with high population density. India's work started in 2010, and is expected to continue in 2011.", "The United Nations Foundation and the Partners Fund will continue to support measles initiatives with Member States, WHO, UNICEF, the United States Red Cross, the United States Center for Disease Control and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others.", "This is an important year for global efforts to combat malaria, with the goal of achieving universal access to mosquito nets by 31 December 2010. The United Nations Foundation has been working with the Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Malaria, the African Development Bank, the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the Gates Foundation to expedite the acquisition and distribution of the required 1,000 to 15 million mosquito nets to ensure universal coverage.", "In addition, the United Nations Foundation continued to address the dangers of malaria, mobilize partners and supporters in collaboration with United Nations implementing partners to fill gaps, fund the purchase and distribution of long-term insecticide-treated mosquito nets and protect the most vulnerable groups in Africa, through its “as long as” campaign. During 2010, the United Nations Foundation, in collaboration with the Partners Fund, provided approximately $7 million, distributed insecticide-treated nets by United Nations implementing partners to Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.", "Women and the population", "The United Nations faces enormous tasks in dealing with gender inequalities and the empowerment of women. At the core of this mandate is a set of international agreements and principles, including the Beijing Platform for Action, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, which have contributed to the commitment of the entire international community to addressing the rights and needs of women and girls.", "Together with the Population Programme and the United Nations, the United Nations Foundation promotes gender equality and empower women and girls in collaboration with the Partners Fund and other partners, with special emphasis on reproductive and sexual health and rights. The empowerment of women and girls is essential for the United Nations Foundation to complete its mission to meet today's most difficult global challenges, namely the eradication of global poverty, the achievement of social justice and stability in the world's population.", "The United Nations Task Force on Girls was a key year in 2010. The Task Force was established in 2007 with the help of the Partners Fund and the United Nations Foundation to support the United Nations and its partners in helping marginalized girls by supporting new comprehensive policies and programmes. The Task Force is headed by UNFPA and UNICEF, including the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Agency for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (RUC), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WHO. The task force is a key channel for the Fund and the Partners Fund to support more global coordination on adolescent issues. In March, the Task Force issued a joint statement guaranteeing increased efforts to realize the rights of adolescent girls and developing a framework for investment in girls' education, health, safety, empowerment and inclusion. The Task Force initially focused on Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia and Malawi, and plans to expand to at least 20 countries over the next five years.", "In 2010, the United Nations Foundation officially launched the Girl Child Campaign, which provided the United States girl with the opportunity to play a energy and sympathetic role in promoting the United Nations programme and to fundraising to help young girls most in the world. The Goodwill Fund for Girls will be funded through the Partners Fund to support the programmes of adolescent girls implemented by the agencies of the United Nations system in order to address a range of key issues, including school attendance and health care, freedom from violence and HIV/AIDS and leadership development. In order to launch this work, it highlighted the work undertaken by the United Nations through the Girl Child Campaign, which pledged $1 million for the United Nations inter-agency programme, which is aligned with the five strategic priorities of the United Nations Girls Task Force in four target countries. The investment will be used to promote the mobilization of additional resources and partners to assist the Girl Child Campaign and the United Nations Girls.", "In 2010, the United Nations Foundation continued to support the advocacy efforts of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in particular the initiative to bring religious groups into the UNFPA Campaign to eliminate gynaecologist fistula and to work to help build strong collaborative relationships between UNFPA and the United States Government. The Foundation and the Partners Fund also support UNFPA efforts in the aftermath of the Great earthquake in Haiti, provide funding for the reconstruction of reproductive health care, build solar road lights, and make women safe at night.", "C. Sustainable energy and climate change", "The United Nations Foundation and the Partners Fund continue to support the work of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Energy and Climate Change. The Group will consider both addressing the energy needs of world development and assisting in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with the leaders of the global business community and civil society, including the President of the United Nations Foundation, Timi Wide. In April, the Panel issued a report calling on the United Nations system and Member States to commit themselves to achieving two mutually reinforcing goals:", "(a) Ensure universal access to modern energy services by 2030;", "(b) By 2030, global energy intensity decreased by 40 per cent.", "The United Nations Foundation and a number of Member States, in conjunction with the Advisory Group and the United Nations Energy Facility, implement the main recommendations of the Panel: undertake global activities to support energy for sustainable development. Activities focus on improving modern energy services and improving energy efficiency, as well as the important role of clean energy for achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "Access to clean and affordable modern energy is key to promoting sustained social and economic development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In the world, nearly 3 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and about 2 billion people have no reliable electricity or electricity. The lack of modern energy services inhibits income-generating activities that impede the provision of basic services, such as health and education. In addition, smoking contamination resulting from low-efficiency cooking, lighting and heating equipment has resulted in the deaths of almost 2 million women and fewer children every year and has resulted in various chronic diseases and other health problems.", "The United Nations Foundation and its partners have also encouraged the development and distribution of clean stoves, in conjunction with the agencies of the United Nations system, including WHO, the United Nations Energy Facility, UNEP, UNHCR, the World Food Programme (WFP).", "Other programmes", "The technical partnership of the United Nations Foundation and the Vanuo Foundation has evolved into public-private partnerships for the use of wireless technologies to strengthen the humanitarian work of the United Nations. The partnership was initially committed for a period of five years, with a commitment of $30 million. The Partnership has now made significant progress in the last year of the five-year commitment period, using handicrafts to improve health and to strengthen post-crisis communications.", "The technical partnership supports programmes to collect health data in Africa and has become rooted in more than 10 countries and regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The Fund supports the training of health workers in the use of mobile devices to collect health data in conjunction with the Ministry of Health. The most notable development in 2010 was the transition to a wide use of manual data for health workers.", "The technical partners programme also continued to support WFP in the last year of a three-year grant project to enhance communications in humanitarian crises. Funds support the WFP communications capacity-building programme, including the training of telecommunications experts in emergency preparedness and response; the building of a humanitarian emergency platform that regulates the ability of the first respondent in the global information and communications technology industry; and the rapid deployment of information and communications technology task forces after funding major disasters. In addition, the World Programme for Change, launched by the Technical Cooperation Partnership, ended a one-year programme in May 2010. The programme deployed four information and communications technology experts in Voidas to WFP offices in Rome, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda to support humanitarian efforts in crisis situations.", "Following the crisis in Haiti in 2010, the United Nations Foundation helped the United Nations to deliver US$ 1 million, to assist the Central Emergency Response Fund project, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) cash-for-work programme and to deploy supplies through UNFPA.", "United Nations Democracy Fund", "The United Nations Democracy Fund (UN Democracy Fund) was established as the Secretary-General's Trust Fund during the 2005 World Summit, which was launched in April 2006 and is responsible for administrative support. Since then, the grant institution has become a fund for civil society organizations. The Fund is the only United Nations entity with the term “democratic” in one name of the United Nations, with the sole primary purpose being to promote democracy by strengthening civil society. Most of the Fund's project funds are provided to local non-governmental organizations in the transition phase of democratization and consolidation. Drawing on these ways to support the “necessary” of democratization rather than “the supply side”, the Democracy Fund has played a clear and unique new role in complementing and strengthening other work of the United Nations (e.g., UNDP work with Governments) to strengthen democratic governance around the world.", "In the short years since its inception, the portfolio of projects, the donor base, impact and visibility of the Democracy Fund has grown considerably. Its purpose is to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in the democratic process. The Fund also supports a number of global and regional major projects focusing on normative and policy issues. In the first four rounds of funding, the Democracy Fund supported a total of 344 projects in 150 countries to pay more than $95 million. Activities included supporting civil society accountability and transparency claims and building capacities to strengthen good governance and the rule of law.", "Fourth round of projects", "In 2010, the Democracy Fund started to fund the fourth round of projects. In November 2009, the fourth round of projects was open for proposals through an online application system to facilitate visits by civil society organizations. A total of 1,966 requests from 137 national organizations reflect the fact that the global still requires services from the Democracy Fund. The vast majority of proposals were submitted by local civil society organizations.", "The first phase of the project option is the independent expert's assessment according to established criteria. The high-ranking proposal followed by rigorous quality control reviews and due diligence assessments, such as the United Nations Resident Coordinator, and, in some cases, the quality control review and due diligence assessment of all entities of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and the Consultative Group on the Democratic Fund Programme. On the basis of the review, the Advisory Committee on the Democracy Fund recommended a short list of a project, followed by a briefing by the Democracy Fund to the Permanent Missions of Member States in the project area on the list. The short list was then submitted to the Secretary-General for approval. The applicants who were required to enter the fence were submitting draft project documents by mid-year and then negotiated with the Democracy Fund. The first of the project funds was issued by the end of September. This time line is better than international standards.", "At the fourth round, 59 projects received a total of $14,690,000. These projects are classified according to main activities as follows:", "(a) Community development (28 per cent);", "(b) Empowerment of women (20 per cent);", "(c) Rule of law and human rights (17 per cent);", "(d) Democratization tools (14 per cent);", "(e) Youth (8 per cent);", "(f) Media (8 per cent);", "(g) Enhanced Government (5 per cent).", "In 2010, the Democracy Fund collected the reports required for the second, third and fourth round of funding projects, completed the first round of completed projects and reported to the Advisory Committee on results.", "Donor groups", "The Democracy Fund has taken a number of measures to strengthen its donor community. Despite the continued impact of the global financial crisis, this group has continued to grow, and non-traditional donors who are more committed to democratic principles have joined the group. Iraq, Madagascar and Panama contributed for the first time to the Democracy Fund, thereby expanding the donor community to 39 Member States. On 15 September 2010, a special meeting of donors to the Democracy Fund was held to mark the International Day of Democracy. Total contributions received from 2005 to 2010 amounted to over $1.2 billion.", "On 24 September 2010, the President of the United States, Obama, addressed the General Assembly by referring to the names of two United Nations entities, one of which was the United Nations Democracy Fund. President Obama stated that every Member State should now increase the Democracy Fund, noting that democracy was the most effective form of government services for citizens, and that civil society was the master of human progress, and that civil society was the focus of the Democracy Fund. During his country visit to India in November 2010, President Obama issued a joint statement with the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, as leaders of two largest democracies in the world, reaffirming their firm commitment to the Fund.", "C. Evaluation", "The United Nations Democracy Fund and its Advisory Committee are convinced that an independent assessment of the Democracy Fund project is the basis for a stronger learning process and a tool for improving the project selection and management of the Fund. In June 2010, the Democracy Fund concluded a two-year agreement with the Transtec of an international prominent evaluation company in Brussels to evaluate the second and third round projects after the project. The first evaluation is scheduled to be completed in early 2011.", "Audit", "In 2010, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund with the overall objective of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of the governance arrangements of the Fund and the management of its programme of work, in accordance with the United Nations Regulations and Rules and other applicable policies and procedures. The report concluded that the functioning of the Democracy Fund had contributed to democracy as a global value; that the Fund had successfully implemented projects to help Member States build their capacity to maintain democratic institutions; and that the governance mechanisms of the Fund — the Programme Consultative Group and the Advisory Committee — played an effective role. The report found that the Democracy Fund had learned lessons from the management of the first round of projects (2006-2007) and had adapted its work procedures to make the project management more efficient and that, in addition, the Democracy Fund had established a good monitoring system through mid- and late presentation reports that provided reliable information on project activities. The audit recommended that a more structured fund-raising strategy be developed to ensure the financial sustainability of the Fund; that the Democracy Fund submit a separate report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly to enhance visibility; that key indicators of achievement reflect strategic and operational objectives; review the budget of the functioning of the Democracy Fund to ensure cost-recovery of market prices; and review the general approach of the Fund to assess the effectiveness and impact of all projects. In the opinion of OIOS, the Democracy Fund does not need to assess each project to demonstrate its effectiveness and impact.", "E. Governance", "In 2010, the Fund's two governing mechanisms advisory committees and programme consultations continued to play an active guidance role. The members of the Advisory Committee were appointed by the Secretary-General under the new terms of reference for a term of two years from January 2010 to December 2011. They are: the seven largest donor countries of the Democracy Fund — Australia, Germany, India, Japan, Qatar, Spain and the United States; six countries that reflect geographical diversity and commitment to the principles of democracy — - Costa Rica, Ghana, Iraq, Mauritius, Poland and the Republic of Korea; three members serving in their personal capacity - - Professor Michael Doyle (Chairperson of the Committee), Kwame Anthony Appiah, University of Plinton, and Seyla Benhabib, University of Yale. The Committee also includes two non-governmental organizations, namely, Connectas from Brazil and the International Institute for Peace.", "In addition to recommending funding proposals for approval by the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee provides policy guidance to the Secretary-General on the preparation of the programming framework and the funding guidelines. The Programme Consultative Group provided assistance and quality management for the project selection process and implementation phases, drawing on the specific expertise of each of the following entities: Department of Political Affairs, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Peacebuilding Support Office, UNDP, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Montenegro.", "Fifth round of projects", "In November 2010, the United Nations Democracy Fund launched the fifth round of project proposals for collection. At the time of 31 December 2010, 3,754 applications from 149 organizations were received, and the history of the Fund was almost twice the average number of previous years. The vast majority of them apply for local or regional civil society organizations from Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe.", "Democratic practices", "The following are a number of quite typical examples of the Democracy Fund, showing a number of actions to help strengthen civil society voices. These projects support marginalized groups, express youth concerns and combat corruption. Examples include a regional project to support the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.", "Democratic practice I: youth leadership training in Myanmar", "In Myanmar, a project funded by the Democracy Fund aimed at developing youth leadership skills, civil society participation and self-help groups, with the overall goal of mobilizing and encouraging action to address community issues. The project also works among these ethnic groups in Shan State, Kachin State and Kayin State, aimed at harmonizing the differences between the communities. In one case, six villages in Shan and Kachin State, after discussions organized by the project, agreed to work together to rebuild their bridges to the market. In another case, young leaders decided to organize a football competition that brought together the population and to raise funds to rehabilitate local schools.", "Democratic practice II: provision of a democratic platform for young people in Pakistan", "With funding from the Democracy Fund, the Pakistani Youth Parliament launched a project aimed at informing more than 250,000 young people of the fundamental nature of democracy and giving them the opportunity to freely express their views on democracy and political participation. The initiative works through round tables and other informal learning and information dissemination tools, while the democratic youth teams serve as local platforms to discuss a range of issues affecting adolescents. They are linked to the pool of democratic resources through intergenerational meetings at the national level.", "Democratic practice III: empowering migrant workers in the Russian Federation", "In December 2010, when ethnic tensions occurred, the Democracy Fund funded a project to explore ways to protect the human rights of young migrants in the Russian Federation. Enhancing the rights of migrant workers is an increasingly important challenge, which seeks to empower civil society organizations and trade unions representing migrants and ethnic minorities; educate police, institutions, trade unions and social services on tools to prevent discrimination and the human rights of children migrants; provide training for civil society organizations on United Nations conventions, international standards and practices, Russian legal and court litigation, self-organization and self-help; convene seminars to share best practices with non-governmental organizations in countries of origin. The implementation of the project is the victim assistance centre for violence and trafficking in persons located in Peterham.", "Democratic practice 4: Towards the participation of Yemeni women and young people", "The Democracy Fund's fund-raising initiative in Yemen started in 2010 to involve Yemeni women and young people in the democratic process. The project aims to mobilize women and young people in five provinces to become creativity agents of social change and to expand political participation; to promote non-party alliances among women and youth organizations to find more effective and inclusive solutions to the challenges facing the country; and to increase opportunities for women and young people to play leadership roles in the public sphere through promoting social and cultural recognition. Results include training on advocacy, electoral systems and networking; the establishment of a participant's website that links all parts of Yemen; the launch of a small grant competition; and media outreach. The project was implemented by the Yemeni Women's Union.", "Democratic practice 5: procurement monitoring in Nigeria", "In Nigeria, the Democracy Fund funded a project aimed at assessing the level of implementation of the 2007 Public Procurement Act, allowing civil society to effectively observe and monitor public procurement, helping the Legislative Council to perform its procurement oversight functions and to inform the procuring entity and relevant enterprise organizations of the basic provisions of the Public Procurement Act. The project launched an Internet portal for the collation, analysis and dissemination of information on procurement monitoring and produced a report which revealed the most common misconduct in public procurement in Nigeria and the challenges of implementing the Public Procurement Act. The implementation of the project is the public and private development centre in Adam and Abuja.", "Democratic practice 6: Promotion of the African Charter of Democracy", "The United Nations Democracy Fund funded a regional project in Africa to promote and advocate the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. The adoption of the Charter by the States members of the African Union in 2007 marks an important step towards the AU as a facilitator of good governance in the region. In order to enter into force, at least 15 Member States are required to sign and ratify only eight Member States by the end of 2010. The project is implemented by the secretariat of the African Union for Democracy and the South African Institute for Democratic Reform, which will support the entry into force of the Charter and its subsequent effective implementation.", "Partnership advisory services and outreach", "The United Nations system has been working with the private sector and civil society. On the basis of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see resolution 60/1), States Members of the United Nations confirmed the importance of active participation by non-State actors in the promotion of the United Nations system's development agenda and made clear their strong support. The Millennium Development Goals are a watershed for the transformation of this partnership, and in the past decade the United Nations has been actively engaged with private sector and civil society entities, which have also responded positively. The attractiveness of the United Nations stems from its political legitimacy, values-based mission, knowledge and experience in the field of development, historical relations with developing countries and their global influence and voice. On the other hand, the private sector has become a leading force for economic development.", "The United Nations Partnerships Office, in cooperation with the United Nations Foundation, further promotes and implements the partnership advisory services and outreach initiatives and develop innovative strategies to promote cooperation between non-State actors with the United Nations system. The United Nations Partnerships Office also has expertise and capacity to engage global companies, foundations and major philanthropies in the United Nations cause and to support advocacy and outreach efforts of the United Nations system through partnerships.", "Partnerships services", "Over the past decade, the number of private sector entities seeking advice and assistance to the United Nations has increased significantly. Companies that have a variety of different sizes and offer tangible goods and services have been contacted with the United Nations Partnerships Office to provide assistance and seek advice with the United Nations in finding sustainable solutions to some of the world's most challenging issues.", "In 2010, the United Nations Partnerships Office provided services to a number of task forces, including regional-focused groups (CARICOM task forces), thematic-based missions (the Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force), coordination mechanisms (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Communications Group, the United Nations Development Group). The main role of the Office is to provide partnership services and to encourage the involvement and contribution of the private sector and civil society in the United Nations system.", "In 2010, the United Nations Partnerships Office provided advisory services to private sector companies, foundations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and philanthropic households. Most requests from non-State actors are to provide assistance to programmes that focus on poverty reduction, education, health, disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in the least developed countries. The Office has entered into several agreements and memorandums of understanding with external actors to formalize partnerships in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Partnerships advisory services provided by the United Nations Partnerships Office cover a range of areas that can be summarized into four broad categories:", "(a) Operational partnerships. The Office continues to encourage corporate partners to support United Nations programmes and advocacy activities;", "(b) Policy and advocacy partnerships. The Office noted the increased attention of the private sector and civil society to raising awareness and awareness of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2010, the Office continued its engagement with a number of global associations, including the encouragement of philanthropic commissions, the Centre of Business Citizens Leaders, the International Olympic Committee, the International Business Leaders Forum, the Resource Foundation and the World Muslim philanthropic Assembly;", "(c) Sharing resources and expertise. The Office continued to promote financial support from the Enterprise and Foundation and to share expertise with stakeholders;", "(d) Networks and alliances. In 2010, the Office collaborated with multiple stakeholders in support of the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations Partnerships Office has helped to launch the cherche initiative, a private-sector-led programme aimed at encouraging companies in six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council to work with the United Nations system to improve corporate governance, accountability and the wisdom of corporate social responsibility.", "Major innovative projects and initiatives", "The following list is divided in order of date and is divided into three main constituencies to reflect projects or initiatives: Member States; the United Nations system and other international organizations; the private sector and civil society.", "Member States", "Exhibition of anti-stops", "On 22 February 2011, at United Nations Headquarters, an anti-stop video exhibition related to the special activities of the Economic and Social Council to promote gender equality and women's empowerment in philanthropic philanthropy, exhibitiond by art works from women artists around the world. The launcher of this initiative was His Highness Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who was the President of the Dubai Women's Organization and the wife of His Highness Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, which was an outstanding contribution to the agenda for women's empowerment and a positive message of cultural understanding and peace.", "Forum for Development Cooperation held in Helsinki", "In June 2010, a high-level seminar was held in Helsinki to prepare for the 2010 Development Cooperation Forum. The Forum was hosted by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland and the United Nations Partnerships Office, with the objective of identifying a more coherent and effective response to development policies and strengthening the international impact of development cooperation.", "Millennium Development Goals awards and celebrations", "The 2010 Millennium Development Goals Award was inaugurated in New York in September. The purpose of the award was to support the Millennium Development Goals and to raise awareness among the parties of the Millennium Development Goals through high-profile Governments and civil society stakeholders in advancing the Millennium Development Goals. The role of the United Nations Office for Partnerships is to assist the Millennium Development Goals awards Committee as a non-profit entity in promoting the nomination of Member States that have received the award.", "United Nations Permanent Memorial of Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade", "The United Nations Partnerships Office continued to assist the Permanent Memorial Commission in the implementation of a comprehensive media, advocacy and resource mobilization strategy aimed at establishing a permanent commemorative memorial in the United Nations Headquarters Building. The Chairman of the Permanent Memorial Committee is the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations. The United Nations Partnerships Office manages funds received, allocated and spent on the Trust Fund.", "United Nations system and other international organizations", "Promotion of women's empowerment and gender equality", "On 22 February 2010, the Economic and Social Council, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Partnership Office, the United Nations Development Fund for Women and the philanthropic Commission, held a special event at United Nations Headquarters on the theme “Emote women's empowerment and gender equality for charitable purposes”. The focus was on the commitment to advancing the gender-related Millennium Development Goals and partnerships to help “end violence against women and girls” and “to promote economic empowerment of women”, chaired by the President of the Economic and Social Council, Hamidton Ali, Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his opening remarks.", "High-level seminar on the theme “The empowerment of women through sports”", "On 29 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations Partnerships Office, in collaboration with the United Nations Office for Sports for Development and Peace, hosted a high-level meeting aimed at exchanging views and sharing lessons learned and discussing the linkages between the Movement and the Millennium Development Goals, focusing on gender equality. More than 40 participants, including senior Governments and the United Nations system, eminent persons from the sports community, and leaders from the private sector, civil society and academia, shared ideas on movement and gender equality.", "Seminar on International Literacy Day: An important foundation for development", "In 2010, the United Nations Partnerships Office, UNESCO, UNDP, in collaboration with the Global Wheel Houz, co-organized a seminar on the importance of literacy for sustainable development, empowerment of the poor and accelerated progress towards the Millennium Development Goals through creative partnerships. Ambassador Lala Bush of the United Nations Literacy Decade spoke about the impact of education on women's empowerment, and Iinna Bokoova, Director-General of UNESCO, confirmed the multiple benefits of literacy for women's empowerment, improving maternal health and eliminating child deaths. This event commemorates the participation of young people over five years and fundraising activities aimed at encouraging collaboration among young people, the private sector and individuals in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "African Investment Index Order Summit", "On 17 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships co-hosted the Third Annual African Investment Index (AFR) Summit in collaboration with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, the African Investment Corporation, the New York-Europe Securities Exchange, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the NEPAD Business Group. The Summit prompted business leaders, investors and philanthropic leaders to establish effective investment partnerships to support the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.", "Private sector and civil society", "Summit of Investments on Climate Risk", "On 14 January 2010, the Alliance of Economies responsible for the Environment, the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations Partnerships Office organized the fourth Summit of Investments on Climate Risk at United Nations Headquarters. The Summit was held after the Copenhagen International Climate Treaty negotiations, bringing together a large number of institutional investors, fund managers and financial advisers from over-$ trillion assets worldwide. The Summit explored ways in which the global rapid shift towards clean technologies and energy efficiency could stimulate economic growth, and emphasized the ways in which investors could participate in low-carbon transition. Speakers included Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, former Vice-President of the United States, Tod Synn, United States Special Envoy on Climate Change, and Media Executive Officers and philanthropy. The Summit also issued the Investment Statement of Accreditation by investors, in which investors called upon the United States and other Governments to act swiftly to promote low-carbon investment and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from climate change through strong national climate change policies.", "Third World Muslim philanthropic Assembly", "On 21 and 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the World Muslim philanthropic Assembly co-sponsored the Third Annual World Congress in Doha. The General Assembly brought together international leaders from philanthropic, government, business and civil society to discuss some of the key challenges facing the current international agenda. The World Muslim philanthropic Assembly encouraged Muslim societies and other parties to establish innovative partnerships to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "Haiti wishes to work", "On 22 March 2010, the United Nations Partnerships Office hosted the start-up ceremony for Haiti's hopes for the construction. At the start-up ceremony, the Prime Minister of Haiti, Jean-Makos Berliv, the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti and the Co-Chairs of the Clinton Haitian Fund, Luiz Albeto Morno, President of the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Chief Executive Officer of the Cyclise Corporation, Muthani, expressed support for this public-private partnership, which would benefit the farmers who have planted the fruits of Haiti. The five-year project, valued at $7.5 million, aims to double the income of over 25,000 smconomies in Haiti through the development of a sustainable maim industry. The initiative will allow farmers to enter the international market, improve their living standards and promote Haiti's long-term development and revitalization.", "Investment in the Millennium Development Goals: How the business community promotes sustainable development", "On 7 and 8 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted a two-day high-level forum with the Business Citizen Leadership Centre on the theme “Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community promotes sustainable development”. The Forum discussed areas of cooperation between the private sector, foundations and the United Nations system that contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The well-known speakers included Jeffrey Saquez, Director of the United Nations Millennium Project, Salari Shedi, Director of the Millennium Campaign, Michael Hastings and Thaia Bo, UNFF.", "Forum on assessment of the dynamics of partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean", "On 28 April 2010, the United Nations Partnerships Office co-hosted a forum on the theme “Partnership dynamic assessment” at United Nations Headquarters. The Forum explored the importance of partnerships and their impact on the ability of international development assistance groups to evacuate, achieve expected results and benefits. Leaders from the public and private sectors gathered to discuss the potential, challenges, complexity and importance of partnerships, in particular the partnership for development activities in Latin America and the Caribbean.", "Creating a shared value forum", "On 27 May 2010, the Forum of National Companies and International Business Leaders, supported by the United Nations Partnerships Office, held the second annual forum for sharing values in London. The Forum brought together international leaders to discuss current global sustainable investment challenges and opportunities in the areas of nutrition, water and rural development. The Forum also awarded the first Neleste Award for Sharing Values to a local non-profit organization called the International Development Corporation of Cambodia, which uses market-based approaches to increase income for rural residents of Cambodia.", "Enactment of the cereal initiative", "On 20 September 2010, more than 100 business leaders and policymakers gathered at United Nations Headquarters to launch the cherishing jewell initiative, a private-sector-led action programme aimed at improving corporate governance, accountability and the wisdom of corporate social responsibility in the six Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The event was organized jointly by the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the University of Sharja and the United Arab Emirates Newmonth Group to discuss the linkages between transparent operating environments and sustainable economic growth. The purpose of the jewelling initiative is to help and encourage private companies in the Gulf region, in partnership with the United Nations system and other global strategies, to raise awareness among their stakeholders on accountability and transparency; and to translate their corporate social responsibility commitments into action through these innovative partnerships.", "Bulabourne Summit", "From 22 to 24 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the Lesbura Foundation co-hosted the fifth Annual Summit of Leader in New York. The annual Summit provides a valuable platform for the Head of State, Nobel Prize winners and private sector leaders to explore ways to address the challenges and opportunities of globalization, including education, health and poverty.", "Seminar on the Charter of Cyberology, Recreation and Design", "On 18 November 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the TEDPrize organized a seminar at United Nations Headquarters to mark the week of the Charter of Cybermology, which was awarded the 2008 Trust Prize Award. The Charter of Cyberme is a document urging all peoples and all religions of the world to pessimize the values of pessimism and pessimism at the heart of religious, moral and political life.", "Conclusion", "Mr. Tinna has made historic philanthropic contributions through the United Nations Foundation and the Partners Fund, which has resulted in an increase in the interest of non-State actors, including foundations and private companies, in seeking contacts and collaboration with the United Nations.", "The evolution of the United Nations Foundation beyond the grant role has an important impact on the entire United Nations system. The Foundation has been able to think and launch activities to advance the United Nations goals and to work with the agencies of the United Nations to develop a clearer advocacy strategy and enhance opportunities.", "The previous sections of the present report show that in 2010, the United Nations Foundation launched a leadership initiative and campaign for the United Nations cause through a variety of means, as evidence of changes in its mission and approach. In addition, the Foundation has been merged with the United Nations Association of the United States of America to mobilize United Statess to support the cause of the Organization.", "The existing relationship agreements between the United Nations and the United Nations Foundation were initially developed in 1998 and later updated in 2007, the relationship agreement will be reviewed to ensure that it is time-consuming and reflects the evolution of the United Nations Foundation's cooperation with the United Nations.", "The United Nations Democracy Fund has been established for five years and has proved to be an excellent initiative of the General Assembly. The Fund provides funding to local civil society organizations, with a focus on “needs” and successfully complements the work of many institutions of the United Nations system focusing on democratic institutions, making the United Nations work more comprehensive and involving thousands of civil society activists around the world in the work of the United Nations.", "An independent assessment of the United Nations Democracy Fund project is being undertaken to assess the impact of the Democracy Fund, but it is clear that a key impact is to expand the support force. In 2010, the Democracy Fund received approximately 3,700 applications, double the demand for grants and the Democracy Fund could be seen as an extremely important resource for civil society, especially civil society in the southern part of the globe.", "The core work of the United Nations Office for Partnerships remains the operational partner fund and the Democracy Fund, although the Office continues to provide advisory services to various non-State actors seeking cooperation with the United Nations system. At the end of September 2010, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Partnerships retired and the Chief Executive of the Democracy Fund served as the Officer-in-Charge of the Office.", "Annex I", "Financing and allocation of projects by the International Partnership Fund", "Funding allocated by implementing partners for the United Nations Foundation for the period 1998-2010", "(United States dollars)", "[]", "Note: “Other” includes 33 implementing partners with insufficient funding of $10 million.", "Distribution of projects funded by the United Nations Foundation for 1998-2010 in various areas", "[]", "Abbreviations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs: FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund; UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNICEF; UNIFEM, United Nations Development Fund for Women (nowledging); WHO, World Health Organization.", "Annex II", "Project funded by the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "(United States dollars)", "Total project value", "Child health 103 672 558 135 672 216 109 744 774", "Population and women 108 136 879 584 9 321 110 117 140 694", "Environment 144 161 517 259 6", "Peace, security and human rights 61 54 108,730 - 61 54 108 730", "Other 63 64,756 137, 1,022 434 70 658 571", "Total 479 1,089 819 2879,085 507", "Of the $117.7 million approved grants, $400 million is the core capital of Tinna and 7 billion (62 per cent) came from other partners.", "Annex III", "Composition of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships Advisory Committee for 2010", "(Signed) Asha-Rose Migiro (Chairman) Deputy Secretary-General", "President of the Economic and Social Council, Hamidton Ali (United Nations Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations)", "President of the Chinese Medical Foundation in New York, Dr. Chen and Medicine, Director of the Global Fair Initiative", "Under-Secretary-General for Management Angela Kane", "Chairman of the Second Committee of the General Assembly, Ngues Policyoor (Summit of Mongolia to the United Nations)", "World Bank Fellow of Information Technology for Education and Health", "Franclin A. Thomas, Director of the Study Group of the Foundation", "Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs", "Officer-in-Charge of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, Roland Richi (ex officio members)", "Annex IV", "Financial contributions from donor countries to the United Nations Democracy Fund as at 1 December 2010", "(United States dollars)", "Engaging countries", "Argentina", "Australia", "Bulgaria 100,000", "Chile 22,000", "Croatia 710,000", "Cyprus 5,000", "Czech Republic 195 780", "Denmark 265,018", "Ecuador 5,000", "Estonia 10 395", "France", "Georgia 24 943", "Germany", "Hungary 75,000", "India", "Iraq", "Ireland 709 220", "Israel", "Italy 2 947,800", "Japan", "Latvia 5,000", "Lithuania 28 920", "Madagascar 5,000", "Mongolia 100,000", "Morocco", "Panama 7000", "Peru 250,000", "Poland 200,000", "Portugal 1500,000", "Qatar 100,000", "Republic of Korea", "Romania 422 860", "Senegal 1000,000", "Slovenia 127 924", "Spain 4 998 37", "Sri Lanka 5,000", "Sweden 7166 325", "Turkey", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 603", "33,340", "Total 120 976,042", "Annex V", "Composition of the Advisory Committee of the United Nations Democracy Fund for 2010", "Member States", "Australia", "Costa Rica", "Germany", "Ghana", "India", "Iraq", "Japan", "Mauritius", "Poland", "Qatar", "Republic of Korea", "Spain", "United States", "Non-governmental organizations", "Human rights links", "International Institute for Peace", "Individuals", "Michael Doyel", "Animony Apya", "Sula bin Khabi", "Annex VI", "United Nations Office for Partnerships" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》 (第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案", "关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》 (第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)各缔约国，", "回顾保护平民群体免遭敌对行为影响的一般原则，", "深为关切在敌对行动结束后，未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药仍继续夺去人们的性命或造成伤害，这些战争遗留爆炸物在几十年内依然能够造成人类痛苦，日复一日对平民和军事人员均构成威胁，成为难民及其他流离失所者返回家园的障碍，严重妨碍着人道主义援助、维持和平、冲突后重建和经济发展以及恢复正常的社会状况，", "回顾《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组于2003年通过谈判制定了《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)，而且2003年11月27日至28日于日内瓦举行的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议于2003年11月28日以协商一致方式通过了该议定书，", "认识到第五号议定书对冲突后的一般性补救措施作出了规定，以尽可能减小战争遗留爆炸物的危险和影响，并鼓励各缔约国采取这样的冲突后补救措施以及旨在尽可能减小产生战争遗留爆炸物可能性的一般性预防措施，", "强调各国普遍加入第五号议定书的重要性，并表示决心采取一切适当措施，使第五号议定书实现普遍加入，", "欢迎第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效，而且到该日为止已有[......]个国家通知保存人愿受第五号议定书的约束，", "重申确信第五号议定书旨在大量减少伤亡，促进对平民群体和人道主义救援人员的保护，使其不受战争遗留爆炸物的影响，", "重申决心解决战争遗留爆炸物包括现有的战争遗留爆炸物对人道主义、发展和环境的影响，并欢迎在这方面已经作出的努力，", "强调决心加强围绕与执行第五号议定书有关的问题进行的国际合作与援助，特别是在清除、排除或销毁战争遗留爆炸物、提供资料、保护人道主义特派团和组织、危险性教育、援助受害者等领域，并为此酌情作出更大的努力和贡献更多的资源，", "鼓励第五号议定书缔约国按照该议定书第10条开始为举行会议进行筹备，", "敦促所有尚未加入该议定书的国家尽快加入该议定书。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.613 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Declaration", "on the occasion of entry into force", "of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V)", "DRAFT DECLARATION", "on the occasion of entry into force", "of ccw protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol v)", "The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW),", "Recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities,", "Deeply concerned at the fact that after the end of hostilities, people continue to be killed or injured by unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance, and that such explosive remnants of war can remain for decades a cause of humanitarian suffering, a daily threat to civilians and military alike, an obstacle to the return of refugees and other displaced persons, a serious impediment to humanitarian assistance, peace-keeping, post-conflict reconstruction and economic development, as well as to the restoration of normal social conditions,", "Recalling that the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) was negotiated by the CCW Group of Governmental Experts in 2003 and was adopted by consensus on 28 November 2003 at the Meeting of the States parties to the CCW held in Geneva on 27 and 28 November 2003,", "Recognizing that Protocol V provides for post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature in order to minimize the risks and the effects of explosive remnants of war and for encouraging States Parties to take such post-conflict remedial measures and generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of explosive remnants of war,", "Emphasizing the importance that they attach to the universalization of Protocol V, and expressing their determination to take all appropriate measures so that Protocol V attains universal adherence,", "Welcome the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 and the fact that, […] States have notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by Protocol V by that date,", "Reaffirm their conviction that Protocol V aims to significantly reduce the suffering and contribute to the protection of civilian population and humanitarian personnel from the effects of explosive remnants of war,", "Reiterate their determination to address the humanitarian, developmental and environmental impact of explosive remnants of war, including existing explosive remnants of war, and welcome the efforts already undertaken in this regard,", "Emphasize their determination to reinforce international cooperation and assistance on the issues related to the implementation of Protocol V, and in particular in clearance, removal or destruction of explosive remnants of war, transmission of information, protection of humanitarian missions and organizations, risk education, victims assistance, and to dedicate greater efforts and resources, as appropriate, towards that end,", "Encourage High Contracting Parties to Protocol V in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol to commence preparations for a Conference,", "Urge all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Protocol, as soon as possible." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Declaration on the Entry into Force of the CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V)", "Draft Declaration on the Entry into Force of the CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V)", "The States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW),", "Recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian population from the effects of hostilities,", "Deeply concerned that, after the cessation of hostilities, unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance continue to kill or injure people, that these explosive remnants of war can continue to cause human suffering for decades, that they pose a daily threat to civilians and military personnel, that they constitute an obstacle to the return of refugees and other displaced persons to their homes and that they constitute a serious impediment to humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping, post-conflict reconstruction and economic development and the restoration of normal social conditions,", "Recalling the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) negotiated by the CCW Group of Governmental Experts in 2003 and adopted by consensus on 28 November 2003 at the Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW held in Geneva from 27 to 28 November 2003,", "Recognizing that Protocol V provides for general post-conflict remedial measures to minimize the risks and effects of explosive remnants of war, and encouraging States Parties to take such post-conflict remedial measures as well as generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of the creation of explosive remnants of war,", "Emphasizing the importance of universalization of Protocol V and expressing its determination to take all appropriate measures to achieve universalization of Protocol V,", "Welcoming the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 and the fact that by that date [...] States have notified the Depositary of their wish to be bound by Protocol V,", "Reaffirming its conviction that Protocol V aims at significantly reducing casualties and promoting the protection of civilian populations and humanitarian personnel from the effects of explosive remnants of war,", "Reaffirming its determination to address the humanitarian, developmental and environmental impact of explosive remnants of war, including existing explosive remnants of war, and welcoming the efforts already made in this regard,", "Emphasizing its determination to strengthen international cooperation and assistance on issues related to the implementation of Protocol V, in particular in the areas of clearance, removal or destruction of explosive remnants of war, provision of information, protection of humanitarian missions and organizations, risk education, assistance to victims, and to make greater efforts and contributions to this end, as appropriate,", "Encouraging the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V to initiate preparations for the Conference in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol,", "Urge all States that have not yet done so to accede to the Protocol as soon as possible." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国 第三次审查会议最后文件草案", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国 第三次审查会议最后文件草案", "第 一 部 分", "第三次审查会议的报告", "一、导 言", "二、第三次审查会议的组织", "三、第三次审查会议的工作", "[待 补]", "第 二 部 分", "最 后 宣 言", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约方于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦召开会议，以审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况，并审议对《公约》或现有议定书提出的任何修正案以及与现有所附议定书未涵盖的其他类别常规武器有关的附加议定书提案，各缔约方", "序言部分第1段", "回顾1996年第一次审查会议和2001年第二次审查会议先前通过的宣言，特别是第二次审查会议最后宣言序言部分第3、第5、第6、第7、第8、第12和第14段以及执行部分第2、第3、第8、第12、第14和第16段，", "序言部分第2段", "重申确信《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》使平民和战斗人员的苦难大为减少，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第1段，有修改]", "序言部分第3段", "认识到大多数重大武装冲突属于非国际性冲突，而此种冲突也通过修正而纳入《公约》的范围，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第4段，有修改]", "序言部分第4段", "强调实现普遍加入《公约》的重要性，并决心吁请所有尚未成为《公约》及其所附议定书缔约方的国家尽快成为缔约方，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第3段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第2段，有修改]", "序言部分第5段", "欢迎对《公约》第一条的修正已于2004年5月18日生效，使《公约》的适用范围有所扩大，将非国际性冲突也包括在内，[新]", "序言部分第6段", "强调所有缔约国均须遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的各项条款，[新]", "序言部分第7段", "欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)于2006年11月13日生效，[新]", "序言部分第8段", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "序言部分第9段", "[战争遗留爆炸物]", "序言部分第10段", "感谢非政府组织为减轻武装冲突的人道主义影响而作出的宝贵的人道主义努力，并欢迎它们为政府专家小组的工作和审查会议本身所带来的各种专门知识，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第17段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第15段，有修改]", "庄严宣告：", "执行部分第1段", "承诺遵行《公约》及其加入的所附议定书的目标和规定，将其作为管制某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器的使用方面具有权威性的国际文书，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 执行部分第1段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第1段]", "执行部分第2段", "承诺充分执行和遵守《公约》及其加入的所附议定书，并经常审查《公约》及其所附议定书的规定，以确保这些规定一直可切实适用于现代冲突，[CCW/ CONF.II/2, 执行部分第6段]", "执行部分第3段", "决心相互磋商与合作，以促进《公约》及其加入的所附议定书中载明的各项义务得到充分履行，从而促进遵守，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第7段，有修改]", "执行部分第4段", "[遵守]", "执行部分第5段", "[赞助方案]", "执行部分第6段", "欣慰地注意到对《公约》第一条的修正已经生效，使《公约》及所附议定书的适用范围有所扩大，将非国际性武装冲突也包括在内，[CCW/ CONF.II/2, 执行部分第4段，有修改]", "执行部分第7段", "希望所有国家尽可能充分遵守和确保遵守经修正后的《公约》适用范围，并决心鼓励所有尚未批准、接受、核准或加入对第一条的修正的国家尽快酌情批准、接受、核准或加入，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第5段，有修改]", "执行部分第8段", "决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为《关于无法检测的碎片的议定书》(第一号议定书)、《经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的第二号议定书)、《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器的议定书》(第三号议定书)和《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)的缔约国，并鼓励所有国家遵守和确保遵守这些议定书的实质性规定，[新]", "执行部分第9段", "对《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的生效感到欣慰，决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为第五号议定书的缔约国，并鼓励所有国家遵守和确保遵守第五号议定书的实质性规定，[新]", "执行部分第10段", "继续承诺紧急致力于消除战争遗留爆炸物所造成的有悖于人道主义的影响，通过切实和有效执行第五号议定书以及加强国际合作，尽可能减小未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药的危险和影响，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第9段，有修改]", "执行部分第11段", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "执行部分第12段", "[战争遗留爆炸物]", "执行部分第13段", "继续承诺在可行的范围内为征得所在国和/或冲突各当事缔约国的同意执行扫雷任务的公正的人道主义特派团提供协助，尤其是提供己方掌握的、关于特派团执行任务地区一切已知雷场、雷区、地雷、战争遗留爆炸物、诱杀装置和其他装置位置的所有必要资料，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第13段，有修改]", "认识到还可依据本最后宣言所载的重要原则和规定进一步加强《公约》及其所附议定书，并表示决心加以实施。", "并作出下列决定：", "决 定 1", "决 定", "[关于战争遗留爆炸物]", "决 定 2", "决 定", "[关于非杀伤人员地雷]", "决 定 3", "决 定", "[关于遵守]", "决 定 4", "决 定", "通过最后文件第三部分D节所载的促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划。", "决 定 5", "决 定", "[关于赞助方案]", "决 定 6", "决 定", "[关于进一步的工作]", "[待 补]", "审 查", "序言第3段", "会议再次提及，在研究、发展、获取或采用新的武器、作战手段和方法时，有义务确定其使用是否在某些或所有情况下为适用于缔约方的国际法任何规则所禁止。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第3段的审查]", "序言第8段", "会议重申有必要酌情继续编纂和逐渐发展对某些可能具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器适用的国际法规则。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第8段的审查]", "序言第10段", "会议强调有必要争取更广泛地加入《公约》及其所附议定书。会议欢迎最近对《公约》及其所附议定书的批准和加入，敦促缔约方作为高度优先事项在外交上努力鼓励更多的国家加入，以争取尽快实现普遍加入。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第10段的审查]", "第 一 条", "会议注意到经2001年12月21日修正后的第一条的规定。", "会议呼吁尚未批准、接受、核准或加入对第一条的修正的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入。[新]", "第 二 条", "会议重申不得将《公约》或其所附议定书中的任何规定解释为减损缔约方根据国际人道主义法所承担的其他义务。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第二条的审查]", "第 三 条", "会议注意到第三条的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第三条的审查]", "第 四 条", "会议注意到，[100]个国家已批准、接受、加入或继承了《公约》。", "会议呼吁尚未成为《公约》缔约方的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入《公约》，从而促进实现普遍加入《公约》。", "会议请各缔约方鼓励更多的国家加入《公约》及其所附议定书。", "在这方面，会议欢迎促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划的通过。[CCW/ CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四条的审查，有修改和更新]", "第 五 条", "会议注意到第五条的规定。", "会议特别回顾，该条第3款规定，《公约》所附每项议定书应在20个国家通知愿受该议定书约束之日后6个月开始生效。会议欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)已于2006年11月13日生效。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/ CONF.II/2, 对第五条的审查，有修改]", "第 六 条", "会议鼓励在传播《公约》及其所附议定书方面开展国际合作，并确认开展多边合作传授知识、在各级进行经验交流、互派教员和举办联合研讨会的重要性。会议强调，缔约方有义务传播《公约》及其所附议定书，特别是应将其内容纳入各级军事课程。", "[赞助方案]", "会议欢迎在联合国网站上和在主席网站上设有《公约》及其所附议定书网页，并请联合国秘书长继续在联合国网站上提供与《公约》有关的所有文件。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第六条的审查，有修改]", "第 七 条", "会议注意到第七条的规定。", "[遵 守]", "第 八 条", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "[进一步的工作]", "会议决定，根据第八条第3款(c)项，于《……》举行一次缔约国会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国下一届年度会议同时举行。", "缔约国回顾2001年第二次审查会议就审查《公约》第八条达成的协议。", "第 九 条", "会议满意地注意到未出现援引本条规定的情事。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/ CONF.II/2, 对第九条的审查]", "第 十 条", "会议注意到第十条的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第十条的审查]", "第 十一 条", "会议注意到第十一条的规定。", "会议注意到对《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的原文(法文本、俄文本和西班牙文本)所作的订正以及联合国秘书长以保存人身份对经核证无误的副本所作的订正。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第十一条的审查，有修改]", "《关于无法检测的碎片的议定书》(第一号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第一号议定书的审查]", "《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第二号议定书的审查]", "经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的第二号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议认识到缔约方第一次审查会议在若干方面加强了第二号议定书。", "会议还满意地注意到，按照经修正后的第二号议定书第13条的规定，已经为了在与经修正后的第二号议定书有关的一切问题上进行协商与合作而举行了八届缔约方年度会议。", "会议建议经修正后的第二号议定书缔约方的未来年度会议与《公约》缔约方的任何会议和第五号议定书缔约方会议同时举行。", "会议注意到各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书承担的报告义务，吁请各缔约方及时地、一贯地、完整地履行这一义务。", "会议感谢联合国有关机构和机关所做的宝贵工作；感谢红十字国际委员会依照其职能为救助战争受难者所做的宝贵工作；并感谢日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作，特别是在地雷受害者的护理和康复方面、实施防雷宣传方案方面和清除地雷方面所做的宝贵工作。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对经修正后的第二号议定书的审查，有更新和修改]", "《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器的议定书》(第三号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第三号议定书的审查]", "《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四号议定书的审查]", "《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议注意到该议定书的规定并满意地欢迎其生效。", "会议鼓励各缔约方尽最大努力遵守技术附件中载明的建议的最佳做法，以实现该议定书第4、第5和第9条所载的目标。", "会议期待着缔约方根据该议定书第10条于[待补]召开其第一届会议。", "会议感谢联合国有关机构和机关所做的宝贵工作；感谢红十字国际委员会依照其职能为救助战争受难者所做的宝贵工作，并感谢日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作，特别是在战争遗留爆炸物受害者的护理和康复方面、危险性教育方面和清除、排除或销毁未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药方面所做的宝贵工作。[新]", "第 三 部 分", "A. [非杀伤人员地雷]", "[待 补]", "B. [战争遗留爆炸物]", "[待 补]", "C. [遵守]", "[待 补]", "D. 促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划", "1. 缔约方应：", "行动1：透彻审查其在加入《公约》及其所附议定书方面的情况，以便在方便时尽早考虑接受它们尚未批准或加入的这些议定书和对《公约》第一条的修正。", "行动2：格外重视鼓励《公约》签署国尽快批准《公约》。这些国家包括：阿富汗、埃及、冰岛、尼日利亚、苏丹和越南。", "行动3：加强努力，促进普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书，方法是在其与非缔约国的接触中酌情积极推动这一目标，并寻求相关国际组织和区域组织的合作。", "行动4： 优先重视鼓励冲突地区各国加入《公约》及其所附议定书，此举可作为一项重要的建立信任措施，从而促进在现行冲突各方之间重建谅解和信任。", "行动5： 特别努力在《公约》接受程度依然很低的区域促进加入《公约》及其所附议定书。", "行动6：采取一切适当步骤，防止和制止受其管辖或控制的个人或在其管辖或控制的领土上发生违反《公约》及其所附议定书的行为。", "行动7：鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴，包括联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织、红十字国际委员会、非政府组织、议员和感兴趣的公民，参与这些促进普遍加入的努力并开展积极的合作。", "2. 为了开展上述行动，缔约方应采取所有适当措施，其中应包括：", "(1) 利用双边接触的机会及各种现有外交渠道，促进加入《公约》及其所附议定书；", "(2) 通过安排讲习会及区域和次区域的研讨会和讲习会，通过采取措施提高对《公约》及其议定书的意识，包括联合国各正式语文的出版物、采取措施接触非缔约国的适当受众，和与所有相关行为者合作――无论是政府、政府间或非政府行为者，增加对《公约》及其所附议定书的了解；", "(3) 根据每个区域的特点，协调区域行动，主要是在《公约》接受程度仍然很低的区域。联合国和平与裁军区域中心以及有关区域组织可在这方面发挥重要作用；", "(4) 在《公约》缔约方会议上审查这一问题。", "3. 秘书处应报告该行动计划的执行情况，并定期向缔约方通报，使其能够有效地审查进展情况和监测其执行情况。", "4. 下一次审查会议将审查该行动计划的执行情况，并作出认为需要的任何决定。", "E. [赞助方案]", "[待 补]", "文 件", "A. 议程", "[待 补]", "B. 工作计划", "[待 补]", "C. 第一主要委员会议程", "[待 补]", "D. 第一主要委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "E. 第二主要委员会议程", "[待 补]", "F. 第二主要委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "G. 全权证书委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "H. [待补]", "I. 文件清单", "[待 补]" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.713 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Final Document", "of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "PART I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "I. Introduction", "II. Organization of the Third Review Conference", "III. Work of the Third Review Conference", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "PART II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, which met in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006, to review the scope and operation of the Convention and the Protocols annexed thereto and to consider any proposal for amendments of the Convention or of the existing Protocols, as well as proposals for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by the existing annexed Protocols,", "Preambular paragraph 1", "Recalling the precedent Declarations adopted by the First Review Conference in 1996 and the Second Review Conference in 2001, in particular preambular paragraphs 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 14, as well as operative paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 and 16 of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference.", "Preambular paragraph 2", "Reaffirming their conviction that the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects is significantly reducing the suffering of civilians and combatants, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 1, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 3", "Recognising that most major armed conflicts are non-international in character, and that such conflicts are also being brought within the scope of the Convention by amendment, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph.4, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 4", "Emphasizing the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Convention and their determination to call upon all States that have not done so to become parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 3, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 2, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 5", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Amendment to Article 1 of the Convention on 18 May 2004, by which the scope of application of the Convention was extended to also cover conflicts of non-international character, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 6", "Emphasizing the importance of compliance with the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by all State Parties, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 7", "Welcoming the entry into force of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 12 November 2006, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 8", "[MOTAPM]", "Preambular paragraph 9", "[ERW]", "Preambular paragraph 10", "Acknowledging the invaluable humanitarian efforts of non-governmental organisations in mitigating the humanitarian impact of armed conflicts and welcoming the expertise they have brought to the work of the Group of Governmental Experts and to the Review Conference itself, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 17, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 15, modified]", "Solemnly Declare:", "Operative paragraph 1", "Their commitment to respect and comply with the objectives and provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party as an authoritative international instrument governing the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, [CCW/CONF.I/16, operative paragraph 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 1]", "Operative paragraph 2", "Their commitment to the full implementation of, and compliance with, the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, and to keep the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols under review in order to ensure their provisions remain relevant to modern conflicts, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 6]", "Operative paragraph 3", "Their determination to consult and cooperate with each other in order to facilitate the full implementation of the obligations contained in the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, thereby promoting compliance, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 7, modified]", "Operative paragraph 4", "[COMPLIANCE]", "Operative paragraph 5", "[SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME]", "Operative paragraph 6", "Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the amendment to Article 1 of the Convention extending the application of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to armed conflicts of a non-international character, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 4, modified]", "Operative paragraph 7", "Their desire that all States respect and ensure respect for the revised scope of application of the Convention to the fullest extent possible, and their determination to encourage all States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1 as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 5, modified]", "Operative paragraph 8", "Their determination to encourage all States to become parties, as soon as possible, to the Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), and the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of these Protocols, [new]", "Operative paragraph 9", "Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), as well as their determination to encourage all States to become parties to Protocol V as soon as possible, and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of Protocol V [new]", "Operative paragraph 10", "Their continuing commitment to address as a matter of urgency the deleterious humanitarian effects of explosive remnants of war, through the effective and efficient implementation of Protocol V and reinforced international cooperation aimed at minimizing the risks and effects of unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 9, modified]", "Operative paragraph 11", "[MOTAPM]", "Operative paragraph 12", "[ERW]", "Operative paragraph 13", "Their continuing commitment to assist, to the extent feasible, impartial humanitarian demining missions, operating with the consent of the host State and/or the relevant States Parties to the conflict, in particular by providing all necessary information in their possession covering the location of all known minefields, mined areas, mines, explosive remnants of war, booby-traps and other devices in the area in which the mission is performing its functions, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 13, modified]", "Recognise that the important principles and provisions contained in this Final Declaration can also serve as a basis for further strengthening the Convention and its annexed Protocols and express their determination to implement them,", "and take the following decisions:", "Decision 1", "Decide", "[ON ERW]", "Decision 2", "Decide", "[ON MOTAPM]", "Decision 3", "Decide", "[ON COMPLIANCE]", "Decision 4", "Decide", "To adopt a Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention, as contained in Part III D of the Final Document.", "Decision 5", "Decide", "[ON SPONSORSHIP]", "Decision 6", "Decide", "[ON FURTHER WORK]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "REVIEW", "Preambular paragraph 3", "The Conference recalls the obligation to determine in the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means and method of warfare, whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited under any rule of international law applicable to the High Contracting Parties. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 3]", "Preambular paragraph 8", "The Conference reaffirms the need to continue, as appropriate, the codification and progressive development of the rules of international law applicable to certain conventional weapons which may be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 8]", "Preambular paragraph 10", "The Conference underlines the need to achieve wider adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. The Conference welcomes recent ratifications and accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and urges the High Contracting Parties to accord high priority to their diplomatic efforts to encourage further adherence with a view to achieving universal adherence as soon as possible. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 10]", "Article 1", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 1, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "The Conference calls upon States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1. [new]", "Article 2", "The Conference reaffirms that nothing in the Convention or its annexed Protocols shall be interpreted as detracting from other obligations imposed upon the High Contracting Parties by international humanitarian law. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.2]", "Article 3", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.3]", "Article 4", "The Conference notes that [100] States have ratified, accepted, acceded or succeeded to the Convention.", "The Conference calls upon States which are not parties to this Convention to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the Convention, thus contributing to the achievement of universal adherence to the Convention.", "The Conference invites the High Contracting Parties to encourage further accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "The Conference, in this context, welcomes the adoption of the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.4, modified and updated]", "Article 5", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 5.", "The Conference recalls in particular the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article which stipulates that each of the Protocols annexed to the Convention shall enter into force six months after the date by which twenty States have notified their consent to be bound by it. The Conference welcomes the entry into force on 13 November 2006 of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.5, modified]", "Article 6", "The Conference encourages international cooperation in the field of dissemination of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and recognizes the importance of multilateral collaboration relating to instruction, the exchange of experience at all levels, the exchange of instructors and the organization of joint seminars. The Conference underlines the importance of the High Contracting Parties’ obligation to disseminate this Convention and its annexed Protocols, and, in particular to include the content in their programmes of military instruction at all levels.", "[SPONSORSHIP]", "The Conference welcomes the establishment of a web page of the Convention and its annexed Protocols on the website of the United Nations and on the website of the Presidency and requests the United Nations Secretary-General to continue to make all documents relating to the Convention, available on the UN website. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.6, modified]", "Article 7", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 7.", "[COMPLIANCE]", "Article 8", "[MOTAPM]", "[FURTHER WORK]", "The Conference decides, consistent with Article 8.3 (c) to convene a Meeting of the States Parties to be held on […] in conjunction with the next Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "The States Parties recall their agreement reached by the Second Review Conference in 2001 in reviewing Article 8 of the Convention.", "Article 9", "The Conference notes with satisfaction that the provisions of this Article have not been invoked. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.9]", "Article 10", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 10. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.10]", "Article 11", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 11.", "The Conference notes the corrections to the original text of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (French, Russian and Spanish versions) and to the certified true copies effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.11, modified]", "Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol I]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol II]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference acknowledges that the High Contracting Parties strengthened Protocol II in a number of areas at the First Review Conference.", "The Conference also notes with satisfaction that in accordance with Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, eight Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties were held for the purpose of consultations and cooperation on all issues related to Amended Protocol II.", "The Conference recommends that future Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II coincide with any meetings of High Contracting Parties to the Convention and Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.", "The Conference takes note of the reporting obligations of High Contracting Parties under Amended Protocol II, and calls on High Contracting Parties to fulfil these obligations in a timely, consistent and complete manner.", "The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims; of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular the care and rehabilitation of mine victims, implementation of mine‑awareness programmes and mine clearance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Amended Protocol II, updated and modified]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol III]", "Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol and welcomes with satisfaction its entry into force.", "The Conference encourages the High Contracting Parties to make all best endeavours to comply with suggested best practices, as specified in the Technical Annex, for achieving the objectives contained in Articles 4, 5 and 9 of the Protocol.", "The Conference looks forward to the Conference of High Contracting Parties which will be convened pursuant to Article 10 of the Protocol on [TO BE COMPLETED]", "The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims, of the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular care and rehabilitation of explosive remnants of war victims, risk education, and clearance, removal or destruction of unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. [new]", "PART III", "A. [MOTAPM]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "B. [ERW]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "C. [COMPLIANCE]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "D. PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION", "1. The High Contracting Parties should:", "Action # 1: Review thoroughly their participation in the Convention and its annexed Protocols with the view to consider acceptance, at their earliest convenience, of those Protocols and of the Amendment of Article 1 of the Convention, which they have not yet ratified or otherwise acceded to.", "Action # 2: Accord particular importance to encouraging the States signatories of the Convention, to ratify it as soon as possible. These include: Afghanistan, Egypt, Iceland, Nigeria, Sudan and Viet Nam.", "Action # 3: Strengthen their efforts in promoting the universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by actively pursuing this objective, as appropriate, in their contacts with States not parties, and seeking the cooperation of relevant international and regional organisations.", "Action # 4: Accord priority attention to encouraging adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols by States in regions of conflict which could serve as a significant confidence-building measure thus promoting reestablishment of understanding and trust among Parties to an active conflict.", "Action # 5: Direct specific efforts towards promoting adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols in regions where the level of acceptance of the Convention remains low.", "Action # 6: Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control.", "Action # 7: Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and interested citizens.", "2. For achieving the above actions the High Contracting Parties should undertake all appropriate measures which should include, inter alia:", "(i) seizing the opportunity of bilateral contacts and making use of diplomatic channels available to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(ii) enhancing the knowledge of the Convention and its annexed Protocols through the organization of workshops and regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops, measures to increase awareness of the Convention and its Protocols, including publications in UN official languages, as well as measures to reach the appropriate audience in States not parties, and in cooperation with all relevant actors, be it governmental, intergovernmental or non-governmental;", "(iii) coordinating regional actions in accordance with the characteristics of each region, mostly in those where acceptance of the Convention remains low. UN regional centres for peace and disarmament, as well as regional organizations as appropriate, may play an important role in this regard;", "(iv) review this issue during meetings of the High Contracting Parties of the Convention.", "3. The Secretariat shall report on the implementation of this Plan of Action, and keep the High Contracting Parties regularly informed, so that they may review progress and monitor its implementation effectively.", "4. The implementation of this Plan of Action will be reviewed by the next Review Conference which will take any decisions deemed necessary.", "E. [SPONSORSHIP]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "DOCUMENTS", "A. Agenda", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "B. Programme of Work", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "C. Agenda of Main Committee I", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "D. Report of Main Committee I", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "E. Agenda of Main Committee II", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "F. Report of Main Committee II", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "G. Report of the Credentials Committee", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "H. [TO BE COMPLETED]", "I. List of Documents", "[TO BE COMPLETED]" ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Part I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "Introduction", "II. ORGANIZATION OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "III. WORK OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "[to be completed]", "Part II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects met in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006 to review the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and to consider any proposed amendments to the Convention or existing Protocols and proposals for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing annexed Protocols,", "First preambular paragraph", "Recalling the previous declarations adopted by the First Review Conference in 1996 and the Second Review Conference in 2001, in particular preambular paragraphs 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 14 and operative paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 and 16 of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference,", "Second preambular paragraph", "Reaffirming its conviction that the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects substantially reduces the suffering of civilians and combatants, [CCW/CONF.II/2, first preambular paragraph, modified]", "Third preambular paragraph", "Recognizing that most major armed conflicts are non-international and that such conflicts are also brought within the scope of the Convention by amendment, [CCW/CONF.II/2, fourth preambular paragraph, modified]", "Fourth preambular paragraph", "Emphasizing the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Convention, and determined to call upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, third preambular paragraph, CCW/CONF.II/2, second preambular paragraph, modified]", "Fifth preambular paragraph", "Welcoming the entry into force on 18 May 2004 of the amendment to article 1 of the Convention, which extended the scope of application of the Convention to include non-international conflicts, [new]", "Sixth preambular paragraph", "Emphasizing the importance of compliance by all States Parties with the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, [new]", "Seventh preambular paragraph", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 13 November 2006, [new]", "Eighth preambular paragraph", "[MOTAPM]", "Ninth preambular paragraph", "[ERW]", "Tenth preambular paragraph", "Expressing its appreciation for the valuable humanitarian efforts of non-governmental organizations to mitigate the humanitarian impact of armed conflicts, and welcoming the expertise they have brought to the work of the Group of Governmental Experts and to the Review Conference itself, [CCW/CONF.I/16, seventeenth preambular paragraph, CCW/CONF.II/2, fifteenth preambular paragraph, modified]", "Solemnly declares:", "Operative Paragraph 1", "Committed to the objectives and provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which it is a party as an authoritative international instrument for regulating the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, [CCW/CONF.I/16, operative paragraph 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 1]", "Operative Paragraph 2", "Committed to the full implementation of and compliance with the Convention and the annexed Protocols to which it is a party, and keeping the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols under review with a view to ensuring their continued and effective application in modern conflicts, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 6]", "Operative Paragraph 3", "Determined to consult and cooperate with each other with a view to promoting full implementation of the obligations contained in the Convention and the annexed Protocols to which it is a party, thereby promoting compliance, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 7, modified]", "Operative Paragraph 4", "[Compliance]", "Operative Paragraph 5", "[Sponsorship Programme]", "Operative Paragraph 6", "Encouraged by the entry into force of the amendment to Article 1 of the Convention, which extended the scope of application of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to include non-international armed conflicts, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 4, modified]", "Operative Paragraph 7", "Desirous that all States fully observe and ensure respect for the amended scope of application of the Convention to the fullest extent possible, and determined to encourage all States that have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede to the amendment to Article I, as appropriate, as soon as possible [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 5, modified]", "Operative Paragraph 8", "Determined to encourage all States to become parties as soon as possible to the Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices (Amended Protocol II), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III) and the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), as amended on 3 May 1996, and to encourage all States to respect and ensure compliance with the substantive provisions of those Protocols, [new]", "Operative Paragraph 9", "Encouraged by the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), and determined to encourage all States to become parties to Protocol V as soon as possible and all States to respect and ensure compliance with the substantive provisions of Protocol V, [new]", "Operative Paragraph 10", "Remaining committed to working urgently to eliminate the deleterious humanitarian impact of explosive remnants of war and to minimize the risks and effects of unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance through the effective and effective implementation of Protocol V and enhanced international cooperation, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 9, modified]", "Operative Paragraph 11", "[MOTAPM]", "Operative Paragraph 12", "[ERW]", "Operative Paragraph 13", "Continue to undertake to assist, to the extent feasible, an impartial humanitarian mission carrying out a demining mission with the consent of the host State and/or the States Parties to the conflict, in particular by providing all necessary information in their possession on the location of all known minefields, mined areas, mines, explosive remnants of war, booby-traps and other devices in the mission area, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 13, modified]", "Recognizing that the Convention and its annexed Protocols can also be further strengthened in the light of the important principles and provisions contained in this Final Declaration, and expressing its determination to implement them.", "and took the following decisions:", "Decision 1", "Decisions", "[on Explosive Remnants of War]", "Decision 2", "Decisions", "[on MOTAPM]", "Decision 3", "Decisions", "[on compliance]", "Decision 4", "Decisions", "Adopts the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention contained in Part III, section D, of the Final Document.", "Decision 5", "Decisions", "[on the Sponsorship Programme]", "Decision 6", "Decisions", "[For further work]", "[to be completed]", "Review", "Third preambular paragraph", "It was recalled that in the research, development, acquisition or use of new weapons, means and methods of warfare, the obligation was to determine whether their use was prohibited in some or all circumstances by any rule of international law applicable to the parties. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of preambular paragraph 3]", "Eighth preambular paragraph", "The Conference reaffirms the need to continue, as appropriate, the codification and progressive development of the rules of international law applicable to certain conventional weapons which may be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of preambular paragraph 8]", "Tenth preambular paragraph", "The Conference stresses the need to strive for wider adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. The Conference welcomes the recent ratifications and accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and urges the High Contracting Parties, as a matter of high priority, to pursue diplomatic efforts to encourage further accessions with a view to achieving universal adherence as soon as possible. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of preambular paragraph 10]", "Article 1", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of Article 1, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "The Conference calls upon States that have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede to the amendment to Article 1, as appropriate. [new]", "Article 2", "The Conference reaffirms that nothing in the Convention or its annexed Protocols shall be interpreted as derogating from other obligations of High Contracting Parties under international humanitarian law. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article II]", "Article 3", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article 3]", "Article 4", "The Conference notes that [100] States have ratified, accepted, acceded or succeeded to the Convention.", "The Conference calls upon States not yet parties to the Convention to ratify, accept, approve or accede to it, as appropriate, thereby contributing to the achievement of universal adherence to the Convention.", "The Conference invites the High Contracting Parties to encourage further accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "In this regard, the Conference welcomes the adoption of the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review, Revision and Update of Article 4]", "Article 5", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 5.", "In particular, the Conference recalls that paragraph 3 of this Article provides that each of the Protocols annexed to the Convention shall enter into force six months after the date on which 20 States have notified their consent to be bound by it. The Conference welcomes the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 13 November 2006. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article 5, modified]", "Article 6", "The Conference encourages international cooperation in the dissemination of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and recognizes the importance of multilateral cooperation in the transfer of knowledge, exchange of experience at all levels, exchange of trainers and joint seminars. The Conference underlines the obligation of the High Contracting Parties to disseminate the Convention and its annexed Protocols, in particular by including their content in military curricula at all levels.", "[Sponsorship Programme]", "The Conference welcomes the establishment of a web page on the Convention and its annexed Protocols on the United Nations website, as well as on the President ' s website, and requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to continue to make all documents related to the Convention available on the United Nations website. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article 6, modified]", "Article 7", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 7.", "[Compliance]", "Article 8", "[MOTAPM]", "[Further work]", "The Conference decides, in accordance with Article 8.3(c), to convene a Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in conjunction with the next Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "States parties recalled the agreement reached at the 2001 Second Review Conference to review article VIII of the Convention.", "Article 9", "The Conference notes with satisfaction that the provisions of this Article have not been invoked. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article IX]", "Article 10", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article X. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article X]", "Article 11", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 11.", "The Conference takes note of the revisions made to the original text of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) (French, Russian and Spanish) and to the certified true copies by the Secretary-General of the United Nations in his capacity as depositary. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Article 11, modified]", "Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I)", "The Conference notes the provisions of the Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Protocol I]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference notes the provisions of the Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Protocol II]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference recognizes that the First Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties strengthened Protocol II in a number of ways.", "The Conference also noted with satisfaction that, in accordance with Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, eight Annual Conferences of the High Contracting Parties had been held for the purpose of consultation and cooperation on all issues related to Amended Protocol II.", "The Conference recommends that future annual meetings of the High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II be held in conjunction with any meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention and the Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.", "Noting the reporting obligations of High Contracting Parties under Amended Protocol II, the Conference calls upon High Contracting Parties to fulfil this obligation in a timely, consistent and complete manner.", "The Meeting expressed its appreciation to the relevant United Nations agencies and bodies for their valuable work; to the International Committee of the Red Cross for its valuable work, in accordance with its mandate, in assisting the victims of the war; and to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and non-governmental organizations for their valuable work in a number of areas, in particular in the care and rehabilitation of mine victims, the implementation of mine awareness programmes and mine clearance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, Review, with updates and modifications, of Amended Protocol II]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III)", "The Conference notes the provisions of the Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Protocol III]", "Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV)", "The Conference notes the provisions of the Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, Review of Protocol IV]", "Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of the Protocol and welcomes with satisfaction its entry into force.", "The Conference encourages the High Contracting Parties to do their utmost to comply with the recommended best practices contained in the Technical Annex in order to achieve the objectives set out in Articles 4, 5 and 9 of the Protocol.", "The Conference looks forward to the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties [to be completed] in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol.", "The Meeting expressed its appreciation for the valuable work of the relevant United Nations agencies and bodies; for the valuable work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), in accordance with its mandate, in assisting war victims; and for the valuable work of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in a number of areas, in particular in the care and rehabilitation of victims of explosive remnants of war (ERW), risk education, and in the clearance, removal or destruction of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and abandoned explosive ordnance. [new]", "Part III", "A. [MOTAPM]", "[to be completed]", "B. [ERW]", "[to be completed]", "C. [Compliance]", "[to be completed]", "D. Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention", "1. Parties shall:", "Action #1: Review thoroughly its accession to the Convention and its annexed Protocols with a view to considering, at their earliest convenience, acceptance of those Protocols and of the amendment to Article 1 of the Convention which they have not yet ratified or acceded to.", "Action #2: Particular importance is attached to encouraging States signatories to the Convention to ratify it as soon as possible. These include Afghanistan, Egypt, Iceland, Nigeria, Sudan and Viet Nam.", "Action # 3: Strengthen efforts to promote the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by actively promoting this objective in its contacts with States not parties, as appropriate, and by seeking the cooperation of relevant international and regional organizations.", "Action # 4: Give priority to encouraging States in conflict zones to accede to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, which could be an important confidence-building measure, thus contributing to the re-establishment of understanding and confidence between parties to an ongoing conflict.", "Action # 5: Make special efforts to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols in regions where acceptance of the Convention remains low.", "Action # 6: Take all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by persons or on territories under their jurisdiction or control.", "Action # 7: Encourage and support all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international agencies and regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and interested citizens, to participate in and actively cooperate in these universalization efforts.", "2. In order to carry out the above actions, the High Contracting Parties shall take all appropriate measures, which shall include:", "(1) To take advantage of bilateral contacts and existing diplomatic channels to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(2) To increase awareness of the Convention and its annexed Protocols through the organization of workshops and regional and subregional seminars and workshops, through measures to raise awareness of the Convention and its Protocols, including publications in the official languages of the United Nations, measures to reach an appropriate audience of States not parties and cooperation with all relevant actors, whether governmental, intergovernmental or non-governmental;", "(3) Coordinate regional action, depending on the characteristics of each region, mainly in regions where the acceptance of the Convention remains low. The United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament and relevant regional organizations have an important role to play in this regard;", "(4) Review this issue at the COP.", "3. The secretariat shall report on the implementation of the action plan and regularly inform the Parties so that they can effectively review progress and monitor its implementation.", "4. The next Review Conference will review the implementation of the Plan of Action and take any decisions deemed necessary.", "E. [Sponsorship Programme]", "[to be completed]", "Documentation", "Agenda", "[to be completed]", "Programme of work", "[to be completed]", "C. Agenda of Main Committee I", "[to be completed]", "Report of Main Committee I", "[to be completed]", "E. Agenda of Main Committee II", "[to be completed]", "Report of Main Committee II", "[to be completed]", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "[to be completed]", "H. [To be completed]", "I. List of documents", "[to be completed]" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分 伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》) 之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案", "关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》) 之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案", "缔约国会议：", "1. 决定在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下/框架内建立一项赞助方案；", "2. 同意下列一般原则：", "(1) 对该方案的捐助将以自愿为基础；", "(2) 将以非正式和灵活的方式开展这一方案，并充分尊重《公约》论坛的明确特设性质；", "3. 订立赞助方案的下列基本目标：", "(1) 加强《公约》及其所附议定书的执行；", "(2) 促进普遍遵守《公约》及其所附议定书中载明的规范和原则；", "(3) 支持普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书；", "(4) 增强各缔约国之间在有关《公约》及其所附议定书的问题上进行合作、信息交流和磋商；", "4. 订立赞助方案的下列基本运作目标：", "(1) 支助各缔约国代表的参与，特别是受战争遗留爆炸物和地雷影响并且资源有限的国家参与《公约》的活动。应当优先照顾那些按照联合国标准是世界上经济最不发达的缔约国；", "(2) 向签署国和尚未加入《公约》及其议定书的国家提供机会来参与《公约》活动并了解与《公约》有关的工作。应优先考虑那些按照联合国标准是经济最不发达的国家、那些正处在加入《公约》及其所附议定书过程中的国家和正在从事与它们本国执行《公约》及其议定书有关的活动的国家；", "(3) 支助具有实地经验的适当合格专家或学者特别是第4(一)段所述国家的专家或学者开展研究和/或在有关会议或研讨会上介绍某些人们感兴趣的专题；", "(4) 提供各缔约国可能认为恰当的其他有关形式的帮助；", "5. 决定赞助方案将根据下列基本运作模式运作：", "(1) 缔约国将委托日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心负责方案的技术管理；", "(2) 一个非正式的指导委员会(下称“委员会”)将订立本决定未明确说明的运作模式，确保对《公约》赞助方案的每日执行工作给予指导；该指导委员会将由该方案捐助国和联合国裁军部的代表组成；", "(3) 委员会将以透明的方式运作；为此，三个区域集团的代表和中国、《公约》候任主席和联合国排雷行动处的代表将被邀请作为观察员和顾问参加其会议。有一项理解是，每个缔约国均可要求委员会听取其意见；", "(4) 委员会将按照上文详细说明的方案基本目标和运作目标作出所有与包括批准参与《公约》活动的旅费和每日生活津贴或其他支出在内的赞助方案运作有关的决定；", "(5) 委员会将每年向《公约》缔约国报告其活动情况，包括方案受益人的情况；缔约国将在其下次审查会议上审查和评价方案及方案的运作模式；", "(6) 分配给赞助方案的资金将由外部审计员审计，审计报告将提供给委员会所有成员，还可根据请求而由联合国提供给任何缔约国。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.813 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Decision", "on the establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)", "DRAFT DECISION", "ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME UNDER THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS (CCW)", "The Conference of States Parties:", "1. Decides to establish a sponsorship programme under/within the framework of the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects (CCW);", "2. Agrees on the following general principles:", "(i) contributions to the programme will be made on a voluntary basis;", "(ii) this programme will be conducted in an informal and flexible way with full respect to the specific ad hoc nature of the CCW forum;", "3. Sets the following basic goals to the Sponsorship programme:", "(i) to strengthen the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(ii) to promote universal observance of the norms and principles enshrined in the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(iii) to support the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(iv) to enhance the cooperation, the exchange of information and the consultations among the States Parties on issues related to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "4. Sets the following basic operational purposes to the Sponsorship programme:", "(i) to support the participation of the representatives of States Parties, especially from ERW- and mine-affected States that have limited resources, to participate in the CCW activities. Priority should be given to States Parties which, according to the United Nations, have the world's least developed economies;", "(ii) to provide Signatory States and States not yet parties to the Convention and its Protocols with an opportunity to participate in the CCW activities and to acquire an acquaintance with the work related to the Convention. Preference should be given to States which, according to the United Nations, have the least developed economies, States which are on the path towards accession to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and States which are engaged in activities related to their own implementation of the Convention and its Protocols;", "(iii) to support the attendance of appropriate qualified experts with field experience or of scholars, particularly from the States referred to in paragraph 4(i), to prepare studies and/or presentations on certain topics of interest at relevant meetings or seminars;", "(iv) to provide other related forms of assistance, that might be deemed appropriate by the States Parties;", "5. Decides that the Sponsorship programme will operate according to the following basic operational modalities:", "(i) States Parties entrust the technical management of the programme to the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining;", "(ii) An informal Steering Committee (hereinafter “the committee”) will set operational modalities which have not been specified in this decision and ensure the guidance of the day-to-day implementation of the CCW Sponsorship programme; it will be constituted by representatives of donor States to this programme and the UNDDA;", "(iii) The Committee will operate in a transparent way; for this purpose, representatives of the three Regional Groups, and China, the President-designate of the CCW and representatives of UNMAS will be invited to participate to its meetings as observers and advisors. It is understood that every State Party could ask to be heard by the Committee.", "(iv) The Committee will take all decisions related to the operation of the Sponsorship programme, including the granting of travel and daily subsistence allowances for participation in the CCW activities or to other expenditures, in accordance with the basic goals and the operational purposes of the programme as spelt out above;", "(v) The Committee will report annually on its activities, including on the beneficiaries of the programme, to the CCW States Parties. The programme will be reviewed and assessed by States Parties at the next Review Conference, as well as the modus operandi of the programme;", "(vi) The funds allocated to the Sponsorship programme will be subject to an audit by an external auditor and audit reports will be sent to all members of the Committee, and made available upon request to any State Party by the United Nations." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft decision on the establishment of a sponsorship programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)", "Draft decision on the establishment of a sponsorship programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)", "The Meeting of States Parties:", "Decides to establish a Sponsorship Programme under/within the framework of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW);", "2. Agrees on the following general principles:", "(1) Contributions to the programme will be made on a voluntary basis;", "(2) This programme will be conducted in an informal and flexible manner, with full respect for the clear ad hoc nature of the Convention forum;", "Sets the following basic objectives of the Sponsorship Programme:", "(1) Strengthening the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(2) Promoting universal adherence to the norms and principles enshrined in the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(3) To support the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(4) To enhance cooperation, information exchange and consultations among the High Contracting Parties on issues related to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "Sets the following basic operational objectives of the Sponsorship Programme:", "(1) Support the participation of representatives of States Parties, in particular those affected by ERW and landmines and with limited resources, in the activities of the Convention. Priority should be given to those States parties that are among the least economically developed in the world, in accordance with United Nations standards;", "(2) Provide signatories and States not yet parties to the Convention and its Protocols with the opportunity to participate in the activities of the Convention and to learn about the work related to the Convention. (a) Priority should be given to the least economically developed countries in accordance with United Nations standards, those in the process of becoming parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and those States engaged in activities related to their national implementation of the Convention and its Protocols;", "(3) Supporting research by suitably qualified experts or scholars with field experience, especially in the countries mentioned in paragraph 4 (i), and/or introducing certain topics of interest at relevant meetings or seminars;", "(4) Providing other relevant forms of assistance that States Parties may consider appropriate;", "Decides that the Sponsorship Programme shall operate according to the following basic operating modalities:", "(1) The States Parties shall entrust the technical management of the programme to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining;", "(2) An informal Steering Committee (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”) will develop operational modalities not specified in this decision to ensure guidance on the daily implementation of the CCW Sponsorship Programme, which will be composed of representatives of donor countries to the Programme and the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs;", "(3) The Committee will operate in a transparent manner; to that end, representatives of the three regional groups and China, the President-designate of the Convention and representatives of the United Nations Mine Action Service will be invited to participate in its meetings as observers and advisers. It is understood that each State party may request the Committee to be heard;", "(4) The Committee will take all decisions relating to the operation of the Sponsorship Programme, including the approval of travel and daily subsistence allowance or other expenditures for participation in Convention activities, in accordance with the basic objectives and operational objectives of the Programme as detailed above;", "(5) The Committee will report annually to the State party on its activities, including on the beneficiaries of the programme; the State party will review and evaluate the modalities of the programme and its operation at its next Review Conference;", "(6) The funds allocated to the Sponsorship Programme will be audited by an external auditor, the audit reports will be made available to all members of the Committee and may be made available by the United Nations to any State Party upon request." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告", "战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和军事和 技术专家会议主席编写 [1]", "一、战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组的任务授权", "A. 2001年第二次审查会议通过的最初授权", "1. 在第二次审查会议上，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国决定设立一个不限成员名额政府专家小组，由两位协调员分别负责非杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题。授权战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组：", "“(a) 讨论如何处理战争遗留爆炸物问题。在这方面，小组应审议所有因素、适当措施和提案，尤其是：", "1. 有可能在冲突结束后造成人道主义问题的因素和弹药类型；", "2. 可否对相关类型的弹药包括子弹药作出技术改进或采取其他措施，以减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的可能性；", "3. 现有的国际人道主义法是否足以将冲突后战争遗留爆炸物对平民和对军人造成的危险减至最低；", "4. 向受战争遗留爆炸物影响的地区内或附近的平民群体示警；清除战争遗留爆炸物；迅速提供信息，以便及早安全清除战争遗留爆炸物；及有关问题和责任；", "5. 援助与合作。” [2]", "2. 根据同一决定，战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员必须“以高效率方式开展工作，早日将协商一致通过的建议提交缔约国，其中包括是否应着手谈判一项或数项关于战争遗留爆炸物的具有法律约束力的文书和/或采取其他办法。”", "3. 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2002年会议决定：", "“战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组在2003年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "(a)(一) 谈判一项旨在减小战争遗留爆炸物危险的关于冲突结束后的一般性补救措施的文书。这些措施应从宽泛的定义出发，其中涵盖绝大多数类型的爆炸性弹药，但地雷除外。被弃置的弹药须包括在内。除其他外，谈判中需要审议下列方面的问题：清除责任；现有的战争遗留爆炸物；提供信息，以协助清除此种遗留物和开展遗留物危险性教育；向平民群体示警；援助与合作；缔约方定期磋商体制。谈判须确定该文书的范围，这一范围应与经《公约》第二次审查会议修正后的《公约》第一条相符。", "(a)(二) 探讨并确定是否可在谈判中圆满地处理旨在改进议定的宽泛定义所涵盖的各类弹药的可靠性的一般性预防措施，改进的办法是在弹药制造、质量控制、处理和储存的管理方面自愿采用最佳做法。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这类最佳做法的重要组成部分。", "(b) 除了进行(a)分段所指的谈判，另外继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减小此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。", "(c) 在进行上述活动的过程中，可举行军事专家会议为活动的进行提供咨询意见。” [3]", "B. 第五号议定书通过之后的任务授权", "4. 根据政府专家小组的建议，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2003年会议决定，[4] 在2004年期间，工作组应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：[5]", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减小此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。在最初阶段，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。”", "5. 根据政府专家小组的建议，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2004年会议决定，[6] 在2005年期间，工作组应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：[7]", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向下一次缔约国会议报告所做的工作。”", "6. 缔约国还将2005年的职权范围通过为2006年的职权范围。[8]", "二、战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)。 通过、批准、普遍加入和执行努力", "7. 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组2001-2002年的工作取得了很大进展，政府专家小组根据缔约国2002年会议确立的职权范围，谈判了战争遗留爆炸物议定书。", "8. 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议2003年通过了战争遗留爆炸物议定书，作为《特定常规武器公约》的第五号议定书：", "“根据政府专家小组的建议，缔约国会议决定通过政府专家小组第六届会议的程序性报告(CCW/GGE/VI/2)附录三中所载的战争遗留爆炸物议定书，该报告作为附件五附于本报告之后。” [9]", "9. 缔约国于2003年11月28日通过了第五号议定书。通过议定书时有一项谅解，即工作语文为非英语的国家须核对联合国所用语文的正式译文。因此，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国收到、审议并核可了各代表团就议定书中文、法文、俄文和西班牙文本提议的更正，并由联合国秘书长以《公约》保存人的身份予以落实。", "10. 有些缔约国需要核证的原议定书正本的合并更正本(联合国所有六种语文本)，以进行其国家批准程序。因此，第三次审查会议候任主席、缔约国、欧盟主席和其他人找过联合国法律事务厅条约科。在这方面，就第五号议定书作准文本发出了下列交存通知：", "the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "11. 为了促进议定书早日生效，第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和欧洲联盟主席代表其成员国在尚未批准第五号议定书的《特定常规武器公约》许多缔约国中开展了活动。", "12. 2006年5月12日，《特定常规武器公约》20个缔约国通知同意受第五号议定书约束，议定书生效的条件得到满足。根据《特定常规武器公约》第五条第3款，第五号议定书将在《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审议会议期间，在提交第20份批准书后六个月，于2006年11月12日 [10] 生效。", "13. 目前，下列23个国家为第五号议定书的缔约国(按字母顺序排列)：阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、捷克共和国、克罗地亚、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、德国、教廷、印度、利比里亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和乌克兰。", "14. 议定书规定，各缔约方承诺在有关本议定书实施的一切问题上彼此进行协商与合作。根据第10条第1款，“为此目的，如果有过半数而且不少于18个缔约方如此议定，则应召开缔约方会议”。", "15. 关于第一次缔约国会议的时间，尚未作出任何决定。议定书缔约国指出，考虑到与《特定常规武器公约》相关的会议，有可能在2007年举行一次会议，筹备第一次缔约国会议，并除其他外处理程序事项，讨论实质性问题，以便在可行的情况下使议定书尽快运作。在第五号议定书第一次缔约国会议的筹备工作中，还可在各个现有地点的非正式会议上审议与执行第五号议定书相关的问题。", "16. 认识到议定书在生效后不加延迟地投入运作的重要性，已经在这方面作出了一些努力。", "17. 在第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员、荷兰、裁军部、联合国排雷行动处、红十字委员会、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的倡议与合作下，2006年在不同场合举行了一系列政府专家小组正式会议和磋商。", "18. 应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的要求，联合国排雷行动处以地雷行动机构间协调组的名义编写并向政府专家小组提交了一份文件，题为“联合国与第五号议定书的执行”。[11] 日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心就同一问题提出了一些实际的想法，特别是关于那些具有潜力、同样支持执行第五号议定书的现有排雷行动工具，以及协同执行第五号议定书与1997年《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》问题。", "19. 一些业已批准第五号公约的缔约国还报告了在国家一级进行的磋商和采取的实际步骤。", "20. 缔约国商定，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议应举行一次特别(高级别)部分会议，纪念第五号公约于2006年11月13日生效。在这方面，缔约国起草了一份关于第五号公约生效的特别声明，建议第三次审查会议通过。", "三、关于执行国际人道主义法问题的讨论", "A. 协调员分三步走的办法", "21. 在政府专家小组2004年3月第六届会议期间，在审议执行现行国际人道主义法原则方面，战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员提出了一种“分三步走”的办法[12] (下称协调员分三步走的办法)。第一步是要设法审议并商定哪些现行国际人道主义法原则可被视为适用于战争遗留爆炸物的原则，第二步是要审议各缔约国实施这些原则的情况，要考虑到缔约国在相关公约和/或议定书之下所负的义务，第三步要包括审查这些公约和/或议定书规定来促进执行这些原则的机制是否充分，以及在这方面是否需要采取任何进一步的措施。", "B. 国际人道主义法八国倡议：国际人道主义法调查表。 麦科马克报告，其结论和建议", "22. 为了争取实现协调员分三步走办法所列的目标，2005年3月，八个国家―― 奥地利、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美利坚合众国在与红十字国际委员会磋商后提出了一项提议 [13] (下称国际人道主义法八国倡议)，旨在便利协调员分三步走办法的第一步和第二步工作。请各缔约国考虑对八国倡议提出的调查表(国际人道主义法调查表)作出答复。该提议得到广泛支持。从而鼓舞人们采取后续行动，在2005年11月政府专家小组第十二届会议上，加拿大提出了一份工作文件，题为“国际人道主义法调查表答复分析工作的行动方针”。[14] 八国倡议提出，对国际人道主义法调查表的书面答复和所汇集的口头发言记录将在“无偏见”的基础上加以分析，分析的目的在于确定一般的趋势，总的目标是根据战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员“分三步走办法”中的“第三步”的安排确定今后开展讨论的基本共识。", "23. 澳大利亚墨尔本大学法学院蒂姆·麦科马克教授主动提出进行所需的分析。截至2006年1月26日，33个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。根据提议的行动方针，麦科马克教授及其小组的结论和分析以报告的形式提交协调员 (麦科马克报告 [15] ) ，并随后向缔约国分发。协调员还邀请红十字委员会和日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心对麦科马克报告进行批判分析，上述机构提出了其分析意见。[16]", "24. 麦科马克报告的结论是，“《特定常规武器公约》的第五号议定书及国际人道主义法的现有规则相当具体，也足够全面，只要切实付诸实施，应可充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题”。[17]", "25. 麦科马克报告提出了下列关于具体步骤的建议，政府专家小组不妨加以考虑，推动其关于国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作：", "“建议1：应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》的所有缔约国尽快批准关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书。", "建议2：政府专家小组应继续向《特定常规武器公约》的所有缔约国强调对所有各类武器及特定的战争遗留爆炸物问题都适用的具有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要意义。", "建议3：政府专家小组应考虑制定一组不具有法律约束力的准则，就实施与战争遗留爆炸物问题相关的国际人道主义法规则提出“最佳做法”。", "建议4：政府专家小组应鼓励那些尚未对所有新式武器系统和改装的武器系统实行法律审查程序的《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国制定这样的程序。", "建议5：政府专家小组应考虑实行一种旨在建立信任的由各国提出书面报告的制度，说明它们为减小产生战争遗留爆炸物的可能性而单方面销毁旧式或过时武器的情况。” [18]", "26. 在政府专家小组第十三、第十四、和第十五届会议期间，关于执行适用于战争遗留爆炸物的现行国际人道主义法原则问题的讨论主要基于国际人道主义法调查表、麦科马克报告—特别是其结论和建议、“日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的批判性分析”、[19] “红十字国际委员会的评论”、[20] 以及墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法律中心的意见，[21] 这些都旨在成为麦科马克教授及其小组分析的一部分，对解释其结论至关重要。", "27. 为了缩小一直存在的意见分歧，特别是关于建议3的意见分歧，蒂姆·麦科马克教授编写了一份新的文件，题为“关于处理建议3的可能办法的初步想法”，[22] 并向政府专家小组第十四届会议提出，会议就其进行了讨论和辩论。", "28. 在提出麦科马克报告供政府专家小组审议之后，至政府专家小组第十五届会议结束之时，又有九个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。", "四、关于人道主义威胁评估和技术预防措施的 军事和技术专家会议", "29. 在第五号议定书通过之后，军事和技术专家组随后的会议侧重于下列要点：", "(1) 具体弹药类型和从战争遗留爆炸物角度的威胁评估", "(2) 技术预防措施，以减少人道主义风险", "(3) 考虑这些措施的相关性和可行性", "(4) 在采取这些措施方面可能的援助与合作", "30. 这些要点反映在会议议程上(见附件“战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组文件清单”)。", "31. 提出了下列实质性提议并取得了下列成就：", "A. 具体弹药类型和从战争遗留爆炸物角度的威胁评估", "(a) 弹药分类和共同理解", "32. 按照任务授权，作为就“特定类型的弹药、包括子弹药”达成共识的第一步，必须对爆炸性弹药有一个一致的总体看法。为此，编制了一个“常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)”，[23] 并持续更新和改进。得出了一个可用的表格，但还需最后定稿。", "33. 德国就“集束弹药”这一术语提出了一种共同理解，[24] 并应协调员的要求收集了其他代表团的投入。查明了共同立场和有争议的问题。还需要就共同理解进一步开展工作。有关共同理解构成德国关于集束弹药8点立场的一部分，该立场文件在届会期间提出供讨论，目的是最后用替代弹药取代集束弹药。", "(b) 评估人道主义威胁", "34. 战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员在2004年3月8日说：“由于工作组的任务是研究预防措施以求改进特定类型弹药的设计，那么工作组面临的第一项任务便是详细确定哪些类型的弹药包括子弹药需要考虑通过可能的预防措施来改进其设计。” [25] 第五号议定书第9条和技术附件第三部分已经涉及到一般性预防措施。", "35. 军事和技术专家组届会的目的是界定构成具体人道主义风险的战争遗留爆炸物，大量的各种战争遗留爆炸物都引起人道主义问题，但有些弹药由于其设计更有可能作为战争遗留爆炸物造成具体的人道主义威胁。界定具有具体人道主义风险的战争遗留爆炸物是一项困难的任务，因为没有现成的方法，而且十分缺乏各类弹药的详细数据。所采取的办法如下：", "36. 军事和技术专家组会议前主席瑞士编制了一份表格，其中考虑了战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险(最近版本：CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, 称为“瑞士表格”)，但这一表格并未打算提供一种方法，界定战争遗留爆炸物。该表格旨在提供一个结构，收集关于可能的技术预防措施的信息。在这方面，瑞士表格有待进一步发展。", "37. 联合王国编制了一份人道主义威胁表，[26] 该表格被认为过于主观。因此，联合王国制定了一种方法，[27] 目的是更客观地评估各类爆炸性弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的相对风险。然而，在既定框架内，尚没有可能通过应用这一方法得出结果。因此，已停止使用这一办法，有关基本内容可供列入法国表格(见下文)。", "38. 2005年，联合国排雷行动处与开发署提出了有关调查的初步结论。[28] 排雷行动处和开发署请联合国方案管理人员和许多地雷行动方案的技术专家从排雷的角度对具体战争遗留爆炸物所构成风险提出其评诂意见。主要的初步结论是，集束弹药及相关子弹药构成具体的人道主义威胁，对排雷行动构成特别挑战。", "39. 一些非政府组织发表的许多研究报告和在一些附带会议上所作的介绍表明，从人道主义观点来看，集束弹药仍然是有待解决的关键的战争遗留爆炸物。", "40. 鼓励就如何更确切地界定“特定类型弹药，包括子弹药”提出一般想法或介绍。而且，日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心还在《特定常规武器公约》范围内就这一问题的出版物、介绍和发言进行了一项审查。", "41. 到此为止所提到的构成具体人道主义风险的弹药为集束弹药。有些代表团争辩说，作为战争遗留爆炸物，所有弹药都构成风险，不应当加以区分。", "B. 技术预防措施，以降低人道主义风险", "42. 在政府专家小组届会期间，就这一问题做了许多介绍。有些介绍侧重于一般性预防措施和国家做法，有些则侧重于具体弹药类型、即集束弹药的预防措施。还有一些代表团就这些问题做了详细发言。", "43. 法国在其工作文件“弹药—减低与战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法”(称为“法国表格”) [29] 中谈到防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的措施。该表格持续得到改进，并通过纳入爆炸性弹药表格的内容、联合王国的方法、瑞士表格、关于如何防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的国家做法、以及有关专家—例如弹药设计、生产和培训领域专家的意见，正在演变为军事和技术专家组的一份共同文件。在目前阶段，该表格旨在提供一个有关问题和提议的目录，让各国能够评估关于所有战争遗留爆炸物的技术预防措施，从而便利第五号议定书的执行。该表格的发展尚未完成。", "C. 考虑这些措施的相关性和可行性", "44. 至今为止，关于这一问题仅进行了初步讨论，因为尚未查明任何适合的技术措施。一旦查明这些措施，就将讨论其在减少战争遗留爆炸物人道主义威胁方面的相关性和可行性。", "D. 在采取这些措施方面可能的援助与合作", "45. 至今为止，关于这一问题仅进行了初步讨论。一旦在技术预防措施方面取得具体成果，就将处理这些措施的相关性和可行性问题，以及关于信息交流、援助合作的意见问题。", "E. 战争遗留爆炸物问题军事和技术 专家组工作未来的备选办法：", "46. 继续威胁评估进程：", "(1) 完成弹药表格，作为进一步讨论的技术基础", "(2) 进一步发展对“集束弹药”这一术语的共同理解，由德国继续汇编其他各代表团的投入，并向小组报告", "(3) 商定构成具体人道主义风险的弹药。", "47. 继续研究技术预防措施：", "(1) 进一步就法国表格开展工作，该表格届时将成为小组的一份共同文件，将纳入其他各代表团的工作文件和介绍", "(2) 侧重于被认为构成具体人道主义威胁的弹药，包括集束弹药", "(3) 将任务授权从设计问题扩大到考虑弹药整个寿命周期", "(4) 审议所查明措施的相关性和可行性", "(5) 审议技术合作与援助问题。", "48. 将集束弹药的非技术方面转给政府专家小组关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的会议。", "五、评估战争遗留爆炸物问题小组工作的结果", "49. 人们同意，自2001年审查会议以来，战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的主要成就是，战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)得到通过并生效。其普遍加入和有效执行是处理与战争遗留爆炸物相关的人道主义问题方面最重要的目标。", "50. 应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国尽快批准第五号议定书，对此已有共识。第五号议定书确实赋予作为武装冲突当事方的国家一些基本义务，最大限度地减少战争遗留爆炸物的风险和影响，并鼓励各国采取一般性预防措施，旨在最大限度地防止出现战争遗留爆炸物。[30]", "51. 在筹备第五号议定书第一次缔约国会议期间，已经涉及到议定书的执行问题，这一问题还可在现有各地点在非正式会议上进一步审议。", "52. 缔约国普遍承认，应当继续有效执行与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则。", "53. 小组一致认为，所有缔约国应当认识到适用于所有类别武器、特别是适用于战争遗留爆炸物具体问题的有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要意义，这一点很有价值。缔约国应当认识到违反适用于战争遗留爆炸物问题的基于习惯和/或条约的法律义务的严重后果。[31]", "54. 小组还得出结论认为，应当鼓励尚未这样做的作为日内瓦四公约第一附加议定书缔约国的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国制定程序，对属于《特定常规武器公约》范围内的所有新型和改型武器系统进行法律审查，以此为手段提高遵守与军事行动中作战手段和方法相关的国际法律义务的概率，从而防止出现战争遗留爆炸物。[32]", "55. 关于实行一种旨在建立信任的由各缔约国提出报告的制度，说明它们为减少产生战争遗留爆炸物的可能性而单方面销毁旧式或过时武器的情况 [33] 这一问题，仍然存在意见分歧。", "56. 同时，关于第五号议定书和国际人道主义法现有规则是否足够具体和全面，以充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题，人们未能达成共识。有些缔约国同意麦科马克报告的结论，即国际人道主义法现有规则足够充分，只要这些规则得到忠实和有效的执行。另一些缔约国认为，需要有关于特定类型弹药、包括集束弹药的具体规则。有些缔约国指出，特别需要侧重于集束弹药。", "57. 在这方面，许多缔约国支持麦科马克报告建议3中提出的想法，即加强和有效执行与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则的一种可行办法是，制定一组不具有法律约束力的准则，就实施与战争遗留爆炸物问题相关的国际人道主义法规则提出“最佳做法”。麦科马克教授就此种准则可能的结构提出了一些初步想法。[34]", "58. 同时，在关于这一问题的讨论期间，人们表示了一些关注，担心在《特定常规武器公约》范围内，对国际人道主义法具有法律约束力的义务的解释可能会有一些模糊之处，或认为，《特定常规武器公约》制度的一般做法应当是具有法律约束力的规则，而非没有法律约束力的准则。许多国家表示，将有可能进一步澄清这一想法，或考虑其他手段，加强有效执行和适用与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则。有些缔约国、特别是那些认为现行国际人道主义法规则足够充分的缔约国相信，这些规则不需要加以补充，而需要忠实地加以执行。", "59. 根据任务授权，进一步研究可能的预防措施，旨在改进特定类型弹药、包括子弹药的设计，以便最大限度地减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险，小组特别重视军事和技术专家会议。", "60. 在2004至2006年期间，军事和技术专家组查明了需要加以考虑，以通过可能的预防措施改进其设计的弹药类型，包括子弹药。在审议这些措施中，军事和技术专家组需要确定这些预防措施是否重要，在明显提高弹药、包括子弹药可靠性方面是否有效，技术上和经济上是否可行。鉴于《特定常规武器公约》缔约国在军事、技术和经济能力方面的差异，小组同意，必须考虑到生产或储存改进设计的新弹药、以及现有储存的退役/改装或销毁对缔约国、特别是发展中国家的财政和技术方面影响。[35]", "61. 关于哪些类型的弹药构成最大的人道主义危险，从而应当进一步审议，以便根据小组的任务授权改进其技术特性和设计问题，仍然存在意见分歧。", "62. 有些缔约国认为，战争遗留爆炸物引起的问题大多可归因于集束弹药的使用。而另一些缔约国继续将集束弹药视为许多种弹药类型中的一种，这种弹药可能助长战争遗留爆炸物引起的问题。", "63. 人们理解，军事和技术专家组能够深化讨论，应当继续推进直至完成工作，特别是关于弹药分类、共同理解和技术预防措施的工作，以降低人道主义风险，正如本报告第四章所述。", "64. 合作与援助、特别是技术性质的合作与援助是处理战争遗留爆炸物所引起问题的一个重要方面，因此值得缔约国重视。考虑到自上一次审查会议以来，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组所做的工作，缔约国的立场各种各样，因此，没有什么备选办法可以考虑作为关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的后续工作。", "65. 许多缔约国承认小组在这一阶段所完成工作的价值，主张在《特定常规武器公约》范围内，在第三次审查会议之后继续就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药开展工作，以履行目前授权所列的各项任务。正如有些缔约国所提议，在不影响第五号议定书管辖之下问题的情况下，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作可以在目前任务授权的基础上继续进行，在可自由参加――特别强调军事和技术专家参加――的基础上，进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，并继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。", "66. 许多缔约国表示，最好在《特定常规武器公约》范围内制定有法律约束力的规则，旨在减少特定类型弹药、包括子弹药――尤其是集束弹药――的风险。有些缔约国反复提到，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作，可以在不影响第五号议定书管辖之下问题的情况下，侧重于对此种具体弹药的要求，包括其可靠性和准确性、培训、转让、使用、管理、销毁储存等问题。", "67. 有些缔约国认为，随着2006年11月12日第五号议定书生效，战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组的基本任务授权就将被视为已经完成。但有一个国家承认，在有关任务授权完成之前，应当鼓励军事和技术专家组继续开展关于可能的预防措施的工作。", "68. 无论如何，应当请《特定常规武器公约》缔约国尽最大努力促进普遍加入和全面执行第五号议定书，包括其附件中的自愿条款。与此同时，适用于战争遗留爆炸物的国际人道主义法原则和规则的执行问题应当酌情继续由《特定常规武器公约》缔约国审查。", "六、建 议", "69. 建议：", "(1) 在战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组2006年任务授权范围内，在筹备第三次审查会议的工作中，继续就与战争遗留爆炸物相关的问题进行审议和磋商，包括军事和技术专家的工作。", "(2) 核可程序性报告CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6所载关于《特定常规武器公约》战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)生效的声明草案，并转交第三次审查会议通过。", "(3) 考虑在第三次审查会议之后继续就战争遗留爆炸物开展工作，包括军事和技术专家的工作，特别要考虑到缔约国的正式提议。", "附 件", "战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提交者 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2\t关于清除战争遗留爆炸物问题的讨论文件\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物―― 援助与合作\t巴西、日本和秘鲁\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4\t对相关类型的弹药包括子弹药作出技术改进或采取其他措施，以减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的可能性\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5\t成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药类型\t排雷中心/红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5/Add.1\t对地雷/未爆炸弹药行动组织有用的关于战争遗留爆炸物的信息\t排雷中心/红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6\t关于“向平民示警”问题的讨论文件\t挪威、地雷行动(联合王国)\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7\t欧洲联盟关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的立场\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8\t交换信息作为保护平民不受未爆炸弹药/战争遗留爆炸物影响的一项手段\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9\t现有的国际法是否足以将战争遗留爆炸物在冲突后造成的危险减至最小\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t现有的国际法是否足以将战争遗留爆炸物在冲突后造成的危险减至最小\t瑞 典\n CCW/GGE/I/WP.10 关于战争遗留爆炸物的法律问题 联合王国 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11\t关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的讨论文件\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1\t协调员就战争遗留爆炸物提出的核心问题\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\t欧盟提出的反车辆地雷文件的要点\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4\t有待战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组研究的问题概述\t加拿大\n CCW/GGE/II/WP.6 子弹药的技术改进 法 国 \n CCW/GGE/II/WP.8 战争遗留爆炸物 红十字委员会CCW/GGE/II/WP.10\t战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组\t“地雷行动”组织(联合王国) \n\t从实地和捐助方角度看爆炸性弹药的处理\tCCW/GGE/II/WP.11\t战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组\t“地雷行动”组织(联合王国) \n 从实地角度看信息需要 \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.13\t战争遗留爆炸物――实地作业经验\t排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15\t战争遗留爆炸物\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19\t战争遗留爆炸物信息要求人道主义排雷活动中的排除危险程序\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20\t关于为减少“战争遗留爆炸物”进行弹药技术改进的讨论文件\t中国和俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22\t在攻击行动中采取预防措施的原则与战争遗留爆炸物问题的相关性\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2\t就战争遗留爆炸物问题军事专家会议的有关事宜致《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组与会军事专家的信：拟议的工作计划和临时议程\t军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.1\t战争遗留爆炸物：如何开展工作――战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的说明――提案草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物预防措施：弹药管理方面的良好做法\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6\t国际人道主义法与目标确定：澳大利亚的做法\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.8\t2002年12月4日于《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组第三届会议期间举行的军事专家会议的报告\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1\t战争遗留爆炸物框架文件：战争遗留爆炸物文书的可能结构\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2\t战争遗留爆炸物：援助受害者\t南 非\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物：援助与合作\t巴基斯坦\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4\t修改关于保护平民群体以免其受战争遗留爆炸物影响的规定(战争遗留爆炸物框架文件第6条)\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5\t战争遗留爆炸物框架文件：第7条\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6\t战争遗留爆炸物定义\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1\t建议的战争遗留爆炸物文书草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2\t联合国和战争遗留爆炸物\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3\t就战争遗留爆炸物提供示警和开展危险性教育\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4\t战争遗留爆炸物信息要求：从事清除工作者的意见\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5\t通过适当处理而确保弹药的可靠性\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6\t国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1\t建议的战争遗留爆炸物文书草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2\t排雷行动机构间协调小组对战争遗留爆炸物建议文书草案的评论\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3\t在战争遗留爆炸物危险的问题上，各国对国际人道主义法的解释和执行\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1\t协调员的说明\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2\t关于为2004年政府专家小组的专家会议讨论国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题作好准备的建议\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3和Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t关于特定类型爆炸性弹药的预防性技术措施问题\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4\t就第五号议定书自愿交换资料\t荷 兰\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1\t在改进某些特定类型弹药的设计方面的评价方法问题\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1\t军事和技术专家会议\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t处理集束弹药的影响\t集束弹药联盟\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/.WP.2\t常规弹药和子弹药的可靠性、安全性和性能\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1\t集束弹药的军事用途\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2\t国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物\t澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国在与红十字国际委员会磋商后编写\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3\t建议的集束弹药和子弹药定义\t联合国排雷行动处、开发计划署和儿童基金会\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4\t集束弹药的可靠性和使用问题\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5\t2004年的回顾\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6\t2005年可讨论哪些议题\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文和俄文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t波 兰\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7\t适用于可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药的现行国际人道主义法原则和规则\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11\t弹药管理中的预防性技术措施\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t日 本\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t奥地利\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15\t关于提高弹药可靠性问题的讨论\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16和Corr.1(仅有阿拉伯文、英文和法文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t新西兰\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17\t战争遗留爆炸物与国际人道主义法\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t丹 麦\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19\t国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物(根据澳大利亚墨尔本大学蒂姆·麦科马克教授演讲编写的工作文件)\t应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求编写\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文/法文/俄文/西班牙文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t巴 西\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t荷 兰\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t爱沙尼亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t比利时\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t克罗地亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t芬 兰\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9\t关于子弹药的工作文件\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t立陶宛\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11\t已成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药和子弹药造成的人道主义威胁的情况调查――基于答复和调查结论的初步评估\t联合国排雷行动处和开发计划署\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12\t国际人道主义法调查表答复分析工作的行动方针\t共同设计国际人道主义法调查表的各国代表团(澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美利坚合众国)编写加拿大提交\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13\t从战区的视角看战争遗留爆炸物\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t大韩民国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15\t现行国际法如何处理战争遗留爆炸物问题？\t应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求编写\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16\t对集束弹药安全性和适役性的一般要求\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t意大利\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/ WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t捷克共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”CW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t南 非\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t墨西哥\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/ WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t葡萄牙\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7\t评估各类爆炸性弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的相对风险：方法\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8\t常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t中 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10\t德国对集束弹药的理解\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11\t集束武器――真实的抑或想象的人道主义威胁？\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12和Corr.1(仅有英文本)和Corr.2(仅有中文、英文和西班牙文本)\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心 \n\t增编国际人道主义法适用原则经验数据分析\tCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心 \n\t增编国际人道主义法适用原则经验数据分析\t\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13\t对澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写、应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员请求提交的关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)答复报告(CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12和增编)的批判性分析\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14\t弹药――减少与战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15\t评论“关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告”(该报告由澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写，应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求提交，作为CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12号文件及其增编分发)\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16\t对已成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药和子弹药造成的人道主义威胁的情况调查的答复――调查表见“基于答复和调查结论的初步评估”(2005年12月12日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11号文件)\t白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程―附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2和Corr.1(仅有英文和俄文本)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程―常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2号文件的说明\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t匈牙利\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8号文件的技术评论\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4\t关于处理建议3的可能办法的初步想法\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1\t关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议\t奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3\t关于战争遗留爆炸物的任务授权建议\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――爆炸性弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t西班牙\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2\t联合国与第五号议定书的执行\t联合国排雷行动处代表地雷行动机构间协调组\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家小组内关于集束弹药问题的共同理解初议\t德 国", "[1] 与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作编写。", "[2] CCW/CONF.II/2。", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2。", "[4] CCW/MSP/2002/3。", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2。", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2。", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2。", "[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2。", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3。", "[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6(Deposiotary Notification)。", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2。", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2。", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/ WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2。", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15。", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1。", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.4。", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2。", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3。", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1。", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7。", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11。", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14。", "[30] 麦科马克报告建议，建议1。", "[31] 麦科马克报告建议，建议2。", "[32] 麦科马克报告建议，建议4。", "[33] 麦科马克报告建议，建议5。", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4。", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.113 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "Prepared by the Coordinator on ERW and", "the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military and Technical Experts[1]", "I. mandateS OF the GGE ON ERW", "A. Initial mandate ADOPTED by the SECOND review Conference in 2001", "1. At the Second Review Conference the States Parties to the CCW decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) with two separate Coordinators on Mines Other Than Anti-Personal Mines (MOTAPM) and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). The GGE on ERW was mandated to:", "“(a) discuss ways and means to address the issue of Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). In this context the Group shall consider all factors, appropriate measures and proposals, in particular:", "1. factors and types of munitions that could cause humanitarian problems after a conflict;", "2. technical improvements and other measures for relevant types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which could reduce the risk of such munitions becoming ERW;", "3. the adequacy of existing International Humanitarian Law in minimizing post-conflict risks of ERW, both to civilians and to the military;", "4. warning to the civilian population, in or close to, ERW-affected areas, clearance of ERW, the rapid provision of information to facilitate early and safe clearance of ERW, and associated issues and responsibilities;", "5. assistance and co-operation. ”[2]", "2. Under the same decision the Coordinator on ERW had to “undertake work in an efficient manner so as to submit recommendations, adopted by consensus, at an early date for consideration by the States Parties, including whether to proceed with negotiating a legally-binding instrument or instruments on ERW and/or other approaches”.", "3. The 2002 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided that:", "“the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2003 with the following mandate:", "(a) (i) To negotiate an instrument on post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature which would reduce the risks of ERW. These measures would be based on a broad definition covering most types of explosive munitions, with the exception of mines. Abandoned munitions would have to be included. In these negotiations, questions need to be considered regarding, inter alia, responsibility for clearance, existing ERW, the provision of information to facilitate clearance and risk education, warnings to civilian populations, assistance & co-operation, and a framework for regular consultations of High Contracting Parties. These negotiations would have to establish the scope of this instrument consistent with Article I of the Convention as amended at its Second Review Conference.", "(a) (ii) To explore and determine whether these negotiations could successfully address preventive generic measures for improving the reliability of munitions that fall within the agreed broad definition, through voluntary best practices concerning the management of manufacturing, quality control, handling and storage of munitions. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be important elements of such best practices.", "(b) Separate from the negotiations under (a): to continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open ended basis, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.", "(c) In the context of the activities described above, meetings of military experts can be conducted to provide advice in support of these activities.”[3]", "B. Mandate after the adoption OF Protocol V", "4. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2003 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[4] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2004 with the following mandate[5]:", "“To continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, and initially with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.”", "5. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2004 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[6] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2005 with the following mandate[7]:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”", "6. The mandate of 2005 was also adopted by the States Parties for the year 2006[8].", "II. Protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol V). adoption, ratification, universalization and implementation efforts", "7. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was negotiated by the GGE under the mandate established by the 2002 Meeting of the States Parties as a result of the considerable advancement of the work of the Group on ERW in 2001-2002.", "8. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was adopted as the Fifth CCW protocol by the Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW in 2003:", "“Following the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to adopt the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War, which is contained in Appendix II attached to the Procedural Report of the Sixth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/GGE/VI/2), annexed to this Report as Annex V.”[9]", "9. Protocol V was adopted by the States Parties on 28 November 2003. The Protocol was adopted on the understanding that it was subject to checking of the official translation into United Nations language versions by States whose working language was not English. Accordingly, proposed corrections from different delegations on the Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the Protocol had been received, considered and approved by the CCW States parties, and effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as depositary of the Convention.", "10. For their national ratification procedures, some States Parties needed the consolidated corrected versions of the certified true copies of the original Protocol (in all 6 United Nations language versions). The Treaty Section of the UN Office of Legal Affairs has been approached accordingly by the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, States Parties, the Presidency of the European Union and others. In this regard, the following depository notifications in relation to the authentic texts of Protocol V were issued:", "the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”.", "11. In order to promote the early entry into force of the Protocol the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW and the Presidency of the European Union on behalf of its Member States carried out demarches in a number of the States Parties to the CCW that have not yet ratified Protocol V.", "12. On 12 May 2006 – the date by which 20 States Parties to the CCW notified their consent to be bound by Protocol V, the conditions for the entry into force of the Protocol were met. In accordance with Article 5 (3) of the CCW, Protocol V will enter into force on 12 November 2006[10], six months after the submission of the 20th instrument of ratification, during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW.", "13. For the present, the following 23 States are party to Protocol V (as listed in alphabetical order): Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Holy See, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, and Ukraine.", "14. The Protocol provides for the Contracting Parties to undertake consultations and cooperate with each other on all issues related to the operation of the Protocol. In accordance with Article 10, paragraph 1: “For this purpose, a Conference of High Contracting Parties shall be held as agreed to by a majority, but not less than eighteen High Contracting Parties”.", "15. There is no decision yet concerning the timing of the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties. The High Contracting Parties to the Protocol noted it might be possible to hold a meeting in preparation for the First Conference in 2007 taking into consideration other CCW-related meetings and, inter alia, address procedural matters, discuss substantive issues with the aim to make the Protocol operational as soon as feasible. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, issues related to the implementation of Protocol V could be also considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.", "16. In recognition of the importance that the Protocol should become operational after its entry into force without delay, certain efforts have already been undertaken with this regard.", "17. In 2006, a series of formal GGE meetings and consultations of different settings took place at the initiative of, and in cooperation with, the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW, the Netherlands, UNDDA, UNMAS, ICRC, GICHD and others.", "18. At the request of the Coordinator on ERW, UNMAS, on behalf of the Inter Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA), prepared and submitted to the GGE a document titled “The United Nations and the Implementation of Protocol V”[11]. The GICHD presented some practical ideas on the same issue and, in particular, on existing mine action tools that have the potential to equally support the implementation of Protocol V as well as to establish synergies between Protocol V and the implementation of the 1997 Convention on Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (Ottawa Convention).", "19. Consultations and practical steps taken at the national level have also been reported by some States Parties that have ratified Protocol V.", "20. The States Parties have agreed that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW should hold a Special (High Level) Segment to mark the entry into force of Protocol V on 13 November 2006. In this regard, the States Parties drafted and recommended for adoption to the Third Review Conference a special Declaration on the Entry into Force of Protocol V.", "III. discussions on implementation of international humanitarian law", "A. The Coordinator’s three-step approach", "21. During the Sixth session of the GGE in March 2004 the Coordinator on ERW suggested a “three-step” approach[12] (hereinafter – the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach) in considering the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Step one would seek to deliberate and agree upon which of the existing principles of IHL could be considered as applicable to ERW, step two – to consider the status of implementation of these principles by the States Parties, taking into account the obligations of the States Parties under the Conventions and/or Protocols from which they are derived, and, step three would include consideration of the adequacy of the mechanisms provided for in these Conventions and/or Protocols for promoting implementation of these principles and whether any further measures are required in this regard.", "B. IHL-8 INITIATIVE: IHL Questionnaire. MCCormack report, its conclusions and recommendations", "22. In pursuance of the goal outlined in the Coordinator’s Three-Step Approach in March 2005, eight States Parties – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America (hereinafter – IHL-8) in consultation with the ICRC submitted a proposal[13] to facilitate the work of the GGE on step one and step two of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach. States Parties were invited to consider responding to the questionnaire (IHL Questionnaire) introduced by IHL-8. The proposal enjoyed a broad support. This encouraged a follow-up action, and during the GGE Twelfth session of in November 2005 Canada presented a working paper titled “A Way Ahead for IHL Questionnaire Response Analysis”[14]. It was suggested by IHL-8 that written responses to the IHL Questionnaire and compiled oral intervention transcripts will be analyzed on a “without prejudice” basis for the purpose of identifying general trends with the overall aim of establishing a baseline or baselines from which further discussion can proceed in accordance with step three of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach.", "23. Professor Tim McCormack of the Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia, has offered to undertake the required analysis. By 26 January 2006, 33 States Parties had submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire. In accordance with the proposed course of action, the findings and analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team were presented to the Coordinator in the form of a report (McCormack Report[15]) and later released to States Parties. The Coordinator also invited ICRC and GICHD to provide their critical analysis of the McCormack Report, which they did accordingly[16].", "24. The McCormack Report concluded that “Protocol V to the CCW and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW provided that those rules are effectively implemented.”[17]", "25. The following recommendations for practical steps that the GGE might consider in order to advance their work on IHL and ERW were offered in McCormack Report:", "“Recommendation 1: All States Parties to the CCW should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V on ERW as expeditiously as possible. …", "Recommendation 2: The GGE should continue to stress to all CCW States Parties the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and to the specific problem of ERW. …", "Recommendation 3: The GGE should consider the development of a set of non-legally binding Guidelines on ‘best practice’ application of relevant rules of International Humanitarian Law to the problem of ERW. …", "Recommendation 4: The GGE should encourage all States Parties to the CCW which do not already do so to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems. …", "Recommendation 5: The GGE should consider introducing a system of written confidence building reports by States as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW.”[18]", "26. During the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth sessions of the GGE, the discussion on the implementation of existing principles of IHL that are applicable to ERW took place mainly on the basis of the IHL Questionnaire, the McCormack Report, in particular its conclusions and recommendations, “A Critical Analysis by the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining”[19], the “Comments by the International Committee of Red Cross”[20], and the remarks[21] prepared by the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, which were meant to form a constituent part of the analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team and be essential in interpreting its findings.", "27. In order to narrow down the persisting divergence of views, particularly on Recommendation  3, a new document titled “Preliminary Thoughts on a Possible Approach to Recommendation 3”[22] was prepared by Prof. Tim McCormack, presented and discusased at the Fourteenth session of GGE and debated.", "28. After the presentation of McCormack Report for the consideration by the GGE and by the end of the Fifteenth session of GGE, 9 (nine) more States Parties submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire.", "IV. Meetings of the military and technical experts on THE assessment of THE humanitarian threat and on technical preventive measures", "29. After the adoption of Protocol V, subsequent meetings of the Military and Technical Expert Group focussed on the following points:", "(i) Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective", "(ii) Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing humanitarian risk", "(iii) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of these measures", "(iv) Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing these measures.", "30. These points were reflected in the agendas of the meetings (see Annex “List of Documents of the GGE on the Issue of ERW”).", "31. The following substantive proposals and achievements were made:", "a. Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective", "Classification of munitions and common understanding", "32. As a first step to come to a common understanding of “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions”, as per mandate, it was necessary to get a consistent overview of explosive ordnance. For this, a “Draft Table of Explosive Ordnance Types and Systems”[23] was produced, continuously updated and improved. A workable version has been achieved, but finalisation will be required.", "33. Germany has initiated a common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”[24], and has collected on request of the Coordinator other delegation’s input. Common positions have been identified as well as controversial points. Further work on a common understanding would be required. The common understanding forms part of a German 8-Point-Position on Cluster Munitions, which has been presented for discussion during the sessions, and which aims at replacing Cluster Munitions by alternative munitions in the long term.", "Assessment of humanitarian threat", "34. The Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War noted on 8 March 2004: “As the Group is mandated to study preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific munitions, the first task for the Group, therefore, is to specify which type of munitions, including sub-munitions, need to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures,”[25]. Generic preventive measures are already dealt with in Article 9 and part 3 of the Technical Annex of Protocol V.", "35. The aim of the Military and Technical Expert’s sessions was to define ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk, having in mind that all ERW in large quantities present a humanitarian problem, but some munitions may by design have a greater potential to present a specific humanitarian threat as ERW. The definition of ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk has been a difficult task, because there is no existing methodology and there is a significant lack of detailed data for many ammunition types. The approaches taken were the following:", "36. The former Swiss chair of the Meeting of Military an Technical Experts had prepared a Matrix which considered humanitarian risk of ERW (latest version: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, referred to as “Swiss Matrix”), but this matrix was not meant to provide a methodology to define it. It was meant to provide a structure for the collection of information on possible technical preventive measures. In this regard, the Swiss Matrix is open for further development.", "37. The United Kingdom had prepared a Humanitarian Threat Matrix[26], which was considered to be too subjective. Consequently, the United Kingdom developed a methodology[27] with the aim to assess the relative risk of categories of explosive ordnance becoming Explosive Remnants of War more objectively. However, in the given framework it has not been possible to achieve results through the application of the methodology. Hence this approach has been discontinued and essential elements are available for incorporation into the French Matrix (see below).", "38. UNMAS presented preliminary findings of a survey undertaken in 2005 together with UNDP[28]. UNMAS and UNDP had requested UN programme managers and technical experts from a number of mine action programmes to give their assessment on the risks posed by specific ERW from a clearance perspective. The main preliminary finding was that Cluster Munitions and their associated sub-munitions present a specific humanitarian threat and a particular challenge to clearance operations.", "39. Several Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have published numerous studies and gave presentations in side meetings indicating that from a humanitarian point of view Cluster Munitions remain the key explosive remnants of war to be addressed.", "40. General thoughts or presentations on how to define more precisely “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions” were encouraged and presented. Furthermore, the GICHD conducted a review of publications, presentations and statements in the context of the CCW on the issue.", "41. The munitions mentioned so far presenting a specific humanitarian risk have been Cluster Munitions. Some delegations argued that all munitions present a risk as ERW and no distinction should be made.", "b. Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk", "42. There have been numerous presentations on this issue during the GGE sessions. Some of the presentations focussed on generic preventive measures and national practices, some of them on preventive measures for specific ammunition types, namely Cluster Munitions. Other delegations presented detailed statements on these issues.", "43. France addressed steps to prevent munitions from becoming ERW in their working paper “Munitions – A Method to reduce the Risks associated with Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)”[29] (called “French Matrix”). The Matrix has been continuously improved and is evolving into a common document for the Group of Military and Technical Experts by including elements of the explosive ordnance table, of the methodology of the United Kingdom, of the Swiss Matrix, of national practices on how to prevent munitions from becoming ERW, and of experts, for example in the fields of munitions design, production and training. The Matrix at this stage is meant to provide a catalogue of questions and proposals, allowing countries to assess technical preventive measures for all ERW, and thus facilitating the implementation of Protocol V. The development of the Matrix has not been completed yet.", "C. Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the measures", "44. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far, because no suitable technical measures had been identified yet. Once these measures are identified, their relevance for the reduction of the humanitarian threat of ERW and their feasibility would need to be discussed.", "D. Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing the measures", "45. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far. Once concrete results have been achieved on technical preventive measures, their relevance and feasibility, ideas on exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be addressed.", "E. Way ahead options for the work of the Group of Military and Technical Experts ON ERW:", "46. Continuation of the Threat Assessment process:", "(i) Completion of the ammunition table to form a technical base for further discussions", "(ii) Further development of the common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”, with Germany continuing to compile input from other delegations and reporting to the Group", "(iii) Agreement on munitions that present a specific humanitarian threat.", "47. Continuation of the research for Technical Preventive Measures:", "(i) Further work on the French Matrix, which would then become a common document of the group and incorporate other delegation’s working papers and presentations", "(ii) Focus on munitions, including Cluster Munitions, deemed to present a specific humanitarian threat", "(iii) Extension of the mandate from design issues to the consideration of the whole life cycle of munitions", "(iv) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the identified measures", "(v) Consideration of technical cooperation and assistance.", "48. Shifting of the non-technical aspects of Cluster Munitions to the meetings on ERW of the GGE.", "v. assessment of the outcome of the work of the group on explosive remnants of war", "49. There is an agreement that the major achievement of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War since the 2001 Review Conference is the adoption and entry into force of Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Its universalization and effective implementation is the most important goal in addressing the humanitarian problems related to ERW.", "50. There is a common understanding that all States Parties to the CCW shall be encouraged to ratify Protocol V as expeditiously as possible. Protocol V does impose basic obligations upon States that are parties to armed conflicts to minimize the risks and effects of ERW as well as encourages them to take generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of ERW.[30]", "51. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, its implementation issues have already been addressed, and could be also further considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.", "52. It was commonly recognized by the States Parties that the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW should be pursued.", "53. The Group agreed on the value that all States Parties recognize the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and in particular to the specific problem of ERW. The State Parties should acknowledge the serious consequences of violation of customary and/or treaty-based legal obligations applicable to the problem of ERW.[31]", "54. The Group also concluded that the States Parties to the CCW which are the parties to the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and which do not already do so should be encouraged to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems falling under the scope of CCW as a way to increase the likelihood of compliance with international legal obligations relating to the means and methods of warfare in military operations and thus preventing the occurrence of ERW.[32]", "55. Divergence of views remained concerning an introduction of a system of voluntary confidence building reports by the States Parties as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW. [33]", "56. At the same time the common understanding on whether Protocol V and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW was not reached. Some States Parties agreed to the conclusions of the McCormack Report that the existing rules of IHL are sufficient, provided that those rules are faithfully and effectively implemented. Other States Parties felt that there was a need of specific regulations for certain types of munitions, including cluster munitions. Some States Parties noted a need to concentrate particularly on cluster munitions.", "57. In this context, a number of States Parties have supported the idea proposed in Recommendation 3 of McCormack Report that one of the feasible means to reinforce the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW could be the development of a set of non-legally binding guidelines on the best practice of application of relevant rules of IHL to the problem of ERW. Prof. McCormack has proposed preliminary thoughts on the possible structure of such guidelines[34].", "58. At the same time, during the discussions on this subject, some concerns were expressed that the interpretation of legally binding obligations of IHL within the CCW might encounter certain ambiguity or that legally binding regulations rather than non-legally binding guidelines should be general practice of the CCW regime. A number of States Parties indicated that further clarification of this idea or consideration of other means to reinforce the effective implementation and application of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW would be possible. Some States Parties, in particular those of the opinion that existing rules of IHL were sufficient, believed that those rules did not need to be supplemented, but rather faithfully implemented.", "59. According to the mandate to further study possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific type of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW, the Group put its particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts.", "60. In the period 2004-2006, the Group of Military and Technical Experts identified types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which needed to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures. While considering such measures, the Group of Military and Technical Experts needed to determine whether these preventive measures were essential, effective in substantially enhancing reliability of munitions, including sub-munitions, technologically and economically feasible. Given the disparity in military, technological and economic capabilities among States Parties to the CCW, the Group has agreed to the necessity to take into account the financial and technological implications for the States Parties, particularly for the developing countries, of producing or stockpiling the new munitions with improved design and for decommissioning/retro-fitting or destruction of the existing stockpiles[35].", "61. Divergence of views remained on what type of munitions posed the greatest humanitarian threat and thus should be further considered with the view to improving their technical characteristics and design in accordance with the mandate of the Group.", "62. In the opinion of some States Parties most of the problems caused by ERW could be attributed to the use of cluster munitions. Other States Parties continue to consider cluster munitions as one in a number of types of munitions, which could possibly contribute to the problems caused by ERW.", "63. There is an understanding that the Group of Military and Technical Experts was able to deepen discussion and should continue the work in progress until its completion, in particular on classification of munitions and common understanding and technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk, as presented in chapter 4 of this report.", "64. Cooperation and assistance, in particular of technical nature, forms an important aspect in addressing the problems caused by ERW and therefore merits attention by the States Parties.", "Having taken into account the broad scope of positions of the States Parties with regard to the work accomplished by the Group of Governmental Experts on ERW since the last Review Conference, few options could be considered as a follow-up on ERW.", "65. A large number of States Parties recognize the value of the work accomplished by the Group at this stage and favor continuation of the work in the CCW beyond the Third Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW in order to fulfill the tasks outlined in the present mandate. As proposed by some States Parties, without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V, the work on ERW could be continued on the basis of the present mandate to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on participation of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war and to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be part of this work.", "66. A number of States Parties have indicated the need to establish preferably legally binding regulations, within the CCW, aimed to reduce the risks of certain specific munitions, including cluster munitions, or specifically cluster munitions. It was repeatedly mentioned by some States Parties that, the work on ERW could focus without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V on requirements for such specific munitions, including their reliability and accuracy, training, transfers, use, management, destruction of stockpiles, etc.", "67. Some States Parties expressed an opinion that upon the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 the basic mandate of the GGE on ERW would be considered to be completed. One state however recognized that the ongoing work of the Military and Technical Expert Group with regard to possible preventive measures should be encouraged to continue until the completion of its respective mandate.", "68. In any case, the States Parties to the CCW should be called upon to make their every best effort to promote universalization and implementation of Protocol V in its full scope, including voluntary provisions of its Annexes. At the same time, the implementation of IHL principles and rules applicable to ERW should stay under review of the States Parties to the CCW, as appropriate.", "VI. recommendations", "69. It would be recommended:", "(i) To continue consideration and consultations on ERW-related issues, in preparation of the Third Review Conference, within the scope of the mandate of the GGE on ERW for 2006, including the work of the military and technical experts.", "(ii) To endorse the draft declaration on the occasion of the entry into force of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) as contained in Annex VI of this Procedural Report, and transmit it to the Third Review Conference for adoption.", "(iii) To consider continuation of the work on ERW beyond the Third Review Conference, including the work of the military and technical experts, and in particular taking into account the formal proposals submitted by the States Parties.", "Annex", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE ISSUE OF EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2 Discussion Paperon Clearance ofExplosiveRemnants of War Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Assistance andCooperation Brazil, Japan andPeru \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4 Technicalimprovements andother measuresfor relevanttypes ofmunitions,includingsub-munitions,which couldreduce the riskof suchmunitionsbecoming ERW Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5 The types ofmunitions whichbecome explosiveremnants of war– Factors whichcontribute tothe occurrenceof explosiveremnants of war GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 Information onExplosiveRemnants of WarUseful toMine/UXO ActionOrganizations GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6 Discussion paperon “Warning tocivilians” Norway and LandmineAction (UK) \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7 European UnionPosition on theIssue ofExplosiveRemnants of War European Union \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8 InformationSharing as aTool to ProtectCivilians fromthe Effects ofUXO/ ERW United States ofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9 The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(Englishonly) The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.10 Legal IssuesRegardingExplosiveRemnants of War United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11 Discussion paperon the issue ofexplosiveremnants of war Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1 Core questionson ERW by theCoordinator Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elements for anEU paper on AVM European Union Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4 A Survey ofQuestions andIssues for theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War Canada \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.6 TechnicalImprovements toSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.8 Explosiveremnants of war– An examinationof legal issuesraised in theERW discussions ICRC \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.10 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– ExplosiveOrdnanceDisposal from afield and donorperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.11 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– Informationneeds from afieldperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Experiencefrom FieldOperations UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15 ExplosiveRemnants of War Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19 ERW InformationRequirements –Render SafeProcedures(RSPs) duringHumanitarianClearanceOperations GICHD \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20 Joint DiscussionPaper onTechnicalImprovements ofAmmunitions toPrevent andReduce ERW China and RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22 The relevance ofthe principle ofprecautions inattack in theERW context Sweden \nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2 Letter tomilitaryparticipants ofthe Group ofGovernmentalExperts ofStates Partiesto the CCWconcerning themeetings ofmilitary expertson ERW –ProposedProgramme ofWork andprovisionalAgenda Chairperson of theMeetings ofMilitary andTechnical Experts \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.1 ExplosiveRemnants of War:The way forward– Note by theCoordinator onERW – DraftProposal Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3 Measures toPrevent ERW:Good Practice inMunitionManagement United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarian Lawand Targeting:An AustralianApproach Australia \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.8 Report on theMeeting ofMilitary Expertsat the ThirdSession of theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts of theStates Partiesto the CCW,Geneva, 4^(th)December 2002 Switzerland \nSymbol Title Submittedby\t\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1 ERWFrameworkPaper:PossibleStructureforanERWInstrument CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:VictimAssistance SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:AssistanceandCooperation Pakistan \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4 AmendmentsontheProtectionoftheCivilianPopulationfromtheEffectsofERW(Article6 oftheERWFrameworkPaper) ICRC \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 ERWFrameworkPaper:Article7 Australia \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 DefinitionofExplosiveRemnantsofWar RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 TheProvisionofWarningsandRiskEducationforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4 InformationRequirementsforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5 EnsuringtheReliabilityofMunitionsThroughTheirProperHandling RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2 CommentsoftheInter-AgencyCoordinationGrouponMineActiononthedraftproposedInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3 NationalinterpretationandimplementationofInternationalHumanitarianLawwithregardtotheriskofExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 NotebytheCoordinator CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 ProposalfortheStructuringofIHL/ERWDiscussionsduringCCWExperts’Meetingsin2004 Sweden \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3andCorr.1(Englishonly) QuestionsandIssueswithregardtoPreventiveTechnicalMeasuresforCertainSpecificTypesofExplosiveOrdnance Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 ExchangeofInformationon aVoluntaryBasisonProtocolV Netherlands \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendaoftheMeetingsoftheMilitaryExpertsonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1 Methodologicalapproachtoevaluationinthecontextofimprovementofthedesignofcertainspecifictypesofmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 Meetingsofmilitaryandtechnicalexperts ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryExpertsonMOTAPM \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) DealingwiththeImpactofClusterMunitions ClusterMunitionCoalition \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.2 Reliability,Safety,andPerformanceofConventionalMunitionsandSubmunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingofMilitaryExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 MilitaryUtilityofClusterMunitions UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmericainconsultationwiththeICRC \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3 Proposeddefinitionsforclustermunitionsandsub-munitions UNMAS,UNDPandUNICEF \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 ReliabilityandUseofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5 Review2004 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6 Perspectives2005 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Canada \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Poland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Norway \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7 ExistingPrinciplesandRulesofInternationalHumanitarianLawApplicabletoMunitionsthatMayBecomeExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Germany \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 RepliestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Entitled“InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW”,Dated8March2005 Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11 PreventiveTechnicalMeasuresinMunitionsManagement Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Japan \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Austria \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 DiscussionsonImprovingMunitionReliability Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16andCorr.1(Arabic,EnglishandFrenchOnly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 NewZealand \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 ExplosiveRemnantsofWarandInternationalHumanitarianLaw France \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Denmark \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19 InternationalHumanitarianLawPrinciplesandExplosiveRemnantsofWar(WorkingPaperbasedonthePresentationbyProf.TimMcCormack,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia) PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronExplosiveRemnantsofWar \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(English,French,RussianandSpanishonly) ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Brazil \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Belarus \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Netherlands \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Estonia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,of8 March2005,entitledInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantofWar Belgium \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Croatia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Finland \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 WorkingPaperonSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Lithuania \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 SurveyontheHumanitarianThreatPosedbyMunitionsandSub-munitionsthatHaveBecomeERW-PreliminaryAssessmentBasedonResponsesandFindings UNMASandUNDP \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 AWayAheadforIHLQuestionnaireResponseAnalysis PresentedbyCanada.PreparedbyIHLQuestionnaireCo-AuthoringDelegations:Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar-AViewfromanOperationalTheatre Australia \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RepublicofKorea \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 HowDoesExistingInternationalLawAddresstheIssueofExplosiveRemnantsofWar? PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16 GeneralRequirementsforSafetyandSuitabilityforServiceofClusterMunition Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Italy \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 CzechRepublic \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Ireland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Mexico \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Portugal \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 AssessmentoftherelativeriskofcategoriesofexplosiveordnancebecomingExplosiveRemnantsofWar:Methodology UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 DraftTableofConventionalAmmunitionTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 China \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 GermanUnderstandingofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 ClusterWeapons- aRealHumanitarianThreat,oranImaginaryOne? RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12andCorr.1(Englishonly) ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 ACriticalAnalysisonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 Munitions- AMethodtoReducetheRisksAssociatedwithExplosiveRemnantsofWar France \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 Commentsonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16 ResponsestotheSurveyonthehumanitarianthreatposedbymunitionsandsub-munitionsthathavebecomeERW-preliminaryassessmentbasedonresponsesandfindings,documentCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11, Belarus \n Dated12December2005 \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2andCorr.1(EnglishandRussianonly) ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 RemarksondocumentsCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1andCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add/2 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Hungary \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 TechnicalCommentsondocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8, Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 PreliminaryThoughtson aPossibleApproachtoRecommendation3 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 ProposalforaMandatetoNegotiateaLegally-BindingInstrumentthatAddressestheHumanitarianConcernsPosedbyClusterMunitions Austria,HolySee,Ireland,Mexico,NewZealand,Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 ProposalforaMandateonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) EuropeanUnion \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Spain \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandtheImplementationofProtocolV UNMASonbehalfofIACG-MA \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 Initiativeon aCommonUnderstandingofClusterMunitionswithintheMilitaryExpertsGroupoftheCCW Germany", "[1] In cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD).", "[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.", "[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3.", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.", "[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.", "[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification).", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 and CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1.", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.", "[30] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 1.", "[31] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 2.", "[32] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 4.", "[33] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 5.", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Report on the work on explosive remnants of war", "Report on the work on explosive remnants of war", "Prepared by the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War and the Chairperson of the Meeting of Military and Technical Experts [1]", "Mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War", "Original mandate adopted by the Second Review Conference in 2001", "1. At the Second Review Conference, the States Parties to the CCW decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) with two Coordinators on MOTAPM and ERW respectively. Authorizes the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War:", "“(a) To discuss how to address the issue of explosive remnants of war. In this regard, the Panel shall consider all factors, appropriate measures and proposals, in particular:", "1. Factors and types of munitions that may cause humanitarian problems after the end of the conflict;", "2. The possibility of technical improvements or other measures for relevant types of munitions, including sub-munitions, to reduce the risk of such munitions becoming ERW;", "3. Whether existing international humanitarian law is sufficient to minimize the risks posed by post-conflict explosive remnants of war to civilians and to military personnel;", "4. Warning to civilian populations in or near ERW-affected areas; clearance of ERW; prompt provision of information for early and safe clearance of ERW; and related issues and responsibilities;", "Assistance and cooperation.” [2]", "In accordance with the same decision, the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War must “engage in an efficient manner in the early submission of the recommendations adopted by consensus to the States Parties, including whether negotiations on a legally binding instrument or instruments on explosive remnants of war and/or other approaches should be initiated”.", "The 2002 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW decided:", "“The Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War shall continue its work in the year 2003 with the following mandate:", "(a) (i) Negotiation of an instrument on post-conflict remedial measures of a general nature aimed at reducing the risk of explosive remnants of war. These measures should be based on a broad definition that covers most types of explosive ordnance, except mines. Abandoned munitions must be included. The negotiations would need to consider, inter alia, the following issues: responsibility for clearance; existing explosive remnants of war; provision of information to assist in the clearance of such remnants and risk education; warnings to civilian populations; assistance and cooperation; and a system of regular consultations among High Contracting Parties. The negotiations will have to determine the scope of the instrument, which should be consistent with Article I of the Convention as amended by the Second Review Conference of the Convention.", "(a) (ii) Explore and determine whether generic preventive measures aimed at improving the reliability of munitions covered by agreed broad definitions can be successfully addressed in the negotiations through the voluntary adoption of best practices in the management of ammunition manufacturing, quality control, handling and storage. Exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be important components of such best practices.", "(b) To continue to consider, in addition to the negotiations referred to in subparagraph (a), the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of such munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be part of this work.", "(c) In the course of the above-mentioned activities, meetings of military experts may be convened to provide advice on the activities.” [3]", "Mandate after the adoption of Protocol V", "4. On the recommendation of the Group of Governmental Experts, the 2003 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the CCW decided that the Working Group shall continue its work in the year 2004 with the following mandate:[5]", "“To continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be part of this work. At the initial stage, emphasis could be placed on the holding of meetings of military and technical experts.”", "5. On the recommendation of the Group of Governmental Experts, the 2004 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons decided that the Working Group shall continue its work in the year 2005 with the following mandate: [7]", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be part of this work. The Working Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of States Parties.”", "6. The States Parties also adopted the terms of reference for 2005 for 2006. [8]", "Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Adoption, ratification, universalization and implementation efforts", "7. The work of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) in 2001-2002 had made considerable progress and the Group of Governmental Experts had negotiated a protocol on ERW in accordance with the mandate established by the 2002 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties.", "8. The CCW Meeting of States Parties adopted the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War as Protocol V to the CCW in 2003:", "“As recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to adopt the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War as contained in Appendix III to the Procedural Report of the Sixth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/GGE/VI/2), which is attached as Annex V to this Report.” [9]", "9. The High Contracting Parties adopted Protocol V on 28 November 2003. It was adopted on the understanding that the official translation into the languages of the United Nations would be checked by States whose working languages were non-English. Accordingly, the High Contracting Parties to the CCW have received, considered and approved the corrections proposed by the delegations to this Protocol in Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, to be implemented by the Secretary-General of the United Nations in his capacity as Depositary of the Convention.", "10. Some States Parties need certified consolidated corrected versions of the original original Protocol (in all six languages of the United Nations) for their national ratification procedures. Accordingly, the Chairman-designate of the Third Review Conference, the States Parties, the EU Presidency and others have approached the Treaty Section of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. In this regard, the following depositary notifications were sent regarding the authentic text of Protocol V:", "The Protocol”;", "Of the Protocol;", "Of the Protocol;", "Of the Protocol;", "11. In order to facilitate the early entry into force of the Protocol, the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War and the Presidency of the European Union, on behalf of their member States, have carried out activities among the many States Parties to the CCW that have not yet ratified Protocol V.", "12. On 12 May 2006, 20 States Parties to the CCW notified their consent to be bound by Protocol V and the conditions for its entry into force were met. In accordance with Article 5, paragraph 3, of the CCW Protocol V will enter into force on 12 November 2006 during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW, six months after the submission of the twentieth instrument of ratification.", "At present, the following 23 States are parties to Protocol V (in alphabetical order): Albania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Holy See, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan and Ukraine.", "The Protocol provides that the High Contracting Parties undertake to consult and cooperate with each other on all issues relating to the operation of this Protocol. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 10, “A Conference of High Contracting Parties shall be convened for this purpose, as agreed by a majority, but no less than eighteen High Contracting Parties”.", "15. No decision has been taken on the timing of the First Meeting of States Parties. The States Parties to the Protocol noted that, taking into account the CCW-related meetings, it would be possible to hold a meeting in 2007 in preparation for the First Meeting of the States Parties and to address, inter alia, procedural matters and substantive issues in order to make the Protocol operational as soon as feasible. Issues related to the implementation of Protocol V could also be considered in informal meetings in various existing locations in preparation for the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.", "Recognizing the importance of the Protocol becoming operational without delay after its entry into force, some efforts have been made in this regard.", "17. At the initiative and in cooperation with the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War, the Netherlands, the Department for Disarmament Affairs, the United Nations Mine Action Service, ICRC and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, a series of formal meetings and consultations of the Group of Governmental Experts was held on various occasions in 2006.", "At the request of the Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War, the United Nations Mine Action Service, on behalf of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, prepared and submitted to the Group of Governmental Experts a paper entitled “The United Nations and the implementation of Protocol V”. [11] The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining has put forward a number of practical ideas on the same issue, in particular on existing mine action tools that have the potential to equally support the implementation of Protocol V, as well as on the synergistic implementation of Protocol V and the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction.", "19. Some States parties that have ratified Convention V also reported on consultations and practical steps taken at the national level.", "20. The States Parties agreed that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW should convene a special (high-level) segment to commemorate the entry into force of Convention V on 13 November 2006. In this regard, the States Parties drafted a special declaration on the entry into force of Convention V, which was recommended for adoption by the Third Review Conference.", "III. Discussion on the implementation of international humanitarian law", "A. The Coordinator ' s three-step approach", "During the sixth session of the Group of Governmental Experts in March 2004, in the context of the consideration of the implementation of existing IHL principles, the Coordinator on ERW proposed a three-step approach [12] (hereinafter referred to as the Coordinator's three-step approach). The first step would be to seek to consider and agree on which existing IHL principles could be considered applicable to ERW, the second would be to consider the implementation of these principles by States Parties, taking into account their obligations under the relevant conventions and/or protocols, the third would include a review of the adequacy of the mechanisms provided for in these conventions and/or protocols to promote their implementation, and whether any further measures were needed in this regard.", "B. International Humanitarian Law Eight Initiative: IHL Questionnaire. McCormack report, conclusions and recommendations", "In an effort to achieve the goals set out in the Coordinator's three-step approach, in March 2005 eight States - Austria, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America - submitted a proposal in consultation with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). 13) (hereinafter referred to as the International Humanitarian Law Eight Initiative) aimed at facilitating the first and second steps of the Coordinator ' s three-step approach. States parties are invited to consider responding to the questionnaire submitted by the G-8 initiative (the IHL questionnaire). There was broad support for that proposal. Encouraged by this follow-up, at the 12th session of the Group of Governmental Experts in November 2005, Canada presented a working paper entitled “Guidelines for action in response to the analysis of the IHL questionnaire”. [14] The G8 Initiative suggests that written responses to the IHL questionnaire and the compiled minutes of oral statements will be analysed on a “without prejudice” basis, with the aim of identifying general trends, with the overall aim of establishing a basic consensus for future discussions in accordance with the “third step” arrangement of the Coordinator on ERW.", "Professor Tim McCormack, Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia, offered to undertake the required analysis. As at 26 January 2006, 33 States parties had submitted replies to the questionnaire on international humanitarian law. In accordance with the proposed course of action, the conclusions and analysis of Professor McCormack and his team were presented in the form of a report to the Coordinator (the McCormack report [15]) and subsequently circulated to States parties. The Coordinator also invited ICRC and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining to undertake a critical analysis of the McCormack report, which was presented by the above-mentioned bodies. [16]", "The McCormack report concluded that “Protocol V of the CCW and the existing rules of international humanitarian law are specific and comprehensive enough to adequately address the problem of explosive remnants of war, provided they are effectively implemented”. [17]", "25. The McCormack report makes the following recommendations on concrete steps that the Group of Governmental Experts may wish to consider to advance its work on IHL and ERW:", "“Recommendation 1: All States Parties to the CCW should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War as soon as possible.", "Recommendation 2: The Group of Governmental Experts should continue to emphasize to all States Parties to the CCW the importance of legally binding rules of international humanitarian law applicable to all types of weapons and specific ERW.", "Recommendation 3: The Group of Governmental Experts should consider developing a set of non-legally binding guidelines to propose “best practices” in the implementation of rules of international humanitarian law relevant to the problem of explosive remnants of war.", "Recommendation 4: The GGE should encourage all States Parties to the CCW that have not yet done so to establish legal review procedures for all new and modified weapons systems.", "Recommendation 5: The Group of Governmental Experts should consider introducing a system of written reporting by States aimed at building confidence on the unilateral destruction of old or obsolete weapons in order to reduce the likelihood of the creation of ERW.” [18]", "During the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts, the discussions on the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law applicable to explosive remnants of war were mainly based on the IHL questionnaire, the McCormack report - in particular its conclusions and recommendations, the “Critic Analysis by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining”, the “Comments of the International Committee of the Red Cross”, [20] and the views of the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the University of Melbourne,[21] which were intended to be part of the analysis of Professor McCormack and his team and were essential for the interpretation of their conclusions.", "In order to narrow the persistent divergence of views, in particular on recommendation 3, Professor Tim McCormack prepared a new paper entitled “Preliminary ideas on possible approaches to recommendation 3”, [22] and presented to the fourteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts for discussion and debate.", "Following the presentation of the McCormack report for consideration by the Group of Governmental Experts, by the end of the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts, nine additional States parties had submitted their replies to the questionnaire on international humanitarian law.", "Meetings of military and technical experts on humanitarian threat assessment and technical preventive measures", "29. Following the adoption of Protocol V, subsequent meetings of the Group of Military and Technical Experts focused on the following points:", "(1) Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from ERW perspective", "(2) Technical preventive measures to reduce humanitarian risks", "(3) Considering the relevance and feasibility of these measures", "(4) Possible assistance and cooperation in the implementation of these measures", "These elements are reflected in the agenda of the Meeting (see annex, “List of Documents of the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War”).", "31. The following substantive proposals and achievements were made:", "A. Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from ERW perspective", "(a) Classification and common understanding of munitions", "In accordance with its mandate, as a first step towards consensus on “specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions”, it is important to have a common overview of explosive ordnance. To this end, a “Draft Table of Types and Systems of Conventional Ammunition” was prepared [23] and is continuously updated and improved. An available table has been produced but needs to be finalized.", "Germany offered a common understanding of the term “cluster munitions”,[24] and, at the request of the Coordinator, gathered input from other delegations. Common positions and contentious issues were identified. Further work is needed on a common understanding. The common understanding formed part of Germany ' s 8-point position on cluster munitions, which was presented for discussion during the session with the aim of eventually replacing cluster munitions with alternative munitions.", "(b) Assessment of humanitarian threats", "The Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War stated on 8 March 2004 that “as the mandate of the Working Group is to study preventive measures with a view to improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, the first task before the Working Group is to identify in detail which types of munitions, including submunitions, need to consider improving their design through possible preventive measures”. Article 9 of Protocol V and Part III of the Technical Annex already deal with generic preventive measures.", "35. While the purpose of the sessions of the Group of Military and Technical Experts was to define explosive remnants of war (ERW), which posed a specific humanitarian risk, a large variety of ERW posed humanitarian problems, some munitions were more likely to pose a specific humanitarian threat because of their design. Defining ERW with specific humanitarian risks is a difficult task, as there is no ready-made method and detailed data on all types of munitions is scarce. The approach taken is as follows:", "The former Chairperson of the Military and Technical Expert Group Meeting, Switzerland, prepared a table which considered the humanitarian risks of ERW (latest version: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, referred to as the “Swiss Table”), but did not intend to provide a methodology to define ERW. The form is intended to provide a structure for collecting information on possible technical preventive measures. In this regard, the Swiss form needs to be further developed.", "37. The United Kingdom prepared a list of humanitarian threats,[26] which was considered too subjective. The United Kingdom has therefore developed a methodology[27] aimed at a more objective assessment of the relative risk of various types of explosive ordnance becoming ERW. However, within the established framework, it is not yet possible to produce results through the application of this methodology. As a result, this approach has been discontinued and the basic elements can be included in the French table (see below).", "38. In 2005, UNMAS and UNDP presented preliminary findings of the survey. [28] UNMAS and UNDP have requested United Nations programme managers and technical experts from many mine action programmes to provide their assessments of the risks posed by specific explosive remnants of war from a demining perspective. The main preliminary conclusion is that cluster munitions and related submunitions pose a specific humanitarian threat and a particular challenge to mine action.", "39. Numerous studies published by non-governmental organizations and presentations made at a number of ancillary meetings showed that cluster munitions remained the key explosive remnants of war from a humanitarian point of view.", "General ideas or presentations on how to define more precisely “specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions” are encouraged. Furthermore, the GICHD conducted a review of publications, presentations and statements on this issue in the CCW context.", "41. The munitions mentioned to date that pose a specific humanitarian risk are cluster munitions. Some delegations argued that all munitions posed a risk as ERW and should not be distinguished.", "Technical preventive measures to reduce humanitarian risks", "42. Many presentations were made on this issue during the sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts. Some presentations focused on generic preventive measures and national practices, while others focused on preventive measures for specific types of munitions, namely cluster munitions. A number of delegations made detailed statements on these issues.", "France addressed measures to prevent munitions from becoming explosive remnants of war in its working paper “Wam munitions - ways to reduce risks associated with explosive remnants of war” (known as the “French Table”) [29]. The form has been continuously improved and is evolving into a common document of the Group of Military and Technical Experts by including the content of the explosive ordnance form, the United Kingdom methodology, the Swiss form, national practices on how to prevent munitions from becoming explosive remnants of war, and advice from relevant experts, such as experts in the field of munitions design, production and training. At this stage, the form is intended to facilitate the implementation of Protocol V by providing a catalogue of relevant issues and proposals to enable States to assess technical preventive measures for all ERW. The development of this form has not yet been completed.", "C. Considering the relevance and feasibility of such measures", "To date, only preliminary discussions have taken place on this issue, as no suitable technical measures have been identified. Once these measures are identified, their relevance and feasibility in reducing the humanitarian threat of ERW will be discussed.", "D. Possible assistance and cooperation in implementing these measures", "To date, only preliminary discussions have taken place on this issue. Once concrete results have been achieved on technical preventive measures, the relevance and feasibility of such measures, as well as views on information exchange and assistance cooperation, will be addressed.", "E. Options for the future work of the Group of Military and Technical Experts on Explosive Remnants of War:", "46. Continuation of the threat assessment process:", "(1) Completion of munitions forms as a technical basis for further discussion", "(2) Further development of a common understanding of the term “cluster munition”, with Germany continuing to compile inputs from other delegations and report to the Group", "(3) agree on munitions that pose a specific humanitarian risk.", "47. Continue to study technical preventive measures:", "(1) Further work on the French form, which will then become a common document of the Group and will be included in the working papers and presentations of other delegations", "(2) Focus on munitions considered to pose a specific humanitarian threat, including cluster munitions", "(3) Extending the mandate from design issues to consider the entire life cycle of ammunition", "(4) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of measures identified", "(5) Consideration of technical cooperation and assistance.", "48. Transfer the non-technical aspects of cluster munitions to the GGE meeting on ERW.", "Assessment of the results of the work of the Group on Explosive Remnants of War", "49. It was agreed that the main achievement of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War since the 2001 Review Conference had been the adoption and entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Its universalization and effective implementation are the most important objectives in addressing the humanitarian problems associated with ERW.", "50. There was consensus that all States parties to the CCW should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V as soon as possible. Protocol V does give States parties to an armed conflict some basic obligations to minimize the risks and effects of explosive remnants of war, and encourages States to take generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of explosive remnants of war. [30]", "51. The issue of the implementation of Protocol V had already been addressed during the preparations for the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V and could be further considered in informal meetings at existing venues.", "52. It was generally recognized that the principles and rules of international humanitarian law relating to explosive remnants of war should continue to be effectively implemented.", "53. The Group agreed that it would be valuable for all States parties to recognize legally binding rules of international humanitarian law applicable to all categories of weapons, in particular the specific problem of explosive remnants of war. States Parties should recognize the serious consequences of violations of customary and/or treaty-based legal obligations applicable to ERW. [31]", "54. The Group also concluded that States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons that have not yet done so should be encouraged to establish procedures for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems falling within the scope of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons as a means of increasing the probability of compliance with international legal obligations relating to means and methods of warfare in military operations, thus preventing the occurrence of explosive remnants of war. [32]", "55. Different views remain on the issue of the introduction of a system of reporting by States Parties aimed at building confidence on their unilateral destruction of old or obsolete weapons in order to reduce the likelihood of the creation of ERW [33].", "56. At the same time, there was no consensus on whether Protocol V and the existing rules of international humanitarian law were sufficiently specific and comprehensive to adequately address the issue of explosive remnants of war. Some States parties agreed with the conclusion of the McCormack report that existing rules of international humanitarian law were sufficient, provided that they were faithfully and effectively implemented. Other States Parties considered that specific rules on specific types of munitions, including cluster munitions, were needed. Some States Parties noted the particular need to focus on cluster munitions.", "In this regard, many States Parties supported the idea, set out in Recommendation 3 of the McCormack Report, that a possible way to strengthen and effectively implement the principles and rules of IHL relevant to ERW would be to develop a set of non-legally binding guidelines on “best practices” in the implementation of IHL rules relevant to ERW. Professor McCormack provided some preliminary ideas on the possible structure of such guidelines. [34]", "58. At the same time, during the discussions on this issue, some concerns were expressed that there might be some ambiguity in the interpretation of legally binding obligations under international humanitarian law in the CCW context or that the general practice of the CCW regime should be legally binding rules rather than non-legally binding guidelines. Many States indicated that it would be possible to further clarify this idea or consider other means to enhance the effective implementation and application of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law relating to explosive remnants of war. Some States parties, in particular those that consider existing rules of international humanitarian law to be sufficient, believed that they need not be supplemented but implemented faithfully.", "59. In accordance with its mandate, further study of possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of specific types of munitions, including submunitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war, with particular emphasis on the Meetings of Military and Technical Experts.", "60. During the period 2004-2006, the Group of Military and Technical Experts identified the types of munitions, including sub-munitions, that needed to be considered to improve their design through possible preventive measures. In considering these measures, the Group of Military and Technical Experts will need to determine whether these precautions are important, effective in significantly improving the reliability of munitions, including submunitions, and technically and economically feasible. In view of the differences in military, technical and economic capabilities among CCW States Parties, the Group agreed that the financial and technical implications of the production or storage of new and better designed munitions, as well as the decommissioning/retrofitting or destruction of existing stockpiles, particularly in developing countries, must be taken into account. [35]", "61. Opinions remain as to which types of munitions pose the greatest humanitarian risk and should therefore be further considered in order to improve their technical characteristics and design in accordance with the Group ' s mandate.", "62. Some States Parties considered that most of the problems caused by ERW can be attributed to the use of cluster munitions. Other States Parties, however, continue to view cluster munitions as one of many types of munitions that may contribute to the problems caused by ERW.", "63. It is understood that the Group of Military and Technical Experts can deepen its discussions and should continue to move forward until it completes its work, in particular on munitions classification, common understanding and technical preventive measures, in order to reduce humanitarian risks, as described in chapter IV of the present report.", "64. Cooperation and assistance, particularly of a technical nature, is an important aspect of addressing the problems posed by explosive remnants of war and therefore deserves the attention of States Parties. Given the diversity of positions of States Parties in the work done by the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War since the last Review Conference, there are no options to consider as a follow-up to the issue of explosive remnants of war.", "65. Many States Parties recognized the value of the work accomplished by the Group at this stage and advocated that work on munitions that may become explosive remnants of war should continue in the CCW context after the Third Review Conference in order to fulfil the tasks set out in the current mandate. As proposed by some States Parties, and without prejudice to issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V, work on the issue of explosive remnants of war could continue on the basis of the current mandate, on the basis of an open-ended, with particular emphasis on the participation of military and technical experts, to further study possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of such munitions becoming explosive remnants of war, and to continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of international humanitarian law, including the participation of legal experts in this consideration. Exchange of information, assistance and cooperation should be part of this work.", "Many States Parties expressed the view that it would be best to develop legally binding rules within the CCW aimed at reducing the risk of certain specific types of munitions, including submunitions, especially cluster munitions. Some States Parties have repeatedly mentioned that work on ERW could focus on the requirements for such specific munitions, including their reliability and accuracy, training, transfer, use, management, stockpile destruction, without prejudice to issues under Protocol V.", "67. Some States Parties were of the view that with the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006, the basic mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War would be considered completed. One State, however, acknowledged that the Group of Military and Technical Experts should be encouraged to continue its work on possible preventive measures until the relevant mandate was completed.", "68. In any event, the States Parties to the CCW should be invited to do their utmost to promote the universalization and full implementation of Protocol V, including the voluntary provisions in its annexes. At the same time, the implementation of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to explosive remnants of war should continue to be reviewed by States Parties to the CCW, as appropriate.", "Recommendations", "69. Recommendations:", "(1) Within the 2006 mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War, to continue its deliberations and consultations on ERW-related issues, including the work of military and technical experts, in preparation for the Third Review Conference.", "(2) Approves the draft declaration on the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) to the CCW, as contained in Procedural Report CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, and forwards it to the Third Review Conference for adoption.", "(3) Consider continuing work on explosive remnants of war after the Third Review Conference, including the work of military and technical experts, taking into account in particular the formal proposals of States Parties.", "Annex", "List of documents of the Group of Governmental Experts on Explosive Remnants of War", "CCW/GGE/WP.V/WP.I/WP.8 Information on Explosive Remnants of War CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 Responses to document CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 dated 8 March 2005 entitled “International Humanitarian Law and Explosive Remnants of War” CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WG.1/WP.1 Replies to CCW/GGE/GGE/WG.I/WP.I/WP.I/WP.I.I.I. CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 Report of the Russian Federation CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12 and Corr.1 (English only) Analysis of State Party Responses to the Questionnaire on International Humanitarian Law and Explosive Remnants of War of 8 March 2005 (CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2) Meeting of High Contracting Parties to CCW/GGE/GGE/WP.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/GGE/WG.1/1/Add.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WP.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1/1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/G/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/WG.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/G/WG.1/G.1/WG.1/Add.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/GGE/WG.1/G/WP.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to the CCW/G/WP.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties and to the CCW/G.1/G.12/Add.1 Meeting of High Contracting Parties to", "[1] Prepared in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.", "[4] CCW/MSP/2002/3.", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.", "[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.", "[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6.", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 and CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1.", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.4.", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.", "[30] Recommendation in the McCormack report, recommendation 1.", "[31] Recommendation of the McCormack report, recommendation 2.", "[32] Recommendation in the McCormack report, recommendation 4.", "[33] Recommendation of the McCormack report, recommendation 5.", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告 非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告", "非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员和军事专家会议主席编写", "1. 本报告叙述的是非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员在2006年的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组三届会议期间取得的工作成果，现在提交给《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席。", "2. 2005年缔约国会议任命了非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组的协调员，并决定该工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的所有提案，目的是就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议，以提交2006年的第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”[1]", "3. 非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员在履行其职责时，获得了格尔森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗雷塔斯准将的宝贵协助，他担任了协调员的顾问并主持了2006年政府专家小组会议期间举行的非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议。他的报告附在本文件之后。", "4. 在3月6日至10日举行的第十三届会议上，协调员对各代表团表示，尽管政府专家小组过去四年来在非杀伤人员地雷问题上作了很大的努力，仍然无法消除若干分歧，尤其是在非杀伤人员地雷的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”这两个最具争议性的问题上的意见分歧。有鉴于此，协调员请各代表团坦率地评估一下辩论的当时状况并就政府专家小组在这个问题上如何开展下一步的工作提出看法。协调员还宣布他打算与所有感兴趣的代表团进行非正式磋商，以找出在2006年开展讨论时还有哪些可供回旋的余地。", "5. 在第十四届会议之前，协调员分发了一份“有助于加强对负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷问题的理解程度的问题单”。问题单中列出了在处理被认为最具争议性的下列问题时可考虑采用的新措词：“标界区”；“非杀伤人员地雷的有效寿命”；“非杀伤人员地雷的生产和转让”；和“非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性”。问题单中还可填写对其他一些也许被认为相关的问题的进一步看法。此外，还请各代表团根据相关性、可接受性、被纳入的可能性或取代所讨论的概念框架的可能性，对拟议的措词作出评论。", "6. 在6月19日至23日举行的第十四届会议上，根据收到的对上述问题单的答复中体现出来的可能性进行了讨论。此外，还在不同场合开展了新一轮的非正式磋商。", "7. 在政府专家小组第十五届会议召开之前的闭会期间内，协调员决定分发一份文件，题为“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”[2] 。协调员认为该文件涵盖了在非杀伤人员地雷问题的讨论中达成了共识的所有领域。文件的内容立足于所有先前的文件，包括前任非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员芬兰大使马尔库·雷马编写的“一组建议”(2005年11月22日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件)，作为第十五届会议一开始进行讨论时达成协商一致的基础。", "8. 除了最具有争议性的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题外，还发现各代表团在另一些问题上也有分歧，因而对前任协调员建议的案文作了修改，以拟订出能达成共识的案文：除其他修改外，提出了“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”这一用语，以解决某些代表团的关注，因为它们认为先前的非杀伤人员地雷定义“过于广泛”和“具有主观性”。此外，对条款进行了全面改编，把关于同一问题的规定组合在一起，并以有条理的、合乎逻辑的方式予以编排。", "9. 至于最具争议性的非杀伤人员地雷“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题，由于未能找到可达成共识的解决办法，我所提出的“一组规定”的第一版没有纳入这两个问题。在第一版的导言中，对于这两个悬而未决的问题如何纳入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书，协调员列出了以下三种可能性：(a) 在议定书正文内纳入关于这两个问题的具有法律约束力的案文；(b) 在这两个问题上，允许各缔约国选择接受或拒绝有关这两个问题的义务；(c) 将这两个问题纳入技术附件，作为不具约束力的最佳做法。", "10. 在8月28日至9月6日举行的第十五届会议也是政府专家小组在第三次审查会议之前召开的最后一届会议上，在上述“一组规定”的基础上讨论了非杀伤人员地雷问题。各方在全体会议上提出了许多意见，另外还进行了若干次非正式磋商，让各代表团有机会提出看法和建议，从而探讨所有可能的措词，以便在如何为第三次审查会议的召开取得进展上达成共识。", "11. 关于“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题，许多代表团表示，它们仍然赞成沿着前任协调员芬兰大使马尔库·雷马提出的“一组建议”[3] 第三和第四章的思路，就这两个悬而未决的问题通过具有法律约束力的规定。", "12. 有一个代表团在同其他许多代表团广泛磋商之后，就“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题提出了案文建议，采用的是“一组规定”第一版的导言中建议的第二种办法：在这两个问题上，可以选择作出具有法律约束力的承诺。根据该建议，一个国家加入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书，可以在提交批准书之时，通过向保存人提出书面声明的方式表示它同意受这两项规定或其中一项规定的约束。在未来的议定书对特定国家生效之后的任何时间，该国均可通过向保存人提出书面声明的方式表示它同意受这两项规定或其中一项规定的约束。对于这种在一项任择议定书中纳入任择条款的想法以及对于所产生的义务只对某些缔约国具有约束力而对其他缔约国不具约束力的可能性，有一些缔约国表示不安。但是，另一些代表团则认为，这样做有可能在人道主义关切与国家安全要求及防御理论和需要之间取得协调。", "13. 其他代表团对于在“可探测性”和“有效寿命”方面作出具有法律约束力的承诺继续持保留态度，理由是这样的承诺可能会损害与国防有关的基本能力，而换来的使得非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义影响减至最低的好处是微不足道的，因为这种影响已经很有限了。在此背景下，这些代表团主张将这两个悬而未决的问题都纳入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书的不具约束力的“最佳做法”附件。", "14. 一些代表团还表示，在考虑对非杀伤人员地雷的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”作任何限制之时(无论采用的是具法律约束力的方案还是任择方案)，都需要一个过渡期，以便对现有的储存和/或军事程序作出调整。", "15. 除了辩论悬而未决的问题外，还就下列其他问题进行了实质性讨论：“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”的定义；“标界区”的定义；“适用范围”；对“转让”的限制；以及“引信设计和传感器”。", "16. 特别是，相当多的代表团认为，“转让”问题和“标界区”定义问题显然与悬而未决的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题息息相关，因而不能割裂开来处理。此外，一些代表团坚持要禁止转让无法探测、长期有效的非杀伤人员地雷(除非是为了销毁目的或为了探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训而转让此种地雷)，但另一些代表团则对这样的禁止规定表示怀疑，因为“一组规定”允许在标界区内实际使用此种长期有效、无法探测的地雷。", "17. 有一个代表团重新提出了一项关于非杀伤人员地雷的建议，认为应禁止一国在其国境之外使用非杀伤人员地雷，并以这项规定来替代目前所讨论的所有规定。另一个代表团提出了一项新建议，并认为该建议包含了“可作为政府专家小组今后审议反车辆地雷问题的基础的主要特性”。", "18. 在对处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题的所有三种办法及上述仍具争议性的其他问题进行了广泛辩论之后，协调员决定修订他所提出的“一组规定”，纳入了与这三种办法中的每一种相关的所有备选案文，以有助于第三次审查会议的讨论达成协商一致意见，但前提是各缔约国同意表现出愿意处理所有敏感问题的政治决心和灵活性。", "19. 协调员将“一组规定”的最新一版附于本报告之后。其中，除“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题以外，还载有关于其他争议性问题的备选案文。对前一版所作的所有修改均以楷体字表示。备选案文则置于方括号内。", "20. 协调员的理解是，如果在第十五届会议期间提出建议的各代表团愿意，只要这些建议能及时送交秘书处，它们就将作为第三次审查会议的正式文件分发。", "结 论", "21. 鉴于以上所述，协调员谨将本报告附件二所载的经过修订的“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”提交2006年11月7日至17日举行的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议审议。", "22. 协调员的理解是，根据2005年缔约国会议授予政府专家小组的任务，第三次审查会议还将审议自小组设立以来提交小组审议的所有其他正式提案，这些提案的清单作为附件三也附于本报告之后。", "附 件 一", "2006年非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席的报告", "1. 本报告对2006年举行的三届会议的情况作了评估，综述了非杀伤人员地雷军事专家所开展的工作。要回顾的是，政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的总的任务授权中规定，“……还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”", "2. 在第十三届会议的开幕会议上，人们认识到，一直存在的意见分歧仍然很严重，这使得有关这个问题的工作不可能取得任何进展。", "3. 协调员还认识到，在2005年11月举行的政府专家小组第十二届会议上，尽管提出了CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件，但并未对该文件进行深入讨论。该文件的案文并没有达成协商一致，然而它是前任协调员正式提交的，其中反映了许多缔约国对范围广泛的一系列问题所表明的立场。", "4. 因此，为了促进共识，有必要探讨各缔约国对该文件所包含的各项问题的立场以及――如任务授权中载明的――对小组设立以来提出的所有提案的立场。", "5. 在第十三届会议期间，举行了一次正式的军事专家会议。专家们还参加了非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员所主持的两次全体会议。但是，最有助益和最富成果的就是以双边方式和多边方式举行的七次非正式会议。在这些会议上，协调员与16个缔约国和国际组织进行了直接接触。一个初步成果是为进行坦率和建设性的对话改善了条件，而这是达成相互之间的理解所不可或缺的。", "6. 通过讨论，可明显看出哪些主要问题具有争议性。在协调员的指导下，分发了一份问题单，其中主要涉及下列问题：可布设非杀伤人员地雷的标界区；有效寿命；转让；和非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性。此外，还请各代表团就处理上述问题的可能方式提出进一步的意见或建议。", "7. 所收到的对问题单的答复很有帮助，并根据这些答复安排了第十四届会议的工作，以求深入审议该文件中提出的各项问题。", "8. 在第十四届会议期间，又举行了一次军事专家会议，而非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员也主持了两次正式会议。此外，在不同场合举行了11次非正式磋商，以求达成共同理解和实质性突破。", "9. 尽管显然仍存在重大的分歧，但该届会议进行的非正式工作和正式工作极有助于非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员建立相互之间的信任和探讨新的可能性，以求达成共识，拟订出有关非杀伤人员地雷的建议。", "10. 在闭会期间，非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员决定提交一份综合案文，其中涵盖达成了共识的所有领域，需要将这些领域综合起来加以分析。", "11. 该文件题为“一组规定”，旨在帮助开展更有重点的讨论，评估某些关键问题的接受程度，以期为小组取得圆满的工作结果铺平道路。", "12. 在第三次审查会议的最后一届筹备会议期间，军事专家在三次全体会议和一次技术－军事会议上进行了深入的正式磋商。同一届会议期间，在不同场合举行了18次非正式会议，开展了更有重点和更富成效的讨论。应提到的是，有9个代表团提出了建议和意见，这对协调员改进“一组规定”的工作大有帮助。这些磋商和意见交流近来有了具体成果，使协调员能够在第十五届会议期间对CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件修订了两次。", "13. 该文件的最后修订本纳入了从不同的角度处理仍具争议性的一些问题的新办法，这些问题包括：非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的定义；转让；可探测性；有效寿命；以及非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器。它还纳入了已达成共识的标界区定义及关于标界区的其他案文。此外，在与负责任地使用地雷有关的人道主义方面，采用了富有新意的措词。", "附 件 二", "关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定―― 会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编[4]", "协调员提交", "第 1 条", "一般规定和适用范围", "1. 这一组规定适用于非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷(包括为封锁海滩、水道渡口或河道渡口而布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷)的路上使用或转让，但不适用于海上或内陆水道中反舰船雷的使用。", "2. 这一组规定适用于本《公约》经2001年12月21日修正后的第1条所述情况。", "3. 本文件不妨害现有国际人道主义法、1980年《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》各项规定或规定了更严格义务或适用范围更广泛的其他国际文书和联合国安全理事会决定。", "第 2 条", "定 义", "1. 为了这一组规定的目的：", "(a) “地雷”是指布设在地下、地面或接近地面或其他表面并设计成在人员或车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸的一种弹药。", "(b) “非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”是指无法界定为杀伤人员地雷的地雷。杀伤人员地雷是主要设计成在人员出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使一名或一名以上人员丧失能力、受伤或死亡的一种地雷。非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷是主要设计成在装甲或运输车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使一辆或一辆以上这种车辆受损、丧失能力或毁坏的一种地雷。", "(c) “防排装置”是指一种旨在保护地雷、构成非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一部分、连接、附着或置于此种地雷之下而且一旦企图触动此种地雷时会引爆这种地雷的装置。", "(d) “雷场”是指范围明确的布设了地雷的区域，“雷区”是指因为有地雷而具有危险性的区域。“假雷场”是指像雷场却没有地雷的区域。“雷场”的含义包括假雷场。", "(e) “标界区”是指为了确保将平民有效地排除在外而由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护的区域。", "(f) “记录”是指一种有形的、行政的和技术的工作，旨在将有助于查明非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的位置以及非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷雷场和雷区位置的一切可获得的资料记载于正式记录中。", "(g) “遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”是指非直接布设而是以火炮、导弹、火箭、迫击炮或类似手段布设或由飞机投布的一种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。由一种陆基系统在不到500米范围布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不作为“遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”看待。", "(h) “自失能”是指因一个使弹药起作用的关键部件(例如电池)不可逆转地耗竭而自动使弹药无法起作用。", "(i) “自毁装置”是指保证内装有或外附有此种装置的弹药能够销毁的一种内装或外附自动装置。", "(j) “自失效装置”是指使内装有此种装置的弹药无法起作用的一种内装自动装置。", "(k) “转让”除了包括将非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷实际运入或运出国家领土外，还包括非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷所有权和控制权的转让，但不包括布设了非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的领土的转让。", "第 3 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性[5]", "第 4 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命[6]", "第 5 条", "限制不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的措施", "1. 按照这一组规定，每一国或冲突当事方对其布设的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷负有责任，并承诺按照本文件相关条款的规定对其进行清除、排除、销毁或维持。", "2. 每一国应采取行动限制不负责任地使用反车辆地雷，包括采取下列行动：", "(a) 建立适当的国家制度和相关文件；", "(b) 采取有效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷进出口控制措施；", "(c) 确保非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷储存和运输的有效管理和安全；", "(d) 采取一切必要的措施，包括酌情进行刑事处罚，以防止和打击受到这一组规定禁止的活动；", "(e) 制止与依据无效或过期的许可生产非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷有关的活动；并", "(f) 就落实这一组规定加强合作。", "3. 禁止在任何情况下使用设计成或性质为造成过分伤害或不必要痛苦的任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "4. 禁止使用装有以现有普通探雷器正常用于探雷作业时因其磁力或其他非接触影响引爆弹药而专门设计的机制或装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "5. 禁止使用装有一种按其设计在地雷不再能起作用后仍能起作用的防排装置的自失能非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "6. 禁止在任何情况下―― 无论是为了进攻、防卫或报复―― 针对平民群体或个别平民或经修正后的《第二号议定书》第2条第7款所界定的民用物体使用任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "7. 禁止滥用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。滥用是指在下列情况下布设非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷：", "(a) 并非布设在经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的《第二号议定书》)所界定的军事目标上，也不直接对准这种军事目标。在对某一通常专用于民用目的的物体如礼拜场所、房屋或其他住所或学校是否正被用于为军事行动作出有效贡献存有怀疑时，应将其视为并非用于这一目的；或", "(b) 使用一种不可能对准特定军事目标的投送方法或手段；或", "(c) 预计可能附带造成平民死亡、平民受伤、民用物体受损坏，或同时造成这三种情况，而其损害的程度超过预期的具体和直接的军事益处。", "8. 位于城市、城镇、村庄或含有类似平民集聚点或民用物体的其他区域内的若干个明显分开的、有别于其他物体的军事目标，不得作为单一军事目标看待。", "9. 应采取一切可行的预防措施，使平民不受非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的影响。可行的预防措施是指考虑到当时存在的一切情况、包括从人道和军事角度考虑后所采取的实际可行的或实际可能的预防措施。这些情况包括但不仅限于：", "(a) 雷场存在期间非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷对当地平民群体的短期和长期影响；", "(b) 可能的保护平民措施(例如竖立栅栏、标志、发出警告和进行监视)；", "(c) 采用替代手段的可能性和可行性；", "(d) 雷场的短期和长期军事需要。", "10. 可能影响平民群体的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的任何布设均应事先发出有效的警告，除非情况不允许。", "11. 各国应依照其本国程序，制定并执行适当的法律和条例，以禁止和处罚任何未经授权的个人或实体生产、获取、拥有、研制、运输、转让或使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，或作为共犯参与上述任何活动，或向其提供援助或资金。", "12. 各国应制定并采取有效的国家措施，以防止非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法流通和贩运，包括：", "(a) 监督和控制非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的生产、储存或运输；", "(b) 对储存给予实物保护。", "13. 各国应相互合作，依照本国法律和国际法，防止 、打击和消除非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法贩运。", "第 6 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区资料的记录", "1. 除非已根据技术附件A第1段的规定对非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷雷场和雷区的一切有关情况作了记录，否则禁止使用任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。冲突各方应保存所有此种记录，并且应在现行敌对行动停止之后立即采取一切必要和适当的措施，包括利用此种记录，保护平民不受它们所控制的区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的影响。", "2. 冲突各方应在现行敌对行动停止之后毫不拖延地向冲突的对方或各方和联合国秘书长提供它们所掌握的关于不再为它们所控制的区域内由它们布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的所有资料。", "3. 但是，在对等的前提下，如冲突一方的部队在敌方领土内，任何一方均可在安全利益需要暂时扣发的限度内不向秘书长和对方提供此种资料，直到双方均撤出对方领土为止。", "4. 一俟安全利益许可，即应提供任何暂时扣发的资料。在可能的情况下，冲突各方应设法经由相互协议争取尽早以符合每方安全利益的方式发放此种资料。", "第 7 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的排除", "1. 在现行敌对行动停止之后，应按照这一组规定中的有关规定立即清除、排除、销毁或维持所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷及其雷场和雷区。", "2. 各国和冲突各方对其控制区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷及其雷场和雷区负有此种责任。", "3. 对于一当事方布设在已不再由其控制的区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区，该当事方应在各当事方商定的限度内向本条第2款所指的控制该区域的一方提供履行此一责任所必需的技术和物资援助，但这不妨害第5条第1款中规定的义务。", "4. 在一切必要情况下，各当事方应努力在相互之间以及酌情与其他国家和国际组织就技术和物资援助、包括在适当时采取履行此项责任所必要的联合行动达成协议。", "第 8 条", "提供保护以免受非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的影响", "1. 加入这一组规定的每一方应受经修正后的《第二号议定书》第12条规定的约束，而无论该国是否加入了经修正后的《第二号议定书》。这些规定包括：适用范围；维持和平及某些其他部队和特派团；联合国系统人道主义特派团和实情调查特派团；红十字国际委员会特派团；其他人道主义特派团和调查特派团；保密；和遵守法律和规章。", "第 9 条", "转 让", "1. 每一国不得：", "(a) 向除国家或经授权可接受此种转让的国家机构以外的任何接受者转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷；", "(b) 转让任何不符合所规定的可探测性和有效寿命标准的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但为了在标界区内使用或为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外；[7]", "[b项备选案文：", "(b) 转让任何不符合可探测性和有效寿命要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外；] [8]", "(c) 在无最终用户证明的情况下转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，而在地雷不符合可探测性和有效寿命要求的情况下，最终用户证明应列入对遵守以上“b”项所述限制的明确承诺；和", "(d) 向不受这一组规定约束的国家转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，除非接受国正式同意遵守有关规定。", "2. 为防止非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法贩运，各国应建立或改进有效的国家控制。", "3. 各国承诺在转让任何装有技术附件B第5(b)段所述第一类引信系统的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷方面实行克制，但为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外。", "4. 在这一组规定生效之前，所有国家不得采取任何与本条不符的行动。", "第 10 条", "透明度和其他建立信任措施", "1. 每一国应向联合国秘书长提供与这一组规定的执行情况有关的资料，而秘书长应将此种资料转交其他国家。此种资料应包括下列内容：", "(a) 在这一组规定对该国生效后提交的初始报告；以及", "(b) 对该报告所作的定期更新。", "2. 第1款所指的报告还可包括：", "(a) 向武装部队和平民群体传播有关这一组规定的内容的资料；", "(b) 清除地雷和善后重建方案；", "(c) 除有关武器技术外，为满足这一组规定的技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(d) 为落实这一组规定而采取的立法措施和其他措施；", "(e) 根据这一组规定第11条就合作采取的措施和所提供的援助；和", "(f) 关于非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷转让的国家规则和要求的一般资料和有关此种转让的资料。", "第 11 条", "合作与援助", "1. 有能力这样做的每一国应加强双边一级、区域一级和国际一级的合作与援助，协助其他国家履行其有关非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的义务。可通过人道主义组织提供合作与援助。此种合作与援助可包括以下内容：", "(a) 技术援助和财政援助，包括交流经验、除武器技术以外的技术和信息，以便利进行必要的改装，从而提高现有和未来的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可靠性并将其人道主义危险减至最低，同时在可行的情况下协助先进的探雷设备的开发，并使此种设备很容易获得。", "(b) 在销毁不符合也无法加以改装以使其符合这一组规定的要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的储存方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(c) 为了迅速和有效地清除、排除或销毁非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷而进行合作及提供技术、物资和人力援助。", "(d) 向相关人道主义特派团和联合国系统内拥有的排雷行动数据库及时提供非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的地理信息和技术信息。", "(e) 在对平民群体开展危险性教育方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(f) 在非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷受害者的照料、康复及重新融入社会和经济生活方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(g) 在实施这一组规定方面进行合作和提供援助。", "第 12 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器", "1. 各国应在可行的情况下遵循技术附件B第5段中关于引信设计的最佳做法。", "[备选案文：", "1. 各国今后在生产非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷时，应在可行的情况下遵循与引信和传感器生产有关的最佳做法，其设计应将个人非自愿或意外引爆地雷的可能性减至最低。", "2. 各国今后在生产引信时，应在可行的情况下尽力采用现代技术，包括多传感器技术，根据技术因素及寿命和环境因素研制引信。] [9]", "[第13条[10]", "过渡期", "1. 如果一国判定它无法立即遵守这一组规定[第3和第4条]的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组规定约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组规定对该国生效算起的[XX]年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。]", "技术附件A", "1. 雷场的记录", "(a) 应按下列规定对除遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷以外的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的位置进行记录：", "(1) 应准确说明雷场和雷区的布设区相对于至少两个参考点座标的位置，并说明此种武器的布设区相对于这些参考点的估计范围；", "(2) 制作地图、图表或其他记录时，应标明雷场和雷区相对于参考点的位置，这些记录也应标明它们的周界线和范围；并且", "(3) 为了探测和清除非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，地图、图表或其他记录应载有关于所布设的所有此种武器的类型、数量、布设方法、引信类型和有效期、布设的日期和时间以及(可能有的)防排装置的完整资料及其他有关资料。凡可行时，雷场记录应标示出每枚非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的确切位置，但对于行列雷场，标示出每行的位置即可。", "(b) 应以参考点(通常以区角点)座标具体说明遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的估计位置和区域，并应尽早作出实地勘察，在可行的情况下在地面上留下标记。所布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的总数和类型、布设日期和时间以及自毁期限也应记录下来。", "(c) 应尽可能由足以保证记录安全的指挥级别保存记录的副本。", "(d) 在这一组规定生效之后生产的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应以英文或有关国家语文标出如下信息：", "(1) 原造国名称；和", "(2) 生产年月；和", "(3) 序列号或批号。", "2. 标界区的标示", "(a) 标界区应按照本技术附件第3段以适当标记标示，但现行敌对行动期间除外。标记应醒目并具有耐久性，并应至少可被准备进入标界区的人所看见；", "(b) 标记应尽可能可看见、可判读、耐久和耐受环境作用的影响；而且", "(c) 在现行敌对行动期间，标界区应在可行的情况下尽可能适当标示。在现行敌对行动结束之后，标界区应在可行的情况下尽快按照以上(a)项加以标示。", "3. 雷场和雷区的国际标志", "(a) 应使用类似于修正后的第二号议定书内所规定的以及在以下详作说明的标志标出雷场和雷区，以确保平民能看到和认出这些标志：", "(1) 尺寸和形状：三角形或正方形，三角形的底边不应小于28厘米(11英寸)，斜边不应小于20厘米(7.9英寸)；正方形的边长不应小于15厘米(6英寸)；", "(2) 颜色：红色或橙色，框以黄色反光周边；", "(3) 符号：附件中所绘出的符号，或其他类型的符号，但须在竖立标志的地区很容易辨认出此一符号标明了危险区；", "(4) 文字：标志中应含有《公约》六种正式语文(阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文)之一及当地所用语文中的“地雷”一词；以及", "(5) 间隔：竖在雷场或雷区周围标志的间隔应足以确保平民从任何一点靠近该区域时都能看到。", "技术附件B", "本附件载述了为实现这一组规定所载的各项目标而可采用的最佳做法。本附件将由各国自愿执行。", "1. 控制措施", "(a) 现行敌对行动开始前", "在有关缔约国控制的领土内，所有雷场均应由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "(b) 现行敌对行动期间", "冲突各方应确保在可行的情况下，他们当时已知的、在其控制的领土之内的所有雷场要么由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视，要么用栅栏或以其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。在现行敌对行动期间，可以布设遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷和骚扰性雷场，同时应注意技术附件A所列的记录要求。", "(c) 现行敌对行动停止后", "(1) 应鼓励冲突的所有当事方相互合作，以便在可行的情况下，与其他有关当事方交换它们所掌握的关于在其不再控制的区域内所布设的雷场、雷区和非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一切资料。", "(2) 有关当事方所控制领土内的所有雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以看护和监视，或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。如果在冲突期间栅栏或其他标记手段被从雷场移走，则应尽早恢复，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "(3) 在现行敌对行动期间布设的、位于有关当事方控制领土内的所有遥布雷场和骚扰性雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下按照技术附件A的规定加以适当记录。此外，在可行的情况下，应由军人或其他得到授权的人员加以看护和监视，或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "2. 在所有时候都须采取的共同示警措施", "在杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷布设之后，在可行的情况下应尽快在通往雷区的所有主要交通线上竖起标志牌或采取其他示警措施，向平民有效地发出警告，以免他们进入雷区。主要交通线是两个居民点之间大多数居民所使用的路线。在采用这些示警措施时，各方应意识到当地的环境因素，例如是否经常发生水灾，因为一旦发生水灾，非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可能会随着时间推移发生自然的非有意的移动。", "3. 标记系统", "使用标记系统是为了有效地标出雷区和非雷区之间的界线。标记系统可包括天然或人工特征，或两者结合，但只要有可能，应通过加上示警标记，例如技术附件A所描述的标记，来提高标记系统的作用。尽管这些措施(栅栏或其他手段)在现行敌对行动开始时有可能被移走，尽管在这样的情况下一直有这样的要求，即各方须在可行的情况下确保所有雷场由军人或其他得到授权的人员加以监视，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外，但下列指南是在所有其他时间均应遵守的标记指南。", "(a) 即时示警标记。即时示警标记是在找到长期的或更永久性的标记之前用来迅速标出军人或平民遇到的危险的标记。这些标记的基本要求是：", "(1) 能够尽快标出危险区域的任何可能的标记手段；", "(2) 应至少在50米以外能看到，并能标出危险的位置、方向和类型；", "(3) 标记材料的寿命应至少有180天；", "(4) 使用的标记手段应该在使用标记的区域内很容易认出，并能表明有关区域是危险区域。", "即时示警标记可包括但不应限于：", "(1) 标记地雷用的条形材料；或", "(2) 线、桩子(由铁、木头、水泥、塑料或其他材料制成)以及标志；或", "(3) 用表示危险的颜色涂抹天然物体，例如树和石头；或", "(4) 任何其他当地能找到或接受的表示危险的材料；", "(5) 标记应布设牢固，难以移动。在可行的情况下，应尽快地使用通俗的语言向平民群体公布危险的位置及其标记细节诸如所用的标记系统，以确保有效地将他们排除在这些区域之外。在可行的情况下，这些标记系统应该通过加上如技术附件A所述的示警标志而予以加强。", "(b) 长期示警标记。如果危险可能长时期存在，或者当需要更换或更新即时使用的危险标记时，应使用长期的标记。长期的标记应该是对即时示警系统的改进，长期示警标志的最低标准可包括但不应仅限于：", "(1) 高度达到腰部的栅栏(最低限度应是单股铁丝网)，并应加上技术附件A所述的、适当的军用地雷危险辨认标记，标记的间隔应视地形和植被情况而定；", "(2) 永久性标志，在可行的情况下，应白天和晚上都能看到，既安设在危险地点附近，又安设在进入危险区域的所有能够辨认的主要交通路线上；", "(3) 使用永久性的旋风式铁丝网，并配有铁刺和防攀爬措施，同时在最低限度的间隔上安装具体类型的地雷危险标记；", "(4) 蛇腹形铁丝网和铁桩；", "(5) 水泥隔板；或", "(6) 其他在当地或通过其他方式能找到的加固材料。", "4. 自毁、自失效和自失能装置的规格 [11]", "(a) 设计成能够自毁或自失效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应在布设后45天内能够自毁或自失效。未能自毁或自失效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应在布设后120天内能够自失能。", "(b) 各国应采取一切必要的措施，以确保45天后未自毁或自失效的有效非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的比率不超过10%(置信度90%)。", "(c) 各国应采取必要的措施，以确保在结合自毁或自失效装置的情况下在120天之后仍有地雷作用的有效非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不超过千分之一。", "5. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器 [12]", "(a) 根据各国提供的资料和数据，以下容易获取的引信和传感器应当被认为与此相关：音响传感器；断线引信；光纤引信；红外传感器；磁传感器；压力传感器；滚臂传感器；刮线传感器；地震/振动传感器；斜杆引信；绊线引信。[13]", "(b) 上述易于获取的引信和传感器的等级应划分为以下类别：", "第一类：无法在设计上达到不过分敏感程度的引信系统。", "(1) 断线引信、斜杆引信和绊线引信看来不是一种可推荐的引爆方法，因为现在看来这些引信不可能在设计上做到使个人在合理情况下无法引爆地雷。", "(2) 斜杆引信看来不是一种可推荐的引爆方法，因为这些引信不可能在设计上做到使个人在合理情况下无法引爆地雷。", "第二类：能够在设计上达到不过分敏感程度的引信，但这些系统最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(1) 声发引信采用电子传感器对声压作出反应，并辨认声信号。最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(2) 红外引信应当在设计上做到不因人的出现而引发。该传感器应当最好在与其他传感器结合使用的情况下，能够将检测到的热信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "(3) 地震/振动传感器目前不能对目标加以精确定位，因而看来必须与其他传感器结合使用。此种传感器应当能够将地震信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "第三类：能够在设计上达到不过分敏感的程度并且经设计能够在没有其他传感器的情况下能够令人满意地自行运行，并符合本技术附件的最佳做法安全指南。", "(1) 所需中断光纤信号的压力应当与预期目标相应。", "(2) 为了提高军事效用，磁发地雷应当能够将磁信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "(3) 如果有可能，应当为压力传感器设定与预定目标相应的最低压力。压力最好施加于一个相当大的面积(相当于车辆的面积)，而非施加于某一点。", "(4) 引发滚臂引信所需翻转次数应当与预定目标相符。", "(5) 刮线传感器应当针对具体目标设计，使预定目标引发传感器所需的刮过时间、频率和振幅实现最优化。", "(c) 在可行的情况下，除装有第三类引信的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷外，所有未来生产的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应当采用多传感器引信技术，以降低无意中或意外引爆的可能性，并要考虑到操作、寿命周期、环境和气候因素。", "(d) 环境因素的影响，尤其是", "(1) 天气和气候；", "(2) 储存、搬运和其他外部条件的影响。", "(e) 对技术措施的考虑和建议应当考虑到操作、采购以及寿命周期因素，并应当顾及已经明确指出的人道主义问题。", "附 录", "在如何处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”的问题上，有三种可能的选择：", "一、第一种选择――纳入关于“可探测性”和“有效寿命”的具有法律约束力的案文。", "第3条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性", "1. 禁止使用无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但以下所列的情况除外。", "2. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷如果在布设后达到下列要求就属于可探测的：", "(a) 其产生的响应信号相当于8克或8克以上的一整块铁埋在地下5厘米处所产生的信号，并可用现有普通地雷探测设备探测出来；或", "(b) 可用代表探测手段发展水平的其他方法和设备可靠而有效地探测出来，并且各国考虑到相关机构的测试和评价结果，以出席并参加投票的国家的五分之四多数认定此种其他方法和设备是有效和普通的方法和设备。", "3. 如果可使用虽非普通但对某个国家来说很容易获得的方法和设备可靠而有效地探测出来，则此种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷也属于可探测的，但条件是：", "(a) 该国在使用此种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷之前已经向其他国家证明，可使用此种很容易获得的方法或设备将非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可靠而有效地探测出来；并且", "(b) 不在位于该国领土上的标界区之外使用。", "4. 在标界区内布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本章规定的可探测性要求。", "5. 这一组建议生效后，禁止生产任何无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷。", "6. 目前储存的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷在布设之前均应达到本章规定的可探测性要求，但第4款所指的情况例外。", "7. 如果一国判定它无法立即符合本章规定的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组建议约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组建议生效算起的12年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。与此同时，该国应在可行的情况下尽可能少使用不符合本章规定的可探测性要求的任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。[14]", "第4条", "非杀伤人员地雷的有效寿命", "1. 禁止使用未装有使其在不再服务于布设它的军事目的的情况下不再作为地雷发挥作用的自毁装置或自失效装置并在两种情况下均未装有后备自失能装置(下称“自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置”)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 各国不得用陆基系统从不到500米处投布非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，也不得在标界区外人工布设未装有自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "3. 在执行本章的建议时，各国应采取技术附件A所规定的一切措施并遵循技术附件B所规定的最佳做法。", "4. 如果一国判定它无法立即遵守第1和第2款的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组建议约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组建议生效算起的12年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。与此同时，该国应在可行的情况下尽可能少使用不符合要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。[15]", "二、第二种选择――将关于可探测性和有效寿命的规定作为两个具有法律约束力的任择附件纳入。", "在此情况下，关于可探测性和有效寿命的规定作为两个单独的任择附件纳入案文，正文中则列入一条，其中对这两个附件对缔约国生效的问题作出规定。", "第3条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性和有效寿命", "1. 一国在向保存人提交其表示同意受这一组规定的约束的文书之时，可提交一份书面声明，其中表示同意受关于可探测性的任择附件A或关于有效寿命的任择附件B的约束或同意受这两个附件的约束。", "2. 一国若先前已表示同意受这一组规定的约束，则在这一组规定对该国生效之后的任何时间也可向保存人提交第1款所指的声明。", "3. 第1或第2款所指的声明中可表明该声明立即生效，或表明该声明自某一特定日期起生效。", "任择附件A", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性", "1. 禁止使用无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷如果在布设后产生的响应信号相当于8克或8克以上的一整块铁埋在地下5厘米处所产生的信号，并可用现有普通地雷探测设备探测出来，就属于可探测的。", "3. 在标界区内使用的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本附件规定的可探测性要求。", "任择附件B", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命", "1. 禁止使用未装有设计并构造成在解除保险后45天内未能自毁的有效雷不超过所有有效雷的10%的自毁装置或自失效装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 禁止使用不具有设计并构造成与第1款所指的装置相结合在解除保险后120天仍有地雷作用的有效雷不超过所有有效雷的1‰的后备自失能特征的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "3. 在标界区内使用的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本附件所规定的要求。", "三、第三种选择――将可探测性和有效寿命作为“最佳做法”纳入技术附件。", "对于将可探测性和有效寿命方面的规定作为最佳做法纳入不具约束力的技术附件，曾讨论过一些一般性的想法和建议。", "如果以“最佳做法”的方式来处理这两个问题，就必须修改正文中对非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可能达成的理解，也必须修改具有约束力的新的技术附件中的规定。", "附 件 三", "政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提交者 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\t欧盟就非杀伤人员地雷提出的旨在启发思考的文件草案\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\t关于限制使用反车辆地雷问题的讨论文件\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(没有电子本)\t政府专家小组第二届会议(2002年7月15日至26日，日内瓦)非杀伤人员地雷问题的讨论要点\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\t欧盟提出的反车辆地雷文件的要点\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\t2002年7月专家小组第二届会议有关非杀伤人员地雷的讨论要点――敏感引信\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\t增编：反车辆地雷的敏感引信\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\t反车辆地雷：对人道主义援助和平民群体的影响\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\t《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组非杀伤人员地雷问题军事专家会议可能的讨论范围\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\t反车辆地雷――实地作业经验\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\t关于非杀伤人员地雷敏感引信问题的反思文件\t罗马尼亚\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17和Corr.1\t反车辆地雷技术层面几个问题\t中 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\t国际法目前对反车辆地雷的具体限制\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\t与反车辆地雷有关的技术措施资料：可探测性与自毁/自失效/自失能\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\t非杀伤人员地雷――非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的提案草案\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\t在有栅栏和标志的区域之外布设的非杀伤人员地雷\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\t非杀伤人员地雷――反车辆地雷的敏感引信(引信一览表及最佳做法建议)――概览\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的核心问题\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\t非国家行为者不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷的问题\t印 度\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3\t阿富汗实地情况报告\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的核心问题\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\t反车辆地雷的敏感引信：引信、传感器及最佳做法建议一览表\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\t关于在非杀伤人员地雷领域开展国际合作与援助问题的旨在启发思考的文件\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\t非杀伤人员地雷：加拿大对引信、传感器及最佳做法建议的看法\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\t非杀伤人员地雷――协调员的提案草案\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\t非国家行为者与非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义危险\t地雷行动(加拿大)\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\t反车辆地雷的敏感引信――引信、传感器一览表及最佳做法建议\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\t埋设在竖有栅栏和标志的区域之外的非杀伤人员地雷\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\t地雷的可探测性\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\t简易爆炸装置\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\t与非杀伤人员地雷引信的敏感性有关的考虑\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\t关于炸毁属于人道主义工作团的机动车辆问题的几点考虑\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷的议定书\t丹麦、美利坚合众国和其他国家\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷的议定书，更正\t丹麦、美利坚合众国和其他国家\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\t俄罗斯联邦关于政府专家小组就非杀伤人员地雷问题开展进一步工作的建议\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11\t安哥拉实地报告\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\t军事专家会议：拟讨论的问题暂定清单\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\t地雷探测技术\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t地雷探测技术――更正\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\t关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的地雷行动合设机构间协调组\t联合国排雷行动处代表协调组\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的地雷行动合设机构间协调组\t联合国排雷行动处代表协调组\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\t目前和未来探测和清除非杀伤人员地雷的技术\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\t关于国际合作与援助的新的一条和关于透明度措施的新的一条\t立陶宛\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷议定书\t秘书处\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t协调员\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\t反车辆地雷的可探测性\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\t在标界区之外布设的非杀伤人员地雷\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\t非杀伤人员地雷的敏感引信和传感器\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\t目前可供《特定常规武器公约》缔约国使用的非杀伤人员地雷可探测性的现况\t日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心应非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的要求编写\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\t对有关非杀伤人员地雷议定书某些关注的答复\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\t非杀伤人员地雷的敏感引信问题\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\t雷场标记方法\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\t设想提议的可探测性和引信标准的作战影响\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\t关于非杀伤人员地雷相关问题的意见\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议总结\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\t《特定常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号附加议定书关于非杀伤人员地雷和杀伤人员地雷的若干规则\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\t关于解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的一揽子方案\t中华人民共和国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(仅有英文本)\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\t经过修订后的政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础：关于非杀伤人员地雷的一组建议\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的提案\t古 巴\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(仅有西班牙文本)\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的提案，更正\t古 巴\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\t对非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员为《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组第十二届会议所编写文件的评论\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\t对2005年10月17日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1号文件所载非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员为《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组第十二届会议编写的文件的评论\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\t俄罗斯联邦在探测和排除简易爆炸装置方面的实际经验\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\t有前景的爆炸物探测技术\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\t反车辆地雷\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\t制定程序检查杀伤人员地雷自毁机构和自失能装置可靠性的主要办法\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\t雷场绘图、设置栅栏和标记：俄罗斯联邦的做法\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\t目前对使用杀伤人员地雷的限制\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\t关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\t评论CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1和Corr.1号文件所载的“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\t关于反车辆地雷的建议\t巴基斯坦", "[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2。", "[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1。", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2。", "[4] “一组规定”的这一版在附录中纳入了与CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件导言中提议的处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题的三种办法中的每一种相关的备选案文。对前一版(Rev.1)所作的所有其他修改均以楷体字表示。备选案文则置于方括号内。", "[5] 这一条有三种可能的处理办法，见这一组规定后面的附录。", "[6] 这一条有三种可能的处理办法，见这一组规定后面的附录。", "[7] 在就第3条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性”和第4条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命”达成协议之前予以保留。", "[8] 在就第3条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性”和第4条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命”达成协议之前予以保留。", "[9] 这一备选案文是基于引信设计的一般方针，而不是目前案文中的特定方针，后者涉及技术附件B所列的按照敏感度(就个人非自愿引爆的危险而言)分类的引信和传感器。如采纳一般方针，则应删去技术附件B第5小节。", "[10] 是否列入这一条，将取决于决定如何处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题。另见附录(一、第一种选择：第3条第7款和第4条第4款)。", "[11] 对自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置的可靠率进行评价的工作有待各国酌定。", "[12] 如第12条的脚注所提到的，在采纳关于引信和传感器的一般性方针时不列入技术附件B本小节。", "[13] 引信和传感器的顺序严格按照英文字母顺序排列，并不意味着对其供应、销售或使用情况的评估。", "[14] 另见“一组规定”的第13条。", "[15] 另见“一组规定”的第13条。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.213 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "REPORT ON THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Prepared by the Coordinator on MOTAPM", "and the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military Experts", "1. The present report on the results of the work carried out by the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) during the three Sessions of the CCW Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) of the CCW held throughout 2006, is presented to the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to CCW", "2. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties appointed a Coordinator of the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines, and decided that the Group should continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”[1]", "3. In discharging his duties, the Coordinator on MOTAPM relied on the invaluable contributions of Brig.-Gen. Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, who acted as an advisor to the Coordinator and chaired the Meetings of Military Experts on MOTAPM held during the 2006 GGE Sessions, and whose report is enclose to this document.", "4. In the Thirteenth Session, held between March 6^(th) and 10^(th), the Coordinator indicated to delegations that, despite the strenuous efforts by the GGE on MOTAPM throughout the last four years, it was yet not possible to eliminate a number of divergences, in particular as regards the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM. In light of this, the Coordinator asked delegations to present a frank assessment of the current status of debates, and requested indications of alternatives for future work of the GGE on the issue. The Coordinator also announced his intention to conduct informal consultations with all interested delegations, with a view to identify room for manoeuvre in the discussions throughout 2006.", "5. Prior to the Fourteenth Session, the Coordinator has circulated a “Questionnaire on issues that might enhance the level of understanding on the question of responsible use of Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM)”. The Questionnaire was presented in the format of new language that might be considered for addressing the topics identified as most contentious, as follows: “perimeter marked areas” (PMA); “active life of MOTAPM”; “production and transfer of MOTAPM”; and “detectability of MOTAPM”. It also provided for the submission of additional comments on other issues that may be deemed relevant. Delegations were requested to comment the proposed language (and ideas and/or concepts related to), on the basis of relevance, acceptance, possibility of being incorporated to or of replacing the conceptual framework under discussion.", "6. During the Fourteenth Session, held between June 19^(th) and 23^(rd), discussions were based on the possibilities identified by the abovementioned questionnaire. A new round of informal consultations in various settings also took place.", "7. In the intersessional period prior to the Fifteenth Session of the GGE, the Coordinator has decided to circulate a document entitled “Set Of Provisions On The Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions that could Command Consensus In The Group Of Governmental Expert (GGE)”[2], which in his opinion encompasses all the areas that command consensus in the discussions held on MOTAPM. The text builds upon all previous papers, including the Set of Recommendations prepared by the previous Coordinator on MOTAPM, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland (CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, dated 22 November 2005), and was presented as a basis for a possible consensus during discussions that were to be held in the first days of the Fifteenth Session.", "8. In addition to the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life”, some other questions have also been identified as inspiring divergences among delegations, and were modified in relation to the previous Coordinator´s text, in an attempt to identify consensus language: among the modifications, the expression “Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines/Anti-Vehicle Mines” (MOTAPM/AVM) was introduced as a means to address concerns raised by some delegations in relation to what they perceive as “excessive breadth” and “subjective character” of the previous definition of MOTAPM. A general reorganization of articles and paragraphs was also performed, in order to bring together provisions on a single subject and to arrange them in a coherent, logical manner.", "9. As regards the most contentious issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM, once no possible consensus solution had yet been identified, they were not included in the first version of my Set of Provisions. In its introduction, the Coordinator has outlined three possibilities as to the inclusion of those two pending issues on a possible future protocol on MOTAPM, namely: a) the insertion of legally binding language on the two issues in the main text; b) dealing with the issues of “detectability” and “active life” in a way which would allow States-Parties the option to accept or reject obligations on those two issues; c) place those two issues as non-binding best practices in a technical annex.", "10. In the Fifteenth and final Session of the GGE prior to the Third Review Conference, held between August 28^(th) and September 6^(th), discussions on MOTAPM were based on the abovementioned Set of Provisions. Many comments have been presented during plenary sessions, and a number of informal consultations have taken place, with a view to allowing delegations to present comments and proposals, and hence explore all possibilities of language that could lead to a consensus on how to move forward towards the Third Review Conference.", "11. As regards to the issues of “detectability” and “active life”, many delegations indicated that they continue to support the adoption of legally-binding provisions on both pending issues, along the lines of chapters III and IV of the Set of Recommendations[3] by the previous Coordinator, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland.", "12. One delegation, after consultations with a wide spectrum of other delegations, has prepared a proposal of language on “detectability” and “active life” that follows the second approach suggested in the introduction of the first version of the Set of Provisions, i.e., the inclusion of both issues as optional legally-binding commitments. According to the proposal, a State that adheres to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM may indicate, at the time of the submission of the instrument of ratification, that it agrees to be bound by one or both of such provisions, by means of a written declaration to the Depositary. At any time after the entry into force of the future Protocol for a given State, the State concerned may submit written declarations to the Depositary expressing consent to be bound by one or both of such provisions. While some delegations expressed discomfort with the idea of introducing optional provisions in an optional Protocol, as well as with the possibility of creating obligations that would bind some States Parties while not binding others, a number of delegations have indicated this approach as a promising possible way of reconciling humanitarian concerns with the requirements related to national security and defence doctrines and needs.", "13. Other delegations retained their reservations as to the adoption of legally-binding commitments on “detectability” and “active life”, on the grounds that such commitments may impinge upon essential capabilities related to national defence, in exchange of what they perceived as merely marginal returns in terms of minimisation of an already limited humanitarian impact of MOTAPM. Against such background, those delegations expressed their preference for the inclusion of both pending issues on a non-binding “best-practices” annex to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM.", "14. Some delegations have also indicated that, in considering any restrictions on “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM (both under the legally-binding and the optional approach), a transitional period was needed in order to allow for adaptation of existing stocks and/or military procedures.", "15. In addition to the debate on the pending issues, substantive discussions were held on other subjects such as the definition of “MOTAPM/AVM” and “perimeter-marked areas”, the “scope of application”, restrictions on “transfers”, as well as on “fuse design and sensors”.", "16. In particular, it became clear that, for a considerable number of delegations, the issues of “transfers” and the definition of “PMA” were intrinsically connected to the pending issues of detectability and active life, and consequently could not be analyzed separately. Additionally, while some delegations insisted upon the prohibition of transfers of non-detectable, persistent MOTAPM (except for the purposes of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques), other delegations have questioned such prohibition, on the grounds that the Set of Provisions allowed the operational use of such persistent, non-detectable mines inside PMA.", "17. One delegation has re-introduced a proposal on MOTAPM, according to which all the provisions being discussed would be substituted by a prohibition of the use of MOTAPM by a State outside its national territory. Another delegation has introduced a new proposal containing what it regards as the “main features that could form the basis of future deliberations in the GGE on the issue of anti-vehicle mines”.", "18. After the extensive debate on all three approaches on “detectability” and “active life”, as well as on other yet controversial issues mentioned above, the Coordinator has decided to revise his Set of Provisions so as to include all alternative languages pertaining to each of the three approaches, which may help to command consensus during discussions at the Third Review Conference, if States Parties agree to demonstrate political will and flexibility to cope with all sensitive issues.", "19. The Coordinator has enclosed the last version of the document to the present report. Alternative texts on controversial issues other than “detectability” and “active life” were also included. All modifications in relation to the previous version are displayed in the text in italics. Alternative language is displayed between brackets.", "20. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that, upon discretion of delegations that have introduced proposals during the Fifteenth Session, in case such proposals are timely handed to the Secretariat, they will be circulated as official documents of the Third Review Conference.", "Conclusions", "21. In light of the above, the Coordinator has the honour to submit to the consideration of the Third Review Conference of the CCW, to be held between November 7^(th) and 17^(th), 2006, the revised version of his “Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM – A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts”, as contained in the annex II to this report.", "22. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that all other formal proposals put forward to the consideration of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment – a list of which shall also be enclosed to this report as annex III - will be considered by the Third Review Conference, in accordance with the mandate bestowed upon the Group by the 2005 Meeting of States Parties.", "Annex I", "REPORT OF THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE MEETINGS OF MILITARY EXPERTS ON MOTAPM IN 2006", "1. In the light of the three sessions held in 2006, this appraisal of the situation provides an overview on the work performed by the Military Experts on MOTAPM. As a reminder, the overall mandate of the GGE on MOTAPM states:” … Meeting of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "2. At the opening meeting of the XIII Session, was realized that the persisting divergences in views - which had undermined any possible progress on this issue – were still strong.", "3. The Coordination was also aware that CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 was presented but not thoroughly discussed at the XII Session of GGE in November 2005. Although not a consensual text, it was officially submitted by the former coordinator and reflected positions expressed by many State Parties on a wide range of subjects.", "4. It was therefore necessary, before moving forward in a search of common grounds, to assess the positions of States Parties on the issues contained in that specific paper and, as contained in our mandate, in all proposals put forward since the establishment of this Group.", "5. During the Thirteenth Session, one formal Meeting of Military Experts was held. This group also participated in two plenary meetings conducted by the Coordinator on MOTAPM. However, the most useful and productive events were the seven informal meetings, in both formats: bilateral and plurilateral. In those sessions the Coordinator had direct contact with 16 State Parties and International Organizations. As preliminary results, were improved the conditions to a frank and constructive dialogue, mandatory step towards a mutual understanding.", "6. As some discussions have clearly highlighted key controversial issues, under the guidance of the Coordinator a questionnaire was circulated, focusing on the following topics: Perimeter Marked-Areas (PMA) to emplace MOTAPM; Active Life; Transfer; and Detectability of MOTAPM. In addition, the delegations were requested to make further comments or suggestions on possible ways to address the mentioned items.", "7. The responses to the questionnaire were helpful and oriented the organization of the Fourteenth Session, which was intended to deepen the examination of the issues raised in that document.", "8. In the Fourteenth Session another Meeting of the Military Experts took place, along with the two formal sessions conducted by Coordinator on MOTAPM. Eleven informal consultations were conducted, in different settings, in search of possibilities for mutual understanding and a concrete breakthrough.", "9. Although it was clear that significant divergences still remained, the informal and formal works during that Session have provided the coordination on MOTAPM valuable tools for building confidence and orienting new possibilities to broker consensus in the elaboration of recommendations on MOTAPM.", "10. At that time, during the intersessional period, the Coordination team on MOTAPM has decided to submit a comprehensive text, encompassing all the areas that command consensus and which required an analysis in its entirety.", "11. This paper, entitled “Set of Provisions”, was aimed to facilitate more focused discussions, to help in assessing the level of acceptance of some key issues and, hopefully, to pave the way for successful outcome of the Group`s work.", "12. The Last Preparatory Session for the 3^(rd) Review Conference hosted intensive formal consultations among military experts, in three plenary meetings and one specific technical-military meeting. In the same session eighteen informal meetings were held in different settings, leading to more focused and fruitful discussions. It should be mentioned that nine delegations presented proposals and comments, which greatly helped the Coordinator in his efforts towards the refinement of the Set of Provisions. In terms of tangible and recent outcomes, such consultations and exchanges of views led to the elaboration of two revised versions of CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, both introduced during the Fifteenth Session.", "13. The last version of the abovementioned document incorporates new approaches, from different perspectives, on issues that proved to remain controversial, such as the definition of MOTAPM/AVM, transfers, detectability, active life, and fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM. It was also consolidated a consensual definition and additional remarks on perimeter marked-area. Moreover, innovative language was introduced on the humanitarian aspects related to responsible use of mines.", "Annex II", "SET OF PROVISIONS ON THE USE OF MOTAPM/AVM –", "A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus[4]", "Presented by the Coordinator", "Article 1", "General provision and scope of application", "1. This set of provisions applies to the use on land or the transfer of MOTAPM/AVM, including mines laid to interdict beaches, waterway crossings or river crossings, but does not apply to the use of anti-ship mines at sea or in inland waterways.", "2. This set of provisions shall apply to situations referred to in Article 1 of this Convention, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "3. This document is without prejudice to the existing international humanitarian law, provisions of the Convention of 1980 on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which my be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions by the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for more strict obligations or have wider application.", "Article 2", "Definitions", "1. For the purpose of this set of provisions:", "(a) \"Mine\" means a munition placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.", "(b) \"MOTAPM/AVM” means a mine which cannot be defined as an anti-personnel mine. An anti-personnel mine is a mine primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. A MOTAPM/AVM is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of armored or transportation vehicles and that will damage, incapacitate or destroy one or more of such vehicles.", "(c) \"Anti-handling device\" means a device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached to or placed under the MOTAPM/AVM and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with the MOTAPM/AVM.", "(d) \"Minefield\" is a defined area in which mines have been emplaced and \"mined area\" is an area which is dangerous due to the presence of mines. \"Phoney minefield\" means an area free of mines that simulates a minefield. The term \"minefield\" includes phoney minefields.", "(e) \"Perimeter-marked area\" is an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means.", "(f) \"Recording\" means a physical, administrative and technical operation designed to obtain, for the purpose of registration in official records, all available information facilitating the location of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas.", "(g) \"Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM means those not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, missile, rocket, mortar, or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. MOTAPM/AVM delivered from a land-based system from less than 500 meters are not considered to be \"remotely delivered\".", "(h) \"Self-deactivation\" means automatically rendering a munition inoperable by means of the irreversible exhaustion of a component, for example a battery, that is essential to the operation of the munition.", "(i) \"Self-destruction mechanism\" means an incorporated or externally attached automatically-functioning mechanism which secures the destruction of the munition into which it is incorporated or to which it is attached.", "(j) \"Self-neutralization mechanism\" means an incorporated automatically-functioning mechanism which renders inoperable the munition into which it is incorporated.", "(k) \"Transfer\" involves, in addition to the physical movement of MOTAPM/AVM into or from national territory, the transfer of title to and control over the MOTAPM/AVM, but does not involve the transfer of territory containing emplaced MOTAPM/AVM.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM[5]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM[6]", "Article 5", "Measures on the Restriction of Irresponsible Use of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. Each State or party to a conflict is, in accordance with this set of provisions, responsible for all MOTAPM/AVM employed by it and undertakes to clear, remove, destroy or maintain them as specified in the relevant articles of this document.", "2. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM/AVM, which may include:", "(a) establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;", "(b) effective export and import control measures relating to MOTAPM/AVM;", "(c) effective management and security of stockpiles and transport of MOTAPM/AVM;", "(d) adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by this set of provisions;", "(e) suppression of activities related to the production of MOTAPM/AVM under invalid or expired licenses; and", "(f) strengthening cooperation with the purpose of implementation of this set of provisions.", "3. It is prohibited in all circumstances to use any MOTAPM/AVM which is designed or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.", "4. It is prohibited to use a MOTAPM/AVM which employs a mechanism or device specifically designed to detonate the munition by the presence of commonly available mine detectors as a result of their magnetic or other non-contact influence during normal use in detection operations.", "5. It is prohibited to use a self-deactivating MOTAPM/AVM equipped with an anti-handling device that is designed in such a manner that the anti-handling device is capable of functioning after the MOTAPM/AVM has ceased to be capable of functioning.", "6. It is prohibited in all circumstances to direct any MOTAPM/AVM, either in offence or", "defense, or by way of reprisals, against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians or civilian objects, as defined by paragraph 7 of article 2 of Amended Protocol II.", "7. The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM/AVM is prohibited. Indiscriminate use is any placement of MOTAPM/AVM:", "(a) which is not on, or directed against, a military objective, as defined in the Protocol on Prohibition or Restriction on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II). In case of doubt as to whether an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house or other dwelling or a school, is being used to make an effective contribution to military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used; or", "(b) which employs a method or means of delivery which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or", "(c) which may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.", "8. Several clearly separated and distinct military objectives located in a city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects are not to be treated as a single military objective.", "9. All feasible precautions shall be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM. Feasible precautions are those precautions which are practicable or practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. These circumstances include, but are not limited to:", "(a) the short- and long-term effect of MOTAPM/AVM upon the local civilian population for the duration of the minefield;", "(b) possible measures to protect civilians (for example, fencing, signs, warning and monitoring);", "(c) the availability and feasibility of using alternatives; and", "(d) the short- and long-term military requirements for a minefield.", "10. Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of a MOTAPM/AVM which may affect the civilian population, unless circumstances do not permit.", "11. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws and regulations in order to prohibit and sanction the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM/AVM by any unauthorized individual or entity, as well as participating in any of the abovementioned actions as an accomplice, or providing them with assistance or finance.", "12. States shall adopt and enforce effective national measures with a view to preventing illicit circulation and trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, including the following:", "(a) oversight and control over the production, storage or transportation of MOTAPM/AVM; and", "(b) physical protection of stockpiles.", "13. States shall cooperate among themselves in order to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, in accordance with national legislation and pursuant to international law.", "Article 6", "Recording of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas", "1. It is prohibited to use any MOTAPM/AVM unless all information concerning MOTAPM/AVM minefields and mined areas is recorded in accordance with paragraph 1 of Technical Annex A. All such records shall be retained by the parties to a conflict, who shall, without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, take all necessary and appropriate measures, including the use of such information, to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.", "2. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, the parties to a conflict shall also make available to the other party or parties to the conflict and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations all such information in their possession concerning MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, laid by them in areas no longer under their control.", "3. However, subject to reciprocity, where the forces of a party to a conflict are in the territory of an adverse party, either party may withhold such information from the Secretary-General and the other party, to the extent that security interests require such withholding, until neither party is in the territory of the other. Any information so withheld shall be disclosed as soon as those security interests permit.", "4. Wherever possible, the parties to the conflict shall seek, by mutual agreement, to provide for the release of such information at the earliest possible time in a manner consistent with the security interests of each party.", "Article 7", "Removal of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas", "1. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, all MOTAPM/AVM, and minefields and mined areas shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this set of provisions.", "2. States and parties to a conflict bear such responsibility with respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.", "3. With respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas laid by a party in areas over which it no longer exercises control, such party shall provide to the party in control of the area, pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article, to the extent agreed by the parties concerned, technical and material assistance necessary to fulfill such responsibility, without prejudice to the obligations set by paragraph 1 Article 5.", "4. At all times necessary, the parties to a conflict shall endeavour to reach agreement, both among themselves and, where appropriate, with other States and with international organizations, on the provisions of technical and material assistance, including, in appropriate circumstances, the undertaking of joint operations necessary to fulfill such responsibilities.", "Article 8", "Protection from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas", "1. Each Party to this set of provisions shall be bound by the provisions in Article 12 of Amended Protocol II, regardless of whether that State is a Party to Amended Protocol II. Such provisions include the Scope of application; Peace-keeping and certain other forces and missions; Humanitarian and fact-finding missions of the UN system; Missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross; Other humanitarian missions and missions of enquiry; Confidentiality; and Respect for laws and regulations.", "Article 9", "Transfers", "1. Each State shall not transfer any MOTAPM/AVM:", "(a) to any recipient other than a State or State agency authorized to receive it;", "(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the use in perimeter marked area, or for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques;[7]", "[alternative language for subparagraph “b”:", "(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining , or mine destruction techniques; [8] ]", "(c) without an end-user certificate, which, in the case of mines that do not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life, shall include an explicit commitment to abide by the restrictions mentioned in subparagraph “b” above; and", "(d) to States that are not bound by this set of provisions, unless the recipient formally agrees to apply its provisions.", "2. In order to prevent illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, States shall establish or improve effective national controls.", "3. Each State undertakes to exercise restraint in the transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM with a Category One fusing system, as described in Technical Annex B, paragraph 5 (b), except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques.", "4. Pending the entry into force of this set of provisions, all States will refrain from any actions which would be inconsistent with this Article.", "Article 10", "Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "1. Each State shall provide to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions. This information should include the following elements:", "(a) an initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of provisions for each State ; and", "(b) periodic updating of the report.", "2. The report referred to in paragraph 1 may include, information on:", "(a) dissemination of the provisions of this set of provisions to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(b) demining and rehabilitation programmes;", "(c) steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of provisions and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;", "(d) legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions;", "(e) measures taken on cooperation and assistance provided under Article 11 of this set of provisions; and", "(f) general information on the national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPM/AVM, and information on these transfers.", "Article 11", "Cooperation and assistance", "1. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfillment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM/AVM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(a) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate the implementation of necessary modifications to improve the reliability of, and minimize the humanitarian risks posed by, existing and future MOTAPM/AVM. Provision of such assistance may be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available.", "(b) Cooperation and assistance in the destruction of stockpiles of MOTAPM/AVM that do not meet and cannot be modified to meet the requirements of this set of provisions.", "(c) Cooperation and technical, material and human assistance for the rapid and effective demining, removal or destruction of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(d) The timely provision of geographic and technical information on MOTAPM/AVM to relevant humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations System.", "(e) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations.", "(f) Cooperation and assistance for the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(g) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions.", "Article 12", "Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. The States should, to the extent feasible, follow the best practices on fuse design stipulated in paragraph 5 of Technical Annex B.", "[alternative approach:", "1. The States, to the extent feasible, in the future production of MOTAPM/AVM, shall follow the best practices in relation to the fuse and sensors production to design them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.", "2. In the future production of fuses the States, to the extent feasible, shall strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology to develop them based on technology factors, life environment factors.][9]", "[Article 13[10]", "Transition Period", "1. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of [articles 3 and 4] of this Set of Provisions, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of Provisions that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed [XX] years from the entry into force of this Set of Provisions for that State. ]", "Technical Annex A", "1. Minefield Recording", "(a) Recording of the location of MOTAPM/AVM other than remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions:", "(i) the location of the minefields and mined areas shall be specified accurately by relation to the coordinates of at least two reference points and the estimated dimensions of the area containing these weapons in relation to those reference points;", "(ii) maps, diagrams or other records shall be made in such a way as to indicate the location of minefields and mined areas in relation to reference points, and these records shall also indicate their perimeters and extent; and", "(iii) for the purposes of detection and clearance of MOTAPM/AVM, maps, diagrams or other records shall contain complete information on the type, number, emplacing method, type of fuse and life time, date and time of laying, anti-handling devices (if any) and any other relevant information on all of these weapons laid. Whenever feasible the minefield record shall show the exact location of every MOTAPM/AVM, except in row minefields where the row location is sufficient.", "(b) The estimated location and area of remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be specified by coordinates of reference points (normally corner points) and shall be ascertained and when feasible marked on the ground at the earliest opportunity. The total number and types of MOTAPM/AVM laid, the date and time of laying and the self-destruction time periods shall also be recorded.", "(c) Copies of records shall be held at a level of command sufficient to guarantee their safety as far as possible.", "(d) All MOTAPM/AVM produced after entry into force of this set of provisions shall be marked in English or in the respective national language or languages with the following information:", "(i) Name of the country of origin; and", "(ii) Month and year of production; and", "(iii) Serial number or lot number.", "2. Marking of Perimeter-marked area", "(a) a perimeter-marked area shall be marked by appropriate signage in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Technical Annex, except during periods of active hostilities. The marking shall be of a distinct and durable character and shall at least be visible to a person who is about to enter the perimeter-marked area;", "(b) the marking shall be visible, legible, durable and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible; and", "(c) during periods of active hostilities, a perimeter-marked area should, to the extent feasible, be appropriately marked. After the cessation of active hostilities and as soon as feasible, the area shall be marked in accordance with sub-paragraph (a) above.", "3. International signs for Minefields and Mined Areas", "(a) Signs similar to those specified within Amended Protocol II and detailed below shall be utilized in the marking of minefields and mined areas to ensure their visibility and recognition by the civilian populations:", "(i) Size and shape: a triangle or square no smaller than 28 centimetres (11 inches) by 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) for a triangle, and 15 centimetres (6 inches) per side for a square;", "(ii) Colour: red or orange with a yellow reflecting border;", "(iii) Symbol: the symbol illustrated in the attachment, or an alternative readily recognizable in the area in which the sign is to be displayed as identifying a dangerous area;", "(iv) Language: the sign shall contain the word “mines” in one of the six official languages of the convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish) and the language or languages prevalent in the area;", "(v) Spacing: signs shall be placed around the minefield at a distance to ensure their visibility at any point by a civilian approaching the area.", "Technical Annex B", "This Annex contains best practices for achieving the objectives of this set of provisions. This Annex will be implemented by States on a voluntary basis.", "1. Control Measures", "(a) Prior to Commencement of Active Hostilities", "All minefields, within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(b) During Active Hostilities", "Parties to a conflict should ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields known to them at the time and within territory under their control are either monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM and nuisance minefields may be emplaced as required during active hostilities noting the recording requirements detailed in Technical Annex A.", "(c) After the Cessation of Active Hostilities", "(i) All parties to a conflict should be encouraged to cooperate in order to facilitate, to the extent feasible, the exchange to the other parties concerned of all information in their possession concerning minefields, mined areas, and MOTAPM/AVM laid by them in areas no longer under their control.", "(ii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned, are to be secured and monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. If fencing or other marking means have been removed from minefields during the conflict they should be restored at the earliest opportunity in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(iii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all remotely-delivered and nuisance minefields emplaced during active hostilities, and within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be appropriately recorded in accordance with Technical Annex A. In addition and to the extent feasible, they should be secured and monitored by military or other qualified personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "2. Common Warning Measures Required At All Times", "To the extent feasible, and as soon as practicable after MOTAPM/AVM are laid, signposted or other warning measures should be provided on all primary traffic routes into the mined area to ensure the effective warning of civilians. A primary traffic route is one over which most population movement occurs between population centres. When providing these warning measures parties should be mindful of prevailing local environmental factors, such as regular flooding, which could contribute to the natural but unintended movement of MOTAPM/AVM over time.", "3. Marking Systems", "Marking systems are utilized to effectively and efficiently identify the perimeter or boundary between mined and unmined areas. They can include natural or artificial features or a combination thereof but to the extent feasible they will be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A. Notwithstanding the potential removal of these measures (fencing or other means) at the onset of active hostilities and the ongoing requirement in these circumstances for parties to ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields are monitored by military or other qualified personnel, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area, the following guidelines are provided for marking at all other times:", "(a) Immediate Warning Markers. Immediate warning markers are used to expediently mark hazards encountered by military or civilian personnel until a long-term or more permanent marker can be established. The basic pre-requisites for these markers are:", "(i) any marking means capable of identifying the hazardous areas as quickly as possible;", "(ii) visibility at not less than 50 m indicating the location, direction and type of hazard;", "(iii) the marking material(s) have a lifespan of at least 180 days; and", "(iv) the marking means used should be readily recognizable in the area in which they are displayed as identifying a hazardous area.", "Immediate markers could include but should not be limited to:", "(i) mine marking tape; or", "(ii) wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage; or", "(iii) painting of natural features such as trees and rocks in hazard recognition colours; or", "(iv) any other locally or otherwise available and accepted hazard recognition materials;", "(v) sign should be robustly emplaced and difficult to remove.", "To the extent feasible, the location of the hazard and its marking details such as the marking systems employed should be promulgated in general terms to the civil population as soon as is practicable to ensure their effective exclusion from the area. To the extent feasible they should be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A.", "(b) Long-Term Warning Markers. Long-term warning markers are to be used if the hazard is likely to remain in location for a protracted duration or when immediate hazard markers need to be replaced and upgraded. Long-term markers represent an improvement on an immediate warning system and the minimum standard of a long term warning sign could include but should not be limited to:", "(i) A fence (minimum single strand of barb wire) to waist height with appropriate military mine hazard recognition markers as detailed in Technical Annex A at intervals appropriate to the terrain and vegetation;", "(ii) Permanent signage, visible to the extent feasible by day and by night, both proximate to the hazard itself and on all identifiable primary traffic routes into the area in which the hazard is contained;", "(iii) A permanent cyclone wire type fence reinforced with barbed wire and anti-climbing measures inclusive with mine hazard markers at specified minimum intervals and type;", "(iv) Concertina wire and pickets;", "(v) Concrete barricades; or", "(vi) Other locally or otherwise available material enhancements.", "4. Specifications on Self-destruction, Self-neutralization and Self-deactivation[11]", "(a) MOTAPM/AVM that are designed to self-destruct or self-neutralize should do so within 45 days after arming. Self-deactivation of MOTAPM/AVM that fail to self-destruct or self-neutralize should take place within 120 days after arming.", "(b) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that no more than 10 percent (with a 90 percent confidence level) of activated MOTAPM/AVM will fail to self-destruct or self neutralize after 45 days.", "(c) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that in combination with self-destruction or self-neutralization mechanisms, no more than one in a thousand of activated MOTAPM/AVM will function as a mine after 120 days.", "5. Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM[12]", "(a) Based on information and data provided by States the following broadly available fuses and sensors should be considered as relevant: acoustic sensors; break wires; fiber-optic wires; infra-red-sensors; magnetic sensors; pressure sensors; roller arms; scratch wire sensors; seismic/vibration sensors; tilt rods; trip wires.[13]", "(b) The broadly available fuses and sensors referred to in the previous paragraph should be graded into the following categories:", "Category One: Fusing systems that cannot be designed not to be excessively sensitive.", "(i) Break wires and trip wires do not appear to be a recommended method of activation, as it does not seem possible to design them in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.", "(ii) Tilt rods do not appear to be recommended method of activation, if they cannot be designed in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.", "Category Two: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, but are best used in conjunction with other sensors.", "(i) Acoustically activated fuses use electronic sensors to react to acoustic pressure and recognize the acoustic signature. Use in conjunction with other sensors is preferable.", "(ii) Infrared activated fuses should be designed so as not to be activated in the presence of a person. The sensor should be able to match detected heat signatures to the intended target preferably in conjunction with other sensors.", "(iii) Seismic/Vibration sensors cannot currently locate their targets precisely; their use in conjunction with other sensors appears therefore to be indispensable. The sensor should be capable to match a seismic signature to the intended target.", "Category Three: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, that can be designed to operate satisfactorily without other sensors and which fulfill the best practice safety guidelines of this Technical Annex.", "(i) The pressure required to break the fiber-optic signal should be appropriate for the intended target.", "(ii) To enhance military utility, magnetically activated mines should be capable of matching a magnetic signature to the intended target.", "(iii) Pressure sensors, pressure activated mechanisms, should, where possible, be subject to a minimum pressure force appropriate for the intended target. Pressure should preferably be exerted over a significant area (equal to that of a vehicle) rather than a single point.", "(iv) The number of turns required to initiate the roller arm fuse should be matched to the intended target.", "(v) The scratch wire sensor should be designed for specific targets by optimizing the scratch time, frequency and amplitude required to initiate the sensor by the intended target.", "(c) All MOTAPM/AVM, with the exception of those fitted with Category Three fuses, should incorporate in future production, to the extent feasible, multi-sensor fuses technology in order to reduce the possibility of inadvertent or accidental activation by a person taking into account operational, life cycle, environmental and climate factors.", "(d) The influence of environmental factors, particularly:", "(i) of weather and climate;", "(ii) of storage, handling and other external conditions should be taken into account when selecting the types of fuses and determining the sensitivity of fuses; and", "e. Considerations and proposals of technical measures should take into account operational, procurement as well as life cycle factors; they should address clearly identified humanitarian issues.", "Appendix", "Three possible options on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life” are envisaged:", "I. First option – Insertion of legally-binding language on “detectability” and “active life”.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use a non-detectable MOTAPM/AVM, subject to the exclusions specified below.", "2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement:", "(a) it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimetres beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly available mine detection equipment; or", "(b) it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of alternative methods and equipment that reflect developments in detection methodologies, and if the States, taking into account testing and evaluation by relevant institutions, have decided by a four-fifths majority of the States present and voting that such alternative methods and equipment are effective and commonly available.", "3. A MOTAPM/AVM is also detectable if it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of methods and equipment that are not commonly available but are readily available to a State, provided that:", "(a) the State in question has, before the use of such MOTAPM/AVM, demonstrated to the other States that the MOTAPM/AVM can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of such readily available methods or equipment; and", "(b) it is not used outside perimeter-marked areas located on the territory of the State in question.", "4. A MOTAPM/AVM emplaced in a perimeter-marked area is excluded from the detectability requirement of this chapter.", "5. It is prohibited to produce, after the entry into force of this set of recommendations, any MOTAPM that is not detectable.", "6. All MOTAPM/AVM from existing stocks shall meet the detectability requirement of this chapter prior to their emplacement, except in the case referred to in paragraph 4.", "7. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of this chapter, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the detectability requirement of this chapter.[14]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use a remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM which does not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a self-neutralization mechanism with, in either case, a back-up self-deactivation feature (hereinafter referred to as \"SD/SDA or SN/SDA\"), whereby the MOTAPM/AVM will no longer function as a mine when it no longer serves the military purpose for which it was emplaced.", "2. States shall not deliver a MOTAPM/AVM from a land-based system from less than 500 meters, nor shall they hand-emplace a MOTAPM/AVM, which does not incorporate a SD/SDA or SN/SDA, outside a perimeter marked area.", "3. When implementing the recommendations of this chapter the States shall take all measures stipulated in Technical Annex A and should follow the best practices stipulated in Technical Annex B.", "4. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with paragraphs 1 and 2, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not so comply.[15]", "II. Second option – Inclusion of Provisions on Detectability and Active Life as two optional, legally-binding Annexes.", "In this case, provisions on detectability and active life would be incorporated into the text as two separate optional annexes, and an article disciplining the entry into force of such annexes for States Parties would be inserted on the main text.", "Article 3", "Detectability and Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. At the time of submittal to the Depositary of its instrument expressing its consent to be bound to this set of provisions, a State may submit a written declaration agreeing to be bound by Optional Annex A on detectability or Optional Annex B on active life, or agreeing to be bound by both.", "2. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 may also be submitted to the Depositary by a State that has previously expressed consent to be bound by this set of provisions at any time after the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State.", "3. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 may stipulate that it is effective immediately or may stipulate a specific date upon which it shall be effective.", "Optional Annex A", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM which are not detectable.", "2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement, it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimeters beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly-available technical mine detection equipment.", "3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the detectability requirement of this Annex.", "Optional Annex B", "Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a mechanism for self-neutralization designed and constructed so that no more than ten percent of activated mines will fail to self-destruct within forty-five days after arming.", "2. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a back-up self-deactivation feature that is designed and constructed so that, in combination with the mechanism referred to in paragraph 1, no more than one in one thousand activated mines will function as a mine one hundred twenty days after arming.", "3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the requirements of this Annex.", "III. Third option – Inclusion of detectability and active life in the form of “best practices” in a technical annex.", "Some general ideas and proposals have been discussed as regards the inclusion of provisions on detectability and active life as best practices in a technical, non-binding annex.", "The adoption of a “best practices” approach to theses issues would necessarily imply changes both in the main text of a possible understanding on MOTAPM/AVM and in the provisions of a new binding technical annex.", "Annex III", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "ON THE ISSUE OF MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Symbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\tDraft EU Food-for-ThoughtPaper on Mines Other ThanAntipersonnel Mines\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\tDiscussion paper on theissue of restrictions on theuse of anti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(No electronic versionavailable)\tElements for discussionduring the Second meeting ofGGE (Geneva, 15-26 July2002) on the issue of MinesOther Than AntipersonnelMines (MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\tElements for an EU paper onAVM\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\t“Food for Thought” on Minesother than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM) for thesecond meeting of experts inJuly 2002 – Sensitive fuzes\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\tAddendum: Sensitive Fusesfor Anti Vehicle Mines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\tAnti-vehicle mines: effectson humanitarian assistanceand civilian populations\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\tList of Areas for PossibleDiscussion in the CCW Groupof Governmental Experts,Military Experts Meeting onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\tAnti-Vehicle Mines –Experience from FieldOperations\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\tReflection Paper onSensitive Fuses of LandMines Other thanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRomania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17 andCorr.1\tCertain technical aspects ofanti-vehicle landmines\tChina\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\tCurrent AV Mine SpecificRestrictions underInternational Law\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\tInformation on TechnicalMeasures Related to AVMines: Detectability andSD/SN/SDA\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Draft Proposal bythe Coordinator on MOTAPM\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outside fencedand marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Sensitive Fuzesfor Anti-Vehicle Mines(Overview of Fuzes andRecommendations for BestPractice) - Synopsis\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\tCore Questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\tIrresponsible Use of MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines by Non-State Actors\tIndia\n CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3 Field Report Afghanistan UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\tCore questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines: Overviewof Fuses, Sensors andRecommendations for BestPractice (Synopsis)\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\t‘Food for Thought’ Paper onInternational Cooperationand Assistance for MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines:Canadian Overview of Fuses,Sensors and Recommendationsfor Best Practice\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines – DraftProposal by the Coordinator\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\tNon-State Actors and thehumanitarian dangers ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tMinesActionCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines –Overview of Fuses, Sensorsand Recommendations for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\tLandmines Other ThanAnti-Personnel MinesEmplaced Outside Fenced andMarked Areas\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\tDetectability of Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\tImprovised Explosive Devices\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\tConsideration Relating tothe Sensitivity of the Fusesof Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\tConsideration Relating tothe Blowing Up of MotorVehicles Belonging toHumanitarian Missions\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\tProposals by the RussianFederation for further workby the Group of GovernmentalExperts on the issue ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tRussianFederation\n CCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11 Field Report on Angola UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\tMilitary Experts Meeting:Tentative List of Areas forDiscussion\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\tLandmine DetectionTechnology\tAustraliaCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tLandmine DetectionTechnology - Corrigendum\tAustralia \n (English only) \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(English only)\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\tCurrent and FutureTechnology for MOTAPMDetection and Clearance\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\tTwo New Articles onInternational Cooperationand Assistance and onTransparency Measures\tLithuania\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tSecretariat\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\tDetectability ofAnti-Vehicle Mines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\tMines other thanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outsideperimeter-marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses and Sensorsfor Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM), Proposal for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\tThe current detectabilitystatus of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Minescurrently available toStates Parties to theConvention on CertainConventional Weapons\tGICHD attherequestof theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\tResponses to CertainConcerns Regarding a MOTAPMProtocol\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\tSensitive Fuzes in MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\tMinefield MarkingMethodologies\tAustralia\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\tVisualising OperationalImpacts of proposedDetectability and FusingStandards\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\tObservations on PertinentIssues Related to MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\tWrap-up of the Meeting ofthe Military Experts onMOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\tSelected Rules on MOTAPM andAnti-Personnel Mines inAmended Protocol II to theCCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\tPackage Solution to theIssue of MOTAPM\tPeople’sRepublicof China\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(English only)\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\tRevised Proposals and ideason MOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work –Set of recommendations onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\tProposal on Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(Español solamente)\tPropuesta sobre el tema delas minas diferentes a lasminas antipersonal (MDMA) –Corrección\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\tComments on the paperprepared by the Coordinatoron Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) for the 12^(th)Meeting of GovernmentalExperts to the CCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tComments on the paperprepared for the twelfthsession of the Group ofGovernmental Experts of theStates Parties to the CCW bythe Coordinator on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM), as containedin CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1, dated17 October 2005\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\tProvisional Agenda for the Meetings of the Military Experts on MOTAPM\tChairperson ofthe Meeting of theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\tPractical experience in theRussian Federation in thedetection and deactivationof improvised explosivedevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\tPromising technologies forthe detection of explosiveobjects\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\tAnti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\tPrincipal approaches to thedevelopment of methods forchecking the reliability ofanti-personnel mineself-destruction mechanismsand self-deactivationdevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\tMapping, fencing and markingof minefields: practice inthe Russian Federation\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\tCurrent restrictions on theuse of anti-personnel mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\tSet of provisions on the useof MOTAPM/AVM - Acompilation of provisionsthat could command consensusin the group of governmentalexpert (GGE)\tRevisedproposalby theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\tComments on the set ofprovisions on the use ofMOTAPM/AVM. A compilation ofprovisions that couldcommand consensus in theGroup of GovernmentalExperts (GGE), contained inCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 and Corr.1\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\tProposal on Anti-VehicleMines (AVM)\tPakistan", "[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2.", "[4] This version of the Set of Provisions outlines alternative options pertaining to each of the three approaches on the issues of “detectability” and “active life” suggested in the introduction to CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, which are included in an annex. All other modifications in relation to the previous version (Rev.1) are displayed in italics. Alternative texts are displayed [between brackets].", "[5] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.", "[6] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.", "[7] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[8] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[9] This alternative language is based in a generic approach to fuse design, as opposed to the specific approach of the current text, which makes reference to a list of fuses and sensors categorized according to sensitivity (in terms of the risk of involuntary activation by a person), as included in Technical Annex B. In case the generic approach prevails, subsection 5 of Technical Annex B should be deleted.", "[10] The inclusion of this article will depend on the decision on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. See also Appendix I ( I. First Option: Article 3 paragraph 7 and Article 4 paragraph 4).", "[11] The assessment of the reliability rate of the SD/SDA or SN/SDA is left to the discretion of each State.", "[12] As mentioned in the footnote to article 12, this subsection of Technical Annex B should not be included in case the generic approach to fuze and sensor design is chosen.", "[13] The sequence of the fuses and sensors is strictly alphabetical and does not entail an assessment of their availability, distribution or use.", "[14] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions.", "[15] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Report on the work on mines other than anti-personnel mines", "Prepared by the Coordinator on MOTAPM and the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military Experts", "This report, which describes the results of the work of the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) during the three sessions of the CCW Group of Governmental Experts in 2006, is now before the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW.", "2. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties appointed the Coordinator of the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines and decided that the Group would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“(a) To continue to consider all proposals on mines other than anti-personnel mines submitted since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on mines other than anti-personnel mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "(b) Meetings of military experts shall also be held to advise on such activities.” [1]", "3. In discharging his duties, the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines received the valuable assistance of Brigadier General Gerson Menandro García de Freitas, who served as an adviser to the Coordinator and chaired the meetings of military experts on mines other than anti-personnel mines held during the meetings of the Group of Governmental Experts in 2006. His report is attached to the present document.", "At the thirteenth session, held from 6 to 10 March, the Coordinator expressed to delegations that, despite the considerable efforts made by the Group of Governmental Experts over the past four years on the issue of mines other than anti-personnel mines, it had not been possible to overcome a number of differences, particularly on the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life” of mines other than anti-personnel mines. In the light of this, the Coordinator invites delegations to make a frank assessment of the current state of the debate and to provide their views on how the Group of Governmental Experts could proceed further on this issue. The Coordinator also announced his intention to hold informal consultations with all interested delegations in order to identify any room for manoeuvre during the discussions in 2006.", "Prior to the fourteenth session, the Coordinator circulated a “Questionnaire to enhance understanding of the responsible use of MOTAPM”. The questionnaire lists new language that could be considered in addressing the following issues considered most controversial: “marked areas”; “effective life of MOTAPM”; “production and transfer of MOTAPM”; and “detectability of MOTAPM”. Further views on other issues that may be considered relevant could also be included in the questionnaire. In addition, delegations were invited to comment on the proposed wording on the basis of relevance, acceptability, inclusion or substitution of the conceptual framework discussed.", "6. At its fourteenth session, held from 19 to 23 June, discussions were held on the basis of the possibilities reflected in the replies received to the above-mentioned questionnaire. In addition, a new round of informal consultations was held on various occasions.", "During the intersessional period leading up to the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Coordinator decided to circulate a paper entitled “Standard of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM - Compilation of Provisions on which the Group of Governmental Experts would reach consensus”.[2] The Coordinator believes that this document covers all areas where consensus has been reached in the discussions on MOTAPM. The content of the paper is based on all previous documents, including the Set of Recommendations prepared by the former Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland (document CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, dated 22 November 2005), as a basis for consensus at the beginning of discussions at the fifteenth session.", "In addition to the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life”, it was found that there were differences among delegations on a number of other issues, and the text proposed by the former Coordinator was revised to develop a consensus text: Among other changes, the term “MOTAPM/AVM” was introduced to address the concerns of some delegations, which considered the previous definition of MOTAPM “too broad” and “subjective”. In addition, the articles have been comprehensively adapted to combine provisions on the same issue and to structure them in a structured and logical manner.", "With regard to the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM, the first version of the Set of Provisions that I have proposed does not include these two issues, as a consensus solution could not be found. In the introduction to the first version, the Coordinator identified three possibilities for how these two outstanding issues could be included in a possible future protocol on MOTAPM: (a) to include a legally binding text on the two issues in the main text of the protocol; (b) to allow States parties the option of accepting or rejecting obligations on both issues; and (c) to include these two issues in a technical annex as a non-binding best practice.", "The issue of mines other than anti-personnel mines was discussed on the basis of the above-mentioned Set of Provisions at the fifteenth and final session of the Group of Governmental Experts prior to the Third Review Conference, held from 28 August to 6 September. A number of views were expressed in plenary meetings, as well as a number of informal consultations, which provided an opportunity for delegations to present their views and suggestions, thus exploring all possible language in order to reach consensus on how to make progress towards convening the Third Review Conference.", "On the issues of “detectability” and “active life”, many delegations expressed their continued support for the adoption of legally binding provisions on the two outstanding issues along the lines of chapters III and IV of the “cluster of recommendations” proposed by the former Coordinator, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland.", "One delegation, after extensive consultations with many other delegations, proposed a text on the issues of “detectability” and “effective life”, using the second approach suggested in the introduction to the first version of the “Standard of Provisions”: in both cases, legally binding commitments could be chosen. According to that recommendation, a State that is a party to a possible future protocol on mines other than anti-personnel mines may, at the time of the submission of its instrument of ratification, express its consent to be bound by either or both of these provisions by means of a written declaration to the depositary. At any time after the entry into force of a future protocol in respect of a particular State, that State may express its consent to be bound by either or both of those provisions by a written declaration addressed to the depositary. Some States parties expressed concern about the idea of including optional clauses in an optional protocol and about the possibility that the obligations arising would be binding only on certain States parties and not on other States parties. However, other delegations were of the view that this would make it possible to reconcile humanitarian concerns with national security requirements and defence doctrines and needs.", "Other delegations continued to have reservations about legally binding commitments in the areas of “detectability” and “active life”, on the grounds that such commitments could undermine basic defence-related capabilities, and that the advantages of minimizing the humanitarian impact of mines other than anti-personnel mines were negligible, as they were already limited. In this context, these delegations favoured the inclusion of both outstanding issues in a non-binding “best practices” annex to a possible future protocol on MOTAPM.", "Some delegations also expressed the view that, when considering any restrictions on the “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM (whether legally binding or optional), a transition period would be required to adjust existing stockpiles and/or military procedures.", "In addition to the debate on outstanding issues, substantive discussions were held on the following other issues: “Definition of MOTAPM/AVM”; “Definition of perimeter-marked areas”; “Scope of application”; restrictions on “transfer”; and “Fuse design and sensors”.", "In particular, a considerable number of delegations were of the view that the issues of “transfer” and the definition of “marked areas” were clearly closely linked to the outstanding issues of “detectability” and “active life” and could not be dealt with separately. In addition, while some delegations insisted on a ban on the transfer of non-detectable, long-lasting MOTAPM (except for the purpose of destruction or for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance or mine destruction techniques), others expressed doubts about such a ban, as the “set of provisions” allowed the actual use of such long-term, effective and undetectable mines in perimeter-marked areas.", "17. One delegation reiterated its recommendation on mines other than anti-personnel mines that a State should be prohibited from using mines other than anti-personnel mines outside its national territory and that this provision should replace all the provisions currently under discussion. Another delegation made a new proposal, which it considered to contain “the main characteristics that could serve as a basis for future consideration of the issue of anti-vehicle mines by the Group of Governmental Experts”.", "Following an extensive debate on all three approaches to the issues of “detectability” and “active life”, as well as other issues that remain controversial, the Coordinator decided to revise the “set of provisions” he proposed to include all the options relevant to each of the three options in order to facilitate consensus in the discussions at the Third Review Conference, provided that States Parties agree to demonstrate political will and flexibility to address all sensitive issues.", "The Coordinator attached to the present report an updated version of the Set of Provisions. Among them are options for other controversial issues in addition to the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. All changes made to the previous version are shown in italics. Alternative text appears in square brackets.", "20. It is the Coordinator ' s understanding that if delegations making proposals during the fifteenth session wish to do so, they will be issued as official documents of the Third Review Conference as long as they are communicated to the Secretariat in a timely manner.", "Conclusions", "In the light of the above, the Coordinator has the honour to submit the revised Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions on which the Group of Governmental Experts would reach consensus, as contained in Annex II to this report, for consideration by the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW, to be held from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "22. It is the Coordinator ' s understanding that, in accordance with the mandate given to the Group of Governmental Experts by the 2005 Meeting of the States Parties, the Third Review Conference will also consider all other formal proposals submitted to the Group for its consideration since its establishment, a list of which is also attached as annex III to this report.", "Annex I", "Report by the Chairperson of the 2006 Meeting of the Military Experts on MOTAPM", "This report provides an assessment of the three sessions held in 2006 and an overview of the work carried out by military experts on MOTAPM. It will be recalled that the overall mandate of the Group of Governmental Experts on mines other than anti-personnel mines provides that “... meetings of military experts shall also be held to provide advice on the above-mentioned activities”.", "At the opening meeting of the thirteenth session, it was recognized that the continuing divergence of views was still significant, making it impossible to make any progress on the issue.", "3. The Coordinator also recognized that, at the twelfth session of the Group of Governmental Experts, held in November 2005, despite the submission of document CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, there had been no in-depth discussion of that document. There was no consensus on the text of that document, which, however, had been formally submitted by the former Coordinator, reflected the positions expressed by many States parties on a wide range of issues.", "It is therefore necessary, in order to promote consensus, to explore the positions of States parties on the issues contained in the document and, as contained in the mandate, on all proposals made since the establishment of the Group.", "During the thirteenth session, a formal meeting of military experts was held. Experts also participated in two plenary meetings chaired by the Coordinator on MOTAPM. However, the most useful and fruitful were the seven informal meetings held bilaterally and multilaterally. At those meetings, the Coordinator had direct contact with 16 States parties and international organizations. An initial result had been the improvement of conditions for frank and constructive dialogue, which was indispensable for achieving mutual understanding.", "6. It was clear from the discussions that the main issues were controversial. Under the guidance of the Coordinator, a questionnaire was circulated, covering, inter alia, the following issues: perimeter-marked areas in which MOTAPM may be emplaced; active life; transfer; and detectability of MOTAPM. In addition, delegations are invited to submit further views or suggestions on possible ways to address the above-mentioned issues.", "7. The replies received to the questionnaire were very helpful and, on the basis of those replies, the work of the fourteenth session was scheduled for in-depth consideration of the issues raised in the document.", "8. During the fourteenth session, another meeting of military experts was held, while the Coordinator on MOTAPM also chaired two formal meetings. In addition, 11 informal consultations were held on various occasions with a view to reaching a common understanding and a substantive breakthrough.", "9. While it was clear that significant differences remained, the informal and formal work at that session had been extremely useful in building confidence among the Coordinators on MOTAPM and exploring new possibilities to reach consensus and develop recommendations on MOTAPM.", "10. During the intersessional period, the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines decided to submit a comprehensive text covering all areas of consensus that needed to be analysed in a comprehensive manner.", "The document, entitled “Strategic set of provisions”, is intended to facilitate a more focused discussion to assess the degree of acceptance of certain key issues, with a view to paving the way for a successful outcome of the Group's work.", "12. During the last preparatory session of the Third Review Conference, the military experts held in-depth formal consultations at three plenary meetings and a technical-military meeting. During the same session, 18 informal meetings were held on various occasions, resulting in more focused and productive discussions. It should be mentioned that nine delegations made suggestions and comments, which would greatly assist the Coordinator in improving the work on the Set of Provisions. These consultations and exchanges of views have recently yielded concrete results that enabled the Coordinator to revise CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 twice during the fifteenth session.", "13. The final revised version of this document incorporates new approaches to issues that are still controversial from different perspectives, such as: the definition of MOTAPM/AVM; transfer; detectability; active life; and fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM. It also incorporates the agreed definition of perimeter-marked areas and other texts on perimeter-marked areas. In addition, innovative language has been introduced on humanitarian aspects related to the responsible use of landmines.", "Annex II", "Set of provisions on the use of MOTAPM/AVM - Compilation of provisions on which consensus would be reached [T] 4]", "Submitted by the Coordinator", "Article 1", "General provisions and scope of application", "This set of provisions applies to the use or transfer by road of MOTAPM/AVM (including MOTAPM/AVM laid to block beaches, waterway crossings or river crossings), but does not apply to the use of anti-ship mines at sea or in inland waterways.", "This set of provisions applies to the cases referred to in Article 1 of this Convention, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "3. This paper is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, or other international instruments and decisions of the United Nations Security Council that provide for stricter obligations or a wider scope of application.", "Article 2", "Definitions", "For the purposes of this set of provisions:", "(a) “Mine” means a munition placed underground, on or near the ground or other surface and designed to explode in the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.", "(b) “MOTAPM/AVM” means a mine that cannot be defined as an anti-personnel mine. Anti-personnel mines are a mine that is primarily designed to explode in the presence, proximity or contact of a person and to incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. MOTAPM/AVM is a mine primarily designed to explode in the presence, proximity or contact of an armoured or transport vehicle and to damage, disable or destroy one or more such vehicles.", "(c) \" Anti-handling device\" means a mechanism designed to protect a mine that forms part of, is connected to, is attached to or is placed under MOTAPM/AVM and that will detonate such a mine if it attempts to touch it.", "(d) “Minefield” means a clearly defined area where mines are emplaced and “mined area” means an area which is dangerous because of the presence of mines. “Fake minefield” means an area like a minefield and free of mines. \"Minefield\" includes false minefields.", "(e) “Perimeter-marked area” means an area monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians.", "(f) “Record” means a physical, administrative and technical exercise designed to record in official records all available information that will facilitate the location of MOTAPM/AVM as well as minefields and mined areas of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(g) \"Remotely delivered MOTAPM/AVM\" means a MOTAPM/AVM which is not directly emplaced but is emplaced by artillery, missiles, rockets, mortars or similar means or delivered by aircraft. MOTAPM/AVM laid by a land-based system within a range of less than 500 metres are not treated as “remotely delivered MOTAPM/AVM”.", "(h) \"Self-deactivation\" means automatically rendering a munition inoperable by means of the irreversible depletion of a critical component (e.g. a battery) that makes the munition work.", "(i) \"Self-destruction mechanism\" means an incorporated or externally attached automatically-functioning mechanism that secures the destruction of the munition into which it is incorporated or to which it is attached.", "(j) \"Self-neutralization mechanism\" means an incorporated automatically-functioning mechanism that renders inoperable the munition into which it is incorporated.", "(k) “Transfer” includes, in addition to the physical movement of MOTAPM/AVM into or from national territory, the transfer of ownership and control of MOTAPM/AVM, but does not include the transfer of territory containing MOTAPM/AVM.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM [5]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM [6]", "Article 5", "Measures to limit the irresponsible use of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. In accordance with this set of provisions, each State or party to a conflict is responsible for all MOTAPM/AVM laid by it and undertakes to clear, remove, destroy or maintain it as provided in the relevant articles of this document.", "2. Each State shall take action to limit the irresponsible use of anti-vehicle mines, including by:", "(a) Establishing appropriate national systems and related documents;", "(b) Effective export and import control measures for MOTAPM/AVM;", "(c) Ensuring effective management and safety of stockpiles and transport of MOTAPM/AVM;", "(d) To take all necessary measures, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and combat activities prohibited by this set of provisions;", "(e) To suppress activities related to the production of MOTAPM/AVM on the basis of invalid or expired permits; and", "(f) Enhanced cooperation in the implementation of this set of provisions.", "3. It is prohibited under any circumstances to use any MOTAPM/AVM designed or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.", "4. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM equipped with a mechanism or device specifically designed to detonate the munition by reason of its magnetic or other non-contact effect when normally used in mine detection operations by commonly available mine detectors.", "It is prohibited to use self-deactivating MOTAPM/AVM equipped with an anti-handling device designed to function after the mine is no longer operational.", "It is prohibited in all circumstances, whether for offensive, defensive or retaliatory purposes, to use any MOTAPM/AVM against the civilian population or individual civilians or civilian objects as defined in Article 2, paragraph 7, of Amended Protocol II.", "7. Prohibition of indiscriminate use of MOTAPM/AVM. Misuse means the laying of MOTAPM/AVM:", "(a) is not placed on or directly directed towards a military objective as defined in the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II). (a) Where there is doubt as to whether an object, such as a place of worship, a house or other place of residence or a school, normally devoted to civilian purposes, is being used to make an effective contribution to military operations, it shall be deemed not to have been used for that purpose; or", "(b) Using a method or means of delivery that is unlikely to be directed at a particular military objective; or", "(c) May be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, to a greater extent than the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.", "8. A number of clearly separate and distinct military objectives located in cities, towns, villages or other areas containing similar concentrations of civilians or civilian objects shall not be considered as a single military objective.", "All feasible precautions shall be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM. Feasible precautions are those precautions which are practicable or practically possible, taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. These include, but are not limited to:", "(a) The short- and long-term effects of MOTAPM/AVM on the local civilian population during the presence of minefields;", "(b) Possible measures to protect civilians (e.g. fencing, marking, warning and surveillance);", "(c) Possibility and feasibility of using alternatives;", "(d) Short- and long-term military requirements for minefields.", "10. Any emplacement of MOTAPM/AVM that may affect the civilian population shall be preceded by an effective warning unless circumstances do not permit.", "11. Each State, in accordance with its national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws and regulations to prohibit and penalize any unauthorized person or entity for the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM/AVM, or for participation in any of these activities as an accomplice, or for the provision of assistance or funds.", "12. States shall develop and adopt effective national measures to prevent the illicit circulation of and trafficking in MOTAPM/AVM, including:", "(a) Overseeing and controlling the production, stockpiling or transport of MOTAPM/AVM;", "(b) Physical protection of stockpiles.", "13. States shall cooperate with each other to prevent, combat and eradicate illicit trafficking in MOTAPM/AVM in accordance with national and international law.", "Article 6", "Recording of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas", "1. It is prohibited to use any MOTAPM/AVM unless all relevant information on MOTAPM/AVM minefields and mined areas has been recorded in accordance with paragraph 1 of Technical Annex A. Parties to a conflict shall keep all such records and shall take all necessary and appropriate measures immediately after the cessation of active hostilities, including the use of such records, to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas in areas under their control.", "2. The parties to a conflict shall, without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, provide the other party or parties to the conflict and the Secretary-General of the United Nations with all information at their disposal concerning MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas laid by them in areas no longer under their control.", "3. However, on the condition of reciprocity, where the forces of one party to the conflict are in the territory of the hostile party, either party may withhold such information from the Secretary-General and the other party to the extent that security interests so require, until both parties withdraw from the other party ' s territory.", "4. Any information withheld shall be provided as soon as security interests permit. To the extent possible, the parties to the conflict shall seek, through mutual agreement, the early release of such information in a manner consistent with the security interests of each party.", "Article 7", "Removal of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas", "1. Immediately after the cessation of active hostilities, all MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the relevant provisions of this set of provisions.", "2. States and parties to a conflict bear such responsibility for MOTAPM/AVM and minefields and mined areas in areas under their control.", "3. In the case of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas laid by a party in an area no longer under its control, that party shall, to the extent agreed by the parties, provide to the party in control of the area referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article the technical and material assistance necessary to fulfil this responsibility, without prejudice to the obligations under paragraph 1 of Article 5.", "4. In all necessary circumstances, the parties shall endeavour to reach agreement among themselves and, as appropriate, with other States and international organizations on technical and material assistance, including, where appropriate, joint operations necessary to fulfil this responsibility.", "Article 8", "Protection from MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas", "Each party to this set of provisions shall be bound by the provisions of Article 12 of Amended Protocol II, whether or not it is a party to Amended Protocol II. These provisions include: scope of application; peacekeeping and certain other forces and missions; humanitarian and fact-finding missions of the United Nations system; missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross; other humanitarian and investigative missions; confidentiality; and compliance with laws and regulations.", "Article 9", "Transfers", "1. Each State shall not:", "(a) Transfer any MOTAPM/AVM to any recipient other than a State or a State agency authorized to receive such transfer;", "(b) Transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the prescribed detectability and active life criteria except for the purpose of use in a perimeter-marked area or for the purpose of destruction or for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance or mine destruction techniques; [7]", "[Alternative to subparagraph (b):", "(b) Transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the detectability and active life requirements, except for the purpose of destruction or for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance or mine destruction techniques;] [8]", "(c) Transfer any MOTAPM/AVM in the absence of an end-user certificate, and where the mine does not meet the detectability and active life requirements, the end-user certificate shall include a clear commitment to comply with the restrictions referred to in subparagraph (b) above; and", "(d) Transfer any MOTAPM/AVM to States not bound by this set of provisions, unless the recipient State duly agrees to comply with the provisions.", "To prevent illicit trafficking in MOTAPM/AVM, States shall establish or improve effective national controls.", "3. States undertake to exercise restraint in the transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM containing Category I fuze systems as described in paragraph 5 (b) of Technical Annex B, except for the purpose of destruction or for the development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance or mine destruction technologies.", "4. Pending the entry into force of this set of provisions, all States shall refrain from any action inconsistent with this article.", "Article 10", "Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "1. Each State shall furnish information relating to the implementation of this set of provisions to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit such information to other States. Such information shall include the following:", "(a) The initial report submitted after the entry into force of this set of provisions for the State concerned; and", "(b) The report is regularly updated.", "2. The reports referred to in paragraph 1 may also include:", "(a) Dissemination of information on the content of this set of provisions to the armed forces and the civilian population;", "(b) Mine clearance and rehabilitation programmes;", "(c) Steps taken to meet the technical requirements established by this group and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, in addition to relevant weapons technology;", "(d) Legislative and other measures taken to give effect to this set of provisions;", "(e) Measures taken and assistance provided with regard to cooperation under article 11 of this cluster; and", "(f) General information on national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPM/AVM and information on such transfers.", "Rule 11", "Cooperation and assistance", "1. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at the bilateral, regional and international levels to assist other States in fulfilling their obligations in relation to MOTAPM/AVM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(a) Technical and financial assistance, including the exchange of experience, technologies other than weapons technology and information, to facilitate the necessary modifications to improve the reliability of and minimize the humanitarian risk of existing and future MOTAPM/AVM, and, where feasible, to assist in the development of, and make readily available, advanced mine detection equipment.", "(b) Cooperation and assistance in the destruction of stockpiles of MOTAPM/AVM that do not meet and cannot be modified to meet the requirements of this set of provisions.", "(c) Cooperation and technical, material and human assistance for the rapid and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(d) Timely provision of geographic and technical information on MOTAPM/AVM to relevant humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action available within the United Nations system.", "(e) Cooperation and assistance in risk education for civilian populations.", "(f) Cooperation and assistance in the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(g) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of this set of provisions.", "Rule 12", "Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. States shall, to the extent feasible, follow the best practices on fuse design set out in paragraph 5 of Technical Annex B.", "[Optional:", "1. In their future production of MOTAPM/AVM, States shall, to the extent feasible, follow best practices relating to the production of fuses and sensors, which shall be designed to minimize the risk of involuntary or accidental detonation of mines by individuals.", "2. In the future, States shall, to the extent feasible, make every effort to use modern technology, including multi-sensor technology, to develop fuses based on technical and life and environmental factors. [9]", "[Article 13 [10]", "Transition period", "1. If a State determines that it is not in a position to comply immediately with the requirements of this set of provisions [articles 3 and 4], it may, at the time of notification of its consent to be bound by this set of provisions, declare that it will suspend compliance with this requirement for a period not exceeding [XX] years from the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State. _", "Technical Annex A", "1. Recording of minefields", "(a) The location of MOTAPM/AVM other than remotely delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be recorded as follows:", "(1) The location of minefields and mined areas in relation to the coordinates of at least two reference points should be specified with precision and the estimated extent to which such weapons are emplaced in relation to these reference points;", "(2) Maps, graphs or other records shall indicate the location of minefields and mined areas in relation to reference points, and such records shall also indicate their perimeter and extent; and", "(3) For the detection and clearance of MOTAPM/AVM, maps, charts or other records shall contain complete information on the type, quantity, method of emplacement, type and duration of fuses, date and time of emplacement and anti-handling devices (if any) and other relevant information on all such weapons laid. Where feasible, minefield records shall indicate the exact location of each MOTAPM/AVM, but, for row minefields, the location of each row shall be sufficient.", "(b) The estimated location and area of remotely delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be specified by coordinates of reference points (usually corner points) and field surveys shall be made as early as possible and marked to the extent feasible on the ground. The total number and type of MOTAPM/AVM laid, the date and time of emplacement and the period of self-destruction should also be recorded.", "(c) Copies of records shall be kept, to the extent possible, at a level of command sufficient to ensure their security.", "(d) All MOTAPM/AVM produced after the entry into force of this set of provisions shall be marked in English or in the relevant national languages as follows:", "(1) The name of the country of origin; and", "(ii) The year or months of production; and", "(3) Serial number or lot number.", "Marking of perimeter-marked areas", "(a) A perimeter-marked area shall be marked by appropriate markings in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Technical Annex, except during active hostilities. The marking shall be visible and durability and shall be at least visible to those preparing to enter the perimeter-marked area;", "(b) Marking shall be visible, legible, durable and resistant to environmental effects as far as possible; and", "(c) During active hostilities, perimeter-marked areas shall be marked as appropriately as feasible. A perimeter-marked area shall be marked as soon as practicable after the cessation of active hostilities in accordance with subparagraph (a) above.", "3. International marking of minefields and mined areas", "(a) Signs similar to those provided for in Amended Protocol II and detailed below shall be used to mark minefields and mined areas to ensure that they are visible and recognized by civilians:", "(1) Size and shape: a triangle or square, the bottom of which shall not be less than 28 cm (11 inches) and the slope shall not be less than 20 cm (7.9 inches); the length of the square shall not be less than 15 cm (6 inches);", "(2) Colour: red or orange, with a yellow reflection of the surroundings;", "(3) Symbol: the symbol drawn in the annex, or any other type of symbol, provided that the symbol is readily identifiable in the area where it is erected, indicating the hazard area;", "(4) Text: The sign shall contain the word “mine” in one of the six official languages of the Convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish) and in the local language(s); and", "(5) Interval: Signs placed around minefields or mined areas shall be marked at a distance sufficient to ensure that civilians are visible as they approach the area at any point.", "Technical Annex B", "The present annex sets out best practices that can be used to achieve the objectives contained in this set of provisions. This annex will be implemented by States on a voluntary basis.", "1. Control measures", "(a) Before the commencement of active hostilities", "In territories under the control of the State Party concerned, all minefields shall be monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(b) During active hostilities", "Parties to a conflict should ensure that, to the extent feasible, all minefields known to them at the time and in territories under their control are either monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. Remotely delivered MOTAPM/AVM and harassment minefields may be laid during active hostilities, bearing in mind the recording requirements listed in Technical Annex A.", "(c) After the cessation of active hostilities", "(1) All parties to a conflict shall be encouraged to cooperate with each other in order to exchange, to the extent feasible, all information at their disposal on minefields, mined areas and MOTAPM/AVM laid in areas no longer under their control.", "(2) All minefields in territory controlled by the parties concerned shall be guarded and monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means as soon as practicable to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. If fencing or other marking means are removed from minefields during a conflict, they should be restored as soon as possible to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(3) All remotely mined and disturbing minefields laid during active hostilities in the territory controlled by the parties concerned shall be duly recorded as soon as practicable and in accordance with Technical Annex A. In addition, military or other authorized personnel should, to the extent feasible, be cared for and monitored or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "Common warning measures required at all times", "After anti-personnel mines/AVM have been laid, signposts or other warning measures should be placed as soon as practicable on all major traffic routes leading to mined areas to effectively warn civilians against entering mined areas. The main traffic route is that used by the majority of the population between the two settlements. In applying these warnings, each party should be aware of local environmental factors, such as the frequency of flooding, as in the event of flooding MOTAPM/AVM may experience natural unintentional movements over time.", "3. Marking systems", "Marking systems are used to effectively mark the boundary between mined and non-mined areas. Marking systems may include natural or artificial features, or a combination of both, but the role of marking systems should be enhanced, wherever possible, by the addition of warning marks, such as those described in Technical Annex A. While these measures (fences or other means) may be removed at the beginning of active hostilities, and despite the persistent requirement in these circumstances that the parties ensure, where feasible, that all minefields are monitored by military or other authorized personnel to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area, the following guidance is a marking guide to be followed at all other times.", "(a) Immediate warning signs. Immediate warning signs are used to quickly mark the danger to military or civilian personnel before long-term or more permanent markings are found. The basic requirements for these markings are:", "(1) Any possible marking means capable of marking hazardous areas as soon as possible;", "(2) Should be visible at least 50 m and can indicate the location, direction and type of hazard;", "(3) Marking material shall have a life of at least 180 days;", "(4) The marking means used shall be readily identifiable within the area in which the marking is used and can indicate that the area is hazardous.", "Immediate warning signs may include, but should not be limited to:", "(1) a bar material for marking a mine; or", "(2) Lines, stakes (made of iron, wood, cement, plastic or other materials) and markings; or", "(3) Painting of natural objects, such as trees and stones, in a colour indicating danger; or", "(4) Any other locally available or accepted materials indicating danger;", "(5) Marking shall be robust and difficult to move. To the extent feasible, the location of the danger and its marking details, such as the marking system used, should be disclosed to the civilian population as soon as practicable in popular language to ensure their effective exclusion from these areas. Where feasible, these marking systems should be enhanced by the addition of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A.", "(b) Long-term warning signs. Long-term markings should be used if the hazard may be present for a long period of time, or when the hazard marker used immediately needs to be replaced or updated. Long-term marking should be an improvement of the immediate warning system, and minimum standards for long-term warning signs may include, but should not be limited to:", "(1) A fence (at least a single barbed wire) height up to the waist and shall be accompanied by an appropriate military mine hazard identification mark as described in Technical Annex A at intervals depending on the terrain and vegetation;", "(2) Permanent signs, which shall be visible during the day and at night, to the extent feasible, both in the vicinity of the hazardous site and on all identifiable main routes of transport entering the hazardous area;", "(3) Use of a permanent cyclone wire fence, accompanied by barbed wire and anti-climbing measures, with specific types of mine hazard marking at minimum intervals;", "(4) concertina wires and iron bars;", "(5) Cement partitions; or", "(6) Other locally or otherwise available reinforced materials.", "4. Specifications for self-destruction, self-neutralization and self-deactivation mechanisms 11]", "(a) MOTAPM/AVM designed to self-destruct or self-neutralize shall be self-destructed or self-neutralized within 45 days after emplacement. A MOTAPM/AVM that fails to self-destruct or self-neutralize shall be self-deactivating within 120 days after emplacement.", "(b) States shall take all necessary measures to ensure that no more than 10 per cent (90 per cent confidence) of active MOTAPM/AVM will be self-destructed or self-neutralized after 45 days.", "(c) Each State shall take such measures as may be necessary to ensure that no more than one in a thousand effective MOTAPM/AVM will function as a mine after 120 days in combination with a self-destruction or self-neutralization mechanism.", "Fuze design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM [ 12]", "(a) Based on information and data provided by States, the following easily available fuzes and sensors should be considered relevant: acoustic sensors; break wires; fibre-optic fuses; infrared sensors; magnetic sensors; pressure sensors; roller arms; scratch wire sensors; seismic/vibration sensors; tilt rods; trip wires. [13]", "(b) The above-mentioned readily available fuzes and sensors should be graded into the following categories:", "Category I: Fuze systems that cannot be designed not to be excessively sensitive.", "(1) Break wires, tilt rods and trip wires do not appear to be a recommended method of activation, as it now appears that they cannot be designed so that an individual cannot initiate a mine under reasonable circumstances.", "(2) Tilt rods do not appear to be a recommended method of activation, as they cannot be designed to prevent an individual from initiating a mine under reasonable circumstances.", "Category II: Fuzes capable of being designed not to be excessively sensitive, but these systems are best used in conjunction with other sensors.", "(1) Acoustic fuzes use electronic sensors to react to acoustic pressure and recognize acoustic signals. Use in conjunction with other sensors is desirable.", "(2) Infrared fuses shall be designed so as not to be triggered by the presence of a person. The sensor should be able to match detected heat signals with the intended target, preferably in conjunction with other sensors.", "(3) Seismic/Vibration sensors are currently unable to locate their targets precisely and therefore appear to have to be used in conjunction with other sensors. Such a sensor should be capable of matching seismic signals with the intended target.", "Category 3: Be able to be designed not to be excessively sensitive and be designed to operate satisfactorily without other sensors and in accordance with the best practice safety guidelines of this Technical Annex.", "(1) The pressure required to interrupt the fibre-optic signal shall be appropriate to the intended target.", "(2) In order to enhance military utility, magnetically activated mines shall be capable of matching a magnetic signature with the intended target.", "(3) If possible, the pressure sensor should be subject to a minimum pressure corresponding to the intended target. Pressure should preferably be exerted on a significant area (equivalent to that of a vehicle) rather than on a certain point.", "(4) The number of turns required to trigger roller arm fuses shall be consistent with the intended target.", "(5) The scratch wire sensor should be designed for specific objectives to optimize the scratch time, frequency and amplitude required for the intended target to trigger the sensor.", "(c) To the extent feasible, all future production of MOTAPM/AVM, with the exception of MOTAPM/AVM with Category III fuses, shall employ multi-sensor fuze technology to reduce the possibility of unintentional or accidental activation, taking into account operational, life cycle, environmental and climatic factors.", "(d) Impact of environmental factors, in particular", "(1) Weather and climate;", "(2) Impact of storage, handling and other external conditions.", "(e) Considerations and recommendations of technical measures should take into account operational, procurement and life-cycle factors, as well as clearly identified humanitarian issues.", "Appendix", "There are three possible options for dealing with “detectability” and “active life”:", "First option - to include legally binding texts on “detectability” and “active life”.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "It is prohibited to use non-detectable MOTAPM/AVM, except as listed below.", "MOTAPM/AVM are detectable if, after emplacement:", "(a) It produces a response signal equivalent to that produced by the burial of 8 grammes or more of iron in a whole piece of iron 5 cm beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly available mine detection equipment; or", "(b) Other methods and equipment that represent the level of development of the means of detection can be reliably and effectively detected and, taking into account the testing and evaluation results of the relevant institutions, are determined by a four-fifths majority of States present and voting to be effective and common.", "3. A MOTAPM/AVM is also detectable if it can be reliably and effectively detected using methods and equipment that are not common but are readily available to a State, provided that:", "(a) the State has demonstrated to other States before using such MOTAPM/AVM that the MOTAPM/AVM can be reliably and effectively detected using such readily available methods or equipment; and", "(b) Is not used outside a perimeter-marked area situated on the territory of that State.", "MOTAPM/AVM emplaced in perimeter-marked areas shall not be subject to the detectability requirements of this Chapter.", "5. The production of any non-detectable MOTAPM is prohibited after the entry into force of this set of recommendations.", "6. All MOTAPM/AVM currently stockpiled shall meet the detectability requirements of this Chapter before emplacement, except in the cases referred to in paragraph 4.", "7. If a State determines that it cannot immediately meet the requirements set forth in this chapter, it may declare, at the time of notification of its consent to be bound by this set of recommendations, that it will defer compliance with this requirement for a period not exceeding 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. At the same time, it shall, to the extent feasible, make as few use as possible of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the detectability requirements of this Chapter. [14]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM", "It is prohibited to use remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM that do not contain a self-destruction mechanism or self-neutralization mechanism that will no longer function as a mine without serving its military purpose and in neither case has there been a back-up self-deactivation mechanism (hereinafter referred to as “SD/SDA or SN/SDA”).", "2. States shall not release MOTAPM/AVM from land-based systems from less than 500 metres, nor shall they manually place MOTAPM/AVM outside perimeter-marked areas without SD/SDA or SN/SDA.", "3. In implementing the recommendations of this chapter, States shall take all measures specified in Technical Annex A and follow the best practices specified in Technical Annex B.", "4. If a State determines that it is unable to comply immediately with the requirements of paragraphs 1 and 2, it may declare at the time of notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not exceeding 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. At the same time, the State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of non-compliant MOTAPM/AVM. [15]", "Second option - to include provisions on detectability and active life as two optional legally binding annexes.", "In this case, provisions on detectability and active life are included in the text as two separate optional annexes, while an article is included in the body of the text which regulates the entry into force of the two annexes for States parties.", "Article 3", "Detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. A State may, when submitting to the Depositary its instrument expressing its consent to be bound by this set of provisions, submit a written declaration in which it expresses its consent to be bound by or consents to be bound by optional annex A on detectability or optional annex B on active life.", "A State which has previously expressed its consent to be bound by this set of provisions may also submit to the depositary the declaration referred to in paragraph 1 at any time after the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State.", "3. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 may indicate that the declaration takes effect immediately or that it takes effect on a specified date.", "Optional Annex A", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "It is prohibited to use non-detectable MOTAPM/AVM.", "MOTAPM/AVM are detectable if, after emplacement, it produces a response signal equivalent to that produced by the burial of 8 grammes or more of iron in a whole piece of iron at 5 cm underground and can be detected by commonly available mine detection equipment.", "MOTAPM/AVM used in perimeter-marked areas shall not be subject to the detectability requirements of this Annex.", "Optional Annex B", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM", "It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not have a self-destruction mechanism or self-neutralization mechanism designed and constructed to cause no more than 10 per cent of all active mines that fail to self-destruct within 45 days after their release from insurance.", "2. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not have a back-up self-deactivation feature of up to 1 in 1,000 active mines that are designed and constructed to cause a combination of the devices referred to in paragraph 1 to remain active with mines 120 days after their release from insurance.", "3. MOTAPM/AVM used in perimeter-marked areas shall not be subject to the requirements set forth in this Annex.", "Third option - Inclusion of detectability and active life as “best practice” in the Technical Annex.", "Some general ideas and suggestions have been discussed for including provisions on detectability and active life as best practices in a non-binding technical annex.", "If these two issues are to be addressed in a “best practice” manner, the possible understanding of MOTAPM/AVM in the body of the text will have to be revised, as will the provisions of the new, binding Technical Annex.", "Annex III", "List of documents of the Group of Governmental Experts on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines", "CCW/GGE/WP.8/COP.2/WG.V/WG.V/G-V.", "[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2.", "[4] This version of the Set of Provisions includes in its appendix each of the three options proposed in the Introduction to CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. All other changes to the previous version (Rev.1) are shown in italics. Alternative text appears in square brackets.", "[5] There are three possible approaches to this article, as set out in the appendix to this set of provisions.", "[6] There are three possible approaches to this article, as set out in the appendix to this set of provisions.", "[7] Reservations pending agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Effective life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[8] Retain it pending agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Effective life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[9] This option is based on a general approach to fuze design rather than on a specific approach in the current text, which relates to fuses and sensors classified as sensitive (in terms of the risk of involuntary activation of an individual) as listed in Technical Annex B. If a general approach is adopted, subsection 5 of Technical Annex B should be deleted.", "[10] The inclusion of this article will depend on a decision on how to deal with the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. See also appendix (I. First option: Article 3, paragraph 7, and Article 4, paragraph 4).", "[11] The assessment of the reliability of SD/SDA or SN/SDA is left to the discretion of States.", "[12] As mentioned in the footnote to article 12, the general approach to fuzes and sensors is not included in this subsection of Technical Annex B.", "[13] The order of fuses and sensors is strictly alphabetical and does not imply an assessment of their supply, sale or use.", "[14] See also article 13 of the Set of Provisions.", "[15] See also article 13 of the Set of Provisions." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "候任主席关于遵约问题的报告", "候任主席关于遵约问题的报告", "任务授权", "1. 2005年缔约国会议的报告(CCW/MSP/2005/2)第32段载明，“候任主席应在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附各议定书的遵守。他应考虑到所提出的各项建议，并应向缔约国提交一份以协商一致方式通过的报告。”", "主席之友", "2. 候任主席请马尔科蒂奇大使以主席之友的身份继续努力，力求就遵约问题达成协议。候任主席感谢他允诺协助并作出了不懈的努力。经缔约国同意，候任主席又请他在审查会议召开之前继续在这方面开展工作。", "现况报告", "3. 根据磋商结果，提出了一份经过修订的文件：“修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案”[1]。该文件将作为审查会议开展工作的基础。", "4. 但是，该文件尚未到可以核准的地步。要达成一致，缔约国还需解决四个悬而未决的问题：", "(1) 以何种方式通过案文的程序问题：作出一项决定，还是对《公约》作出修正；", "(2) CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1所载提案第二部分第6、第7和第9款(段)的内容。", "如何开展工作", "5. 候任主席和主席之友认为，就一项决定达成协议比就一项修正案达成协议更加容易。他们的另一个看法是，不可能将第6款(段)中规定的专家人才库的任务予以扩大，也不可能对第9款(段)中规定的提供报告的可能性作进一步限制。", "6. 关于第7款(段)，最好以适当的方式说明候任主席所设想的联合国秘书长与提出请求的缔约国协商确定专家人才库人选的程序具体应如何进行。", "7. 最后，候任主席认为，第6至第10款(段)最后可能会作一些修改，然后缔约国即应当可以在审查会议上就CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1作出最后决定了，特别是在选择以作决定的方式通过案文的情况下。", "附 件", "关于遵约问题的政府专家小组文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提 交 者 \nCCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8\t遵约附件\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7\t关于磋商和遵约问题的附加条款\t南非\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8\t遵约问题\t比利时代表欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 关于遵约的工作文件 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.7\t《特定常规武器公约》框架内的遵约问题\t瑞典\nCCW/GGE/V/2\t《特定常规武器公约》框架内的遵约问题\t希腊代表欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/VIII/2 关于遵约的讨论文件 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1\t《特定常规武器公约》的框架公约：关于磋商和遵约问题的附加条款\t南非\nCCW/GGE/IX/WP.1\t关于《特定常规武器公约》下可能的遵约机制的设想和建议\t欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/X/3 遵约 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/X/WP.1\t答复对《特定常规武器公约》下可能的遵约机制的某些关注――关于CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1号文件的详细备忘录\t欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/XI/2 遵约 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XII/3 遵约 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/XIV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2\t促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的备选办法\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/XV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案\t候任主席CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1和CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2\t遵约提案的修正草案\t候任主席 \n (仅有英文本)", "[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.313 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "Mandate", "1. Paragraph 32 of the Report of the Meeting of the States Parties in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2) stipulates that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "Friend of the President", "2. The President-designate has requested Ambassador Markotić to continue his efforts in order to achieve an agreement on the issue of Compliance as Friend of the Chair. The President-designate thanks him for his agreement and his tireless efforts. With the consent of the States parties, the President-designate is requesting him to continue this work until the Review Conference.", "Status Report", "3. On the basis of our consultations a revised document, “Proposal of amendment to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” was presented[1]. It will constitute the basis of the work for the Review Conference.", "4. However, this document is not yet ready to be endorsed. To achieve a consensus the States parties still need to resolve four pending issues:", "(i) The question of the procedure on how to adopt the text: by a Decision or by an Amendment to the Convention;", "(ii) The content of paragraphs 6, 7 and 9 of Part II of the proposal as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.", "Way forward", "5. The President-designate and the Friend of the President consider that an agreement can be reached on a Decision more easily than on an Amendment. Their advice is also that it will not be possible to broaden the mandate of the pool of experts provided for in paragraph 6, nor to restrict further the possibility to transmit the report as provided in paragraph 9.", "6. Concerning paragraph 7, it would be advisable to explain in the appropriate form the concrete manner in which the President-designate envisages the selection process of the members of the pool of experts in consultation between the UNSG and the requesting State party.", "7. In conclusion, it is the view of the President-designate that with a few last modifications, that could be made to paragraphs 6 to 10, the States Parties should be prepared to arrive at the Review Conference, ready to take a final decision on the basis of CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1, and in particular on the basis of the option of the Decision.", "Annex", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "Symbol Title Submitted by\n CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8 Compliance Annex United States of America", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Additional Articles on South Africa Consultations and Compliance", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8 Compliance Belgium on behalf of the European Union", "CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 Working Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance", "CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 Compliance in the CCW Sweden Context", "CCW/GGE/V/2 Compliance in the CCW Greece on behalf of the Context European Union", "CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Discussion Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance", "CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 CCW Framework South Africa Convention: Additional Articles on Consultations and Compliance", "CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1 Ideas and Suggestions European Union regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons", "CCW/GGE/X/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "CCW/GGE/X/WP.1 Responses to Certain European Union Concerns regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under CCW. Elaborative Memorandum on CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1", "CCW/GGE/XI/2 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "CCW/GGE/XII/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "Symbol Title Submitted by", "CCW/GGE/XIV/2 Amendment to the President-designate Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects", "CCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2 Alternative Approach to United States of Promoting Compliance America with the Convention and its Annexed Protocols", "CCW/GGE/XV/2 Proposal of Amendment President-designate to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects", "CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1 and Revised draft proposal President-designate CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2 on Compliance (English only)", "[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1." ]

[ "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "Procedural report", "Group of governmental experts of the States parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Geneva, 28 August - 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Report by the President-designate on compliance", "Report by the President-designate on compliance", "Mandate", "Paragraph 32 of the Report of the 2005 Meeting of the States Parties (CCW/MSP/2005/2) states that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols. He shall take into account all proposals put forward and shall submit to the States Parties a report adopted by consensus.”", "Friends of the Chair", "2. The President-designate requested Ambassador Markotić, in his capacity as Friends of the Chair, to continue his efforts to reach agreement on compliance. The President-designate thanked him for his commitment and tireless efforts. With the agreement of the States Parties, the President-designate further requested him to continue his work in this regard until the Review Conference.", "Status report", "Based on these consultations, a revised document was presented: “Proposal to amend the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” [1]. It will serve as a basis for the work of the Review Conference.", "4. However, the document has not yet reached the point where it can be approved. To reach agreement, the States Parties will have to resolve four outstanding issues:", "(1) Procedural aspects of the adoption of the text: taking a decision or amending the Convention;", "(2) The content of paragraphs 6, 7 and 9 (paragraph) of Part II of the proposal as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.", "How to proceed", "5. The President-designate and the Friends of the Chair consider it easier to reach agreement on a decision than on an amendment. Another view expressed was that it was not possible to expand the mandate of the pool of experts provided for in paragraph 6 (para.) or to limit further the possibility of reporting provided for in paragraph 9 (para.", "With regard to paragraph 7 (a), it would be desirable to indicate in an appropriate manner how the process envisaged by the President-designate for the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in consultation with requesting States Parties, to identify candidates for the pool of experts should be carried out.", "7. In conclusion, the President-designate was of the view that paragraphs 6 to 10 (paragraphs) might eventually be modified and that the States Parties should then be in a position to take a final decision on CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1, particularly if they chose to adopt the text by decision.", "Annex", "List of documents of the Group of Governmental Experts on Compliance", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Additional Articles on Consultations and Compliance by the United States of America CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Compliance by Belgium on behalf of the European Union CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 Working Paper on Compliance by the Chairperson-designate CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 Compliance by Greece within the framework of the CCW CCW CCW CCW CCW/GGE/V/2 Compliance by Greece on behalf of the European Union CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Discussion Paper by the Chairperson-designate on Compliance CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Draft Protocol by the Chairperson-designate of the CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 Framework Convention on Consultations and Compliance by the Secretary-General CCW/GGE/WP.8 Compliance by the President of Belgium on behalf of the European Union CCW/GGE/II/PC/PC.3/WP.7 Working paper by the Chairperson-designate of the Conference of the Parties to the CCW/GGE/GGE/GGE/GGE/2 Draft Protocol by the Chairperson-designate of the CCW/GGE/GGE/CCW/GGE/GGE/2 Draft Protocol by the Chairperson-designate of the Party to the CCW/GGE/GGE/GGE/GGE/2 Draft Protocol by the President to the President of the Secretary-designate of the CCW", "[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1." ]

[ "附属履行机构", "第二十五届会议", "2006年11月6日至14日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目4 (b)", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的国家信息通报", "提供资金和技术支持", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家 咨询小组关于编写第二次和以后各次国家信息通报 如何更好地获得资金和技术支持的报告", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报 问题专家咨询小组主席的说明[1]", "概 要", "附属履行机构(履行机构)第二十三届会议请各缔约方向秘书处通报现有活动和方案，其中包括双边和多边资金资助的活动和方案，使非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组能够在履行机构第二十五届会议上报告国家信息通报编写工作如何更好地获得资金和技术支持。", "履行机构在就非《公约》附件一所列缔约方编写国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持的问题编写指导意见时，不妨考虑专家咨询小组的建议。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言.............................. 1 - 2 3", "A．任 务................................ 1 3", "B．范 围................................ 2 3", "二、背 景........................... 3 3", "三、对非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报提供支持的框架............................... 4 - 5 4", "四、提供资金和技术支持.................................. 6 - 17 5", "A．提供资金和技术支持的现有机制................... 6 - 13 5", "B．《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支持..... 14 - 16 8", "C．提供资金和技术援助的其他实体........ ............. 17 10", "五、已查明的与提供支持有关的重要问题. ............... 18 - 19 11", "六、在编制国家信息通报方面如何更好地获得资金和技术支持.................... 20 12", "一、导 言", "A． 任 务", "1. 附属履行机构(履行机构)第二十三届会议请各缔约方向秘书处通报现有活动和方案，其中包括双边和多边资金资助的活动和方案，使非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组能够在履行机构第二十五届会议上报告国家信息通报编写工作如何更好地获得资金和技术支持(FCCC/SBI/2005/23, 第30段)。履行机构第二十四届会议再次请缔约方和有关国际组织在2006年8月4日之前向秘书处提交关于编制国家信息通报活动的信息，以便汇编成一份杂项文件，供履行机构第二十五届会议审议(FCCC/SBI/2006/11, 第41段)。", "B． 范 围", "2. 本文件评估了为支持非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)的第二次和以后各次国家信息通报，包括诸如研究和系统观测等有关研究和活动而提供资金和技术支持的多边或双边资金来源以及程序。", "二、背 景", "3. 专家咨询小组进行的这项评估意在就编写国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持这一问题拟订并提出一些实际建议，同时铭记大多数国家正在开始编写第二次国家信息通报。截至2006年10月2日，132份初次国家信息通报和3份第二次国家信息通报已经提交给秘书处。根据全球环境基金、联合国开发计划署以及联合国环境规划署合作执行的项目“国家信息通报支持方案”提供的信息，[2] 130个非附件一国家目前处在编写初次国家信息通报或者第三次国家信息通报的不同阶段。在这一数字中，87个国家正在编写或刚开始编写第二次国家信息通报，12个国家已经向全球环境基金执行机构提交了第二次国家信息通报的项目提案，以求批准。此外，有31个国家正在进行自我评估活动。", "三、对非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报 提供支持的框架", "4. 《公约》第12条第7款提供了为非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报提供技术和资金支持的根据。这一条处理了提交《公约》执行情况信息的问题，规定“缔约方会议从第一届会议起，应安排向有此要求的发展中国家缔约方提供技术和资金支持，以汇编和提供本条所规定的信息和确定与第4条规定的所拟议的项目和应对措施相联系的技术和资金需要。这些支持可酌情由其他缔约方、主管国际组织和秘书处提供。”", "5. 按照第12条第7款，缔约方通过了若干项决定，处理了与资金和技术援助的提供、分配和获得有关的问题，并通过了发给非附件一缔约方的关于编写国家信息通报的指导意见(见方框1)。第17/CP.8号决定具体地规定了非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报的指南。", "四、提供资金和技术支持", "A． 提供资金和技术支持的现有机制", "6. 在支持非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报方面，现有三个主要机构、组织和项目是提供资金和技术支持的基本力量。全球环境基金是缔约方会议资金机制的经营实体，负责发放资金援助。国家信息通报支助方案向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，提高它们与气候变化问题有关的能力。执行机构，即开发计划署、环境署和世界银行在协调资金和技术援助方面负有执行的职责。全球环境基金通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询意见和支持，力求改进第二次以及以后各次国家信息通报的编写工作。", "1. 全球环境基金及其执行机构", "7. 《公约》第21条规定，第11条所指的资金机制的运作将交给全球环境基金负责。几届缔约方会议作出的决定就资助模式问题向全球环境基金提供了指导意见，并指示优先支持国家信息通报工作。按照缔约方会议的指导意见，全球环境基金拟订了关于提供资金和技术援助的下列指南。", "a. 扶持活动的业务标准：这一文件是在1995-1996年期间拟订的，提出了非附件一缔约方编写初次国家信息通报可以快速获得全球环境基金资助的四项标准(即内容无重叠，确定适当的总体顺序，实行良好做法和具有良好的效费比)。按照“快速程序”提供的资助数额为每个国家35万美元。全球环境基金还为编写初次国家信息通报提供完全与项目周期一致的资助。", "b. 快速程序的业务指南――第二部分：这一文件是在1999年拟订的，它针对非附件一缔约方优先领域的能力建设提供对临时措施的支持(加载或充值)，通常每个国家资助10万美元。", "c. 资助国家适应行动方案：依照关于编写国家适应行动方案的指南(第28/CP.7)提供资助，数额通常约为22万美元。缔约方会议在其第5/CP.7号决定里决定，应支持最不发达国家编写国家适应行动方案，这将是提供最不发达国家脆弱性和适应需要方面信息的简化和直接的信息渠道。", "d. 资助国家信息通报(第二次或以后各次)：按照全球环境基金快速程序，目前对每个国家的资助额是42万美元。其中15,000美元专门用于为编写第二次国家信息通报项目提案而进行的自我评估活动。自我评估活动目的是强化国家信息通报工作的国家所有权意识，其中包括检查原先进行的有关活动(例如分析初次国家信息通报、国家适应行动方案、有关研究、以及正在进行的有关活动)并与利益相关者进行广泛的磋商。为编写国家信息通报，全球环境基金也提供与项目周期完全一致的资助。", "8. 开发计划署、环境规划署和世界银行经手着大部分扶持活动，因而是在编制国家信息通报方面的重要执行机构。在这些组织中，开发计划署负责执行大部分扶持活动。这些执行机构连同本节所述的其他机构，在编制和批准与气候变化有关的扶持活动建议方面起着重要作用。", "2. 国家信息通报支助方案", "9. 全球环境基金在1998年发起了国家信息通报支助方案的第一阶段，这是为了向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，强化它们在气候变化问题方面的能力。建立此支助方案的目的是改善非附件一缔约方国家初次国家信息通报的质量、全面性及时性。在对国家信息通报支助方案第一阶段进行了积极的评价之后，全球环境基金又资助了第二阶段，第二阶段于2005年6月开始，再向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，以便编写第二次、第三次或有时是初次国家信息通报。国家信息通报支助方案目前阶段所进行的主要支助活动包括：", "(a) 为第二次国家信息通报工作的规划和管理提供指导；", "(b) 编写并散发与技术和政策有关的指导文件；", "(c) 提供远距离和现场技术支助；", "(d) 从国别经验中找出最佳做法，并进行推广；", "(e) 为网上讨论和学习提供便利；", "(f) 对国家信息通报项目提案和部门技术报告进行技术审查；", "(g) 就第二次国家信息通报工作的发起以及就特定专题领域举行研讨会；", "(h) 针对具体国家的要求，就国家信息通报的特定组成部分，进行有针对性的实地培训。", "3. 非附件一缔约方国家信息通报专家咨询小组", "10. 专家咨询小组是由缔约方会议第五届会议设立的(第8/CP5号决定)。缔约方会议第八届会议审查了专家咨询小组的职责范围。缔约方会议承认专家咨询小组在协助非附件一缔约方改进国家信息通报的编写工作方面所起的有益的作用，决定延长专家咨询小组的任务，并修改了其职责范围(第3/CP.8号决定)。按照新的任务，专家咨询小组的目标是通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询意见和支持，改进第二次以及以后各次国家信息通报的编制工作。具体的活动包括下列几种：", "(a) 查明和评估妨碍尚未完成初次国家信息通报的非附件一缔约方编制通报的技术问题和制约；", "(b) 酌情查明和评估非附件一缔约方使用国家信息通报指南和方法时遇到的困难，并提出加以改进的建议；", "(c) 研究向秘书处提交的国家信息通报，尤其是关于分析和方法学问题的说明，包括编拟和报告温室气体清单、减轻影响活动、脆弱性和适应方法评估及其他资料时遇到的技术问题和制约，以期改进提供资料的一致性、数据收集、本地和区域排放因素和活动数据的使用及方法的研发；", "(d) 通过举办关于国家温室气体清单、脆弱性与适应、减轻影响方法的研讨会，包括区域或分区域级的实际操作培训班，以及关于非附件一缔约方使用第二次及以后各次国家信息通报编制指南使用的培训，提供技术咨询和支持", "(e) 审查现有的活动和方案，包括多边和双边供资来源的活动和方案，以求便利和支持非附件一缔约方编制第二次和以后的国家信息通报；", "(f) 酌情就与非附件一缔约方执行《公约》的情况有关的事项为履行机构提供技术咨询；", "(g) 在秘书处的协助下拟订讨论会和会议的议程，确保适当覆盖职权中提到的各项问题。应从专家名册中挑选出席此类研讨会的专家和顾问。如有必要，可邀请有国际地位的其他专家出席。", "11. 专家咨询小组由24名成员组成，分别代表下列地区：非洲、亚洲和太平洋、拉丁美洲和加勒比分别有5名成员；附件一缔约方有6名成员；三个国际组织各有1名成员。为方便工作，专家咨询小组设立了下列四个专题小组：国家温室气体清单；脆弱性和适应评估；减轻；综合问题，包括研究和系统观测、技术转让、能力建设、教育、培训和公共意识、信息和网络、资金和技术支持等。", "12. 专家咨询小组的活动包括审查非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报；围绕编写国家信息通报，就温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估以及减轻评估等问题开展区域性实际培训；编写技术报告提交给履行机构，例如就编制国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持问题编写报告。专家咨询小组目前正在执行2003-2007年期工作方案。", "13. 在向非附件一缔约方提供技术支持方面，专家咨询小组举行了一次全球(减轻问题)和六次区域(脆弱性和适应以及国家温室气体清单)实地培训研讨会。受到培训的一共有325名专家，来自125个非附件一缔约方。", "B. 《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支持", "14. 《公约》第4条涉及《公约》附件二所列缔约方(附件二缔约方)应为完成国家信息通报中所报告的活动以及向特别易受气候变化影响的国家提供的援助。第4条也涉及在诸如加强能力以及转让对环境友好技术等领域提供技术援助的问题。", "15. 附件二缔约方将国家信息通报视为发展中国家气候变化信息的主要来源，因为这些信息通报提供了处理气候变化的活动和方案以及减少气候变化危险的战略的重要信息，也提供了能力建设的努力和需要方面的信息。", "16. 现在有好几个附件二缔约方除了其他资助渠道之外还直接提供技术支持，这样的事例还在增加。附件一缔约方提供的技术支持采取了多种形式，见表1所述。在几乎所有情况下，这种支持是技术性的，其目标是推动更多地意识到气候变化研究的各个领域并推动这些领域的研究能力的加强(例如温室气体清单、温室气体减轻分析以及脆弱性和适应评估)。这种支持对编制国家信息通报以及加强体制能力和人力建设都有关系。", "表 1：附件二缔约方为非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报工作提供的支持", "技术援助类型 项 目 实 例 \n机构/组织的体制能力建设\t- 帮助起草全球环境基金资助申请书- 为编制第二次国家信息通报而建设体制基础设施各国专家的人力资源开发\t-支持专家对非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报进行审阅 - 面向各国专家/机构，支持气候变化研究 \n - 资助关于气候变化战略的培训课程 \n数据库开发(温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应、减轻)\t- 帮助缔约方拯救气候方面的档\n温室气体清单\t- 帮助缔约方发展能力，测量陆地系统对碳的排放和吸收\n脆弱性和适应措施的评估\t- 为气候变化监测项目作出贡献- 建立试验项目，以演示实际的适应措施 评估各种减轻方案 - 为专家咨询小组的减轻培训班作出贡献 \n - 鼓励并组织专家参与 \n研究与系统观测，包括气象、水文和气候方面的服务\t- 建立区域气候信息系统-加强区域能力，监测并分析土地表面/土地使用变化教育、培训和公众意识\t- 为《公约》第6条所指的区域研讨会作出贡献- 为开发并实施系统网络交换所CC：iNet作出贡献 - 在缔约方会议期间举办一些活动，介绍附件一缔约方的援助、气候观测对于决策所具有的帮助作用以及地方能力建设的实例 \n - 发动利益相关者 技术需要评估；执行计划\t- 找出有助于减少当地空气污染和温室气体排放的政策和技术 - 通过促进环境可持续贸易而推动新技术 \n - 可再生能源和节能伙伴关系 信息网络 - 为改进温室气体清单的质量而建立区域网络 - 建立侧重于区域的适应研究 - 举行研讨会，以交换信息并建立区域网络 \n - 在非洲推动知识、能力和网络的发展 \n国家气候变化方案的拟订\t- 审查国际经验，并制订与非附件一缔约方有关的最佳做法，帮助制订国家气候变化方案\n在各机构间交换信息\t- 就气候变化问题举行联合讨论(非附件一缔约方和附件一缔约方)", "C. 提供资金和技术援助的其他实体", "17. 另有好几个多边组织也为编制国家信息通报提供有关的技术和资金支持。联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织以及联合国训练研究所基本上提供技术支持，例如提供数据库和/或培训，以及其他形式的信息和工具，用于编制温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估以及减轻评估，作为对国家信息通报的投入。表2列出了这些实体开展的方案和活动的实例。", "表 2. 各种多边组织提供资金和技术援助的详细情况", "多边组织\t资金援助\t技术能力\t方案实例联合国环境规划署\t√\t√\t-对温室气体源和汇的国别案例研究 - 限制温室气体排放的经济学研究 - 关于气候变化影响和适应评估的国别研究 \n - 气候变化和可持续发展里索中心联合国开发计划署\t√\t√\t- 国家信息通报支助方案- 亚洲最低成本温室气体减少战略 -马格里布/撒哈拉以南非洲能力建设 - 中国：温室气体排放控制研究 \n - 印度：限制温室气体排放的经济有效方案联合国训练研究所\t√\t√\t-气候变化能力发展――协作平台(C3D) - 推动支持气候变化适应的能力 - CC：Train - 脆弱性和适应证书培训班 - 政策制订研讨会 \n - 技术研讨会 \n世界气象组织 √\t- 与联合国环境规划署、联合国教育、科学及文化组织以及国际科学理事会联合开展的全球气候观测系统\n联合国粮食及农业组织 √\t- 关于造林和再造林以及清洁发展机制的能力建设研讨会 世界银行 √ - 为气候变化专家举行的培训方案 \n - 世界发展指数在线数据库 \n世界卫生组织 √\t- 与疾病对环境的负担有关的工具", "五、已查明的与提供支持有关的重要问题", "18. 根据国家信息通报汇编和综合报告中提供的信息以及专家咨询小组提交履行机构的报告，非附件一缔约方认为下列领域是需要给予资金和技术支持的领域：[3]", "(a) 体制能力建设：需要针对将参与以后各次国家信息通报的编制的各国机构和组织能力建设需要提供资金和技术援助；", "(b) 各国专家的人力资源开发：需要针对将会参加国家信息通报的编制工作的各国顾问和专家的能力建设需要提供资金和技术援助；", "(c) 数据库：建立并管理有可能在编制第二次和以后各次国家信息通报中使用的技术和行政数据库；", "(d) 温室气体清单：为拟订包括排放因素在内的温室气体排放源和汇的清单提供资金和技术援助；", "(e) 脆弱性和适应评估：为采用并分析脆弱性和适应评估的方法和工具而提供资金和技术援助；", "(f) 评估减轻方案：为采用并分析用于评估温室气体的减少和减排技术的成本方面的方法和工具而提供技术援助；", "(g) 实施减轻措施：在拟订项目和找出减少温室气体排放技术方面提供技术援助；", "(h) 研究和系统观测：为发展并维持必要的能力提供资金和技术援助，用于进行现有的关于气候变化的研究和系统观测；", "(i) 教育、培训以及公众意识：为制订提高国民对气候变化问题和挑战的认识的战略而提供技术援助；", "(j) 技术需要评估和制定执行计划：为找出最适当的潜在技术而提供资金和技术支持，以完成减轻温室气体排放和适应气候变化方面的目标；", "(k) 信息网络：支持维护集中的并容易使用的信息库，以方便开展气候变化方面的研究和评估；", "(l) 制订国家气候变化方案：支持制订经过各部门协调的国家气候变化方案和倡议；", "(m) 交换信息：提供支持，确保各国的专家能够有机会参与信息交换网络。", "在提供援助时面对的其他主要问题", "19. 为了全面了解影响为非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供资金和技术支持的各种问题，先后与国家信息通报支助方案和一些附件二缔约方的代表进行了磋商。此外，《公约》秘书处向非附件一缔约方、附件二缔约方以及多边机构发放了调查表。从这些磋商过程中可以得出若干与政策有关的信息，归纳如下。", "(a) 沟通：国家信息通报支助方案指出，该方案继续遇到一些困难，难以评估并了解与技术援助有关的具体需要，这很大程度是由于各国的答复有时含混、或缺乏足够的细节；", "(b) 反应时间：国家信息通报支助方案发现有两种拖延情况，妨碍了提供技术援助的有效性：一是在向有关国家提供了自我评估所需的资金之后，迟迟不见项目提案编写出来；二是在执行机构核准了项目提案之后，在国家一级没有及时地开始国家信息通报的编制工作；", "(c) 能力：国家信息通报支助方案指出，许多国家提交高质量的第二次国家信息通报的技术能力依然有待加强。", "这说明需要开展批评性的审查工作，并找出适当的战略，解决一些具体的问题领域，诸如国家机构不能有效地协调，自我评估方面存在的困难，体制承诺需要加强等。这将有助于使非附件一缔约方对资金的期望与捐助者提供项目资助的标准统一起来。", "六、在编制国家信息通报方面如何更好地 获得资金和技术支持", "20. 专家咨询小组认为下列问题对于国家信息通报工作更好地获得资金和技术支持来说是重要的问题。", "(a) 与减贫和可持续发展建立联系：国家信息通报的工作应该支持环境方面的倡议，加强减贫战略和可持续发展的实施，从而获得更广泛的接受。因此，国家信息通报的各个部分应该明确探讨减贫、环境与气候变化之间的联系。一旦恰当地考虑到发展目标，针对气候采取的行动与针对发展采取的行动两者之间便可能实现相辅相成。具体地说，与生计战略与粮食安全有关的问题具有最高的重要性。在这方面，在承认各国体制安排各有不同的同时，负责气候变化问题的部门以及负责制定政策和计划的各部和机构以及包括各执行机构在内的部门目标，相互之间必须建立强有力的联系，这种联系是必要的条件，能够将气候变化的关切纳入到政策对话的主流中，应能更有力地吸引双边捐助者对国家信息通报活动的支持。", "(b) 强调国内的连续性：认识到非附件一缔约方突出了这样的事实：即维护气候变化活动方面的连续性是非常重要的。完成一次国家信息通报与开始下一轮气候变化活动之间可能会发生脱节，因此需要采取措施使非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报工作制度化，以便除其他以外，确保国家信息通报各个组成部分的编制能够保持连续性。为编制国家信息通报应该建立永久的国家体制结构和跨部门合作，这些结构和合作在完成第二次国家信息通报之后应继续存在下去。在有些情况下，需要加强各国负责气候变化部门的技术能力、连续性和重要性。", "(c) 资助的连续性：只有起支持作用的资金基础设施持续存在，那么在编写国家信息通报中建立的体制结构和跨部门合作才能维持。因此，缔约方会议需要在国家信息通报工作上及早作出资助决定，以便在以后的信息通报工作实际开始前就能落实资金。", "(d) 在获得全球环境基金用于资助编写国家信息通报的资金时，减少各个步骤所需要的时间：接触过的一些缔约方强调，需要解决非附件一缔约方完成初次国家信息通报所需时间过长的问题。尤其有必要缩短自我评估到提交的程序，以后各次信息通报也可以在此之后迅速开始。这有助于维持气候变化活动所具有的势头并有助于维持技术和管理团队不受影响。", "(e) 减少反应时间：一些国家指出，如果能缩短从提交项目提案到发放活动所需资金之间的时间间隔，那么便有可能加强连续性，强化负责气候变化的主管部门以及有关国家的承诺。对修订项目提案，需要有快速程序，同时需要使拟订和执行项目建议保持灵活性和简单性。", "(f) 最大限度发挥协同增效作用：许多附件二缔约方已经在开展各种与国家信息通报各组成部分相关的方案和课程。提供培训的各个国家可以对信息通报工作的这些培训活动进行协调，以便充分地利用这些培训机制。", "(g) 重视教员的培训：非附件一缔约方突出表明了这样的事实：各国专家的培训是一高度优先事项，需要在确定今后的资金和技术支持的战略方向时加以重视。只要有可能，应避免依赖国际专家。培训当地教员的工作应继续下去，今后应得到更多的重视。", "(h) 加强多边机构的协调：一些国家建议建立一个多边论坛，以改善为非附件一缔约方编制第二次及以后各次国家信息通报提供的技术援助的协调。", "(i) 解决人员招聘的不足：人们明显看到难以招聘到全职的专家来编写国家信息通报。所需要的专家人才通常只能从学术和技术机构中得到。但由于这些人才通常是这些机构的全职工作人员，他们只能为国家信息通报的活动提供有限的时间。缩短项目周期并确保连续性将有助于解决这一问题。", "(j) 便利信息的分享：拟订并维护一个国际数据库，将捐助国与气候变化有关的培训活动都收进数据库。一个良好的数据库将有助于捐助者更有效地规划援助方案，有助于受援国更好地利用支持国家信息通报工作的各方面机会，例如附件二缔约方的培训活动。为此，专家咨询小组打算经与秘书处协商之后，并视现有的财政资源，在现有秘书处网站之内设立一个专用网站，[4] 介绍双边和多边捐助者为支持国家信息通报的编写而提供的各种援助的信息。", "(k) 提供技术文件的译本：一些非附件一缔约方突出了下列事实，很多技术资料(例如方法、工具、手册、软件等)对于进行技术分析必不可少，但却只有英文本。需要提供额外的资金，将主要的技术指南文件翻译成联合国六种语文。", "(l) 强调质量：如果能够有较明确的标准，说明什么是较高质量的产品，那么便有可能在非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报时提供较有力的支持。目前，国家信息通报的质量差异很大，即使考虑到各国在脆弱性、适应以及其他评估方面很不相同。如果能对质量要求有更明确的认识，这将有助于人们提高信心，使人们相信提供的援助会直接变成可以测量的成就。", "[1] ∗ 因专家咨询小组会议时间的安排，本文件在截止日期之后提交。", "[2] 信息源于题为“国家信息通报支持方案所开展的技术支持活动”的文件，这是向2006年9月25日至26日在南非比勒陀利亚举行的专家咨询小组第7次会议提供的文件。", "[3] 见非《公约》附件一所列缔约方初次国家信息通报的第六次汇编和综合报告(FCCC/SBI/2005/18和Add.1-6)。", "[4] 见FCCC/SBI/2003/8, 第57 (f) 段。" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/SBI/2006/24 \n 18 October 2006 \n Original: English \n \nSUBSIDIARYBODYFORIMPLEMENTATION \nTwenty-fifthsession \nNairobi,6–14November2006 \nItem4 (b)oftheprovisionalagenda \nNationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexI totheConvention \nProvisionoffinancialandtechnicalsupport", "Report by the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention on ways to improve access to financial and technical support to prepare second and subsequent national communications", "Note by the Chair of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention[1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction ‎1–‎2 3", "A. Mandate ‎1 3", "B. Scope ‎2 3", "II. Background ‎3 3", "III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications ‎4–‎5 3", "IV. Delivery of financial and technical support ‎6–‎17 4", "A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance ‎6–‎13 4", "B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention ‎14–‎16 7", "C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance ‎17 8", "V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support ‎18–‎19 9", "VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications ‎20 11", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to provide information to the secretariat on existing activities and programmes, including those of bilateral and multilateral funding sources, to enable the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (CGE) to report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on ways to improve access to financial and technical support provided for the preparation of national communications (FCCC/SBI/2005/23, para. 30). The SBI, at its twenty-fourth session, reiterated its request to Parties and relevant international organizations to submit to the secretariat, by 4 August 2006, information on their activities relating to the preparation of national communications, for compilation into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the SBI at its twenty-fifth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, para. 41).", "B. Scope", "1. This document assesses multilateral and bilateral sources of and processes for the delivery of financial and technical support for second and subsequent national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) including the related studies and activities, such as research and systematic observation.", "II. Background", "1. This assessment by the CGE is intended to formulate and present practical recommendations on ways to facilitate improved access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications, bearing in mind that most countries are embarking on the preparation of their second national communication. As at 2 October 2006, 132 initial national communications and three second national communications have been submitted to the secretariat. Information received from the National Communications Support Programme (NCSP), a project of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)[2], indicates that 130 non-Annex I countries are currently involved in the different stages of the preparation of their initial national communications and third national communications, as appropriate. Out of this number, 87 are preparing or initiating the second national communications and 12 have submitted their proposals for second national communications to the implementing agencies of the GEF for approval. In addition, 31 countries are involved in the self-assessment exercise.", "III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications", "1. Article 12, paragraph 7, of the Convention provides the basis for technical and financial support of non-Annex I countries in developing their national communications. This article addresses the communication of information relating to implementation of the Convention and states that “From its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall arrange for the provision to developing country Parties of technical and financial support, on request, in compiling and communicating information under this", "Article, as well as in identifying the technical and financial needs associated with proposed projects and response measures under Article 4. Such support may be provided by other Parties, by competent international organizations and by the secretariat, as appropriate.”", "2. Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 7, the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted a number of decisions to address the availability and distribution of and access to financial and technical assistance, as well as guidance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications (see box 1). In particular, decision 17/CP.8 provides the guidelines for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties.", "IV. Delivery of financial and technical support", "A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance", "1. There are three major institutions, organizations or projects that represent the basis for the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of their national communications. The GEF serves as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the COP for the disbursement of financial assistance. The NCSP provides non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. Implementing agencies – i.e., UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank have an implementation role in the coordination of financial and technical assistance. The CGE has the objective of improving the process of preparation of the second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties.", "1. The Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies", "1. Article 21 of the Convention states that the operation of the financial mechanism referred to in Article 11 will be entrusted to the GEF. Decisions taken by the COP in several sessions have provided guidance to the GEF on funding modalities, and have directed that priority be given to the support of national communications. In response to guidance from the COP, the GEF has developed the following guidelines for the delivery of financial and technical assistance.", "a. Operational criteria for enabling activities: this document was developed during 1995–96 and proposed four criteria for expediting access to GEF funding (i.e., coverage without duplication, appropriate overall sequencing, good practice and cost-effectiveness) for the preparation of initial national communications of non-Annex I Parties. Funding under “expedited procedures” was USD 350,000 maximum per country. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures was also made available for the preparation of initial national communications.", "b. Operational Guidelines for Expedited Procedures – Part II: this document was developed in 1999 and supported interim measures for capacity-building in priority areas in non-Annex I Parties (add-ons or top-ups), typically about USD 100,000 per country.", "c. Funding for the national adaptation programme of action (NAPA): Funding based on the guidelines for the preparation of NAPAs (decision 28/CP.7) is typically about USD 220,000. The COP, by its decision 5/CP.7, decided that support should be provided for the development, by the least developed countries, of NAPAs which will serve as a simplified and direct channel of communication of information relating to the vulnerabilities and adaptation needs of the least developed countries.", "d. Financing for national communications (second or subsequent): Under GEF expedited procedures, USD 420,000 per country is currently available. This funding includes USD 15,000 for self-assessment exercises to prepare second national communications project proposals. The self-assessment exercises seek to enhance country ownership of the national communication process, which involves stocktaking of previous relevant activities (e.g. analysis of the initial national communication, NAPAs, related studies, ongoing relevant initiatives) and extensive consultations with stakeholders. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures is also available for the preparation of national communications.", "2. UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are the key implementing agencies for the preparation of national communications through the administration of most enabling activities. Of these organizations, UNDP is responsible for the implementation of most enabling activities. The implementing agencies, together with the other institutions described in this section, play important roles in the development and approval of enabling activity proposals relating to climate change.", "2. The National Communication Support Programme", "1. The first phase of the NCSP was launched by GEF in 1998 to provide non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. It was established with the objective of improving the quality, comprehensiveness and timely delivery of initial communications from non-Annex I Parties. Following the positive evaluation of the first phase of the NCSP, a second phase was funded by the GEF and launched in June 2005 to provide technical and policy relevant support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second, third, or initial, as appropriate,", "national communications. Major support activities undertaken by the current phase of the NCSP include:", "a. Guidance on the planning and management of the second national communications process;", "b. Preparation and dissemination of technical and policy-relevant guidance documents;", "c. Provision of distance and on-site technical backstopping;", "d. Identification and dissemination of best practices from country experiences;", "e. Facilitation of online discussions and learning;", "f. Technical review of draft national communications and sectoral technical reports;", "g. Workshops on the initiation of the second national communications process and on thematic areas;", "h. Targeted hands-on training for specific components of the national communication, on the basis from countries requests.", "3. The Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from non-Annex I Parties", "1. The CGE was established by the COP at its fifth session (decision 8/CP.5). At its eighth session, the COP reviewed the terms of reference of the CGE.  In recognition of the helpful role that the CGE has played in assisting non-Annex I Parties to improve the process of the preparation of their national communications, the COP decided to continue the mandate of the CGE and revised its terms of reference (decision 3/CP.8). Under its new mandate, the objective of the CGE is to improve the process of the preparation of the second and subsequent national communications, by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties. Specific activities include the following:", "a. Identify and assess technical problems and constraints that have affected the preparation of initial national communications by non-Annex I Parties that have yet to complete them;", "b. Identify and assess, as appropriate, the difficulties encountered by non-Annex I Parties in the use of the guidelines and methodologies for the preparation of national communications and make recommendations for their improvement;", "c. Examine national communications submitted to the secretariat, in particular the description of analytical and methodological issues, including technical problems and constraints in the preparation and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, mitigation activities, vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments and other information, with a view to improving the consistency of the information provided, data collection, the use of local and regional emission factors and activity data and the development of methodologies;", "d. Provide technical advice and support, by organizing and conducting workshops, including hands-on training workshops at the regional or subregional level, on national GHG inventories, V&A and mitigation, as well as training on the use of the guidelines for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;", "e. Review existing activities and programmes, including those of multilateral and bilateral funding sources, to facilitate and support the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;", "f. Provide technical advice to the SBI on matters relating to the implementation of the Convention by non-Annex I Parties;", "g. Develop the agenda for workshops and meetings with the assistance of the secretariat, to ensure adequate coverage of issues identified in the mandate. Experts and resource persons at these workshops will be drawn from the roster of experts. If deemed necessary, other experts of international standing may be invited.", "2. The CGE is composed of 24 members representing the following: five members each from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; six members from Annex I Parties; one member each from three international organizations. To facilitate its work, the CGE set up the following four thematic groups: national GHG inventories; V&A assessments; mitigation; and cross-cutting issues, which include research and systematic observation, technology transfer, capacity-building, education, training and public awareness, information and networking, and financial and technical support.", "3. The activities of the CGE have included examining national communications of non-Annex I Parties; conducting regional hands-on training workshops on GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments in the context of the preparation of national communications; and preparing technical reports to the SBI on, for example, improving access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications. The CGE is presently implementing its work programme for the period 2003–2007.", "4. In providing technical support to non-Annex I Parties, the CGE has conducted one global (mitigation) and six regional (V&A and national GHG inventories) hands-on training workshops since its establishment. This represents a total of 325 experts from 125 non-Annex I Parties that have been trained.", "B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention", "1. Article 4 of the Convention covers the assistance that Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties) should provide for completing activities reported in national communications and to countries particularly vulnerable to climate change. It also includes technical assistance in areas such as capacity strengthening and technology transfer of environmentally sound technologies.", "2. Annex II Parties consider national communications as the key source of information on climate change in developing countries since they provide important information on activities and programmes addressing climate change and strategies to reduce climate change risks, as well as information on capacity-building efforts and needs.", "3. There are several examples (the number continues to grow) in which Annex II Parties are directly providing technical support in addition to other avenues of funding. Technical support from Annex I Parties is provided in a number of forms, as outlined in table 1. In almost all cases, this support is technical in nature and provided with the objective of promoting a greater awareness of and stronger research capability in the various areas of climate change study (i.e., GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis and V&A assessments). It is also relevant to the preparation of national communications and for strengthening institutional and human capacity.", "Table 1. Support provided by Annex II Parties for the national communications process of          non-Annex I Parties", "Type of technicalassistance\tExamples of projects\nInstitutionalcapacity-building ofagencies/organizations\t- Help in drafting applications for GEFfunding- Establishing institutional infrastructurefor preparation of second nationalcommunicationsHuman resourcedevelopment ofnational experts\t- Supporting experts to examine nationalcommunications from non-Annex I Parties- Supporting climate change studiestargeting national experts/institutions \n\t- Funding training courses on climatechange strategies\nDatabase development(GHG inventory, V&A,mitigation)\t- Helping Parties to rescue climate records\nGreenhouse gasinventory\t- Helping Parties develop capacity tomeasure carbon emissions andsequestration from land-based systemsAssessment of V&Ameasures\t- Contributing to climate change monitoringprojects \n\t- Establishing pilot projects todemonstrate practical adaptationinitiativesAssessment ofmitigation options\t- Contributing to CGE mitigation trainingworkshops \n\t- Encouraging and organizing participationof experts\nResearch andsystematicobservation,includingmeteorological,hydrological andclimatologicalservices\t- Setting up a regional climate informationsystem- Strengthen regional capacity to monitorand analyse land cover/land-use changeEducation, trainingand public awareness\t- Contributing to Article 6 of theConvention regional workshops - Contributing to the development andimplementation of the information networkclearing house CC:iNet - Hosting side events at COPs highlightingassistance from Annex I Parties,co-benefits of climate observations fordecision-making and examples of localcapacity-building \n - Stakeholder mobilization Technology needsassessments;implementation plan\t- Identification of policies andtechnologies that reduce both local airpollution and the emissions of greenhousegases - New technologies through promotion ofenvironmentally sustainable trade \n\t- Renewable energy and energy efficiencypartnershipsInformationnetworking\t- Regional networking on improvement ofquality of GHG inventories - Establishing region-focused adaptationresearch - Convening of workshops to exchange ofinformation and build regional networks \n\t- Advance of knowledge, capacity andnetworking in Africa\nDevelopment ofnational climatechange programmes\t- Examination of international experienceand development of best practicesrelevant to non-Annex I Parties, help indeveloping national climate changeprogrammes\nExchange ofinformation amongagencies\t- Holding joint discussions on climatechange (non-Annex I and Annex I Parties)", "A. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance", "1. There are several other multilateral organizations that provide relevant technical and financial support relating to the development of national communications. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research provide primarily technical support such as the provision of databases and/or training, as well as other forms of information and tools for preparing GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments as input to the national communications. Examples of programmes and initiatives conducted by these entities are presented in table 2.", "Table 2. Details of financial and technical assistance by various multilateral organizations", "Multilateralorganizations\tFinancialassistance\tTechnicalassistance\tExamples of programmesUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- Country case studies of sourcesand sinks of greenhouse gases- Economics of greenhouse gaslimitations - Country studies on climate changeimpacts and adaptationassessments \n - Risoe Centre on Energy Climateand Sustainable DevelopmentUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- NCSP- Asia Least-cost Greenhouse GasAbatement Strategy- Building Capacity inMahgreb/Sub-Saharan Africa - China: greenhouse gas EmissionsControl Study \n - India: cost-effective options forlimiting greenhouse gas EmissionsUnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch\t√\t√\t- Climate Change CapacityDevelopment–CollaborativePlatform (C3D)- Advancing Capacity to SupportClimate Change Adaptation- CC: Train - Certificate training courses forvulnerability and adaptation - Policy development workshops \n - Technical workshops \nWorldMeteorologicalOrganization √\t- Global Climate Observing Systemin cooperation with UnitedNations Environment Programme,United Nations Educational,Scientific and CulturalOrganization and InternationalCouncil for Science\nFood andAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations √\t- Capacity-building workshops andseminars on afforestation andreforestation and cleandevelopment mechanismsWorldBank √\t- Training programmes for climatechange specialists \n - World Development Indicatorsonline database\nWorldHealthOrganization √\t- Environmental Burden of Diseasetools", "V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support", "1. Based on information provided in the compilation and synthesis reports of national communications and CGE reports to the SBI, the following issues were addressed by non-Annex I Parties as areas requiring financial and technical support:[3]", "a. Institutional capacity-building: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national agencies and organizations that are expected to be involved in the preparation of subsequent national communications;", "b. Human resources and development of national experts: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national consultants, experts and specialists that are expected to be involved in preparation of national communications;", "c. Databases: the establishment and management of technical and administrative databases that could be used during the preparation of second and subsequent national communications;", "d. GHG inventories: financial and technical assistance for the development of the GHG inventories of sources and sinks of GHG emissions, including emission factors;", "e. V&A assessments: financial and technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for V&A assessments;", "f. Assessment of mitigation options: technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for assessing the GHG reduction and cost aspects of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;", "g. Implementation of mitigation: technical assistance in the formulation of projects and the identification of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;", "h. Research and systematic observation: financial and technical assistance for developing and maintaining the capacity necessary for conducting ongoing research and systematic observation regarding climate change;", "i. Education, training, and public awareness: technical assistance for developing strategies to raise national awareness of climate change issues and challenges;", "j. Technology needs assessments and development of implementation plan: financial and technical assistance for scoping out the potential technologies that may be most appropriate for meeting GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation objectives;", "k. Information networking: support for maintaining central and readily accessible repositories of information needed to carry out climate change related studies and assessments;", "l. Development of national climate change programmes: support for developing national climate change programmes and initiatives that are coordinated across ministries and agencies;", "m. Exchange of information: support for ensuring that national specialists are able to have the opportunity to participate in information exchange networks.", "Other key issues/problems faced in providing assistance", "2. In order to understand the full range of issues that affect the delivery of financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties, representatives from the NCSP and from some Annex II Parties were consulted. In addition, the UNFCCC secretariat conducted a survey using questionnaires targeting non-Annex I Parties, Annex II Parties and multilateral agencies. There are a number of policy-relevant messages that emerge from these consultative processes as summarized below.", "a. Communication: the NCSP noted that it continues to encounter difficulties in assessing and understanding the specific needs relating to technical assistance, due in large part to country responses that are sometimes vague or not sufficiently detailed;", "b. Response time: the NCSP identified two types of delay which constrain the effectiveness of delivering technical assistance: delay in the preparation of project proposals after funds for self-assessments have been provided to countries; and delay at the national level to initiate the preparation of the national communications after the implementing agency has approved the proposal;", "c. Capacity: the NCSP indicated that technical capacity in many countries to submit second national communications of good quality still needs to be strengthened.", "This suggests a need to move toward a critical examination and identification of strategies to address specific problem areas such as the inefficiency of national agency coordination, difficulties in self-assessment, and a strengthening of institutional commitment. This would help to harmonize the funding expectations of non-Annex I Parties with the project funding criteria used by donors.", "VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications", "1. The CGE identified the following issues as important for improving access to financial and technical support for the national communication process.", "a. Pursue linkages to poverty reduction and sustainable development: work on national communications should support environmental initiatives that strengthen the implementation of poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development in gaining greater acceptance. Hence, components of national communications should explicitly explore linkages between poverty, environment and climate change. Once development goals are properly taken into account, synergies between climate oriented and development oriented actions may be achieved. In particular issues related to livelihood strategies and food security assume paramount importance. In this regard, and recognizing that institutional arrangements vary from country to country, strong ties between the focal point for climate change and ministries and institutions charged with setting policies and plans, as well as sectoral goals including implementing agencies, are a necessary condition for mainstreaming climate change concerns into policy dialogues and can be viewed as leverage for attracting bilateral support for national communications activities.", "b. Emphasize in-county continuity: recognizing that non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that maintaining continuity in climate change activities is very important and that gaps that can emerge between the completion of one communication and the start of the next set of climate change related activities, steps should be taken to institutionalize the national communication process in non-Annex I Parties, to ensure, among other things, continuity in the preparation of the various elements of the national communication. Permanent national institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation should be established for the preparation of national communications, which are “kept alive” after completion of the second national communications. In some cases, enhancing the technical capacity, continuity and profile of national focal points may be required.", "c. Continuity of funding: institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation established during the preparation process of the national communication can be maintained only if the supporting financial infrastructure is continuously in place. It will therefore be important for the COP to take up funding decisions early on in the national communications process so that funding is firmly in place well before the subsequent communication process actually begins.", "d. Reduce the time required for the various steps to access GEF funding for preparing national communications: A number of Parties consulted emphasized the importance of addressing the length of time it has taken for non-Annex I Parties to complete their initial national communications. It would be desirable to shorten the process from self-assessment to submission, with subsequent communications commencing shortly thereafter. This would serve to both sustain the momentum achieved for climate change activities and help to keep the technical and management team intact.", "e. Reduce response time: a number of countries indicated the dimensions of enhanced continuity, strong focal points and national engagement would be better served if the response time between proposal submission and release of funding to commence activities were shortened. There needs to be an expedited process for revisions of project proposals, while keeping the process of formulating and executing project proposals flexible and simple.", "f. Maximize synergy: many Annex II Parties are already engaged in a variety of training programmes and courses that are linked with components of national communications. The training activities involved in the communications process could be coordinated among the providers of training to take advantage of these offerings.", "g. Emphasize training of trainers: non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that training of national experts is a high priority and one that needs to be emphasized in future strategic direction for financial and technical support. Reliance on international experts should be avoided where possible. The role of training local trainers should both continue and receive greater attention in the future.", "h. Enhance multilateral agency coordination: some countries have proposed that a multilateral forum should be established to improve the coordination of technical assistance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications.", "i. Address recruitment shortfalls: there is a perceived inability to recruit experts on a full time basis for the preparation of the national communication. The expertise required is typically available only from academic and technical institutions. But, being full time staff members of these institutions, they are able to contribute limited time for national communication activities. Shortening the project cycle and ensuring continuity would help to address this issue.", "j. Facilitate information sharing: develop and maintain an international database of climate change related training initiatives available in donor countries. A well-developed database would help donors to plan assistance programmes more effectively and recipients to take greater advantage of synergies between the opportunities of support to national communications process, such as Annex II Party training initiatives. To this end, the CGE intends to develop,[4] in consultation with the secretariat, and subject to the availability of financial resources, a dedicated site within the existing secretariat website that would provide for the dissemination of information on assistance provided by bilateral and multilateral support programmes for the preparation of national communications.", "k. Make translated technical documents available: some non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that too much of the technical material (e.g., methods, tools, handbooks, software, manuals, etc) that is essential for undertaking technical analyses is available only in English. Additional funds should be made available for translating key technical guidance documents into all six United Nations languages.", "l. Emphasize quality: strengthened support could be provided to assist non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of the national communication if there was a relatively clear set of criteria for what constitutes a high quality product. At present, the quality of national communication vary considerably, even allowing for the fact that vulnerability, adaptation and other assessments may vary from country to country. A clearer understanding of the quality requirements would boost the confidence that the provision of assistance will translate directly into a measurable achievement.", "[1] ^(∗) This document was submitted after the due date as a result of the timing of the meeting of the Consultative Group of Experts.", "[2] Based on the paper entitled Technical Support Activities undertaken by the National Communication Support", "Programme (NCSP) prepared as input to the seventh meeting of the CGE held in Pretoria, South Africa, from", "25 to 26 September 2006.", "[3] See the Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to", "the Convention (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 and Adds.1–6).", "[4] See FCCC/SBI/2003/8, paragraph 57(f)." ]

[ "SUBSIDIARY BODY FOR IMPLEMENTATION", "Twenty-fifth session", "Nairobi, 6 - 14 November 2006", "Item 4 (b) of the provisional agenda", "National communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention", "Provision of financial and technical support", "Report of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications", "Note by the Chair of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention [1]", "Summary", "The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to inform the secretariat of existing activities and programmes, including those funded from bilateral and multilateral funds, to enable the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention to report at its twenty-fifth session on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications.", "The SBI may wish to consider the recommendations of the CGE in preparing guidance on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "CONTENTS", "Paragraphs Page", "Introduction 1 - 2 3", "Mandate 1 3", "Scope 2 3", "Background 3 3", "Framework for supporting the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties 4 - 5 4", "Provision of financial and technical support 6 - 17 5", "Existing mechanisms for providing financial and technical support 6 - 13 5", "B. Direct support provided by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention 14 - 16 8", "C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance 17 10", "Key issues identified in relation to the provision of support 18 - 19 11", "Improved access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications 20 12", "Introduction", "Introduction Mandate", "The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to inform the secretariat of existing activities and programmes, including those funded from bilateral and multilateral funds, to enable the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention to report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications (FCCC/SBI/2005/23, para. The SBI, at its twenty-fourth session, reiterated its invitation to Parties and relevant international organizations to submit to the secretariat, by 4 August 2006, information on their activities for the preparation of national communications for compilation into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the SBI at its twenty-fifth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, para. 41).", "Scope", "This document assesses multilateral or bilateral funding sources and procedures for the provision of financial and technical support to support second and subsequent national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties), including related research and activities such as research and systematic observation.", "Background", "The assessment undertaken by the CGE is intended to develop and make practical recommendations on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications, bearing in mind that most countries are in the process of preparing their second national communications. As at 2 October 2006, 132 initial and 3 second national communications had been submitted to the secretariat. Based on information provided by the National Communications Support Programme, a project implemented in cooperation by the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme, [2] 130 non-Annex I countries are at different stages of preparation of their initial or third national communications. Of this number, 87 countries are in the process of preparing or just beginning to prepare second national communications, and 12 countries have submitted project proposals for second national communications to the GEF implementing agencies for approval. In addition, 31 States are undertaking self-assessment activities.", "Framework for supporting the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties", "Article 12, paragraph 7, of the Convention provides the basis for the provision of technical and financial support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of their national communications. This article addresses the submission of information on the implementation of the Convention and provides that “from its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall arrange for the provision of technical and financial support to developing country Parties that so request to compile and provide information under this article and to identify technical and financial needs linked to proposed projects and response measures under Article 4. Such support may be provided by other Parties, competent international organizations and the Secretariat, as appropriate.”", "In accordance with Article 12.7, Parties adopted a number of decisions addressing issues related to the provision, allocation and accessibility of financial and technical assistance and adopted guidance to non-Annex I Parties on the preparation of national communications (see box 1). Decision 17/CP.8 specifies the guidelines for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties.", "IV. Provision of financial and technical support", "A. Existing mechanisms for providing financial and technical support", "In support of the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties, three main institutions, organizations and projects are in place as a fundamental force for the provision of financial and technical support. The Global Environment Facility is the operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Conference of the Parties and is responsible for the disbursement of financial assistance. The NCSP provides technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties to enhance their capacity related to climate change issues. The implementing agencies, namely UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, have executive responsibility for coordinating financial and technical assistance. The GEF seeks to improve the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties.", "Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies", "Article 21 of the Convention provides that the operation of the financial mechanism referred to in Article 11 will be entrusted to the Global Environment Facility. Several COP decisions have provided guidance to the GEF on funding modalities and directed that priority be given to supporting national communications. In accordance with COP guidance, the GEF has developed the following guidelines for the provision of financial and technical assistance.", "a. Operational criteria for enabling activities: This document was developed during the period 1995-1996 and proposes four criteria (i.e., that there is no duplication of content, an appropriate overall sequence, good practices and cost-effectiveness) for non-Annex I Parties to prepare their initial national communications. The amount of funding provided under the fast-track procedures is US$ 350,000 per country. The GEF also provides funding for the preparation of initial national communications that is fully consistent with the project cycle.", "b. Operational guidelines for expedited procedures - Part II: This document was developed in 1999 and provides support (loading or filling) for interim measures in priority areas of non-Annex I Parties, usually US$ 100,000 per country.", "c. Funding of national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs): In accordance with the guidelines for the preparation of NAPAs (decision 28/CP.7), financial support is usually in the amount of approximately USD 220,000. By its decision 5/CP.7, the COP decided that support should be provided to LDCs in the preparation of NAPAs, which would be a simplified and direct source of information on vulnerability and adaptation needs of LDCs.", "d. Financing of national communications (second or subsequent): In accordance with the GEF expedited procedures, the current level of funding for each country is USD 420,000. Of this amount, USD 15,000 was earmarked for self-assessment activities for the preparation of project proposals for second national communications. The self-assessment activities are aimed at strengthening national ownership of the national communications process, including the examination of previous relevant activities (e.g., analysis of initial national communications, NAPAs, relevant studies, and ongoing related activities) and extensive consultations with stakeholders. For the preparation of national communications, GEF also provides funding that is fully consistent with the project cycle.", "UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are the major implementing agencies in the preparation of national communications as they undertake most of the enabling activities. Among these organizations, UNDP is responsible for most of the enabling activities. These implementing agencies, together with the other bodies mentioned in this section, play an important role in the preparation and approval of proposals for enabling activities related to climate change.", "National Communications Support Programme", "The first phase of the NCSP was launched by the GEF in 1998 to provide technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties to strengthen their capacity on climate change issues. This support programme was established to improve the quality, comprehensiveness and timeliness of initial national communications from non-Annex I Parties. Following a positive evaluation of the first phase of the NCSP, the GEF funded the second phase, which began in June 2005, to provide technical and policy support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second, third and sometimes initial national communications. The main support activities undertaken during the current phase of the NCSP include:", "(a) Provide guidance for the planning and management of second national communications;", "(b) Prepare and disseminate technical and policy-related guidance documents;", "(c) Provide remote and on-site technical support;", "(d) Identify and disseminate best practices from country experiences;", "(e) Facilitating online discussion and learning;", "(f) Technical review of project proposals and sectoral technical reports in national communications;", "(g) Workshops on the initiation of second national communications and on specific thematic areas;", "(h) Targeted field training on specific components of national communications, in response to country-specific requests.", "3. Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Non-Annex I Parties", "The CGE was established by the COP at its fifth session (decision 8/CP5). At its eighth session, the COP reviewed the terms of reference of the CGE. The COP, recognizing the useful role of the CGE in assisting non-Annex I Parties to improve the preparation of national communications, decided to extend the mandate of the CGE and revised its terms of reference (decision 3/CP.8). In accordance with its new mandate, the objective of the CGE is to improve the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties. Specific activities include the following:", "(a) To identify and assess technical problems and constraints impeding the preparation of initial national communications from non-Annex I Parties that have not yet completed them;", "(b) To identify and assess, as appropriate, difficulties encountered by non-Annex I Parties in using the guidelines and methodologies for national communications and to recommend improvements;", "(c) To study the national communications submitted to the secretariat, in particular the notes on analytical and methodological issues, including technical issues and constraints encountered in the preparation and reporting of greenhouse gas inventories, mitigation activities, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and other information, with a view to improving the consistency of information provided, data collection, the use of local and regional emission factors and activity data and the development of methodologies;", "(d) Provision of technical advice and support through workshops, including hands-on training courses at the regional or subregional level, on national greenhouse gas inventories, vulnerability and adaptation, and mitigation methodologies, and training for non-Annex I Parties on the use of the guidelines for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications", "(e) Review existing activities and programmes, including those from multilateral and bilateral funding sources, with a view to facilitating and supporting the preparation of second and subsequent national communications from non-Annex I Parties;", "(f) To provide technical advice to the SBI, as appropriate, on matters relating to the implementation of the Convention by non-Annex I Parties;", "(g) To develop, with the assistance of the Secretariat, the agenda of the seminars and meetings to ensure adequate coverage of the issues referred to in the terms of reference. Experts and consultants attending such seminars should be selected from the roster of experts. Other experts of international standing may be invited if necessary.", "The CGE was composed of 24 members, representing the following regions: five members from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; six members from Annex I Parties; and one member from each of the three international organizations. To facilitate its work, the CGE established the following four thematic groups: national GHG inventories; vulnerability and adaptation assessments; mitigation; and integrated issues, including research and systematic observation, technology transfer, capacity-building, education, training and public awareness, information and networks, financial and technical support.", "The activities of the CGE included the review of national communications from non-Annex I Parties; regional practical training on greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and mitigation assessments in relation to the preparation of national communications; and the preparation of technical reports to the SBI, for example on how to improve access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications. The CGE is currently implementing its work programme for the period 2003-2007.", "In providing technical support to non-Annex I Parties, the CGE conducted a global (mitigation) and six regional (vulnerability and adaptation and national GHG inventories) field training workshops. A total of 325 experts were trained from 125 non-Annex I Parties.", "B. Direct support provided by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention", "Article 4 of the Convention deals with the assistance that Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties) should provide to complete the activities reported in their national communications and to countries that are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Article 4 also addresses the provision of technical assistance in areas such as capacity-building and the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies.", "Annex II Parties consider national communications as the main sources of information on climate change in developing countries, as they provide important information on activities and programmes to address climate change and strategies to reduce the risks of climate change, as well as information on capacity-building efforts and needs.", "Several Annex II Parties are now providing direct technical support, in addition to other sources of funding, and examples of this are increasing. The technical support provided by Annex I Parties takes many forms, as described in table 1. In almost all cases, this support is technical in nature and is aimed at promoting greater awareness of and capacity-building in the various areas of climate change research (e.g. GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis and vulnerability and adaptation assessments). This support is relevant for the preparation of national communications and for strengthening institutional and human capacity-building.", "Table 1: Support provided by Annex II Parties to national communications from non-Annex I Parties", "Type of technical assistance. Institutional capacity-building for the preparation of applications for funding by the Global Environment Facility. Human resources development for the development of institutional infrastructure for the preparation of second national communications. Supporting the review of national communications by experts from non-Annex I Parties. Supporting the review of national communications by experts. Supporting climate change research. For national experts/institutions. Supporting the development of a training course on climate change strategies. Database development (GHG inventories, vulnerability and adaptation, mitigation). Helping Parties to save the climate-related greenhouse gas inventories. Helping Parties to develop capacity to measure emissions from terrestrial systems and assess vulnerability and adaptation measures. Contribution to climate change monitoring projects. Establishing pilot projects to demonstrate practical adaptation measures.", "C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance", "Several other multilateral organizations also provide relevant technical and financial support for the preparation of national communications. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research provide, in general, technical support, such as the provision of databases and/or training and other forms of information and tools for the preparation of GHG inventories, vulnerability and adaptation assessments and mitigation assessments as inputs to national communications. Table 2 provides examples of programmes and activities carried out by these entities.", "Table 2. Details of financial and technical assistance provided by various multilateral organizations", "Examples of multilateral organizations Financial assistance Country case studies on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases United Nations Environment Programme Country case studies on limiting greenhouse gas emissions - Economic studies on climate change impacts and adaptation assessment - Country studies on climate change impacts and adaptation assessment - National communication support programme - Capacity-building in the Maghreb/Sub-Saharan Africa - Capacity-building in Asia - Capacity-building in the Maghreb/Sub-Saharan Africa - India: Economic effectiveness programme on limiting greenhouse gas emissions - United Nations Institute for Training and Research - Capacity Development for Climate Change - Collaborative Platform (C3D) - Capacity for Supporting Adaptation to Climate Change - CC: Train - Certificate of Vulnerability and Adaptation - Technical Workshop - Policy Development Workshop - World Meteorological Organization - Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) - Joint with the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the International Council for Science Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Capacity-Building Workshop on Afforestation and Reforestation and the Clean Development Mechanism World Bank - Training Programme for Climate Change Experts - World Development Index Online Database - World Health Organization - Tools Related to the Environmental Burdens of Disease", "V. Identified key issues related to the provision of support", "18. Based on the information provided in the compilation and synthesis of national communications and the report of the CGE to the SBI, the following areas were identified by non-Annex I Parties as requiring financial and technical support:[3]", "(a) Institutional capacity-building: the need for financial and technical assistance for capacity-building of national institutions and organizations to be involved in the preparation of subsequent national communications;", "(b) Human resources development for national experts: financial and technical assistance is needed to address the capacity-building needs of national consultants and experts who will be involved in the preparation of national communications;", "(c) Database: establish and manage a technical and administrative database that may be used in the preparation of second and subsequent national communications;", "Greenhouse gas inventories: provision of financial and technical assistance for the development of inventories of sources and sinks of greenhouse gas emissions, including emission factors;", "(e) Vulnerability and adaptation assessments: financial and technical assistance for the use and analysis of methods and tools for vulnerability and adaptation assessments;", "(f) Assessment of mitigation options: provision of technical assistance for the adoption and analysis of methods and tools for assessing the cost of GHG abatement and abatement technologies;", "Implementation of mitigation measures: provision of technical assistance in developing projects and identifying technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;", "(h) Research and systematic observation: provision of financial and technical assistance for the development and maintenance of the necessary capacity for existing research and systematic observation on climate change;", "(i) Education, training and public awareness: provision of technical assistance to develop national awareness strategies on climate change issues and challenges;", "(j) Technology needs assessments and the development of implementation plans: provide financial and technical support to identify the most appropriate potential technologies to meet the targets for greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation;", "(k) Information networks: support the maintenance of a centralized and easily accessible information base to facilitate research and assessment on climate change;", "(l) Development of national climate change programmes: support for the development of national climate change programmes and initiatives coordinated across sectors;", "(m) Exchange of information: provide support to ensure that national experts have access to information exchange networks.", "Other major problems faced in providing assistance", "In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the issues affecting the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of their national communications, successive consultations were held with representatives of the NCSP and some Annex II Parties. In addition, the Convention secretariat sent questionnaires to non-Annex I Parties, Annex II Parties and multilateral agencies. A number of policy-relevant information can be drawn from these consultations, summarized below.", "(a) Communication: NCSP noted that it continued to encounter difficulties in assessing and understanding specific needs related to technical assistance, owing in large part to the sometimes vagueness of responses from countries or the lack of sufficient detail;", "(b) Response time: The NCSP identified two delays that hampered the effectiveness of the delivery of technical assistance: the delay in the preparation of project proposals following the provision of funds for self-assessment to the country concerned; and the delay in the start of the preparation of national communications at the national level following the approval of the project proposal by the implementing agency;", "Capacity: The NCSP noted that the technical capacity of many countries to submit high-quality second national communications still needs to be strengthened.", "This points to the need for a critical review and the identification of appropriate strategies to address specific problem areas, such as the lack of effective coordination among national institutions, difficulties in self-assessment and the need to strengthen institutional commitment. This will help to harmonize the financial expectations of non-Annex I Parties with the criteria for donor funding of projects.", "Improved access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications", "The CGE identified the following issues as important for improving access to financial and technical support for the work on national communications.", "(a) Linkages with poverty reduction and sustainable development: National communications should be more widely accepted by supporting environmental initiatives and strengthening the implementation of poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development. The links between poverty reduction, environment and climate change should therefore be explicitly addressed in the various parts of the national communication. Once development goals are properly taken into account, there is a potential for complementarity between climate- and development-specific actions. Specifically, issues related to livelihood strategies and food security are of paramount importance. In this regard, while recognizing that there are different institutional arrangements across countries, strong linkages between the sectors responsible for climate change issues and the ministries and agencies responsible for policy and planning, as well as sectoral objectives, including the implementing agencies, are necessary to mainstream climate change concerns into policy dialogue and should be able to attract stronger support from bilateral donors for national communications activities.", "(b) Emphasizing national continuity: recognizing that non-Annex I Parties highlight the importance of maintaining continuity in climate change activities. There may be a disconnect between the completion of a national communication and the start of the next round of climate change activities, and measures need to be taken to institutionalize the national communications of non-Annex I Parties to ensure, inter alia, continuity in the preparation of the various components of national communications. Permanent national institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation should be established for the preparation of national communications, which should continue after the completion of the second national communication. In some cases, the technical capacity, continuity and importance of national responsibility for climate change sectors need to be strengthened.", "(c) Continuity of funding: Institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation established in the preparation of national communications can be sustained only if the supporting financial infrastructure persists. Therefore, the COP needs to take an early decision on financial support in the national communication process so that funds can be made available before the subsequent communication can actually begin.", "(d) Reduction of the time required for each step in accessing GEF funds to finance the preparation of national communications: Some Parties that have been contacted stressed the need to address the excessive time needed for non-Annex I Parties to complete their initial national communications. In particular, there is a need to shorten the self-assessment process to the submission process, after which subsequent communications can start quickly. This helps to maintain the momentum of climate change activities and to keep technical and management teams unaffected.", "(e) Reduction of response time: Some countries noted that if the time lag between the submission of project proposals and the disbursement of funds for activities was reduced, it would be possible to enhance continuity and strengthen the commitment of the authorities responsible for climate change and the countries concerned. There is a need for expedited procedures for the revision of project proposals and for flexibility and simplicity in the formulation and implementation of project proposals.", "(f) Maximizing synergies: Many Annex II Parties are already implementing programmes and courses related to the components of national communications. Countries that provide training could coordinate these training activities for communication in order to make full use of these training mechanisms.", "(g) Emphasis on training of trainers: non-Annex I Parties highlight the fact that: The training of national experts is a high priority that needs to be given attention in determining the strategic direction of future financial and technical support. Where possible, reliance on international experts should be avoided. The training of local trainers should continue and should receive more attention in the future.", "(h) Strengthening coordination among multilateral institutions: Some countries proposed the establishment of a multilateral forum to improve the coordination of technical assistance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications.", "(i) Addressing recruitment shortfalls: difficulties in recruiting full-time experts for the preparation of national communications are evident. The required expertise is usually available only from academic and technical institutions. However, since they are usually full-time staff of these institutions, they can only provide limited time for activities in the national communications. Shortening the project cycle and ensuring continuity will help to address this issue.", "(j) Facilitate information-sharing: develop and maintain an international database that integrates climate change-related training activities of donor countries. A good database will help donors to plan their assistance programmes more effectively and will help recipient countries to better utilize opportunities in support of various aspects of national communications, such as training activities in Annex II Parties. To this end, the CGE intends, in consultation with the secretariat and subject to the availability of financial resources, to establish a dedicated website within the existing secretariat website[4] to present information on assistance provided by bilateral and multilateral donors in support of the preparation of national communications.", "(k) Provision of translation of technical papers: Some non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that many technical materials (e.g., methodologies, tools, manuals, software, etc.) are essential for technical analysis, but only in English. Additional funding is required to translate the main technical guidance documents into the six United Nations languages.", "(l) Emphasis on quality: It is possible to provide stronger support to non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of their national communications if there are clearer criteria for what constitutes a better quality product. Currently, the quality of national communications varies considerably, even taking into account the differences between countries in terms of vulnerability, adaptation and other assessments. A clearer understanding of quality requirements would help to build confidence that the assistance provided will be translated directly into measurable achievements.", "[1] * This document was submitted after the deadline due to the timing of the CGE meeting.", "[2] The information is derived from the document entitled “Technical support activities undertaken by the National Communications Support Programme”, which was made available to the CGE at its 7th meeting, held in Pretoria, South Africa, from 25 to 26 September 2006.", "[3] See the sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 and Add.1-6).", "[4] See FCCC/SBI/2003/8, paragraph 57 (f)." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "问 责 框 架", "加拿大提交", "一、导 言", "1. 各方对2005年加拿大关于《生物及毒素武器公约》审查会议的非文件的反应以及在许多磋商中和研讨会及会议上表示的看法均表明，普遍认为缔约国应集中致力于《公约》的充分实施和继续加强。《公约》第六次审查会议若能在《公约》条款的落实上提高缔约国相互之间的问责程度，当有助于实现这个目标。以下的问责框架阐明了如何从各个方面来努力做到这一点，并且举出了四个重点：国家执行、建立信任措施、执行支助和年度会议。", "二、国家执行", "2. 《公约》第四条规定了颁布国家立法的义务。令人遗憾的是，并非所有缔约国都已颁布了国家立法。在审查会议上，缔约国应同意：", "(1) 促进国家执行行动，包括在区域一级促进这样的行动，特别是鼓励制定具体的目标、时限和方法，以推动有效执行；", "(2) 鼓励缔约国定期报告其在制定国家执行立法方面的进展情况，诸如在年度会议上提出报告和作为建立信任措施而提交这样的报告；", "(3) 鼓励有能力提供支助的缔约国提供执行支助。", "三、建立信任措施", "3. 每年提交旨在建立信任的报告，可以提高透明度，有助于说明缔约国遵守了《公约》进程。为了加大问责的程度和确保可以获得适当的信息来证明遵约，既需要更好的报告表格，也需要各缔约国踊跃提交和更好地填写报告表格。因此，在审查会议上，缔约国应同意：", "(1) 鼓励《公约》所有缔约国每年提交旨在建立信任的报告，准确和及时地填写表格，并鼓励个别缔约国协助那些有此需要的国家填写表格；", "(2) 每年填写每一种报告表格，即使自上一年以来没有出现新的情况，也应填写表格，以提高透明度，并确保所有缔约国都能获得完整的报告；", "(3) 拟订出更便于使用的报告表格，尽可能用打勾的方式而无需用文字来表达(这种标准化的表格有助于克服因缺乏翻译服务而造成的障碍)；", "(4) 授权裁军事务部对提交的报告的主要内容、趋势和其中的看法加以总结；", "(5) 更有效率地分发报告(通过只读存储光盘(CD-ROM)或安全可靠的网站而以电子方式分发)；", "(6) 审议各项修改和扩大现有建立信任措施的建议，包括前几次审查会议上提出的建议，以及制定新的建立信任措施的建议。", "四、执行支助", "4. “一揽子问责方案”的另一个要素就是加强体制能力，诸如设立一个《公约》秘书处或执行支助股。这样做，可以改进《公约》的执行，有助于监测《公约》义务的履行情况。缔约国可授权此一实体开展特定的活动，包括：", "(1) 跟踪执行情况，每年编写一份国家执行情况综述；", "(2) 与各缔约国一道努力改进《公约》的执行情况，包括协助拟订相关的立法和条例以及为旨在建立信任的报告提供进一步的支助(提醒、协助、编写年度总结)；", "(3) 促进和支持缔约国为实现普遍加入《公约》而作的努力，包括区域一级的努力；", "(4) 发挥信息交换中心的作用，将收到的执行支助请求转交给曾表示愿意提供这种支助的缔约国；", "(5) 为《公约》会议进行准备，提供实质性服务和经验咨询服务，包括编写与年度会议的专题相关的背景文件并总结两届年会之间发生的情况(包括世界卫生组织和联合国粮食及农业组织等有关论坛的事态发展)；", "(6) 同其他各个任务和工作与《公约》相关的论坛和国际组织进行协调。", "五、年度会议", "5. 年度会议为缔约国审议《公约》的执行情况和与《公约》宗旨相关的新发展提供了重要的机会。2006年的审查会议应要求年度会议除了审议已确定的专题之外，也应讨论与《公约》相关的最新情况。例如，可在其中一部分会议或“问责会议”上专门讨论国家执行、合作与援助、建立信任措施及科学和技术等主题。这些经常性的主题可以在各届年会的一部分会议上审议，另外视需要审议其他一些主题，例如普遍加入的问题。交叉性的专题，诸如生物安全和生物安保以及减轻和监测疾病等问题，可在审议上述主题时一并审议。目前的会议安排是，专家会议两星期，缔约国会议一星期，这大可以合并成为期两周的一个会议。这样，专家一级的工作组可在年会的第一周审议指定的专题，第二周则由缔约国在此基础上进行审议并作出决定。采用这种方式，应可确保每届年会都能审议《公约》在任何时期所面对的种种问题。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.120 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISHand FRENCH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK", "Submitted by Canada", "I. Introduction", "1. Feedback on the 2005 Canadian Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) Review Conference non-paper, as well as views expressed in numerous consultations, seminars and conferences, suggest a general recognition that States Parties should focus on the full implementation and continued strengthening of the Convention. The BTWC Sixth Review Conference can help achieve this goal by making States Parties more accountable to one another in how they implement the provisions of the Convention. A comprehensive approach to this objective is elaborated in the following accountability framework, focussing on national implementation, confidence building measures, implementation support and annual meetings.", "II. National implementation", "2. Article IV of the BTWC contains an obligation to enact national legislation. Unfortunately, not all States Parties have yet done so. At the Review Conference, States Parties should agree to:", "(i) promote action on National Implementation, including at the regional level, and encourage, in particular, the development of specific goals, time lines and methodologies to facilitate effective implementation;", "(ii) encourage States Parties to report on their progress in passing national implementing legislation on a regular basis, such as at annual meetings and in their Confidence Building Measure (CBM) submissions;", "(iii) encourage those in a position to do so to provide implementation support.", "III. Confidence building measures", "3. Annual submissions of CBMs foster increased transparency and help demonstrate States Parties’ compliance with the BTWC process. To enhance accountability, and ensure we are getting the right information to demonstrate compliance we need both better CBMs and better performance and participation from States Parties on completing them. Accordingly, the States Parties should agree at the Review Conference to:", "(i) encourage all BTWC States Parties to submit CBMs on an annual basis, completed accurately and in a timely manner, and encourage individual States Parties to offer support to states requiring assistance to complete their CBMs;", "(ii) submit information for every CBM on an annual basis, even when there have been no new developments since the previous year, to enhance transparency and ensure that all States Parties have access to complete CBMs;", "(iii) develop a more user-friendly CBM form that allows, to the extent possible, use of specific check-boxes rather than requiring written entries (such standardized forms would help overcome the hurdle posed by the lack of translation);", "(iv) mandate DDA to prepare a summary of major elements, trends and considerations presented in CBM reporting;", "(v) more efficiently distribute CBMs (electronically through a CD-ROM or on a secure website);", "(vi) consider proposals to modify and expand existing CBMs, including those that were made at previous Review Conferences, as well as proposals to create new CBMs.", "IV. Implementation support", "4. Another element of an “accountability package” would be a strengthened institutional capacity, such as a BTWC secretariat or implementation support unit. This would allow for better implementation and follow-up on BTWC obligations. States Parties could mandate such an entity to carry out specific activities, including:", "(i) tracking implementation and preparing an annual overview of the status of national implementation;", "(ii) working with States Parties to improve performance in implementation, including by providing assistance for the drafting of relevant legislation and regulations as well as by providing enhanced support for CBMs (reminders, assistance, annual summaries);", "(iii) facilitating and supporting States Parties’ efforts to achieve universal adherence to the Convention, including those at the regional level.", "(iv) serving as a clearing house in conveying requests for implementation assistance to States Parties that have expressed a willingness to provide such assistance;", "(v) providing preparation, substantive service and institutional memory for BTWC meetings, including preparing background documentation related to topics of annual meetings and summaries of developments between meetings (including developments those in related fora such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO));", "(vi) coordinating with other fora and International Organizations (IOs) whose mandates and work are of relevance to that of the BTWC.", "V. Annual meetings", "5. Annual meetings provide an important opportunity for States Parties to consider the state of implementation of the Convention and new developments relevant to its purpose. The 2006 Review Conference should mandate annual meetings that could combine the consideration of set topics with the possibility to discuss matters of contemporary concern for the Convention. For example, a portion of such meetings, or “accountability sessions”, could be dedicated to such themes as National Implementation, Cooperation and Assistance, CBMs and Science and Technology. These recurrent themes could be considered during a portion of all annual meetings and be complemented as required by consideration of other themes such as universalization. Cross-cutting topics such as bio-safety and bio-security, as well as disease mitigation and surveillance, could be considered within the context of these themes. The current meeting format of two weeks for experts and one week for States Parties could reasonably be combined into a single meeting of two weeks duration. In this way, expert-level working groups might consider designated issues in the first week of the annual meeting and feed into the decision making deliberations of the second week. Such an approach would ensure that each annual session covered the range of issues facing the Convention at any given period of time." ]

[ "Geneva, 20 November - 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "Accountability framework", "Submitted by Canada", "Introduction", "1. The responses to the 2005 Canadian non-paper on the BTWC Review Conference, as well as the views expressed in many consultations and seminars and meetings, indicate that there is a general agreement that States parties should focus on the full implementation and continued strengthening of the Convention. The Sixth Review Conference of the Convention should contribute to this goal by increasing the level of accountability among States parties in the implementation of its provisions. The following accountability framework sets out how this can be done in all its aspects, with four priorities: national implementation, confidence-building measures, implementation support and annual meetings.", "II. NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION", "Article 4 of the Convention sets out the obligation to enact national legislation. Unfortunately, not all States parties have enacted national legislation. At the Review Conference, States Parties shall agree:", "(1) Promote national implementation actions, including at the regional level, in particular by encouraging the development of specific targets, time frames and methodologies to promote effective implementation;", "(2) States parties are encouraged to report regularly on their progress in developing national implementation legislation, such as at annual meetings and as a confidence-building measure;", "(3) States Parties in a position to do so are encouraged to provide implementation support.", "III. Confidence-building measures", "3. The annual submission of confidence-building reports enhances transparency and helps to demonstrate States parties ' compliance with the Convention process. In order to increase accountability and ensure that appropriate information is available to demonstrate compliance, there is a need for both better reporting forms and for States parties to submit and better complete them. Therefore, at the Review Conference, States Parties should agree to:", "(1) Encourages all States parties to the Convention to submit annual confidence-building reports and to complete the forms in an accurate and timely manner, and encourages individual States parties to assist those States that so require in completing the forms;", "(2) Each reporting form should be completed annually, even if no new information has emerged since the previous year, in order to increase transparency and ensure that all States parties have access to complete reports;", "(3) Development of more user-friendly reporting forms, to the extent possible, by ticking rather than using words (a standardized form would help to overcome the obstacles posed by the lack of translation services);", "(4) Authorizes the Department for Disarmament Affairs to summarize the main elements, trends and views expressed in the reports submitted;", "(5) More efficient distribution of reports (electronic distribution through CD-ROM or a secure website);", "(6) Consideration of proposals for the modification and expansion of existing CBMs, including those made at previous Review Conferences, and for the development of new CBMs.", "IV. IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT", "Another element of the accountability package is the strengthening of institutional capacity, such as the establishment of a Convention secretariat or implementation support unit. This would improve the implementation of the Convention and help to monitor the implementation of its obligations. States Parties may authorize such an entity to carry out specific activities, including:", "(1) Follow-up on implementation and prepare an annual overview of national implementation;", "(2) Working with States parties to improve implementation of the Convention, including by assisting in the development of relevant legislation and regulations and providing further support for reports aimed at building confidence (alerts, assistance, preparation of annual summaries);", "(3) Promote and support the efforts of the States Parties to achieve universalization of the Convention, including at the regional level;", "(4) To act as a clearing house for the transmission of requests for implementation support to States Parties that have indicated their willingness to provide such support;", "(5) Preparatory, substantive and empirical advisory services for meetings of the Convention, including the preparation of background papers related to the topics of the annual meetings and a summary of events that have taken place between them (including developments in relevant forums such as the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations);", "(6) Coordination with other forums and international organizations whose mandates and work are relevant to the Convention.", "Annual session", "5. The annual meeting provides an important opportunity for States parties to consider the implementation of the Convention and new developments relevant to its purpose. The 2006 Review Conference should request that, in addition to the consideration of the topics identified, it should also discuss developments relevant to the Convention. For example, some of these meetings or “accountability conferences” could be devoted to national implementation, cooperation and assistance, confidence-building measures and science and technology. These recurrent themes could be considered during part of the annual sessions, as well as other topics, such as universalization, as necessary. Cross-cutting topics, such as biosafety and biosecurity and disease mitigation and monitoring, could be considered in conjunction with those themes. The current meeting schedule of two weeks for the Meeting of Experts and one week for the Meeting of States Parties could well be combined into a two-week session. Thus, the expert-level working group could consider the designated topic in the first week of the annual session and the second week would be for States parties to consider and decide on that basis. In this way, it should ensure that the issues facing the Convention at any given time are considered at each annual session." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "生物安全和生物安保", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、防止所禁止活动的义务", "1. 《生物及毒素武器公约》(《公约》)第四条可被视为与国家执行《公约》问题相关的核心规定。该条规定，各缔约国应“采取任何必要措施” 以便在该国领土境内，在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方，“禁止并防止”所禁止的活动。仔细阅第四条，可以看出，其中包括一些关键义务：", "2. 第一，它涵盖前面第一、第二和第三条之下所有禁止的活动，并提到基于通用目的标准的生物武器的全面定义。", "3. 第二，由于该条未指明任何所禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益者，国家立法必须以能够包括这种活动所有可能的行为者的方式制定。", "4. 第三，第四条并非单纯为行为的义务，而且相当于结果的义务。仅在国家立法中实施禁止还不足以履行第四条所列的义务，因为缔约国必须采取“措施，以禁止和防止”有关活动。也许还可提到必须采取“必要措施”，这也可解读为努力不使缔约国负担过重，在国家执行方面引入成比例的要素。", "5. 鉴于生物领域科学发展带来的新的风险和动用生物武器的恐怖主义威胁，防止不受阻碍地获得可被用作生物武器的微生物和毒素在政治上也越来越重要。", "二、防止不受阻碍地获得危险材料的措施", "6. 《公约》第四条提到“必要措施”。但“必要”指的是什么，换句话说，一个缔约国如何知道究竟是否有必要采取措施？简单的答复是风险评估；但单靠风险评估能否解决问题？当然不能，如果缔约国不知道在其领土内是否以及在何处拥有关注的材料，不知道何人为了何种目的、以及在何种安全/安保条件下持有这些材料。", "7. 这一问题的解决办法有两个方面：关于一国领土内拥有可能的生物武器材料的知识和风险评估。", "8. 2003年8月《公约》专家会议的工作文件和发言表明，缔约国完全意识到，必须将获得危险的微生物和毒素的手段限于在科学、商业方面以及为了诊断目的合法操作此种材料的人员和设施。关于缔约国如何当心，防止未经授权获得此种材料的额外信息，可见安理会第1540号决议委员会的立法数据库，其中载有关于与生物武器相关材料的处置和实物保护的国家立法。然而，限制获得此类材料背后的理由却是基于不同类型的办法。", "9. 无论如何，关于拥有微生物和毒素――并可能滥用生物武器――的知识是任何进一步国家行动的前提条件。有些国家采取一种程序，仅要求登记拥有或处置此种材料。大多数国家实施的关于微生物和毒素的立法，仅在个人或设施成功地通过一项许可证程序的情况下，才允许其拥有和处置此种材料。这种程序允许各国将许可证发放与各种不同的系列条件相结合，许可证申请人必须首先符合这些条件。这种程序还将执证人置于发证机关监督措施之下。", "10. 许可证发放或登记程序为国家提供了关于在其领土内何处有关注的生物材料、以及何人有手段获得这些材料的知识。这种知识为在一国领土内就防止与此种材料相关的风险的任何必要措施作出任何决定提供了一个基础。", "三、生物安全和生物安保", "11. 缔约国为防止不受阻碍地获得危险生物材料、并最大限度地减少有关风险而采取的必要措施从一开始可能就不同，但却提供了一些相互补充的概念。这些措施通常为有关安全和安保的法律、法规和标准的组合。这些概念基于具体微生物和毒素的固有风险。", "12. 大多数已经采取措施以最大限度地减少有关风险的国家侧重于关于保障操作生物材料的工作人员的国家立法、法规和标准，侧重于保护环境，包括人口，防止危险材料的意外释放或丢失。有些国家――特别是那些在2001年9月11日之后实施立法的国家――侧重于与生物武器相关的生物材料的实物保护办法，以防止偷盗等未经授权的获取，或被非国家行为者包括恐怖主义分子转用。", "13. 总的来说，这两种概念被称为生物安全和生物安保；这些名称给那些在其国家语文中将“safety”和“security”翻译为一个词的国家造成了一些问题。", "14. 深入比较各国业已颁布的有关法律、法规和标准表明，在两个概念之下采取的措施十分相似，其中包括：", "(1) 发放拥有和操作许可证，", "(2) 专业知识要求；", "(3) 人员可靠性检查，", "(4) 将接触生物材料的工作人员列入名单，", "(5) 按照其固有风险将生物材料分级，", "(6) 根据生物材料风险分级制度，对基础设施的实体要求，", "(7) 按照不同的风险组类，关于安全操作微生物的组织措施，包括根据“工作需要”限制获取敏感材料，", "(8) 按照风险组类分级，确保安全储存微生物和毒素，", "(9) 有关工作的文件记录(试验室日志)，", "(10) 仅授权在持证的设施之间转让生物材料，", "(11) 确保安全/可靠地运输敏感的生物材料的措施，", "(12) 发证或其他主管机构的监督等。", "15. 两种概念之间的不同主要基于两个问题。第一，如前所述，两者都基于某些微生物和毒素的固有风险。生物安全风险分级制度基于微生物在人、动物和植物中引起程度不同的疾病的固有能力，而生物安保风险分级制度则基于微生物或毒素被用作武器的潜能。实际上，敏感的生物材料安全/安保在风险级别方面没有什么不同；但是，生物安全概念比生物安保概念所涵盖的生物材料数目要多得多。第二，尽管两种概念之下的大多数措施都多少相同，但生物安保概念主要侧重于防止通过偷盗、转用或故意释放而获得敏感材料。因此，生物安保概念通常包括一些额外的措施，强化和保障含有具有生物武器潜能的敏感生物材料的设施。", "四、如何更好地执行生物安全/生物安保措施", "16. 根据国家的声明，2006年4月联合国安全理事会第1540号决议委员会关于与生物武器相关材料实物保护的国家立法和其他措施执行情况的报告计算出，现已有关于危险生物材料许可证或登记要求的立法、以及表示有涉及不同安全和安保关注的具体法律和法规的国家有48个。关于执行措施，这些国家大多表示，其刑法或具体法律载有针对违反安全和安保要求的刑事或行政处罚规定。全球出现了一系列广泛的令人关注的微生物，需要对由这些物剂引起的疾病进行医学、兽医学和植物检疫诊断，与此相比，已经采取相关立法和其他措施的国家数目看来少得令人吃惊。", "17. 在“确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制”的专题下，2003年专家会议广泛讨论了生物安全/生物安保问题。然而，讨论仅仅导致了整理各种文件，而若没有国家生物安全/生物安保立法或其他措施填补有关空缺，这些文件本身不能提供一个系统的目录，查明有关问题，并提出可能的解决办法，以帮助缔约国。2003年的会议，以及安理会第1540号决议委员会的立法数据库清楚地表明，从各国业已执行和核准的措施中，已有大量的信息。欧洲联盟提议，缔约国根据这些数据，在2007至2010年期间，在一个会期间《生物及毒素武器公约》进程中，制定并不断更新生物安全/生物安保措施的一个系统目录，这将是一项值得开展活动，以便提高各国对生物安全/生物安保问题的意识，并帮助缔约国颁布和执行适当的立法和其他措施，以控制和确保国内敏感的生物材料。", "18. 能够帮助其他国家制定此种国家生物安全/生物安保措施的缔约国应当根据要求提议并提供援助。在这方面，还提到2006年2月27日欧洲联盟理事会支持《生物及毒素武器公约》的联合行动，其目的包括在国家执行方面帮助缔约国。在现行国家生物安全/生物安保措施基础上拟订一份关于缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录将有利于提供者和接受者两方面开展任何援助活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程及可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.220 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. An obligation to prevent prohibited activities", "1. Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation of the Convention. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes several key obligations:", "2. Firstly, it covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of biological weapons based on the general-purpose criterion.", "3. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such activities.", "4. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take “measures to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt “necessary measures”, which can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.", "5. In the light of new risks generated by scientific developments in the field of biotechnology and terrorist threats with biological weapons, the prevention of unimpeded access to microorganisms and toxins that can be used as biological weapons has also gained increasing political importance.", "II. Measures to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous materials", "6. Article IV of the Convention refers to “necessary measures”. But what does “necessary” mean, or to put it another way, how does a State Party know if it is necessary at all to take measures? The simple answer is risk assessment; but does this alone solve the problem? Surely not, as long as a State Party has no knowledge of whether and where it possesses materials of concern within its territory, who is handling these materials, for what purpose, and under what safety/security conditions.", "7. The approach to solving the problem is twofold: knowledge of possession of potential biological weapons materials within a territory and risk assessment.", "8. The working papers and statements at the BTWC Meeting of Experts in August 2003 showed that States Parties are very well aware of the need to restrict access to dangerous micro-organisms and toxins to personnel and facilities that legitimately handle such materials in science, commerce and for diagnostic purposes. Additional information on how States Parties take care to prevent unauthorised access to such materials is available from the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, which includes national legislation describing regulations for handling and physical protection of biological weapons-related materials. However, the reasoning behind restricting access to such types of material is based on different types of approaches.", "9. In any case, knowledge of possession of microorganisms and toxins with a potential of biological weapons misuse is a prerequisite for any further State action. Some States follow a procedure that requires the registration of possession or handling of such materials only. The majority of States that have implemented legislation on microorganisms and toxins allow individuals or facilities to possess and to handle such materials only if they have successfully passed a licensing process. Such a process allows States to bind licensing to different sets of conditions that have to be fulfilled as a prerequisite by the licence applicant. It usually also subjects the licensee to oversight measures by the authority issuing a licence.", "10. The licensing or registration process provides a State with knowledge of where biological materials of concern are available within its territory and who has access to them. Such knowledge provides a basis for any decision on necessary measures to prevent risks related to such materials within a national territory.", "III. Biosafety and biosecurity", "11. The necessary measures implemented by States Parties to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous biological materials and to minimise risks might differ in their starting points, but provide mutually complementary concepts. They usually consist of a mixture of laws, regulations and standards for safety and security. These concepts are based on the inherent risks of specific microorganisms and toxins.", "12. A majority of States which have already implemented measures to minimise risks focus their national legislation, regulations and standards on safeguarding the workforce handling biological materials and on the protection of the environment, including the population, against accidental release or loss of hazardous materials. Some States, especially those implementing legislation after 11 September 2001, focus their approaches on the physical protection of biological weapons-related biological materials to prevent unauthorised access by theft or diversion by non-State actors, including terrorists.", "13. In general the two concepts are labelled as Biosafety and Biosecurity; names which pose some problems for countries where the words “safety” and “security” translate into the same term in their national languages.", "14. An in-depth comparison of laws, regulations and standards already enacted by States Parties demonstrates that the measures implemented under both concepts are very similar, including inter alia:", "(i) Licensing of possession and handling,", "(ii) Requirement of professional knowledge,", "(iii) Reliability checks of personnel,", "(iv) Listing of workforce with access to biological materials,", "(v) Classification of biological materials according to inherent risks,", "(vi) Physical requirements for infrastructure based on risk classification systems for biological materials,", "(vii) Organisational measures for safe handling of micro-organisms according to different risk groups, including limited access to sensitive materials on a ‘need-to-work’ basis,", "(viii) Secure storage of micro-organisms and toxins according to risk group classifications,", "(ix) Documentation of work (laboratory journals),", "(x) Authorisation of transfer of biological materials between licensed facilities only,", "(xi) Measures to ensure safe/secure transport of sensitive biological materials,", "(xii) Oversight by licensing or other competent agencies, etc.", "15. The difference between the two concepts is primarily based on two issues. Firstly, as already mentioned, both are based on the inherent risks of certain microorganisms and toxins. While a biosafety risk classification system is based on the inherent capability of micro-organisms to cause disease, of lesser or greater severity, in humans, animals and plants, a biosecurity risk classification system is founded on the potential of a micro-organism or toxin to be used as a weapon. In practice, with respect to safety/security of sensitive biological materials, there is little difference between the risk classes; however the biosafety concept covers a far wider number of biological materials than the biosecurity concept. Secondly, while the majority of measures under both concepts are more or less the same, the biosecurity concept focuses primarily on the prevention of access to sensitive materials by theft, diversion or intentional release. For this reason biosecurity concepts usually include additional measures to harden and safeguard facilities containing sensitive biological materials with a biological weapons potential.", "IV. How to improve the implementation of biosafety/biosecurity measures", "16. Based on national statements, the report of the 1540 Committee to the UN Security Council of April 2006 on the status of implementation of national legislative and other measures for the physical protection of biological weapons-related materials counts 48 States having legislation in place that provides for licensing or registration requirements for hazardous biological materials and indicating that they have specific laws and regulations addressing different safety and security concerns. With regard to enforcement measures, most of these States have indicated that their penal codes or specific laws contain criminal or administrative penalties against violations of safety and security requirements. Compared with the global occurrence of a wide range of micro-organisms of concern and the need for medical, veterinary or phytosanitary diagnosis relating to diseases caused by these agents, the number of States that have implemented respective legislative and other measures seems surprisingly small.", "17. The 2003 Meeting of Experts discussed biosafety/biosecurity problems extensively under the topic “national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins”. However, the discussion resulted in only a collation of papers which cannot alone provide a systematic catalogue identifying problems and offering possible solutions to assist States Parties without national biosafety/biosecurity legislative or other measures in filling their gaps. The 2003 Meeting, as well as the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, clearly demonstrates that abundant information is available from measures that have already been nationally implemented and approved. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date a systematic catalogue of biosafety/biosecurity measures based on these data in an intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010, which would be a worthwhile activity to improve national awareness about biosafety/biosecurity issues as well as assisting States Parties to enact and implement appropriate legislative and other measures to control and secure domestically sensitive biological materials.", "18. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national biosafety/biosecurity measures should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect, reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the BTWC that aims inter alia at assistance to States Parties in national implementation. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national biosafety/biosecurity measures would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider recipient side.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "Geneva, 20 November - 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "Biosafety and biosecurity", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union [1]", "I. Obligations to prevent prohibited activities", "1. Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) can be considered as the core provisions related to national implementation of the Convention. This article provides that States parties shall “take any necessary measures”. In order to “prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within the territory of the State, under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere. Looking at article IV, it can be seen that it includes a number of key obligations:", "2. First, it covers all prohibited activities under articles I, II and III above and refers to a comprehensive definition of biological weapons based on the criteria of general purpose.", "3. Secondly, since the article does not identify the actors, recipients or beneficiaries of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be formulated in such a way as to include all possible actors of such activities.", "4. Thirdly, article 4 is not an obligation that is merely an act and is equivalent to an obligation of result. Implementation of the prohibition in national legislation alone would not be sufficient to meet the obligations set out in article 4, as States parties must take “measures to prohibit and prevent” activities. It might also be possible to mention the need for “necessary measures”, which could also be interpreted as an effort not to overburden States parties by introducing a proportional element in national implementation.", "5. In view of the new risks posed by scientific developments in the biological field and the terrorist threat of the use of biological weapons, preventing unhindered access to micro-organisms and toxins that could be used as biological weapons is also of increasing political importance.", "Measures to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous materials", "Article 4 of the Convention refers to “necessary measures”. But what does “necessity” mean, in other words, how does a State party know if it is necessary to take measures? The simple answer was a risk assessment; but would risk assessment alone solve the problem? Of course, it cannot, if the State party does not know whether and where the material of concern is in its territory, what purpose and under what safety/security conditions it holds the material.", "The solution to this problem is twofold: knowledge of and risk assessment of the possession of possible biological weapons materials within the territory of a State.", "8. The working papers and statements made at the Convention ' s meeting of experts in August 2003 indicate that States Parties are fully aware of the need to limit access to dangerous micro-organisms and toxins to personnel and facilities legally operating such materials in the scientific, commercial and diagnostic fields. Additional information on how States Parties are careful to prevent unauthorized access to such material can be found in the Legislative Database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, which contains national legislation on disposal and physical protection of biological weapons-related materials. However, the reasons behind limiting access to such material are based on different types of approaches.", "In any case, knowledge of the possession of micro-organisms and toxins - and the possible misuse of biological weapons - is a prerequisite for any further State action. Some States have adopted a procedure requiring registration only for possession or disposal of such material. Legislation on micro-organisms and toxins in most countries allows individuals or facilities to possess and dispose of such materials only if they have successfully adopted a licensing procedure. This procedure allows States to combine licensing with a variety of different sets of conditions, which must first be met by a licence applicant. This procedure also places the issuer under the supervision of the issuing authority.", "10. Licensing or registration procedures provide States with knowledge of where biological material of concern is located within their territory and who has access to such materials. This knowledge provides a basis for any decision within a State ' s territory on any necessary measures to prevent risks associated with such materials.", "III. Biosafety and biosecurity", "11. The measures taken by States parties to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous biological materials and to minimize the associated risks may be different from the outset, but provide some complementary concepts. These measures are usually a combination of laws, regulations and standards relating to safety and security. These concepts are based on the inherent risks of specific microorganisms and toxins.", "Most of the countries that have taken measures to minimize the risks focus on national legislation, regulations and standards to safeguard staff working with biological materials, and on protecting the environment, including the population, against accidental release or loss of hazardous materials. Some countries - particularly those that enacted legislation after 11 September 2001 - - Physical protection approaches focused on biological weapons-related biological materials to prevent unauthorized access, such as theft, or diversion by non-State actors, including terrorists.", "In general, the two concepts are referred to as biosafety and biosecurity; they create problems for countries that translate “safety” and “security” into their national languages.", "14. An in-depth comparison of the relevant laws, regulations and standards that have been enacted by States shows that the measures taken under the two concepts are very similar, including:", "(1) the granting of a licence to own and operate,", "(ii) Expertise requirements;", "(3) Reliability check of personnel,", "(4) Listing of staff exposed to biological materials,", "(5) Classification of biological materials according to their inherent risk,", "(6) Physical requirements for infrastructure under the biological material risk classification system,", "(7) Organizational measures for the safe handling of micro-organisms according to different risk groups, including restrictions on access to sensitive materials based on “work needs”,", "(8) Ensure safe storage of micro-organisms and toxins according to risk group classification,", "(9) Work related documentation (laboratory log),", "(10) only authorize the transfer of biological material between licensed facilities,", "(11) Measures to ensure the safe/reliable transport of sensitive biological materials,", "(12) Certification or supervision by other competent bodies, etc.", "15. The difference between the two concepts is based on two main issues. First, as noted above, both are based on the inherent risks of certain microorganisms and toxins. The biosafety risk classification system is based on the inherent ability of microorganisms to cause diseases of varying degrees in humans, animals and plants, while the biosecurity risk classification system is based on the potential of microorganisms or toxins to be used as weapons. In practice, the safety/security of sensitive biological materials does not differ in the level of risk; however, the biosafety concept is much larger than the biological material covered by the biosecurity concept. Second, while most measures under both concepts are somewhat identical, the biosecurity concept focuses primarily on preventing the acquisition of sensitive materials through theft, diversion or intentional release. Thus, the biosecurity concept usually includes additional measures to enhance and safeguard facilities containing sensitive biological materials with biological weapons potential.", "IV. How to improve implementation of biosafety/biosecurity measures", "16. Based on national statements, the report of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 Committee on the implementation of national legislation and other measures relating to the physical protection of biological weapons-related materials in April 2006 calculated that 48 States had legislation on licensing or registration requirements for hazardous biological materials, as well as specific laws and regulations that indicated different safety and security concerns. With regard to implementation measures, most of those States indicated that their criminal laws or specific laws contained criminal or administrative penalties for violations of safety and security requirements. In contrast to the wide range of micro-organisms of global concern requiring medical, veterinary and phytosanitary diagnostics of diseases caused by these agents, the number of countries that have adopted relevant legislative and other measures appears to be alarmingly low.", "Under the theme “National mechanisms to ensure and maintain the safety and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins”, biosafety/biosecurity was extensively discussed at the 2003 Meeting of Experts. However, the discussions have led only to the consolidation of documents that, without national biosafety/biosecurity legislation or other measures to fill the gaps, cannot by themselves provide a systematic catalogue of issues and possible solutions to assist States parties. The 2003 meeting, as well as the legislative database of the 1540 Committee of the Security Council, clearly show that there is a wealth of information available on measures already implemented and approved by States. The European Union proposes that a systematic catalogue of biosafety/biosecurity measures to be developed and kept up to date by the State party, based on these data, during the period 2007-2010 in a BTWC process, would be a worthwhile activity to raise awareness of biosafety/biosecurity issues among States and to assist States parties in enacting and enforcing appropriate legislative and other measures to control and ensure sensitive domestic biological materials.", "18. States Parties in a position to assist other States in developing such national biosafety/biosecurity measures should offer and provide assistance upon request. In this context, reference was also made to the Council of the European Union Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, which aims, inter alia, to assist States parties in national implementation. The development of a catalogue of practices already implemented and approved by States Parties, building on existing national biosafety/biosecurity measures, would facilitate any assistance activities between providers and recipients.", "[1] This is one of a series of additional documents submitted by EU member States for consideration by States Parties. The acceding countries Bulgaria and Romania, the candidate countries Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the stabilization and association process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, align themselves with this document." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定 审查《公约》的实施情况", "评估《生物和毒素武器公约》的国家执行情况", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、国家执行《生物和毒素武器公约》的义务", "1. 根据《生物和毒素武器公约》第一条，各缔约国“承诺在任何情况下决不发展、生产、储存或以其他方法取得或保有：一、凡类型和数量不属于预防、保护或其他和平用途所正当需要的微生物剂或其他生物剂或毒素，不论其来源或生产方法如何；二、凡为了将这类物剂或毒素使用于敌对目的或武装冲突而设计的武器、设备或运载工具。”因此，第一条在通用标准基础上确定了生物武器的广泛定义，并通过禁止发展、生产、储存和获取而谋求防止缔约国取得生物武器。该条将纵向扩散定为不法。", "2. 第三条扩大了对生物武器的禁止范围，谈到缔约国可在防止生物武器的横向扩散方面发挥积极的作用：第一，该条禁止协助、鼓励或引导任何国家、国家集团或国际组织从事第一条所禁止的活动。第二，该条禁止将所禁物项直接或间接转让给“任何接受者”。其中包括有关物品的国际和国内转让，也包括非政府接受者。", "3. 最后，《生物和毒素武器公约》(《公约》)第四条可被视为与国家执行《公约》问题相关的核心规定。该条规定，各缔约国应“采取任何必要措施”以便在该国领土境内，“在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方”，“禁止并防止”所禁止的活动。仔细阅第四条，可以看出，其中包括缔约国的一项重要义务：", "4. 第一，该义务在范围上是全面的。它涵盖前面第一、第二和第三条之下所有禁止的活动，并提到基于通用标准的生物武器的全面定义。", "5. 第二，由于该条未指明任何所禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益者，国家立法必须以能够有效涵盖这种活动所有可能行为者的方式制定。", "6. 第三，第四条并非单纯为行为的义务，而且相当于结果的义务。仅在国家立法中实施禁止还不足以履行第四条所列的义务，因为缔约国必须采取“措施，以禁止和防止”有关活动。也许还可提到必须采取“必要措施”。", "7. 第四，第四条引入了管辖和控制的一项广泛概念。它并不限于缔约国领土，而是根据除领土主权外的各种真正的联系，包括法律上的管辖和事实上的控制。", "8. 除了表明有关义务严格性的这些要素之外，第四条中所列的另外两个要素给了缔约国在执行《公约》之时一些回旋余地。第一，第四条尊重每个缔约国的国家法律秩序(“按照其宪法程序”)。第二，“必要措施”也可被视为努力不使缔约国负担过重，在国家执行方面引入成比例的要素。", "二、立法――实质上具有强制性，但形式上是灵活的", "9. 国家执法首先意味着国家立法。但是，《公约》本身并未明确具体规定，其中所列禁止必须通过立法、规章、行政措施或有关组合来执行。第四条仅要求缔约国“采取……必要措施”。因此，缔约国可以争辩说，任何形式的国家执行都符合第四条。但这是不得要领。如前所述，就缔约国必须防止“发展、生产、储存、取得或保有本公约第一条所规定的物剂、毒素、武器、设备和运载工具”而言，第四条列有一项结果的义务。为了采取“必要措施”，要求缔约国必须采取有法律约束力的措施。这一般意味着运用立法。", "10. 迄今为止的国家实践――国家实践在解释《生物和毒素武器公约》的条款方面很重要――表明，在各个不同的级别存在涵盖广泛专题领域的立法。在2003年《生物和毒素武器公约》专家会议上，23个缔约国提交了工作文件，其中解释了国家执行《生物和毒素武器公约》立法的范围和防止不受阻碍地获取危险生物材料的措施。2003年会议秘书处分发了84个缔约国为落实《公约》所列禁止而采取的立法和其他措施的背景资料，其中包括颁布刑事立法以及确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制。根据《公约》，参与其建立信任措施年度资料交换的为数有限的缔约国在建立信任措施表格E：宣布立法、规章和其他措施之下提供了关于国家立法措施的最新资料，包括病原微生物的出口和/或进口。", "11. 安理会第1540号决议委员会立法数据库提供了关于为落实《公约》所列禁止而采取的立法和其他措施的全面资料，其中包括颁布刑事立法以及确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制。该数据库现在可通过1540委员会网站公开进入，其中载有各国(《公约》缔约国、《公约》签署国和其他国家)提供的关于防止生物武器、其运载工具和相关材料扩散的国家立法和其他执行措施的信息。", "12. 自2004年以来，只有少数几个国家颁布并实施了新的立法或措施，调整国家立法和规章，使其适应安理会第1540(2004)号决议之下的义务。因此，1540数据库提供了国家执行《公约》的最新现况。目前的数据库中有一份联合国124个会员国提交的立法文件清单，包括112个《公约》缔约国和7个《公约》签署国。数据库中的大多数文件都可原文调阅，或通过链接调阅英文版。将有关文件列入数据库经过了有关国家的许可。", "三、在执法方面可从中汲取些什么？", "13. 尽管《生物和毒素武器公约》第四条并未明确提到执法，但数据库的文献表明，大多数缔约国都对《公约》作出诚意解释，因而需要有法律约束力的执法措施。采用了多种多样的国家立法办法，因此，所规范领域的数目有所不同。在采取不同的制裁办法，执行立法措施以便“禁止和防止”《公约》定为不法的活动方面，这种多样性也很明显。", "14. 关于第一条所禁止的活动，根据1540数据库文件，可以查明国家执法中的五种一般类型：", "(1) 直接将国际条约颁布为国家法律的宪法程序，通常在国家刑法中没有关于违反条约义务的任何执法措施；", "(2) 共同或单独涉及所禁止的核、化学和生物活动的立法，结合框架立法和刑事制裁措施；", "(3) 通常通过对允许的活动颁发许可证规范和控制与生物武器相关材料和平使用问题的立法。其基本理由大概是，由于不会发给与生物武器及其运载工具相关的活动以许可证，《公约》之下的义务将得到履行。对此种立法的深入审查表明，执法措施通常仅仅基于对违反许可证要求的行政处罚；", "(4) 仅在国家刑法的范围内处理《公约》第一条所禁止的活动，列入对违反有关禁止的处罚；和", "(5) 涵盖一系列与大规模毁灭性武器、其运载工具和有关材料相关的所禁止的活动的国家反恐立法，包括将恐怖主义违反事项定为刑事罪。拥有此种立法的国家可能没有看到非国家行为者也许并非总是仅仅由恐怖主义目的驱动这一事实。", "15. 《公约》并未列入通过刑事立法的明确义务。但是，先前讨论的关于《公约》第四条的解释至少表明，刑法规定构成《公约》义务的一部分。考虑到缔约国在《公约》之下的做法，如1540号决议数据库文件所表明，通过刑法规定，以便有效地防止所禁止的活动，这一做法看来得到普遍接受。尽管没有关于刑事立法的明确规定，但《公约》确实赋予了一项义务，颁布刑法或依靠现有刑法来履行《公约》的义务。", "16. 没有必要通过一部单独的全面执行立法，以涵盖第一条所列的禁止以及关于违反所禁止活动的执法措施。看来有意义的是，要在受影响者最能够意识到的地方引入这些义务，只要国家立法总体上涵盖条约义务、充分的刑事执法措施和所有各个组成部分――即国家和非国家行为者。", "四、行政执法――相关主管部门，酌处权", "17. 关于第三条，国家执行的情况甚至更为复杂。第三条禁止“将本公约第一条所规定的任何物剂、毒素、武器、设备或运载工具”直接或间接转让给“任何接受者”。其中包括国际和国内转让，也包括非国家接受者。", "18. 第三条对各国提出了一些问题，其中三个看来相当重要。第一，为了预防、防护和其他和平目的，可以正当使用生物剂和毒素。为了科学、诊断和商业目的，经管和转让物剂和毒素是日常的工作。与第一条相结合，第三条之下的义务要求各国实施某种类别的控制，以确保材料的转让符合正当使用的标准。第二，第一条并未具体区分物剂、毒素、武器或运载工具，而是禁止与此种材料相关的活动。因此，缔约国有具体确定相关物项的酌处权。第三，在国际转让的情况下，既使一国领土内不拥有关注的任何物剂和毒素，也可能需要实施立法和有关措施，以履行第三条之下的义务：不“间接”转让，“不以任何方式协助”通过其领土的非法运输或转运，以及非法经纪。", "19. 根据1540号决议数据库文件提供的数据，各国努力通过立法规章和行政执法来解决所提到的问题。", "20. 对国家执行中行政执法问题的讨论开辟了一个实际的方面。讨论导致了关于如何“在实地”采取有关措施的辩论。在这方面，有两个关注的问题：决定相关主管机构及政治和行政自由处置的程度。首先，《公约》并未列入一项关于国家主管机构的规定。在没有关于国家主管机构，又没有关于负责执行有关法律和规章的其他行政执法机关的任何明确规定情况下，唯一的相关参照点是第四条。若作为结果的义务来解读，并牢记必须采取“必要措施”，则相当清楚，单靠立法不足以满足《公约》的要求。有效执行必然要有主管的行政执法部门。", "21. 理想的立法应当指明授权的机关，必须给予该机关以充分的能力和资源。而且，必须有一定程度的专业化，以确保法律的正当适用。这就相当于任何规范所关注物剂和毒素的经管――包括转让――和控制的立法管理中的善治。关于行政执法的第二个方面，即在适用相关法律和规章方面自由处置的程度问题，则取决于《公约》所列义务的性质。化学武器的定义基于通用标准这一事实本身就必然要求有一定程度的灵活性。", "22. 在安理会第1540号决议数据库所包含的国家立法中，有关国际转让(出口控制)的行政责任通常由负责一般政策的各部、以及处理许可证发放问题并负有指导责任的政府机构分担。在不存在有关政府机构的情况下，决策和发放许可证的责任通常由各部分担。就生物剂的经管和有关工作而言，这属于相关各部和各政府机构的责任范围，就是说，这一问题以权力下放的方式处理，根据有关物剂的类型而定，无论其为人、动物还是植物病原体，无论其是自然出现还是经过基因修饰。分别负责的原因与国家在公共卫生、动物健康和植物检疫许可及其控制机制方面的长期做法相关。尽管这些组织结构还很不全面，但这些结构表明，有关法律和规章的行政执法问题是按照有关国家的法律和宪法安排处理的，正如第四条所规定：“按照其宪法程序”。只要以效力考虑为指导，任何此种国家安排都是充分的，这种安排通常包括控制有关物剂国内转让的规章，仅允许在持证的设施之间转让。", "23. 就监管技术而言，建立在许可证制度之上的国家立法留给了主管机构相当程度的自由处置的余地。国际转让的许可证发放程序依靠关于具有生物武器扩散风险的物剂和毒素以及相关技术的清单。这些清单――如澳大利亚小组拟订的清单――被广泛用作制定国家许可证制度的依据。然而，在任何国家立法中规定的禁止与对外贸易自由的宪法要求之间必须求得平衡。在法律的许多其他方面，有关基本权利的各种类似考虑必须得到尊重，这就意味着行政主管部门在履行《公约》义务方面发挥着决定性的作用。", "24. 最后，人们可以争辩说，《公约》在安排行政执法方面给缔约国留出了相当程度的回旋余地，只要有效执行得到保证。建立许可证发放制度，作为执行进程的一部分，这完全符合《公约》，有可能履行采取措施禁止和防止生物武器扩散的义务。", "五、国家管辖以外", "25. 最后，我们应当谈到第四条明确提到的管辖问题，该条提到“该国领土境内，在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方”。这种提法在其他多项军备控制和裁军协定中得到采用，可被视为今天的一种标准提法。尽管其看来有希望，但在这一措辞的解释方面却仍然没有协商一致意见。缺少协商一致意见是由于国际法在关于任何特定国家可在多大程度上通过治外立法没有达成一致。然而，在将缔约国的责任扩大到其领土之外方面，第四条不仅为域外管辖提供了根据，甚至还使缔约国有义务将其有关执行立法扩大到其“管辖……(和)控制”的范围。尽管在治外立法问题上缺乏国际协商一致意见，但越来越多的缔约国都接受这种解释：第四条为治外立法提供了依据。", "26. 考虑到1540号决议数据库文件，刑法相关规定列入了有关第一条禁止的国家立法、刑法典和国家出口管制立法。这些规定既依据属地管辖原则，又依据主动属人管辖原则――就是说，一国在境外的国民，如果违反该国相关的国内规定，也应受刑事处罚。", "六、结论：需要有一致性：横向和纵向", "27. 这一说明不过是讨论的一个引子。但是，从上述分析中可以得出以下结论：", "(1) 第一，国家执行立法是强制性的，但在形式上是灵活的；", "(2) 第二，行政执法必须有效，但可根据每个缔约国独自的法律制度安排；", "(3) 第三，《公约》的国家执行立法必须包括刑事处罚；和", "(4) 第四，“管辖……(和)控制”的提法不仅允许执行立法的域外适用，而且确立了一项义务，将此种执行立法扩大到缔约国领土以外，特别是鉴于恐怖主义和扩散的威胁。", "28. 必须强调一个额外的方面：需要有一致性――在有关立法和执法的级别方面(从超国家到次国家)、以及在一系列广泛的专题方面都要有一致性。尽管一个单一的执行法规可能不一定有用，但可在1540号决议数据库和其他源文件中可得的现有国家立法的基础上，拟出一个缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录。这一目录可以成为所有缔约国的一个有用的工具。那些需要制定法律、规章和措施以履行其《公约》义务的国家将发现其为一个有用的源文件；那些业已实施国家立法的缔约国可将其用来检查是否有任何差距，可将其用作填补可能的空白的准则。欧洲联盟提议，缔约国拟订并不断更新这样一个目录，作为2007至2010年《公约》闭会期间进程的一部分。", "29. 如前所述，《公约》所有各项义务的国家执行涉及一系列广泛的专题。有些缔约国过去可能曾认为，它们不需要颁布具体的《公约》执行立法，因为其领土内没有――或自认为没有――相关材料。但是，就《公约》所载有约束力的义务而言，《公约》所有缔约国都必须颁布并执行适当的国家立法措施。尽管有些缔约国可能并不拥有相关材料，但其领土却有可能被非国家行为者用作安全港，有可能成为扩散途径的一部分。这并不是说所有缔约国在任何特定时刻都有相同程度的国家执行要求。但是，每个缔约国都应当制定一项国家行动计划，查明其差距，颁布并执行涵盖其《公约》义务的充分的法律、规章和措施。", "30. 能够帮助其他国家制定此种国家生物安全/生物安保措施的缔约国应当根据要求提议并提供援助。在这方面，还要提到2006年2月27日欧洲联盟理事会在欧盟防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散战略框架内支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的联合行动，其目的包括“在《公约》的国家执行方面帮助缔约国，以确保缔约国将《公约》的国际义务转换为其国家立法和行政措施”。在现行国家立法基础上拟订一份关于缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录将有利于提供者和接受者两方面开展任何援助活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程及可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.320 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Obligations of the BTWC relevant for national implementation", "1. According to Article I of the BTWC, each State Party “undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; (2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict”. Article I thus establishes a broad definition of biological weapons (BW) on the basis of the general purpose criterion and – in prohibiting development, production, stockpiling and acquisition – seeks to prevent States Parties from getting hold of BW. It outlaws vertical proliferation.", "2. Article III expands the ban on BW in addressing any active role that States Parties may take in the horizontal proliferation of BW: Firstly, it proscribes assistance, encouragement and inducement of other States, groups of States and international organisations in activities prohibited under Article I. Secondly, it bans direct and indirect transfers of prohibited items “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers of substances and includes non-State recipients.", "3. Finally, Article IV may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, “under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere”. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes a significant obligation on States Parties:", "4. Firstly, the obligation is comprehensive in scope. It covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of BW based on the general-purpose criterion.", "5. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such BW activities.", "6. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take measures “to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt the “necessary measures”.", "7. Fourthly, Article IV introduces a broad concept of jurisdiction and control. It is not limited to the territory of States Parties but includes de jure jurisdiction and de facto control relying upon genuine links other than territorial sovereignty.", "8. Apart from these elements illustrating the strictness of the obligation, two other elements included in Article IV give some leeway to States Parties when implementing the Convention. Firstly, Article IV pays respect to the national legal order (“in accordance with its constitutional processes”) of each State Party. Secondly, “necessary measures” can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.", "II. Legislation – obligatory in substance, but flexible in format", "9. National implementation first and foremost means national legislation. However, the Convention itself does not explicitly specify whether the prohibitions included therein have to be implemented by legislation, regulation, administrative measures, or a combination of these. Article IV only requires States Parties to “take ... necessary measures”. States Parties could thus argue that any form of national implementation is in line with Article IV. However, this would miss the point. As explained, Article IV includes an obligation of result insofar as States Parties have to prevent the “development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in Article I of the Convention”. In order to take the “necessary measures” required States Parties must adopt measures which are legally binding. This generally means making use of legislation.", "10. State practice as of today – and this is relevant when interpreting the provisions of the BTWC – demonstrates that legislation exists covering a broad field of topics as well as various levels. At the 2003 BTWC Meeting of Experts 23 States Parties presented working papers explaining the scope of national BTWC implementation legislation and measures to prevent unimpeded access to dangerous biological materials. The Secretariat of the 2003 meetings distributed background information on legislative and other measures taken by 84 States Parties to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. A limited number of States Parties participating in the annual exchange of BTWC Confidence-Building Measures provided updated information on national legislative measures under CBM Measure E: Declaration of legislation, regulations and other measures including exports and/or imports of pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the Convention.", "11. Comprehensive data on legislative and other measures to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins are provided by the Legislative Database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee. This database is now openly accessible on the 1540 Committee website and contains information provided by States (BTWC States Parties, BTWC Signatories and other States) relating to national legislative and other implementation measures to prevent the proliferation of BW, their means of delivery and related materials.", "12. Since 2004 only a few countries have enacted and implemented new legislation or measures to adjust national laws and regulations to obligations under UNSCR 1540 (2004). Thus the 1540 database provides an up-to-date status of national implementation of the BTWC. The database at present contains a list of legislative documents submitted by 124 UN Member States, including 112 BTWC States Parties and 7 BTWC Signatories. Most of the documents contained in the database are accessible in their original language or as English versions by web-links. The inclusion of the documents in the database is authorised by the States.", "III. What can be taken from this in respect of implementing legislation?", "13. Notwithstanding the fact that Article IV of the BTWC does not explicitly refer to implementing legislation, the database documents show that most of the States Parties follow the bona fide interpretation of the Convention that necessitates legally binding implementing measures. Use is made of a variety of national legislative approaches, which lead to different results in the number of regulated areas. This variety also becomes apparent in the different sanctions to enforce legislative measures in order to “prohibit and prevent” activities outlawed by the BTWC.", "14. With regard to prohibited activities under Article I, according to the 1540 database documents, five general patterns can be identified in national implementation legislation:", "(i) Constitutional processes that directly enact international treaties as national law, often without any enforcement measures in national penal codes for breaching treaty obligations;", "(ii) Legislation that covers nuclear, chemical and biological prohibited activities jointly or separately combining framework legislation with penal sanction measures;", "(iii) Legislation that commonly regulates and controls peaceful use of BW-related materials by licensing permitted activities. The underlying reasoning presumably is that since the activities relating to BW and their means of delivery will not be licensed, the obligations under the BTWC will be met. In-depth examination of such legislation reveals that enforcement measures are usually based on administrative penalties for breaching licensing requirements only.", "(iv) Addressing the prohibited activities under Article I of the BTWC only in the context of their national criminal codes by including penalties for violation of the prohibitions; and", "(v) National anti-terrorism legislation that covers sets of prohibited activities associated with WMD, their means of delivery and related materials, including the penalisation of violations by terrorists. States with such legislation may miss the fact that non-State actors may not always be motivated by terrorist purposes only.", "15. The BTWC does not include an explicit obligation to adopt penal legislation. However, the previously discussed interpretation of Article IV BTWC at least suggests that penal provisions form part of BTWC obligations. Taking into account State practice under the BTWC, as demonstrated by the 1540 database documents, the adoption of penal provisions in order to effectively prevent prohibited activities seems to be generally accepted. Despite this lack of explicit provisions on penal legislation, the Convention does impose an obligation to enact criminal law or rely upon existing criminal law in implementing its obligations.", "16. There is no need to adopt a single piece of comprehensive implementing legislation to cover the prohibitions of Article I as well as enforcement measures for violations of the prohibited activities. Rather, it seems to make sense to introduce the obligations where those affected will best become aware of them, as long as the national legislation in total covers treaty obligations, adequate penal enforcement measures and all types of constituencies, i.e. States and non-State actors.", "IV. Administrative enforcement – relevant authorities, discretionary powers", "17. With regard to Article III the situation of national implementation becomes even more complex. Article III bans direct and indirect transfers of “any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I of this Convention” “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers and includes non-State recipients.", "18. Article III confronts States with several issues of which three seem to be of major importance. Firstly, the use of biological agents and toxins is justified for prophylactic, protective and other peaceful purposes. Handling and transfer of agents and toxins is day-to-day business for scientific, diagnostic and commercial purposes. The obligation under Article III in combination with Article I requires States to execute some type of control to ensure that transfers of material fulfil the criterion of justified use. Secondly, Article I does not specify distinctive agents, toxins, weapons or means of delivery, but instead prohibits activities relating to such materials. For this reason it is at the discretion of States Parties to specify relevant items. Thirdly, in the context of international transfers, even without possessing any agents and toxins of concern within a State’s territory, a State may need to implement legislation and measures in order to meet the obligations under Article III not to transfer “indirectly”, and “not in any way to assist” illegal transport or trans-shipment through its national territory as well as illegal brokering.", "19. According to the information provided by 1540 database documents, States try to solve the problems mentioned by both legislative regulations and administrative enforcement.", "20. The discussion of administrative enforcement in the context of national implementation opens a practical dimension. It leads to a debate about how to carry out measures “on the ground”. Two issues are of concern in this respect: the determination of relevant authorities and the extent of political and administrative discretion. Firstly the BTWC does not include a provision on national authorities. Without any explicit provision on either a national authority or other authorities in charge of the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations, the only relevant point of reference is Article IV. When read as an obligation of result and bearing in mind the need to take “necessary measures”, it is quite clear that legislation alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the Convention. Effective implementation necessitates competent administrative enforcement.", "21. Ideally legislation should name empowered authorities, which must be equipped with sufficient capacities and resources. Further, there must be a degree of specialisation ensuring the proper application of the law. This amounts to good governance in the administration of any legislation that serves the handling, including transfers, and control of agents and toxins of concern. Turning to the second aspect of administrative enforcement, namely the extent of discretion in applying pertinent laws and regulations, this depends upon the nature of obligations included in the BTWC. The very fact that the definition of BW is based upon the general-purpose criterion necessitates a degree of flexibility.", "22. In the national legislation included in the UNSCR 1540 database, administrative responsibility for international transfers (export controls) is usually split between ministries which are in charge of the general policy, and governmental agencies, which handle licensing and have directive responsibility. In cases where no governmental agencies exist, the responsibility for policy-making and licensing is usually split between different ministries. As far as the handling of and work with biological agents is concerned, this lies within the responsibility of the respective ministries and governmental agencies – which means that it is handled in a decentralised way according to the types of agents, whether they are human, animal or plant pathogens, naturally occurring or genetically modified. The reason for separate responsibilities is linked to long-standing national practices of public health, animal health and phytosanitary licence and control mechanisms. While these organisational structures are far from comprehensive, they illustrate the fact that the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations is handled according to the country’s legal and constitutional arrangements, as Article IV stipulates: “in accordance with its constitutional processes”. Any national arrangement as such is adequate as long as it is governed by considerations of effectiveness, which usually include regulations to control domestic transfers of agents that only permit transfers between licensed facilities.", "23. As far as the regulatory techniques are concerned, States’ legislation builds upon licensing systems leaving an amount of discretion to the authorities in charge. Licensing procedures for international transfers rely on lists of agents and toxins and related technologies with an inherent BW proliferation risk. These lists, as for instance developed by the Australia Group, are widely used as a basis for enacting States’ national licensing systems. However, there has to be a balance between the prohibitions included in any national legislation and the constitutional requirement of freedom of foreign trade. In many other areas of the law, similar considerations of fundamental rights have to be respected which means that administrative authorities play a decisive role in implementing the obligations of the BTWC.", "24. In conclusion, one might argue that the BTWC gives a fair degree of leeway to States Parties in organising administrative enforcement as long as effective implementation is guaranteed. The establishment of licensing systems as part of the implementation process is fully in line with the Convention, potentially fulfilling the obligation to take measures to both prohibit and prevent the proliferation of biological weapons.", "V. Beyond national jurisdiction", "25. Finally, we should address the issue of jurisdiction explicitly referred to in Article IV which speaks of “the territory of such State, ... its jurisdiction or ... its control anywhere”. This formula has been introduced in various other arms control and disarmament agreements and can be considered a standard formula today. While this seems to be promising, there still is no consensus as to the interpretation of such a clause. This lack of consensus is due to the fact that there is no agreement in international law on the extent to which any particular State may adopt extraterritorial legislation. However, in extending the responsibility of States Parties beyond their territory, Article IV not only provides a basis for extraterritorial jurisdiction but even obliges States Parties to extend their implementing legislation to the extent of their “jurisdiction ... (and) control”. Notwithstanding the lack of international consensus on extraterritorial legislation, an increasing number of States Parties follow the interpretation that Article IV provides a basis for extraterritorial legislation.", "26. Taking into account the 1540 database documents, pertinent provisions of criminal law are included in national legislation relating to Article I prohibitions, penal codes and national export control legislation. They rely upon both the territoriality principle and the active personality principle – which means that nationals of a State abroad are subject to criminal sanctions should they violate pertinent domestic provisions of that State.", "VI. Conclusions: the need for coherence: horizontal and vertical", "27. This statement cannot be more than an introduction into discussions. However, the following can be taken from the above analysis:", "(i) Firstly, national implementing legislation is obligatory, but flexible in format;", "(ii) Secondly, administrative enforcement must be effective, but can be set up according to each States Parties’ individual legal system;", "(iii) Thirdly, national implementation legislation of the BTWC necessitates the inclusion of penal sanctions; and", "(iv) Fourthly, the formula “jurisdiction ... (and) control” does not only permit extraterritorial application of implementing legislation but establishes an obligation to extend such implementing laws beyond the territory of a State Party, in particular in the light of terrorist and proliferation threats.", "28. An additional aspect must be underlined: the need for coherence, both as far as the levels of legislation and enforcement are concerned (from supranational to sub-national) and with respect to the broad range of topics concerned. While a single implementing statute might not necessarily be useful, a catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties could be worked out on the basis of existing national legislation available from the 1540 database and other source documents. This catalogue could serve as a useful tool for all States Parties. States which need to develop their laws, regulations and measures to implement the obligations under the BTWC would find it a useful source document and States Parties which have already implemented national legislation can use it to check if gaps exist and as a guideline to fill possible lacunae. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date such a catalogue as part of the intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010.", "29. As mentioned, national implementation of all BTWC obligations touches on a broad range of topics. Some States Parties might have considered in the past that they do not need to enact specific BTWC implementation legislation since they do not have - or they believe that they do not have - relevant materials within their territory. But, in as much as the BTWC contains binding obligations, all BTWC States Parties must enact and enforce appropriate national legislative measures. Although some States Parties may not possess relevant materials, their territories may be used as a safe haven by non-State actors and become a part of proliferation pathways. This does not mean that at any given time all States Parties will have the same degree of national implementation requirements. However, each State Party should develop a national action plan, to identify its gaps and to enact and implement adequate laws, regulations and measures that cover its obligations under the BTWC.", "30. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national action plans should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, in the framework of the EU Strategy against the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, that aims inter alia at “assistance to States Parties for the national implementation of the BTWC, in order to ensure that States Parties transpose the international obligations of the BTWC into their national legislation and administrative measures”. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national legislation would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider and recipient side.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "Geneva, 20 November - 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "Assessment of national implementation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union [1]", "I. Obligations of States to implement the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention", "Under Article I of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, each State Party “under no circumstances undertakes to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (i) microbial or other biological agents or toxins of any type or quantity that are not reasonably necessary for preventive, protective or other peaceful purposes, regardless of their origin or method of production; and (ii) weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict”. Thus, article I establishes a broad definition of biological weapons based on universal standards and seeks to prevent States parties from acquiring biological weapons by prohibiting their development, production, stockpiling and acquisition. This article outlaws vertical proliferation.", "2. Article III broadens the scope of the prohibition on biological weapons by addressing the positive role that States parties can play in preventing the horizontal proliferation of biological weapons: first, it prohibits assisting, encouraging or inducing any State, group of States or international organization to engage in activities prohibited by article I. Secondly, it prohibits the direct or indirect transfer of prohibited items to “any recipient”. These include international and domestic transfers of the items in question, as well as non-governmental recipients.", "3. Finally, article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) can be considered as a core provision related to national implementation of the Convention. It provides that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures” for the “prohibition and prevention” of prohibited activities “within its territory, wherever it has jurisdiction or control”. Looking at article 4, it can be seen that this includes an important obligation for States parties:", "First, the scope of the obligation is comprehensive. It covers all prohibited activities under articles I, II and III above and refers to a comprehensive definition of biological weapons based on general criteria.", "5. Second, since the article does not identify the actors, recipients or beneficiaries of any prohibited activity, national legislation must be formulated in a manner that effectively covers all possible actors of such activity.", "6. Thirdly, article 4 is not an obligation that is merely an act and is equivalent to an obligation of result. Implementation of the prohibition in national legislation alone would not be sufficient to meet the obligations set out in article 4, as States parties must take “measures to prohibit and prevent” activities. It may also be mentioned that “necessary measures” must be taken.", "7. Fourth, article IV introduces a broad concept of jurisdiction and control. It is not limited to the territory of a State party, but is based on genuine links other than territorial sovereignty, including de jure jurisdiction and de facto control.", "8. In addition to these elements, which indicate the strictness of the obligations in question, two other elements listed in article 4 give States parties some leeway in the implementation of the Convention. First, article 4 respects the national legal order of each State party (“in accordance with its constitutional procedure”). Second, “necessary measures” can also be seen as an effort not to overburden States parties by introducing a proportional element in national implementation.", "II. LEGISLATION - SUBSTANTIVELY MULTILATERAL, BUT FORMABLE", "National law enforcement means, first and foremost, national legislation. However, the Convention itself does not explicitly specify that the prohibitions set out therein must be implemented through legislation, regulations, administrative measures or a combination thereof. Article 4 requires only that States parties “take the necessary measures”. The State party may therefore argue that any form of national implementation is consistent with article IV. But that's not necessary. As mentioned earlier, Article IV includes an obligation of result insofar as States Parties are required to prevent “the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery as defined in Article I of this Convention”. In order to take “necessary measures”, States parties are required to adopt legally binding measures. This generally implies the application of legislation.", "State practice to date, which is important in interpreting the provisions of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, indicates that legislation covering a wide range of thematic areas exists at different levels. At the 2003 BTWC Meeting of Experts, 23 States Parties submitted working papers explaining the scope of national implementation of BTWC legislation and measures to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous biological materials. The 2003 Conference secretariat circulated background information on legislative and other measures taken by 84 States parties to implement the prohibitions set out in the Convention, including the enactment of criminal legislation and national mechanisms to ensure and maintain the safety and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins. In accordance with the Convention, a limited number of States parties participating in the annual exchange of information on confidence-building measures provide updated information on national legislative measures, including the export and/or import of pathogenic micro-organisms, under CBM Form E: Declaration of legislation, regulations and other measures.", "11. The Legislative Database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee provides comprehensive information on legislative and other measures taken to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including the enactment of criminal legislation and national mechanisms to ensure and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins. The database, now publicly accessible through the 1540 Committee website, contains information provided by States (States parties to the Convention, signatories to the Convention and other States) on national legislation and other implementation measures to prevent the proliferation of biological weapons, their means of delivery and related materials.", "12. Since 2004, only a few States have enacted and implemented new legislation or measures to adapt national legislation and regulations to their obligations under Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). The 1540 database therefore provides an update on the status of national implementation of the Convention. The current database contains a list of legislative documents submitted by 124 States Members of the United Nations, including 112 States parties to the Convention and 7 signatories to the Convention. Most of the documents in the database are available in their original language or in English through links. The inclusion of relevant documents in the database has been approved by the States concerned.", "What can be learned from this in law enforcement?", "13. Although article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention does not explicitly refer to law enforcement, the literature in the database shows that most States Parties have interpreted the Convention in good faith and therefore require legally binding enforcement measures. A variety of national legislative approaches have been adopted, and therefore the number of areas regulated varies. This diversity is also evident in the adoption of different sanctions and the implementation of legislative measures to “prohibit and prevent” activities which the Convention outlaws.", "14. With regard to activities prohibited under article 1, five general types of national law enforcement can be identified, based on the 1540 database document:", "(1) A constitutional process for the direct enactment of international treaties into national law, usually without any enforcement measures in national criminal law for breaches of treaty obligations;", "(2) Legislation relating jointly or separately to prohibited nuclear, chemical and biological activities, in combination with framework legislation and criminal sanctions;", "(3) Legislation regulating the licensing of permitted activities and controlling the peaceful use of biological weapons-related materials is usually adopted. The basic reason for this is presumably that the obligations under the Convention will be fulfilled by not granting licences for activities related to biological weapons and their means of delivery. An in-depth review of such legislation shows that enforcement measures are usually based solely on administrative penalties for breach of licensing requirements;", "(4) To deal only with activities prohibited by article 1 of the Convention within the scope of national criminal law, including penalties for violations of the relevant prohibitions; and", "(5) National counter-terrorism legislation covering a range of prohibited activities related to weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and related materials, including the criminalization of terrorist offences. States with such legislation may not see the fact that non-State actors may not always be driven solely by terrorist purposes.", "15. The Convention does not include an explicit obligation to adopt criminal legislation. However, the interpretation of article 4 of the Convention discussed earlier indicates at least that criminal law provisions form part of the obligations under the Convention. Taking into account the practice of States parties under the Convention, as reflected in the 1540 database document, to adopt penal provisions to effectively prevent prohibited activities, this approach appears to be generally accepted. Although there is no explicit provision on criminal legislation, the Convention does impose an obligation to enact criminal law or to rely on existing criminal law to fulfil its obligations under the Convention.", "16. There is no need to adopt a separate comprehensive implementation legislation to cover the prohibitions listed in article 1 and enforcement measures for violations of prohibited activities. It would seem meaningful to introduce these obligations where the affected persons are best aware, as long as national legislation generally covers treaty obligations, adequate criminal law enforcement measures and all components - State and non-State actors.", "Administrative enforcement - relevant authorities, discretion", "17. With regard to article 3, the situation with regard to national implementation was even more complex. Article III prohibits the direct or indirect transfer of “any agent, toxin, weapon, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I of this Convention” to “any recipient”. These include both international and domestic transfers and non-State recipients.", "18. Article 3 raised a number of issues for States, three of which appeared to be of considerable importance. First, biological agents and toxins can be legitimately used for preventive, protective and other peaceful purposes. For scientific, diagnostic and commercial purposes, the management and transfer of agents and toxins is a daily task. In conjunction with article 1, the obligation under article 3 requires States to implement certain types of control to ensure that the transfer of material meets the criteria for proper use. Secondly, Article I does not specifically distinguish between agents, toxins, weapons or means of delivery, but rather prohibits activities related to such materials. States parties therefore have discretion to specify the relevant items. Third, in the case of international transfers, even if no agents or toxins of concern are in the territory of a State, legislation and measures may be required to fulfil the obligations under article III: not “indirect” transfers, “not in any way facilitating” the illegal transport or trans-shipment through its territory, and illicit brokering.", "On the basis of the data provided in the 1540 database documents, States have made efforts to resolve the problems mentioned through legislative regulations and executive enforcement.", "Discussions on administrative law enforcement in NEX have opened a practical dimension. The discussions led to a debate on how to take relevant measures “on the ground”. In this regard, there are two concerns: the extent to which the relevant authorities and political and administrative discretion are determined. First, the Convention does not include a provision on national authorities. The only relevant point of reference is article 4 in the absence of any specific provision on the competent national authorities and other administrative law enforcement agencies responsible for enforcing the relevant laws and regulations. It is quite clear that legislation alone will not be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Covenant if it is to be interpreted as an obligation of result, bearing in mind that “necessary measures” must be taken. Effective implementation necessarily requires a competent administrative enforcement authority.", "21. Ideally, legislation should identify the authorized organ, which must be given adequate capacity and resources. Moreover, there must be a degree of specialization to ensure the proper application of the law. This is equivalent to good governance in the legislative administration of any regulation of the management, including transfer, of agents and toxins of concern. With regard to the second aspect of administrative enforcement, the extent of free disposal in the application of the relevant laws and regulations, depends on the nature of the obligations under the Convention. The fact that the definition of a chemical weapon is based on a universal standard necessarily requires a certain degree of flexibility.", "22. In the national legislation contained in the UNSCR 1540 database, administrative responsibility for international transfers (export controls) is usually shared among the ministries responsible for general policy and the government agencies that deal with licensing and have guidance responsibilities. In the absence of the relevant government agency, responsibility for decision-making and licensing is usually shared among the ministries. As far as the management of biological agents and related work is concerned, this falls within the responsibility of the relevant ministries and government agencies, i.e., the issue is handled in a decentralized manner, depending on the type of agent concerned, whether it is human, animal or plant pathogens, whether naturally occurring or genetically modified. The respective causes of responsibility relate to long-standing national practices in public health, animal health and phytosanitary licensing and control mechanisms. Although these structures are not yet comprehensive, they indicate that the administrative enforcement of laws and regulations is governed by the laws and constitutional arrangements of the State concerned, as provided for in article 4: “in accordance with its constitutional procedures”. Any such national arrangement is sufficient, as long as it is guided by the considerations of effectiveness, and typically includes regulations for the control of domestic transfers of agents, allowing only transfers between licensed facilities.", "In terms of regulatory techniques, national legislation based on licensing systems leaves considerable room for free disposal by the authorities. The licensing process for international transfers relies on lists of agents and toxins with a proliferation risk of biological weapons and related technologies. These lists, such as those developed by the Australia Group, are widely used as a basis for the development of national licensing systems. However, a balance must be struck between the prohibitions provided for in any national legislation and the constitutional requirements of freedom of foreign trade. Similar considerations of fundamental rights must be respected in many other aspects of the law, which means that administrative authorities play a decisive role in the implementation of Covenant obligations.", "24. Finally, one can argue that the Convention leaves States parties a considerable margin of manoeuvre in the organization of administrative enforcement, provided that effective implementation is guaranteed. The establishment of licensing as part of the implementation process is fully in line with the Convention and has the potential to fulfil the obligation to take measures to prohibit and prevent the proliferation of biological weapons.", "V. Outside national jurisdiction", "Finally, we should address the question of jurisdiction expressly referred to in article 4, which refers to “the territory of that State, wherever under its jurisdiction or control”. This formulation, which has been adopted in a number of other arms control and disarmament agreements, can be considered a standard formulation today. Despite what appears to be a promise, there is still no consensus on the interpretation of this language. The lack of consensus was due to the lack of agreement in international law on the extent to which extraterritorial legislation could be adopted in any given country. However, in extending the responsibilities of States parties beyond their territory, article 4 not only provides a basis for extraterritorial jurisdiction, but also obliges States parties to extend their relevant implementing legislation to their “competence and/or control”. Despite the lack of international consensus on extraterritorial legislation, an increasing number of States parties accepted the interpretation that article 4 provided the basis for extraterritorial legislation.", "26. Taking into account the 1540 database documents, the relevant provisions of criminal law have been incorporated into national legislation, penal codes and national export control legislation relevant to article I prohibitions. These provisions are based both on the principle of territoriality and on the principle of active personality - i.e., a national of a State outside its territory is also liable to criminal punishment if the relevant domestic provisions of that State are violated.", "Conclusion: the need for coherence: both horizontal and vertical", "27. This note is only a quotation from the discussion. However, the following conclusions can be drawn from the above analysis:", "(1) First, national implementation legislation is mandatory but flexible in form;", "(2) Secondly, administrative enforcement must be effective, but may be organized according to the separate legal system of each State Party;", "(3) Third, national implementing legislation for the Convention must include criminal penalties; and", "(4) Fourth, the reference to “competence ... (and) control” not only permits the extraterritorial application of implementing legislation, but also establishes an obligation to extend such implementing legislation beyond the territory of the State party, especially in view of the threat of terrorism and proliferation.", "It is important to emphasize an additional aspect: the need for consistency - in terms of the level of relevant legislation and its enforcement (from supra- to sub-State) and a broad range of topics. While a single implementing legislation may not necessarily be useful, a catalogue of practices already implemented and approved by States Parties could be developed on the basis of existing national legislation available in the 1540 database and other source documents. This catalogue could be a useful tool for all States parties. States that need to develop laws, regulations and measures to fulfil their obligations under the Convention will find them a useful source document; States parties that have implemented national legislation can use them to check any gaps and use them as guidelines to fill possible gaps. The European Union proposes that such a catalogue be developed and kept up to date by States Parties as part of the 2007 - 2010 intersessional process of the Convention.", "As noted earlier, national implementation of all the obligations of the Convention covers a wide range of topics. Some States parties may have in the past considered that they do not need to enact specific implementing legislation for the Convention because they do not have - or consider themselves to have - relevant materials in their territory. However, with regard to the binding obligations contained in the Convention, all States parties to the Convention must enact and implement appropriate national legislative measures. Although some States parties may not possess relevant materials, their territories may be used as safe havens by non-State actors and may be part of the proliferation route. This does not mean that all States parties have the same level of national implementation requirements at any given time. However, each State party should develop a national plan of action to identify its gaps and enact and implement adequate laws, regulations and measures covering its obligations under the Convention.", "30. States Parties that are in a position to assist other States in developing such national biosafety/biosecurity measures should offer and provide assistance upon request. In this context, mention should also be made of the Joint Action of the Council of the European Union of 27 February 2006 in support of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) within the framework of the EU Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, which aims, inter alia, “to assist States Parties in their national implementation of the Convention in order to ensure that States Parties transpose their international obligations under the Convention into their national legislation and administrative measures”. The development of a catalogue of practices already implemented and approved by States parties, based on existing national legislation, would facilitate any assistance activities, both for providers and recipients.", "[1] This is one of a series of additional documents submitted by EU member States for consideration by States Parties. The acceding countries Bulgaria and Romania, the candidate countries Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the stabilization and association process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, as well as Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, align themselves with this document." ]

[ "安全理事会第6592次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午11时15分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国维持和平行动。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6592nd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 11.15 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. United Nations peacekeeping operations." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6592nd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 11.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "United Nations peacekeeping operations." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目76(a)", "海洋和海洋法", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的工作报告", "2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信", "谨向阁下转递本函所附的特设全体工作组工作报告，报告第二节中列有致大会第六十六届会议的商定建议。按照大会第65/37 B号决议第7段的要求，特设全体工作组于2011年6月27日和28日在联合国总部举行了会议。", "请将本函和所附报告作为大会题为“海洋和海洋法”的议程项目的文件分发为荷。", "共同主席", "多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(签名)", "勒妮·索韦(签名)", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的报告", "一. 特设全体工作组的报告", "1. 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组第二次会议是按照大会2011年4月4日第65/37 B号决议第7段的规定召开的。该会议于2011年6月27和28日在纽约联合国总部举行。", "2. 会议由多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(圣卢西亚)和勒妮·索韦(加拿大)主持，二人是工作组第一次会议的共同主席，被大会主席再次任命。“共同主席之友”继续由区域集团在第一次会议上提出的下列人选组成：Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti(肯尼亚)代表非洲国家；Abdul Hameed(巴基斯坦)代表亚洲国家；Walter Schuldt(厄瓜多尔)代表拉丁美洲及加勒比国家；Kent Blom(瑞典)代表西欧和其他国家。", "3. 55个会员国和15个政府间组织和其他机构及4个非政府组织的代表参加了会议。秘书处法律事务厅海洋事务和海洋法司的网站上公布了2011年6月28日的与会者完整名单(见http：//www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_ of_Participants_June_2011.pdf)。", "4. 按照第65/37 A号决议第209段设立的专家组的下列成员也参加了会议：[1] Patricio Bernal(智利)；Peter Harris(澳大利亚)；Lorna Inniss(巴巴多斯)；George Martin(爱沙尼亚)；Enrique Marschoff(阿根廷)；Sean O.Green(牙买加)；Jake Rice(加拿大)；Andrew Rosenberg(美利坚合众国)；Alan Simcock(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)；王菊英(中国)。", "5. 会议收到了以下参考文件：(a) 临时议程、附加说明的临时议程和格式，包括拟议工作安排；(b) 专家组编写的讲习班准则草案、专家任命标准草案以及海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的纲要草案，还有一份涵盖文件；(c) 专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案及与各国进行交流的规定；(d) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告；(e) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于经常程序的交流要求以及信息管理的报告。应代表请求，专家组提供了更多的信息材料，题为“专家组关于特设全体工作组主席团可能职能的建议”。", "6. 2011年6月27日，工作组通过议程，并同意了共同主席提议的工作安排。工作组在实质性讨论和随后的非正式磋商中，于2011年6月28日审议并通过了题为“专家任命标准”和“协助经常程序讲习班准则”的文件。工作组还于同一天注意到了题为“海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要”和“专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案”，并同意这些文件需要在下次会议上进一步审议。", "7. 工作组请专家组修改题为“海洋环境状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要”文件，并考虑到各代表团提出的意见。为此，要求共同主席继根据第65/37 B号决议第5段规定发出邀请之后，向国家和集团发送邀请，最迟在2011年7月23日进一步提出对文件的意见。工作组同意认为，海洋事务和海洋法司网站上公布这些意见是有益的，前提是获得了有关国家或国家集团的批准。", "8. 2011年6月28日，继秘书处信息和通信技术厅发表声明之后，工作组注意到关于经常程序的交流要求以及数据和信息管理的报告。工作组还注意到关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告，也认为有必要邀请各国、联合国的专门机构、基金和方案、其他有关政府间组织和供资机构提供关于评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的信息。代表团还建议，向讲习班参与者分发评估能力建设初步清单。", "9. 工作组随后审议了设立主席团以便在闭会期间执行其决策和指导的事项。会议决定设立主席团并商定其组成。", "10. 关于讲习班，工作组于2011年6月28日商定，建议尽早举办讲习班，以便为经常程序的第一个周期提供信息。工作组深为赞赏南太平洋常设委员会成员国的声明和保护海洋环境和沿海地区行动计划以及智利政府关于主办东南太平洋讲习班以支持经常程序第一个周期第一阶段的慷慨提议。海洋事务和海洋法司司长指出，由于总部工作繁忙，该司可能难以参与所有讲习班。", "11. 工作组审议了为支持经常程序第一个五年周期的运作而设立的信托基金的地位。它赞同建议大会鼓励向信托基金提供财政捐助，并向经常程序作出其他贡献。在这方面，一些代表团指出，必须探索途径，让全球环境基金向经常程序提供支持。一些代表团强调，必须考虑所有来源对经常程序的支持，包括财政捐款和实物捐助。有人认为，对经常程序的财政捐款应通过为此设立的信托基金来完成。", "12. 海洋事务和海洋法司司长报告了信托基金的地位，并感谢冰岛、牙买加、大韩民国和新西兰政府2011年的慷慨捐助，这些捐助使得专家能够出席该会议。代表们被告知，如果没有额外资金，将无法为专家参加今后的经常程序会议提供财政援助。", "13. 根据这些讨论，工作组通过了建议，载于本报告第二节。工作组建议，在2012年上半年召开下次会议。", "14. 2011年7月13日，共同主席向大会第六十六届会议主席递交了本报告和建议。", "二. 特设全体工作组致大会第六十六届会议的建议", "15. 特设全体工作组向大会提出如下建议。", "⑴ 特设全体工作组建议大会通过：", "(a) 专家任命标准，见本报告附件一；", "(b) 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序讲习班协助准则，见附件二。", "⑵ 特设全体工作组建议大会注意到：", "(a) 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的专家组职权范围和工作方法草案，见附件三；", "(b) 关于经常程序的交流要求以及数据和信息管理的报告，见附件四；", "(c) 关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告，见附件五。", "⑶ 特设全体工作组注意到附件六中关于海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要，并同意有必要继续加以审议，以便特设全体工作组下次会议可能通过。", "⑷ 特设全体工作组建议秘书长提请会员国、联合国各专门机构、基金和方案的负责人、其他从事海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况评估能力建设活动的有关政府间组织以及供资机构注意评估能力建设初步清单，并邀请他们向初步清单提供关于评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的信息。", "⑸ 特设全体工作组建议，根据第65/37 A号决议第216段规定，大会敦促会员国、国际金融机构、捐助机构、政府间组织、非政府组织以及自然人和法人向根据第64/71号决议第183段设立的信托基金作出财政捐助，并向经常程序作出其他贡献。", "⑹ 根据第65/37 A号决议第208段，特设全体工作组同意建立一个主席团，以在闭会期间执行特设全体工作组的决定和指导，如批准任命专家库成员开展起草工作或审查草案，并批准由专家组提出的同行评审安排。", "⑺ 特设全体工作组建议大会：(a) 主席团由15个会员国(每个区域集团选3个会员国)组成，(b) 主席团行使职能的最低要求为，至少有一个共同主席和五个会员国(每个区域集团选一个)的法定人数。", "⑻ 特设全体工作组建议大会主席再次任命特设全体工作组共同主席，以便他们在休会期间可参加主席团会议。", "⑼ 特设全体工作组建议尽早举办讲习班，以便为经常程序的第一个周期提供信息。", "⑽ 特设全体工作组建议，在2012年上半年召开下次会议。", "附件一", "专家任命标准", "1. 由国家通过各区域集团任命专家，组成专家库，以支持专家组开展编制第一次全球海洋综合评估报告的工作。", "2. 如果专家组不指定自己的成员之一评估起草工作文件或章节草案，将邀请专家库中部分成员帮助起草工作文件和章节草案。专家库具有相关专业知识的其他成员将被邀请就这些草案发表意见，并可能被邀请参与起草工作。", "3. 当第一次全球海洋综合评估草案提交审查时，各国将通过各区域集团任命同行评审小组，以审查和评论该草案。以前参与编制工作文件或章节草案的人员不能成为同行评审小组的成员。同行评审小组的工作与国家和政府间的草案审查工作并行开展。", "4. 以下标准应适用于各国向专家组、专家库或同行评审小组提名的所有个人：", "(a) 国际公认的专业知识，须由下列一个或多个条件证明：", "㈠ 已发表关于相关问题的科学文章，最好是在同行评审的出版物上；", "㈡ 具备有关海洋环境和社会经济方面等其他相关领域的全球、区域或国家评估的高层次经验；", "㈢ 具备在海洋科学、评估、环保、海上运输、沿海管理、渔业管理或社会经济方面等其他相关领域的类似功能的其他重大的全球、地区或国家举措中的高层次设计和管理经验；", "㈣ 如果专家来自相对缺乏科学观察和监测数据的区域，则需在其区域海洋环境的传统知识或观测方面，具备公认的水平；", "(b) 曾有效参与有关海洋环境或综合评估和社会经济方面等其他相关领域的国际进程；", "(c) 具备个人独立提供服务的能力。", "5. 分配专家库成员执行各项任务时，将考虑以下方面：", "(a) 获邀参与起草工作文件或章节草案的人员应能证明具备清楚简洁地论述其主题的能力；", "(b) 获邀参与起草工作文件或章节草案的人员提交的材料应使用联合国的官方语文之一。", "此外，同行评审小组成员将负责根据专家组的需求开展工作。", "6. 在任命专家库和同行评审小组以及在经常程序的所有活动中分配专家库成员执行任务时，都应该坚持公平地域代表性原则，并适当考虑性别平衡。", "7. 选择负责起草或评论某个问题的专家库成员时，应确保涵盖了有关综合评估该问题的所有学科。", "8. 应该让专家有足够时间根据自己的职责，为经常程序做出应有的贡献。", "附件二", "协助海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序的讲习班协助准则", "宗旨和目标", "1. 2011年2月，特设全体工作组确认(见A/65/759，附件)，讲习班是协助完成第一次全球海洋综合评估以及国家提高评估能力的一个关键机制。讲习班将促进经常程序专家组与各国和主管政府间组织的代表和专家之间的对话。本准则目的是指明如何组织一系列讲习班，以支持经常程序的第一个周期第一阶段。本准则将有助于确保每个讲习班成果的可信度和合法性，从而确保整个经常程序的可信度和合法性。", "2. 每个讲习班的目标都应该是：", "(a) 审查和评价与会者审议的所有评估是否与正在审议的海域相关，并在这些评估的基础上，编制对经常程序可能有用的评估清单。要审议的评估应涉及环境问题和有关社会经济问题。如果有必要，应启动安排，以便专家组和经常程序秘书处了解这些评估；", "(b) 开始建立一个网络，涵盖参与每个讲习班的专家和组织以及专家组和经常程序秘书处；", "(c) 确定参与讲习班的国家的能力建设需要，以便他们更充分地促进经常程序和更充分地受益，包括确定优先事项，并确定这些国家能够有效采取何种步骤，以加强这些国家借其开展合作的主管政府间组织(如果有的话)的能力；", "(d) 开始综合评估能力建设，其中可以包括讨论和制定：", "㈠ 关于各种规模的评估和处理评估方法的通用做法的公共信息内容；", "㈡ 推广评估的方法，即确定一个级别(国家、次区域、区域、全球)上的评估能在何种程度上用于其他级别；", "㈢ 协助一体化进程的报告形式，旨在尽可能确保连贯性、一致性和可比性；", "(e) 考虑评估反映的驱动因素和海洋环境状况之间的联系。", "3. 本目标清单、下文附录一所载筹备工作和附录二的议程大纲将构成讲习班的职权范围。", "数量和地点", "4. 请各国主动为以下区域主办讲习班：", "(a) 北太平洋；", "(b) 南太平洋(东南太平洋和西南太平洋)；", "(c) 亚洲海洋东部和东南部；", "(d) 北印度洋、阿拉伯海、红海和亚丁湾以及保护海洋环境区域组织/区域渔业委员会地区；", "(e) 印度洋南部和西部；", "(f) 北大西洋、波罗的海、地中海和黑海；", "(g) 南大西洋(非洲和美洲海岸之间)和大加勒比。", "5. 可能不需要为北极和南极单独举办讲习班。然而，可以邀请有关这些地区的国际机构和论坛(尤其是南极条约体系和北极理事会)来审议讲习班拟议所涉问题并作出贡献。专家组成员可以应要求提供咨询。", "6. 表示愿意主办讲习班的意愿应向经常程序秘书处提出，然后经常程序秘书处将在专家组的帮助下，努力就安排进行谈判，避免重复工作或日期冲突。一旦商定安排，经常程序秘书处将尽快通知所有国家关于即将举办讲习班的事宜。", "时间", "7. 专家组必须在2012年4月就建议讲习班审议的问题得出结论。因此，最好及时举办讲习班，以便专家组在2012年3月底之前获得其成果。", "东道主", "8. 讲习班应由会员国担任东道国，由联合国组织，[2] 经常程序秘书处应提供协调，并由专家组成员提供协助。为组织此类讲习班，会员国可请求主管的政府间组织和(或)有关国家科学机构予以配合。", "参与", "9. 联合国会员国、观察员和主管政府间组织有权参加他们认为与其相关的任何讲习班，以不超过可容纳人数为限。鼓励该区域的主管政府间组织积极参与。由于现实原因，物流以及代表团的规模和数目须由东道主与经常程序秘书处协商进行管理。", "10. 具有经济和社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织、有关科研机构和《21世纪议程》所界定的代表主要群体的组织可请求获得参加邀请。东道主可以为此类邀请保留讲习班若干位置。", "11. 每个讲习班应至少有专家组的一名成员和经常程序秘书处的一名成员，其参与由经常程序秘书处协调，并应考虑到其总部工作的具体情况。如果可能的话，讲习班所涵盖区域的国家的专家组所有成员都应参与。来自该地区以外的专家组成员可由经常程序秘书处邀请参与，最好至少有一名此类成员参与。如有必要，可根据大会第64/71号决议第183段，由经常程序信托基金资助专家组成员的此类参与活动。", "主席和秘书处", "12. 东道主应指定讲习班的主席(或共同主席)，主席应负责在讲习班支持人员和专家组成员的协助下，总结讲习班成果。东道主可考虑邀请专家组成员担任讲习班主席或共同主席。", "13. 东道主应提供技术支持人员，与经常程序秘书处和参加的专家组成员协商组织会议的进展，并帮助主席和专家组成员提供成果总结。", "初步信息", "14. 要求讲习班的参与者在参加讲习班之前，提供意见建议，包含本准则附录一所载信息。专家组成员应准备提出意见，协助这一程序，并酌情编写相关文件。", "15. 讲习班技术支持人员应将这些信息编制成摘要，在讲习班开始之前，提供并分发给与会者。", "讲习班的活动", "16. 为支持经常程序，讲习班议程应尽可能包括这些准则附录二所载元素。讲习班的活动应充分考虑由特设全体工作组建议的并由大会于2009年通过的经常程序原则(第64/71号决议，第173-183段)、以及特设全体工作组2010年(A/65/358)和2011年(A/65/759)的建议。", "17. 每个讲习班的一个重要组成部分是启动如何开展综合评估方面的能力，使与会者能够更好地了解和推动经常程序工作。", "讲习班的成果", "18. 讲习班成果的形式应该是主席或共同主席编写的讨论摘要，专家组成员应对此提供相应帮助。应为参与者评论摘要草案以及专家组主席和代表根据这些评论修订最终版本的事项，制定相应规定。如果一个国家或政府间组织未参加讲习班或未负责评估、机构、网络或其他确定相关的安排，则应当邀请和(或)要求该国或政府间组织审查关于所有此类事项的资料，并提出评论意见。", "19. 摘要最终版本的电子副本应送交经常程序秘书处，作为联合国的文件，发布在海洋事务和海洋法司网站和(或)经常程序网站上。", "附录一", "与会者在参加讲习班之前应提供的信息", "(1) 参加讲习班的国家或政府间组织应提供：在其主持下进行的评估的详情，与海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要草案所含问题相关。搜集此类信息的出发点应是海洋环境全球和区域评估数据库所列评估，其中已包含大部分此类信息。还应包括不是由国家或政府间组织进行、却被其使用或认为相关的评估。提供的细节应尽可能包括：", "(a) 进行具体评估的机构；", "(b) 评估的主要预期用户及其预期用途；", "(c) 评估空间和时间范围，以及评估周期频率；", "(d) 评估所涵盖的问题；", "(e) 数据类型、经验知识、指标、选择他们的原因以及其他有助于评估的信息来源；", "(f) 推断组件信息集趋势的地点，所采用的方法；", "(g) 如果努力整合了不同类型的信息，尤其是社会、经济和生态信息，整合的程度和方法；", "(h) 评估使用的任何评价基准、参考水平或生态毒理学评估标准的来源；", "(i) 评估中使用的任何预测、推算和情景预想的程度和来源；", "(j) 如果评估中处理了数据评估的局限性(如数据推断错误、不确定性和(或)信息差距)，说明这是如何处理的。", "(2) 对于海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要草案中所列的问题，如出席讲习班的国家或政府间组织未进行评估，但某一出席者却掌握相关数据或信息：", "(a) 哪些国家和机构收集和管理了什么类型的相关数据或资料(预计一些关键的社会和经济数据会属于这种情况)？关于这些数据或资料的空间和时间上的覆盖范围和技术内容，可以提供什么信息？", "(b) 如果据知关键类型的信息不存在，能否动员专家知识来填补空白，如果是这样，如何联系到这些专家？", "(3) 将参加讲习班的国家和政府间组织的联络人的联络详情；", "(4) 关于确定的能力建设需要的提前通知。", "附录二", "支持经常程序讲习班的议程内容", "1. 经常程序专家组代表介绍经常程序的目标、范围、框架以及讲习班的预期作用。", "2. 讲习班审议可能制订的海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估大纲草稿是否能够满足参加讲习班的国家和国际组织的要求。第一次全球海洋综合评估应考虑确定综合评估的优先问题及其他问题。", "3. 讲习班对根据上文附录一项目(1)下提交的信息编写的摘要中的各项评估进行评价，并对认为有利于经常程序的评估进行汇编。", "4. 审议有关综合评估的现有区域做法和方法。", "5. 讲习班审议就已知存在数据和(或)资料但没有开展评估的问题采取何种行动。", "6. 确定重要但缺乏审议中海洋区域数据/资料的问题，并讨论如何动员提供资料或对这种问题进行必要研究。", "7. 讲习班审议是否需要修订请求人指南草稿。[3]", "8. 讲习班估计有关国家和政府间组织对审议中的海洋区域的现有国家和区域海洋研究和培训机构进行海洋监测与评估和综合评估的能力。", "9. 估计有关国家和政府间组织对审议中海洋区域的国家和政府间组织内部和之间的现有专家网络，以及专家网络是否适合在加强能力方面发挥主要作用。", "10. 讲习班确定进行海洋监测和评估(包括综合评估)的能力建设需要(包括获得必要技术)。", "11. 讲习班制定短期能力建设计划，以动员提供审议中海洋区域已知存在但尚未加以系统组织用于经常程序的信息和知识。", "12. 举行一次会议，启动综合评估能力建设。", "13. 讲习班审议摘要中现有评估的用户如何随时了解经常程序的活动，以及经常程序专家组如何了解并满足用户的需要。", "附件三", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告与评估经常程序特设全体工作组专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其第64/71号决议第180段中，请秘书长邀请区域集团主席成立一个专家组，由最多25名专家组成，每个区域组至多5名专家，任期截至并包括定于2010年8月30日至9月3日举行的特设全体工作组非正式会议，同时确保有适当的专业知识和地域分配。", "2. 大会在其第65/37 A号决议第209段中，决定设立一个专家组，作为经常程序的组成部分，要求会员国按照第64/71号决议第180段所任命的专家组成员在第一评估周期第一阶段期间继续在专家组任职，并鼓励尚未按照第64/71号决议第180段任命专家组专家的区域集团作出任命。", "3. 经常程序秘书处与专家组协商编写的本文件，确定了经任命或将被任命担任专家组专家的职权范围。", "二. 职权范围", "4. 专家组的总体工作是在特设全体工作组[及其主席团]的指导下在经常程序框架内开展评估。专家组的具体工作是：", "(a) 起草经常程序每个周期主要评估审议问题大纲，并提交特设全体工作组批准；", "(b) 根据大会或特设全体工作组[或其主席团]的要求，起草经常程序某个周期补充评估大纲，并提交特设全体工作组批准；", "(c) 提供专家组开展评估所需补充专业知识种类要求，作为通过区域集团任命候选专家成员的基础；", "(d) 在其成员中指定一名主要成员，同时酌情任命其他成员，在专家组的全面领导下负责评估的每个部分、每章或每节；", "(e) 提出候选专家成员的工作，并提交主席团批准：", "㈠ 与专家组指定主要成员合作起草评估的工作文件和(或)章节草稿；", "㈡ 审查为每项工作准备的材料并提出意见；", "(f) 起草每项评估的执行计划和时间表，提交特设全体工作组[主席团]批准，如有必要，对执行计划和时间表提出修改意见，并同样提交批准；", "(g) 商定参与评估全体人员的指导通则；", "(h) 根据时间表和指导通则实施执行计划；", "(i) 审查为评估准备的所有材料，采取必要步骤确保材料中数据和资料的质量，并进一步采取必要措施顺利完成评估，但如这种行动需动用经常程序信托基金的资金，则需经特设全体工作组[主席团]批准；", "(j) 提出评估产出草稿同行审查安排，并提交主席团批准；", "(k) 根据同行审查提出的意见，商定评估的最后文本，[通过主席团]提交特设全体工作组批准，并将文本提交特设全体工作组；", "(l) 促进各个海洋评估经常程序和专家个人之间的关系网建设；", "(m) 开展特设全体工作组[主席团]指定的其他工作。", "组成", "5. 专家组的人员组成如下：", "(a) 专家组应由至多25名专家组成，每个区域集团至多5名专家。专家组的组成应反映地域和性别平衡；", "(b) 专家组应确保拥有各类学科的专业知识，成员来自各个区域，以兼顾不同的区域情况和经验。应考虑纳入所有自然和社会科学的主要学科及其政策方面以及法律与传统知识；", "(c) 专家应来自各个方面(如政府、非政府组织、政府间组织、私营部门、学术与研究机构、传统知识持有人等)；", "(d) 专家应就具有上述专家组总体介绍中的一类或数类经验和专业知识；", "(e) 专家应具有获得国际承认的一个或数个专业领域的优异水准；", "(f) 专家应参加过与海洋环境有关的高级别国际经常程序；", "(g) 专家应具有以独立和个人身份工作的能力。", "任命", "6. 专家组成员应根据第65/37 A号决议的规定加以任命：", "(a) 成员应由联合国会员国通过五个区域集团(非洲国家、亚洲国家、东欧国家、拉丁美洲和加勒比国家以及西欧和其他国家集团)提名，每个区域集团至多提名五名专家；", "(b) 提名应参考专家任命标准；", "(c) 成员应能将大量时间专门用于经常程序的工作；", "(d) 成员应在经常程序每个周期开始时全体更新。专家组现有成员应重新提名，所有成员的任期不得超过两个连续的完成周期；", "(e) 可随时进行任命以填补一个周期内出现的空缺，但任期到该周期结束为限；", "(f) 如区域集团主席通知经常程序秘书处该区域集团已经作出任命，正常程序秘书处应请专家确认愿意按照既定职权范围和工作方法提供服务，在收到确认后向专家发出确认函，在经常程序及海洋事务和海洋法司网站上分别发布任命通知，并通知专家组其他成员；", "(g) 成员可随时以书信方式向经常程序秘书处提出辞职；", "(h) 成员应以咨询会议与会者的身份参加专家组工作，并以个人身份而非政府或联合国以外机构代表的身份提供服务；", "(i) 应根据秘书处发出的邀请函获得专家组成员的服务。", "所有权", "7. 联合国对直接与为本组织提供服务相关或因此而产生的材料拥有一切产权，包括但不限于专利、版权和商标。", "报酬", "8. 专家组成员不得因参加专家组工作而从联合国收取酬金、费用或其他报酬。发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家的成员参加联合国有关专家组工作的会议应得到旅费补贴。", "工作方法", "9. 专家组的工作方法如下：", "(a) 专家组可在成员空缺的情况下开展工作；", "(b) 专家组应从成员中指定分别来自发达国家和发展中国家的协调员各一名。协调员的工作是采取其共同认为有利于履行专家组既定工作的行动。专家组可随时改变指定协调员；", "(c) 专家组、经常程序秘书处和各国之间的通信应通过为经常程序秘书处提供的安全网站进行；", "(d) 专家组应通过正常程序秘书处并通过经常程序秘书处召开的会议与特设全体工作组进行信函联系；", "(e) 专家组可根据需要并在现有资源范围内举行会议讨论通过电子会议或其他形式的电子通信无法处理的工作领域；", "(f) 专家组应以协商一致方式开展工作。如无法形成共识，专家组应确保所有不同意见在评估草稿、建议或最后定本中得到反映。", "秘书处", "10. 海洋事务和海洋法司应履行以经常程序秘书处的职能之一担任专家组秘书处。", "附件四", "关于经常程序程序通信要求以及数据和资料管理的报告", "1. 本报告由经常程序秘书处和专家组根据大会第65/37号决议第2、第4和第6段的规定并与秘书处信息和通信技术厅协商编写。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第2和6段", "2. 可通过一个涵盖经常程序所有方面的网站满足通信、数据处理和信息管理方面的多数需求。为此，经常程序网站功能可能规范修订版已作为附录编入本报告。", "3. 如附录(第8(a)-(c)段)所述，虚拟办公室由单独的系统托管较为有利。专家组、经常程序秘书处、信息和通信技术厅进一步讨论后确认，虚拟办公室由单独的系统托管可得到更好的管理。", "4. 信息和通信技术处厅正在更新用于虚拟办公室的设施。信通厅为使目前采用的Quicker系统更好地满足专家组的需要而采取了紧急步骤。这一系统目前为专家组提供充分支持。更新系统将于2011年夏天晚些时候投入使用，将能更好地满足专家组的需要。", "5. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)预警和评估司以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织政府间海洋学委员会(海委会)提出的建议，可以满足经常程序的要求。环境署和海委会提出由其建立和托管专用信息门户，使会员国能够获得有关经常程序的重要资源，包括全球和区域海洋环境评估数据库。环境署和海委会结合“评估各项评估”的后续行动(见A/64/88)开发了这一门户的原型。信息和通信技术厅对环境署和海委会制定的规范进行了评估，并向2011年6月27日至28日举行的特设全体专家组第二次会议报告了评估结果。", "6. 关于各国与经常程序秘书处和专家组之间的通信规定，建议通过拟议网站的“限制”板块进行通信。为此，各国应根据“评估各项评估”的建议[4] 提出一名协调人。应为具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的政府间组织和非政府组织作出协调人的平行安排。协调人安排应在拟议网站开通后尽快作出。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第4段", "7. 第65/37 B号决议第4段的目标显然是为专家组提供提出数据和信息管理支持要求的能力。但是，专家组认为没有必要提出正式请求。经常程序秘书处、信息和通信技术厅以及环境署和海委会似乎能够满足当前的需要。", "附录", "经常程序程序网站功能可能规范修订版", "1. 本附录按进入限制级别排列，无限制开放的板块为最低级别。", "2. 公共网站和限制网站以及虚拟办公室应分别使用不同的服务器和系统，或可集中使用一个服务器。", "3. 网站的所有部分(公共网站、限制网站和虚拟办公室)，不论使用何种服务器，都应具有充分的安全保障，以防止未经授权的进入或干扰，并应具有充足、经常的备份。", "4. 应确保网站的安全，以便提供经常程序工作情况的永久和完整记录。", "公共网站(对全体开放)", "5. 公共网站的内容包括：", "(a) 经常程序及其工作方法介绍(仅为HTML文件)；", "(b) 专家组和经常程序秘书处及其联系方法详细介绍(仅为HTML文件)；", "(c) 作为经常程序组成部分的活动日历(HTML和PDF文件)；", "(d) 图书馆板块，可进入与经常程序程序有关的所有文件，包括：", "㈠ 《约翰内斯堡执行文件计划》相关章节；", "㈡ 大会有关决议摘要；", "㈢ 秘书长的报告(或报告摘要)；", "㈣ 2004年专家组和国际讲习班的报告；", "㈤ “评估各项评估”特设指导小组的报告；", "㈥ “评估各项评估”的报告；", "㈦ 与特设全体工作组有关的文件和报告；", "㈧ 其他背景资料。", "这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(e) 详细介绍经常程序信托基金的财务情况，包括捐助和支出的板块(仅为HTML文件)；", "(f) 介绍批准文件板块，开列第一次全球海洋综合评估概要和请求人指南及类似文件。这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(g) 介绍获准公开的第一次全球海洋综合评估的工作文件和章节草稿的板块。这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(h) 在适当时候建立介绍以下方面的板块：", "㈠ 第一次全球海洋状况综合评估报告草稿；", "㈡ 介绍同行审查人员就第一次全球海洋综合评估报告草稿提出的意见以及起草人/编辑所作回应的文件；", "㈢ 第一次全球海洋综合评估报告定稿；", "这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(i) 允许进入工作文件和章节草稿所采用数据和信息的板块。这一板块应包括以下内容：", "㈠ 为经常程序目的举办的讲习班的报告；", "㈡ 经过审议或加以利用的有关各项评估的基本信息数据库(原数据)；", "㈢ 编写工作文件和章节草稿中采用的书籍、文章和其他材料(如数据库)目录板块。目录应提供进入以电子形式储存科学文献网站(如学刊储存(JSTOR))的细节；", "㈣ 评估、书籍、文章或其他材料网站的超级链接；", "㈤ 载有其他地方缺乏信息的卷宗(各种格式)。", "限制网站(仅对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处、协作人员、国家和政府间组织协调人和具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位非政府组织的通讯员开放)", "6. 限制网站应包括以下内容：", "(a) 举办作为经常程序一部分的讲习班的板块。应包括HTML文件以及可下载的PDF和文字处理格式文件。每个讲习班应再设单独板块；", "(b) 互动板块。由协调人和通讯员张贴问题或意见，专家组成员或经常程序秘书处对问题和意见作出答复。这一板块实际上应成为经常程序的内部“博客”；", "(c) 支持工作文件和章节草稿起草板块。主要起草人及其协作人应能创建、进入和修改工作文件和章节草稿。限制网站登录者应能看见目前的工作，但是仅工作文件或章节草稿负责人可以创建或修改文本。这一板块应能清除和自动确定文件作者和文件修改者，保留文本创建和修改日期记录，并保留每份文件先前版本的备份。应努力确保在文件编写期间他人无法进入，至少在合理的时间内无法进入；", "(d) 在适当的时候增加一个介绍章节草稿同行审查的板块(可能在2013年推出)，板块应分为两个分块：", "㈠ 国家和政府间组织审查板块。除工作文件和章节草稿板块所需功能外(见上文(c)段)，这一板块应允许(经国家或政府间组织批准的)审查人员加入对章节草稿文本提出的意见，但不能改变文本。这一系统应能同时显示就段落或分段提出的所有意见，并确定每项意见的来源。对审查人修改文本加以限制有利于避免混淆并有利于后期编辑；", "㈡ 部分同行审查人的审查板块。由于每一章节的同行审查人人数相对较少，同行审查人应能对其负责的章节进行修改并加入意见。除此之外，这一板块的功能与工作文件和章节草稿板块的要求相同(见上文(c)段)。", "7. 此外，同行审查板块应能：", "(a) 保存以下各种记录：", "㈠ 各国和政府间组织意见人的详细职位、姓名和联系方式；", "㈡ 部分同行审查人的任务及其详细职务、姓名和联系方式；", "(b) 自动记录审查人提出每项意见和章节编辑作出答复的日期；", "(c) 允许意见提出人和同行审查人与章节编辑交换信息，保存信息，并使信息与有关段落相联系；", "(d) 保存所有意见和拟议修改的副本；", "(e) 自动向章节编辑通知新的张贴材料和没有实现的期限；", "(f) 允许作者和审查人根据需要上载和下载与审查工作有关的文件。", "虚拟办公室(仅对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处和联合国粮食及农业组织、国际海事组织、联合国环境规划署、国际海洋学位委员会代表等开放)", "8. 虚拟办公室将包括以下内容：", "(a) 一个允许有权进入虚拟办公室者创建、进入和修改有关进行中工作的文件的板块。这一板块应明确、自动地确定文件作者和文件修改者，并为每份文件的先前版本提供备份。这一板块还应做到，在有人就文件采取行动时，他人至少在合理时间内无法进入这份文件；", "(b) 一个允许进行一定数量“对话”的板块，有权进入虚拟办公室的人员可以加入意见，并可在无需分别打开的情况下浏览其他所有人员的意见。这一板块应尽量做到进入虚拟办公室的个人能够浏览“对话”的新内容，而无需逐一打开每个“对话”；", "(c) 一个通知系统，显示新文件的创建日期，并根据要求显示对现有文件的修改日期。", "附件五", "关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家种类初步摸底的报告", "1. 本报告根据大会第65/37 B号决议第3段的规定编写，由专家组协助经常程序秘书处编写。", "2. 根据要求，对评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的初步摸底将作为附录一编入报告，讲习班专家种类的初步摸底将作为附录二编入报告。", "3. 目前，缺乏评估能力建设的全面机会和安排，也没有现成信息。附录一中的信息根据以下来源编制：", "(a) 关于发展中国家为实现在国家管辖范围以内可持续和有效开发海洋资源和利用海洋的利益而可以获得的援助以及可以采取的措施的研究报告(A/63/342)；", "(b) 发展中国家可获得援助的来源以及发展中国家在跨界与高度回游鱼类种群养护和管理能力建设和援助方面的需求汇编(ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev)；", "(c) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告(A/65/69)；", "(d) 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商经常程序第十一次会议的工作报告(A/65/164)。", "附录一", "关于评估能力建设现有机会和安排的初步清单", "A. 国际财政机构及全球组织、方案和基金", "《生物多样性公约》秘书处", "信息交换机制", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 《生物多样性公约》信息交换机制是根据公约第18条第3款设立的。缔约方会议第X/15号决定规定，信息交换机制应为执行公约及其2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划作出重大贡献，具体做法是提供有效的信息服务并采取适当做法，促进和便利开展科学技术合作、知识共享和信息交流，并建立充分运作的缔约方和合作伙伴网络。现已确定一批优先活动，有关信息交换机制应提供的信息服务的说明，可查看UNEP/CBD/CHM/IAC/2010/1/3号文件。", "南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "一般科学能力特别基金", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 该基金的目的是确保各方广泛参加该委员会科学委员会的工作，促进科学委员会内部分担负担和能力建设，协助收集、研究和交流与《南极海洋生物资源保护公约》适用的海洋生物资源相关的信息。基金还鼓励和促进合作和协助性研究，以便扩大有关南极海洋生物资源的知识。", "联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)", "关于执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第十一部分的协定所设援助基金", "受援发展中国家 协定所有发展中缔约国", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 协助发展中缔约国参加区域渔业管理组织和协定的会议、全球会议以及设立新的区域渔业管理组织和协定的会议；能力建设和发展人力资源；协助缔约国交流有关执行该协定的信息和经验；技术援助和培训。", "瑞典国际开发合作署对渔业守则信托基金的贡献", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球/区域/国家", "援助领域 渔业守则信托基金在渔业守则方案框架下，资助促进进一步了解和应用《负责任渔业行为守则》的活动。因此，瑞典国际开发合作署提供:(a) 专家工作组和磋商(全球一级)；(b) 专项研究(全球、区域和国家)；(c) 区域能力建设讲习班；(d) 国家技术援助任务，除其他外，促进有效生成和使用渔业统计和信息，更妥善地评估小规模渔业。", "评估和监测西西里岛海峡渔业资源和生态系统(MedSudMed)(信托基金)", "受援国 受益者包括四个参与国(意大利、利比亚、马耳他和突尼斯)参与区域一级研究活动的国家科研机构，以及参加国政府的渔业主管部门。地中海渔业总委员会在较大程度上因信息和监测系统得到改善而收益。", "援助形式 区域", "援助领域 该项目的主要目标是通过支持关于底层和小规模中上层渔业资源与生物和非生物环境因素之间相互作用的研究活动，改善对渔业资源及其生态系统的了解，从而为发展负责任的渔业管理工作作出贡献。其活动包括：(a) 审查关于西西里岛海峡共享鱼类种群(底层和小型中上层鱼类)的知识并收集科学证据；数据收集和数据分析方法标准化；(b) 在次区域一级联合开展海上合作勘探(鱼卵和鱼苗、回声勘探和拖网勘探)，对共享鱼类种群进行评估；(c) 收集有关环境因素对目标种群影响的信息；(d) 查明和确定目前种群育苗区位置；(e) 通过区域研讨会开展国家能力建设；(f) 印发技术手册和创建数据库；(g) 培训课程(为种群评估、渔业资源的年龄测定、确定渔业资源的成熟阶段进行数据处理)。", "开展协调，支持地中海西部和中部的渔业管理(CopeMed II)(信托基金)", "受援国 该地区渔业研究机构以及阿尔及利亚、法国、意大利、利比亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、西班牙和突尼斯等国管理机构。", "援助形式 区域", "援助领域 支持国家和次区域渔业主管部门收集数据和信息(船队、渔获量、努力和社会经济数据)；向各国提供技术援助和培训，满足它们的需求和优先事项，并加强它们在渔业科学方面的国家能力(组织会议和讲习班、编写科学论文及支持每年的科研活动等)。", "对海洋渔业采取生态系统方法——南森项目“为发展中国家建立和实施对海洋渔业的生态系统方法而加强知识库”(信托基金)", "受援发展中国家 所有国家，早期以撒哈拉以南非洲地区为重点", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 向合作伙伴通报评估和监测生态系统的程序和方法，包括标准化数据收集工作的进展、抽样方法和科学指标的适当设置；对海洋渔业采取生态系统方式的科学和管理层面的能力增强；指导如何使用国家或区域的研究船只，包括本地或其他船只的协调覆盖面；项目规划和传播信息。", "全球环境基金/联合国环境规划署(环境署)/联合国开发计划署(开发署)/联合国工业发展方案(工发组织)/世界银行/区域开发银行", "全球环境基金国际水域重点领域的多边金融机制", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 全球环境基金国际水域重点领域提供资金，帮助各国处理沿海和海洋、江河流域和蓄水层系统等共享、跨界水系统。全球环境基金为分享19个大型海洋生态系统的国家提供了援助，这些系统占发展中国家共享的大型海洋生态系统的半数以上。全球环境基金数亿美元的信托基金开放供各国参加，现在已有176个成员国，该基金建立在开发署、环境署、世界银行以及四个区域开发银行、粮农组织和工发组织的伙伴关系之上。这些机构可以发展中国家和经济转型国家的名义获得资金，开展与全球环境基金的业务战略相一致的活动。目前，127个全球环境基金受援国和21个工业国家正在就全球环境基金理事会所批准与大型海洋生态系统及其海岸有关的项目开展合作。有关这些项目的资料，可以查阅全球环境基金国际水域知识管理网站：www.iwlearn.net。", "国际航道测量组织(航道测量组织)", "航道测量组织能力建设基金", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 向缺乏水文能力的国家提供必要的援助，因为缺乏这种能力会危害对海洋环境的保护。能力建设基金为下列主要类别的能力建设活动提供支助：(a) 技术援助：资助对成员国进行技术考察，以评估水文测量、海图绘制和航海资料状态；为发展当地水文测量能力提供指导方针和(或)就有关水文测量项目的技术问题提供咨询意见；(b) 培训和教育：支持执行与航道测量组织工作方案相一致的水文测量、航海制图和其他相关的培训和教育活动；(c) 为参加航道测量组织的活动提供资助：资助成员国代表参加与航道测量组织工作方案相一致的课程和(或)技术会议；(d) 为项目的水文测量部分提供启动资金：这些资金支持符合航道测量组织目标的高度优先水文制图项目的初步阶段工作。", "国际海洋学委员会(海洋学委员会)", "海洋学委员会关于转让海洋技术的标准和指导方针", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 委员会通过其教育和互助方案以及通过研究执行培训方案，为争取开展能力建设以处理国内优先事项的发展中国家提供国内培训。委员会的海洋法专家咨询机构同意向会员国提供与援助，并为海洋科学研究项目在会员国之间开展合作，并特别重视能力建设。委员会还建立了信息交换机制，以协助感兴趣的发展中国家和发达国家建立适当的技术转让伙伴关系。委员会的国际海洋学数据和信息交换所协助参加该机构的会员国之间交流海洋学数据和信息，并满足用户对数据和信息产品的需求。联合国环境署、耶鲁大学和领先的科学技术出版公司协调设立了“环境文献在线检索”，这也便于发展中国家能够获得环境科学的研究成果。", "国际海底管理局", "区域内海洋科学研究捐赠基金", "受援发展中国家 所有公约缔约国", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 关于区域内的海洋科学研究，国际海底管理局主要通过设立管理局区域内海洋科学研究捐赠基金，处理能力建设问题，该基金资助来自发展中国家的合格科学家和技术人员参加国际海洋科学研究合作方案。基金通过培训和技术援助，协助了能力发展。", "经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)", "发展援助委员会年度汇总数据库/债权人报告系统", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 该委员会利用下列两个单独的数据库跟踪双边和多边捐助者对发展中国家的援助以及其他资源：年度汇总数据库和债权人报告系统，前者提供关于援助和其他资源流动的数量、来源和类型的全面数据，后者提供关于部门、国家、项目说明等个别援助活动的详细信息。", "附录二", "研讨会专家类别初步清单", "1. 经常程序秘书处和专家组已考虑了哪些类别专家能够对为支持经常进程而将举办的讲习班作出重要贡献并完成第一次全球海洋综合评估。", "2. 人们已经认识到，评估大纲所涵盖任何领域的专家都能够对讲习班的成果作出重要贡献。还必须确保环境科学及经济和社会科学领域的专家都参加讲习班。", "3. 预计已经实质性参加最近对任何讲习班所涵盖海洋区域进行全面评估的专家都可以作出重大贡献。", "4. 此外，如果参加讲习班的专家的专长能够尽可能多地涵盖下列领域，会有极大的助益：", "(a) 海洋学、气象学(包括气候变化，因为它对海洋产生影响)、海洋化学和海洋地质学；", "(b) 海洋生物学和生物海洋学(初级生产)；", "(c) 鱼类和贝类种群的评估和管理；", "(d) 渔业和水产养殖业以及依赖它们的社区的规划、管理和发展；", "(e) 海洋运输规划和发展、港口管理和海底电缆和管道的安装；", "(f) 海上安全；", "(g) 对沿海、沿江和大气向海洋的输入物以及海上倾倒的监测和评估；", "(h) 近海石油和矿产资源(包括集料)勘探和开发；", "(i) 风能、波浪和潮汐发电的规划和开发；", "(j) 沿海地带规划和发展(包括城市化、城镇和乡村规划和分区)；", "(k) 海洋物种、生境、生态和生物敏感地区及脆弱海洋生态系统的监测和评估(包括生态经济学)；", "(l) 海洋保护区的指定和管理；", "(m) 外来海洋害虫方面的专门知识；", "(n) 海洋遗传资源方面的专门知识；", "(o) 海洋资源经济学；", "(p) 海洋产业、包括海洋旅游和娱乐用途方面的经济和社会方面问题。", "附件六", "海洋环境^(a) 包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能大纲", "注：本文件仅供参考。文件中载有经常程序专家小组所建议的修改意见，需要特设工作组下次全体会议进一步审议。", "第一部分 为决策者编写的摘要", "这一部分不采用主要报告的形式，而是强调最重要的结论。其目的是阐明：", "(a) 已进行评估的方式；", "(b) 人类对海洋影响规模的总体评估；", "(c) 对海洋环境及人类经济和社会福祉的主要威胁；", "(d) 能力建设需求和满足这些需求的有效方法；", "(e) 最严重的知识缺口和可能弥补这些缺口的方法。", "第二部分 评估范畴", "第1章 地球、海洋和生命", "本章将全面、概要地介绍海洋在地球生命中所起的作用、它们发挥功能的方式以及人类与它们的关系。这些论点由至少两份工作文件作为依据，这些工作文件综述下列内容：", "1.A.　沿海地区，包括沿海地区各大城市的人口及预测变化。", "本标题之下的资料将力求借鉴为联合国世界人口展望所开展的工作。", "^(a) 在这一范畴内，“综合”是指评估若干具体压力因素造成的影响和审议对海洋生态环境的累积效应，即在时间和空间上相互重叠的多个进程和活动的总体影响。", "1.B.　人类对沿海地区的影响：人类在陆地上的活动对沿海和海洋生态系统造成压力的程度。", "相关资料可以包括世界不同地区沿海集水区集约农业用地的比例、沿海集水区工业和城市发展的强度以及用于城市发展的海岸线比例。", "第4章 授权、信息来源和工作方法", "4.A.　经大会同意的经常程序的目标、范围和任务。", "4.B.　有关收集海洋及人类使用海洋的环境、经济和社会数据有关的一般问题，包括国家、区域和全球信息和数据的汇总和分析、数据的质量保证和获取信息的机会。", "4.C.　关于开展第一次全球海洋综合评估的商定程序以及已经执行这些程序的方式的说明，其中包括兼顾科学/政策的方法、资料提供者的选择、就确定基线所作的选择、不确定因素说明和分类以及数据的质量保证。", "第三部分 对海洋环境提供的主要生态系统服务(物质供应服务以外)的评估[5]", "本部分若干章节将大量借鉴政府间气候变化问题小组的工作——其目的是利用该小组的工作，而不是重复这项工作或提出异议。", "第5章 海洋在水文循环方面的作用", "5.A.　海水和淡水在水文循环中的相互作用：循环中的周转和变化速度——淡水流入海洋及其与海洋的相互作用，包括这些流入的淡水因大陆冰盖和冰川的变化、以及因人为变化(例如建造大坝或加剧抽取)对海洋环境的影响——冰覆盖面的减少——海平面变化。", "5.B.　海洋变暖、海平面变化对环境、经济和社会的影响，包括海平面上升对安全的影响以及对低洼国家的影响，人为因素和其他因素对流入海洋淡水的影响。", "5.C.　海水的化学成分：不同水体的含盐量和养分含量——含盐量和养分含量的变化。", "5.C之二.　含盐量和养分含量变化对环境、经济和社会的影响。", "5.D.　海洋的热传输作用：海洋变暖——海洋对地表温度和循环模式的整体影响——海洋振荡——厄尔尼诺现象和同类事件。", "5.E.　海洋温度变化和重大海洋温度事件的环境、经济和社会影响。", "第6章 海洋/空气的相互作用", "6.A.　海洋在调节大气流动及氧气和二氧化碳浓度的作用(生成氧气和二氧化碳封存)：二氧化碳下沉时海洋的作用——关于保持或增加这方面作用的问题。", "6.B.　与海洋有关的气象现象：飓风和台风——季风降雨——信风。", "6.C.　气象趋势、包括风暴频率和强度变化对环境、经济和社会的影响，对一年大部分时间冰覆盖海洋和依赖这种海洋为生的社区的影响，对小岛屿发展中国家的影响。", "6.D.　海洋酸化：人类活动造成的海洋酸化的程度和范围。", "6.E.　海洋酸化趋势对环境、经济和社会的影响(交叉参考关于粮食安全的第四部分)。", "第7章 初级生产、养分循环、表层和浮游生物", "7.A.　初级生产的全球分布：目前分布状况的原因——影响营养物质循环的因素以及食物网基础的变异性和韧性——已知和预见的变化，包括臭氧层问题造成的紫外线辐射的变化。", "7.B.　表层和浮游生物：表层的作用——影响表层的因素——浮游生物物种的变化。", "7.C.　初级生产和趋势及影响食物网基础固有的变异性和韧性的其他因素对环境、经济和社会的影响(交叉参考关于粮食安全的第四部分)。", "第7章之二 海洋来源碳酸盐的生成", "海洋来源碳酸盐的生成在形成环状珊瑚岛和海滩方面的作用——海洋酸化的潜在影响。", "第8章 海洋环境产生的美学、文化、宗教和精神生态系统服务", "人类与海洋和海洋在美学、文化、宗教和精神层面相互作用(包括海葬)的规模，以及这些相互作用可能受其他变化影响的方式。还将交叉参考第26章(旅游)。", "第8章之二 对生态系统服务的科学认识", "概述对生态系统服务科学认识的状况，包括数据采集、信息管理、世界不同地区的差异和研究需求。", "第9章 关于物质供应服务之外的主要生态系统服务的结论", "总结了第5至第8章之二所确定的主要问题，包括能力建设需要和信息缺口。", "第四部分", "跨领域问题的评估：食品保障和安全", "本部分将在很大程度上借鉴粮农组织进行的评估。", "第10章 海洋作为食物的来源", "人类依赖海洋获取食物的程度和需求增加造成的压力，世界不同地区之间的差异，世界上某些地区依赖其他地区获取鱼和海产品的程度，海洋生物资源对食品安全的贡献。", "第11章 捕捞渔业", "11.A. 商业鱼类和贝类种群：商业开发的鱼类和贝类种群现状——经济活动(大型商业性、个体和休闲渔业)的规模。[6]", "11.B. 其他鱼类和贝类种群：个体或自给性捕捞的鱼类和贝类种群现状——对生计的重要性——目前没有开发的鱼类资源的现状。", "11.C. 捕捞渔业(大型商业、个体和自给性渔业)对海洋生态系统的影响，具体形式为对食物网、副渔获物(鱼类、哺乳动物、爬行动物和海鸟)，不同的渔具和捕捞方法的影响，包括丢弃物对其他野生动物的影响，以及丢失或遗弃渔具的影响。", "11.C之二. 污染对海洋生物资源的影响：化学和放射性污染可能对用作食物的海洋生物资源种群造成的影响——这种污染潜在威胁的影响。", "11.D. 非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动：[7] 规模，地点以及对鱼类的影响。为防止、制止和消除非法、未管制和无报告的捕捞活动而采取的措施，包括粮农组织《关于非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的国际行动计划》和粮农组织《预防、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动港口国措施协议》的作用。", "11.E. 商业捕捞渔业管理的规管方法：关于主要工具和做法、包括经济措施的说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果，包括副渔获物的处理和丢弃——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11.F. 管理个体渔民和自给渔业管理的规管办法：主要工具和方法说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11.G. 根据所有相关因素对未来十年鱼类和贝类种群状况的预测。", "第12章 水产养殖", "12.A. 水产养殖的规模和分布：水产养殖活动的地点——养殖的种类——经济意义以及对食品安全的贡献。", "12.B. 水产养殖业的投入和效果：对沿海空间的需求——对捕捞渔业提供的鱼粉的需求。", "12.B之二. 水产养殖的污染：化学品的使用——外逃种群与野生种群的相互作用。", "12.C. 水产养殖管理规管办法：主要工具和方法说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果。", "12.D. 根据所有相关因素对未来十年水产养殖作用的预测", "12.E. 水产养殖业管理能力建设需求以及对其影响的监测。", "第12章之二 鱼类种群的繁殖", "12之二.A. 通过海洋牧养以及鱼孵化场释放鱼，重建耗竭的种群。", "12之二.B. 将海洋生物资源迁移到不同的生态系统中。", "12之二.C. 人工繁殖对自然生态系统的影响。", "12之二.D. 鱼类繁殖规管方式——实施范围——结果。", "12之二.E. 鱼类繁殖管理能力建设需要和监测其影响。", "第13章 海藻和其他海产食品", "13.A. 从海洋采集非鱼类和贝类食品的规模、地点和重要性——预计未来十年的发展趋势。", "13.B. 采集海藻和其他海产食品的潜在影响。", "13.C. 采集海藻和其他海产食品的规管方法——做法和实施范围——获得的利益和意外后果。", "13.D. 改进、管理和使用这类食物及监测采集对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第14章 渔业的社会和经济方面问题", "14.A. 与人类健康的关系：海产食品对健康的益处和问题，包括补充蛋白质不足饮食结构的潜力——化学、毒性和细菌污染——促进益处和控制问题的能力建设需求。", "14.B. 渔业和水产养殖业是就业规模和意义：使用的数字——收入与当地收入中位数的关系——与其他行业相比，渔民受伤的比例。", "14.C. 渔业在社会结构中的作用：渔民在当地社会中的作用——以捕鱼为唯一生活来源的程度——当地社会依赖渔业和水产养殖业的程度。", "14.E. 捕捞区、渔船所有权和操作、停靠港口和消费分布之间的关系：国家(及其境内的经济运作者)从其领海和专属经济区的渔业和水产养殖业获取的利益——受益于公海渔业和远洋渔业的国家(及其境内的经济运作者)。", "14.E之二. 国际渔业协定的执行情况：更换渔船和渔具的需要——培训渔民的需要——支持实施的能力建设需要。", "14.E之三. 市场变化的作用：已捕获鱼和贝类岸上长途运输的增长——生态核证——生态环保团体发起的其他运动的影响。", "14.F. 与其他行业的联系：依赖渔业和水产养殖业的经济活动、包括提供设备(特别是船舶)和加工产出的规模。", "第15章 关于食品安全的结论", "15.A. 第10至14章所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需求和信息缺口的综述。", "15.B. 海洋生物资源提供的食品的较长期发展——气候变化的影响——人口变化的影响——与陆地食品生产变化的关系。", "第五部分", "对人类其他活动和海洋环境的评估", "第16章 航运", "16.A. 航运在世界贸易中的意义：主要航线——海上运输的世界贸易额——航运活动对国家的经济利益，包括作为船旗国——对未来十年变化的预测，包括因冰雪覆盖面变化在高纬度地区航运可能性的变化。", "16.B. 船员：就业规模——保护海洋环境方面的训练是否充分——船员收入与收入中位数的关系——与其他的行业相比，海员受伤的比例。", "16.C. 航运造成的威胁：地点、规模和发展趋势——航运产生的污染(包括《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(《防止船污公约》)附件一至六管制的各类污染、防污处理和噪声)——航运对海洋生物的声波影响——航运灾害，包括其较长期的影响——通过压舱水带来的入侵物种和其他生物安全风险——拆船的船舶运输——航运相对于贸易给沿岸国带来的风险。", "16.C之二. 海洋环境保护措施、包括海事组织各项公约和其他文书对航运经济影响。", "16.D. 与其他行业和商务的联系：造船——拆船——沙坑——保险、租赁及导航服务。", "16.D之二. 放射性物质的海上运输。", "16.F. 航运管理规管方式：主要做法(尤其是海事组织公约和文书)说明——实施各种管理做法的程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施(包括、但不限于特别海区和特别敏感海区)对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果——执法。", "16.G. 管理航运和监测其影响的能力建设需要，包括支持各项国际公约和其他文书的执行。", "第17章 港口", "17.A. 港口活动的规模和意义：地点和交通——预计增长率，其中包括第16.A“港口国的经济利益”标题之下阐述的航线变化的影响。", "17.B. 创建和维持港口的影响：港口发展规模——出于航行目的进行的疏浚——船舶废弃物管理，包括收费制度的影响——船舶停港造成的污染——疏浚造成污染物重新泛起。", "17.C. 港口管理规管框架：控制港口对海洋环境影响主要做法的说明——这些做法的实施程度——预期效益和意外后果——与航运业的关系——与渔业和国际贸易的关系。", "17.D. 管理港口和监测港口对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第18章 海底电缆和管道", "18.A. 电缆和电缆铺设的规模、位置和作用：在国际通信和互联网中的作用——预计未来十年的发展——就业——与其他行业的联系——经济效益。", "18.B. 电缆和管道的潜在污染和有形伤害——建筑/安装过程中——使用过程中——退役后。", "18.C. 各国对其管辖之下的管道和电缆以及管道和电缆敷设管理的规管框架：这些框架的实施程度——预期效益和意外后果——对海洋其他用途的干扰。", "18.D. 管理电缆敷设和管道安装及监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第19章 陆地对沿海、沿江和大气层的输入物", "19.A. 市政废水、包括主要城市和游轮停泊港口的影响：处理的规模和程度——直接输入物和河流输入物产生的影响、包括对沿海水域微生物质量影响的性质，以及对水质的影响、特别是对水产养殖业和旅游业不利后果的经济影响——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.B. 工业污水排放，包括点源：有害物质，包括持久性有机污染物和重金属——碳氢化合物——营养素——排放的规模(直接输入物和河流输入物及大气传输)——处理程度——影响的性质，包括通过食物链对人体健康的影响——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.C. 农业径流和排放：规模(直接输入物和河流输入物及大气输送的营养物质)——影响的性质——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.D. 富营养化：市政、工业和农业输入物的综合影响，并考虑到沿海水域混浊度和河口地区的脱氮影响——交叉参考对鱼类的影响和对食物网的影响。", "19.F. 核工业和非核工业输入的放射性物质——放射性输入物的实际、潜在和怀疑影响。", "19.G. 管理陆源输入物影响的规管框架：全球行动纲领——区域公约——国家计划——已实施做法的范围——预期成果和意外后果。", "19.H. 管理废水、工业污水和农业径流和监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第20章 近海[8] 油气行业", "20.A. 海上油气行业的规模和重要性：位置、生产规模和预计未来十年的发展情况——对各国的经济利益。", "20.B. 勘探、包括地震勘察产生的影响：规模和预计未来十年的发展情况。", "20.C. 生产造成的影响：规模和预计发展情况，包括扦插桩、近海使用化学品、燃烧、生成水——设施中排放的污水。", "20.D. 近海设施灾害及其影响，包括较长期影响。", "20.E. 退役。", "20.G. 管理近海油气设施的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果——实施保护海洋环境规则方面的培训。", "20.H. 管理政府和海上油气行业之间联系以及监测油气设施对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第21章 其他海洋能源产业", "21.A. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的规模——目前、规划和预测的状况。", "21.B. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的环境效益和影响。", "21.C. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的预期经济业绩。", "21.D. 管理近海非烃类能源设施的规章框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "21.E. 规划和管理近海风力、波浪和潮汐发电以及监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设。", "第22章 近海采矿业", "22.A. 开采砂石的规模和意义：开采砂石对环境的影响。", "22.B. 开采砂石的经济效益。", "22.C. 其他海床采矿近况：目前的状况和潜在的规模。", "22.D. 管理近海采矿业的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "22.E. 规划和管理近海采矿业的能力建设。", "第23章 固体废物处置", "23.A. 海上倾倒废物的种类和数量，包括对海洋环境的潜在影响——预计未来十年的倾倒数量。", "23.B. 管理固体废物倾倒的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "23.C. 管理海上处置固体废物和监测对海洋环境后果的能力建设需要。", "第24章 海洋废弃物", "24.A. 海洋垃圾的多种成因，包括对陆地废物处置缺乏控制，对海滩垃圾和船舶垃圾缺乏管理，以及问题的规模和分布状况。", "24.B. 处理海洋垃圾的方法——实施范围——已取得进展的情况。", "24.C. 处理海洋垃圾和监测海洋垃圾数量的能力建设需要。", "第25章 陆地/海洋在物理层面的相互作用", "25.A. 土地开垦：土地开垦的规模和位置以及对生境的改变和受影响的生境——管理土地开垦和改变生境的规管办法——实施范围——结果。", "25.B. 被海水侵蚀的土地：土地侵蚀的经济和社会成本——沿海防务对海洋和沿海生境、包括海滩和边缘岛屿的影响——对小岛屿发展中国家的影响——沿海防务的成本——沿海防务的规管和管理办法——结果。", "25.C. 沉淀的变化：降雨和河流引起的土地侵蚀所造成海洋环境中的沉淀——水资源管理促成海洋沉淀的减少——两种类型变化对海洋和沿海生境、包括河口、三角洲、海底峡谷的影响——控制沉降变化的规管方法——实施范围——结果。", "25.D. 管理陆地/海洋在物理层面相互作用和监测对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第26章 旅游和娱乐业", "26.A. 旅游和娱乐业、包括游轮的地点和规模：就业——旅游业的经济效益——保护海洋生物多样性产生的经济效益。", "26.A之二. 娱乐及体育渔业及其对海洋野生生物的影响。", "26.A.之三. 娱乐和旅游船只对敏感海区的影响。", "26.B. 旅游业、包括游轮对污水和污染问题的作用(并见19A“市政废水”)。", "26.C. 旅游业对环境其他影响的地点和规模，包括对生境的干扰和破坏。", "26.C之二. 旅游业与保护海洋物种和生境的关系(例如，赏鲸和鲸鱼保护区)。", "26.D. 管理旅游业对环境影响的规管方式——实施范围——结果。", "26.E. 管理旅游业和监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第27章 海水淡化", "海水淡化的规模、其社会和经济效益及其环境影响。海水淡化能力建设需要。", "第28章 海洋遗传资源的使用", "28.A. 当前研究和开发的专题、地点和规模，包括海洋遗传资源的使用以及知识产权等相关问题。", "28.B. 对国家管辖水域海洋遗传资源的研究和开发的规管办法[9] ——实施范围——结果。", "28.C. 海洋遗传资源研究和开发及其管理的能力建设。", "第29章 防务活动对海洋环境造成的具体问题", "29.B. 经常性沿海防务活动的声波对海洋生物的影响。", "29.C. 海上倾倒弃置的弹药的规模以及倾倒弹药和化学武器造成的问题。", "第30章 海洋科学研究", "30.A. 海洋科学研究的课题、规模和位置。", "30.B. 海洋科学研究的规管办法——实施范围——结果。", "30.C. 海洋科学研究的能力建设需要，包括技术转让。", "第31章 关于人类其他活动的结论", "第16至30章所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需要和信息缺口的综述。", "第六部分", "海洋生物多样性和生境的评估", "第31章之二 简介", "这一部分的目的是：(a) 概述海洋生物多样性的情况以及这方面的知识；(b) 审查全球、区域或国家一级主管部门已确定受威胁、正在减少或需要保护的海洋生态系统、物种和生境的现状和趋势以及威胁；(c) 审查保护的规管和管理做法，包括其应用范围和结果；(d) 查明能力建设需要。", "AA节——海洋生物多样性概况", "第31章之三 海洋生物多样性的规模", "物种、群落和生境(沿海到深海、赤道到极地、基质类别、盐度)多样性的主要梯度。", "第31章之四 海洋生物多样性评估的范围", "其现状、趋势和威胁受到系统分析的不同海洋区域物种和生境主要类别的比例。", "第31章之五 物种和生境主要类别的整体状态", "按主要类别和海洋区域分列这些评估中所呈现的现状、趋势和威胁(包括压力的累积效应)综述。", "A节——生态和生物敏感区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "这些是联合国大会、《生物多样性公约》或联合国粮食及农业组织等全球主管机构已经确定需要特种关注的几类地区和生态系统。", "第32章 珊瑚(和其他生物)礁", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第33章 红树林、盐沼和其他宏观植被区", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第34章 海草和鳗草床", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第35章 海带林", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第36章 海山、深海海堤和台地", "地点、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第37章 热液喷口", "地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第38章 其他类型的生态和生物敏感区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "类别、位置、数量和程度、状态和威胁，包括累积压力。", "B节——已确定为受到威胁、正在减少或因其他原因需要保护的其他物种和生境", "第40章 依赖一系列区域生态系统、而且《波恩公约》或其他国际协定、包括区域渔业管理组织的公约和安排所涵盖的洄游海洋物种", "40.A. 洄游海洋哺乳动物：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.B. 海龟：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.C. 高度洄游鱼类物种：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.D. 洄游海鸟：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第41章 全球、区域或国家一级主管机关已确定受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的其他物种", "每一物种或物种类别：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第42章 全球、区域或国家一级主管机关已确定受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的其他生境", "每一生境类别或生境类别组：分布、面积、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "B节之二——规管和管理框架及能力建设需要", "第42章之二 规管和管理框架", "保护物种和生境、包括海洋保护区的法规和管理框架和做法——实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "第42章之三 能力建设需要", "评估物种和生境现状以及管理被认为需要保护的物种和生境的保护工作的能力建设需要。", "C节——综述", "第43章 综述", "第31章之二至第42章之三所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需要和信息缺口的综述。", "第七部分", "总体评估", "第44章 人类对海洋影响的总体评估", "44.A. 审议累积压力对海洋整体状态的影响。", "44.B. 采用不同方法评估人类对海洋影响整体的评价。", "第45章 海洋对人类的整体价值", "采用不同方法评估人类从海洋获得的利益。", "附录", "术语", "用以说明大洋盆地和相互连接的海域的主要特点的术语", "1.A. 用以说明主要地质特征的技术术语的简短摘要：封闭和半封闭海——大陆架和斜坡——洋中脊——海山——珊瑚和其他生物礁——沉淀——主要河口——峡湾和河口地带——海洋峡谷——沿海地质构造，沙滩，海洋湿地，红树林和滩涂。", "1.B. 用以说明水柱主要特点的技术术语的简短摘要：水体——温盐环流——主要洋流——深层水的形成(下沉)和上涌——分层——酸化——冰覆盖。", "用以说明海洋权利和义务的术语", "本节将列出《海洋法公约》中对评估工作所使用术语(领海、专属经济区等)的定义，以便读者了解确切意思。", "[1] 一个代表团提请会议注意，专家组的一名成员因未能及时获得入境签证而无法与会。", "[2] ^(a) 举办讲习班可能需要东道国和联合国签署一项协议。", "[3] ^(a) 见按照2010年12月大会第65/37号决议第212段规定编制的一整套备选办法附件B，可查阅www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/Set-of-Options.pdf。", "[4] ^(a) A/64/88号决议，第108至111段。各国可在国家有关当局或机构或在常驻纽约代表团设立协调人。还可指定可进入网站限制板块的其他联系人，但必须设立与经常程序参与国明确、单一的通信联系人。", "[5] ^(b) 海洋提供物质供应的服务主要是供应食物，在第四部分(食品保障和安全)中做阐述。其他方面的物质供应服务在第五部分(人类对海洋环境产生影响的其他活动)中阐述。", "[6] ^(c) 并见关于休闲渔业的第26章(旅游)。", "[7] ^(d) 如《粮农组织关于非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的国际行动计划》所界定。", "[8] 在本章及以下两章中，“近海”涵盖座落在海洋环境中，无论是在内水、领海或专属经济区的所有设施。", "[9] 鉴于目前有关公海海洋遗传资源的讨论情况，似乎没有对这方面规管方法作评估的可能。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Agenda item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "We have the honour to transmit to you the attached report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, which sets out in section II the agreed recommendations to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole met at United Nations Headquarters on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "We kindly request that the present letter and the report be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "(Signed) Donatus Keith St. Aimee", "(Signed) Renée Sauvé", "Co-Chairs", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects", "I. Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole", "1. The second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, was convened pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B of 4 April 2011. The meeting was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "2. The meeting was presided over by Donatus Keith St. Aimee (Saint Lucia) and Renée Sauvé (Canada), the Co-Chairs of the first meeting of the Working Group, who had been reappointed by the President of the General Assembly. The Friends of the Co-Chairs nominated by the regional groups at the first meeting continued to serve in that capacity: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya) for the African States; Abdul Hameed (Pakistan) for the Asian States; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador) for the Latin American and Caribbean States; and Kent Blom (Sweden) for the Western European and Other States.", "3. Representatives of 55 Member States, 15 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 4 non-governmental organizations attended the meeting. A complete list of participants, dated 28 June 2011, is available on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat (see www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_ June_2011.pdf).", "4. The following members of the Group of Experts established pursuant to paragraph 209 of resolution 65/37 A also attended the meeting:[1] Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O. Green (Jamaica); Jake Rice (Canada); Andrew Rosenberg (United States of America); Alan Simcock (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); and Juying Wang (China).", "5. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) provisional agenda, annotated provisional agenda and format, including proposed organization of work; (b) draft guidelines for workshops, draft criteria for the appointment of experts and possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, prepared by the Group of Experts, together with a covering document; (c) draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts and provisions for communication with States; (d) report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts; and (e) report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts. At the request of delegates, the Group of Experts provided additional information material entitled, “Suggestions by the Group of Experts of possible functions for the bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole”.", "6. On 27 June 2011, the Working Group adopted the agenda and agreed on the organization of work as proposed by the Co-Chairs. In its substantive discussions, and following informal consultations, the Working Group considered and adopted, on 28 June 2011, the documents entitled “Criteria for the appointment of experts” and “Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process”. On the same date, the Working Group took note of the documents entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects” and “Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts” and agreed on the need for these documents to be considered further at its next meeting.", "7. The Working Group requested the Group of Experts to revise the document entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment”, taking into account the comments made by delegations. To that end, the Co-Chairs were requested to send invitations to States and groups, following the invitation made pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/37 B, to provide further comments on the document by 23 July 2011 at the latest. The Working Group agreed on the usefulness of having those comments posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, subject to the approval of the State or group concerned.", "8. On 28 June 2011, following a statement by the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, the Working Group took note of the report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process. The Working Group also took note of the report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops and agreed on the need to invite States, specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations, as well as funding institutions, to contribute information on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments. Delegations also suggested that the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments be circulated at workshops for the information of participants.", "9. The Working Group considered the establishment of a bureau to implement its decisions and guidance during intersessional periods. The meeting decided to establish the bureau and agreed on its composition.", "10. With regard to workshops, the Working Group agreed, on 28 June 2011, to recommend that they be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Working Group accepted with deep appreciation the declaration of the member States of the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific and of the Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Area of the South-East Pacific and the generous offer of the Government of Chile to act as host for a workshop for the South-East Pacific in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea noted possible difficulties of the Division in participating in all workshops owing to the exigencies of work at Headquarters.", "11. The Working Group considered the status of the trust fund established for the purpose of supporting the operations of the first five-year cycle of the Regular Process. It agreed to recommend that the General Assembly encourage financial contributions to the trust fund and other contributions to the Regular Process. In that regard, some delegations noted the importance of exploring ways for the Global Environment Facility to support the Regular Process. Several delegations emphasized the need to consider all sources of support for the Regular Process, including financial contributions and contributions in kind. The view was expressed that financial contributions to the Regular Process should be made through the trust fund established for that purpose.", "12. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea reported on the status of the trust fund and thanked the Governments of Iceland, Jamaica, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand for their generous contributions in 2011, which had made it possible for experts to attend the meeting. Delegates were reminded that, without additional funding, it would not be possible to provide financial assistance to experts to attend future meetings of the Regular Process.", "13. Based on the discussions, the Working Group adopted recommendations which are presented in section II of present report. The Working Group recommended that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.", "14. On 13 July 2011, the Co-Chairs transmitted the present report, with the recommendations, to the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "II. Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "15. The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole submits the following recommendations to the General Assembly.", "(1) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly adopt:", "(a) The criteria for the appointment of Experts, attached as annex I to the present report;", "(b) The guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects, attached as annex II.", "(2) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly take note of:", "(a) The draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, attached as annex III;", "(b) The report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, attached as annex IV;", "(c) The report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, attached as annex V.", "(3) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole takes note of the possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex VI, and agrees on the need for it to be considered further with a view to its possible adoption at the next meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.", "(4) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the Secretary-General bring the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments to the attention of Member States and heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations engaged in activities relating to capacity-building for assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, as well as funding institutions, and invite them to contribute information to the preliminary inventory on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments.", "(5) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that, pursuant to paragraph 216 of resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly urge Member States, international financial institutions, donor agencies, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and natural and juridical persons to make financial contributions to the trust funds established pursuant to paragraph 183 of resolution 64/71 and to make other contributions to the Regular Process.", "(6) Pursuant to paragraph 208 of resolution 65/37 A, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole agrees to establish a bureau to put in practice the decisions and guidance of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole during the intersessional period, for example by approving the assignment of members of the pool of experts to work on drafting or to review drafts, and approving arrangements proposed by the Group of Experts for peer review.", "(7) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly (a) that the bureau be composed of 15 Member States (3 Member States from each regional group) and (b) that at least one Co-Chair and a quorum of five Member States, one per regional group, be considered as the minimum requirement for the bureau to perform its functions.", "(8) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the President of the General Assembly reappoint the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole so that they may attend meetings of the bureau during the intersessional period.", "(9) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that workshops be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process.", "(10) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.", "Annex I", "Criteria for the appointment of experts", "1. A pool of experts will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to support the work of the Group of Experts in the preparation of the first global integrated marine assessment.", "2. Where the Group of Experts does not designate one of its own members to draft a working paper or draft chapter for the assessment, it will invite selected members of the pool of experts to contribute to drafting working papers and draft chapters. Other members of the pool of experts with relevant expertise will be invited to comment on the drafts and may be invited to participate in the drafting.", "3. When the draft of the first global integrated marine assessment is submitted for review, a panel of peer reviewers will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to review and comment on the draft. The members of the panel of peer reviewers should not previously have been involved in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters. The panel of peer reviewers will work in parallel with the review of the draft by States and intergovernmental organizations.", "4. The following criteria should apply to all individuals nominated by States to the Group of Experts, the pool of experts or the panel of peer reviewers:", "(a) Internationally recognized expertise, to be demonstrated by one or more of the following:", "(i) A record of scientific publications on the relevant issues, preferably in peer-reviewed publications;", "(ii) Experience at a high level in global, regional or national assessments relating to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;", "(iii) Experience at a high level in the design and management of other major global, regional or national initiatives in marine science, assessment, environmental protection, maritime transport, coastal management, fisheries management, or other similar functions related to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;", "(iv) For experts from regions where there is as yet a relative paucity of scientific observation and monitoring data, a recognized status in traditional knowledge of, or in observing, the marine environment of their area;", "(b) Demonstrated effective participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment or integrated assessment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects; and", "(c) The ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.", "5. In the allocation of members of the pool of experts to the various tasks, the following will be considered:", "(a) Those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should have a demonstrated ability to write clearly and concisely on their subject;", "(b) Material from those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should be submitted in one of the official languages of the United Nations.", "In addition, members of the panel of peer reviewers will be responsible for working according to the needs of the Group of Experts.", "6. The appointments to the pool of experts and the panel of peer reviewers and the allocation of tasks to members of the pool of experts should reflect the principle of adherence to equitable geographical representation in all activities of the Regular Process, and have due regard to a desirable balance between the genders.", "7. The selection of members of the pool of experts to draft, or to comment on, an issue should ensure that all disciplines relevant to an integrated assessment of that issue are included.", "8. Experts should be given sufficient time to make the contributions to the Regular Process that their roles will require.", "Annex II", "Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "Purpose and objectives", "1. As recognized by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in February 2011 (see A/65/759, annex), workshops are a key mechanism by which the first global integrated marine assessment will be accomplished and States can enhance their assessment capacity. Workshops will facilitate dialogue between the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and representatives and experts from States and competent intergovernmental organizations. The present guidelines are intended to make clear how a set of workshops should be organized in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. They will help ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the output of each workshop, and thus of the Regular Process in general.", "2. The objectives of each of the set of workshops should be to:", "(a) Review and evaluate all assessments considered by the participants to be relevant to the sea area under consideration and, on the basis of those evaluations, compile an inventory of assessments likely to be useful for the Regular Process. The assessments to be considered should be both those related to environmental issues and those related to socio-economic issues. If necessary, arrangements should be initiated for access to those assessments by the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(b) Start building a network composed of experts and organizations taking part in each workshop, the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(c) Identify the capacity-building needs of States taking part in the workshop to allow them to contribute more fully to, and benefit more fully from, the Regular Process, including identification of priorities, and identify steps that those States could usefully take to build the capacities of competent intergovernmental organizations (if any) through which the States collaborate;", "(d) Start building capacity for integrated assessment, which could include discussing and developing:", "(i) Common information content for assessments at various scales and common approaches to assessment methodologies;", "(ii) Approaches for scaling up assessments, that is, establishing the extent to which assessments at one level (national, subregional, regional or global) can be used at other levels;", "(iii) Reporting forms to assist the integration process, with the aim of securing coherence, consistency and comparability as far as possible;", "(e) Consider the linkages between driving factors and the state of the marine environment as reflected in assessment.", "3. This list of objectives, the preparatory work set out in appendix I below and the outline agenda in appendix II will constitute the terms of reference of the workshops.", "Number and locations", "4. States are invited to offer to host workshops for the following:", "(a) The North Pacific;", "(b) The South Pacific (south-east Pacific and south-west Pacific);", "(c) The eastern and south-eastern Asian Seas;", "(d) The northern Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment/Regional Commission for Fisheries area;", "(e) The southern and western Indian Ocean;", "(f) The North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea;", "(g) The South Atlantic (between the African and American coasts) and the wider Caribbean.", "5. Separate workshops may not be needed for the Arctic and Antarctic. However, the relevant international bodies and forums with regard to those areas (in particular, the Antarctic Treaty System and the Arctic Council) could be invited to consider, and to contribute to, the issues proposed for the workshops. If requested, members of the Group of Experts could be available for consultation.", "6. Offers to host workshops should be made to the secretariat of the Regular Process, which, with the help of the Group of Experts, will seek to negotiate arrangements which will avoid overlap of coverage or clash of dates. The secretariat of the Regular Process will notify all States of workshops to be held, as soon as arrangements have been agreed.", "Timing", "7. The Group of Experts will need to reach conclusions in April 2012 on some of the issues suggested for consideration by the workshops. It will therefore be best if workshops are held in time for their output to reach the Group of Experts by the end of March 2012.", "Hosts", "8. Workshops are to be hosted by Member States and organized under the auspices of the United Nations,[2] in coordination with the secretariat of the Regular Process and with the assistance of members of the Group of Experts. Member States may request the cooperation of competent intergovernmental organizations and/or relevant national scientific institutions for the organization of workshops.", "Participation", "9. States Members of the United Nations, observers and competent intergovernmental organizations shall be entitled to participate in any workshop that they consider relevant to them, up to the number of available places. Competent intergovernmental organizations in the region are encouraged to participate. For practical reasons, the logistics and the size and number of delegations will need to be managed by the host in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process.", "10. Non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, relevant scientific institutions and organizations representing major groups as defined in Agenda 21 may request invitations to participate. Hosts may reserve a number of places in the workshop to be filled by such invitations.", "11. Each workshop should include at least one member of the Group of Experts and one member of the secretariat of the Regular Process, whose participation will be coordinated with the secretariat of the Regular Process, taking into account the exigencies of work at Headquarters. If possible, all members of the Group of Experts from States in the area covered by the workshop should participate. Members of the Group of Experts from outside that area could be invited by the secretariat of the Regular Process to participate, and it would be desirable if at least one such member participates. Where necessary, such participation of the members of the Group of Experts may be supported by the trust fund for the Regular Process as referenced in paragraph 183 of General Assembly resolution 64/71.", "Chair and secretariat", "12. Hosts should designate a chair (or co-chairs) of the workshop, who will be expected to take responsibility for summarizing the outcomes of the workshop with the aid of the workshop support staff and members of the Group of Experts. Hosts may consider inviting a member of the Group of Experts to be the chair, or a co‑chair, of the workshop.", "13. Hosts should provide support staff to organize proceedings in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process and the members of the Group of Experts who are taking part, and to help the chair(s) and the member(s) of the Group of Experts provide a summary of the outcome.", "Preliminary information", "14. Participants in the workshop should be asked to provide, in advance of the workshop, contributions containing the information listed in appendix I to the present guidelines. Members of the Group of Experts should be prepared to help this process with advice and, as appropriate, relevant documentation.", "15. The workshop support staff should compile that information into summaries, which should be available, and distributed to participants, in advance of the workshop.", "Activities of workshops", "16. The agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process should, as far as possible, include the elements set out in appendix II to these guidelines. The activities of a workshop should take full account of the principles for the Regular Process recommended by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and endorsed by the General Assembly in 2009 (resolution 64/71, paras. 123-183), and the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in 2010 (A/65/358) and 2011 (A/65/259).", "17. An important part of each workshop will be to make a start on capacity-building in carrying out integrated assessments, so that the workshop participants can better understand, and contribute to, the work of the Regular Process.", "Output of workshops", "18. The output of the workshop should take the form of a summary of the discussions prepared by the chair or co-chairs, with the help of the member(s) of the Group of Experts. Provision should be made for the participants to comment on a draft of the summary and for the final version to be revised by the chair(s) and representative(s) of the Group of Experts in the light of such comments. Where a State or intergovernmental organization not participating in the workshop conducted or was responsible for assessments, institutions, networks or other arrangements which have been identified as relevant, that State or intergovernmental organization should be invited and/or requested to review and comment on what is said about any such matter.", "19. An electronic copy of the final version of the summary should be sent to the secretariat of the Regular Process, to be posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea as a United Nations document and/or on the Regular Process website.", "Appendix I", "Information to be provided by participants in advance of the workshop", "States or intergovernmental organizations attending the workshop are to provide:", "(1) Details of assessments carried out under their auspices relevant to issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects. A starting point for assembling this information should be the assessments listed in the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database, where much of the information is already to be found. Assessments not carried out by States or intergovernmental organizations but which they use or consider to be relevant, should also be included. The details to be provided should include, as far as possible:", "(a) Agency conducting the specific assessment;", "(b) Major intended users of the assessment, and the uses for which it was intended;", "(c) Spatial and temporal scale of the assessment, and frequency of assessment cycle;", "(d) Issues covered by the assessment;", "(e) Types of data, experiential knowledge, indicators and the reasons for their selection, and other information sources contributing to the assessment;", "(f) Where trends of component information sets have been deduced, the methods employed;", "(g) Where an effort has been made to integrate different types of information, particularly social, economic and ecological information, the extent of, and methods for, such integration;", "(h) Sources of any evaluation benchmarks, reference levels or ecotoxicological assessment criteria used in the assessment;", "(i) Extent and sources of any forecasts, projections and scenarios used in the assessment;", "(j) If data assessment limitations (such as data extrapolation errors, uncertainties and/or information gaps) were addressed in the assessment, a description of how this was done;", "(2) For issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, for which no assessment has been carried out by a State or intergovernmental organization attending the workshop, but for which a participant holds relevant data or information:", "(a) What types of relevant data or information are known to be collected and managed, and by what State(s) and agencies (this is expected to be the case for some key social and economic data)? What information can be provided about the spatial and temporal coverage and technical content of such data or information?", "(b) Where key types of information are not known to exist, can expert knowledge be mobilized to fill the gap and, if so, how can the experts be accessed?", "(3) Contact details of focal points for the States and intergovernmental organizations to be represented at the workshop;", "(4) Advance notice of identified capacity-building needs.", "Appendix II", "Elements for the agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process", "1. Presentation by a representative of the Group of Experts of the Regular Process on the objective, scope and framework of the Regular Process and the intended function of the workshop.", "2. Consideration by the workshop of whether the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, will meet the needs of the States and intergovernmental organizations represented in the workshop. Identification of priority issues for integrated assessment and of any additional questions that should be considered in the first global integrated marine assessment.", "3. Evaluation by the workshop of the assessments in the summary prepared on the basis of the information submitted under item (1) of appendix I above and compilation of an inventory of those considered useful for the Regular Process.", "4. Consideration of existing regional approaches and methodologies on integrated assessment.", "5. Consideration by the workshop of what might be done in relation to issues on which data and/or information is known to be available but no assessment has been carried out.", "6. Identification of issues which are important but for which no data/information is available for the sea area under consideration, and discussion of how information can be mobilized or the necessary research into such issues can be organized.", "7. Consideration by the workshop of whether any changes are needed in the draft guidance to authors.[3]", "8. Stock-taking by the workshop of the existing capacities of national and regional ocean and marine research and training institutions relevant to the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, for marine monitoring and assessment and integrated assessments.", "9. Stock-taking of existing expert networks in and among the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, and of their suitability for playing major roles in strengthening capacity.", "10. Identification by the workshop of needs for capacity-building (including the acquisition of necessary technology) for marine monitoring and assessment (including making integrated assessments).", "11. Development by the workshop of a short-term capacity-building plan to mobilize the information and knowledge that is known to exist in relation to the sea area under consideration, but has not yet been systematically organized in a way that would allow its use for the Regular Process.", "12. A session to start building capacity for integrated assessments.", "13. Consideration by the workshop of how users of the existing assessments in the summary can be kept informed of activities of the Regular Process, and how the Group of Experts of the Regular Process can be kept aware of, and responsive to, their needs.", "Annex III", "Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 180 of its resolution 64/71, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite the Chairs of the regional groups to constitute a group of experts, ensuring adequate expertise and geographical distribution, comprised of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group, for a period up to and including the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2010.", "2. In its paragraph 209 of its resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly decided to establish a group of experts to be an integral part of the Regular Process and requested the members of the Group of Experts, who had been appointed by Member States pursuant to paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71, to continue serving on the Group of Experts for the duration of the first phase of the first assessment cycle, and encouraged regional groups that had not yet done so to appoint experts to the Group of Experts in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71.", "3. The present document, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process in consultation with the Group of Experts, defines the terms of reference for the experts appointed to, or to be appointed to, the Group of Experts.", "II. Terms of reference", "4. The general task of the Group of Experts shall be to carry out assessments within the framework of the Regular Process, under the supervision of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [and its bureau]. In particular, the tasks of the Group of Experts shall be:", "(a) To draft an outline of questions to be considered in the main assessment to be undertaken in each cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(b) At the request of the General Assembly or the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [or its bureau], to draft an outline of any supplementary assessment to be undertaken during a cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(c) To provide specifications of the types of additional expertise that the Group of Experts will need to carry out any assessment, as a basis for appointments, through the regional groups, of members of the pool of experts;", "(d) To designate from among its members a lead member and, as appropriate, other members to take responsibility, under the overall responsibility of the Group of Experts, for each part, section or chapter of any assessment;", "(e) To propose assignments for approval by the bureau of members of the pool of experts:", "(i) To work with the designated lead member of the Group of Experts in drafting working papers and/or draft chapters of any assessment;", "(ii) To review and comment on material produced for any assignment;", "(f) To draft an implementation plan and timetable for every assessment, for approval by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and, if necessary, to propose amendments to that plan and timetable for approval in the same way;", "(g) To agree on general guidance to all those involved in carrying out any assessment;", "(h) To carry out the implementation plan in accordance with the timetable and any such general guidance;", "(i) To review all material produced for any assessment, to take such steps as it considers necessary to assure the quality of data and information used in such material, and to take any further steps necessary to bring the assessment to a satisfactory conclusion, subject to the approval of the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole if any such action would require expenditure from the trust fund for the Regular Process;", "(j) To propose arrangements for approval by the bureau for the peer review of the draft output of any assessment;", "(k) In the light of the comments from the peer review, to agree on a final text of any assessment for submission [through its bureau] to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and to present that text to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(l) To promote networking among marine assessment processes and individual experts;", "(m) To perform any other tasks assigned to it by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.", "Composition", "5. The Group of Experts shall be composed as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts shall be composed of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group. Its composition shall reflect geographic and gender balance;", "(b) The composition shall ensure a mix of disciplinary expertise and involve participants from all regions in order to take into account different regional circumstances and experience. All of the main disciplines in the natural and social sciences, including their policy aspects, and law and traditional knowledge should be considered for inclusion;", "(c) The experts may be drawn from any type of affiliation (e.g. Government, non-governmental organization, intergovernmental organization, private sector, academic and research institutions, holders of traditional knowledge);", "(d) The experts shall have experience and expertise in one or several of the categories described in the collective profile of the Group of Experts;", "(e) The experts shall have internationally recognized excellence in their field or fields of expertise;", "(f) The experts shall have demonstrated high-level participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment;", "(g) The experts shall have the ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.", "Appointments", "6. Members of the Group of Experts shall be appointed in accordance with resolution 65/37 A as follows:", "(a) Members shall be nominated by the Member States of the United Nations, through the five regional groups (African States Group, Asian States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States and Western European and other States), with each regional group nominating up to five experts;", "(b) Nominations shall take account of the criteria for the appointment of experts;", "(c) Members shall be in a position to devote substantial amounts of time solely to the work of the Regular Process;", "(d) Membership shall be renewed completely at the start of each cycle of the Regular Process. Existing members of the Group of Experts may be renominated, but no member shall serve for more than two consecutive complete cycles;", "(e) An appointment to fill a vacancy occurring during a cycle may be made at any time, but the appointment shall come to an end at the end of the cycle during which it is made;", "(f) When the chair of a regional group informs the secretariat of the Regular Process that the regional group has made an appointment to the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process shall seek confirmation from the expert that s/he is willing to serve under the present terms of reference and methods of work and, upon receipt of that confirmation, shall issue a letter of confirmation of the appointment to the expert, publish the appointment on the websites of the Regular Process and the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, and inform the other members of the Group of Experts;", "(g) Members may resign at any time by writing to the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(h) Members shall participate in the Group of Experts as participants in advisory meetings and shall serve in their personal capacity and not as a representative of a Government or of any authority external to the United Nations;", "(i) The services of the members of the Group of Experts shall be obtained pursuant to a letter of invitation issued by the Secretariat.", "Proprietary rights", "7. The United Nations shall be entitled to all property rights, including but not limited to patents, copyrights and trademarks, with regard to material which bears a direct relation to, or is made in consequence of, the services provided to the Organization.", "Compensation", "8. Members of the Group of Experts shall not receive any honorarium, fee or other remuneration from the United Nations for their participation in the Group of Experts. Members from developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, will, subject to the availability of resources, receive travel assistance to participate in the meetings to be convened by the United Nations in conjunction with the work of the Group of Experts.", "Working methods", "9. The working methods of the Group of Experts shall be as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts may operate even if there are vacancies in its composition;", "(b) The Group of Experts shall designate two coordinators from among its members, one from a developed country and one from a developing country. The task of the coordinators shall be to take such actions as they jointly consider will facilitate the discharge by the Group of Experts of the tasks which it has been given. The Group of Experts may change the designation of the coordinators at any time;", "(c) Communications between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and States shall be made through a secure website to be provided for by the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(d) The Group of Experts shall communicate with the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole through the secretariat of the Regular Process and through meetings convened by the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(e) When needed and within the available resources, the Group of Experts may meet to discuss areas of work which cannot be dealt with through electronic meetings or other forms of electronic communication;", "(f) The Group of Experts shall aim to work by consensus. Where consensus cannot be achieved, the Group of Experts shall ensure that all divergent opinions are appropriately reported in any draft, any proposal or any final text of any assessment.", "Secretariat", "10. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, as part of its functions as secretariat of the Regular Process, shall serve as the secretariat of the Group of Experts.", "Annex IV", "Report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process", "1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, responds to the related requests in paragraphs 2, 4 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37. It has been prepared in consultation with the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat.", "Paragraphs 2 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B", "2. Most of the various needs for communication, data handling and information management can best be met within a single website covering all aspects of the Regular Process. A revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website has, therefore, been appended to the present report.", "3. As indicated in the appendix (para. 8 (a)-(c)), there may be benefits to hosting the virtual office on a separate system. Further discussion between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Office of Information and Communications Technology has helped to substantiate that the virtual office would indeed be better managed on a separate system.", "4. The Office of Information and Communications Technology is in the process of updating the facilities that could be made available for a virtual office. Urgent steps were taken to make the Quickr system, which is the currently available format, more responsive to the needs of the Group of Experts. This system is currently providing adequate support for the Group of Experts. The updated system, which should be available in the late summer of 2011, is expected to be more responsive to the requirements of the Group of Experts.", "5. A proposal has been prepared by the Division of Early Warning and Assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that could meet the requirements of the Regular Process. UNEP and IOC have offered to create and host a dedicated information portal that allows Member States to access key resources related to the Regular Process, including the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database. UNEP and IOC have developed a prototype of such a portal as part of the follow-up to the “assessment of assessments” (see A/64/88). The Office of Information and Communications Technology is assessing the specification prepared by UNEP and IOC and will report on its assessment at the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to be held on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "6. In regard to provisions for communications between States and the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, it is suggested that such communications be made through the proposed “restricted” section of the website. To this end, it will be important for States to nominate a focal point, as recommended in the “assessment of assessments”.[4] Parallel arrangements for focal points could also be made for intergovernmental organizations and non‑governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council which are involved in the Regular Process. Arrangements for focal points could be made as soon as the proposed website is in operation.", "Paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B", "7. Paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B was apparently aimed at giving the Group of Experts the ability to initiate requests for support in managing data and information. However, the Group of Experts has seen no need to make any such formal request. The efforts being made by the secretariat of the Regular Process, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and UNEP and IOC seem to be meeting current needs.", "Appendix", "Revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website", "1. This note is organized in descending order of access, starting with the section open to everyone with Internet access.", "2. The public website and the restricted website, on the one hand, and the virtual office, on the other hand, could be located on different servers and use different systems, or be integrated on a single server.", "3. All parts of the website (public website, restricted website and virtual office), whatever server they are carried on, will need to be provided with adequate security to prevent unauthorized access or interference and with adequate, regular backup.", "4. It will be important that the integrity of the website be safeguarded so that it provides a permanent and complete record of how the Regular Process is being carried out.", "Public website (open to everyone)", "5. The public website will contain:", "(a) An introduction to the Regular Process and its working methods (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents only);", "(b) Details of the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process and methods of contact (HTML documents only);", "(c) A calendar of events forming part of the Regular Process (HTML document and downloadable (portable document format) (PDF) document);", "(d) A library section giving access to all the documents relating to the Regular Process, including:", "(i) Relevant section of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation;", "(ii) Relevant extracts from General Assembly resolutions;", "(iii) Reports (or extracts of reports) of the Secretary-General;", "(iv) Reports of the 2004 Group of Experts and the international workshops;", "(v) Reports of the Ad Hoc Steering Group for the “assessment of assessments”;", "(vi) The “assessment of assessments” report;", "(vii) Documents and reports relating to meetings of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(viii) Other background material.", "All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(e) A section giving the financial details of the Regular Process trust funds, including contributions and expenditures (HTML documents only);", "(f) A section giving the approved documents setting out the outline of the first global integrated marine assessment and the guidance to authors and similar documents. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(g) A section giving working papers and draft chapters for the first global integrated marine assessment which have been approved for public release. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(h) In due course, a section giving:", "(i) The draft first global integrated marine assessment report;", "(ii) A document showing comments on the draft first global integrated marine assessment report by peer reviewers, and responses by drafters/editors;", "(iii) The final first global integrated marine assessment report;", "The material in this section should be viewable as an HTML document and downloadable as a PDF file, but does not need to be downloadable as a word-processor document;", "(i) A section giving access to data and information on which the working papers and draft chapters are based. This section will need to be able to include:", "(i) Reports of workshops held for the purposes of the Regular Process;", "(ii) A database of basic information (metadata) about assessments which have been considered or used;", "(iii) A bibliography of books, articles and other material (such as databases) which have been used in preparing working papers or draft chapters. This bibliography should be able to provide access details for sites (such as Journal Storage (JSTOR)) where scientific journals are stored permanently in electronic form;", "(iv) Hyperlinks to websites where the assessments, books, articles or other material can be found;", "(v) Files (in a variety of formats) containing information not elsewhere available.", "Restricted website (open only to members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process, collaborators, focal points in national Governments and intergovernmental organizations and correspondents in non-governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council)", "6. The restricted website will contain:", "(a) A section for organizing workshops forming part of the Regular Process. This section should be able to include HTML documents as well as documents in PDF format and word-processor format that can be downloaded. Each workshop will need to be able to have a separate subsection;", "(b) An interactive section where focal points and correspondents can post questions or comments and members of the Group of Experts or the secretariat of the Regular Process can post answers to the questions or responses to the comments. This should, in effect, be an internal “blog” for the Regular Process;", "(c) A section to support the drafting process of working papers and draft chapters. This section needs to allow lead drafters and their collaborators to create, access and amend working papers and draft chapters. Others with access to the restricted website should be able to see what is being done, but only those responsible for each working paper or draft chapter should be able to create or amend text. It is essential that this section have the capacity to clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents, keep a record of the dates of creation and amendment of the texts and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;", "(d) In due course, a section to provide for peer review of draft chapters (probably during 2013), in two subsections:", "(i) A section for review by States and intergovernmental organizations. In addition to the functionalities required for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above), this section should provide for reviewers (authorized by States or intergovernmental organizations) to add comments to the text of the draft chapters, but not to change the text. The system should display all the comments on any paragraph or subparagraph together and identify the source of each comment. Restricting reviewers from changing the text will help to prevent confusion and facilitate later editing;", "(ii) A section for review by the selected peer reviewers. Since there will only be a comparatively small number of peer reviewers for each chapter, it should be possible for them to amend the text of their chapter and to add comments. Otherwise, the requirements will be the same as for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above).", "7. In addition, the section for peer review will need to be able to:", "(a) Keep a record of:", "(i) The titles, names and contact details of commentators from States and intergovernmental organizations;", "(ii) The assignments for the selected peer reviewers and their titles, names and contact details;", "(b) Record automatically the dates when reviewers make each comment and chapter editors take action in response;", "(c) Permit commentators and peer reviewers to exchange messages with the chapter editors and provide for such messages to be kept and linked to the relevant paragraph;", "(d) Keep copies of all comments and proposed changes;", "(e) Automatically notify chapter editors of newly posted material and of deadlines that have not been met;", "(f) Permit authors and reviewers to upload and download documents related to the review work, as required.", "Virtual office (open only to the members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, etc.)", "8. The virtual office will contain:", "(a) A section which allows those with access to the virtual office to create, access and amend documents on which work is being carried out. It is essential that this section clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;", "(b) A section which allows a number of “conversations” to take place in which all individuals with access to the virtual office can add their comments and see the comments of all others, without having to open each message separately. The system should, if possible, have an overview that enables individuals with access to the virtual office to see new contributions to “conversations” without having to open each “conversation” separately;", "(c) A system of notification which shows when new documents have been created and, if requested, when amendments have been made to existing documents.", "Annex V", "Report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops", "1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process with the assistance of the Group of Experts, responds to the request in paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B.", "2. As requested, a preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments is attached as appendix I and a preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops is attached as appendix II.", "3. No comprehensive inventory of opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments currently exists and the information is not readily available. The information in Appendix I was prepared on the basis of the following sources:", "(a) Study on the assistance available to, and measures that may be taken by, developing States to realize the benefits of sustainable and effective development of marine resources and uses of the oceans within the limits of national jurisdiction (A/63/342);", "(b) Compilation of sources of available assistance for developing States and the needs of developing States for capacity-building and assistance in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);", "(c) Report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/65/69);", "(d) Report on the work of the United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eleventh meeting (A/65/164).", "Appendix I", "Preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments", "A. International financial institutions and global organizations, programmes and funds", "Secretariat of theConvention onBiological Diversity \nClearing-housemechanism \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe clearing-house mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity was established pursuant to article 18.3 of the Convention. Further to decision X/15 of the Conference of the Parties, the clearing-house mechanism is to contribute significantly to the implementation of the Convention and its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, through effective information services and other appropriate means in order to promote and facilitate scientific and technical cooperation, knowledge sharing and information exchange, and to establish a fully operational network of parties and partners. A list of priority activities has been defined, and a description of the information services to be provided by the clearing-house mechanism is available in document UNEP/CBD/CHM/ \n\tIAC/2010/1/3.\t\nCommission for theConservation ofAntarctic MarineLiving Resources \nGeneral ScienceCapacity Special Fund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe purpose of the Fund is to secure wider participation in the work of the Commission’s Scientific Committee, to promote burden-sharing and build capacity within the Committee, and to assist with the collection, study and exchange of information relating to the marine living resources to which the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies. The Fund also serves to encourage and promote the conduct of cooperative and collaborative research in order to extend knowledge of the marine living resources of the Antarctic marine \n\tecosystem.\t\nFood and AgricultureOrganization of theUnited Nations (FAO) \nAssistance Fund underPart VII of theAgreement for theImplementation ofPart XI of the UnitedNations Convention onthe Law of the Sea of10 December 1982 Recipient developingStates\tAll developing States parties to the \n\tAgreement\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tFacilitating the participation of developing States parties in meetings of regional fisheries management organizations and agreements, global meetings and meetings for new regional fisheries management organizations and agreements; capacity-building and the development of human resources; facilitating exchange of information and experience on the implementation of the Agreement among States parties; technical assistance and \n\ttraining.\t\nSwedish InternationalDevelopmentCooperation Agency(SIDA) contributionto the FishCode Trust \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal/regional/national\tArea of assistance\tThe FishCode Trust finances activities to promote improved understanding and application of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, under the framework of the FishCode programme. In this context, SIDA provides (a) expert working groups and consultations (global level); (b) special studies (global, regional and national); (c) regional capacity-building workshops; and (d) national technical assistance missions to promote, inter alia, the effective generation and use of fishery statistics and information and more appropriate assessments of small-scale \n\tfisheries.\t\nAssessment andMonitoring of theFishery Resources andthe Ecosystems in theStraits of Sicily(MedSudMed) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe beneficiaries include the national scientific institutions in the four participating countries (Italy, Libya, Malta and Tunisia) involved in research activities at a regional level as well as the fisheries administrations of the participating Governments. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean also benefits from the improved information and monitoring \n\tsystem.\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe project’s main objective is to improve knowledge of fishery resources and their ecosystems — as a contribution to the development of responsible fisheries management — by supporting research activities related to the interactions between demersal and small pelagic fishery resources and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Activities include: (a)review of knowledge and collection of scientific evidence on shared stocks (demersal and small pelagic fish) in the Strait of Sicily and standardization of data collection and data analysis methods; (b) joint cooperative surveys at sea at subregional scale (eggs and larvae, echo-surveys, trawl surveys) for assessment of shared stocks; (c) collection of information on impacts of environmental factors on target stocks; (d) identification and location of nursery areas of target stocks; (e) national capacity-building through regional workshops; (f) issue of technical manuals and creation of databases; (g) training courses (data processing for stock assessment, fisheries resources age determination, identification of maturity stages of fisheries \n\tresources).\t\nCoordination toSupport FisheriesManagement in theWestern and CentralMediterranean(CopeMed II) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe fishery research institutions of the region and the national management bodies of Algeria, France, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain and \n\tTunisia\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tSupporting fisheries administrations in the collection of data and information at national and subregional level (fleet, catches, efforts, socio-economic data); providing technical assistance and training to countries to meet their needs and priorities and to strengthen their national capacity in fisheries sciences (organize meetings and workshops, prepare scientific papers, support annual research activities, \n\tetc.).\t\nEcosystem approach tofisheries — Nansenproject“Strengthening theknowledge base forand implementing anecosystem approach tomarine fisheries indeveloping countries”(trust fund) Recipient developingStates\tAll, with an early emphasis on sub-Saharan \n\tAfrica\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tTo apprise partners of procedures and methods for assessment and monitoring of key ecosystem properties, including the development of standardized data collection, sampling methods and appropriate set of scientific indicators; increased capacity at scientific and management level for the ecosystem approach to marine fisheries; advice on the use of national or regional research vessels, including coordinated coverage by local or other vessels; project planning and dissemination of \n\tinformation.\t\nGlobal EnvironmentFacility (GEF)/UnitedNations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)/United NationsDevelopment Programme(UNDP)/United NationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)/WorldBank/regionaldevelopment banks \nMultilateralfinancial mechanismfor the internationalwaters focal area ofGEF \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe international waters focal area of GEF provides funding to help States address shared, transboundary water systems such as coasts and oceans, river basins and aquifer systems. GEF assistance has been provided for collaborative work to States sharing 19 large marine ecosystems, which constitute over one half of the large marine ecosystems shared by developing countries. The GEF multi-billion-dollar trust fund is open to universal participation, with 176 countries currently as members, and builds on a partnership of UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, four regional development banks, FAO and UNIDO. These agencies can access funding on behalf of developing countries and those in economic transition for activities consistent with the GEF operational strategy. At present, 127 GEF recipient States and 21 industrial countries are collaborating on GEF Council-approved projects related to large marine ecosystems and their coasts. Information on these projects can be found on the GEF international waters knowledge management website at \n\twww.iwlearn.net.\t\nInternationalHydrographicOrganization (IHO) \nIHO capacity-buildingfund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tProvision of the necessary assistance to States where the lack of hydrographic capabilities undermines, inter alia, the protection of the marine environment. The capacity-building fund provides support for the main categories of capacity-building activity, namely (a) technical assistance: support for technical visits to member States to assess hydrographic surveying, nautical charting and nautical information status; provision of guidelines for the development of local hydrographic capabilities and/or advice on technical matters pertaining to hydrographic projects; (b) training and education: support for the implementation of hydrographic, nautical cartography and other related training and education initiatives consistent with the IHO work programme; (c) financial assistance for participation in IHO events: support for member States’ representatives to attend courses and/or technical meetings, consistent with the IHO work programme; and (d)start-up funding for hydrographic elements of projects: support for the very first steps of the implementation of high priority hydrocartographic projects consistent with the IHO \n\tobjectives.\t\nInternationalOceanographicCommission (IOC) \nIOC Criteria andGuidelines on theTransfer of MarineTechnology \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThrough its education and mutual assistance and training through research programmes, the Commission provides in‑country training for developing countries seeking capacity-building in addressing national priorities. The Commission’s Advisory Body of Experts in the Law of the Sea agreed to offer assistance to member States and to develop cooperation among member States for marine scientific research projects, with particular attention to capacity-building. The Commission has also developed a clearing-house mechanism to assist interested developing and developed countries that are seeking appropriate partnerships for technology transfer. The Commission’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange facilitates the exchange of oceanographic data and information between participating member States and meets the needs of users for data and information products. Online Access to Research in the Environment, an international public-private consortium coordinated by UNEP, Yale University and leading science and technology publishers, also enables developing countries to gain access to research on environmental \n\tscience.\t\nInternational SeabedAuthority \nEndowment Fund forMarine ScientificResearch in the Area Recipient developingStates\tAll States parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the \n\tSea\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tWith regard to marine scientific research in the Area, the Authority has addressed capacity-building primarily through the establishment of the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Area, which supports the participation of qualified scientists and technical personnel from developing countries in international cooperative marine scientific research programmes. The Fund has facilitated the development of capacity through training and technical \n\tassistance.\t\nOrganization forEconomic Cooperationand Development(OECD) \nDevelopmentAssistance Committeeannual aggregatesdatabase and creditorreporting system \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe Committee tracks bilateral and multilateral donors’ aid and other resource flows to developing countries in two separate databases: the annual aggregates database, which provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows; and the creditor reporting system, which provides detailed information on individual aid activities, such as sectors, countries, project descriptions, \n\tetc.", "Appendix II", "Preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops", "1. The secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts have considered what types of experts would be able to make important contributions to the workshops to be held to support the Regular Process and accomplish the first global integrated marine assessment.", "2. It has been recognized that all experts in any of the fields to be covered by the outline of the assessment would be able to make a useful contribution to the output of a workshop. It would also be important to ensure that experts from both the environmental sciences and the economic and social sciences take part.", "3. Significant contributions can be expected, in particular, from experts who have taken a leading part in the most comprehensive recent assessments carried out for the area of sea covered by a workshop.", "4. Furthermore, it would be particularly helpful if the expertise represented in a workshop can cover as many as possible of the following fields:", "(a) Oceanography, meteorology (including climate change as it affects the oceans), ocean chemistry and marine geology;", "(b) Marine biology and biological oceanography (primary production);", "(c) Assessment and management of fish and shellfish stocks;", "(d) Planning, management and development of fishing and aquaculture industries and communities dependent on them;", "(e) Planning and development of maritime transport, management of ports and installation of submarine cables and pipelines;", "(f) Maritime safety;", "(g) Monitoring and assessment of coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs to the seas and dumping at sea;", "(h) Exploration and development of offshore petroleum and mineral resources (including aggregates);", "(i) Planning and development of wind, wave and tidal power;", "(j) Planning and development of the coastal zone (including urbanization, town and country planning and zoning);", "(k) Monitoring and assessment of marine species, habitats, ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems (including ecological economics);", "(l) Designation and management of marine protected areas;", "(m) Expertise in introduced marine pests;", "(n) Expertise in marine genetic resources;", "(o) Economics of marine resources;", "(p) Economics and social aspects of marine industries, including tourism and recreational uses of the oceans.", "Annex VI", "Possible outline for the first global integrated[5] assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects", "Note: The present document is for information only. It contains revisions suggested by the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and requires further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its next meeting.", "Part I Summary for decision makers", "This part would not follow the pattern of the main report, but highlight the most significant conclusions. It would aim to bring out:", "(a) The way in which the assessment has been carried out;", "(b) Overall assessment of the scale of human impact on the oceans;", "(c) The main threats to the marine environment and human economic and social well-being;", "(d) The needs for capacity-building and effective approaches to meeting such needs;", "(e) The most serious gaps in knowledge and possible ways of filling them.", "Part II The context of the assessment", "Chapter 1 Planet, oceans and life", "This chapter would be a broad, introductory survey of the role played by the oceans and seas in the life of the planet, the way in which they function, and humans’ relationships to them. It should be supported by at least two Working Papers summarizing:", "1.A. Human population in coastal areas, including major cities in coastal areas and forecast changes.", "The material under this heading would aim to draw on the work done for the United Nations World Population Prospects", "1.B. Human impact on coastal areas: the extent to which human activities on land create pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems.", "Material that could be relevant could include the proportion of land in coastal catchments that is used for intensive agriculture in different parts of the world, the intensity of industrial and urban development in coastal catchments, and the proportion of coastline which is given over to urban development.", "Chapter 4 Mandate, information sources and method of work", "4.A. Objectives, scope and mandate of the Regular Process, as agreed by the General Assembly.", "4.B. General issues relating to the collection of environmental, economic and social data relating to the oceans and seas and human uses of them, including national, regional and global aggregation and analysis of information and data, quality assurance of data and access to information.", "4.C. Description of the procedures agreed for carrying out the first global integrated marine assessment, and the way in which these procedures have been implemented, including the approach to the science/policy interface, the selection of contributors, the choices made on the establishment of baselines, the description and categorizing of uncertainties and the quality assurance of data.", "Part III Assessment of major ecosystem services from the marine environment (other than provisioning services)[6]", "Several chapters in this part would draw heavily on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The aim would be to use the work of the Panel, not to duplicate it or challenge it.", "Chapter 5 The oceans’ role in the hydrological cycle", "5.A. The interactions between the seawater and freshwater segments of the hydrological cycle: the rate of turnover and changes in it — freshwater fluxes into the sea and their interaction with it, including the effects on the marine environment of changes in those fluxes as a result of changes in continental ice sheets and glaciers, and of anthropogenic changes in those fluxes (for example, from dam-building or increased abstraction) — reduction in ice coverage — sea level changes.", "5.B. Environmental, economic and social implications of ocean warming, sea level change, including the implications of rises in sea level for the security and implications for low-lying countries, and anthropogenic and other changes to freshwater fluxes.", "5.C. Chemical composition of seawater: salinity and nutrient content of the different water bodies — changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "5.C bis. Environmental, economic and social implications of changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "5.D. The oceans’ role in heat transportation: ocean warming — the overall influence of the oceans on surface temperature and circulation patterns — oceanic oscillations — El Niño and similar events.", "5.E. Environmental, economic and social impacts of changes in ocean temperature and of major ocean temperature events.", "Chapter 6 Sea/air interaction", "6.A. The role of the seas in regulating atmospheric fluxes and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (oxygen production, carbon dioxide sequestration): role of the oceans and seas as carbon-dioxide sinks — issues about maintaining or enhancing that role.", "6.B. Meteorological phenomena related to the oceans: hurricanes and typhoons — monsoon rains — trade winds.", "6.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in meteorological phenomena, including changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, effects on seas covered by ice for much of the year and the communities that depend on them, and the implications for small island developing States.", "6.D. Ocean acidification: degree and extent of ocean acidification resulting from human activities.", "6.E. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in ocean acidification (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7 Primary production, cycling of nutrients, surface layer and plankton", "7.A. Global distribution of primary production: the reasons for the present distribution — factors affecting cycling of nutrients and the variability and resilience of the base of the food web — changes known and foreseen, including changes in ultraviolet radiation from ozone-layer problems.", "7.B. Surface layer and plankton: role of the surface layer — factors influencing it — variations in plankton species.", "7.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in primary production and other factors affecting the inherent variability and resilience of the base of the food web (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7 bis Ocean-sourced carbonate production", "Role of ocean-sourced carbonate production in the formation of atolls and beaches — potential impacts of ocean acidification.", "Chapter 8 Aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual ecosystem services derived from the marine environment", "Scale of human interactions with the oceans and seas on the aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual levels, including burials at sea, and ways in which these interactions may be affected by other changes. There would also be a cross-reference to chapter 26 (tourism).", "Chapter 8 bis Scientific understanding of ecosystem services", "Overview of the state of scientific understanding of ecosystem services, including data collection, information management, differences between different parts of the world and research needs.", "Chapter 9 Conclusions on major ecosystems services other than provisioning services", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 5 to 8 bis.", "Part IV Assessment of cross-cutting issue: food security and safety", "This part would draw substantially on assessments carried out by FAO.", "Chapter 10 Oceans and seas as sources of food", "Scale of human dependence on the oceans and seas for food and pressures of increased demands, the variations between different parts of the world, and the extent to which some parts of the world depend on other parts for fish and seafood and the contribution of living marine resources to food security.", "Chapter 11 Capture fisheries", "11.A. Commercial fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks that are commercially exploited — scale of economic activity (large-scale commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing).[7]", "11.B. Other fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks exploited by artisanal or subsistence fishing — significance for livelihoods — present status of fish stocks not currently exploited.", "11.C. Impacts of capture fisheries (large-scale commercial, artisanal and subsistence fishing) on marine ecosystems, through effects on the food web, by-catch (fish, mammals, reptiles and sea-birds), and different fishing gear and methods, including the impact of discards on other wildlife, and impacts from lost or abandoned fishing gear.", "11.C bis. Effects of pollution on living marine resources: possible effects of chemical and radioactive pollution on stocks of living marine resources used for food — implications of potential threats of such pollution.", "11.D. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing:[8] scale, location and impacts on fish stocks. Effects of measures adopted to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, including the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing and the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.", "11.E. Regulatory approaches for the management of commercial capture fisheries: descriptions of the major tools and approaches, including economic measures — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches, including such issues as by-catch handling and discards — relationships to status of fish stocks.", "11.F. Regulatory approaches for the management of artisanal and subsistence fishing: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches — relationships to status of fish stocks.", "11.G. Projections of the status of fish and shellfish stocks over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.", "Chapter 12 Aquaculture", "12.A. Scale and distribution of aquaculture: locations of aquaculture activities — species cultivated — economic significance and contribution to food security.", "12.B. Aquaculture inputs and effects: demand for coastal space — demand for fish meal from capture fisheries.", "12.B bis. Pollution and contamination from aquaculture: use of chemicals — interactions of escaped stock with wild stocks.", "12.C. Regulatory approaches for the management of aquaculture: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches.", "12.D. Projections of the role of aquaculture over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.", "12.E. Capacity-building needs for the management of aquaculture and the monitoring of its impacts.", "Chapter 12 bis Fish stock propagation", "12 bis.A. Rebuilding depleted stocks through marine ranching and release of fish from hatcheries.", "12 bis.B. Transplantation of living marine resources to different ecosystems.", "12 bis.C. Effects of artificial propagation on natural ecosystems.", "12 bis.D. Regulatory approaches to fish stock propagation — range of application — results.", "12 bis.E. Capacity-building needs for management of fish stock propagation and monitoring its impacts.", "Chapter 13 Seaweeds and other sea-based food", "13.A. Scale, location of collection and significance of food derived from the oceans and seas other than fish and shellfish — projected developments over the next decade.", "13.B. Potential impacts of collection of seaweed and other sea-based food.", "13.C. Regulatory approaches to the collection of seaweed and other sea-based food — approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "13.D. Capacity-building needs for improving, and managing, the use of such food and monitoring the impact of collection on the marine environment.", "Chapter 14 Social and economic aspects of fisheries", "14.A. Relationship with human health: health benefits and problems from sea-based food, including the potential to supplement protein-poor diets — chemical, toxic and bacterial contamination — capacity-building needs to promote benefits and to control problems.", "14.B. Scale and significance of employment in fisheries and aquaculture: numbers employed — relationship of earnings to local median earnings — scale of injuries to fishers compared to other industries.", "14.C. Role of fisheries in social structure: role of fishers in local societies — extent to which fishing is the sole source of livelihood — extent to which local societies are dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.", "14.E. Relationship between catch areas, ownership and operation of fishing vessels, landing ports and consumption distribution: the benefits States (and economic operators based in them) obtain from fisheries and aquaculture in their territorial seas and exclusive economic zones — the States (and economic operators based in them) that benefit from high-seas fisheries and distant-water fisheries.", "14.E bis. Implementation of international fisheries agreements: need for changes in fishing vessels and gear — need for training of fishers — capacity-building needs to support implementation.", "14.E ter. Effects of changes in markets: growth of long-distance transport of landed fish and shellfish — ecocertification — impact of other campaigns by ecological groups.", "14.F. Links to other industries: scale of economic activity dependent on fisheries and aquaculture, both in providing equipment (especially ships) and in processing output.", "Chapter 15 Conclusions on food security", "15.A. Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 10 to 14.", "15.B. Longer-term development of food from marine resources — impacts of climate change — impacts of population changes — relation with changes in terrestrial food production.", "Part V Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment", "Chapter 16 Shipping", "16.A. Significance of shipping in world trade: major shipping routes — amount of world trade carried by sea — economic benefits to States from shipping activities, including as flag States — projections of changes over the next decade, including changes in shipping possibilities at high latitudes as a result of changes in ice cover.", "16.B. Seafarers: scale of employment — adequacy of training in relation to protection of the marine environment — relationship of seafarers’ earnings to median earnings — scale of injuries to seafarers in comparison to other employments.", "16.C. Threats from shipping: locations, scale and trends — pollution from shipping (covering all forms of pollution regulated by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) annexes I to VI, anti-fouling treatments and noise) — the acoustic impact of shipping on marine organisms — shipping disasters, including their longer-term effects — invasive species through ballast water and other biosecurity risks — transport of ships for ship-breaking — risks to coastal States from shipping compared to their trade.", "16.C bis. Economic impact on shipping of marine environment protection measures, including IMO conventions and other instruments.", "16.D. Links to other industries and commerce: shipbuilding — ship-breaking — bunkers — insurance, chartering and navigation services.", "16.D bis. Transport of radioactive substances by sea.", "16.F. Regulatory approaches to managing shipping: descriptions of the major approaches (especially IMO conventions and instruments) — extent of the application of the various management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the various management approaches, including, but not limited to, special areas and particularly sensitive sea areas — enforcement.", "16.G. Capacity-building needs for managing shipping and monitoring its effects, including needs to support the implementation of international conventions and other instruments.", "Chapter 17 Ports", "17.A. Scale and significance of port activities: locations and traffic — projected growth, including the implications of changes in shipping routes considered under heading 16.A, economic benefits to port States.", "17.B. Impacts of the creation and maintenance of ports: scale of port development — dredging for navigational purposes — management of ships’ waste, including effects of charging regimes — pollution from ships in port — remobilization of pollutants by dredging.", "17.C. Regulatory frameworks for management of ports: description of main approaches to control of impacts of ports on the marine environment — extent of application of these approaches — intended benefits and unintended effects — relationship to shipping industry — relationship to fisheries and to international trade.", "17.D. Capacity-building needs for management of ports and monitoring of their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 18 Submarine cables and pipelines", "18.A. Scale, location and role of cables and cable-laying: role in international communications and the Internet — projected developments over the next decade — employment — links to other industries — economic benefits.", "18.B. Potential pollution and physical harm from cables and pipelines — during construction/installation — during use — after decommissioning.", "18.C. Regulatory frameworks for management by States of pipelines and cables and pipeline and cable laying under their jurisdiction: extent of application of these frameworks — intended benefits and unintended effects — interference with other uses of the oceans.", "18.D. Capacity-building needs for managing cable laying and pipeline installation and for monitoring their effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 19 Coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs from land", "19.A. Municipal wastewater, including the impact of major cities and of cruise ships in harbours: scale and degree of treatment — nature of impact, through both direct and riverine inputs, including impacts on microbiological quality of coastal waters as well as economic impacts of adverse effects on water quality, especially on aquaculture and tourism — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.B. Industrial discharges, including point sources: hazardous substances, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals — hydrocarbons — nutrients — scale of discharges (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport) — degree of treatment — nature of impact, including impacts on human health through food chain — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.C. Agricultural runoff and emissions: scale (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport of nutrients) — nature of impact — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.D. Eutrophication: combined effects of municipal, industrial and agricultural inputs, considering also the effects of turbidity in coastal waters and denitrification in estuaries — cross-reference to effects on fish stocks and effects on the food web.", "19.F. Inputs of radioactive substances from both nuclear and non-nuclear industries — actual, potential and suspected impacts of inputs of radioactive substances.", "19.G. Regulatory frameworks for managing the impact of land-based inputs: Global Programme of Action — regional conventions — national plans — range of approaches applied — intended outcomes and unintended effects.", "19.H. Capacity-building needs for the management of wastewater, industrial discharges and agricultural run-off and for monitoring their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 20 Offshore[9] hydrocarbon industries", "20.A. Scale and significance of the offshore hydrocarbon industries: location, scale of production and projected development over the next decade — economic benefits to States.", "20.B. Impacts from exploration, including seismic surveys: scale and projected development over the next decade.", "20.C. Impacts from production: scale and projected development, including cuttings piles, chemicals used offshore, flaring, produced water — sewage discharges from installations.", "20.D. Offshore installation disasters and their impacts, including longer-term effects.", "20.E. Decommissioning.", "20.G. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore hydrocarbon installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects — training on the implementation of rules for the protection of the marine environment.", "20.H. Capacity-building needs for managing the interface between Governments and offshore hydrocarbon industries and for monitoring the impact of hydrocarbon installations on the marine environment.", "Chapter 21 Other marine-based energy industries", "21.A. Scale of wind, wave and tidal power generation — current, planned and forecast.", "21.B. Environmental benefits and impacts of wind, wave and tidal power generation.", "21.C. Expected economic performance of wind, wave and tidal power generation.", "21.D. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore non-hydrocarbon energy installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "21.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore wind, wave and tidal power generation and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 22 Offshore mining industries", "22.A. Scale and significance of sand and gravel extraction: environmental impacts of sand and gravel extraction.", "22.B. Economic benefits of sand and gravel extraction.", "22.C. Developments in other seabed mining: current state and potential scale.", "22.D. Regulatory frameworks for the management of offshore mining industries: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "22.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore mining industries.", "Chapter 23 Solid waste disposal", "23.A. Types and amounts of waste dumped at sea, including potential impacts on the marine environment — projected levels of dumping over the next decade.", "23.B. Regulatory frameworks to manage solid-waste dumping: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "23.C. Capacity-building needs for the management of solid-waste disposal at sea and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 24 Marine debris", "24.A. The multiple causes of marine debris, including lack of controls on land-based disposal of waste, lack of management of beach litter and ship-generated litter, and the scale and distribution of the problem.", "24.B. Approaches to combating marine debris — range of application — cases where progress has been made.", "24.C. Capacity-building needs for combating marine debris and for monitoring the level of marine debris.", "Chapter 25 Land/sea physical interaction", "25.A. Land reclamation: scale and location of land reclamation and habitat modification and the habitats affected — regulatory approaches to the management of reclamation and modification — range of application — results.", "25.B. Erosion of land by the sea: economic and social costs of land erosion — effects on marine and coastal habitats of coastal defences, including beaches and fringing islands — implications for small island developing States — costs of coastal defences — regulatory and management approaches to coastal defence — range of application — results.", "25.C. Sedimentation changes: sedimentation in the marine environment as a result of land erosion by rainfall and rivers — decline in marine sedimentation as a result of water management — effect of both types of change on marine and coastal habitats, including estuaries, deltas, submarine canyons — regulatory approaches to control sedimentation changes — range of application — results.", "25.D. Capacity-building needs for managing land/sea physical interaction and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 26 Tourism and recreation", "26.A. Location and scale of tourism and recreation, including cruise ships: employment — economic benefits of tourism — economic benefits resulting from protecting marine biodiversity.", "26.A bis. Recreational and sport fishing and its impact on marine wildlife.", "26.A ter. Impacts of recreational and tourist vessels on sensitive sea areas.", "26.B. Contribution of tourism to problems of sewage and pollution, including from cruise ships (see also heading 19A, municipal wastewater).", "26.C. Location and scale of other environmental impacts of tourism, including habitat disturbance and destruction.", "26.C bis. Relationship of tourism to protection of marine species and habitats (for example, whale-watching and whale sanctuaries).", "26.D. Regulatory approaches to managing the environmental impacts of tourism — range of application — results.", "26.E. Capacity-building needs for managing tourism and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 27 Desalinisation", "Scale of desalinization, its social and economic benefits and its environmental impacts. Capacity-building needs for desalinization.", "Chapter 28 Use of marine genetic resources", "28.A. Current topics, locations and scale of research and exploitation, including the uses being made of marine genetic resources and associated issues such as intellectual property rights.", "28.B. Regulatory approaches to research and exploitation for marine genetic resources in waters under the jurisdiction of States[10] — range of application — results.", "28.C. Capacity-building for research and exploitation of marine genetic resources and their management.", "Chapter 29 Specific issues for the marine environment from defence activities", "29.B. The acoustic impact of recurrent defence operations on marine life.", "29.C. The scale of dumping at sea of unwanted munitions and problems resulting from dumped munitions and chemical weapons.", "Chapter 30 Marine scientific research", "30.A. Topics, scale and location of marine scientific research.", "30.B. Regulatory approaches to marine scientific research — range of application — results.", "30.C. Capacity-building needs for marine scientific research, including transfer of technology.", "Chapter 31 Conclusions on other human activities", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 16 to 30.", "Part VI Assessment of marine biological diversity and habitats", "Chapter 31 bis Introduction", "The aim of this part is (a) to give an overview of marine biological diversity and what is known about it; (b) to review the status and trends of, and threats to, marine ecosystems, species and habitats that have been identified by competent authorities at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection; (c) to review the regulatory and management approaches to conservation, including the range of their application and results; and (d) to identify capacity-building needs.", "Section AA — Overview of marine biological diversity", "Chapter 31 ter Scale of marine biological diversity", "Main gradients of diversity for species, communities and habitats (coastal to abyssal, equatorial to polar, substrate type, salinity).", "Chapter 31 quater Extent of assessment of marine biological diversity", "Proportion of major groups of species and habitats in the different marine regions that are assessed on a systematic basis for status, trends and threats.", "Chapter 31 quinquies Overall status of major groups of species and habitats", "Summary, by major group and marine region, of the status, trends and threats, including the cumulative effects of pressures, shown by those assessments.", "Section A — Ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "These are types of areas and ecosystems which have already been identified by a competent organization at the global level, such as the General Assembly, the Convention on Biological Diversity or FAO, as needing special attention.", "Chapter 32 Coral (and other biogenic) reefs", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 33 Mangroves, salt marsh and other macro-vegetation areas", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 34 Seagrass and eel-grass beds", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 35 Kelp forests", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 36 Seamounts, deep-sea banks and plateaus", "Locations, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 37 Hydrothermal vents", "Locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 38 Other types of ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "Types, locations, numbers and extent, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B — Other species and habitats identified as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection", "Chapter 40 Migratory marine species depending on a range of regional ecosystems and covered by agreements under the Bonn Convention or other international agreements, including conventions of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "40.A. Migratory marine mammals: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.B. Sea turtles: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.C. Highly migratory fish species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.D. Migratory sea-birds: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 41 Other species identified by a competent authority at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection", "For each species or group of species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 42 Other habitats identified by a competent authority at global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection", "For each type of habitat or group of types of habitat: distribution, area, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B bis — Regulatory and management frameworks and capacity-building needs", "Chapter 42 bis Regulatory and management frameworks", "Regulatory and management frameworks and approaches for the conservation of species and habitats, including marine protected areas — range of application — benefits achieved and unforeseen effects.", "Chapter 42 ter Capacity-building needs", "Capacity-building needs for assessing the status of species and habitats and for managing the conservation of species and habitats judged to need protection.", "Section C — Summary", "Chapter 43 Summary", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 31 bis to 42 ter.", "Part VII Overall assessment", "Chapter 44 Overall assessment of human impact on the oceans", "44.A. Consideration of the implications of cumulative pressures on the overall state of the oceans and seas.", "44.B. Evaluations under different methods of assessing overall human impact on the oceans and seas.", "Chapter 45 Overall value of the oceans to humans", "Evaluations under different methods of the benefits accruing to humans from the oceans.", "Appendix", "Terminology", "Terminology used to describe the major features of the ocean basins and linked seas", "1.A. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main geological features: enclosed and semi-enclosed seas — continental shelves and slopes — mid‑ocean ridges — seamounts — coral and other biogenic reefs — sedimentation — major estuaries — fjord and ria areas — ocean canyons — coastal geological structures, beaches, marine wetlands, mangroves and tidal flats.", "1.B. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main features of the water column: bodies of water — thermohaline circulation — the main ocean currents — deep water formation (downwelling) and upwelling — stratification — acidification — ice coverage.", "Terminology used to describe rights and obligations in the oceans", "This section would set out the definitions contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the terms (territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, etc.) used in the assessment, so that readers can see what is intended.", "[1] A delegation brought to the attention of the meeting that one member of the Group of Experts could not attend the meeting because he had been unable to obtain an entry visa in time.", "[2] The organization of workshops may require the conclusion of an agreement between the host country and the United Nations.", "[3] See annex B to the set of options prepared pursuant to paragraph 212 of General Assembly resolution 65/37, December 2010, available at www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/ Set_of_Options.pdf.", "[4] A/64/88, paras. 108-111. A focal point could be in an appropriate national authority or institution, or in a permanent mission in New York. States could also designate additional contact points which could have access to the restricted part of the website, but it would be important for there to be a clear, single focal point for communication with each State taking part in the Regular Process.", "[5] In this context, “integrated” means assessing impacts from a number of individual stressors and considering cumulative effects on marine ecosystems, i.e., the overall impact from multiple processes and activities overlapping in time and space.", "[6] The main provisioning service from the oceans is food, which is covered in part IV (food security and safety). Other provisioning services are covered in part V (other human activities impacting on the marine environment).", "[7] See also chapter 26 (tourism) on recreational fishing.", "[8] As defined in the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing.", "[9] “Offshore” in this chapter and the following two chapters covers all installations that are situated in the marine environment, whether in internal waters, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones.", "[10] Given the present state of discussions on marine genetic resources in relation to the high seas, there seems to be no scope for any assessment of regulatory approaches in this area." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Marine Environment, including socio-economic aspects, and assessment of the regular process", "Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "I have the honour to transmit to you herewith the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole annexed to this letter, which contains the agreed recommendations to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole held meetings at United Nations Headquarters on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and the attached report circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "Co-Chairs", "Permanent Representative", "(Signed) René Sowe Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Global Report on the Situation of the Marine Environment, including socio-economic aspects, and assessment of the regular process", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole", "The second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Marine Environment, including the global report on socio-economic situation and assessment of the regular process, was convened in accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B of 4 April 2011. The conference was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "The meeting was chaired by Donatus Quith (Saint Lucia) and Lei Sowe (Canada) and was appointed by the President of the General Assembly. The Friends of the Co-Chairs continued to be composed of the following candidates from regional groups at the first meeting: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya) on behalf of African States; Abdul Hameed (Pakistan) on behalf of Asian States; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador) on behalf of Latin American and Caribbean States; Kent Blom (Sweden) on behalf of Western European and other States.", "Representatives of 55 Member States and 15 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 4 non-governmental organizations participated. The full list of participants was published on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Secretariat (see http://www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_ of_Participants_June_2011.pdf).", "The following members of the Group of Experts established in accordance with paragraph 209 of resolution 65/37 A also participated in the Meeting: Vice Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O.Green (Jamaica); Jaake Rice (Canada); Alan Simcock (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); Princes (China).", "The Meeting had before it the following reference documents: (a) provisional agenda, annotated provisional agenda and format, including proposed organization of work; (b) draft guidelines for workshops prepared by the Group of Experts, draft criteria for the appointment of experts and the draft framework for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects; (c) draft terms of reference and working methods of the Group of Experts and provisions for the exchange of information with States; (d) reports prepared by the secretariat of the regular process and the Group of Experts on the preliminary list of experts for the assessment of capacity-building and workshops; and (e) reports prepared by the secretariat of the regular process and the Group of experts on the exchange requirements for the information management. At the request of the representative, the Group of Experts provided additional information, entitled “Recommendations of the Group of Experts on the possible functions of the Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole”.", "On 27 June 2011, the Working Group adopted its agenda and agreed on the organization of work proposed by the Co-Chairs. In its substantive discussions and subsequent informal consultations, the Working Group considered and adopted, on 28 June 2011, a document entitled “Administrative criteria for expert appointments” and “Guide to assist the regular process workshop”. The Working Group also noted on the same day the possible framework for the first comprehensive assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, and the draft terms of reference and working methods of the Group of Experts, and agreed that those documents would need to be further considered at the next meeting.", "The Working Group requested the Group to revise the document entitled “Possibility framework for the first comprehensive assessment of the state of the marine environment”, taking into account the views expressed by delegations. To that end, the Co-Chairs were requested to send invitations to States and groups, following an invitation under paragraph 5 of resolution 65/37 B, to submit further views on the documentation no later than 23 July 2011. The Working Group agreed that the publication of those observations on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea would be useful, provided that they were approved by the States or groups of States.", "On 28 June 2011, following a statement by the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, the Working Group took note of the information exchange requirements for the regular process and the report on data and information management. The Working Group also took note of the report on the preliminary list of capacity-building and workshops expert types and considered it necessary to invite States, specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations, other relevant intergovernmental organizations and funding agencies to provide information on existing opportunities and arrangements for the assessment of capacity-building. The delegation also recommended that a preliminary list of capacity-building assessments be distributed to workshop participants.", "The Working Group then considered the establishment of a bureau to carry out its decision-making and guidance intersessionally. The Meeting decided to establish the Bureau and agree on its composition.", "With regard to the workshop, the Working Group agreed on 28 June 2011 to recommend early workshops to inform the first cycle of the regular process. The Working Group expressed its deep appreciation for the statements made by the States members of the South Pacific Standing Committee and the plans of action for the protection of the marine environment and coastal areas, as well as the generous offer of the Government of Chile to host the Eastern South Pacific workshop in support of the first phase of the regular process. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea noted that, owing to the busy work at Headquarters, the Division could be difficult to participate in all workshops.", "The Working Group considered the status of the trust fund established to support the operation of the first five-year cycle of the regular process. It endorsed the recommendation of the General Assembly to encourage financial contributions to the Trust Fund and to make other contributions to the regular process. In that regard, some delegations noted the importance of exploring ways to support the regular process by the Global Environment Facility. Some delegations stressed the importance of considering the support of all sources for the regular process, including financial contributions and in-kind contributions. The view was expressed that financial contributions to the regular process should be completed through the trust fund established for that purpose.", "The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea reported on the status of the Trust Fund and thanked the Governments of Iceland, Jamaica, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand for their generous contributions in 2011. Delegates were informed that, without additional funding, it would not be possible to provide financial assistance for expert participation in future regular process meetings.", "In accordance with these discussions, the Working Group adopted recommendations contained in section II of the present report. The Working Group recommended that the next meeting be held in the first half of 2012.", "On 13 July 2011, the Co-Chairs presented the present report and recommendations to the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole makes the following recommendations to the General Assembly.", "(1) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly the adoption of:", "(a) The criteria for the appointment of experts, see annex I to the present report;", "(b) Guidelines for the Global Report on the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, and for the assessment of the regular process workshops, see annex II.", "(2) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly that:", "(a) Draft terms of reference and working methods of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Marine Environment, including the global report on socio-economic situation and assessment of the regular process, annex III;", "(b) Report on the exchange requirements for the regular process and data and information management, annex IV;", "(c) Report on the preliminary list of experts for assessment of capacity-building and workshops, see annex V.", "(3) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole took note of the possible framework for the first comprehensive assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, in annex VI, and agreed that it would be necessary to continue its consideration so that the next meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole could be adopted.", "(4) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the Secretary-General bring to the attention of Member States, heads of specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations, other relevant intergovernmental organizations involved in the assessment of capacity-building activities in the marine environment, including socio-economic conditions, and funding agencies, information on existing opportunities and arrangements to assess capacity-building in the preliminary list.", "(5) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that, in accordance with paragraph 216 of resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly urge Member States, international financial institutions, donor agencies, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and natural and legal persons to make financial contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to paragraph 183 of resolution 6471 and to make other contributions to the regular process.", "(6) In accordance with paragraph 208 of resolution 65/37 A, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole agreed to establish a bureau for the intersessional implementation of the decisions and guidance of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, such as approval of the appointment of a member of the pool of experts to undertake drafting work or review, and approval of the peer evaluation arrangements proposed by the Group of Experts.", "(7) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly (a) that the Bureau consist of 15 Member States (three Member States selected by each regional group) and (b) the minimum requirements for the functioning of the Bureau, with at least one Co-Chairs and five Member States (one of each regional group).", "(8) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommended that the President of the General Assembly reappoint the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole so that they may participate in the Bureau during the intersessional period.", "(9) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that workshops be held as soon as possible to inform the first cycle of the regular process.", "(10) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the next meeting be held in the first half of 2012.", "Annex I", "criteria for expert appointments", "The appointment of experts by States through regional groups to form a pool of experts to support the work of the Group in the preparation of the first global integrated marine assessment report.", "If the Group does not designate one of its members to assess the drafting of working papers or draft chapters, it will invite a part of the pool of experts to help draft working papers and draft chapters. Other members with relevant expertise will be invited to comment on these drafts and may be invited to participate in the drafting process.", "When the first draft global integrated ocean assessment is submitted for review, States will appoint peer evaluation teams through regional groups to review and comment on the draft. Persons previously involved in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters could not become members of the peer evaluation team. The work of the peer evaluation team was carried out in parallel with national and intergovernmental draft reviews.", "The following criteria shall apply to all individuals nominated by States to the Group of Experts, the pool of experts or the peer evaluation team:", "(a) internationally recognized expertise must be certified by one or more of the following conditions:", "(i) The publication of scientific articles on related issues, preferably in peer evaluation publications;", "(ii) High-level experience with global, regional or national assessments in other relevant areas, such as the marine environment and socio-economic aspects;", "(iii) High-level design and management experience in other major global, regional or national initiatives that have similar functions in other relevant areas, such as marine science, assessment, environmental protection, maritime transport, coastal management, fisheries management or socio-economic aspects;", "(iv) Where experts come from regions where scientific observation and monitoring data are relatively lacking, they need to be recognized in terms of their traditional knowledge or observations on the marine environment;", "(b) Effective participation in international processes in other relevant areas, such as the marine environment or integrated assessment and socio-economic aspects;", "(c) The ability to deliver services independently.", "In assigning the mandate of the members of the pool of experts, the following will be considered:", "(a) Those who are invited to participate in the drafting of working papers or draft chapters should demonstrate the ability to address their themes in a clear and concise manner;", "(b) Submissions submitted by persons invited to participate in the drafting of working papers or draft chapters shall be used in one of the official languages of the United Nations.", "In addition, the peer evaluation team will be responsible for working on the basis of the needs of the Group of Experts.", "The principle of equitable geographical representation should be adhered to and given due consideration to gender balance in the appointment of the expert bank and the peer evaluation team and the assignment of the members of the expert pool in all activities of the regular process.", "When selecting members of the expert bank responsible for drafting or commenting a question, it should ensure that all disciplines on the integrated assessment of the problem are covered.", "Experts should be given sufficient time to make their contribution to the regular process in accordance with their responsibilities.", "Annex II", "Guidelines for the assistance of workshops to assist the marine environment, including the global report on socio-economic conditions and the regular process", "Purposes and objectives", "In February 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole confirmed (see A/65/759, annex) that the workshop was a key mechanism to assist in the completion of the first global integrated ocean assessment and national capacity to enhance assessment. The workshop will facilitate dialogue between the Group of Experts on the regular process and representatives and experts from States and competent intergovernmental organizations. The purpose of this guideline is to identify ways to organize a series of workshops to support the first cycle of the regular process. This guideline will help to ensure the credibility and legitimacy of each workshop outcome, thereby ensuring the credibility and legitimacy of the entire regular process.", "The objectives of each workshop should be:", "(a) Review and assess whether all assessments considered by participants are relevant to the areas under consideration and, on the basis of these assessments, may be useful assessment lists for the regular process. The assessment to be considered should address environmental issues and related socio-economic issues. If necessary, arrangements should be initiated to inform the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the regular process;", "(b) Starting a network of experts and organizations involved in each workshop, as well as expert groups and regular process secretariats;", "(c) Identify national capacity-building needs for participating in the workshop in order to enable them to promote more fully the regular process and the fuller benefits, including the identification of priorities and the steps they can take effectively to strengthen the capacity of the competent intergovernmental organizations (if so) in which they borrow their cooperation;", "(d) The start of integrated assessment capacity-building, which could include discussion and development:", "(i) Public information on a variety of scale-based assessment and common approaches to the assessment methodology;", "(ii) Expansion of the methodology for assessment, i.e., to determine the extent to which assessment at a level (national, subregional, regional, global) can be used at other levels;", "(iii) The form of reporting to assist the integration process aimed at ensuring coherence, coherence and comparability as possible;", "(e) Consider the link between the assessment of the drivers and the state of the marine environment.", "The present list of objectives, the preparatory work contained in Appendix I below and the agenda outline in Appendix II will form the terms of reference for the workshop.", "Number and location", "Requests States to host workshops for the following regions:", "(a) North Pacific;", "(b) South Pacific (East Pacific and South-West Pacific);", "(c) eastern and southern Asia;", "(d) The northern Indian Ocean, the Arab Sea, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and the regional organization/regional fisheries committee area for the protection of the marine environment;", "(e) Southern and western Indian Ocean;", "(f) North Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea;", "(g) South Atlantic (cross Africa and the Americas) and the Great Caribbean.", "Workshops may not be required for the Arctic and the Antarctic. However, international institutions and forums on these areas, in particular the Antarctic Treaty system and the Arctic Council, could be invited to consider and contribute to the proposed issues of the workshop. Members of the Group of Experts may request advice.", "The willingness to host the workshop should be presented to the regular process secretariat and then, with the assistance of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the regular process will endeavour to negotiate, avoid duplication of work or the date of conflict. Once agreed, the secretariat of the regular process will inform all States as soon as possible of the upcoming workshop.", "Times", "The Group must draw conclusions on the issues considered by the workshop in April 2012. Therefore, it would be preferable to hold workshops in a timely manner so that the Group of Experts was able to achieve its results by the end of March 2012.", "hosts", "The workshop shall be hosted by Member States and be coordinated by the secretariat of the regular process [2] and assisted by members of the Group of Experts. In order to organize such workshops, Member States may request the cooperation of competent intergovernmental organizations and/or national scientific institutions.", "Participation", "States Members of the United Nations, observers and competent intergovernmental organizations are entitled to participate in any workshops they consider relevant to them, with a view to not exceeding the number of persons accommodated. The competent intergovernmental organizations in the region are encouraged to participate actively. As a result of reality, logistics and the size and number of delegations are to be managed by the host country in consultation with the regular process secretariat.", "Organizations of major groups, as defined in Agenda 21, in non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, may request participation. The host may retain a number of places for such invitations.", "Each workshop shall be composed of at least one member of the Group of Experts and a member of the regular process secretariat to participate in the coordination of the regular process secretariat and to take into account the specific circumstances of its headquarters work. If possible, all members of the Group of Experts of States covered by the workshop should be involved. Members of the Group of Experts from outside the region may be invited by the regular process secretariat to participate at least one such member. Where necessary, such participation activities may be financed by the regular process trust fund in accordance with paragraph 183 of General Assembly resolution 6471.", "Chairs and secretariats", "The host country shall designate the Chair (or the Co-Chairs) of the workshop, who shall be responsible for summarizing the outcome of the workshop, with the assistance of the workshop and members of the Group of Experts. The host may consider inviting members of the Group of Experts to serve as Chair or Co-Chairs of the workshop.", "The host country shall provide technical support personnel to consult with the secretariat of the regular process and the members of the expert group participating in the organizational meeting and to assist the Chair and members of the Group of Experts in providing results-based summaries.", "Preliminary information", "Participants in the workshop were requested to provide advice and include information contained in appendix I to the present guidelines prior to their participation. Members of the Group of Experts shall be prepared to provide their views to assist in this process and, where appropriate, to prepare relevant documentation.", "The technical support staff at the workshop should prepare a summary of the information to be delivered and distributed to participants prior to the start of the workshop.", "Activities of the workshop", "In support of the regular process, the workshop agenda should include, to the extent possible, the elements contained in appendix II to these guidelines. The activities of the workshop should fully consider the principle of the regular process recommended by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and adopted by the General Assembly in 2009 (resolution 6471, paras. 173-183), and the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole for 2010 (A/65/358) and 2011 (A/65/759).", "An important component of each workshop is the ability to initiate an integrated assessment to enable participants to better understand and promote the regular process.", "Outcomes of the workshop", "The form of the outcome of the workshop should be a summary of the discussions prepared by the Chair or the Co-Chairs, which should be assisted accordingly by members of the Group of Experts. A corresponding provision should be made for the draft summary of the participants' comments, as well as for the revision of the final version by the Chair and representatives of the Group of Experts in accordance with those comments. If a State or intergovernmental organization does not participate in a workshop or does not have the responsibility to assess, institutions, networks or other arrangements identified, it shall invite and/or request the State or intergovernmental organization to review information on all such matters and make comments.", "Electronic copies of the final version of the summary should be sent to the regular process secretariat as a document of the United Nations to issue the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea and/or the regular process website.", "Appendix I", "Information to be provided by participants prior to their participation in the workshop", "(1) The States or intergovernmental organizations participating in the workshop shall provide details on the assessment conducted under their auspices, relating to the issues contained in the draft possible framework for the first comprehensive assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects. The starting point for the collection of such information should be the assessment contained in the global and regional assessment databases of the marine environment, with most such information. It should also include assessment that is not carried out by States or intergovernmental organizations but used or considered relevant. The details provided should, to the extent possible, include:", "(a) Institutions conducting specific assessments;", "(b) The main expected users of the assessment and their intended uses;", "(c) Assessment of spatial and temporal scope and frequency of assessment cycles;", "(d) Assessment of the issues covered;", "(e) Types of data, experience knowledge, indicators, the reasons for selecting them and other sources of information that contribute to the assessment;", "(f) The way in which a group of information sets trends may be invoked;", "(g) Where efforts are made to integrate different types of information, in particular social, economic and ecological information, the extent and methods of integration;", "(h) Assess any sources of evaluation benchmarks, reference levels or ecotoxicology assessment criteria used;", "(i) Assess the extent and origin of any forecasting, conversion and scenarios used;", "(j) If the assessment addresses the limitations of the data assessment (e.g. data intrusion errors, uncertainty and/or information gaps), it is understood that this is the way to deal.", "(2) Questions set out in the draft possible framework for the first comprehensive assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, such as the absence of an assessment by States or intergovernmental organizations attending the workshop, but the presence of a participant has relevant data or information.", "(a) What types of relevant data or information have been collected and administered by States and institutions (some of the key social and economic data are expected to fall into this situation)? What information is available on the spatial and temporal coverage and technical content of such data or information?", "(b) If it is known that key types of information do not exist, it is possible to mobilize expert knowledge to fill gaps, and if so, how to reach those experts?", "(3) The contact details of focal points for States and intergovernmental organizations participating in the workshop;", "(4) Early notice on the identification of capacity-building needs.", "Appendix II", "Agenda elements for the regular process workshops", "The representatives of the recurrent process expert group presented the objectives, scope, framework and the expected role of the workshop.", "The workshop considered whether the first global integrated assessment outline on the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, could meet the requirements of States and international organizations participating in the workshop. The first global integrated ocean assessment should consider identifying priority issues and other issues for the integrated assessment.", "The workshop evaluated the assessments presented under the summary of the information submitted under Appendix I (1) above and compiled the assessment considered useful for the regular process.", "Consideration of existing regional approaches and approaches to the integrated assessment.", "The workshop considered actions to be taken regarding the known existence of data and/or the lack of assessment.", "Identification of important but lack of consideration of the issue of regional data/information on the oceans and seas and discussions on how to mobilize information or undertake the necessary studies on such issues.", "The workshop considered the need to revise the draft guide for requesting persons. [3]", "The workshop estimated the capacity of interested States and intergovernmental organizations to conduct marine monitoring and assessment and integrated assessment of existing national and regional marine research and training institutions in the marine region under review.", "It is estimated that the existing networks of experts within and between States and intergovernmental organizations that consider the marine region and whether the expert networks are appropriate to play a key role in strengthening capacity.", "The workshop identified capacity-building needs for marine monitoring and assessment, including integrated assessment, including access to the necessary technology.", "The workshop developed short-term capacity-building plans to mobilize information and knowledge that are known to be present in the marine region under consideration but have not been systematically organized for the regular process.", "A meeting was held to launch capacity-building for integrated assessment.", "The users of existing assessments in the summary of the workshop are kept informed of the activities of the regular process and how the Group of Experts on the regular process understands and meets user needs.", "Annex III", "Draft terms of reference and working methods of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Marine Environment, including socio-economic conditions", "Introduction", "In paragraph 180 of its resolution 6471, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite the President of the regional groups to establish an expert group composed of up to 25 experts, with up to five experts from each regional group for a term of office and including the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2010, while ensuring adequate expertise and geographical distribution.", "In paragraph 209 of its resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly decided to establish, as part of the regular process, a Group of Experts appointed by Member States in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 6471, to continue to serve in the Group of Experts during the first phase of the first assessment cycle, and encouraged the appointment of experts by regional groups that had not yet been appointed in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 6471.", "The present document, prepared by the secretariat of the regular process in consultation with the Group of Experts, sets out the terms of reference for the appointment or appointment of experts to the Group of Experts.", "Terms of reference", "The overall work of the Group of Experts is to undertake assessments within the framework of the regular process, guided by the guidance of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [and its Bureau]. The specific work of the Group is:", "(a) Drafting the outline for the consideration of issues for each cycle of the regular process and submitting it to the approval of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(b) To prepare, at the request of the General Assembly or the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [or its Bureau], a supplementary assessment outline for a cycle of the regular process and to submit to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole for its approval;", "(c) To provide expert groups with complementary expertise needs to carry out assessments as a basis for the appointment of candidates for election through regional groups;", "(d) Designation of a major member of its members, with other members appointed, as appropriate, under the overall leadership of the Group of Experts, each chapter or section of the assessment;", "(e) Submission of the work of the members of the experts to be elected and submitted to the Bureau for approval:", "(i) Draft working paper and/or draft chapters of the assessment, in cooperation with the Group of Experts designated key members;", "(ii) Review and comment on materials prepared for each work;", "(f) To draft implementation plans and timetables for each assessment, to be submitted to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [the Bureau] for approval, and, if necessary, to make changes to the implementation plan and timetables and to submit them for approval;", "(g) To agree on participation in the assessment of guidance for all;", "(h) Implementation of implementation plans based on timetables and guidance;", "(i) To review all materials prepared for the assessment of preparation, take the necessary steps to ensure the quality of data and information in the material and to further take the necessary measures for the successful completion of the assessment, subject to approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [Chief of the Bureau] if such action is to be financed by the regular process trust fund;", "(j) To propose a draft peer review arrangement for the assessment of outputs and submit it to the Bureau for approval;", "(k) In accordance with the views of the peer review, it was agreed that the final text of the assessment should be submitted to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole for approval [through the Bureau] and to submit the text to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(l) Promote the development of networks of relations between the regular process and the individual experts of the marine assessment;", "(m) Other work designated by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [the Bureau].", "Composition", "The composition of the Group of Experts is as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts shall consist of up to 25 experts, with up to five experts from each regional group. The composition of the Group should reflect geographical and gender balance;", "(b) The Group should ensure that expertise is available in all disciplines and that members come from various regions to balance different regional situations and experiences. Consideration should be given to incorporating all major disciplines and their policy aspects and legal and traditional knowledge;", "(c) Experts should come from all aspects (e.g. Governments, non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, academic and research institutions, traditional knowledge holders);", "(d) Experts should have experience and expertise in the overall presentations of the above-mentioned expert groups;", "(e) Experts should have a good standard of excellence in one or more of the specialized areas internationally recognized;", "(f) Experts should participate in high-level international regular processes related to the marine environment;", "(g) Experts should have the capacity to work in an independent and personal capacity.", "Appointments", "The members of the Group of Experts shall be appointed in accordance with resolution 65/37 A:", "(a) Members shall be nominated by States Members of the United Nations through five regional groups (African States, Asian States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States and Western European and Other States Group), with up to five experts nominated by each regional group;", "(b) The nomination shall take into account the criteria for the appointment of experts;", "(c) Members should be able to devote a substantial amount of time to the work of the regular process;", "(d) Members shall be updated by all at the beginning of each cycle of the regular process. The existing members of the Group of Experts should be nominated and the term of office of all members shall not exceed two consecutive completion cycles;", "(e) Appointments to fill vacancies arising within a cycle may be held at any time, subject to the end of the cycle;", "(f) If the President of the regional groups informed that the regional group of the secretariat of the regular process had been appointed, the secretariat of the regular process should request experts to confirm their willingness to provide services in accordance with established terms of reference and methods of work, to issue a confirmation letter to experts after receipt, to issue a notice of appointment on the regular process and on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, and to inform other members of the Group of Experts;", "(g) Members may at any time resigned to the regular process secretariat in writing;", "(h) Members shall participate in the work of the Group of Experts in their capacity as participants in the Advisory Meeting and serve in their capacity as representatives of non-governmental or other bodies outside the United Nations;", "(i) The services of members of the Group of Experts should be obtained in accordance with an invitation from the Secretariat.", "Title", "The United Nations has all property rights, including but not limited to patents, copyrights and trademarks, directly related to the provision of services to the Organization.", "Compensation", "Members of the Group of Experts shall not be charged with pay, expenses or other compensation from the United Nations for their participation in the work of the Group of Experts. The participation of members from developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in meetings of the relevant United Nations expert groups should receive travel subsidies.", "Working methods", "The working methods of the Group are as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts may work in the event of vacancies in its members;", "(b) The Group of Experts should designate a coordinator from both developed and developing countries from among its members. The work of the Coordinator is to take its common view as facilitating the implementation of the Group's established work. The Group may at any time change the designation of coordinators;", "(c) Communications from the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the regular process and States shall be carried out through the safety website provided to the regular process secretariat;", "(d) The Group shall communicate with the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole through the secretariat of the regular process and through meetings convened by the secretariat of the regular process;", "(e) The Group of Experts may meet, if necessary and within existing resources, to discuss areas of work that cannot be addressed through electronic meetings or other forms of electronic communications;", "(f) The Group shall work by consensus. If consensus is not possible, the Group should ensure that all different views are reflected in the draft assessment, recommendations or final ones.", "Secretariat", "The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea shall perform its functions as the secretariat of the Group of Experts, one of the functions of the regular process secretariat.", "Annex IV", "Report on communications requirements for the regular process and data and information management", "The present report is prepared by the secretariat of the regular process and the Group of Experts in consultation with the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, pursuant to paragraphs 2, 4 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37.", "Paragraphs 2 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B", "Most communications, data processing and information management needs can be met through a website covering all aspects of the regular process. To that end, the functions of the regular process may regulate the revised edition as an appendix to the present report.", "As indicated in the appendix (paras. 8 (a)-(c)), the virtual office is more profitable by separate systems. Following further discussions by the Group of Experts, the recurrent process secretariat and the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the virtual office could be better managed by a separate system hosting.", "The Office of Information and Communications Technology is updating its facilities for the virtual office. The Office has taken urgent steps to better meet the needs of the Group of Experts for the current Quicker system. The system currently provides full support to the Group of Experts. The updating system will be used later in summer 2011 and will better meet the needs of the Group of Experts.", "The recommendations of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division for Early Warning and Assessment and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (IPCC) can meet the requirements of the regular process. UNEP and ICC propose a dedicated information portal established and hosted by them to enable Member States to access important resources for the regular process, including the global and regional marine environmental assessment database. In conjunction with the follow-up to the assessment of assessments (see A/64/88), UNEP and the Commission developed the prototype of the portal. The Office of Information and Communications Technology assessed the norms developed by UNEP and the Commission and reported on the results of the assessment to the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts, held from 27 to 28 June 2011.", "With regard to communications provisions between States and the secretariats of the regular process and the Group of Experts, it is proposed that communications be made through the proposed website “limited” blocks. To that end, States should propose a focal point in accordance with recommendation [4], “Assessment of assessments”. Parallel arrangements for focal points should be made for intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council. The focal points should be made as soon as possible after the start of the proposed website.", "Paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B", "The objective of paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B is clearly to provide the expert group with the capacity to present data and information management support requirements. However, the Group considers it unnecessary to make a formal request. The regular process secretariat, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and UNEP and the Commission appear to be able to meet current needs.", "Appendix", "The website functions of the regular process may regulate the revised edition", "The present appendix is ranked at the restricted level, with no restricted opening blocks.", "Public websites and restricted websites and virtual offices should use different servers and systems, or pool the use of a server.", "All parts of the website (public websites, restricted websites and virtual offices), regardless of which servers are used, should have adequate safety and security to prevent unauthorized entry or interference and should have adequate and regular backups.", "The safety of the website should be ensured in order to provide a permanent and complete record of the work of the regular process.", "Public website (open for all)", "The content of the public website includes:", "(a) Presentations of the regular process and its working methods (for HTML documents only);", "(b) Details by the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the regular process and its contact methodology (for HTML documents only);", "(c) calendar of activities as part of the regular process (HTML and PDF documents);", "(d) Library blocks may enter all documents related to the regular process, including:", "(i) Relevant sections of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation;", "(ii) Summary of relevant General Assembly resolutions;", "(iii) Report of the Secretary-General (or summary of reports);", "(iv) Report of the Group of Experts and the International Workshop, 2004;", "(v) Report of the Ad Hoc Steering Group on the assessment of assessments;", "(vi) Report on the assessment of assessments;", "(vii) Documentation and reports relating to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(viii) Other background information.", "All the materials of this plot are available in the HTML format and are downloaded in the PDF and text-processing format documents;", "(e) A detailed account of the financial situation of the regular process trust fund, including aboard for contributions and expenditures (for HTML documents only);", "(f) Presentation of the approval of the documentboard containing the first overview of the global marine integrated assessment and the guide of requesting persons and similar documents. All the materials of this plot are available in the HTML format and are downloaded in the PDF and text-processing format documents;", "(g) Presentation of the working paper and draft chapters that were allowed for the first global integrated ocean assessment. All the materials of this plot are available in the HTML format and are downloaded in the PDF and text-processing format documents;", "(h) Establish, in due course, aboard to present the following:", "(i) Draft report on the first comprehensive global assessment of the state of the oceans;", "(ii) Presentation of the views of peer reviewers on the draft report on the first global integrated assessment of oceans and seas, as well as the documentation of the draftingers/editor response;", "(iii) Finalization of the first global integrated ocean assessment report;", "All the materials of this plot are available in the HTML format and are downloaded in the PDF and text-processing format documents;", "(i) To allow access to the data and information used in the draft working paper and chapter. This should include the following:", "(i) Report on workshops for the purpose of the regular process;", "(ii) Basic information databases (former data) on assessments that have been considered or used;", "(iii) Preparation of books, articles and other materials (e.g. databases) used in the draft working paper and chapter. Contents", "(iv) To assess hyperlinks to the websites of books, articles or other materials;", "(v) A file containing the lack of information elsewhere (a variety of formats).", "Restrictions on the website (open only for members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the regular process, collaborating, national and intergovernmental organization focal points and non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council)", "The restricted website should include the following:", "(a) To organize workshops as part of the regular process. It should include the HTML documents and the available PDF and text-processing format documents. Each workshop shall be established on a separate basis;", "(b) Interactive panels. Issues and views were posted by focal points and correspondents, and members of the Group of Experts or the secretariat of the regular process responded to questions and observations. It should in fact be an internal “both” of the regular process.", "(c) Support the drafting of draft working papers and sections. The main drafters and their facilitators should be able to create, enter and revise working papers and draft chapters. Those who limit access to the website should be able to see the current work, but only draft working papers or sections may create or modify the text. It should be able to clear and automatically identify the author and the author of the document and the author of the document, retain the record of the date of the creation and modification of the text and retain the backup of each document's previous version. Efforts should be made to ensure that persons cannot access during the preparation of the document, at least in a reasonable period of time;", "(d) At the appropriate time, an additional template for the draft chapter peer review, which may be launched in 2013, should be divided into two subcategories:", "(i) A review of aboard by States and intergovernmental organizations. In addition to the functions required for the draft working paper and the draft chapter (see para. (c) above), the template should permit reviewers (approved by States or intergovernmental organizations) to join the views expressed on the draft chapter but not change the text. The system should be able to show, at the same time, all comments made on paragraphs or subparagraphs and identify the sources of each opinion. Restrictions on the revised text of the reviewers are useful in avoiding confusion and in favour of subsequent editing;", "(ii) A review of some peer reviewers. Because of the relatively small number of peer reviewers in each chapter, the peer reviewers should be able to modify and join views on the sections responsible for them. In addition to that, the function of the template is the same as the requirements of the working papers and draft sections (see para. (c) above).", "In addition, the peer review board should be able to:", "(a) Maintain the following records:", "(i) Details of positions, names and contact of national and intergovernmental organizations;", "(ii) Mandate of some peer reviewers and their detailed functions, names and contact modalities;", "(b) The date on which each opinion and chapter editor's response is presented by the automated record reviewer;", "(c) To allow the exchange of information between the author and the peer reviewer with the chapter editor, to preserve information and to link the information with the relevant paragraphs;", "(d) A copy of all observations and proposed changes;", "(e) The automatic notification of new posting materials to chapter editor and the absence of deadlines;", "(f) Authors and reviewers are permitted to carry out and download documents related to the review process, as required.", "virtual office (open only for members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the regular process and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the representative of the International Ocean degrees Commission)", "The virtual office will include the following:", "(a) A template allowing persons entitled to enter the virtual office to create, enter and modify documents related to ongoing work. It should identify, automatically, the author of the document and the author of the document and the author of the document and provide copies for the previous version of each document. It should also be done that, at least in a reasonable period of time, other persons could not enter the document when a document was acted upon;", "(b) A template allowing for a certain number of “dialogues” has allowed persons entitled to enter the virtual office to join the opinion and to comment on the views of all other personnel without having to be opened separately. It should, to the extent possible, enable individuals entering the virtual office to comment on the new content of the “Discussion”, without the need to open each “a dialogue” on a case-by-case basis.", "(c) A notice system showing the date of the creation of new documents and showing the date of modification of existing documents, as required.", "Annex V", "Report on the preliminary mapping of capacity-building and workshop experts", "The present report is prepared in accordance with paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B and is prepared by the Group of Experts to assist the secretariat of the regular process.", "Pursuant to the request, the preliminary map of existing opportunities and arrangements for the assessment of capacity-building will be presented in Appendix I, and the preliminary map of the type of workshop experts will be presented in Appendix II.", "Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive opportunities and arrangements for assessing capacity-building and no information available. Information in Appendix I is based on the following sources:", "(a) Study on assistance available to developing countries to achieve sustainable and effective development of marine resources and the benefit of the oceans within their jurisdiction and possible measures (A/63/342);", "(b) Sources of assistance available to developing countries and a compilation of the needs of developing countries in the area of capacity-building and assistance for the conservation and management of fish stocks across and at a high rate (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);", "(c) Report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (Araz9);", "(d) Report on the work of the eleventh meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (A/65/164).", "Appendix I", "Preliminary list of existing opportunities and arrangements for assessment of capacity-building", "International financial institutions and global organizations, programmes and funds", "Convention on Biological Diversity secretariat", "Exchange of information mechanisms", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "The Convention on Biological Diversity clearing-house mechanism was established in accordance with article 18, paragraph 3. In decision X/15, the Conference of the Parties established that the clearing-house mechanism should make a significant contribution to the implementation of the Convention and its strategic plan for biodiversity for the period 2011-2020, through the provision of effective information services and appropriate practices to promote and facilitate scientific technical cooperation, knowledge sharing and information exchange, and to establish a fully functioning network of Parties and partners. A list of priority activities has been identified, and a note on information services to be provided by the clearing-house mechanism can be found in document UNEP/CBD/CHM/IACPR1/3.", "Commission for the Conservation of Marine Resources in the Antarctic", "Special Fund for Scientific Capacity", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "The purpose of the fund is to ensure broad participation by all parties in the work of the Committee's Scientific Committee, to promote burden-sharing and capacity-building within the Scientific Committee and to assist in the collection, research and exchange of information relating to marine biological resources applicable to the Convention on the Conservation of Marine Resources in the Antarctic Ocean. The Fund also encourages and facilitates collaborative and collaborative research in order to expand knowledge on marine resources in the Antarctic.", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)", "Fund for Assistance established by the Agreement for the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982", "All developing country Parties to the Agreement", "Global forms of assistance", "In the area of assistance, States parties in developing countries participated in meetings of regional fisheries management organizations and agreements, global conferences and meetings to establish new regional fisheries management organizations and agreements; capacity-building and human resources development; assisting States parties in the exchange of information and experiences on the implementation of the agreement; technical assistance and training.", "Contribution of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency to the Trust Fund for the Fisheries Code", "All countries", "Global/regional/country assistance format", "In the area of assistance, the Trust Fund for Fisheries Codes funded activities to promote further understanding and application of the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries within the framework of the Fisheries Code programme. Thus, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency provides: (a) expert working groups and consultations (global level); (b) specialized research (global, regional and national); (c) regional capacity-building workshops; and (d) national technical assistance missions, inter alia, to promote the effective generation and use of fisheries statistics and information and to better assess small-scale fisheries.", "Assessment and monitoring of fisheries resources and ecosystems in the Strait of Western Sahara (Med SudMed) ( Trust Fund)", "Beneficiaries include four participating States (Italy, Libya, Malta and Tunisia) involved in research activities at the regional level, as well as the fisheries authorities of participating Governments. The General Committee on the Mediterranean Fisheries has benefited to a greater extent from improved information and monitoring systems.", "Regional dimension of assistance", "The main objective of the project in the area of assistance is to contribute to the development of responsible fisheries management by supporting research activities on interactions between bottom and small-scale fisheries resources and bio and non-biological environmental factors. Its activities include: (a) reviewing knowledge and collecting scientific evidence on the sharing of fish stocks (floor and small-scale fish) in the Strait of Western Sahara; standardization of data collection and data analysis methodologies; (b) joint maritime cooperation exploration at the subregional level (fish and eggs, reciprocation and trawl exploration), assessment of the sharing of fish stocks; (c) collecting information on the impact of environmental factors on target groups; (d) identifying and determining the current location of plant breeding areas; and (e) conducting training workshops; and (f) setting up a database of technical assistance for the production of natural resources.", "Coordination to support fisheries management in the western and central Mediterranean regions (CopeMed II) ( Trust Fund)", "In recipient countries, fisheries research institutions in the region and regulatory bodies in Algeria, France, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain and Tunisia.", "Regional dimension of assistance", "Assistance areas support national and subregional fisheries authorities in data collection and information (catch, fish stocks, efforts and socio-economic data); provide technical assistance and training to States to meet their needs and priorities and strengthen their national capacities in fisheries sciences (organized and workshops, preparation of scientific papers and supporting annual scientific research activities).", "Ecosystem approach to marine fisheries - Southson project “Strengthening knowledge banks for developing countries to develop and implement ecosystem approaches to marine fisheries” ( trust fund)", "All countries in sub-Saharan Africa are at an early stage", "Global forms of assistance", "The area of assistance informs partners of procedures and methods for assessing and monitoring ecosystems, including progress in standardization of data collection, sampling methods and appropriate designs of scientific indicators; capacity enhancements in the science and management dimensions of ecosystem approaches to marine fisheries; guidance on the use of national or regional research vessels, including coordination coverage of local or other vessels; project planning and dissemination of information.", "Global Environment Facility/United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/United Nations Industrial Development Programme (UNIDO)/World Bank/regional development banks", "Multilateral financial mechanisms for the Global Environment Facility focus area on international waters", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "The focus area of international waters of the Global Environment Facility provides funding to help countries deal with sharing, transboundary water systems, such as coastal and ocean, river basins and aquifer systems. The Global Environment Facility has provided assistance to countries that share 19 large marine ecosystems, accounting for more than half of the large marine ecosystems shared by developing countries. The Global Environment Facility Trust Fund, which is open to participation by countries, has now been 176 Member States, based on partnerships between UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank and four regional development banks, FAO and UNIDO. These institutions can receive funding from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to carry out activities consistent with the GEF operational strategy. Currently, 127 Global Environment Facility recipient countries and 21 industrial countries are cooperating on projects approved by the GEF Council related to large marine ecosystems and their coastal areas. Information on these projects can be found on the Global Environment Facility website on knowledge management in international waters: www.iwl.net.", "International Hydrographic Organization (ICAO)", "Capacity-building Fund of the Organization", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "The area of assistance provides the necessary assistance to States that lack hydrological capacity, as the lack of such capacity jeopardizes the protection of the marine environment. The capacity-building fund provides support for capacity-building activities in the following main categories: (a) technical assistance: financing technical missions to Member States to assess hydrology, sea maps and air conditioning; provision of guidance and/or advice on technical issues related to hydrological measurement projects for the development of local hydrological measurement capacity; (b) training and education: support for the implementation of hydrological measurements, sea cartographic maps and other related training activities consistent with the work programme of the Organization; and (c) provision of financial support to participating in the activities of the Immunization Organization: financing of the participation of member States in the programme of work of the organization; and (d) funding of the project. These funds support the initial phase of high-priority hydrographic mapping projects that meet the objectives of the IOM.", "International Oceanographic Commission (ICOC)", "Standard and guidelines for the transfer of marine technology by the Oceanographic Commission", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "Through its Education and Mutual Assistance Programme and through research implementation training programmes, the Committee provides domestic training for developing countries seeking capacity-building to address domestic priorities. The Advisory Body of Experts on the Law of the Sea of the Commission agreed to provide assistance to Member States and to cooperate with the marine scientific research project among Member States, with particular emphasis on capacity-building. The Committee also established a clearing-house mechanism to assist interested developing countries and developed countries to establish appropriate technology transfer partnerships. The Committee's International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange Unit assists Member States participating in the institution in the exchange of oceanographic data and information and meets user needs for data and information products. The United Nations Environment Programme, the University of Jeru and the leading science and technology publishers have coordinated the establishment of the “Environmental literature online” which also facilitates developing countries' access to environmental science research results.", "International Seabed Authority", "Endowment for marine scientific research in the region", "All States parties to the Convention", "Global forms of assistance", "With regard to marine scientific research in the region, the International Seabed Authority deals primarily with capacity-building through the establishment of the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research within the Authority, which funds the participation of qualified scientists and technicians from developing countries in the International Maritime Scientific Research Cooperation Programme. The Fund has assisted capacity development through training and technical assistance.", "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)", "Annual overview of the Development Assistance Committee/ creditor reporting system", "All countries", "Global forms of assistance", "The Commission uses two separate databases to track bilateral and multilateral donors' assistance to developing countries and other resources: annual overview databases and creditor reporting systems, which provide comprehensive data on the number, origin and types of aid and other resources flows, which provide detailed information on individual assistance activities such as sectoral, national, project notes.", "Appendix II", "Preliminary list of workshop experts", "The secretariat of the regular process and the Group of Experts have considered the types of experts that could make an important contribution to the workshops to be held in support of the regular process and complete the first global integrated marine assessment.", "It has been recognized that experts in any area covered by the assessment outline can make an important contribution to the outcome of the workshop. Experts in the field of environmental science and economic and social science must also be ensured.", "It is expected that experts who have participated substantively in the recent comprehensive assessment of the marine region covered by any workshop could make a significant contribution.", "In addition, if expertise of experts participating in the workshop could be covered to the extent possible, there would be great benefits:", "(a) Oceanography, meteorology (including climate change), which has an impact on the oceans, marine chemical and marine geology;", "(b) Marine biology and biology (preducation);", "(c) Assessment and management of fish and groups;", "(d) Planning, management and development of fishing and aquaculture industries and communities dependent on them;", "(e) The installation of marine transport planning and development, port management and submarine cables and pipelines;", "(f) Maritime safety;", "(g) Monitoring and evaluation of inputs to the oceans and seas along the sea and dumping by sea;", "(h) exploration and development of offshore oil and mineral resources, including aggregation;", "(i) Planning and development of wind, wave and tidal power;", "(j) Planning and development of coastal zones (including urbanization, towns and rural planning and subsectors);", "(k) Monitoring and evaluation of marine species, habitat, ecological and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems (including ecological economics);", "(l) Designation and management of marine protected areas;", "(m) Expertise in external marine pests;", "(n) Expertise in marine genetic resources;", "(o) Economics of marine resources;", "(p) Economic and social aspects of the marine industry, including marine tourism and recreational purposes.", "Annex VI", "Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment AD(a) including socio-economic aspects", "Note: This document is available only for information. The changes recommended by the expert group on the regular process are contained in the document and further consideration is required at the next plenary meeting of the AWG-LCA.", "Summary prepared for decision makers in Part I", "This part does not take the form of the main report but emphasizes the most important conclusion. The purpose is to clarify:", "(a) The manner in which evaluations have been conducted;", "(b) An overall assessment of the scale of human impacts on the oceans;", "(c) Key threats to the marine environment and the economic and social well-being of humankind;", "(d) Effective approaches to capacity-building needs and meeting those needs;", "(e) The most serious knowledge gaps and ways to fill them.", "Part II", "Chapter 1", "This chapter will provide a comprehensive and summary of the role of the oceans in Earth's life, their functional ways and their relationship with humanity. These arguments were based on at least two working papers, which summarized the following:", "Population and projected changes in coastal areas, including the coastal areas.", "The information under this heading will seek to draw on the work undertaken by the United Nations World Population Prospects.", "In this context, “integration” means assessing the impact of a number of specific stress factors and considering the cumulative effects of the marine ecological environment, i.e., the overall impact of multiple processes and activities that overlap between time and space.", "Human impacts on coastal areas: the extent to which human activities on the ground have exerted pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems.", "Relevant information can include the proportion of coastal catchment areas in different parts of the world, the intensity of industrial and urban development in coastal zones and the proportion of the coastline used for urban development.", "Chapter 4 Authorization, source of information and working methods", "Objectives, scope and mandate of the regular process agreed by the General Assembly.", "4.B. General issues related to the collection of environmental, economic and social data on oceans and the use of the oceans, including a summary and analysis of national, regional and global information and data, quality assurance of data and access to information.", "4.C. The agreed procedure for the first global integrated assessment of oceans and seas, as well as the manner in which these procedures have been implemented, includes a balanced approach to science/policy, the choice of information providers, options for setting baselines, uncertainties and classifications, and quality assurance of data.", "Part III Assessment of major ecosystem services (other than material supply services) for the marine environment [5]", "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — the purpose of which is to take advantage of the work of the Panel, rather than to duplicate this work or challenge.", "Role of the oceans in the hydrological cycle", "The interaction of seawater and fresh water in the hydrological cycle: the rate of swing and change in the cycle — the flow of fresh water into the oceans and its interactions with the oceans, including changes in the continent's ice and glaciers, and the impact of man-made changes (e.g., the construction of large dams or increased extraction) on the marine environment — a reduction in ice coverage — sea-level changes.", "5.B. The impact of ocean warming, sea-level changes on the environment, economic and social sectors, including the impact of sea-level rise on security and on low-lying countries, man-made and other factors affect the flow of marine freshwater.", "C. Chemical components of seawater: salinity and nutrient content of different water bodies - changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "C bis. Impact on the environment, economic and social aspects of changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "D. Geological transmission of the oceans: ocean warming - the overall impact of the sea on surface temperatures and patterns of cycle — marine shocks — El Niño and similar events.", "E. Environmental, economic and social impacts of ocean temperature changes and major ocean temperature events.", "Chapter 6 Interactions in ocean/air", "The role of the oceans in regulating atmospheric flows and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations ( generation of oxygen and carbon dioxide sequestration): the role of the ocean at the time of carbon dioxide silence — on the maintenance or enhancement of that role.", "Marine-related meteorology: hurricanes and cyclones — dry rains — winds.", "C. The impact of weather trends, including frequency and intensity of storms on the environment, and on small island developing States, on the impact of the majority of the year's icewater coverage and on communities that depend on the oceans.", "D. Marine acidification: degree and scope of ocean acid caused by human activities.", "E. Impact of oceanic acid trends on the environment, the economy and the economy (part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7", "A. Global distribution of primary production: causes of current distribution — factors affecting the cycle of nutritious substances and the variability and resilience of the food network — known and foreseen changes, including changes in ventilation resulting from ozone layer issues.", "B. Tables and buoys: roles at the table level — factors affecting the scale — changes in buoy species.", "C. Impacts on the environment, economic and social impacts of primary production and trends and other factors that affect the inherent resilience and resilience of the food network (intervention reference to part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7 bis", "The generation of carbon acid salts from marine sources is likely to have an impact on the generation of pitnes and beaches — marine acidification.", "Chapter 8", "The scale of interaction between human beings and the oceans and seas at the American, cultural, religious and spiritual levels, including the burial of the sea, and those interactions may be affected by other changes. Cross-reference to chapter 26 (Turice).", "Chapter 8 bis Science awareness of ecosystem services", "An overview of the state of scientific awareness of ecosystem services, including data collection, information management, differences and research needs in different parts of the world.", "Conclusions on major ecosystem services outside material supply services", "The main issues identified in chapters 5 to 8 bis, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, were summarized.", "Part IV", "Assessment of cross-cutting issues: food security and security", "This part will largely draw on the FAO assessment.", "Chapter 10", "Human dependence on the extent and increased demand of marine access to food, differences between different regions of the world, the extent to which fish and sea products are available in some parts of the world and the contribution of marine biological resources to food security.", "Chapter 11", "A. The size of commercial fish and groups: the status of fish and groups developed by business — economic activity (major commercial, individual and recreational fisheries). [6]", "Other fish and groups in Beta: the status of fish and groups of species of artisanal or self-sex fishing - the importance of livelihoods — the current status of fish resources not developed.", "C. Impact on marine ecosystems of fishing (major commercial, individual and self-dependent fisheries), in particular in relation to food networks, sub-catchs (fish, mammals, fertilles and seabirds), impacts of different fish and fishing methods, including the impact of discards on other wild animals, and the impact of loss or abandonment of fish stocks.", "C bis. Effects of pollution on marine biological resources: possible impacts of chemical and radioactive contamination on marine biomass used as food - the potential threat of such pollution.", "D. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing: [7] scale, location and impact on fish. Measures taken to prevent, suppress and eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities, including the role of the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, unregulated and Unreported Fishing and the FAO Agreement on Measures to Prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing port States.", "E. Business fishing management practices: descriptions of key tools and practices, including economic measures - degree of implementation of different management practices - the typical consequences of measures taken under different management practices for the marine environment and related economic activities, including the treatment and abandonment of the fisheries by-catch - relations with the status of the fish stocks.", "F. Managing the practice of individual fishermen and self-managed fisheries management: key tools and methodological notes — degree of implementation of different management practices — the typical consequences of the marine environment and related economic activities based on the measures taken by different management practices — relations with the status of fish stocks.", "G. Projections of the situation of fish and groups in the coming decade, in accordance with all relevant factors.", "Chapter 12 Aquaculture", "A. The size and distribution of aquaculture: the location of aquaculture activity — the types of breeding — economic significance and the contribution to food security.", "B. Contribution and effectiveness of aquaculture industry: demand for coastal space — demand for fish powders from fishing.", "B bis. Aquaculture pollution: the use of chemicals — the interaction of desert groups.", "C. Aquaculture management approach: key tools and methodological notes - degree of implementation of different management practices - the typical consequences of the marine environment and related economic activities based on measures taken by different management practices.", "Projections for the role of aquaculture in the next decade, in accordance with all relevant factors", "E. Aquaculture management capacity-building needs and monitoring their impact.", "Chapter 12 bis.", "12 bis.A. Rebuilding of depleted species through ocean pasture and the release of fish incubators.", "12 bis.B. Transport of marine biological resources to different ecosystems.", "12 bis. C. Effects of manpower breeding on natural ecosystems.", "12 bis. D. Modalities of fish breeding - scope of implementation - results.", "12 bis.E. Capacity-building for fish breeding needs and monitoring their impacts.", "Chapter 13", "A. The scale, location and importance of non-fish and brevised foods from the sea — is expected to grow over the next decade.", "Potential impacts of the collection of sea algal and other sea-based foods.", "C. Methods for the collection of sea algal and other sea-based foods — practices and scope of implementation — benefits and unexpected consequences.", "D. Improving, managing and using such food and monitoring capacity-building needs for the collection of impacts on the marine environment.", "Chapter 14 Social and economic aspects of fisheries", "A. Relationship with human health: benefits and problems for health in sea-based foods, including the potential to supplement the dietary structure of eggs - chemical, toxic and bacteria pollution - to promote capacity-building needs for benefits and control issues.", "Fisheries and aquaculture industries are scale and meaning of employment: the number used — the proportion of people injured by fishermen compared with other industries.", "C. The role of fisheries in social structures: the role of fishermen in local societies — the extent to which fishing is the only source of life — the extent to which local societies depend on fisheries and aquaculture industries.", "E. Relationships between fishing zones, the ownership and operation of fishing vessels, the suspension of ports and consumption distribution: the interests of the State (and its economic operators) from its territorial waters and exclusive economic zones, and the fishing and aquaculture industries, which benefit from the fishing and fishing of distant ocean fisheries on the high seas (and their economic operators).", "E bis. Implementation of the International Fisheries Agreement: need for the replacement of fishing vessels and fishermen — training the needs of fishermen — to support capacity-building needs for implementation.", "E ter. The role of market change: the growth of long-range transport of fish and Begins — ecological certification — the impact of other movements initiated by ecological environmental groups.", "F. Links with other industries: the scale of economic activities that depend on fisheries and aquaculture industries, including the provision of equipment, in particular vessels, and processing outputs.", "Conclusions on food security", "Overview of key issues identified in chapters 10-14, including capacity-building needs and information gaps.", "The longer-term development of the food provided by marine biological resources — the impact of climate change — the impact of demographic changes — is linked to changes in land-based food production.", "Part V", "Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment", "Chapter 16", "A. The significance of shipping in world trade: the volume of world trade in maritime transport — the economic interests of States in shipping activities, including as flag States — projections of changes in the next decade, including changes in shipping possibilities in high-latitude areas due to changes in ice cover.", "B. Shipers: the scale of employment - whether training in the protection of the marine environment is sufficient — the income of shipfarers and the number of incomes — the proportion of injuries to seafarers compared with other industries.", "16.C. Threats posed by shipping: location, scale and development trends - pollution caused by shipping (including the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution by Ships) The various types of pollution, slander treatment and noise controlled by annexes I to VI of the Convention on the Prevention of Pollution of Ships — the effects of shipping on marine life — shipping disasters, including their longer-term implications — through invasive species and other biological safety risks associated with ballast water — the transport of ship-breakers — the risks associated with trade to coastal States.", "C bis. Protection of the marine environment, including IMO conventions and other instruments, has an impact on the shipping economy.", "D. Linkages with other industries and commerce: ship-breakers - sand graves - insurance, lease and navigation services.", "5.D bis. Maritime transport of radioactive substances.", "The manner in which the management of shipping is regulated: descriptions of the main practices (in particular the IMO conventions and instruments) - the extent to which the various management practices are being implemented — measures taken in accordance with different management practices, including, but not limited to, the particular sea area and specially sensitive sea zones — enforcement.", "G. Capacity-building needs for the management of shipping and monitoring of their impacts, including support for the implementation of international conventions and other instruments.", "Chapter 17 ports", "A. The scale and significance of port activities: location and transport — projected growth rates, including the impact of the changes in the route described under the heading “Economic interests of port States”.", "The creation and maintenance of the impact of ports: the scale of development of ports — dredging for navigation purposes — the management of ship waste, including the impact of the fee system — pollution caused by the ship's parking ports — dredging has resulted in the relapse of pollutants.", "C. Port management regulatory framework: note on the control of the main practices affecting the marine environment in ports - the extent to which these practices are implemented — expected benefits and unforeseen consequences — relations with the shipping industry - relations with fisheries and international trade.", "Capacity-building needs to manage the impact of ports and monitor ports on the marine environment.", "Chapter 18", "A. The scale, place and role of cables and cables: the role of international communications and the Internet — is expected to develop over the next decade — employment — linked to other industries — economic benefits.", "Possible contamination and physical harm of cables and pipelines — the construction/ installation process — after release.", "C. Regulatory frameworks for pipelines and cables under their jurisdiction, as well as pipelines and cable management: The degree of implementation of these frameworks — expected benefits and unexpected consequences — interference with other uses of the oceans.", "D. Managing the installation and installation of cables and the monitoring of capacity-building needs for their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 19", "A. Implications of municipal wastewater, including major cities and cruise ports: scale and extent of treatment - the impacts of direct inputs and river inputs, including the nature of the micro-quality impacts of coastal waters, and the economic impacts on water quality, particularly in aquaculture industry and tourism - are expected to develop over the next decade.", "B. Industrial wastewater emissions, including point sources: hazardous substances, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals - hydrocarbons - nutritious emissions (direct inputs and river inputs and atmospheric transmission) - addressing the nature of the impact, including the impact of the food chain on human health — is expected to develop over the next decade.", "C. Agricultural trajections and emissions: scale (direct inputs and river inputs and nutritious substances) - nature of impacts - expected developments over the next decade.", "D. Fulfilization: combined impacts of municipal, industrial and agricultural inputs, taking into account the ambiguity of coastal waters and the impact of nitrogen-free impacts in the rivers — cross-references to the impact of fish and the impact of food networks.", "F. Practical, potential and suspected impacts of radioactive material imported by nuclear and non-nuclear industries.", "G. Regulatory framework for the management of the effects of entry of land sources: global programme of action - regional conventions - national plans - scope of implementation practices - expected accomplishments and unforeseen consequences.", "H. Managing the capacity-building needs for wastewater, industrial wastewater and agricultural streams and monitoring their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 20", "The scale and importance of the maritime oil industry: place, scale of production and the development of the next decade — economic interests of States.", "Impact of exploration, including seismic survey: scale and projected developments over the next decade.", "20.C. Impacts of production: scale and projected development, including sewerage emissions from facilities that cover, use of chemicals, burning, generating water.", "D. Disasters and their impacts, including longer-term implications.", "E. Retirement.", "G. Regulatory framework for the management of offshore oil facilities: practices and scope of implementation — the benefits and unexpected consequences that have been achieved — training in the implementation of the rules for the protection of the marine environment.", "20.H. Managing linkages between the Government and the maritime oil industry and monitoring capacity-building needs for the impact of hydrocarbon facilities on the marine environment.", "Chapter 21 Other marine energy industries", "A. The scale of wind, wave and tidal power — current, planning and forecasting.", "Environmental benefits and impacts of wind, wave and tidal power generation.", "C. Expected economic performance of wind, wave and tidal power.", "The regulatory framework for the management of energy facilities in the near-Earth non-carbon category: practices and scope of implementation — the benefits and unexpected consequences that have been achieved.", "E. Planning and management of recent sea wind, wave and tidal power generation and capacity-building to monitor their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 22", "A. The scale and significance of the extraction of sands: impacts on the environment.", "Economic benefits for the extraction of sands.", "C. Other seabed mining status: current status and potential size.", "D. Regulatory framework for the management of the near-Earth mining industry: practices and scope of implementation - the benefits and unexpected consequences achieved.", "E. Planning and management of capacity-building in offshore mining.", "Chapter 23", "A. Types and quantities of waste dumped by sea, including potential impacts on the marine environment, are expected to fall over the next decade.", "The regulatory framework governing the dumping of solid wastes: the scope of practices and implementation — the benefits and unexpected consequences achieved.", "C. Capacity-building needs for the management of solid wastes at sea and monitoring of the consequences of the marine environment.", "Chapter 24 Ocean wastes", "Various causes of marine waste, including lack of control over land waste disposal, lack of management of beach waste and ship garbage, and the scale and distribution of the problem.", "Approaches to dealing with marine waste — scope of implementation — progress has been made.", "C. Capacity-building needs to deal with marine garbage and monitor the quantity of marine garbage.", "Chapter 25", "A. Land reclaims: scale and place of land reclaims and changes to habitat and affected habitats - regulatory approaches for managing land reclaims and changing habitats - results.", "B. Land erosion: economic and social costs of land erosion - impact of coastal defence on marine and coastal habitats, including beachs and marginalized islands - impact on small island developing States - cost of coastal defence - regulatory and management approaches for coastal defence.", "C. Changes in sediments: sediments in the marine environment caused by rain and river-induced land erosion — reduced water resources management that contribute to ocean sediments — the effects of two types of changes on marine and coastal habitats, including rivers, Delta, and the seabed's cere — the regulatory approach to control the change of silence — the scope of implementation — results.", "D. Management of capacity-building needs for the interaction and monitoring of impacts on the marine environment at the physical level.", "Chapter 26", "Tourism and recreation industries, including the location and size of the cruise: employment - economic benefits of the tourism industry - to protect the economic benefits of marine biodiversity.", "A bis. Recreation and sports fisheries and their impact on marine wildlife.", "A. ter. Effects of recreational and tourist vessels on sensitive sea areas.", "The role of the tourism industry, including the cruise, on sewage and pollution issues (see also “Parcial wastewater”).", "26.C. Tourism places and scales of other environmental impacts, including interference and damage to habitats.", "C bis. The relationship between tourism and the protection of marine species and habitats (e.g., the recognition of hygienic and hya fish protected areas).", "Modalities for managing the environmental impacts of tourism - scope of implementation - results.", "E. Capacity-building needs to manage and monitor the impacts of tourism on the marine environment.", "Chapter 27", "The scale, its social and economic benefits and their environmental impacts. Capacity-building needs for seawater downgrading.", "Chapter 28 Use of marine genetic resources", "The thematic, location and scale of current research and development, including the use of marine genetic resources and related issues such as intellectual property.", "B. Regulatory approaches for research and development of marine genetic resources in waters under national jurisdiction [9] - scope of implementation - results.", "C. Capacity-building for research and development of marine genetic resources and their management.", "Chapter 29 Specific issues arising from defence activities for the marine environment", "B. Voices of recurrent coastal defence activities affect marine life.", "C. The scale of ammunition dumped by sea and the problems posed by dumping of ammunition and chemical weapons.", "Chapter 30", "The topic, scale and place of marine scientific research.", "Approaches to marine scientific research - scope of implementation - results.", "C. Capacity-building needs for marine scientific research, including technology transfer.", "Conclusions on other human activities", "An overview of key issues identified in chapters 16 to 30, including capacity-building needs and information gaps.", "Part VI", "Assessment of marine biodiversity and habitat", "Summary", "The purpose of this part is to: (a) outline the situation of marine biodiversity and knowledge in this regard; (b) review the status and trends of marine ecosystems, species and habitats that are being reduced or require protection; and (c) review the regulatory and management practices of protection, including their scope and outcome; and (d) identify capacity-building needs.", "Section A: Overview of Marine Ecosystems", "Chapter 31 ter Scale of marine biodiversity", "The main ladder of species, species degradation and habitat (at sea to deep sea, equateurs to polar, base qualitative category, salinity).", "Scope of marine biodiversity assessment", "Their status, trends and threats are proportional to the main categories of species and habitat of different marine regions analysed by the system.", "Chapter 31", "An overview of the status, trends and threats contained in these assessments, including the cumulative effects of pressures, is presented in the main categories and in the marine region.", "Section A: Ecological and biological sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "These are global authorities such as the United Nations General Assembly, the Convention on Biological Diversity or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations that have identified areas and ecosystems requiring specific attention.", "Chapter 32", "Types, locations, size, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 33", "Types, locations, size, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 34", "Types, locations, size, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 35", "Types, locations, size, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 36", "Location, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 37", "Location, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Other types of ecological and biological sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "Types, place, quantity and extent, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B - Other species and habitats that have been identified to be threatened, are diminishing or otherwise required for protection", "Chapter 40 Depending on a range of regional ecosystems and on the conventions and arrangements covered by the Bonn Convention or other international agreements, including regional fisheries management organizations", "A. Migratory marine mammals: distribution, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "B. Sea turtles: distribution, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "C. Highly Migratory fish species: distribution, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "D. Migratory sea birds: distribution, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 41", "Each species or species category: distribution, quantity, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 42", "Each habitat category or group of habitat categories: distribution, area, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B bis: regulatory and regulatory framework and capacity-building needs", "Chapter 42 bis Regulatory and management framework", "The regulatory and regulatory framework and practices for the protection of species and habitats, including marine protected areas - scope of implementation - the benefits and unexpected consequences achieved.", "Chapter 42 ter Capacity-building needs", "Assessment of the status of species and habitats and the capacity-building needs for the management of protected species and habitats that are considered to require protection.", "Section C", "Summary", "The main issues identified in chapters 31 bis to 42 ter, including an overview of capacity-building needs and information gaps.", "Part VII", "Overall assessment", "Chapter 44 Overall assessment of the marine impact of human beings", "Consideration of the impact of cumulative pressure on the overall state of the oceans.", "B. A different methodology to assess the overall assessment of human impacts on the oceans.", "Chapter 45", "Different approaches are used to assess the benefits of humanity from the oceans.", "Appendix", "Terminology", "Terminology used to clarify the main characteristics of the marine basin and the interlinkages", "A. Summaries of the technical terminology used to clarify the main geological features: closed and semi-closed sea — continental shelf and lope — in Oceans — seamounts — corals and other biomass — sediment — main rivers — the Gulf and the river — the marine archaeological formation — coastal geological formations, sand beach, marine wetlands, mangroves and beachs.", "A brief summary of the technical terminology used to clarify the main features of the water column: water body — temperate streams — major ocean streams — formation of deep-seal water (downs) and exacerbation — ci acidification — ice coverage.", "Terms used to clarify ocean rights and obligations", "This section will include the definition of terminology used in the Convention on the Law of the Sea for the assessment process (a territorial, exclusive economic area, etc.) in order to inform the reader of the exact meaning.", "One delegation drew the attention of the Meeting to the fact that a member of the Group of Experts was unable to attend because of the failure to obtain a visa on entry in a timely manner.", "[2] Workshops may require host countries and the United Nations to sign an agreement.", "[3] AD(a) See annex B to a set of options prepared pursuant to paragraph 212 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 of December 2010, available at www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/Set-of-Options.pdf.", "[4] AD(a) A/64/88, paras. States may establish focal points in the relevant national authorities or institutions or in the Permanent Mission in New York. Other contact points may also be designated for access to the website restricted blocks, but there must be clear and single communications links with participating countries of the regular process.", "[5] The services provided by the oceans to provide material supplies are largely supplied with food and are described in part IV (food security and safety). Other aspects of material supply services are described in part V (other activities that affect the marine environment).", "[6] AD(c) and see chapter 26 on recreational fishing.", "[7] AD(d) as defined in the FAO International Plan of Action on Illicit, unregulated and Unreported Fishing.", "[8] In this chapter and in two chapters, the near sea covers all facilities located in the marine environment, including water, territorial waters or exclusive economic zones.", "[9] In the light of the current discussion on marine genetic resources for the high seas, there appears to be no possibility for an assessment of this approach." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用 特别委员会的报告", "联合国机关惯例汇编和安全理事会惯例汇辑", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "根据大会第65/31号决议，本报告简要介绍自上份报告(A/65/214)以来秘书处增订《联合国机关惯例汇编》和《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的进展情况。请大会参照本报告第14段和第27段中的结论采取行动。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/31号决议编制的。大会在该决议第9段中赞扬秘书长在《联合国机关惯例汇编》研究报告的编制工作方面取得的进展，包括为此目的更多地利用联合国实习人员方案以及进一步扩大与学术机构的合作，并赞扬在增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面取得的进展。大会在第10段中赞赏地注意到会员国向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金和用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供捐助；并在第11段中再次呼吁向上述信托基金作出自愿捐助，并在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订这两个出版物。大会在第12段中吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇编》和《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本，同时特别处理《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压的问题。大会在第13段中重申秘书长有责任保证两份出版物的质量，在《汇辑》方面，请秘书长继续采用1952年9月18日秘书长报告(A/2170)第102至106段所述的方式。最后，大会在第14段中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于《汇编》和《汇辑》的报告。", "二. 《联合国机关惯例汇编》", "A. 编制《联合国机关惯例汇编》的补编", "2. 自上次报告(A/65/214)以来，在编制关于积压的《汇编》补编研究报告方面取得了重大进展。秘书处已编妥第7、8和9号补编第二卷和第六卷研究报告，分别是：关于第十七条的研究报告，将纳入第7、8和9号补编第二卷；关于第十一条的研究报告，将第9号补编第二卷；关于第十三条的研究报告，将纳入第8和9号补编第二卷；关于第九十七、九十八和一百零一条的研究报告，将纳入第8和9号补编第六卷；关于第九十九和一百零三条的研究报告，将纳入第9号补编第六卷。秘书处已将第7和8号补编第二卷送交翻译和出版，不久之后还会将第9号补编第二卷送交翻译和出版。", "3. 鉴于大会在第65/31号决议第12段中吁请秘书长特别处理《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压的问题，政治事务部安全理事会事务司在与该出版物协调方法律事务厅编纂司讨论后(见下文第13段)，编写了关于第二十三㈠、二十五、二十七、二十九、三十一、三十二和三十三㈡条的研究报告，以便纳入第7、8和9号补编(1985-1999年)第三卷。这些研究报告介绍了关于《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的有关研究报告，并提供了与这些研究报告的链接。提供这些链接的目的是，使关于《汇编》和《汇辑》的研究报告避免出现重叠。为《宪章》上述每一条款都编制了一项研究报告，涵盖的是三项补编所涵盖的整个时期。", "4. 在编制第10号补编(2000-2009年)的研究报告方面也取得了重大进展。在本报告所述期间，在实习人员协助下，或者通过与学术机构协作，还编制了下列研究报告：", "(a) 关于第一㈠、一㈢、一㈣、二㈠、二㈡、二㈢和二㈤条的研究报告和关于第一㈡、二㈥、四和七条的研究报告，将纳入第一卷；", "(b) 关于第九、十、十一、十二、十五、二十、二十一和二十二条的研究报告，将纳入第二卷；", "(c) 关于第五十五(子)和(丑)以及五十七条的研究报告，将纳入第四卷；", "(d) 关于第八十六、八十九、九十和九十一条的研究报告，将纳入第五卷；", "(e) 关于第九十六、九十八和一百零二条的研究报告，将纳入第六卷。", "5. 该出版物现况如下：28卷业已出版，[1] 8卷已定稿并送交翻译和出版。[2] 5卷已经编妥，不久将送交翻译和出版。[3] 因此，整套出版物分为50卷(原《汇编》加补编)，还有9卷尚未完成；其中6卷涉及第10号补编，涵盖的是最近的审查时期，这6卷处于不同的编制阶段(见上文第4段)；尚未完成的另外3卷是第7、8和9号补编的第三卷。", "6. 本报告附件一载列负责编制《汇编》中关于《联合国宪章》各条款的研究报告的秘书处各单位的职责。附件二提供关于《汇编》现况的资料。", "B. 在因特网上提供《汇编》研究报告", "7. 联合国《汇编》网站(www.un.org/law/repertory)提供已完成的41卷中的研究报告，其中包括目前正在进行处理以供出版的13卷。该网站继续提供几份已经定稿但正等待相关各卷编完的关于《宪章》各条款的研究报告的预发版，这些研究报告将纳入第7、8和9号补编第三卷，此外，网站还提供将纳入第10号补编的几份研究报告预发版。《汇编》电子版设有全文检索功能，用户可以用该出版物的3种语文，即英文、法文和西班牙文，在瞬间检索所有研究报告中的任何一个词或词组。", "8. 目前，所有研究报告的英文本均已上网，多数法文本和西班牙文本研究报告也已上网。等待出版的定稿研究报告都已以各自的编写语文(大部分是英文，小部分是法文)上网。秘书处将继续以电子方式提供已定稿的《汇编》研究报告的所有3种语文版本。", "C. 与学术机构的合作", "9. 与哥伦比亚大学法学院建立的良好合作关系已持续第八个年头，8名学生共协助编完了与第10号补编第一、二、四和六卷有关的9份研究报告。[4] 在前一年开始与渥太华大学合作，合作很成功，该大学一个攻读高等学位的学生小组编制了第10号补编的六项研究报告。[5] 此外，与日内瓦大学合作，完成了将纳入第9号补编第六卷的一项研究报告。[6]", "D. 信托基金", "10. 大会在第65/31号决议中再次呼吁向第59/44号决议所设用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金作出自愿捐助。为此，向所有常驻联合国代表团发出了一份普通照会，提请注意是否有可能向信托基金作出自愿捐助，并请各代表团提请或许愿意在这方面提供帮助的私营机构和个人注意《汇编》的经费问题。秘书长欣见爱尔兰向信托基金捐助6 929美元。", "11. 目前正在考虑进一步利用咨询人协助编制将近完成的各卷的研究报告。因此，强烈鼓励向信托基金提供更多捐款，使秘书处能切实消除《汇编》的积压现象。", "E. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的建议", "12. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会在2011年2月28日至3月4日以及3月7日和9日举行的会议上审议了《汇编》和《汇辑》问题。特别委员会在其报告(A/66/33，第63段)中除其他外，建议大会在《汇编》方面，赞扬秘书长在编制研究报告方面取得的进展，包括为此目的更多地利用联合国实习人员方案以及进一步扩大与学术机构的合作；赞赏地注意到会员国向用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供的捐款；再次呼吁向该信托基金提供自愿捐助，以便进一步支持秘书处切实消除《汇编》的积压现象，以及在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订该出版物；吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物，并提供其各种语文的电子文本；表示严重关切在减少《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压方面未取得进展，呼吁秘书长有效并优先解决这一问题；重申秘书长有责任保证《汇编》的质量。", "F. 部门间宪章汇编委员会", "13. 为执行大会关于切实消除积压现象的任务(第65/31号决议，第11段)，部门间宪章汇编委员会在2011年2月17日会议上继续探讨采取新做法编制积压各卷研究报告的可能性。《汇编》协调方编纂司和安全理事会事务司在2011年3月11日举行的后续会议上商定，将合并将纳入第7、8和9号补编第三卷的研究报告，并在报告中提供与《汇辑》有关研究报告的链接(见上文第3段)。双方还商定，应作出一切努力，包括利用实习人员和与学术机构合作，消除第三卷积压问题。", "G. 结论", "14. 关于《联合国机关惯例汇编》，根据上述情况，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到该出版物的现状，包括在编制《汇编》的研究报告及以3种语文(英文、法文和西班牙文)将这些报告张贴到因特网方面所取得的进展；", "(b) 审议特别委员会有关下列事项的建议(见上文第12段)：为编制研究报告，更多地利用联合国实习人员方案，并进一步扩大与学术机构的合作；向用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供自愿捐助，以进一步支持秘书处切实消除积压；在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订该出版物；吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物并继续有效并优先消除《汇编》第三卷积压问题；应提供《汇编》所有语文的电子文本；重申秘书长有责任保证《汇编》的质量；", "(c) 对用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金收到的捐款表示感谢；注意到利用该信托基金在消除积压现象方面取得的进展；并强烈鼓励各国向该信托基金提供更多捐款。", "三. 《安全理事会惯例汇辑》", "A. 任务和编制情况", "15. 《安全理事会惯例汇辑》最早是大会1952年12月5日第686(VII)号决议授权编制的，持续不断地记录安全理事会在《联合国宪章》及安理会暂行议事规则框架内不断形成的惯例和程序。最近，大会第65/31号决议吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。", "16. 根据大会所授任务，自上一份报告(A/65/214)以来，秘书处在编制《汇辑》的补编方面取得了大量进展。按照允许同时编制两份或更多份补编的“双轨制”办法，过去一年里，在1952年9月18日秘书长报告(A/2170)第102至106段所述方式范围内，秘书处进行了《汇辑》第15号和16号补编(分别涵盖2004至2007年及2008至2009年期间)的编制工作。", "17. 第14号补编(2000-2003年)编制完成后，秘书处得以将所有努力集中在自2004年以来安全理事会的当代惯例方面。第15号补编(2004-2007年)已全部完成，其预发版已张贴在《汇辑》网站，可通过电子方式查阅。", "18. 在过去一年里，在编制涵盖期间较短的两年期(2008和2009年)的第16号补编方面也取得了很大进展。目前正在编制所有部分，预期最迟将于2011年底完成编制工作。关于按年代顺序记录安全理事会审议其议程项目情况的部分，已完成研究报告，预发版能从《汇辑》网站上通过电子方式查阅。", "19. 鉴于在完成第16号补编方面取得的进展，秘书处开始编制涵盖2010和2011年的第17号补编的工作。秘书处在过去一年里，通过其内部数据库跟踪和记录安全理事会的当代惯例，为编制这一补编系统地打下基础。但是，该补编的编制进展将取决于安全理事会事务司安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的人员配置情况以及能否持续获得资源；下文第26段将进一步讨论这一点。", "20. 同时，秘书处已在可用资源范围内，继续努力在不损害准确性和平衡的情况下，采取几种提高效率的举措，以最快速的方式编制《汇辑》。这些举措包括：向工作人员提供专门训练；改进信息和知识共享机制；精简《汇辑》各章，以减少重复冗余；改进数据库，包括建立安全理事会决定和任务规定新模块，以记录和检索日益增加的以往和现行安全理事会惯例和程序，并生成表格和文本；以及增订内部导则和模板，以吸取工作人员的专门知识并确保《汇辑》编制工作的一致性。", "21. 同步编制《汇辑》的几份大部头补编并非易事。尽管秘书处已通过各种举措，在更新《汇辑》和向会员国提供关于安理会当前惯例的较新资料方面取得了进展，但在这些补编的编辑、翻译、索引编制和出版方面仍然遇到新的挑战。秘书处仍在继续探讨各种备选方案，以解决在出版这些补编方面遇到的现有资源限制以及因此而造成的拖延。目前，秘书处选择采用的办法之一是，在《汇辑》网站上张贴已完成的补编和正在编制的补编各章的预发版。", "B. 预发版：《汇辑》的研究报告可在网上查阅", "22. 为了确保充分利用已定稿的章节，自2010年12月以来，秘书处彻底改换了《汇辑》网站，进一步加强了其搜索能力，并提供了方便用户的接口，从而可以较快地获取《汇辑》所载关于安全理事会惯例的丰富信息。秘书处将视可动用资金的情况，采取类似办法，将网站翻译成其余正式语文。", "23. 为了方便尽快调阅资料，秘书处将《汇辑》各章的定稿预发版张贴上网(见本报告附件三)。此外，已出版的各项补编和尚未出版的第13至15号补编(1996-2007年)所有章节预发版都已张贴上网。", "24. 除编制《汇辑》之外，秘书处还应请求提供关于安全理事会及其附属机构当前和以往惯例问题的信息。在本报告所述期间，秘书处及时和准确地答复了会员国以及联合国系统官员和其他国际组织的工作人员、非政府组织、学生、学者和研究人员及私营部门直接或通过《汇辑》网站向秘书处提出的来文和请求。鉴于从网上收到的询问很多，秘书处设立了一个专门电子邮件账户，以处理这种询问，并鼓励会员国将询问发往dpa-repertoire@un.org这个账户。", "C. 出版各种语文版本(印刷本和电子本)", "25. 大会第55/222号决议要求秘书长以所有6种正式语文印发以后的《汇辑》补编。根据这一决议，第10号和第11号补编已经以所有正式语文出版。第12号(1993-1995年)、第13号(1996-1999年)和第14号补编(2000-2003年)已送交翻译以便以所有正式语文出版，今后各卷也将在编写和编辑完成后立即提送翻译和出版。秘书处还将继续尽一切努力，将《汇辑》已完成的最新补编尽快用6种正式语文张贴上网。", "D. 资源", "26. 没有大会的持续支持，《汇辑》就不可能编制出版，《汇辑》网站就不可能得到重新设计。与此同时，向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供自愿捐助仍然是一个重要因素，可在财政拮据的情况下维持增订《汇辑》工作的进展，维护其所有六个正式语文版本网站。由于注入了预算外资源，秘书处得以保留协助编制《汇辑》的临时工作人员，并同步编制其若干补编。自上一份报告(A/65/214)以来，墨西哥向信托基金提供了捐款。此外，德国继续赞助安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的协理专家，他们为推进《汇辑》编制工作做出了宝贵贡献，从而为秘书处实现使这个出版物跟上时代的目标助了一臂之力。由于这一目标仍未完全实现，秘书处鼓励会员国继续通过向信托基金提供自愿捐助的方式，支持秘书处推进《汇辑》的编制工作。", "E. 结论", "27. 关于《安全理事会惯例汇辑》，根据上述情况，以及2011年2月28日至3月4日和3月7日及9日举行的联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会会议提出的建议，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到在增订《汇辑》方面取得的进展，包括通过利用用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金取得的进展；", "(b) 注意到为加快同步编制《汇辑》补编而实行的提高效率措施；", "(c) 注意到继续将《汇辑》的所有语文版本以电子形式张贴在联合国网站上；", "(d) 注意到《汇辑》网站得到改进，现在可以比较容易地通过网站获取关于安全理事会惯例的丰富信息；", "(e) 表示赞赏向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供的捐款，并再次呼吁向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金作出自愿捐助；", "(f) 赞赏地注意到德国自愿提供支持，赞助协理专家协助编制《汇辑》，并鼓励其他有此能力的会员国考虑提供这种援助。", "附件一", "主要负责编制关于《联合国宪章》各条款的《汇编》研究报告的秘书处单位^(a)", "部门 《汇编》卷次 \n 法律事务厅 第一卷：第一至七条 第二卷：第十三条第一项(子)款，第十八、十九和二十二条 \n\t第六卷：第九十二至九十九条，第一百零二至一百零五条，第一百零八至一百一十一条政治事务部\t第二卷：第十和十二条，第十三条第一项(子)款，第十四和十六条 第三卷：第二十三至三十九条，第一百零七条 \n\t第五卷：第七十三至八十五条，第八十七和八十八条\n 维持和平行动部 第三卷：第四十至五十四条，第一百零六条 \n 裁军事务厅 第二卷：第十一条 大会和会议管理部 第二卷：第九、十五、二十和二十一条 第四卷：第六十和六十一条，第六十二条第三和四项，第六十五至六十九条，第七十二条 \n 第五卷：第八十六条，第八十九至九十一条 管理事务部 第二卷：第十七条 \n 第六卷：第一百条第一项，第一百零一条 \n管理事务部与法律事务厅\t第六卷：第一百条第二项经济和社会事务部\t第二卷：第八条，^(b)第十三条第一项(丑)款和第二项 \n\t第四卷：第五十五条(子)款和(丑)款，第五十七至五十九条，第六十二条第一项，第六十三、六十四、七十和七十一条\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处\t第二卷：第十三条第一项(丑)款第四卷：第五十五条(寅)款，第五十六条，第六十二条第二项\n 外层空间事务厅 第二卷：第十三条第一项(子)款", "^(a) 职责的分配是部门间宪章汇编委员会自1996年以来在不同时间作出的几项决定的结果，可由委员会审查更改。", "^(b) 管理事务部(人力资源管理厅)负责编制第八条，涵盖期间直至1996年(包括该年)。自1997年起的期间改由经济和社会事务部负责。", "附件二", "《联合国机关惯例汇编》的现况(2011年7月)", "已出版和上网的各卷 提交出版的研究报告 已上网的研究报告 编制中或审查中的 (所属补编尚未提交出版) 研究报告", "注：下表所示为第6至10号补编中研究报告的分卷编排情况。《汇编》及第1至5号补编的编排不同。", "[TABLE]", "1954至1980年编制的研究报告", "1996至2011年编制的研究报告", "附件三", "《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的现况", "(2011年7月)", "已出版和上网的各补编www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/\t上网的定稿\t上网的预发版\t正在编制的各章\t正在进行的初步研究", "A. 已完成《汇辑》各补编的现况", "《汇辑》/补编 现况 语文\n 《汇辑》原卷 英文, 法文 和第1至9号补编(1946-1984年)", "第10和11号补编(1985-1992年) 英文, 法文,阿拉伯文, 中文, 英文,法文,俄文, 西班牙文[7]\n第12号补编(1993-1995年) 英文,仍在翻译其他语文文本\n第13号补编(1996-1999年) 英文,仍在翻译其他语文文本\n第14号补编(2000-2003年) 英文\n第15号补编(2004-2007年) 英文", "B. 正在编制的《汇辑》各补编现况", "部分(程序问题和组织法问题)", "[TABLE]", "[1] 《汇编》和第1至6号补编(1946-1984年)共26卷，以及第7号补编(1985-1988年)第五和第六卷。", "[2] 第7号补编(1985-1988年)第一和第四卷，以及第8号补编(1989-1994年)和第9号补编(1995-1999年)的第一、第四和第五卷。", "[3] 第7号补编第二卷；第8和第9号补编第二卷和第六卷。", "[4] 关于《宪章》第四条、第七条、第二十二条、第五十五(子)(丑)和(寅)条、第五十六条、第五十七条、第六十三条和第九十六条的研究报告。", "[5] 关于《宪章》第一㈠、一㈢、一㈣、二㈠、二㈡、二㈢和二㈤条的研究报告和关于第一㈡、二㈥、十、十一和十二条的研究报告。", "[6] 关于《宪章》第一百零三条的研究报告。", "[7] 按照大会第55/222号决议的规定，《汇辑》的这个补编以及其后的补编都以联合国的所有正式语文出版。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "* A/66/150.", "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In conformity with General Assembly resolution 65/31, the present report outlines the progress made by the Secretariat since the last report (A/65/214) in updating the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The Assembly is invited to take action in the light of the conclusions drawn in paragraphs 14 and 27 of the present report.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31. In paragraph 9 of the resolution, the Assembly commended the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose, as well as the progress made towards updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. In paragraph 10, the Assembly noted with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire, as well as to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; and, in paragraph 11, the Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to those trust funds and the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the two publications. In paragraph 12, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertory and the Repertoire and making them available electronically in all their respective language versions and to address, in particular, the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory. In paragraph 13, the Assembly reiterated the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the two publications and, with regard to the Repertoire, called upon the Secretary-General to continue to follow the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of his report of 18 September 1952 (A/2170). Finally, in paragraph 14, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on both the Repertory and the Repertoire to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "II. Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "A. Preparation of supplements to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "2. Since the last report (A/65/214), significant progress has been made in the preparation of studies pertaining to Supplements that were in the backlog. All the studies in respect of volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 have been completed. These include studies on Article 17 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9; a study on Article 11 for volume II of Supplement No. 9; studies on Article 13 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; studies on Articles 97, 98 and 101 for volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; and studies on Articles 99 and 103 for volume VI of Supplement No. 9. The Secretariat has submitted volume II of Supplements Nos. 7 and 8 and will shortly submit volume II of Supplement No. 9 and volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9 for translation and publication.", "3. Bearing in mind the call made upon the Secretary-General, in paragraph 12 of General Assembly resolution 65/31, to address, in particular, the backlog concerning volume III of the Repertory, and following discussions (see para. 13 below) with the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs acting as coordinator for this publication, the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs prepared studies on Articles 23 (1), 25, 27, 29, 31, 32 and 33 (2), for inclusion in volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 (1985-1999). These studies introduce and provide links to the relevant studies of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The links thus provided are intended to replace the elaboration of Repertory studies whenever there would be an overlap with the studies of the Repertoire. A single study for each of the above-mentioned provisions of the Charter addresses the entire period that is covered under the three Supplements.", "4. Significant progress has also been achieved in the preparation of studies for Supplement No. 10 (2000-2009). During the reporting period, the following additional studies have been prepared with the assistance of interns or in collaboration with academic institutions:", "(a) A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 4 and 7 for volume I;", "(b) Studies on Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21 and 22 for volume II;", "(c) Studies on Articles 55 (a) and (b) and 57 for volume IV;", "(d) Studies on Articles 86, 89, 90 and 91 for volume V;", "(e) Studies on Articles 96, 98 and 102 for volume VI.", "5. The current status of the publication is as follows: 28 volumes have been published[1] and 8 volumes have been finalized and submitted for translation and publication.[2] Five completed volumes will soon be submitted for translation and publication.[3] Consequently, from among the 50 volumes of which the publication as a whole (original Repertory and supplements thereto) should consist, work remains to be completed on 9 volumes; 6 of those volumes pertain to Supplement No. 10, covering the most recent reviewable period, and are at different stages of preparation (see para. 4 above). The other three volumes on which work remains to be completed correspond to volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9.", "6. Annex I to the present report sets out the responsibilities of individual Secretariat units for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations. Annex II provides information on the status of the Repertory.", "B. Availability of Repertory studies on the Internet", "7. Studies from 41 complete volumes, including the 13 volumes in processing for publication, are available on the United Nations website for the Repertory (www.un.org/law/repertory). Advance versions of several studies on individual Articles for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9, as well as several studies for Supplement No. 10 which have been finalized and are awaiting completion of the respective volumes, continued to be accessible on the website. The electronic version of the Repertory includes a full-text search feature, providing the users with the opportunity to search all the studies instantaneously for any word or combination of words in the three languages of the publication, namely English, French and Spanish.", "8. Currently, all studies available in English are on the Internet, and most of them are also available on the Internet in French and Spanish. Finalized studies awaiting publication are placed on the Internet in the language in which they have been prepared (English for most of them, and French for some of them). The Secretariat will continue to make available electronically all three language versions of the finalized Repertory studies.", "C. Cooperation with academic institutions", "9. The well-established cooperation with Columbia University Law School continued for the eighth consecutive year. In total, eight students contributed to the preparation of nine studies relating to volumes I, II, IV and VI of Supplement No. 10.[4] The cooperation with the University of Ottawa, commenced during the preceding year, was successful: six studies pertaining to Supplement No. 10 were prepared by a team of advanced students from that University.[5] Furthermore, a study for volume VI of Supplement No. 9 was completed in collaboration with the University of Geneva.[6]", "D. Trust fund", "10. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to its resolution 59/44, in order to eliminate the backlog in the Repertory. Accordingly, a note verbale was sent to all permanent missions to the United Nations reminding them of the possibility of making voluntary contributions to the trust fund and inviting them to bring the question of funding for the Repertory to the attention of private institutions and individuals that might wish to assist in that regard. The Secretary-General welcomes with appreciation the contribution of $6,929 by Ireland to the trust fund.", "11. The further use of consultants for the preparation of studies pertaining to volumes that are near completion is envisaged. Additional contributions to the trust fund are strongly encouraged so as to allow the Secretariat to carry out the effective elimination of the backlog in the Repertory.", "E. Recommendations of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "12. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization considered the question of the Repertory and the Repertoire at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. In its report (A/66/33, para. 63), the Special Committee recommended, inter alia, with regard to the Repertory, that the General Assembly commend the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose; note with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog, as well as the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication and making it available electronically in all its language versions; express its serious concern that no progress has been made in reducing the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory and call upon the Secretary-General to address this issue effectively and on a priority basis; and reiterate the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the Repertory.", "F. Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory", "13. In the implementation of the General Assembly mandate concerning the effective elimination of the backlog (resolution 65/31, para. 11), the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory, at its meeting on 17 February 2011, continued to explore possibilities of new approaches in the preparation of studies concerning volumes that are in the backlog. At a follow-up meeting of 11 March 2011 between the Codification Division acting as coordinator for the Repertory and the Security Council Affairs Division, it was agreed that the studies to be prepared for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 would be merged and that links would be provided therein to the relevant studies of the Repertoire (see para. 3 above). It was also agreed that all efforts should be made to eliminate the backlog in volume III, including through the use of interns and cooperation with academic institutions.", "G. Conclusions", "14. With respect to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, in the light of the foregoing, the General Assembly may wish:", "(a) To note the current status of the publication, including the progress made in the preparation of Repertory studies and in their posting on the Internet in three languages (English, French and Spanish);", "(b) To consider the recommendations of the Special Committee (see para. 12 above) concerning the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and the further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for the preparation of studies; voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog; the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; the call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication, and to continue to address effectively and on a priority basis the elimination of the backlog in volume III of the Repertory; and the desirability of making it available electronically in all its language versions; and the reiteration of the Secretary-General’s responsibility for the quality of the Repertory;", "(c) To express appreciation for the contributions received to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; to note the progress made towards the elimination of that backlog through the utilization of the trust fund; and to strongly encourage States to make additional contributions to the trust fund.", "III. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "A. Mandate and preparation", "15. The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, originally mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 686 (VII) of 5 December 1952, continues to provide a record of the evolving practice and procedure of the Security Council in the framework of the Charter of the United Nations and the Council’s provisional rules of procedure. Most recently, by its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertoire and making it available electronically in all its respective language versions.", "16. Pursuant to the mandate provided by the General Assembly, the Secretariat has made much progress in the preparation of supplements to the Repertoire since the last report (A/65/214). In line with the “two-track” approach that allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, in the past year the Secretariat worked on the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements to the Repertoire, covering the period 2004 to 2007 and the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, within the context of the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170).", "17. The completion of the fourteenth Supplement (2000-2003) allowed the Secretariat to focus all of its efforts on the contemporary practice of the Security Council from 2004 onwards. The entire fifteenth Supplement (2004-2007) has been completed and made available electronically on the Repertoire website in the advance version.", "18. Much progress has also been made in the past year in the preparation of the sixteenth Supplement, covering a shorter two-year period (2008 and 2009). Work on all parts is in progress and it is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Studies for the part which provides a chronological record of the Security Council’s consideration of items on its agenda have already been made available electronically on the Repertoire website in an advance version.", "19. In view of the progress made towards the completion of the sixteenth Supplement, the Secretariat has initiated work on the seventeenth Supplement, covering 2010 and 2011. The groundwork for preparation of that Supplement was systematically laid down over the past year, through the tracking and recording of the contemporary practice of the Security Council in internal databases. However, progress on that Supplement will depend on the staffing situation in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch of the Security Council Affairs Division and the continuing availability of resources, which is considered further in paragraph 26 below.", "20. Meanwhile, within the limits of the resources available to it, the Secretariat has continued its efforts at producing the Repertoire in the most expeditious manner consistent with accuracy and balance by resorting to several efficiency-enhancing initiatives. Such initiatives include specialized training of staff; creation of improved information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms; streamlining of individual parts of the Repertoire to reduce redundancies and overlaps; enhancement of databases, including new modules on Security Council decisions and mandates, to record and retrieve the mounting body of past and current practice and procedures of the Security Council as well as to generate tables and text; and updating of internal guidelines and templates to capture staff expertise and ensure consistency in the preparation of the Repertoire.", "21. The simultaneous preparation of several voluminous supplements to the Repertoire has not been without challenges. Although the Secretariat has managed to achieve, through various initiatives, progress towards updating the Repertoire and providing Member States with more up-to-date information on current Security Council practice, it has faced additional challenges in terms of editing, translating, indexing and publishing the supplements. The Secretariat is continuing to explore various options to address the existing resource constraints and consequent delays in publishing the supplements. In the interim, one of the options it has relied upon has been the posting of completed supplements and individual chapters of supplements under preparation in an advance version on the Repertoire website.", "B. Advance publication: availability of Repertoire studies on the Internet", "22. To ensure that finalized chapters can be fully utilized, since December 2010 the Secretariat has completely overhauled the Repertoire website, further enhancing its search capabilities and providing a user-friendly interface that allows for quicker access to the wealth of information on the practices of the Security Council set out in the Repertoire. Depending on the availability of funds the Secretariat will similarly seek to have the website translated into the remaining official languages.", "23. To allow access to information as quickly as possible, the Secretariat has posted on its website finalized chapters of the Repertoire in an advance version (see annex III to the present report). In addition to the published supplements, all chapters of the still unpublished thirteenth to fifteenth Supplements (1996 to 2007) have been posted in an advance version.", "24. In addition to the preparation of the Repertoire, the Secretariat, upon request, provides information on questions relating to both the current and past practice of the Security Council and its subsidiary organs. During the reporting period it responded, in a timely and accurate fashion, to communications and requests for information from Member States as well as from officials of the United Nations system and staff of other international organizations, non-governmental organizations, students, academic scholars and researchers and the private sector which reached the Secretariat directly and through the Repertoire website. Given the volume of queries received online, the Secretariat set up a special e-mail account to process such queries and encourages Member States to address queries to the account: dpa-repertoire@un.org.", "C. Publication in language versions (print and electronic)", "25. In compliance with General Assembly resolution 55/222, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to publish the future supplements to the Repertoire in all six official languages, the tenth and eleventh Supplements have been published in all official languages. The twelfth (1993-1995), thirteenth (1996-1999) and fourteenth (2000-2003) Supplements have been submitted for translation and publication into all official languages and subsequent volumes will be submitted as soon as they are completed and edited. The Secretariat will also continue to make every effort to place the latest volumes of the Repertoire online in the six official languages as soon as they are available.", "D. Resources", "26. The preparation and publication of the Repertoire as well as the redesign of its website would not have been possible without the continued support of the General Assembly. At the same time, in an environment of financial constraint, voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remain an important element for sustaining progress on the Repertoire and maintaining the website in all six official languages. The infusion of extrabudgetary resources has enabled the Secretariat to retain the services of temporary staff assisting in the preparation of the Repertoire and to work simultaneously on several volumes of the publication. Since the last report (A/65/214), a contribution to the trust fund has been received from Mexico. In addition, Germany has continued to contribute by sponsoring an associate expert in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch, who has been making a valuable contribution to advancing the work on the Repertoire and thus helping the Secretariat to achieve its goal of bringing the publication up to date. As this goal remains to be met fully, the Secretariat encourages Member States to continue to support the Secretariat’s work on advancing the Repertoire through their voluntary contributions to the trust fund.", "E. Conclusions", "27. With respect to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, in the light of the foregoing and the recommendations made by the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011, the General Assembly may wish:", "(a) To note the progress made towards the updating of the Repertoire, including through the utilization of the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;", "(b) To note the implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures to expedite the simultaneous preparation of supplements to the Repertoire;", "(c) To note the continued posting of the Repertoire in electronic form in all language versions on the United Nations website;", "(d) To note the enhancement of the Repertoire website and the easy access it provides to the wealth of information on the practice of the Security Council;", "(e) To express appreciation for the contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire and to reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;", "(f) To note with appreciation the support which Germany has extended by sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, an associate expert to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire, and to encourage other Member States in a position to do so to consider providing such assistance.", "Annex I", "Secretariat units bearing primary responsibility for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations^(a)", "Department Repertory volume \n Office of Legal Affairs Volume I: Articles 1 to 7 \n\tVolume II: Articles 13 (l) (a),18, 19 and 22\n\tVolume VI: Articles 92 to 99,102 to 105 and 108 to 111\nDepartment of Political Affairs\tVolume II: Articles 10, 12, 13(1) (a), 14 and 16\n\tVolume III: Articles 23 to 39and 107\n\tVolume V: Articles 73 to 85, 87and 88\nDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations\tVolume III: Articles 40 to 54and 106\n Office for Disarmament Affairs Volume II: Article 11 Department for General Assemblyand Conference Management\tVolume II: Articles 9, 15, 20and 21 \n\tVolume IV: Articles 60, 61, 62(3) and (4),65 to 69 and 72\n\tVolume V: Articles 86 and 89 to91\n Department of Management Volume II: Article 17 \n\tVolume VI: Articles 100 (1) and101\nDepartment of Management withOffice ofLegal Affairs\tVolume VI: Article 100 (2)\nDepartment of Economic and SocialAffairs\tVolume II: Articles 8^(b) and13 (1) (b) and (2)\n\tVolume IV: Articles 55 (a) and(b), 57 to 59, 62 (1), 63, 64,70 and 71\nOffice of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights\tVolume II: Article 13 (1) (b)Volume IV: Articles 55 (c), 56and 62 (2)\n Office for Outer Space Affairs Volume II: Article 13 (1) (a)", "^(a) This distribution is the result of several decisions of the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory taken at various times since 1996 and is subject to review by the Committee.", "^(b) The Department of Management (Office of Human Resources Management) is responsible for the preparation of Article 8 for the period up to and including 1996. For the period from 1997 onward, that responsibility falls to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Annex II", "Status of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (July 2011)", "Volumes published Studies submitted Studies on the Studies in and for publication Internet preparation on the Internet (pertaining to or in review volumes not submitted for publication)", "Note: The organization of studies in volumes, as indicated below, relates to Supplements Nos. 6 to 10, and varies for the original Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 5.", "[TABLE]", "Studies prepared from 1954 to 1980", "Studies prepared from 1996 to 2011", "Annex III", "Status of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council (July 2011)", "Supplements published and Final Advance Parts in Preliminary posted on the Internet at version version preparation research www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire posted on available on in progress the Internet the Internet", "A. Status of the completed Repertoire Supplements", "Repertoire Status Languages \nOriginal Repertoire andSupplements I-IX (1946-1984) English, French\nSupplements X and XI(1985-1992) Arabic, Chinese,English, French,Russian, Spanish^(a)\nSupplement XII (1993-1995) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\nSupplement XIII (1996-1999) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\n Supplement XIV (2000-2003) English \n Supplement XV (2004-2007) English", "B. Status of Repertoire Supplements in preparation", "Parts (procedural and constitutional)\n I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Overview Provisional Purposes and Relations Functions Pacific Actions Regional Subsidiary Subsidiary rules of principles with other and powers settlement with arrangements organs: organs: procedure of the United of the of disputes respect to committees/ peacekeeping Charter Nations Security breaches other bodies and organs Council of the peacebuilding peace", "Supplement XVI (2008-2009)", "Supplement XVII (2010-2011)", "^(a) As mandated by the General Assembly in resolution 55/222, this Supplement and future Supplements to the Repertoire are to be published in all official languages of the United Nations.", "[1] Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 6 (1946-1984), for a total of 26 volumes, and volumes V and VI of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988).", "[2] Volumes I and IV of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988); and volumes I, IV and V of Supplements Nos. 8 (1989-1994) and 9 (1995-1999).", "[3] Volume II of Supplement No. 7; and volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9.", "[4] Studies on Articles 4, 7, 22, 55 (a) (b) and (c), 56, 57, 63 and 96 of the Charter.", "[5] A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 10, 11 and 12 of the Charter.", "[6] Study on Article 103 of the Charter." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31, the present report briefly describes the progress made by the Secretariat in updating the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council since the previous report (A/65/214). The General Assembly is invited to take action in the light of the conclusions contained in paragraphs 14 and 27 of the present report.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Introduction", "The present report is prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31. In paragraph 9 of that resolution, the General Assembly commended the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of the study of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, including the increased use of the United Nations Interns Programme for that purpose and the further expansion of cooperation with academic institutions, and commended the progress made in updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. In paragraph 10, the General Assembly noted with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for updating the Repertoire and to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog of the Repertory; in paragraph 11, reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the above-mentioned trust fund and, without increasing United Nations costs, voluntary sponsoring associate experts to assist in the updating of those publications. In paragraph 12, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the Repertory and the Repertoire and to provide in electronic format all their language versions, while addressing, inter alia, the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the compilation. In paragraph 13, the General Assembly reaffirmed the responsibility of the Secretary-General to ensure the quality of the two publications and, in the context of the Repertoire, requested the Secretary-General to continue to apply the modalities described in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170). Finally, in paragraph 14, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the compilation and the Repertoire.", "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "Preparation of supplements to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "Since the last report (A/65/214), significant progress has been made in the preparation of a study on the backlog of Supplements. The secretariat has prepared the second volume and sixth studies of Supplement No. 7, 8 and 9, respectively, on the study on Article 17, which will be included in Supplements No. 7, 8 and 9; on Article 11, Supplement II to Supplement No. 9; studies on Article 13 will be included in Supplement II to Supplement No. 8 and 9; studies on articles 97, 98 and 101 will be included in Supplement No. 6; studies on articles 99 and 101 will be included in Supplement No. 9 and Supplement No. 9 and Supplement No. 9. The Secretariat has sent volume II of Supplement Nos. 7 and 8 to translation and publication and, shortly thereafter, the second volume of Supplement No. 9.", "In accordance with paragraph 12 of its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to address, in particular, the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory, the Department of Security of the Department of Political Affairs, following discussions with the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs of the publication (see para. 13 below), prepared a study on articles 23 (i), 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32 and 33 (ii) in order to incorporate the study of articles 7, 8 and 9 (1985-1999). These studies present relevant studies on the Repertoire of Practice of the Security Council and provide links to them. The purpose of these links is to avoid duplication of studies on the Repertory and the Repertoire. A study was prepared for each of the provisions of the Charter covering the entire period covered by the three Supplements.", "Significant progress has also been made in the preparation of the study of Supplement No. 10 (2000-2009). During the reporting period, with the assistance of interns or through collaboration with academic institutions, the following studies were prepared:", "(a) Study on articles I (i), I (iii), I (iv), II (i), II (ii), II (iii) and II (v) and studies on articles I (ii), II (vi), IV and VII will be included in volume I;", "(b) A study on articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 20 and 22 will be included in volume II;", "(c) A study on articles 55 (a) and (b) and 57 will be included in volume IV;", "(d) A study on articles 86, 89, 910 and 911 will be included in volume V;", "(e) A study on articles 96, 98 and 101 will be included in volume VI.", "The status of the publication is as follows: 28 volumes have been published, 8 copies have been finalized and sent to translation and publication. [2] 5 volumes have been prepared and will soon be sent to translation and publication. [3] Therefore, the entire publication is divided into 50 volumes (formerly Supplements to the Compilation), and nine volumes have not yet been completed; six of which relate to Supplement No. 10, covering the recent period of review, which is in different stages of preparation (see para. 4 above); and another three volumes that have not yet been completed are volume III of Supplements 7, 8 and 9.", "Annex I to the present report contains the functions of the Secretariat units responsible for the preparation of studies on the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. Annex II provides information on the status of the compilation.", "Provision of a compilation study on the Internet", "The United Nations Compilation website (www.un.org/law/repertory) provides completed studies in 41 volumes, including the 13 volumes currently being processed for publication. The website continued to provide a number of pre-operative versions of studies that had been finalized but were awaiting completion of the relevant volumes on the provisions of the Charter, which would be included in Supplement Nos. 7, 8 and 9, and the website also provided a number of studies that would be incorporated into Supplement No. 10. The electronic version of the compendium has a full retrieval function, and users can use three languages of the publication, namely, English, French and Spanish, to retrieve any of the terms or reference groups in all studies instantly.", "At present, the English language of all studies is available and most French and Spanish studies are also available. Final studies awaiting publication are available in their respective languages (mostly English, and small parts are French). The secretariat will continue to provide all three language versions of the studies finalized.", "C. Cooperation with academic institutions", "Good partnerships with the Colombian University Law Academy have continued for the first eight years and eight students have contributed to the completion of nine studies related to volumes I, II, IV and VI of Supplement No. 10. [4] In cooperation with the University of Ottawa, cooperation was successful in the previous year, and a six study of Supplement No. 10 was prepared by a student group of students who took higher degrees. [5] In addition, in cooperation with the University of Geneva, a study to be included in volume VI of Supplement No. 9. [6]", "Trust funds", "In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to resolution 59/44 for the elimination of the backlog. To that end, a note verbale was sent to all Permanent Missions to the United Nations drawing attention to the possibility of voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund and invited delegations to bring the financial implications of the compilation to the attention of private institutions and individuals who might wish to help in that regard. The Secretary-General welcomes the contribution of Ireland to the Trust Fund of $6,929.", "Further use of consultants to assist in the preparation of studies of nearly completed volumes is being considered. It was therefore strongly encouraged to provide additional contributions to the trust fund so that the Secretariat could effectively eliminate the backlog of the compendium.", "E. Recommendations of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization considered the Repertory and the Repertoire at its meetings held from 28 February to 4 March 2011 and 7 and 9 March 2011. In its report (A/63/33, para. 63), the Special Committee recommended, inter alia, that the General Assembly, in the context of the compilation, commend the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of the study, including the increased use of the programmes of United Nations interns for this purpose and the further expansion of cooperation with academic institutions; noted with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog of cases; reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund in order to further support the Secretariat in the effective elimination of the backlog of the Repertory and, without increasing United Nations costs, to support the updating of the publication; and called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts in updating of the publication, and to make a significant concern in the compilation of the compilation of the compilation of the Secretary-General's in all languages.", "Committee on the Compilation of Interdepartmental Charters", "In order to implement the mandate of the General Assembly on the effective elimination of the backlog (resolution 65/31, para. 11), the Interdepartmental Charter Compilation Committee continued to explore the possibility of adopting new practices for the preparation of a backlog of publications. At its follow-up meeting, held on 11 March 2011, the Codification Division and the Division of Security Council Affairs agreed that the merger would be included in the study volume III of Supplement Nos. 7, 8 and 9 and that it would provide links to the study relating to the Repertoire (see para. The parties also agreed that all efforts should be made, including the use of interns and cooperation with academic institutions, to eliminate the backlog in volume III.", "Conclusion", "With regard to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) To take note of the status of the publication, including progress made in the preparation of the Repertory studies and the placement of these reports into the Internet in three languages (English, French and Spanish);", "(b) Consideration of the recommendations of the Special Committee on the following matters (see para. 12 above): voluntary sponsoring of associate experts, without increasing United Nations costs, to assist in updating the publication; call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the publication and to continue to effectively and prioritize cooperation with academic institutions; and to provide voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the compilation in order to further support the Secretariat in effectively eliminating the backlog;", "(c) Express appreciation for the contributions received by the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog; note the progress made in using the trust fund to eliminate the backlog; and strongly encourage States to make additional contributions to the trust fund.", "Series of Practice of the Security Council", "Mandate and preparation", "The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council was initially prepared as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 686 (VII) of 5 December 1952 and continues to record the practice and procedures established by the Security Council within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations and the provisional rules of procedure of the Council. Recently, the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/31, called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to update the Repertoire and to provide its text in all languages electronically.", "In accordance with the mandate of the General Assembly, since the previous report (A/65/214), the Secretariat has made considerable progress in the preparation of the Supplement to the Repertoire. In accordance with the “two-track” approach allowing for the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, the Secretariat has carried out the preparation of Supplements Nos. 15 and 16 of the Repertoire, covering the period 2004-2007 and the period 2008-2009, within the modalities set out in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170).", "Following the completion of Supplement No. 14 (2000-2003), the Secretariat was able to focus all efforts on contemporary practices of the Security Council since 2004. Supplement No. 15 (2004-2007) has been fully completed and its pre-lead version has been posted on the Repertoire website and is available electronically.", "During the past year, significant progress has been made in the preparation of Supplement No. 16 covering a shorter biennium (2008 and 2009). All parts are being prepared and work is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. With regard to the partial recording of the Security Council's consideration of the item on its agenda in the order of the 1990s, studies have been completed and the pre-session version is available electronically on the Repertoire website.", "In the light of the progress made towards the completion of Supplement No. 16, the Secretariat began to work on Supplement No. 17 covering 2010 and 2011. In the past year, the Secretariat has systematically laid the foundation for the preparation of this Supplement through its internal database to track and document contemporary practices of the Security Council. However, the progress in the preparation of the Supplement will depend on the staffing situation of the Security Council Division of Security Council practice and of the Charter Research Service and on the sustainability of resources; this will be further discussed in paragraph 26 below.", "At the same time, within the resources available, the Secretariat has continued its efforts to implement a number of efficiency initiatives, without compromising accuracy and balance, to produce the Repertoire in the most rapid manner. These initiatives include: provision of specialized training to staff; improvement of information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms; streamlining of the chapters of the Repertoire to reduce redundancy; improvement of databases, including the establishment of a new module on Security Council decisions and mandates to document and retrieve and retrieve the past and existing Security Council practices and procedures and generate tables and texts; and updating of internal guidelines and templates to draw on the expertise of staff and to ensure coherence in the preparation of the Repertoire.", "Several top Supplements to synchronize the Repertoire are not easy. Although the Secretariat has made progress in updating the Repertoire and providing Member States with more new information on the Council's current practice through various initiatives, new challenges remain in the editing, translation, indexing and publication of these Supplements. The Secretariat continues to explore options to address existing resource constraints in the publication of these Supplements and the consequent delays. At present, one option chosen by the Secretariat is to post the completed Supplement on the Repertoire website and the advance version of the chapters of the Supplement being prepared.", "Preliminary editions: studies of the Repertoire are available online", "In order to ensure the full use of the finalized chapters, since December 2010, the Secretariat has completely changed its website to further strengthen its search capacity and to provide user-friendly interfaces, thereby allowing faster access to the rich information contained in the Repertoire on the practice of the Security Council. The secretariat will adopt a similar approach to translate the website into the remaining official languages, depending on the availability of funds.", "In order to facilitate access to information as soon as possible, the Secretariat will post the final version of the chapters of the Repertoire (see annex III to the present report). In addition, all sections of the Supplements published and Supplement No. 13 to 15 (1996-2007) that have not yet been published have been posted on the Internet.", "In addition to the preparation of the Repertoire, the Secretariat should also request information on current and past practice issues of the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies. During the reporting period, the Secretariat responded in a timely and accurate manner to communications and requests from Member States, as well as staff of United Nations system officials and other international organizations, non-governmental organizations, students, academics and researchers and the private sector directly or through the Repertoire website. In view of the large number of queries received from the Internet, the Secretariat established a dedicated e-mail account to address such queries and encouraged Member States to enquired from dpa-repertoire@un.org.", "C. Publication of various language versions (in print and electronic)", "In its resolution 55/222, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to publish, in all six official languages, the Supplement to the Repertoire. Under this resolution, Supplements Nos. 10 and 11 have been published in all official languages. Supplements No. 12 (1993)-1995, No. 13 (1996-1999) and 14 (2000-2003) have been sent to translation for publication in all official languages, and future volumes will also be translated and published immediately after the completion of the preparation and editing. The Secretariat will also continue to make every effort to make the latest Supplement completed by the Repertoire available in the six official languages as soon as possible.", "Resources", "Without continued support from the General Assembly, the Repertoire will not be ready for publication and the Repertoire website will not be redesigned. At the same time, voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund for the updating of the Repertoire remain an important factor in maintaining progress in the updating of the Repertoire in financial constraints and in maintaining its website in all six official languages. Owing to injecting extrabudgetary resources, the Secretariat was able to retain temporary staff to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire and to synchronize the preparation of several of its supplements. Since the last report (A/65/214), Mexico has contributed to the Trust Fund. In addition, Germany continues to sponsor associate experts from the Security Council Practice and the Charter Research Service, which have made a valuable contribution to advancing the preparation of the Repertoire, thereby contributing to the Secretariat's achievement of the goal of keeping the publication in line with the previous era. As this goal has not been fully realized, the Secretariat encourages Member States to continue supporting the Secretariat in advancing the preparation of the Repertoire through voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund.", "E. Conclusion", "With regard to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Takes note of the progress made in updating the Repertoire, including through the use of trust funds for updating the Repertoire;", "(b) To note efficiency measures implemented to expedite the preparation of the Supplement to the Repertoire;", "(c) Notes that all language versions of the Repertoire continue to be posted on the United Nations website electronically;", "(d) Notes that the website of the Repertoire is improved and is now more easily accessible through the website to rich information on the practices of the Security Council;", "(e) Expresses its appreciation for the contributions made to the trust fund for updating the Repertoire, and reiterates its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund for updating the Repertoire;", "(f) Notes with appreciation the voluntary support provided by Germany to sponsor associate experts to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire and encourage other Member States with this capacity to consider providing such assistance.", "Annex I", "Secretariat units responsible for the preparation of studies on the Charter of the United Nations (a)", "Vol. I, Office of Legal Affairs: Articles 1 to VII: Article 13, paragraph 1 (a) of the Department of Management, vol. XVIII, 19 and 22 of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: articles 12 to 99, No. 100 to 100, and article XV, of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, article XV, article XIV, article XV, article XV, of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs: article XV, of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and article XIV, article XIV, paragraph 1 (a) of article XIV, of the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions. Article 13, paragraph 1 (b), vol. IV: article 55 (c), article 56, article 62, paragraph 2, Office for Outer Space Affairs, vol. II: article 13, paragraph 1 (a)", "The allocation of responsibilities is the result of several decisions taken by the Interdepartmental Charter Compilation Committee since 1996, which may be reviewed by the Commission.", "AD(b) The Department of Management (Office of Human Resources Management) is responsible for preparing Article 8, covering the period up to 1996 (including the year). The change from 1997 to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs is responsible.", "Annex II", "Status of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (July 2011)", "Study submitted by published and on-the-jobed volumes", "Note: The compilation of the study in Supplement No. 6-10 is shown in the table below. The compilations and Supplements 1 to 5 vary.", "[TABLE]", "Study prepared from 1954 to 1980", "Study prepared from 1996 to 2011", "Annex III", "Status of the Repertoire of Practice of the Security Council", "(July 2011)", "Preliminary studies being developed by the various chapters of the publication and access to the Internet are available at www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/preneurnet.", "Status of the Supplements completed", "The status of the Repertoire/Supplementary", "Supplement No. 10 and 11 (1985-1992) in English, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish [7] No. 12 (1993)-1995) and is still being translated into Supplement No. 13 (1996-1999) of the other language text, Supplement No. 14 (2000-2003) in English.", "Status of the Supplements being prepared", "Part (Principles and organization of law issues)", "[TABLE]", "A total of 26 volumes (1946-1984) and Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988) and vols. V and VI.", "[2] Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988), vols. I and IV, and Supplement No. 8 (1989-1994) and Supplement No. 9 (1995-1999).", "[3] Supplement No. 7 (Vol. II); Supplement No. 8 and 9, vol. II and VI.", "[4] Study on Articles 4, 7, 22, 55 (b) and (c), 56, 57, 63 and 96 of the Charter.", "[5] Study on Articles I (i), I (iii), I (iv), II (i), II (ii), II (iii) and II (v) of the Charter and studies on articles I (ii), II (vi), X, 11 and 42.", "[6] Study on Article 105 of the Charter.", "[7] In accordance with General Assembly resolution 55/222, the Supplement to the Repertoire and the subsequent Supplement are published in all official languages of the United Nations." ]

[ "安全理事会第6593次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三下午3时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹问题的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6593rd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6593rd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (Speak 451)." ]

[ "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递2011年7月27日伊拉克共和国外交部长霍希亚尔·扎巴里关于延长联合国伊拉克援助团任务期限的信(见附件)。", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团还谨请将本信及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "谨转告阁下，伊拉克政府希望根据安全理事会有关决议，包括最近的第1936(2010)号决议，将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限再延长12个月。", "由于去年作出的努力，伊拉克各政治集团成功组建了一个国民伙伴政府。这是在经过长时间的磋商后取得的成果，证明他们希望在伊拉克以民主与和平的方式并按照《宪法》移交权力。在此期间，伊拉克与阿拉伯国家和外国的政治关系和外交关系蓬勃发展。这证明伊拉克政治进程的方向是正确的，增强了伊拉克政府在阿拉伯国家、区域和世界面前的信誉。根据伊拉克和美国在2008年达成的撤军和使其临时存在正规化的协议，美国部队将在今年年底撤离，由伊拉克安全部队承担维持全国各地安全的全部责任。在今后一段时间里，伊拉克将根据两个友好国家2008年达成的《战略框架协议》，加强与美利坚合众国的合作。伊拉克还将通过希望不久草签的与欧洲联盟的伙伴关系与合作协议，加强国际一级的合作。为了伊拉克的稳定与发展，合作范围将包括这些协定涉及的所有生活方面。这类合作还将对整个区域产生积极影响。本区域被称为“阿拉伯春天”的政治变革与事态发展证实，2003年在伊拉克发生的政治变化是值得称道的。如今，本区域各国人民向往伊拉克享有的民主制度。这增强了伊拉克在阿拉伯世界和本区域的作用。面对这些可变因素与发展情况，伊拉克需要联伊援助团按照安全理事会有关决议为其规定的任务，提供支持与援助。", "伊拉克政府重申希望根据安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议所设条件的文字与精神，延长援助团的任务期限，并希望根据具体机制，事先征求伊拉克政府的批准，以我在2007年8月6日信中提出的方式，提供援助。", "伊拉克政府重视联伊援助团的意见、支持和援助，并期待援助团能随着联合国各专门机构、基金和方案重返伊拉克开展工作，发挥更加积极、有效和建设性的作用。", "伊拉克共和国外交部长", "霍希亚尔·扎巴里(签名)" ]

[ "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the honour to attach herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 from Hoshyar Zebari, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, regarding the extension of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (see annex).", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the further honour to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I have the honour to convey to you the wish of the Government of Iraq that the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) should be extended for a further period of 12 months, in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions, the latest of which is resolution 1936 (2010).", "Thanks to their efforts in the previous year, the political blocs succeeded in forming a national partnership Government. This achievement came after prolonged consultations which affirmed their desire that power in Iraq should be transferred democratically and peacefully and in accordance with the Constitution. Political and diplomatic relations between Iraq, on the one hand, and Arab and foreign countries, on the other, flourished in that period, thereby validating the course of the political process in Iraq and giving the Government of Iraq greater credibility at the Arab, regional and international levels. United States troops will withdraw at the end of the current year, in accordance with the agreement concluded between Iraq and the United States in 2008 providing for the withdrawal of those troops and regularizing their temporary presence, and Iraqi security forces will assume full responsibility for maintaining security throughout the country. Over the coming period, Iraq will enhance its cooperation with the United States of America on the basis of the Strategic Framework Agreement concluded between the friendly countries in 2008. It will also enhance cooperation at the international level through a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, which it hopes to initial in the near future. In the interest of the stability and development of Iraq, cooperation will cover all aspects of life under those agreements. Such cooperation will also have a positive impact on the entire region. The political changes and developments in the region known as the Arab Spring have confirmed the credibility of the political change that took place in Iraq in 2003. That the peoples of the region now aspire to the democratic system enjoyed by Iraq enhances the country’s role in the Arab world and the region. Faced with these variables and developments, Iraq will require the support and assistance of UNAMI, in accordance with the mandate established for the Mission under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "The Government of Iraq, while reiterating its wish that the Mission’s mandate should be extended in accordance with the letter and spirit of the conditions set out in Security Council resolution 1770 (2007), hopes that the provision of assistance will be in accordance with specific mechanisms and with the prior approval of the Government of Iraq, in the manner referred to in my letter dated 6 August 2007.", "The Government of Iraq values the advice, support and assistance of UNAMI, and looks forward to a more positive, effective and constructive role for the Mission with the return to work in Iraq of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations.", "(Signed) Hoshyar Zebari", "Minister for Foreign Affairs", "Republic of Iraq" ]

[ "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, Hoshyar Zebari, concerning the extension of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (see annex).", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations also wishes to kindly request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I have the honour to inform you that the Government of Iraq wishes to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a further 12 months, in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions, including recent resolution 1936 (2010).", "As a result of last year's efforts, Iraqi political groups successfully formed a national partner Government. That was the result of lengthy consultations, which demonstrated their desire to transfer authority in a democratic and peaceful manner and in accordance with the Constitution. During this period, the political relations and diplomatic relations between Iraq and the Arab States and foreign countries have flourished. This proves the right direction of the Iraqi political process and reinforces the credibility of the Government of Iraq before Arab States, regions and the world. In accordance with the agreements reached by Iraq and the United States in 2008 to formalize their temporary presence, the United States forces will evacuate at the end of this year and assume full responsibility for maintaining security throughout the country. In the coming period, Iraq will strengthen its cooperation with the United States of America, in accordance with the Strategic Framework Agreement reached in the two friendly countries in 2008. Iraq will also strengthen cooperation at the international level through partnership and cooperation agreements with the European Union that wish to be signed shortly. In order to stabilize and develop Iraq, the scope of cooperation will include all aspects of life covered by these agreements. Such cooperation will also have a positive impact on the entire region. The political changes and developments known as “Arab spring” in the region confirmed that the political changes in Iraq in 2003 were commendable. Today, the peoples of the region enjoy a democratic system to Iraq. This has strengthened the role of Iraq in the Arab world and in the region. In the face of these variables and developments, Iraq needs UNAMI support and assistance in accordance with its mandate under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "The Government of Iraq reiterates its desire to extend the mandate of the Mission in accordance with the letter and spirit established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1770 (2007), and hopes that, in accordance with the specific mechanisms, it will seek the approval of the Government of Iraq in advance to provide assistance in the manner I presented in my letter of 6 August 2007.", "The Government of Iraq attaches great importance to UNAMI's observations, support and assistance and looks forward to its more active, effective and constructive role as the United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes return to Iraq.", "Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq", "(Signed) Hoshyar Zabari Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日巴西常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "巴西常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致敬，谨提及该决议第25段要求会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议相关段落采取的行动。", "巴西已通过2011年4月14日第7460号法令将第1970(2011)号决议的规定纳入国家立法。按照该法令，巴西当局必须在各自权力范围内履行该决议的规定。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to paragraph 25 of that resolution, which calls upon Member States to report to the Committee on the steps taken to implement effectively the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.", "Brazil has incorporated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) into its national legislation through Decree No. 7460 of 14 April 2011. According to the Decree, Brazilian authorities are required, within their respective powers, to fulfil the provisions of the resolution." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 5/1 concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011)", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and, with reference to paragraph 25 of that resolution, requests Member States to report to the Committee on actions taken to implement effectively the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.", "Brazil has incorporated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) into national legislation through Decree No. 7460 of 14 April 2011. In accordance with the Act, the Brazilian authorities must fulfil the provisions of the resolution within their respective powers." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国 的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨随函转递葡萄牙政府关于执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "葡萄牙关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告", "按照安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段，葡萄牙谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报为执行对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施的制裁在国家一级采取的措施。", "1. 欧洲联盟采取的措施：", "葡萄牙和欧洲联盟其他成员国通过以下共同措施，[1] 联合执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号和1973年(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国采取的限制性措施：", "• 2月28日欧洲联盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会在决定中列示了欧洲联盟为执行第1970(2011)号决议规定的所有措施作出的承诺，并为欧洲联盟在该决议范围内采取的具体相应措施提供了依据，主要有：", "对因参与或合谋下令、掌控或以其他方式指挥对阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内的人施行重大侵犯人权行为，包括参与或合谋计划、指挥、下令或进行违反国际法的针对平民和民用设施的袭击，包括用飞机进行轰炸者；或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人和实体，或为他们所拥有或控制的实体自主指定并实施签证禁令和资产冻结。", "• 欧洲联盟理事会2011年3月2日关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)", "按照第1970(2011)号决议和欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，理事会通过一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 理事会2011年3月23日第2011/178/CFSP号决定修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会根据第1973(2011)号决议，修订了理事会2月28日第2011/137/CFSP号决定。", "• 理事会2011年3月25日第296/2011号条例修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/204号条例", "依照第1973(2011)号决议和理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定，理事会通过了一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 2011年4月12日理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定，执行了理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，特别是其中第8条第(2)款，并结合《欧洲联盟条约》第31条第(2)款，本决定附件中所增列的人员和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四。附件二和四的名单中，删除一人，并更新了该决定附件一、二、三和四名单中某些人员和实体的信息。", "• 2011年4月12日(欧盟)理事会第2011/360号执行条例，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011 号条例第16条第1和第2款", "除了理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定外，理事会还通过了一项条例，以执行(欧盟)第204/2011 号条例，依法对欧盟自主指定的个人和实体实行资产冻结。", "• 2011年5月23日理事会第2011/300/CFSP 号执行决定，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，特别是其中第8条(2)款，并结合《欧洲联盟条约》第31条第(2)款，本决定附件中所增列人员和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件二至四。", "• 2011年5月23日(欧盟)理事会第2011/502号执行条例，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "除了理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定外，理事会还通过了关于利比亚局势限制性措施的(欧盟)第204/2011号条例，以便依法对欧盟自主指定的个人和实体实施资产冻结。", "• 2011年6月7日理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，将一些新的实体增列在该决定附件四应接受限制措施的个人和实体名单中。此外，理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定修订了第2011/137/CFSP号决定，以顾及适用于港口当局的限制性措施的具体安排。", "• 2011年6月16日(欧盟)理事会第572/2011 号条例，修订了(欧盟)关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011 号条例", "依照理事会第2011/332/CFSP 号决定，理事会通过了一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 2001年3月15日(欧盟)理事会第539/2001号条例(及其后的修正案)规定，利比亚国民须持签证方可进入欧洲联盟。", "理事会的上述条例全文对欧洲联盟的所有成员国都具有约束力，而且直接适用。[2]", "2. 国家执行的措施：", "葡萄牙政府在国家一级承诺全面执行第1970(2011)号决议，采取机构间协调程序，并将决议及其实施的有关指令发给参与在全国范围全面实施该决议的政府所有部门以及认为相关的其他实体，例如银行系统。外交部和财政部是执行限制措施的主管当局。[3]", "葡萄牙的下列国家立法，以及理事会第2010/137/CFSP号决定，提供了执行限制措施的依据：", "2002年2月16日第11/2002号法律为葡萄牙惩处违反安全理事会决议或欧洲联盟条例规定的制裁措施的行为提供了法律框架。根据这项法律，凡违反联合国或欧洲联盟规定的制裁措施者，都将被判处3至5年监禁。", "武器禁运", "从第三国进出口武器和其他有关材料，必须具备葡萄牙国防部颁发的特别许可证。许可证只是在审慎评估有关标准，包括除其他外，特别是评估了联合国制裁的义务之后，才予以颁发，违反此种制裁，将不予核发。", "为确保制裁制度的严格执行，葡萄牙已采取以下措施：", "立即中止所有筹备对2011年《双边国防活动计划的合作》的工作，此项工作由葡萄牙-利比亚委员会第三阶段于2010年10月27日在的黎波里启动。与国防5+5倡议有关的与利比亚的所有接触均已暂停。", "国防部各主管厅局(国防部军械和基础设施总局，系管理所有军事物资、技术和有关活动国际贸易的实体)暂停颁发所有从利比亚进出口与国防相关产品的许可证。这项措施对利比亚两架C-130飞机有直接影响，目前这两架飞机在OGMA SA公司维修，并未按照要求归还利比亚政府。", "冻结资产", "关于冻结第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件指认的人员和(或)实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源，已将该决议送交财政部和葡萄牙银行。根据上述第11/2002号法律，一经欧盟或安全理事会提出应受制裁的个人和实体的名单，其资金、金融资产和其他经济资源就必须立即冻结。这包括可能使这些国际法律文书中提到的个人或法律实体直接或间接地得到资金的任何行动(第11/2002号法律第1和2条)。因此，各金融机构应在主管当局将联合国清单转发给它们之后，立即冻结资金和经济资源(欧洲联盟条例中的清单直接适用国家所有机构)。", "旅行禁令", "葡萄牙政府已向各主管部门发出指定个人的名单。到目前为止，尚未收到列入名单者之签证申请。", "[1] 所有联合措施都发表在《欧洲联盟公报》，可在以下网页查阅：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en(已发表各期)和http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang", "[2] 理事会第539/2001号条例不适用于爱尔兰和联合王国。", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Portugal on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of Portugal on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "In accordance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), Portugal has the honour to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the measures adopted at the national level to implement the sanctions imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "1. Measures adopted by the European Union", "Portugal and the other members of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by taking the following common measures:[1]", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February", "The Council Decision sets out the European Union’s commitment to implement all the measures contained in resolution 1970 (2011) and provides the basis for European Union-specific accompanying measures within the scope of the resolution, notably:", "– Embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression.", "– Prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya.", "– Autonomous designations under the visa ban and the asset freeze, to be decided by the Council of the European Union, of persons and entities involved in or complicit in ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against persons in Libya, including by being involved in or complicit in planning, commanding, ordering or conducting attacks, in violation of international law, including aerial bombardments, on civilian populations and facilities, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.", "• Council regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "The Council adopted a Decision amending Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February, pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011).", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1973 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP, one person has been removed from the lists in annexes II and IV, and the information relating to certain persons and entities on the lists in annexes I, II, III and IV to that Decision has been updated.", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011 implementing article 16 (1) and (2) of Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new European Union autonomous designations of persons and entities.", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annexes II and IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP.", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new EU autonomous designations of persons and entities.", "• Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP of 7 June 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, additional entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP. Moreover, Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP amends Decision 2011/137/CFSP in order to take into account specific arrangements for restrictive measures applicable to port authorities.", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 (and its subsequent amendments) — this Regulation requires nationals of Libya to be in possession of a visa when entering the European Union.", "The above-mentioned Council Regulations are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all member States of the European Union.[2]", "2. National implementing measures", "At the national level, the Portuguese Government, committed to the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), undertook inter-agency coordination procedures and circulated the resolution, along with its respective instructions for implementation, to all governmental departments involved in its comprehensive national application, as well as to other entities deemed relevant, such as the banking system. The competent authorities in the field of restrictive measures are the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.[3]", "Portugal has the following national legislation which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, provides the basis for the implementation and enforcement of restrictive measures:", "– Law 11/2002 of 16 February 2002 sets out the Portuguese legal framework on penalties applicable to the infringement of sanctions imposed by the Security Council in its resolutions or by European Union regulations. According to this law, whoever breaches the sanctions imposed by the United Nations or the European Union will be punished with 3-5 years in prison.", "Arms embargo", "The import and export of arms and other related material, to and from a third country, requires a specific licence by the Portuguese Ministry of Defence. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria including, inter alia, the obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations, and will not be granted in breach of such sanctions.", "To ensure strict enforcement of the sanctions regime, Portugal has adopted the following measures:", "– Immediate suspension of all preparations for the Bilateral Cooperation in the Defence Activity Plan for 2011, that started during the III Portuguese-Libyan Mixte Commission that was held in Tripoli on 27 October 2010. All contacts with Libya in the context of the Defence 5+5 Initiative were also suspended.", "– Suspension of all import and export licences of defence-related products to and from Libya by the competent Directorate of the Ministry of Defence (Directorate General for Defence Armoury and Infra-Structures, the entity that manages all international trade of military goods and technologies and related activities). This measure had an immediate impact on the two C-130 Libyan spacecrafts that were in OGMA SA for reparation, which were not returned to the Libyan Government, as requested.", "Assets freeze", "Regarding the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of persons and/or entities designated in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the resolutions were sent to the Ministry of Finance and to the Bank of Portugal. According to the above-mentioned Law 11/2002, funds, financial assets and other economic resources must be frozen as soon as the European Union or the Security Council list persons or entities as being subject to these targeted sanctions. This includes any action that, directly or indirectly, might enable funds to be within reach of any individual or legal entity mentioned in those international legal instruments (articles 1 and 2 of Law 11/2002). Hence, the financial institutions should freeze funds and economic resources as soon as the competent authorities forward the United Nations lists to them (lists contained in European Union regulations are directly applicable to all national institutions).", "Travel ban", "The Portuguese Government sent the list of designated individuals to the competent authorities. Until now, no requests for visas by the listed individuals have been received.", "[1] All common measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, which can be consulted through the following web pages: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en (published issues) and http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=en (search form).", "[2] Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 applies neither to Ireland nor to the United Kingdom.", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Portugal on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of Portugal on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "In accordance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), Portugal wishes to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of measures taken at the national level to implement the sanctions imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "Measures taken by the European Union:", "Portugal and other States members of the European Union adopt the following common measures to jointly implement restrictive measures taken against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by the Security Council in its resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011):", "• European Union Council decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February", "In its decision, the Council outlined the European Union's commitment to the implementation of all measures set out in resolution 1970 and provided the basis for the specific corresponding measures taken by the European Union in the context of the resolution, notably:", "Major human rights violations committed against persons in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including participation or complicity schemes, command, order or conduct of attacks against civilians and civilian installations in violation of international law, including bombers using aircraft; or the designation and enforcement of visa bans and assets for entities owned or controlled by them or controlled by them.", "• Regulation No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya (EU)", "In accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and EU Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation to enable the Executive Council to implement the measures set out in decision 2011/137/CFSP that fall within the purview of the Alliance.", "• Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 23 March 2011/178/CFSP on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1973 (2011), the Council revised its decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February.", "• Council Regulation No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 amends regulation 2011/204 on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1973 (2011) and Council decision 2011/178/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation to enable the Executive Council to implement the measures set out in decision 2011/178/CFSP that fall within the purview of the Alliance.", "• Implementation Council decision 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011, implementing Council decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8, paragraph (2) thereof, and in conjunction with article 31, paragraph (2), of the European Union Treaty, the persons and entities included in the annex to the present decision have been included in decision 2011/137/CFSP, annex IV. A list of annexes II and IV was deleted and information on certain persons and entities in annexes I, II, III and IV of the decision was updated.", "• Implementation of Council Regulation No. 204/2011 of 12 April 2011 (EU) No. 16, paras. 1 and 2 of Regulation No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council's implementation decision 2011/236/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation to implement Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, which imposes an asset freeze on designated individuals and entities owned by the EU by law.", "• Implementation Council decision 2011/300/CFSP of 23 May 2011, implementing decision 2011/137/CFSP of the Council on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular Article 8 (2), and in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the European Union Treaty, the additional persons and entities included in the annex to this decision are listed in annexes II to IV of decision 2011/137/CFSP.", "• Implementation Regulation (EC) Council Regulation No. 204/2011 of 23 May 2011 (EU) of the Council on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In addition to the Council's implementation decision 2011/300/CFSP, the Council also adopted Regulation No. 204/2011 on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya (EU) in order to implement the asset freeze in accordance with the law against designated individuals and entities.", "• Council decision 2011/332/CFSP of 7 June 2011 revised decision 2011/137/CFSP on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Council decision 2011/137/CFSP, a number of new entities are added to the list of persons and entities subject to the restrictive measures in annex IV to that decision. In addition, the Council, in its decision 2011/332/CFSP, amended decision 2011/137/CFSP to take into account specific arrangements for restrictive measures applicable to port authorities.", "• Regulation No. 204/2011 of 16 June 2011 (EU) Council Regulation No. 572/2011 on restrictive measures in the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Governing Council decision 2011/332/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation to enable the Executive Council to implement measures that fall within the purview of the Alliance as set out in decision 2011/332/CFSP.", "• Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 (and subsequent amendments) stipulates that a Libyan national may enter the European Union by a visa party.", "The full text of the above-mentioned regulations of the Council is binding on all member States of the European Union and is directly applicable. [2]", "Measures for national execution:", "At the national level, the Government of Portugal committed itself to the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), the adoption of inter-agency coordination procedures and the relevant directives adopted by the resolution and its implementation to all sectors of the Government involved in the full implementation of the resolution, as well as other entities considered relevant, such as banking systems. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance are the competent authority to implement the restrictive measures. [3]", "The following national legislation in Portugal, as well as Council decision 2010/137/CFSP, provides the basis for the implementation of restrictive measures:", "Act No. 11/2002 of 16 February 2002 provides the legal framework for Portugal to punish violations of the sanctions imposed by Security Council resolutions or European Union regulations. Under this law, a person who violates the sanctions imposed by the United Nations or the European Union will be sentenced to imprisonment for three to five years.", "Arms embargo", "The import and export of arms and other related materiel from third countries must have special licences issued by the Portuguese Ministry of Defence. The licence will be granted only after a careful assessment of the standards, including, inter alia, the obligation to assess United Nations sanctions, in violation of such sanctions and will not be carried out.", "In order to ensure strict implementation of the sanctions regime, Portugal has taken the following measures:", "The immediate suspension of all preparatory work for the 2011 Bilateral Defence Activities Plan was launched in Tripoli on 27 October 2010. All contacts related to defence 5+5 initiatives have been suspended.", "The competent offices of the Ministry of Defence (Department of Armed Forces and Infrastructure of the Ministry of Defence), which are the entity responsible for managing international trade in all military goods, technology and related activities, suspend the issuance of all licences for the import, export and export of defence-related products from Libya. This measure has a direct impact on two C-130 aircraft in Libya, and is currently being repaired by Company OGMA SA and has not been returned to the Libyan Government as required.", "Assets freeze", "With regard to the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources designated in the annexes to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the resolution was sent to the Ministry of Finance and the Portuguese Bank. Under Act No. 11/2002 above, a list of individuals and entities subject to sanctions by the EU or the Security Council must be frozen without delay. This includes any action that may directly or indirectly benefit individuals or legal entities referred to in these international legal instruments (articles 1 and 2). Therefore, financial institutions should immediately freeze funds and economic resources after the transfer of the United Nations list to them by the competent authorities (the list in the European Union Regulation is directly applicable to all national institutions).", "Travel ban", "The Government of Portugal has sent lists of designated individuals to the competent authorities. So far, no visa requests have been received from the listers.", "All possible joint measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en (which has been published) and http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang", "[2] Council Regulation No. 539/2001 does not apply to Ireland and the United Kingdom.", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日美国驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "美国代表团谨按照第1970(2011)号决议第25段的要求，随函附上美国执行第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告。", "2011年6月24日美国驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "美利坚合众国关于其执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告", "武器禁运", "美国防卫物项或防卫服务的转让或出口受《军火出口管制法》管制。该法是管制政府间协议(外国军售制度)和许可直接商业销售的权威法律。此外，直接商业销售的许可证制度还受到《国际军火贩运条例》的管制。《军火出口管制法》和《国际军火贩运条例》是美国遵守对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施武器禁运的依据。该武器禁运是由安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议实施，并经第1973(2011)号决议修订。", "美国军火出口管制制度旨在制止其利益与美国利益相抵触的敌对方获取美国生产的防卫装备和技术。出口管制程序受到严密监管，不允许受联合国禁运或其他不符合规定的当事方参与。", "美国要求制造或出口防卫物项或提供防卫服务的所有美国人，以及从事军火中介活动的美国人和外国人在美国国务院登记。登记后，任何防卫物项的出口、防卫服务的提供或相关中介活动，均必须得到国务院许可证或其他授权的核准。直接商业销售须受《军火出口管制法》规定的最终用途监测，这一监测按照国务院的“蓝灯”方案进行。违反军火出口管制的行为，包括向不合规定的人提供防卫物项和技术等，将受到严厉的刑事处罚(包括20年徒刑和(或)每次100万美元的罚款)，以及民事处罚(禁止参与美国国防贸易和每次最高500 000美元的罚款)。", "^(*) 附件在秘书处存档，可供查阅。", "安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议通过后，美国国务院在2011年3月4日吊销了所有根据《军火出口管制法》和《国际军火贩运条例》发放的向利比亚出口的许可证。^(*) 其后，国务院公布了对《国际军火贩运条例》的一项修正(2011年5月24日生效，《联邦公报》第76卷30001)，^(*) 以反映和落实第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段所载并经第1973(2011)号决议修订的各项规定。", "刊载这一修正案的《联邦公报》指出：", "这一规定在《国际军火贩运条例》的框架内执行安全理事会的行动，将利比亚列入第126.1(c)节，并修订了第126.1(k)节对利比亚的原来政策，宣布现行政策是拒绝所有向利比亚出口或以其他方式转让防卫物项和服务的许可证或其他申请，除非安全理事会禁运令不加以禁止，并经认定符合美国的国家安全和外交政策。", "修正案案文如下：", "(k) 利比亚。美国的政策是拒绝许可或以其他方式核准以利比亚为目的地或源于利比亚的防卫物项和防卫服务的进出口,除非美国在逐案审查后认定，该交易(或活动)未受适用的联合国安全理事会决议禁止，并且有利于美国的国家安全和外交政策。", "旅行禁令", "美国根据《移民和国籍法案》的适用规定，有必要的权限防止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列、或安理会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会(下称“委员会”)指认的个人在美国入境或过境，条件是这些人非美国国民，而且美国政府并未认定他们的入境或过境是促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内和平与安全所必要的(按照第1970(2011)号决议的规定，如作此认定，则美国政府将在作出认定后48小时内通知委员会)。在符合美国法律的情况下，如果委员会经逐案审查认定，出于人道主义需要，包括为履行宗教义务，此类旅行是合理的，或予以豁免将促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国实现和平和民族和解的目标，以及该区域实现稳定的目标，将准予豁免旅行禁令。", "资产冻结", "美国已采取必要措施，落实安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议规定的资产冻结。巴拉克·奥巴马总统签发了第13566号行政命令(2011年2月25日生效)，^(*) 执行第1970(2011)号决议第17段的规定。", "第13566号行政命令是依照美国《宪法》和各项法律赋予总统的权力签发的，包括《国际紧急经济权力法》(《美国联邦法典》第50篇第1701节及以后各节)、《国家紧急状态法》(《美国联邦法典》第50篇第1601节及以后各节)和《美国联邦法典》第3篇第301节。", "该命令第10节规定，授权财政部长采取一切必要行动实现该命令的各项目标。截至2011年6月21日，美国已冻结了大约370亿美元在其管辖之下的利比亚政府资产。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The United States Mission has the honour to attach herewith the report of the United States on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), as requested in paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the United States of America on its implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Arms Embargo", "The transfer or export of United States defence articles and defence services is controlled by the Arms Export Control Act. The Act is the governing statutory authority for government-to-government agreements (the Foreign Military Sales system) and the licensing of direct commercial sales. In addition, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations further regulate the direct commercial sales licensing system. The Act and the Regulations serve as the basis for United States compliance with the arms embargo on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) and modified by its resolution 1973 (2011).", "The United States munitions export control system is designed to deny access to United States-origin defence equipment and technology to adversaries and parties whose interests are inimical to those of the United States. The export control process is closely regulated and excludes the participation of parties that are embargoed by the United Nations or are otherwise ineligible.", "The United States requires all United States persons that manufacture or export defence articles or furnish defence services, as well as United States and foreign persons engaged in arms brokering, to register with the United States Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or the brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Direct commercial sales are subject to end-use monitoring under the Arms Export Control Act as implemented by the Department of State’s “Blue Lantern” programme. Arms export control violations, including provision of defence articles and technology to ineligible persons, are subject to strict penalties, both criminal (including a prison sentence of 20 years and/or a $1 million fine for each violation) and civil (debarment from participation in United States defence trade and monetary penalties up to $500,000 for each violation).", "* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.", "Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the United States Department of State on 4 March 2011 suspended all export licenses under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations for Libya.* Subsequently, the Department of State published an amendment to the Regulations (76 Fed. Reg. 30001, effective 24 May 2011)* to reflect and implement the provisions contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), as modified by resolution 1973 (2011).", "As stated in the Federal Register notice containing that amendment:", "This rulemaking implements the Security Council’s actions within the International Traffic in Arms Regulations by adding Libya to section 126.1(c) and revising the previous policy on Libya contained in section 126.1(k) to announce a policy of denial for all requests for licenses or other approvals to export or otherwise transfer defence articles and services to Libya, except where not prohibited under Security Council embargo and determined to be in the interests of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "The text of the amendment is as follows:", "(k) Libya. It is the policy of the United States to deny licenses or other approvals for exports or imports of defence articles and defence services destined for or originating in Libya, except where it determines, upon case-by-case review, that the transaction (or activity) is not prohibited under applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions and that the transaction (or activity) is in furtherance of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "Travel Ban", "Under the applicable provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the United States has the necessary authority to prevent the entry into or transit through the United States’ territories of individuals listed in annex I of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), listed in annex I of Council resolution 1973 (2011), or designated by the Committee established pursuant to Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (herein “the Committee”), provided that those individuals are not nationals of the United States and that the United States Government has not determined that their entry or transit is required to advance peace and security in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (in which event the United States Government will notify the Committee within forty-eight hours after making such a determination, as provided by resolution 1970). To the extent consistent with United States law, travel exceptions will be granted if the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian need, including religious obligation, or that an exemption would further the objectives of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and stability in the region.", "Asset Freeze", "The United States has taken the necessary measures to implement the asset freeze in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13566 (effective 25 February 2011),* which implements the provisions contained in paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Executive Order 13566 was issued under the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code.", "According to Section 10 of that order, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to take all actions necessary to carry out its purposes. As of June 21, 2011, the United States has blocked approximately $37 billion in Government of Libya assets under United States jurisdiction." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "In accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), the United States delegation has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the United States on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of the United States of America on its implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Arms embargo", "The transfer or export of United States defence items or defence services is governed by the Arms Export Control Act. The Act is the authoritative law regulating intergovernmental agreements (the system of sale of foreign forces) and the licence of direct commercial sales. In addition, the licensing system for direct commercial sales is also regulated by the International Arms Trafficking Regulations. The Arms Export Control Act and the International Arms Trafficking Regulations are the basis for United States compliance with the arms embargo against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The arms embargo was implemented by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) and revised by resolution 1973 (2011).", "The United States arms export control regime is designed to put an end to hostile parties whose interests are incompatible with the interests of the United States to obtain the defence equipment and technology produced by the United States. Export control procedures are closely regulated and do not allow the participation of the parties subject to the United Nations embargo or other non-compliant.", "The United States requires all Americans that manufacture or export defence items or provide defence services, as well as United States and foreigners involved in arms brokering activities, to be registered in the United States Department of State. After registration, any export, defence services or related brokering activity for any defence item must be authorized by the State Department of State licensing or other authorization. Direct commercial sales are subject to final-use monitoring under the Arms Export Control Act, which is carried out in accordance with the State Department's “green light” programme. Violations of arms export control, including the provision of defence items and technology to uncoordinated persons, will be severely punished (including 20 years of imprisonment and/or a fine of $1 million per year), as well as civil penalties (the prohibition of participation in the United States defence trade and every fine of $500 million).", "The annex (*) is archived by the Secretariat and is available.", "Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the United States Department of State revoked all licenses granted to Libya under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Arms Trafficking Regulations on 4 March 2011. lob (*) Subsequently, the Department of State issued an amendment to the International Arms Trafficking Regulations (entry into force on 24 May 2011, Federal Bulletin No. 7630001), AD(*) reflecting and implementing the provisions contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) and revised in resolution 1973 (2011).", "The Federal Bulletin containing this amendment states:", "This provision implements the actions of the Security Council within the framework of the International Arms Trafficking Regulations, incorporates Libya in section 126.1 (c) and amends the original policy of section 126.1 (k) against Libya and declares that the current policy is a refusal to all licenses or other requests for the export or transfer of defence items and services to Libya, unless the Security Council embargo orders are not prohibited and are considered in compliance with the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "The text of the amendment reads as follows:", "(k) Libya. The United States policy rejects the licence or otherwise approves the import and export of defence items and defence services originating in Libya, unless the United States, after a case-by-case review, finds that the transaction (or activity) is not prohibited by applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions and is conducive to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "Travel ban", "In accordance with the applicable provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Bill, the United States is required to prevent the entry or transit of individuals designated by the Security Council in its resolutions 1970 (2011), annexes I and 1973 (2011), or by the Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”) in the United States, provided that such persons are not nationals of the United States and that the United States Government does not consider their entry or transit as necessary for the promotion of peace and security in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011), the United States will inform the Committee within 48 hours of the determinations. In conformity with United States law, if the Committee, by a case-by-case review, determines that such travel is justified for humanitarian needs, including the fulfilment of religious obligations, or immunity will contribute to the objectives of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the goal of stability in the region, the travel ban will be granted.", "Assets freeze", "The United States has taken the necessary measures to implement the asset freeze set out in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). President Barack Obama issued Executive Order No. 13566 (entry into force on 25 February 2011), COM* to implement paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Administrative Order No. 13566 was issued in accordance with the powers granted to the President under the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (United States Federal Code, Section 1701 and subsequent sections), the National Emergency Act (section 1601 and subsequent sections of the United States Federal Code) and section 3 of the United States Federal Code.", "Section 10 of the Order stipulates that the Minister of Finance shall be authorized to take all necessary action to achieve the objectives of the Order. As at 21 June 2011, the United States had frozen some $3.7 billion of Libyan Government assets under its jurisdiction." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递中国关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议而采取的措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "中国执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议报告", "一、　鉴于利比亚极为特殊的情况并考虑到阿拉伯国家及非洲国家的关切和主张，中国支持安理会通过第1970(2011)号决议。中国是安理会常任理事国，一直以负责任的态度认真执行安理会决议，已有一套行之有效的运作机制和做法。安理会通过第1970(2011)号决议后，中国外交部已发出执行决议通知，要求各部委、各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府以及香港、澳门特别行政区政府依法认真执行决议。", "二、　中国根据安理会第1970(2011)号决议以及安理会利比亚制裁委员会有关决定，已采取相应措施：", "㈠ 中国在军品出口方面历来采取谨慎、负责态度，并实施严格管理。中国认真执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定，不向利比亚供应、出售或转让任何类别军火或相关军用物资；", "㈡ 中国主管部门已要求有关港口和机场，认真检查进出利比亚的所有货物，在有情报提供合理理由和确凿证据认为有关货物中有安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定的禁运物项时，予以严格查验。一经查实，将根据第1970(2011)号决议要求加以没收并处置，并向制裁委提交报告。中方愿向有关国家提供决议要求的合作，以便确保安理会决议有关规定得到严格执行；", "㈢ 中国禁止中国公民或利用悬挂中国国旗的船只或飞机从利比亚采购任何类别军火及相关军用物资，无论上述物项是否源于利境内；", "㈣ 中国确保冻结在中国境内，由安理会第1970(2011)号决议附件二、第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列个人或实体，或由安理会利比亚制裁委员会指认的个人或实体，或由代表其或按其指示行事的个人或实体，或由其拥有或控制的实体，直接或间接拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源，并确保中国国民或境内任何个人或实体不向第1970(2011)号决议附件二、第1973(2011)号决议所列个人或实体，或以这些个人或实体为受益方，提供任何资金、金融资产或经济资源；", "㈤ 中国已将第1970(2011)号决议、第1973(2011)号决议所列或安理会利比亚制裁委员会指认的个人列入不准入境者名单，防止其入境或过境。", "三、　根据“一国两制”原则，中国中央政府负责管理与中国香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区有关的外交和防务事务，港、澳特区享有行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权。因此，香港、澳门特别行政区将根据中央政府通知，自行制定法律、法规，切实执行第1970(2011)号决议。", "四、　我们希望第1970(2011)号决议得到全面、准确执行，同时认为制裁不是目的，而是推动政治解决利危机的一种手段。中方希望有关各方应遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨与原则以及相关国际法准则，尊重利主权、独立、统一和领土完整。我们主张应尽快在利实现停火，避免造成更多平民伤亡和更大的人道主义灾难，呼吁有关各方通过谈判协商和平解决利危机。中方将继续为此发挥建设性作用。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations has the honour to forward, enclosed herewith, the report of China on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report by China on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. In view of the special circumstances in Libya, and taking into consideration the concerns and positions of the Arab and African countries, China supports the adoption by the Security Council of its resolution 1970 (2011). As a permanent member of the Security Council, China has always conscientiously implemented the Council’s resolutions in a responsible manner, and has developed effective operational mechanisms and practices in that regard. Following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1970 (2011), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a circular requesting that it should be conscientiously implemented in accordance with the law by all State ministries and commissions as well as by the governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions.", "2. China has taken the following measures pursuant to the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) and the relevant decisions of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:", "(a) In the area of arms exports, China has consistently taken a prudent and responsible approach and enforces strict controls. China conscientiously implements the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), and does not supply, sell or transfer arms or related materiel of any type to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;", "(b) The competent Chinese authorities have requested that all cargo to and from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya should be carefully inspected at the relevant airports and seaports, and when there is information that provides reasonable grounds and solid evidence to believe the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), that cargo should undergo rigorous inspection. If such items are discovered, they are to be seized and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of resolution 1970 (2011), and a written report shall be submitted to the Committee. China will, pursuant to the resolution, assist other countries in order to ensure the strict implementation of relevant provisions of the Council’s resolutions;", "(c) China forbids its nationals, as well as ships or aircraft operating under the Chinese flag, from procuring arms or related materiel of any type from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, regardless of whether or not such items originated in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;", "(d) China ensures the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources on its territory, that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), or by persons or entities designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction or entities owned or controlled by them, and ensures that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by its nationals or by any persons or entities within its territory, to or for the benefit of the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011);", "(e) China has included the persons designated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and persons designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), on the list of persons to be denied entry into China in order to prevent their entry into or transit through its national territory.", "3. Based on the principle of “one country, two systems”, the Central Government of China is responsible for managing the defence and foreign affairs of the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions; the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. For this reason, the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions shall, upon notification by the Central Government, formulate their own laws and regulations so as to fully implement Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "4. While we hope that resolution 1970 (2011) will be fully and accurately implemented, we hold the view that sanctions are not an end in themselves but rather a means to promote a political resolution of the Libyan crisis. China hopes that all parties concerned will respect the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international legal norms. China advocates the achievement of a ceasefire in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as soon as possible, in order to prevent even more civilian casualties and even greater humanitarian suffering, and calls upon all parties concerned to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya peacefully through negotiation and consultation. China will continue to work constructively towards that goal." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of China on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "In view of the exceptional circumstances of Libya and the concerns and claims of Arab States and African countries, China supports the Council's adoption of resolution 1970 (2011). China is a permanent member of the Council and has been implementing Council resolutions in a responsible manner, with a set of effective mechanisms and practices. Following the adoption by the Council of resolution 1970 (2011), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China has issued a notification of the implementation of the resolution, requesting that the various ministries, provinces, self-government, the Government of the people of the immediate city, as well as the Government of Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region, be implemented in accordance with the law.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and the relevant decisions of the Council's Libyan sanctions Committee, China has taken the following measures:", "(i) China has always taken caution, responsible and exercised strict management with regard to the export of military goods. China seriously implements the provisions of Council resolution 1970 (2011) and does not supply, sell or transfer any type of arms or related materiel to Libya;", "(ii) The Chinese authorities have requested the relevant ports and airports to carefully inspect all goods entering and entering Libya, and, when intelligence provides reasonable grounds and solid evidence that the goods are considered to be subject to the embargo on the goods set out in Council resolution 1970 (2011). It is true that it will be confiscated and disposed of in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and to report to the Sanctions Committee. China would like to provide the States concerned with the cooperation required by the resolution in order to ensure that the relevant provisions of the Council resolutions are strictly enforced;", "(iii) China prohibits Chinese nationals or using a Chinese flag vessel or aircraft from buying any type of arms and related military materiel from Libya, regardless of whether the above-mentioned items originate in the territory of the country;", "(iv) China ensure that funds, other financial assets and economic resources that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by entities owned or controlled by them are frozen in China, as listed in annex II to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011), or by individuals or entities designated by the Council's Libyan sanctions Committee, or by persons or entities acting on their instructions, or by entities owned or controlled by them, and that any Chinese national or any person or entity within the territory does not provide any financial or economic resources to the beneficiaries;", "(v) In China, individuals listed in resolution 1970 (2011), 1973 (2011) or designated by the Council's Libyan sanctions Committee have been included in the list of persons not allowed to enter or transit.", "In accordance with the principle of “two systems of a State”, the central Government of China is responsible for the administration of diplomatic and defence matters relating to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China and the Macao Special Administrative Region, the port, the Macao SAR enjoys the executive power, legislative power, independent judicial rights and end-of-trial rights. Thus, the Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region will, in accordance with the notification by the central Government, enact legislation, regulations and implement effectively resolution 1970 (2011).", "We hope that resolution 1970 (2011) will be fully and accurately implemented, while recognizing that sanctions are not intended, but rather as a means of promoting a political solution to the crisis. China expressed the hope that the parties concerned should respect the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the relevant norms of international law. We advocate that a ceasefire should be achieved as soon as possible and that more civilian casualties and greater humanitarian disaster should be avoided, and call upon all parties concerned to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the crisis. China will continue to play a constructive role in that regard." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "鉴于你2010年3月25日函，日本政府谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会提交报告(见附件)。安理会在该决议第25段中呼吁所有会员国在决议通过后120天内向委员会报告为有效执行该决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施。", "日本常驻联合国代表", "大使", "西田恒夫(签名)", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "给安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会的报告", "日本符合第1970(2011)号决议第9段的出口管制立法和措施", "日本出口管制制度的依据是《外汇和外贸法》(1948年第228号法，下称“《外汇法》”，该法规定了日本出口和对外交易的总体法律框架)，以及《输出贸易管理令》(1949年第378号政令，适用于物品)和《外汇令》(1980年第260号政令，适用于技术)。根据这些法规，日本政府通过许可证规定对各法令所附清单上所有物项的出口实施严密管制。", "根据《外汇法》，日本政府对《输出贸易管理令》附表1第1项和《外汇令》附表1分别列为“须受管制”物项的武器和相关技术的出口实施管制。各法令清单所列物品和技术与国际出口管制制度(即瓦森纳安排)所管制的物品和技术对应。", "关于武器出口，日本政府始终根据武器出口三原则(下称“三原则”)及相关政策指导，谨慎处理“武器”出口问题，以避免可能使国际冲突恶化的情况。三原则1967年在日本国会宣布后，一直是日本“武器”出口的基本政策。", "根据三原则，不得向以下国家或地区出口“武器”：", "(1) 共产主义集团国家；", "(2) 安全理事会决议对其实施“武器”禁运的国家；", "(3) 参与或可能参与国际冲突的国家。", "其后，1976年2月，日本政府在国会宣布了一项并行政策指导意见，规定对三原则未列的其他地区的“武器”出口也将受到限制，以符合日本作为爱好和平国家的立场。亦即，此项并行政策指导宣布，日本政府将不鼓励“武器”出口，而不论出口的目的地是哪里。“三原则”所称“武器”是指军事部队直接用于战斗的所有物品，具体指《输出贸易管理令》附表1第1项所列的物品。", "日本符合第1970(2011)号决议第10段的进口管制立法和措施", "日本政府依照《外汇法》和《输入贸易管理令》(1949年第414号政令)采取了必要措施，禁止进口任何利比亚原产或运出的武器。", "根据这些措施，经济产业省宣布，进口利比亚原产或运出的武器须得到该省的核准。按照第1970(2011)号决议，这些军火和有关物资不会得到批准。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第15段采取的措施(旅行禁令)", "日本政府已根据《外务省设置法》和《出入境管理和难民认定法》(下称“出入境管理法”)采取必要措施，对第1970(2011)号决议附件一(及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)指认的人在日本入境或过境保持警惕。", "根据这些措施，外务省遵照《外务省设置法》，在审批第1970(2011)号决议附件一(及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)指认的人在日本入境或过境的签证申请时保持高度警惕。法务省根据《出入境管理法》，也在登陆审批以及日本居留资格证申请的审批方面保持高度警惕。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第17段采取的措施(资产冻结)", "日本政府已根据《外汇法》，并经内阁2011年3月8日批准，采取必要措施冻结第1970(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人(以及第1973(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人和实体)在日本境内拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源。", "根据这些措施，向该决议附件二指认的个人和实体支付或接受款项以及同这些个人和实体进行资本交易，均须财务大臣或经济产业大臣颁发许可。根据该决议，将不会为这些付款和资本交易颁发许可，但第1970(2011)号决议第19段规定的情况除外。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "In reference to your letter dated 25 March 2010, the Government of Japan is honoured to present its report to the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in paragraph 25 of which the Council calls upon all Member States to report to the Committee within 120 days of the adoption of the resolution on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution (see annex).", "(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida Ambassador Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Japan’s export control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "Japan’s export control system is based on the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1948, hereinafter referred to as the “Foreign Exchange Act”), which provides the general legal framework governing exports from Japan and external transactions, as well as on the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of 1949) (for goods) and on the Foreign Exchange Order (Cabinet Order No. 260 of 1980) (for technologies). In accordance with these regulations, the Government of Japan exercises careful control over exports of all items on the lists attached to the Orders by means of a licensing requirement.", "Based on the Foreign Exchange Act, the Government of Japan controls the export of arms and related technologies, which appear as the items described as “subject to control” in item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order and the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Order, respectively. Goods and technologies described on the list of the Orders correspond to the goods and technologies controlled by the international export control regime, namely the Wassenaar Arrangement.", "Regarding arms exports, the Government of Japan has been dealing carefully with “arms” exports in accordance with the Three Principles on Arms Exports (hereinafter referred to as “the Three Principles”) and their related policy guidelines in order to avoid any possible aggravation of international conflicts. The Three Principles have been the basic policy concerning Japan’s “arms” exports since they were declared at the Diet session in 1967.", "Under the Three Principles, “arms” exports to the following countries or regions shall not be permitted:", "(1) Communist bloc countries;", "(2) Countries subject to “arms” exports embargo under Security Council resolutions;", "(3) Countries involved in or likely to be involved in international conflicts.", "Subsequently, in February 1976, the Government of Japan announced the collateral policy guideline at the Diet session, whereby “arms” exports to other areas not included in the Three Principles will also be restrained in conformity with Japan’s position as a peace-loving nation. In other words, the collateral policy guideline declared that the Government of Japan shall not promote “arms” exports, regardless of the destinations. “Arms”, as referred to in the Three Principles, are defined as goods which are used by military forces and which are directly employed in combat, specifically, goods listed under item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order.", "Japan’s import control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 10 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act and the Import Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 414 of 1949), necessary measures to prohibit the import of any arms originating from or shipped from Libya.", "Under these measures, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced that the importation of arms originating from or shipped from Libya is subject to approval of the Ministry. In light of resolution 1970 (2011), approvals will not be granted for these arms and related materiel.", "Measures in accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) (travel ban)", "The Government of Japan has already initiated, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (hereinafter “Immigration Control Act”), necessary measures to exercise vigilance regarding the entry into or transit through its territories of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰto resolution 1973 (2011)).", "Under these measures, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, exercises strict vigilance in the examination of entry/transit visas for the entry into or transit through Japan of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1973 (2011)). The Ministry of Justice, in accordance with the Immigration Control Act, also exercises strict vigilance in landing examinations and examinations of applications for certificates of eligibility.", "Measures in accordance with paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) (asset freeze)", "The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Law and Cabinet approval on 8 March 2011, necessary measures to freeze the funds, other financial assets and economic resources within Japanese territory that are owned or controlled by individuals designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as individuals and entities designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1973 (2011)).", "Under these measures, payments to or by, and capital transactions with, those designated in annex II to the resolution are subject to licensing by the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. In light of the resolution, licences will not be granted for these payments and capital transactions, with the exceptions stipulated in paragraph 19 of resolution 1970 (2011)." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "In view of your letter dated 25 March 2010, the Government of Japan has the honour to submit a report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (see annex). In paragraph 25 of that resolution, the Council called upon all Member States to report to the Committee within 120 days of the adoption of the resolution on measures taken to effectively implement paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17.", "Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Japan complies with export control legislation and measures in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "Japan's export control regime is based on the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Law No. 228 of 1948, under the Foreign Exchange Act), which provides for the overall legal framework for Japan's exports and foreign transactions, and the Export Trade Control Order (Act No. 378 of 1949, applicable to goods) and the Foreign Exchange Order (Act No. 260 of 1980, applicable to technology). In accordance with these legislation, the Government of Japan imposes strict controls on the export of all items on the list annexed to the various decrees.", "In accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act, the Government of Japan regulates the export of arms and related technologies in Schedule 1 to the Export Trade Management Order and Schedule 1 to the Foreign Exchange Order, respectively. Goods and technology listed in the various Acts are regulated by the international export control regime (i.e. the Wassenaar arrangement).", "With regard to arms exports, the Government of Japan has always approached the issue of “arm” exports in accordance with the three principles of arms exports (hereinafter referred to as “three principles”) and relevant policy guidance in order to avoid possible deterioration of international conflicts. The three principles have been declared in Japan's National Assembly in 1967 and have been the basic policy of Japan's “arms”.", "Under three principles, “arms” shall not be exported to the following countries or regions:", "(1) States of the Communist Group;", "(2) States that have imposed an arms embargo on them by Security Council resolutions;", "(3) Countries involved in or may be involved in international conflicts.", "Subsequently, in February 1976, the Government of Japan announced a parallel policy guidance in the National Assembly that the export of “arms” in other areas not covered by the three principles would also be restricted to meet Japan's position as a peace-loving country. Also, this parallel policy guidance declared that the Government of Japan would not encourage “arm” exports, regardless of the destination of exports. The term “weapon” refers to all items directly used by military forces for fighting, specifically those listed in Schedule 1 to the Export Trade Control Order.", "Japan is in compliance with paragraph 10 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of Japan has taken the necessary measures in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act and the Exporting Trade Management Order (Polit No. 414 of 1949) to prohibit the import of any weapons originating in or transporting Libya.", "In accordance with these measures, the Ministry of the Economy announced that the import of weapons originating in or shipped by Libya must be approved by the province. These arms and related materiel will not be approved in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).", "Measures taken pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of Japan has taken the necessary measures to exercise vigilance over the entry or transit of persons designated in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) (and resolution 1973 (2011), annex I).", "In accordance with these measures, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the Act establishing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, maintains a high degree of vigilance with respect to visa requests for entry or transit in Japan for persons designated pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), annex I. In accordance with the Immigration Control Act, the Ministry of Justice is also exercising a high degree of vigilance with regard to the clearance of land clearance and the application for residency in Japan.", "Measures taken pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "In accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act and approved by the Cabinet on 8 March 2011, the Government of Japan has taken the necessary measures to freeze funds, other financial assets and economic resources owned or controlled by individuals and entities designated in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011).", "In accordance with these measures, payments or acceptances to individuals and entities designated in annex II to the resolution, as well as capital transactions with those individuals and entities, are subject to a licence from the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Economy. In accordance with that resolution, licences will not be granted for these payments and capital transactions, except as provided for in paragraph 19 of resolution 1970 (2011)." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月22日希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "希腊常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递希腊政府关于为有效执行安全理事会第1970(2001)号决议有关规定而采取的措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月22日希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "希腊政府关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "希腊谨向安全理事会报告我国为有效执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取的措施。", "关于执行安全理事会决议的第92/1967号法律规定，按照《联合国宪章》第二十五条的规定，根据《宪章》第四十一条通过的决议对会员国具有约束力，因此：(a) 在《官方公报》中刊登外交部决定；(b) 以发布总统令的方式执行决议。总统令进一步明确决议规定的具体禁令，以及希腊为执行决议而采取的必要措施。违反总统令规定的，处以五年以下监禁，或课以罚款，或两者并罚。", "外交部就安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议在2011年3月21日《政府公报》中发布了A 54号决定。相关总统令草稿就执行第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段作出了规定。", "希腊银行和希腊金融制裁股也已酌情发出通知，要求金融部门各机构全面执行第1970(2011)号决议。", "作为欧洲联盟成员国，希腊同时受到欧洲联盟有关利比亚的限制性措施的约束，并需全面遵守以下各项决定和条例通过的自主措施：", "• 经2011年3月23日2011/178/CFSP号理事会决定修正的2011年2月28日2011/137/CFSP号理事会决定", "• 经2011年3月25日296/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例和2011年3月23日(欧盟)理事会执行条例修订的2011年3月2日通过的204/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例", "• 2011年3月20日通过的156/CFSP号理事会执行决定和233/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年3月21日通过的2011/175/CFSP号理事会执行决定和272/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年4月12日通过的2011/236/CFSP号理事会执行决定和360/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年5月23日通过的2011/300/CFSP号理事会执行决定和502/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "通过上述措施实施了以下规定：对武器及相关材料以及可能用于国内镇压的设备实施禁运；在进出利比亚货物事先通知要求得到满足前禁止提供某些服务；限制列名自然人入境；冻结列名人士的资金和经济资源；禁止航班进入利比亚领空；禁止利比亚航班进入欧洲联盟领空。另外，还作出了其他例外规定。", "还应指出，希腊部署了一些海上资产，为希望离开阿拉伯利比亚民众国的外国公民提供援助和保护，并按照上述决议第9段的要求正在为执行安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第4、6、7和8的规定提供协助。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Greece on measures taken in order to effectively implement the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of Greece regarding the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Greece has the honour to inform the Security Council of the national measures taken with a view to implementing effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "According to Law 92/1967 on the implementation of Security Council resolutions, any resolution, based on article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, which is mandatory for Member States, in accordance with Article 25 of the Charter is: (a) published in the Official Gazette by Decision of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and (b) implemented by way of a Presidential Decree. Such Decree further specifies the prohibitions provided for in the resolution and the measures necessary for its implementation. Any violation of the provisions of the aforementioned Presidential Decree is subject to imprisonment for up to five years, or to a fine, or both.", "As far as Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) is concerned, the Ministerial Decision, Government Gazette A 54 of 21 March 2011 has been issued. The related draft Presidential Decree includes the provisions covering the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Furthermore, the Bank of Greece and the Greek Financial Sanctions Unit have already issued the appropriate circulars for the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) by all banking sector institutions.", "Greece, as a member State of the European Union, is also bound by the European Union’s restrictive measures against Libya and fully abides by the autonomous measures adopted by:", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 adopted on 2 March 2011 amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 288/2011 of 23 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/156/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 233/2011 adopted on 10 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 272/2011 adopted on 21 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 adopted on 12 April 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 adopted on 23 May 2011", "by which an embargo on arms and related materiel and on equipment that might be used for internal repression; a ban on the provision of certain services; a prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya; restrictions on the admission of listed natural persons; the freezing of funds and economic resources of listed persons, entities and bodies; a ban on flights in the airspace of Libya; a ban on flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union and their exceptions, are imposed.", "It should also be noted that Greece has deployed naval assets for the provision of assistance and protection for the evacuation of foreign citizens wishing to leave the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and is providing assistance for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), in accordance with paragraph 9 of that resolution." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Greece on measures taken to implement effectively the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2001) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of Greece on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Greece has the honour to report to the Security Council on the measures it has taken to effectively implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "Act No. 92/1967 on the implementation of Security Council resolutions provides that, in accordance with Article 25 of the Charter of the United Nations, resolutions adopted under Article 41 of the Charter are binding on Member States and therefore: (a) the decisions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are published in the Official Gazette; and (b) the resolutions are implemented by means of presidential decrees. The Presidential Decree further clarifies the specific prohibitions set out in the resolution and the necessary measures taken by Greece to implement the resolution. Violations of the provisions of the Presidential Decree are punishable by imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or by a fine or both.", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued decision A54 on Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) in the Official Gazette of 21 March 2011. The relevant draft presidential decree provides for the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Bank of Greece and the Greek Financial Sanctions Unit have also issued circulars, as appropriate, requiring financial sector institutions to fully implement resolution 1970 (2011).", "As a member State of the European Union, Greece is bound by the restrictive measures of the European Union concerning Libya and is subject to full compliance with the autonomous measures adopted by the following decisions and regulations:", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011, as amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, adopted on 2 March 2011, as amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) of 23 March 2011 Council Regulation (EU)", "• Council Implementation Decision No. 156/CFSP and Council Decision No. 233/2011, adopted on 20 March 2011 Council Implementing Regulations", "• Council Implementation Decision 2011/175/CFSP and Council Decision 272/2011, adopted on 21 March 2011 Council Implementing Regulations", "• Council Implementation Decision 2011/236/CFSP and Council Decision 360/2011, adopted on 12 April 2011 Council Implementing Regulations", "• Council implementing decision 2011/300/CFSP and decision 502/2011, adopted on 23 May 2011 Council Implementing Regulations", "The measures described above provide for an embargo on arms and related materiel and equipment that may be used for domestic repression; a ban on the provision of certain services pending the fulfilment of the prior notification requirements for goods to and from Libya; restrictions on the entry of listed natural persons; the freezing of funds and economic resources of listed individuals; a ban on flights into Libyan airspace; and a ban on flights from Libya into European Union airspace. Other exceptions were made.", "It should also be noted that Greece has deployed a number of maritime assets to provide assistance and protection to foreign citizens who wish to leave the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and is assisting in the implementation of the provisions of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8, as requested in paragraph 9 of the above-mentioned resolution." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 特谢拉·科埃略女士 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "伊拉克局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/2011/435)", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "伊拉克局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/2011/435)", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请伊拉克代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/465，其中载有美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/435，其中载有秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告。我还谨提请安理会成员注意文件", "S/2011/464，其中载有2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2001(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "上午10时15分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Iraq to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members have before them document S/2011/465, containing the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United States of America.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/435, containing the third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010). I also wish to draw the", "attention of Council members to document S/2011/464, containing a note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2001 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 10.15 a.m." ]

[ "Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Mr. Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Vukasinović Mr. Brazil Mrs. Viotti Mr. Wang Mint of China Mr. Wang Min of Colombia Mr. Arsat of France Mr. Araud of Gabon Mr. Messone of India Mr. Hardeep Singh Puri of Lebanon Mr. Ramadan of Nigeria Mr. Amieofelli of Portugal Ms. Teshera Koelho of the Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov of South Africa Mr. Sangqu of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo of the United States of America", "Agenda", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Iraq to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/465, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United States of America.", "I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/435, which contains the third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010). I should also like to draw the attention of Council members to documents", "S/2011/464, containing a note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2001 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 10.15 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "利比亚局势", "上午10时15分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "利比亚局势", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请帕斯科先生发言。", "帕斯科先生(以英语发言)：利比亚战事已进入第五个月，反对派部队在战场上略有斩获，但总体局势没有发生急剧变化。前线继续不断变化，反对派部队试图向黎波里方向推进，而政府军则进攻由反对派控制的战略城市和地区。北约行动在继续，主要针对黎波里内和周围场地。", "两周前，秘书长特使哈提卜先生向安理会通报了他向在黎波里的政府官员和在班加西的利比亚临时过渡全国委员会代表提出的平行办法。当时双方表示，他们愿意研究和进一步讨论这项建议。该建议旨在同时建立可信的停火和一个管理过渡的体制机制。", "7月25日，该特使前往班加西继续进行讨论。在他与过渡全国委员会的会晤中，讨论了特使提出的过渡建议以及委员会成员提出的其他问题。这些成员坚持认为，在的黎波里现政权存在的情况下，他们不能参与建立一个新过渡实体的谈判。他们强调，谈判的目的必须是满足利比亚人民的正当愿望，这包括卡扎菲上校下台。这次交换意见虽然没有得出任何结论，但总体而言，实际上相当有益，并富有建设性。", "7月26日，特使前往的黎波里，与利比亚总理巴格达迪·阿里·马哈茂迪举行会谈。总理重申了利比亚政府的立场，即它不准备参与要求卡扎菲上校下台的政治进程。总理提出了与执行第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议相关的各方面问题，包括这些决议对利比亚的影响，并要求北约在利比亚加入任何执行安全理事会决议的进程前停止其军事行动。自这些讨论开始以来，双方姿态相当前后一致。双方都愿意谈判，但目前仍坚持其最高要求，在可以开始具体讨论前，显然需要耐心。", "正如我们多次指出的那样，实现停火并将其与满足利比亚人民愿望的过渡安排挂钩，是解决利比亚危机的唯一可持续政治解决办法。秘书长及其特使已经在我们同世界各地重要对话者的所有讨论中，阐明了这一点。", "从一开始，联合国就与利比亚有关各方，与包括非洲联盟(非盟)、阿拉伯国家联盟和伊斯兰会议组织在内的区域组织以及广大国际社会密切合作。我愿指出，哈提卜先生今天就在毛里塔尼亚，他在那里与非盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会主席乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹总统举行了很好的会晤。国际社会通过秘书长特使以一个声音说话，从而实现政治解决，这一点仍至关重要。", "7月15日，利比亚问题联络小组第四次会议在伊斯坦布尔举行。主席的最后声明确认，在成立临时当局之前，全国临时过渡委员会是“利比亚的合法管理当局”。与会者还表示完全支持哈提卜特使领导解决利比亚危机的调解工作。", "7月18日，非洲联盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会在亚的斯亚贝巴就利比亚问题召开了技术性互动交流会，全国过渡委员会、利比亚政府和联合国应邀参加。利比亚政府派团与会，但全国过渡委员会没有参加。非盟正计划与全国过渡委员会举行第二次互动交流会，会议定于8月初在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。", "秘书长仍密切参与寻求政治解决的工作。比如，7月22日，他与南非总统祖玛通话，讨论了今后的方针以及加强联合国与非洲联盟合作的办法。", "从冲突爆发起就离开利比亚且尚未返回的人数目前估计超过63万，其中有大约10万利比亚人。此外还有约20万利比亚人在本国流离失所。滞留在埃及、突尼斯和尼日尔过境点的人数已降至约2 600，多数是第三国公民，其中有些人是无法回国的寻求庇护者。此外，约22 000人，多数为非洲移民，从利比亚乘船抵达意大利和马耳他。至少有1 400人在这些旅途中死亡或失踪。", "我在最近访问突尼斯时，对突尼斯政府慷慨收留难民表示了感谢。该国政府提出不仅要向营地内的难民，而且也要向将利比亚难民慷慨收留在家中的突尼斯家庭提供援助。联合国难民事务高级专员办事处等联合国实体正在研究如何以最佳方式帮助支持突尼斯境内的流离失所者，但也需要国际社会提供更多支持。", "利比亚政府一再抱怨医疗用品、疫苗和设备短缺。此外，据报的黎波里燃料严重短缺。人道主义援助和燃料正定期运抵反对派控制地区，但那里也存在某些短缺现象。缺乏燃料当然影响到了人员和物资的通行、供电和供水、就业、医院、农业和渔业。我们仍感到关切的是，燃料供应的不确定性以及维修和零部件的缺乏可能会导致供水服务瘫痪。", "穆斯林斋月的临近使得物资供应和满足人道主义需要愈加迫切。利比亚政府和全国过渡委员会均要求使用冻结资产来满足人道主义需要。秘书长已将这些信函转交安全理事会主席。", "利比亚冲突后规划问题特别顾问伊恩·马丁先生一直在联合国内部以及与各关键伙伴一道从事准备工作，研究在冲突解决后我们如何给予帮助。联合国为确定在有关方面提出请求情况下可采取哪些方式并在哪些方面提供联合国或其它国际援助而开展的全系统预先评估工作现已接近完成。联合国系统在这项工作中开展了出色的内外合作。如果而且只有在有关方面要求联合国在利比亚冲突结束后迅速作出反应的情况下，这项工作才会有价值。", "正如我们对安理会所说，维持和平行动部正在就停火后可能要求联合国发挥的军事和警务作用开展早期应急规划。秘书处将随时准备与利比亚当局开展讨论，并向安理会提出联合国在过渡期间援助方面的最迫切优先工作，只要政治情况允许这样做。", "制裁利比亚委员会主席根据第1970(2011)号决议第24 (e)段的规定，向安理会作了必要通报。因此，我只想指出，秘书长根据第1973(2011)号决议第24段所任命的专家小组已经认真开展工作。该小组的任务是，收集、研究和分析各国、联合国有关机构、区域组织以及其它有关方面就第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议确定的措施的执行情况所提供的信息。在此过程中，它访问了欧洲、北美和中东一些国家。它还访问了利比亚的班加西，并打算近期访问的黎波里。专家小组将不晚于2011年8月10日向委员会提交初步报告。", "自通过第1973(2011)号决议以来，秘书长已从20多个会员国以及区域组织和安排收到43封信函，告知他在执行该决议方面采取了哪些行动。这些信函多数涉及第4段和第8段，其余则涉及第7段规定的人道主义豁免。", "我曾在先前向安理会所作的通报中，介绍了北约秘书长致联合国秘书长信件中的最新情况。这些信件转递了北约第一次和第二次月度报告、周度报告以及对报告所作的技术更新。自我上次作通报以来，我们收到了第三次和第四次月度报告，报告日期分别为6月27日和7月20日，此外还收到7月11日的技术更新。所有报告均已向安全理事会成员散发。", "利比亚危机所造成的挑战是严峻的，但我们认为，只要继续密切参与、积极寻求通过谈判解决问题并认真进行规划，以便在需要时发挥可能的作用，就能够应对这些挑战。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢帕斯科先生的通报。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我们感谢林恩·帕斯科副秘书长全面通报了利比亚局势。", "通过1973(2011)号决议以及在利比亚启动军事行动，已经有4个多月的时间了。我们应当提醒自己，第1973(2011)号决议意在确保保护平民，而不是更换政权或是把某些人作为目标。", "显然，侧重以军事手段解决问题的做法并未达到其预期目的。相反，它却使该国局势更加不稳定。所以说，随着局势恶化、更多平民死亡和基础设施大面积被毁，利比亚的长期安全与稳定仍呈不确定性。", "我们必须承诺在文字和精神上都充分遵守第 1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的全部内容。这将包括集中精力寻求危机的政治解决，第1973(2011)号决议第2段强调了这一点，该段强调必须加紧努力，力求达成政治解决办法。", "为了进一步推动政治解决，最近在马拉博举行了非洲联盟(非盟)第十七届国家元首和政府首脑会议，会议核准了关于以政治手段解决利比亚危机的框架协议的一系列提议。框架协议以非盟路线图以及第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议为基础，重申利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺在全国临时过渡委员会的参与下，开展包容性对话进程。这一切都基于卡扎菲上校同意不参加关于利比亚未来的谈判。", "请允许我谈谈框架协议的关键内容。这些内容首先包括全民对话。利比亚各方承诺立即按照第1973 (2011)号决议第2段和非盟路线图展开谈判。这将涉及以下问题：立即中止敌对行动、实行“人道主义暂停”、全面停火、民族和解、就过渡问题达成安排，以及开展民主变革工作。全国对话应在阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰合作组织以及欧洲联盟(欧盟)的支持下，通过秘书长特使卡提卜先生，由非盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会和联合国主持进行。", "第二，关于建立信任和其它配套措施，各方应致力于努力治愈创伤和开展民族和解，包括考虑设立一个真相与和解委员会。各方将致力于要求安全理事会解除第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议中规定的对利比亚资产的冻结，以供临时政府使用。", "第三，以非盟、联合国、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰合作组织以及欧盟为代表的国际社会致力于支持该进程，并支持利比亚各利益攸关方之间达成的各项协议。", "这些关于框架协议的提议现已提交利比亚政府及过渡全国委员会，供其审议。非盟要求利比亚各方“表现出所需的政治意愿，将其国家与人民至高无上的利益放在任何其它考虑之上。”为此，它们必须致力于政治解决。安理会以及广大国际社会应向它们强调这种政治进程的必要性。", "我们注意到要求卡扎菲离开的呼声。我们主张，这种言论对于我们实现政治解决没有任何好处。我们呼吁所有各方如框架协议所阐述的那样，侧重于真正帮助利比亚各方立即根据非盟路线图启动政治对话。 只有由利比亚主导和掌控的政治进程才能成为决定利比亚未来——包括卡扎菲上校的未来——的基础。这是《宪章》赋予的一种权利，它将再次确认利比亚的主权、独立、领土完整与国家统一。", "南非仍对第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议的执行情况感到关切。在内部冲突局势中偏向一方，力图实现利比亚政权的更迭，这种做法形成了一个危险的先例，必将损害安理会及其各项决议的公信力。", "我们还注意到有人呼吁取消对利比亚资产的冻结。我们认为，取消资产冻结以支持冲突一方，将违反制裁制度，并使局势进一步复杂化。", "人道主义事务协调厅最近关于利比亚人道主义局势的报告描绘了整体局势，它也得到了帕斯科先生的证实。报告显示，水、燃料、零部件、现金、药品和其它基本物资存在严重短缺。鉴于斋月即将到来，这种情况更为令人担忧。", "鉴于这种恶劣的人道主义局势，我们同意非盟的如下要求，即：", "“立即暂停交战和北约主导的轰炸，给民众以喘息时间，减轻他们的痛苦，使得能够向所有需要的人提供急需的人道主义援助。”", "最后，我们呼吁各方摒弃它们的分歧，在不设前提条件的情况下开始谈判，以找到实现利比亚人民愿望的可持续的政治解决办法。我们作为国际社会有责任帮助各方实现这个目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其它发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时30分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Salam \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Libya", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Libya", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Pascoe.", "Mr. Pascoe: As the fighting in Libya continues for the fifth month, there have been some marginal gains on the battlefield by the opposition forces, but no dramatic changes in the overall situation. The front lines remain in flux as opposition forces attempt to advance towards Tripoli, while Government forces target strategic cities and areas under opposition control. NATO operations continue, primarily against sites in and around Tripoli.", "The Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, Mr. Al‑Khatib, briefed the Council two weeks ago on the proposed parallel approach he has made to Government officials in Tripoli and the Libyan Interim Transitional National Council representatives in Benghazi. At that time, both sides expressed their readiness to study the proposal and discuss it further. The proposal is designed to simultaneously establish a credible ceasefire and create an institutional mechanism for the management of the transition.", "On 25 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Benghazi to continue discussions. During his meeting with the Transitional National Council, there was discussion of his proposal for the transition as well as other issues put forth by Council members. These members insisted they could not engage in talks for the establishment of a new transitional entity while the existing regime in Tripoli was in place. They emphasized that meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people had to be the aim of the negotiations, and this included the departure of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. While no conclusions were reached, the exchange was actually quite useful and constructive overall.", "On 26 July, the Special Envoy went to Tripoli for talks with Libyan Prime Minister Al Baghdadi Ali Al‑Mahmoudi. The Prime Minister reiterated the Libyan Government’s position that it was not ready to engage in a political process that implied the stepping down of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. The Prime Minister raised various aspects related the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), including their impact on Libya, and demanded that NATO stop its military actions prior to Libya’s engagement in any process to implement the Security Council’s resolutions. This posturing by both sides has been fairly consistent since the beginning of these discussions. Both sides are willing to talk, but they are still emphasizing maximum demands at this point, and patience is clearly required before detailed discussion can begin.", "As we have said many times, a ceasefire tied to transitional arrangements that address the aspirations of the Libyan people is the only sustainable political solution to the crisis in Libya. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy make this point in all our discussions with key interlocutors around the world.", "From the outset, the United Nations has worked closely with all concerned parties in Libya, with regional organizations, including the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and with the wider international community. I would like to note that Mr. Al-Khatib today is in Mauritania, where he had a good meeting with President Ould Abdel Aziz, the Chairman of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya. It remains critical that the international community speak with one voice, through the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, in order to bring about a political solution.", "On 15 July, the fourth meeting of the Contact Group on Libya was held in Istanbul. The Chairperson’s final statement recognized the Interim Transitional National Council as “the legitimate governing authority in Libya” until the establishment of an interim authority. The participants also expressed their full support for Special Envoy Al-Khatib to lead mediation efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis.", "On 18 July, the African Union Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya convened a technical interactive meeting on Libya in Addis Ababa, to which the Transitional National Council, the Libyan Government and the United Nations were invited. The Libyan Government sent a delegation to the meeting, while the Transitional National Council did not participate. The AU is planning for a second interactive session with the Transitional National Council, scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in early August.", "The Secretary-General has remained closely engaged in the search for a political solution. For example, on 22 July he spoke with President Zuma of South Africa on the way forward and on approaches that would tighten United Nations and African Union cooperation.", "The number of people who have left Libya and have not returned since the start of the conflict is now estimated at over 630,000, including some 100,000 Libyans. Another 200,000 Libyans have been internally displaced. The number of people stranded at border points in Egypt, Tunisia and Niger has been reduced to about 2,600, mostly third-country nationals, some of whom are asylum seekers who cannot return to their homes. Additionally, around 22,000 people, mostly African migrants, have arrived by boat in Italy and Malta from Libya. At least 1,400 people have died during those journeys or are missing.", "During my recent visit to Tunisia, I thanked the Government for Tunisia’s generosity in hosting refugees. The Government raised the need for assistance to be directed not only to the refugees in camps, but also to the Tunisian families who are generously hosting Libyan refugees in their homes. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other United Nations entities are working on how best to help support the displaced in Tunisia, but additional support from the international community will be needed.", "The Government of Libya has repeatedly complained about the shortage of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment. In addition, major fuel shortages are reported in Tripoli. Humanitarian aid and fuel are arriving regularly in opposition-controlled areas, although there are some shortages there too. The lack of fuel, of course, affects the movement of people and goods, electricity, water supply, employment, hospitals, agriculture and fisheries. We remain concerned about the risk of water services breaking down due to uncertain fuel supplies and to a lack of maintenance and spare parts.", "The approach of the holy month of Ramadan has added greater urgency to the provision of supplies and meeting of humanitarian needs. Both the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Council have requested the use of frozen assets to meet humanitarian needs. The Secretary-General has forwarded these communications to the President of the Security Council.", "The Special Adviser on post-conflict planning in Libya, Mr. Ian Martin, has continued preparatory work within the United Nations and with key partners on ways we can be helpful when the conflict has been resolved. The United Nations system-wide pre‑assessment process to develop possible scenarios and areas where United Nations or other international support may be appropriate, if it is requested, is nearing completion. Cooperation within and outside the United Nations system on this process has been excellent. This effort will be invaluable if and when the United Nations is called upon to react quickly in a post-conflict Libya.", "As we have told the Council, early contingency planning is being undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for military and police roles that the United Nations may be asked to perform following a ceasefire. The Secretariat will be ready to discuss with the Libyan authorities and propose to the Council the most immediate priorities for United Nations assistance during a transition whenever political developments make this appropriate.", "The Chair of the Libya sanctions Committee briefs the Council as necessary, pursuant to paragraph 24 (e) of resolution 1970 (2011). I would therefore simply note that the Panel of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) has begun its work in earnest. The Panel is mandated to gather, examine and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organizations and other interested parties regarding the implementation of the measures decided in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). In doing so, it has travelled to countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It has also visited Benghazi, Libya, and intends to visit Tripoli in the near future. The Panel will submit an interim report to the Committee no later than 10 August 2011.", "Since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011), the Secretary-General has received 43 communications from more than 20 Member States and regional organizations and arrangements, informing him of actions with respect to the implementation of the resolution. The majority of these communications relate to paragraphs 4 and 8, and the rest relate to humanitarian exemptions under paragraph 7.", "In my previous briefings to the Council, I provided updates on the letters addressed to the Secretary-General by the NATO Secretary-General conveying NATO’s first and second monthly reports, weekly reports and technical updates. Since my last briefing, we have received the third and fourth monthly reports, dated 27 June and 20 July respectively, in addition to one technical update dated 11 July. All reports have been circulated to Security Council members.", "The challenges posed by the crisis in Libya are serious ones, but we believe that they can be managed by staying closely involved, actively pursuing a negotiated solution and planning carefully to play a possible role, if asked, in the future.", "The President: I thank Mr. Pascoe for his briefing.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We thank Under-Secretary-General Lynn Pascoe for his comprehensive briefing on the situation in Libya.", "It has been over four months since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011) and the start of the military campaign in Libya. We should remind ourselves that the intention of resolution 1973 (2011) was to ensure the protection of civilians, and not regime change or the targeting of individuals.", "Clearly, action focused on the military solution has not had its intended purpose. Instead, it has worked to destabilize the country even further, and therefore the long-term security and stability of Libya remain uncertain as the situation deteriorates, with more loss of civilian lives and massive destruction of infrastructure.", "What is required is a commitment to full compliance with resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in their entirety, in letter and spirit. This will include focusing our energies on finding a political solution to the crisis, as emphasized in paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011), which stresses the need to intensify efforts aimed at a political outcome.", "In further contributing towards a political solution, the seventeenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) was held in Malabo recently and endorsed a set of proposals for a framework agreement on a political solution to the crisis in Libya. The framework agreement, which is based on the AU road map and resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), reiterates Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Al‑Qadhafi’s commitment to an inclusive dialogue process, with the participation of the Interim Transitional National Council. This is all based on the agreement of Colonel Al-Qadhafi not to participate in the negotiations on the future of Libya.", "Allow me to touch on the key elements of the framework agreement, which include, first, national dialogue. The Libyan parties commit to immediately start negotiations in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011) and the AU road map. That will address the following issues: an immediate suspension of hostilities, a humanitarian pause, a comprehensive ceasefire, national reconciliation, arrangements relating to the transition, and the agenda for democratic transformation. The national dialogue shall be held under the auspices of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya and the United Nations, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Al‑Khatib, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the European Union (EU).", "Secondly, with respect to confidence-building and other combining measures, the parties will commit themselves to work towards healing and national reconciliation, including considering the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. The parties will commit themselves to requesting the Security Council to lift the freeze of Libyan assets, as provided for in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), to the benefit of the interim Government.", "Thirdly, the international community, represented by the AU, the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the OIC and the EU, commits itself to supporting the process and agreements reached among the Libyan stakeholders.", "These proposals for a framework agreement have been submitted to the Government of Libya and to the Transitional National Council for their consideration. The AU has asked the Libyan parties “to demonstrate the required political will and place the supreme interest of their country and people above any other consideration”. It is thus imperative for them to commit to a political solution. The Council and the wider international community should impress upon them the necessity for such a political process.", "We have noted the calls for Al-Qadhafi to go. We maintain that such statements do not bring us any closer to a political solution. We call on all parties to focus on genuinely assisting the Libyan parties to immediately begin a political dialogue in line with the AU road map, as elaborated in the framework agreement. It is only through a Libyan-led and owned political process that a decision on the future of Libya, including that of Colonel Al-Qadhafi, can be based. This is a Charter-given right that will reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya.", "South Africa remains concerned about the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). Taking sides in any internal conflict situation in an effort to institute regime change in Libya sets a dangerous precedent that will surely damage the credibility of the Council and its resolutions. We have also noted the call encouraging the unfreezing of Libyan assets. Unfreezing assets to support one side of the conflict would, in our view, be in violation of the sanctions regime and further complicate the situation.", "The recent report of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on the humanitarian situation in Libya provides a big picture, as has been confirmed by Mr. Pascoe. The report shows that there are significant shortages in water, fuel, spare parts, cash, medicine and other basic amenities. This situation is ever more worrying in light of the approaching month of Ramadan.", "Given this dire humanitarian situation, we echo the AU’s demand for", "“an immediate pause in the fighting and in NATO-led bombings, to provide respite to the civilian population, alleviate its suffering and make it possible to deliver the much needed humanitarian assistance to all those in need”.", "In conclusion, we call on all of the parties to put aside their differences and begin negotiations without preconditions with a view to finding a sustainable political solution that will fulfil the aspirations of the Libyan people. It is our responsibility as the international community to assist the parties in this quest.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on this subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m." ]

[ "Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Mr. Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Barbalić Mr. Brazil Mrs. Viotti Mr. Wang Min of China Mr. Wang Min of China Mr. Arzat of Colombia Mr. Arrod of France Mr. Gabon Mr. Messone India Mr. Mangiv Singh Puri of Lebanon Mr. Salam of Nigeria Mr. Amierofelli of Portugal Mr. Cabral of the Russian Federation Mr. Pankin of South Africa Mr. Sangqu of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo of the United States of America", "Agenda", "The situation in Libya", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Libya", "The President: I invite Mr. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, to participate in the meeting in accordance with rule 39 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Pascoe.", "Mr. Pascoe: While the war in Libya has entered its fifth month and opposition forces have been slightly cut off on the battlefield, the overall situation has not changed dramatically. The front line continues to evolve, with opposition forces attempting to move in the direction of Tripoli, while Government forces attacking strategic opposition-controlled cities and areas. NATO operations continued, targeting mainly Tripoli and surrounding sites.", "Two weeks ago, the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Khatib, briefed the Council on the parallel approach he had proposed to Government officials in Tripoli and representatives of the Interim National Transitional Council of Libya in Benghazi. At that time, both sides expressed their willingness to study and further discuss the proposal. The proposal aims at establishing a credible ceasefire and an institutional mechanism to manage the transition simultaneously.", "On 25 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Benghazi to continue discussions. During his meetings with the National Transitional Council, the recommendations of the Special Envoy on the transition and other issues raised by the members of the Committee were discussed. Those members insisted that they could not participate in negotiations to establish a new transitional entity in the context of the current regime in Tripoli. They stressed that the objective of the negotiations must be to meet the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people, including the removal of Colonel Qadhafi. Although this exchange of views did not draw any conclusions, it was in fact quite useful and constructive in general.", "On 26 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Tripoli to meet with the Prime Minister of Libya, Baghdaddi Ali Mahmoudi. The Prime Minister reiterated the position of the Libyan Government that it was not prepared to engage in a political process that would require the removal of Colonel Qadhafi. The Prime Minister raised various aspects related to the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), including the implications of those resolutions for Libya, and demanded that NATO cease its military operations until Libya joined any process to implement Security Council resolutions. Since the beginning of these discussions, the positions of both sides have been quite consistent. Both sides are willing to negotiate, but they are still insisting on their highest requirements and clearly need patience before they can start concrete discussions.", "As we have stated many times, achieving a ceasefire and linking it to transitional arrangements that meet the aspirations of the Libyan people is the only sustainable political solution to the Libyan crisis. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy have made this clear in all our discussions with key interlocutors around the world.", "From the outset, the United Nations has worked closely with all relevant parties in Libya, with regional organizations, including the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference, as well as with the wider international community. I would like to point out that Mr. Khatib is in Mauritania today, where he has had a good meeting with the Chairperson of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya, President Ould Abdel Aziz. It remains essential that the international community speak with one voice through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to achieve a political settlement.", "On 15 July, the fourth meeting of the Contact Group on Libya was held in Istanbul. In his final statement, the Chairman confirmed that, pending the establishment of the Interim Authority, the Interim National Transitional Council was “the legitimate authority of Libya”. Participants also expressed their full support for Special Envoy Khatib in leading the mediation efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis.", "On 18 July, the African Union Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya held a technical interactive exchange on Libya in Addis Ababa, with the participation of the National Transitional Council, the Government of Libya and the United Nations. The Government of Libya sent a delegation, but the National Transitional Council did not participate. The AU is planning a second interactive meeting with the National Transitional Council, scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in early August.", "The Secretary-General remains closely involved in the search for a political solution. For example, on 22 July, he spoke to President Zuma of South Africa to discuss the way forward and ways to strengthen cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union.", "The number of people who have left Libya since the outbreak of the conflict and have not yet returned is currently estimated at more than 630,000, including some 100,000 Libyans. In addition, some 200,000 Libyans have been internally displaced. The number of persons remaining at border crossings in Egypt, Tunisia and the Niger has fallen to about 2,600, mostly third-country citizens, some of whom are asylum-seekers who cannot return home. In addition, some 22,000 people, mostly African migrants, arrived in Italy and Malta by boat from Libya. At least 1,400 people died or disappeared during these trips.", "During my recent visit to Tunisia, I expressed my gratitude to the Government of Tunisia for its generosity in hosting refugees. The Government offered assistance not only to refugees in the camps, but also to Tunisian families who had generously taken Libyan refugees into their homes. United Nations entities such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees are looking into how best to help support displaced persons in Tunisia, but more support is also needed from the international community.", "The Government of Libya has repeatedly complained about shortages of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment. In addition, a serious fuel shortage was reported in Tripoli. Humanitarian assistance and fuel are regularly reaching opposition-controlled areas, but there are also some shortages. The lack of fuel certainly affects movement of people and goods, electricity and water supply, employment, hospitals, agriculture and fisheries. We remain concerned that the uncertainty of the fuel supply and the lack of maintenance and spare parts may lead to the paralysis of water services.", "The approach of Muslims to Ramadan has made the provision of supplies and meeting humanitarian needs all the more urgent. Both the Government of Libya and the National Transitional Council have requested the use of the assets freeze to meet humanitarian needs. The Secretary-General transmitted these letters to the President of the Security Council.", "The Special Adviser on Post-Conflict Planning in Libya, Mr. Ian Martin, has been working within the United Nations and with key partners to prepare for how we can help after conflict resolution. A system-wide pre-assessment of how and where the United Nations or other international assistance could be provided at the request of interested parties is now nearing completion. The United Nations system has done excellent internal and external cooperation in this endeavour. This work will be of value only if and when the United Nations is called upon to respond quickly after the end of the conflict in Libya.", "As we have said to the Council, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations is undertaking early contingency planning on the military and police roles that may be required of the United Nations after a ceasefire. The Secretariat will stand ready to engage in discussions with the Libyan authorities and to present to the Council the most urgent priorities for United Nations assistance during the transition, as long as political circumstances permit.", "The Chairman of the Libya Sanctions Committee briefed the Council as necessary, in accordance with paragraph 24 (e) of resolution 1970 (2011). I would therefore simply like to note that the Panel of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) is already working in earnest. The Group is mandated to collect, study and analyse information provided by States, relevant United Nations agencies, regional organizations and other interested parties on the implementation of the measures established in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). In the process, it visited a number of countries in Europe, North America and the Middle East. It also visited Benghazi, Libya, and intends to visit Tripoli in the near future. The Panel will submit its preliminary report to the Committee no later than 10 August 2011.", "Since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011), the Secretary-General has received 43 communications from more than 20 Member States and regional organizations and arrangements informing him of action taken to implement the resolution. Most of these communications relate to paragraphs 4 and 8, while the remainder relate to humanitarian exemptions under paragraph 7.", "In my previous briefing to the Council, I provided an update on the status of the NATO Secretary-General in his letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. These letters transmitted NATO ' s first and second monthly reports, weekly reports and technical updates to the reports. Since my last briefing, we have received the third and fourth monthly reports, dated 27 June and 20 July, respectively, as well as technical updates on 11 July. All reports have been circulated to the members of the Security Council.", "The challenges posed by the Libyan crisis are daunting, but we believe that they can be met as long as we remain closely engaged, actively seek negotiated solutions and carefully plan for a possible role when needed.", "The President: I thank Mr. Pascoe for his briefing.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We thank Under-Secretary-General Lynn Pascoe for his comprehensive briefing on the situation in Libya.", "More than four months have elapsed since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011) and the start of military operations in Libya. We should remind ourselves that resolution 1973 (2011) is intended to ensure the protection of civilians, not to change regimes or target certain individuals.", "It is clear that the focus on military solutions has not served its intended purpose. On the contrary, it makes the situation in that country even more unstable. Therefore, the long-term security and stability of Libya remains uncertain as the situation deteriorates, more civilians die and much of the infrastructure is destroyed.", "We must commit ourselves to full compliance, both in letter and in spirit, with all elements of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). This will include a focus on the search for a political solution to the crisis, as emphasized in paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011), which stresses the need to intensify efforts towards a political solution.", "In order to further advance the political settlement, the seventeenth Summit of Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU), held recently in Malabo, endorsed a series of proposals for a framework agreement for a political solution to the Libyan crisis. The framework agreement builds on the AU road map and resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), reaffirming the commitment of the Libyan leader, Colonel Muammar Al-Qadhafi, to an inclusive dialogue process with the participation of the Interim National Transitional Council. All this was based on Colonel Qadhafi ' s agreement not to participate in negotiations on the future of Libya.", "Let me turn to the key elements of framework agreements. These include, first and foremost, the national dialogue. The Libyan parties committed themselves to the immediate commencement of negotiations in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011) and the AU road map. This will involve the immediate suspension of hostilities, the implementation of a “humanitarian moratorium”, a comprehensive ceasefire, national reconciliation, arrangements for the transition and a democratic transformation process. The national dialogue should be conducted with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the European Union (EU), through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Katib, under the auspices of the AU High-level Ad Hoc Committee on Libya and the United Nations.", "Secondly, with regard to confidence-building and other accompanying measures, the parties should commit themselves to efforts to heal the wounds and to national reconciliation, including considering the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. The parties will work to demand that the Security Council lift the freeze on Libyan assets imposed by resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) for the use of the interim Government.", "Thirdly, the international community, represented by the AU, the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the European Union, is committed to supporting the process and to supporting the agreements reached among the Libyan stakeholders.", "These proposals for a framework agreement have been submitted to the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Council for their consideration. The AU calls on all Libyan parties “to demonstrate the necessary political will to put the paramount interests of their country and people above any other consideration”. To that end, they must commit to a political settlement. The Council and the wider international community should emphasize to them the need for such a political process.", "We note the call for Qadhafi to leave. We argue that such statements are of no benefit to us in achieving a political settlement. We call on all parties to focus, as set out in the framework agreement, on truly helping the Libyan parties to launch without delay a political dialogue in accordance with the AU road map. Only a political process led and controlled by Libya can be the basis for determining Libya's future, including that of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. This is a right under the Charter that will reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya.", "South Africa remains concerned about the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). An attempt to achieve a change of regime in Libya by favouring one side in the internal conflict situation would set a dangerous precedent and would certainly undermine the credibility of the Council and its resolutions.", "We also note the calls for the lifting of the freeze on Libyan assets. We believe that lifting the assets freeze in support of a party to the conflict would violate the sanctions regime and further complicate the situation.", "The recent report of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on the humanitarian situation in Libya depicts the overall situation, which was also confirmed by Mr. Pascoe. Reports indicate serious shortages of water, fuel, spare parts, cash, medicines and other essential supplies. This is all the more worrying in the light of the approaching month of Ramadan.", "In the light of this dire humanitarian situation, we agree with the AU ' s request that:", "“an immediate moratorium on fighting and NATO-led bombing to give the population time to breathe, to alleviate their suffering and to enable the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance to all those in need.”", "In conclusion, we call on the parties to reject their differences and to start negotiations without preconditions in order to find a sustainable political solution that fulfils the aspirations of the Libyan people. It is our responsibility as the international community to help the parties achieve that goal.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion of this issue.", "The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席马克·唐纳德先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午10时15分开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "萨拉姆先生(黎巴嫩)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我愿感谢大会主席在国际青年年即将结束之际召开本次关于青年、对话和相互了解问题的高级别会议。", "黎巴嫩所处地区有五分之一人口年龄在15岁至24岁之间。我国人口半数以上年龄都不满25岁。在阿拉伯地区，青年正面临诸多问题，其中最严重的问题是，青年特别是女青年的失业率很高——在世界上属最高之列。", "在过去二十余年中，虽然在教育领域已取得切实进展，但是文盲率（高于17%）在青年中仍严重地居高不下。在许多情况下，教育质量正在下降。尽管在卫生领域已取得显著进展，但青年中的健康意识依然薄弱。然而，更危险的是，广大青年中有一种日益强烈的压迫感和边缘化感，这是因为他们较少参与公共生活，特别是很少参与决策进程。这些是我们地区过去几十年中连续出现的一波波青年移徙人潮以及自去年以来日益高涨的抗议活动和变革呼声背后的部分原因。", "此时此刻，我们强调，我国年轻人渴望充分参与其自身未来的建设，这是正当的。明天的世界属于他们，这一点是无可否认的。可以毫不夸张地说，青年的活力、人性和创新精神是他们的未来、社会经济发展以及科学发展和技术创新的最佳希望所在。", "我们因此强调，联合国，包括各专门机构、方案及基金，要继续支持青年赋权工作并履行各项国际义务，特别是千年发展目标。在这方面，我们强调，年轻人需要获得信息和通信技术，而联合国和捐助国应竭尽全力缩小北方和南方之间的数字鸿沟。", "我们希望青年将继续为实现各项和平目标而努力——和平会带来正义与安全，并带来一个没有大规模毁灭性武器的世界。这意味着我们必须在地方、区域和国际一级培育青年之间对话和相互了解的文化。我们对载有“青年问题高级别会议：对话和相互了解”成果文件的第65/312号决议表示支持。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请圣马力诺代表发言。", "博迪尼先生(圣马力诺)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表圣马力诺共和国向几天前在挪威遭袭的青年家属表示诚挚的慰问。", "我谨感谢秘书长在处理青年问题方面发挥的领导作用。我还感谢奥地利和贝宁两国常驻代表就“青年问题高级别会议：对话和相互了解”成果文件案文(第65/312号决议)进行的谈判。该文件重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，并概述了实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项国际商定发展目标的途径。", "今天是“国际青年年”的最后一天，但也意味着新一代人令人振奋的新纪元的开始。在地中海和世界许多其它地方，青年表现出他们有决心走上街头向政府提出挑战，并决心为其拥有更加自由、美好的未来的正当愿望而奋斗。", "我们这一代人为后继者制定了妥善的计划了吗？我们理解青年的渴望吗？不幸的是，我们做得不太好。数百万青年得不到令人满意的安全。太多青年因饥饿、疾病和战争正濒临死亡的边缘。数百万青年没有受到适当教育，或根本没有受到教育。太多青年遭到性剥削，或成为工资过低的工人或被应征入伍。很大一部分青年不是失业就是就业不足。多数青年的工作朝不保夕。", "我们不能允许这种梦魇继续下去。我们必须从北方到南方，不仅在发展中国家而且在发达国家都再次激活我们的工作。我们必须协调一致地行动起来，为我们的青年创造繁荣和正义，并趁现在还不太晚的时候恢复他们心中急需的尊严感。", "我们必须找到一个凝聚点，让我们的各种努力形成合力。各国的非政府组织、学校、大学、公司、私营和公共部门都必须侧重于以下优先事项。我们必须保护青年的身心。我们必须为他们提供有效的教育，并为他们提供工作保障。我们必须让他们对我们的社会有归属感。我们必须让他们参与决策进程。", "联合国是我们交流想法的理想场所，在这里，我们可以帮助我们的子孙后代彼此了解，从而建设一个更加美好、和平的世界。", "我们怎样才能增进我们子孙后代的福祉呢？要通过进一步加强有力的家庭纽带和价值观，并通过拓展以贫困者作为我们工作和青年工作核心的社会项目。我们可以维系保护人权的政治体制，我们也可以分享我们的经验而不把自己的思维方式强加于人。我们必须始终激励并赞扬青年努力帮助不那么幸运的同伴。我们必须始终鼓励他们追求对和平、自由和尊严所抱的理想。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安道尔代表发言。", "Casal de Fonsdeviela先生(安道尔)(以西班牙语发言)：请允许我首先向发生特别是青年遭袭悲剧的挪威人民及政府表示我们最诚挚的慰问和坚定支持。不得不以这种情绪开始关于国际青年年的发言令人深感痛苦，但是本次国际年的目标是对话和相互了解。无论发生了什么事情，这些目标将比以往任何时候都更加保持不变。", "青年是未来，而这个未来始于现在，无论现在怎样，青年总是抱着改进它的意愿。我们都同意，我们生活在一个充满变化的世界上。在这个世界上，很难找到能够帮助指导青年走向未来的价值观和参照点。对于成年人来说如此，对于我们的青年来说更加如此。当然，经济危机也加剧了不稳定感和不确定感。", "青年是这场危机的首要受害者。他们无法进入就业市场就等于他们被剥夺了未来和充分发展的前景。具有讽刺意味的是，正是青年才有力量让我们摆脱这种衰退，因此各国不能忘记促进正义、自由、勇气和团结的教育方案。", "正如秘书长所说的那样，至关重要的是青年要学会彼此仔细倾听、感同身受、承认不同意见的存在并解决冲突。我们不需要告诉青年他们需要什么或如何满足这些需求。我们必须为他们的努力提供便利条件，并为他们提供实现这些目标所需的工具。", "安道尔在青年问题上奉行几项指导原则：青年政策是为青年制定、由他们主导并支持他们的政策；青年具有基于若干概念的一致特征；不存在与其他公民相隔离的所谓青年人的世界；最后，我们认为青年既是安道尔的公民也是世界公民。", "(以法语发言)", "为促进这些原则，我们政府于2007年成立了安道尔全国青年论坛。这个由青年组成并为青年服务的独立机构旨在引导志愿参与我国的政治、社会、经济和文化生活。2009年底，部际青年委员会开始工作，从而加强了这一举措。该委员会由来自青年部、高等教育和研究部、文化部、住房部、卫生部、劳动部、内务部、社会福利部以及统计部等各部委的代表组成。我们倡导青年奉行的价值观——共识、尊重与对话——正是我国青年法的基本原则。该法是由各区域机构和社会利益攸关方协商一致草拟的。", "我们还认识到，只为青年提供他们实现全面发展的手段是不够的。我们必须超越我们的国界，为该领域的国际方案做出贡献。安道尔特别是通过为联合国青年基金支助总计9万多欧元表现出它对青年问题的承诺。", "我们每个人都必须继续肯定青年的贡献，并探索他们能够为建设一个更加公平、安全的世界做出什么贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地以伊朗伊斯兰共和国青年和体育部代理部长阿巴西先生阁下的名义做此发言。他参加本次会议的签证申请不幸遭到东道国的拒绝。", "首先，我愿向发生悲惨恐怖事件造成许多青年丧生的挪威人民及政府表示我国代表团的慰问。", "评估一国在当今世界上进步与发展的诸多标准之一就是该国青年的地位。事实上，年轻一代是任何一个社会实现进步和保持活力的主要潜力。对这种潜力的消极或欠佳利用可能会给该社会的进步造成腐蚀性后果。因此，一个社会为青年提供适当的教育、福利、娱乐、培训和职业设施是合情合理的。", "社会学家们主张，年轻社会通常面临他们所谓的一种“渴望革命”。这给正常的政治和经济发展进程带来了复杂与难度，要求政策制定者和实施者予以特别关注，以防止青年疏远社会。", "同时，国际社会对处理青年的真切渴望给予有效和支持性合作在此刻至关重要，因为当前对艺术、技术和现代传媒的操纵以及日益增加的歧视与不平等正是它存在的一些重大缺陷。", "伊朗社会有将近60%的人口是青年，社会学家将它描述为世界上最年轻的社会之一。为此，满足青年的需求并处理他们的渴望一直是并将继续是伊朗伊斯兰共和国优先事项中的重中之重。基于这种理解，1992年通过了青年高级理事会规约，其目标是协调并监督各青年机构和组织的作用与运作，并为新兴的社会中心铺平道路，这些中心旨在刺激青年在文化、科学和体育领域的创造力与潜力，并为他们提供就业机会和婚姻设施等。", "全国青年组织是负责落实该领域各项政策的另一个主要积极机关。在实践中采取了一系列举措，帮助青年充分发挥潜力。", "我极为高兴地通知大会，为将处理青年需求与渴望的崇高目标制度化，过去数月伊朗伊斯兰共和国在内阁一级成立了青年和体育部。我们期待这项发展将发挥重要影响，使国家青年计划比以往更加全面有效。", "同时，为体现区域及国际机构对该问题的日益关注，2010年11月29日和30日在德黑兰召开了经济合作组织首届关于青年问题的部长级会议，该次会议由伊朗伊斯兰共和国全国青年组织与经济合作组织文化研究院合作主办并组织。", "我国最近的业绩证明，只要给青年一代机会和机遇，无论存在什么障碍，他们都能够在诸如生物技术、医学、核科学以及航空等不同领域取得飞跃进步。我们取得的进展表明只要青年一代希望决定其自身未来，他们就会在社会中发挥实力，而对青年钢铁般坚强的决心实行制裁等挑战将是无效的。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：下面我请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：我们在此汇聚一堂讨论青年议题，也正是在讨论人类和地球的未来。但是，青年不仅是未来；他们也是现在。这就是为什么我们必须行动起来应对影响世界各地青年的严重问题而不再拖延。", "当前，世界各地有12亿多青年，这比人类历史上任何时候都要多，其中有85%生活在发展中国家。到2025年，青年的人数将比今天增加约7 200万。", "青年无疑是处理当前严峻挑战的一股强劲力量。然而，只有拥有健康、教育与就业，青年才有可能成为驱动力。青年需要一个和平的世界才能充分发挥其潜能。青年有权受到保护，并充分涉足各种公民参与和决策机制。他们有权生活在一个没有战争和暴力的世界。他们想拥有也理应拥有一个更加美好的未来。", "在去年12月在南非召开的世界青年和学生节这一重要活动上，表达了所有这些关切，来自136个国家的15 000多名青年参加了该活动。", "古巴青年面临的处境与世界上许多地方青年的处境十分不同。古巴青年占我国人口的20%，他们得到广泛保护，积极参与我们社会和我国的各项事务。古巴总预算的50%以上用于医疗保健、教育、援助、社会福利以及文化。", "古巴质量闻名的完全免费的医疗保健系统以及我们同样是免费的普及教育体系是古巴革命人本主义愿景的重要支柱。古巴为有特殊教育需求的儿童和青年提供了所需的全部教育。15岁到49岁人口中的识字率为99.6%。古巴具有一个稳健的法律和机构框架，保护儿童和青年免受暴力、虐待、不公待遇与歧视。", "虽然我们取得了这些成功，但是我们并不自称完美无缺。还有很多工作有待完成。", "这些成就是在存在巨大障碍的情况下取得的。美国政府对古巴实行的长达半个多世纪的罪恶的经济、商业和金融封锁、恐怖主义侵略与行径以及历届美国政府长期实行的反古巴的敌对政策使得古巴青年不可能在一个更加有利的社会环境中发展成长。", "在这些困难情况下，古巴不仅取得了重要成就；我们还毫不吝啬地分享我们拥有的一切。自1961年以来，已有来自135个国家的55 000多名学生在古巴完成学业。目前，来自拉丁美洲、加勒比和非洲的约26 000名青年正在古巴免费上学。在这些人当中，有22 000人正在医学领域学习。目前，约有57 000名古巴合作人员在超过98个国家提供服务。", "最后，我要强调，青年从定义上说就是革命性的。正因为如此，我们感到乐观并完全相信青年将找到新的变革方式，推动人类建立一个更美好的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哥伦比亚代表发言。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：哥伦比亚对挪威人民和政府致以最深切的慰问，并且谴责令挪威几十名青年刚刚遭受的凶残袭击。", "我国感谢联合国组织本次青年问题高级别会议，并且在协调指导和促进影响世界青年的重要问题，例如通过对话、相互理解和积极参与来加强国际青年合作，从而实现社会融合、就业和消除贫困方面所做的宝贵工作。我们还认为，会员国、民间社会组织、国际合作联盟以及联合国系统都为促进青年人的发展和对社会的积极参与作出了努力。一个例子是《世界青年行动纲领》和有关青年问题的各次国际会议。", "哥伦比亚目前有略高于50%的人口在25岁以下，我们对于本次重要会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)感到满意。我们认为，决议将成为全世界青年加强政策、方案、行动和成果的后盾。此外，关于加强这一理念，哥伦比亚已经呼吁采取更加切实有效的行动，以便促进青年人的权利，并且使青年作为一个重要的社会轴心，在制订综合性的涵盖几代人的政策方面加强参与。这一点在建立一个联合国青年机构方面将非常重要。", "这一机构将有助于确保协调和执行青年合作活动，而不是取代政府在这个问题上的责任和权威。相反，设立联合国青年机构将意味着在各国这个层面上增强对从体制上加强各国青年体系的承诺和支持。这将导致在地方更及时地致力于这个问题。", "此外，哥伦比亚认为，以这个机构为中心，促进联合国系统在青年问题方面的协调和整合将促进青年切实参与决策机构。我们应当赞扬《世界青年行动纲领》所开展的重要工作。这是我们持续支持的重要基础。", "制订公共青年政策的原因必须是力求确保对人的发展进行规划，以期进行重要的代与代之间的接触交流，这将对青少年的投资达到最大限度，并且利用青年这一人口财富。", "哥伦比亚要强调为补充已经批准的国际协定，如圣萨尔瓦多领导人会议协定而做的工作，这些工作创造了各种办法，要求政府和私营部门增强把儿童、青少年和青年的发展和他们对短、中和长期公共政策决策和活动的参与体制化。", "在这方面，哥伦比亚已经开展活动，例如为切实普遍享有青年权利和在青年被剥夺这些权利时恢复这些权利创造条件。我们创造了条件，以便从长期减少和消除制约青年公平享有各种权利的因素，也为青年参与设计和提供他们希望和需要得到的服务创造了条件。我们还为青年人创造和扩大了机会，以便通过提供根据他们不同的社会、经济、政治、家庭、文化和地理需求设计的服务来提高他们的潜力和发展他们的能力，以便他们认识到他们的权利和义务，并且以明智的方式参与国家的决策。", "最后，哥伦比亚呼吁伊比利亚-美洲国家核准它们在2010年圣多明各国家元首和政府首脑会议上作出的承诺。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请马达加斯加代表发言。", "安德里亚纳里韦卢-拉扎菲先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言)：首先，马达加斯加政府要在挪威发生无辜人民惨遭屠杀的悲剧之后，对挪威政府和人民表示诚挚慰问。屠杀行为违背我们促进对话与相互理解的宗旨。", "青年是我们发展的中流砥柱。在这方面，请允许我祝贺主席提出这一极好的倡议，这将确实为使青年成为地方、国家、区域和国际各级所有对话、决策和努力的核心而采取的行动注入新的生命力。", "马达加斯加完全赞同77国集团加中国在第112次会议上所作的发言。", "随着“国际青年年”行将结束，现在比以往任何时候都更为紧迫的是增强对积极和富有活力的青年的承诺，使他们成为促进代与代之间、不同文化之间和人民之间对话和相互理解的伙伴和充分参与者，并且促进切实兑现这些承诺。", "有效和切实的全球发展需要青年人蓬勃发展。遗憾的是，现实情况完全不同。每天，青年人特别是南方的青年都面临巨大挑战：失业问题、获得教育和保健的途径有限甚至根本得不到教育和保健、各种冲突导致的社会经济不稳定以及毒品、卖淫、性暴力、现代奴役行为等问题。", "我们有责任为应对这些挑战找到可持续的解决办法。这正是我们齐聚在这里的原因。政府和民间社会行为者，特别是青年必须一起努力，以便找到向前迈进的办法。为本次会议和国际青年年选择的主题——对话和相互理解——完全符合在理解和尊重我们的多样性方面共同努力这一绝对需要。", "马达加斯加人口接近2 200万，其中有600万人，即31%的人年龄在10岁至24岁之间。马达加斯加政府在其合作伙伴和友好国家的支持下，不遗余力地把青年作为其优先事项的核心。为此目的，它通过一个清楚和明确规定的司法、立法和技术框架，并通过其国家青年政策，努力创造有利于使马达加斯加青年充分发展的条件。", "例如，马达加斯加建立了一个讲授各种课程的国家青年研究所，并且青年和娱乐部启动了一项关于青少年生殖健康的社区宣传方案。马达加斯加政府开设了一个青年投资基金，并执行几项方案，以期促进青年的发展并加强他们在国家的国民生活中的领导作用。我国的全国青年理事会，还在地方、地区和国家各级加强青年组织和机构。我们全岛各地都设有青年中心，并且政府近年来努力改善这些中心，它们是青年的知识和社会发展的重要工具。", "除此之外，马达加斯加未能幸免人口走私的祸害，多数受害者是青年，为此我国设立了国家方案以打击针对青年的人口奴役和人口走私。为了防治对青年造成特别影响的性传染病，我们为提高认识和提供支助作出各种努力，例如在马达加斯加所有22个地区为青年提供匿名、保密和免费的热线电话服务。", "我国大多数人口住在农村，政府刚刚发起了一个农村青年发展项目，以支持和鼓励青年发展农业企业。自2007年以来，马达加斯加20个地区的青年讨论俱乐部开始活动，其成员是13岁至24岁的青年，使他们能够就保护环境、教育以及和平等重要问题发表意见和交流思想，并且在每周的无线电节目中进行广播。", "马达加斯加政府欢迎本次高级别会议通过的第65/312号决议，呼吁国际社会确保其各项承诺的后续行动，特别是关于《世界青年行动纲领》的行动。我们也要求会员国执行国家政策和方案，增加对青年的支助。", "世界青年的人数继续增加，他们的需求至为巨大。资源必须真正地动员起来。对青年提供的各级财政和技术支助必须维持和增加，特别是在发展中国家，包括马达加斯加，以保证青年得到真正发展和成长，并让他们真正有可能在可持续和平等的发展中发挥领导作用。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "拉扎·塔拉先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：我借此机会代表巴基斯坦人民和政府就上周五的恐怖事件向挪威人民表示我们衷心的慰问和最深切的同情。这种可耻行径，只会坚定我们同恐怖主义的所有形式和表现作斗争的决心。", "巴基斯坦赞同阿根廷以77国集团加中国的名义在第112次会议所作的发言。", "鉴于人类面临的无数问题，今天的会议具有特别的重要意义。饥饿、疾病、气候变化、恐怖主义、未兑现的裁军承诺以及多种全球危机，合在一起构成了一幅令人沮丧的景象。只有通过对话和相互了解，我们才能和谐地作出努力，以实现我们的共同目标。因此，本次会议的主题非常恰当。巴基斯坦充分支持对青年进行和平、正义、宽容和团结等理想的教育，以便为和平的世界奠定基础并实现进步与发展的目标。", "巴基斯坦人口超过1.73亿，是世界第6个人口最多的国家。据估计，1.04亿巴基斯坦人不到30岁。这一青年人口的膨胀带来了挑战和机会。我国青年是我们最大的资源。为了释放他们的真正潜力，巴基斯坦政府采取几项步骤和措施，使我们的青年能够在巴基斯坦的社会经济发展中发挥作用。", "2008年制定的《国家青年政策》，旨在通过把联邦和邦一级的各种青年方案综合起来，加强青年权利和向他们提供经济机会。它特别强调满足女青年和残疾青年的需求。我国的国家职业和技术教育委员会也值得一提，它在私人部门和民间社会组织的赞助下，通过调动资金和技术培训，增强较年轻工人的能力。此外，《国家实习方案》提供带薪实习，让新毕业生能够在各个公共部门单位工作，帮助增加他们的就业能力。", "世界许多地区最近的事件表明，青年是政治和社会变革的催化剂。必须听取和尊重青年男女的声音。必须满足他们的期望和愿望，让他们参加决策进程，允许他们决定自己的未来和我们世界的未来。尽管确保青年发展的首要责任在于各国本身并有赖于它们制定全面的政策和战略，但是国际合作仍然是发掘青年潜力的有用工具，特别是确保全球资源的公平分配和促进非歧视性的政策。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哥斯达黎加代表发言。", "乌利瓦里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言)：哥斯达黎加欢迎本次高级别会议的召开，它是国际青年年的外交和政治高峰。", "青年是一个不可回避的现实，他们充满精力和希望，因此必须在国家和多边的所有政策和行动中得到考虑。", "哥斯达黎加认为，每个国家都有责任在全面提倡人权的范围内承认、促进和捍卫青年的基本权利。尊重他们的权利和开放他们创造的机会是消除贫困、非正义、不容忍和不平等的关键，并且是创造机会、让青年实现抱负的必要条件。", "这些信念构成了我国开创性青年法律的基础，它们确立了国家青年体制。这一体制把国家机构和民间社会的有序参与结合在一起。我们的青年公共政策由国家提出，但由一个包括青年代表的机构对其各个方面进行讨论和核准。", "过去几年来，为了满足我们的青年的需求并对他们的提议作出回应，在建设有包容性、民主和自由社会愿景的基础上，哥斯达黎加把侧重点放在促进创业、创造就业、保障娱乐休闲权利和全面保健等领域上。我们还坚定致力于教育，这是我们的民族特性和国家政策的根本组成部分。", "谈到青年问题，与许多其它问题一样，国家责任最为重要，但同样至关重要的是让国际社会参与进来，以便执行本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)和《世界青年行动纲领》。我们认为，在《世界青年行动纲领》以及成果文件提出的各项目标基础上制定一套指标极其重要。特别重要的是要落实成果文件中有关促进性别平等与公平的承诺，并且承认妇女和青年人特别脆弱。成果文件非常正确地谴责了在武装冲突中招募和使用青年的行为。哥斯达黎加认为，招募青年人运输毒品和参与有组织犯罪活动的行为同样应当受到谴责。", "本次国际青年年的主题——“青年：对话和相互理解”——要求我们审视教育问题，并且尊重我们的青年的权利和义务。在很大程度上，全面教育提倡在寻求相互理解基础上通过对话解决分歧等价值观。", "因此，我们特别欢迎人权理事会于今年3月23日通过的《人权教育和训练宣言》(人权理事会第16/1号决议)。宣言的案文是由哥斯达黎加、意大利、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞内加尔、斯洛文尼亚、瑞士以及“人权教育和培训平台”成员国提交的，其主要目标是建立一种普遍的人权文化，使每个人都认识到自己的权利和对他人的责任，并且促进个人的发展，成为一个包容、自由、宽容、和平和多元化社会的负责任成员。我们欣见，这一前提被纳入本次高级别会议的成果文件中。", "我国重申，重要的是，大会应当根据人权理事会这项宣言，落实第60/251号决议，通过人权理事会提出的这项宣言。", "最能证明不宽容和不尊重生命和尊严的罪恶行径莫过于恐怖主义，尤其是如果其所针对的主要是青年人。因此，哥斯达黎加谴责周五在挪威发生的恐怖袭击。袭击的主要目标是青年，他们出于对社会的承诺，当时正在于特岛参加一个由工党主办的夏令营。我们要向这些青年的家人、挪威政府和人民表示我们的声援。我们知道，应对这场悲剧的办法将是更坚定地致力于宽容和自由。", "最后，我要敦促各国落实本次会议成果文件中商定的前提。这将是为所有青年提供机会，以便实现他们的潜力，并且利用他们的精力和热情来为人类面临的艰巨任务服务的最佳方式。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请葡萄牙代表发言。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：请允许我祝贺戴斯主席组织本次高级别会议，它标志着国际青年年的结束。我们也要感谢两位共同协调人——奥地利的托马斯·迈尔-哈廷大使和贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏大使——在达成一项协商一致成果文件(第65/312号决议)方面所做的辛勤工作。", "我们高兴地注意到，本次高级别会议坚定重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其15个相互关联的优先领域。葡萄牙重申，我们致力于促进和执行《世界青年行动纲领》以及实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标。我们强调必须加强国际合作，以便支持执行《世界青年行动纲领》的国家努力，并且呼吁所有会员国继续执行《世界青年行动纲领》，把它作为一套能对国家、区域和国际各级涉及青年政策和方案提供指导的统一原则。", "葡萄牙致力于制订和执行与青年有关的政策和方案，这一点毋庸置疑。我要回顾，大会正是在1998年里斯本首届世界青年事务部长大会建议的基础上，宣布8月12日为国际青年日。我们的目标是加强涉及青年的政策和方案，同时确保青年作为主要行为者和积极的力量，从各个领域参与国家、区域和国际青年政策的所有决策步骤。", "去年，我们设立了由政府和青年组织两方面代表组成的国际青年年国家委员会，制订了在全国开展活动的非常全面的时间表，涉及创业和创新、权利和平等、文化和多样性以及青年赋权和民主等问题。在这一框架内，我要强调今年2月在葡萄牙举行的第二届全国移民和非洲侨民青年后裔论坛，我们认为，论坛帮助推动了许多涉及青年的问题。", "在大会下一届会议期间，葡萄牙将再次在第三委员会，与摩尔多瓦和塞内加尔一起提交一项有关青年政策和方案的双年度决议草案。我们在今年2月举行的社会发展委员会最近一次会议期间，也提交和促成了有关这个问题的决议。", "请允许我再次强调，青年作为促进全球社会中对话、积极变革和发展的积极力量非常重要，他们在促进宽容和相互理解方面发挥着作用。不过，青年人充分发挥其作用的一个主要障碍仍然是暴力，他们是暴力的主要目标，而且，在许多不同场合和以不同的形式，他们面临特别严重的暴力危险。以多种形式出现的暴力和剥削儿童和青年行为，是国际社会所面临的最严重挑战之一。因此必须终结这些行为。", "葡萄牙表示，我们大力支持普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的两项任择议定书，即《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》的活动。我们鼓励尚未签署或者批准这些任择议定书的所有国家在今年9月大会的高级别活动期间签署或批准它们。我们希望，本次国际青年年也将有助于实现这个目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿向挪威政府及人民表示我国的声援。上周，在恐怖袭击发生的当天，我国总统就对发生悲剧表示了他及哈萨克斯坦全体人民的慰问。我本人也深感悲痛；有什么罪行会比侵害青年和儿童的暴行更严重呢？因此，本次会议的召开非常及时。", "哈萨克斯坦赞扬在有效执行《到2000年及其后世界青年行动纲领》方面取得的进展。该行动纲领是一个重要的路线图。然而，还有更多工作有待完成，以确保更加密切地监测和评估与青年相关问题如何被纳入国家政策，进而确保我们未来的领袖进入各会员国政治、社会、经济和文化生活及其发展议程的主流。我们还必须确保更多地将与青年相关问题纳入实现千年发展目标的工作，以便青年能够被纳入现有秩序，并成为社会变革的推动力。", "我国代表团呼吁加强联合国全系统的协调一致，并精简34个机构在青年问题上所做的工作，这些机构都侧重于最不发达国家和冲突地区，特别是妇女和女童。因此，我们呼吁各会员国在资金和资源方面提供更多支助，以实现技术指导和能力建设，从而落实《世界青年行动纲领》。", "鉴于上周发生的悲剧，必须尽一切努力监督社会媒体，疏导青年的能量，并为那些促进和谐的青年活动提供资金。", "在国际青年年期间，哈萨克斯坦实行了多层面、多部门和注重结果的全国青年政策。我们对加强青年的社会保障、减少青年失业和增加其教育机会给予了特别关注。我国总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫指出，青年的社会化、树立进步向上的态度以及向青年一代传输现代价值观，对于国家发展至关重要。为此，我国实施了2011年至2020年国家教育方案和一项行动计划，其中载有各种前瞻性的措施与服务，包括设立具有创意、现代化的新大学。为青年提供高质量的教育是社会及经济福祉的前提，教育支出被称为我国国家预算资金中的一个优先领域。", "哈萨克斯坦成立了由总统主持的青年政策理事会，以动员青年参与国家决策及发展。此外，还启动了一项青年人才库的国家项目，以促进青年在公务员系统和社会、政治以及经济领域的体面就业。自2005年以来，称作“绿色祖国”的青年劳动运动一直在我国的生态问题和环境政策上发挥重要作用。", "哈萨克斯坦重申，它坚定地致力于促进对话和相互了解，处理影响青年的各种挑战，推动多边努力，以赋予青年应有的地位，把他们视为我们拥有的最丰富的资源之一。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请以色列代表发言。", "Prosor先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨就上周在奥斯陆和于特岛发生令人发指的袭击事件，向挪威人民及政府表示我国政府的慰问。我们将记住这场悲剧中的受害者——其中多数是青年，并为他们祈祷。", "有一个犹太故事，说的是有一个人种了一棵角豆树——这是一种70年后才结果的树。有人问他是否认为自己能活到吃树上结的豆子的时候，他回答说：“我在做我的祖先所做的事情。他们为我种了一棵角豆树，我现在也为我的孩子们种一棵。”", "一代人对下一代人的承诺是社会稳固和健康的基础。青年的保护和融入以及赋予青年权能是每个国家的根本义务。我们绝不能忽视遭到边缘化的青年。", "过去20年来，以色列形成了一种全面做法，通过立法上的重大进步和提高公众意识，来应对高风险青年的需求。2008年，以色列启动了一项由5个政府部委组成的针对高风险儿童与青年的全国方案。该举措促进了多项旨在通过职业和创业培训将高风险青年重新融入社区的独特项目。这些方案旨在满足以色列多样化人口、其中包括来自世界各地移民的需求。", "以色列大力支持《到2000年及其以后世界青年行动纲领》。该行动纲领当初在1995年获得通过时，是有关青年问题的最全面文件。16年之后，它依然符合现实需要，可为旨在改善青年处境的国家和国际行动提供政策框架。", "在国际一级，以色列国际开发合作署培训了来自世界各地的数十万名教育人士和青年。例如，10年来，国际开发合作署卡梅尔山国际培训中心一直与美洲国家组织合作，培养创业精神，作为美洲青年自助的一种工具。该项目培训了来自拉丁美洲和加勒比岛屿29个国家的2.2万多人。", "去年，在联合国国际青年年的框架内，就青年创业技能和青年商业管理等议题开办了大量以英语和西班牙语讲授的课程。", "以色列大力支持青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)第28(h)段，其中强调需要保护被恐怖主义和教唆影响或利用的青年。以色列非常了解这些挑战。打击恐怖主义要求国际社会保持警惕、下定决心并采取集体行动。我们必须注重促进容忍和彼此谅解的文化，而不是暴力和仇恨文化，制止世界许多地方已司空见惯的对青年的教唆。", "当今世界的许多重大隔阂并非存在于不同文明之间，而是出现在生活在不同年代的人之间。“脸书”、“推特”和一系列其它工具正在带来飞速变化，给人们带来了互动、学习与成长的新机遇。这些成长于数字年代的人将成为我们通向未来的桥梁。", "在以色列，这一点也得到了证明，在那里，我们的青年成为了创新的强劲力量。本来是要去种植橙子(orange)的青年现在却在生产Orange品牌的手机。本来是要去种苹果的人现在正在设计苹果电脑。", "国际社会面前的挑战要求我们开发下一代人的创造力。我们必须赋予所有青年人权能，鼓励他们在全球大家庭中负起责任，抓住机会并且利用我们面前的新技术，以便创造一个更繁荣、更宽容和更和平的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我向上周挪威骇人听闻杀戮事件的68名受害者的家人表示我们的衷心慰问。地球上的所有生命都是珍贵的，我们非常悲伤地注意到，大部分遇害者是参加一个青年夏令营的青年。", "孟加拉国赞赏举行本次青年问题高级别会议并且通过成果文件(第65/312号决议)。青年是一个国家最宝贵的资源。一个国家的发展与繁荣主要依赖其青年的积极活动。", "孟加拉国于1981年成立了青年发展部，目的是通过提供适当的指导、激励和以需求为基础的发展培训，把我国青年纳入国家发展进程的主流。为了让失业青年参与国家发展进程，青年发展部一直在激励青年、技能发展培训、自营职业、小额信贷支持和社区发展方面执行大规模方案，这样，经过培训的青年就能够建立旨在减少贫困的自营职业项目。", "在孟加拉国，到2010年6月为止，已经有约343万青年人在不同领域，特别是在计算机，包括互联网和网络应用；平面设计和视频编辑；畜牧业、家禽养殖、养鱼和农业；缝纫、印染、蜡染和丝网印刷；电子电器和房屋电线铺设；冰箱和空调等方面接受培训。", "自营职业青年的平均收入从每月20美元到670美元不等。成功的自营职业青年一个月的收入超过1 300美元，而我国的年人均收入仅为670美元。此外，许多接受过培训的青年在国内外不同机构找到工作。截至2010年5月，已经通过一项小额信贷方案拨付1.2亿美元，以便建立或者扩大自营职业项目。贷款回收率接近90%。", "现任孟加拉国政府遵照其竞选宣言，启动了一项国家服务方案，以便为已完成中级教育的失业青年提供就业机会。这些人获得为期两年的临时性工作。最初选择了三个贫困区。失业青年接受为期3个月、涉及10个选定单元的基本培训，然后被分配到不同的国家建设部门、自治机构或地方政府机构工作。", "青年志愿者组织和政府组织也在农村发展中发挥重要作用。为促进青年组织积极参与发展进程，青年发展部已经采取措施征召青年组织。现在已有大概14 000个青年组织在该部登记。", "2010年8月12日，我们在孟加拉国隆重纪念了国际青年日。在国家一级，当天首先召开了大会，随后按照国际青年年的选定主题，举行了有关对话和相互理解的研讨会。许多青年领袖参加了最近在达卡举行的第十一届南亚运动会和世界杯板球赛的开幕和闭幕式。", "最后，我要重申，孟加拉国政府致力于把今天的青年转变为明天最具有生产力的社会群体，并且确保政府日益注重满足青年人对教育和培训的需求，鼓励他们道德素质上的成长，并且在有限的可用资源范围内采取措施，为他们创造就业机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请俄罗斯联邦代表发言。", "卡雷夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦代表团很高兴与各国一道，以协商一致方式通过本次以“对话与相互理解”为主题的青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号文件)。我们应当向谈判进程的协调人和所有参与者表示感谢。由于他们采取了建设性和至关重要的办法，我们得以就这份反映所有国家利益的成果文件达成了协议。", "今天的会议是国际青年年的最高潮，它不仅是评价在日益加深对青年人的理解并集中关注青年人的利益方面所取得成果的一个途径，也是加强青年在各领域生活中的活跃参与并为他们自我赋权创造条件的一个途径。会议还是确定今后目标的起点。", "俄罗斯联邦高度重视青年问题。我国有4 000万青年，约占人口的27%。我们不要忘记，尽管青年是社会中最活跃的参与者，但他们受各种类型危机后果的影响也最为严重。青年人处在他们生活道路的起点，常常无力应付这些影响。", "除了流动性大以外，青年人还很容易适应新的环境，学习新的知识。青年人在最近发生的世界事件中发挥的作用清楚证明了这一点。人们也对青年寄予厚望，希望他们成为克服全球金融和经济危机不利影响的主要动力。正因为如此，俄罗斯联邦正在为青年人创造条件，把这作为对一个稳定和蓬勃发展社会的长期投资。", "俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年政策部负责在这方面执行协调一致政策。联邦青年事务局也在该部下开展运作。青年事务局是一个全国性国家机构，其活动以开发俄罗斯青年的潜力为主。", "我国保障青年人权益的政策和方案符合联合国的优先事项，其中包括《世界青年行动纲领》。这些优先事项构成2009年“俄罗斯青年年”期间活动的基础，这些活动力求增强青年的专业和创造性潜力，弘扬有道德和健康的生活方式，并且倡导和平和各国人民之间相互理解的理想。", "自1993年以来，我们每年都在6月27日庆祝俄罗斯青年日，在全国举行会议、音乐会、体育和其它类型的活动。今年6月27日，俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年政策部与各青年团体领导人举行了会议，讨论的重点是国际青年年。", "当前的经济和社会状况要求通过解决安排青年人工作和稳定就业等问题，对与青年福祉有关的问题给予特别关注。在这方面，联邦的目标规划——《2011-2015年俄罗斯青年发展规划》——将是今后五年的主要文件。制定这一文件的用意是为了创造有利条件，让青年成功加入社会和有效加强其权能，促使他们参加国家的社会和政治生活，并利用他们的潜力在我国实现进一步的革新。", "国际年引人注目地表明，青年不仅是国家援助的接受者，而且本身能够对他们的国家和整个国际社会作出贡献。国际年还表明，必须创造一个能够把青年纳入社会生活的所有领域的环境，以便增加他们对国家的社会和经济发展的贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请斯洛文尼亚代表发言。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我表示我国对挪威人民和政府的慰问。在一次愚蠢和难以想象的恐怖主义行动中，有这么多年轻人悲惨丧生。", "斯洛文尼亚赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "我们社会的未来取决于我们青年的未来。具体而言，它取决于我们政策制定者能够做些什么，以便让青年参加社会、确保高质量的教育、保障健康服务和创造就业机会。当前的金融和经济危机对青年造成重大冲击，使许多青年失业和陷入贫困。这反过来影响到社会对他们的包容，而这是社会的可持续性、稳定和繁荣的关键。", "青年必须参与决策进程，包括通过青年组织进行参与。这些组织不仅代表了青年的声音，而且也是提倡宽容、对话和相互了解的重要论坛。因此，必须加强青年和青年组织的作用，支持他们进一步参与制定各级水平上有关所有问题的战略和政策，例如可持续发展、气候变化和人权。", "具体而言，我们应当通过青年直接参加具体的基层项目和方案，加强青年组织或不同区域平台之间的合作。应当把非正规教育作为实现这一目标的核心工具。", "斯洛文尼亚同青年一道，努力发展其长期的传统。我们通过各种方案和项目，鼓励青年的发展和青年融入社会、个人的成长和自主。斯洛文尼亚政府鼓励为青年参加社会和政治进程创造条件，因此，共同资助许多基层青年组织和青年工作组织的活动。", "至今已经成立了许多儿童和青年的参与机构。青年有自己的同侪组织，在国家和地方各级的决策进程中代表他们的观点。例如，学生可以在青年议会活动中公开发言，它是儿童参加社会和政治进程的一个重要示范。", "此外，我国政府建立了两个协商机构，而青年组织和各个部门的代表在平等基础上参加这些机构。他们提出措施和监测国家一级各项公共政策中对青年利益的考虑，它们特别提倡青年参加这些进程。", "最后而且也同样重要的是，志愿工作的重要性在斯洛文尼亚受到高度赞赏。我们强烈认为，志愿工作有助于加强社会资本、促进和平与团结，并且为可持续的社会经济发展开辟了新天地。青年志愿者的作用是加强青年权利的有效工具，因为这使他们能够发展专业资格、学术知识和特殊技能，促进他们未来工作和就业的可能性，并增强他们的社会包容性和凝聚力。", "青年是变革的力量。尽管越来越多的人承认他们的需求，但是他们在世界许多地区继续遭到边缘化和忽视。我们必须通过调动所有政治力量和工具，执行《世界青年行动纲领》，履行我们的义务，为青年创造一个繁荣的未来。我们也必须普遍批准国际文书，例如《儿童权利公约》及其各项《任择议定书》。在这方面，斯洛文尼亚强烈支持为在2012年普遍批准各项《任择议定书》而开展的工作。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请多哥代表发言。", "梅南先生(多哥)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨向大会转达多哥政府特别是多哥共和国总统热情和友好的问候。他是世界最年轻的国家元首之一。", "我也向大会主席和共同协调人贝宁和奥地利大使表示，我国政府非常感谢他们为召开本次会议所发挥的出色作用。本次会议为我们提供了一个可喜的机会，对青年状况进行评估——这个社会群体占世界人口的大多数。", "联合国宣布的“国际青年年”于2010年8月12日开始，旨在鼓励会员国加紧采取行动，改善青年人之间的对话和相互了解，促进他们在各级水平的参与，并且努力消除他们面临的所有障碍。在这方面，多哥采取的重大活动，意在寻找解决失业问题的创新办法，失业增加了青年的脆弱性，并妨害了他们发挥潜力。我们的活动还谋求改善机构框架，以促进青年参与所有国家决策和公共事务进程。", "在机构层次采取的行动包括：在2005年成立专门处理青年和青年就业问题的部委；在2007年通过国家青年政策；以及多哥国家青年理事会在2008年成立和开展业务。最近，为了促进一方面青年人本身之间和另一方面青年同政府当局之间的包容性对话和交流，政府决定创办国家青年论坛。4月18日至20日举行的首次论坛提供了对多哥青年参与新的公民活动的状况进行详尽审议提供了机会。为了使这项举措发挥长期作用，该论坛将每两年举办一次。", "为了推动有关青年的具体问题，特别是有关青年就业和社会包容性的问题，多哥政府增加了扩大在受薪和独立就业部门中的机会和青年就业的方案和项目。我们的重点是通过建立机制，协助青年获得贷款，以促进被认为是工作机会创造者的微型、小型和中型企业。", "此外，两年前我们启动了一个推动青年的公民责任和积极参与影响深远的方案。青年、青年组织和地方社区参加了该方案的执行。", "尽管作出各种区域、国家和国际努力，多哥认为，只有在国际伙伴关系范围内加强相互声援，我们才能实现国际青年年的目标，并进行《国际青年行动方案》的后续行动。因此，多哥代表团呼吁所有国家和利益攸关方听取一位多哥知名政治家的至理名言。他说，为我们青年的未来所作的牺牲，再大也不为过。7月26日大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)为我们继续采取行动，及时解决青年面临的众多挑战，提供了一个机会。", "最后，在挪威和平青年遭遇痛苦的悲剧和损失之后，我重申我们对该国政府和人民的声援和慰问。多哥谴责明目张胆的不法之徒犯下的这种可悲的恐怖行径。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：在挪威陷于悲痛之中的悲惨时刻，委内瑞拉再次谴责恐怖主义和所有形式的暴力，并且向罹难者家属及挪威人民和政府表示慰问。", "我国代表团感谢大会主席召开本次会议。委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "2009年10月21日委内瑞拉通过了《青年人民权力法》，其中阐明了青年在社会发展各个领域的权利和义务。此外，2011年7月7日委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国总统乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯宣布，作为巩固青年人民权力的措施之一，成立青年人民权力部。", "委内瑞拉认为，教育是社会变革的基础和解放人民的工具。我国确保在各级水平把青年纳入教育制度。1999年委内瑞拉有20万大学生；目前有250万。超过930万委内瑞拉人——占人口的1/3——享用通信和信息技术，特别是因特网。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国《宪法》第79条承认，青年是发展的积极推手。《青年法》扩大和阐述了这一条款，为鼓励青年的积极参与，成立了国家青年委员会。过去12年里，在玻利瓦尔革命过程中，为了促进青年的参与而制定和发展了各项政策，很大比例的青年在人民权力机构中担任负责职位。我国在6月28日至30日举办了拉丁美洲和加勒比青年和平与主权大会，青年在会上保证为把我们区域建成和平与发展区而奋斗。", "在玻利瓦尔革命的年头里，我们青年在艺术、科学、文化和体育方面取得的成功显而易见和不可否认。委内瑞拉的大学入学率在世界排名第五。西蒙·玻利瓦尔青年管弦乐团的卓越演技享誉世界。在目前正在我国举行的第四届美洲人民玻利瓦尔联盟运动会上，委内瑞拉赢得了最多的奖牌。从最近的美洲杯可以看出，委内瑞拉队已成为我们地区杰出的足球队之一。", "我们呼吁所有国家向新一代人提供必要的工具，以便地球上的所有人民能够过上美满的人道生活，彼此之间以及同大自然和谐相处。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表发言。", "塞弗先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)(以英语发言)：我赞扬大会主席及其主席团的干练领导，并且我向他们保证，我国代表团将继续提供充分的支持与合作。同其他人一样，我要表示坦桑尼亚对挪威人民的同情和慰问，并且同其他人一道，以最强烈的措辞谴责这种卑鄙和令人发指的恐怖主义和不容异己的行为。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义以及纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)的名义所作的发言。坦桑尼亚支持南共体关于成立一个专门的联合国青年机构的建议。", "按人口比例，非洲是世界上人口最年轻的大陆。这是有利于非洲和世界的一个巨大资源。但是，为了让这项资源产生成果，我们应当让青年作好准备，以便成为我们想要他们担任的负责、承担责任和民主的政府领导人和企业掌舵人。我国政府认为，青年不仅是明天的领导人，他们也可以成为今天的领导人，并同他们的长者一道，对建设国家作出重要贡献。", "通过平等权利行动，男女青年都参加坦桑尼亚的决策机构，包括议会。坦桑尼亚还制定了几项有明确目的和可衡量目标的政策、战略和计划，以便向青年开放机会。我们继续作出大量投资，在各级水平上扩大接受教育和获得技能的机会并改进其质量。在国际劳工组织的支持下，我们正在同最有害的奴役童工的形式作斗争。", "我们还注重青年的健康和活力，包括努力预防青少年怀孕、艾滋病毒/艾滋病以及其他传染性和非传染性疾病。我们建立了一个青年发展基金，并且我们鼓励储蓄和信用社以及小额信贷方案，让青年获得优惠投资融资。我们正推动青年在农业和农村非农业性服务业中就业，使他们能够在居住地区过上更好的生活。我们还参与了处理所有这些问题的各种区域方案。我们感谢支持我们国家和区域方案的双边和多边伙伴。我们指靠它们继续并强化支助。", "全球化以及推动全球化的技术将世界各地的青年汇集于全球村，并使他们清醒认识到他们现在的处境和可能达到的状况。全球化提高并助长了对政治、经济、文化和社会的期望。其中一些是许多国家政府无法靠其现有资源和政策空间独自满足或以青年希望的速度来满足的愿望。", "我们青年密切关注的社会媒体是促成积极变化的有益工具。不幸的是，它们也可以产生消极后果。换句话说，全球化让我们的青年充满渴望，但却并不总是为他们提供正确的工具、能力或公平机会来实现他们的梦想。这可能会破坏稳定，其影响将超越我们的国界。让我们都来支持国家和区域各国政府的努力，营造一种将世界青年从身心两方面都团结在一起的公平的全球化。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请马来西亚代表发言。", "萨勒曼夫人(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我与其他发言者一道，向发生夺走80多名青年生命的可怕袭击的挪威人民表示慰问。", "马来西亚代表团愿感谢戴斯主席召开本次会议。看到这么多青年今天聚集在大会堂开会令人十分振奋。我们只有通过讨论和交谈才能真正理解年轻一代的希冀与渴望，以加强国家间的经济、社会和文化关系。", "马来西亚人口中的43%即约1 250万马来西亚人是年龄在15岁到40岁之间的青年。由于青年人数众多，因此马来西亚设立了一个专门监管青年福利的部门。青年与体育部特别被委以让青年人做好准备为我国的增长、发展与繁荣做贡献、并进一步鼓励青年建设一个成功国家的任务。马来西亚政府在各级都设立了一整套加强青年参与并赋予其权能所需的支持体系。", "在政策方面，1985年，马来西亚是最早制定国家青年政策的国家之一。随后于1997年对该倡议予以加强，形成了国家青年发展政策。该政策涵盖了诸如青年赋能、人力资源开发、青年领导力培养和青年创业等领域。此外，旨在努力使马来西亚成为一个进步的高收入国家的马来西亚第十个计划承认，青年参与是国家发展的一个关键组成部分。因此，该计划的目标是培养主动追求学术和职业卓越、眼光远大的青年一代。", "除已实施的各种政策外，政府还通过各种活动继续与年轻一代接触。例如，5月份，联邦政府行政中心所在的布特拉加亚市变成了青年人的海洋，他们来到这里庆祝国家青年日，表彰我国的青年。庆祝活动包括召开了一次青年会议，讨论了为青年作出变革的方向。布特拉加亚还被正式宣布为一个对青年友好的城市。", "此外，2010年8月，马来西亚为肯定联合国工作的重要性，主办了第二届全球模拟联合国活动。来自全球各地的500多名青年代表参加了活动，他们在大会和联合国系统其它多边机构的模拟会议上锻炼了领导和决策技巧。", "马来西亚为它在区域和国际一级恰如其分地认识青年发展问题而深感自豪。尽管如此，马来西亚希望青年问题高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将被转化为具体行动，以推进青年发展议程。马来西亚还致力于加强我们的青年社区，并将其培养成有权能的实体和负责任的公民，不仅确保和平和繁荣成为我国的永久特点，而且为我们全球村的日臻完美做出贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请泰国代表发言。", "Srivali先生(泰国)(以英语发言)：泰国代表团与挪威一样，对于特岛发生的大屠杀都深感愤慨和悲哀。它痛苦地提醒我们要为各地的青年加倍努力，创造一个培养他们、赋予他们权能并给他们提供机会充分发挥其潜能的环境。", "泰国青年面临的挑战与许多其它发展中国家青年的挑战大体相似。区区几十年，我们对经济全球化的支持就彻底改变了家庭结构、财富分配和机会拥有。经济发展带来了更多的物质福利，减少了贫困，但是也导致收入差距更加悬殊，机会鸿沟惊人，以及不可持续的消费和生活方式蔓延。泰国的青年受到这些变化的严重影响。教育和就业机会的不公意味着我们既有能力和技巧高超的青年，但也有大量处于不利地位的人，没有准备好应对全球化下激烈的经济竞争。", "为处理这些复杂挑战，泰国认为至关重要的是要采取协调一致的做法。我们的《宪法》和各项具体法律为保护儿童和青年并促进其发展提供了法律框架。在政治层面，我们设立了由总理主持、青年代表参与的全国青年与儿童发展委员会。2009年，政府启动了一项提供15年免费教育的政策。同时，还正通过更多分权落实政策的办法来处理城乡差距的问题，这意味着当地参与度的提高。", "关于国际青年年，我们还组织了增进我国境内不同信仰和族裔背景青年跨文化了解的各种活动。泰国还自豪地派出两名青年代表参与草拟并在每年大会会议的伊始在第三委员会做关于社会发展议程的国家发言。现在，泰国青年代表已多次参加大会，我们希望越来越多的发展中国家也能够这样做，使发展中国家的青年在大会享有更有力的发言权。", "当然，这些工作只是一个起点。我们可以也必须做更多的工作。我们对通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)寄予很高希望，我们认为它应通过许多缜密、详实和具体的建议，激励我们为青年共同努力。我们必须共同推进该宣言向前迈进，鼓励当今青年的梦想腾飞，让人类迈入它理应享有的更加光明的未来。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请圣文森特和格林纳丁斯代表发言。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言)：圣文森特和格林纳丁斯赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义分别所作的发言。我们也完全赞同大家在挪威人民最近遭受可怕悲剧之后向他们表示的同情和慰问。言语无法表达国际社会对这一恐怖主义行径的悲痛和愤慨。", "令人遗憾的事实是，青年和治理二者常常是不协调的。主宰传统的权力和政治论坛包括这个大会堂的人常常是那些对他们来说青年只是一个遥远记忆的人们。我们解决问题的办法不透明、官僚而且进展慢得令人失望，这往往与青年特有的激情、决断力和活跃相反。此外，我们的许多政治领导人没有去赢得青年的信任，只是把青年视为借以执掌或者推翻政权的情绪化浪潮。其他人则可笑地寻求披上“变革”的外衣，掩盖他们自己身为老人，而其原则和变革能力早已成为政治野心祭坛上的供品。", "但是，全世界的青年不应遭到不信任、被利用、灌输理念或者边缘化。必须倾听青年的声音，必须张开双臂接纳他们，而且必须使他们成为国家发展和全球治理中积极和发挥领导作用的伙伴。变革和发展的步伐已经大大加快，依靠未来一代人的世界将迥然不同于我们今天所处的这个世界。无论是好还是坏，变革的步伐都将是明天全球村的决定性特征，我们对此没有任何管理或甚至预测的经验。继承这个世界的正是今天的青年，领导人和政策制定者在我们未来征程的每一步中必须信任的也正是今天的青年。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯重申加共体的《加勒比共同体青年未来宣言》的核心思想。这也就是青年不是要去解决的问题，相反，他们是无价的财富和我们次区域发展的合作伙伴。开辟走出全球化不利影响和当前经济危机新航程的是青年人的创造、创新和活力，而不是致使我们走入我们现在所面临危机的正统理念。", "在这方面，回顾美国前总统富兰克林·罗斯福最早提出的一个不言自明的道理是有益的：“我们不是总能为我们的青年构筑未来，但是，我们能够为未来打造我们的青年。”因此，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯已在社会各层面对青年作出巨大投入。我们在过去十年中实现了普及中级教育，普及幼儿教育工作也在顺利进行。国家对高等教育的投入呈几何级数增长，而且，通过葡萄牙和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国政府的合作，我们的每一个学生很快都将拥有自己的笔记本电脑，与我们这个小岛屿发展中国家狭小天地之外的广阔世界进行接触交流。", "青年人在政府和公共服务各级也被委以重任。参议员、部长、外交官和其他高级官员都是这一正蓬勃发展的青年队伍的一部分。圣文森特的青年企业家、运动员和艺术家继续创造就业机会、影响时政讨论，并且为今后的发展创造新的道路。我们对青年的信任和信心坚定不移。", "国际社会必须切实表明对青年的更多信任和信心。青年面临的挑战常常是史无前例的。在我们这个区域，青年人在不确定的经济环境中面临跨国犯罪、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、气候脆弱性和技术大爆炸等问题，同时，不断改变的生产和资本分配模式将给下一代带来难以言述的影响。", "本次高级别会议除了一份中规中矩的成果文件外，还必须展现另外的东西。会议必须是重新想象青年在我们的国家发展和全球治理中的作用的开端，也是通过真诚努力把青年问题纳入主流和欢迎青年成为走向不确定未来征程上的平等伙伴的起点。", "如果做不到这些，那我们就不过是企图把青年作为又一次政治上哗众取宠的华丽背景。但是，就像我们在最近几个月中认识到的那样，把青年及其需求和关切边缘化在政治和社会上都可能付出灾难性代价。让我们汲取青年一直在努力告诉我们的这些经验教训。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请爱尔兰代表发言。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰)(以英语发言)：我很荣幸在本次大会高级别会议上发言。看到这么多青年和他们的代表出席并积极参与本次会议，这特别令人感到鼓舞。", "我要与其他与会者一道，向挪威政府和人民对他们在上周不幸遭到的袭击中遭受的巨大生命损失表示深切慰问。", "爱尔兰赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生代表欧盟成员国所作的发言。", "首先，请允许我就《世界青年行动纲领》简要谈三点意见。第一，爱尔兰重视通过以人权为中心的办法来执行这项纲领。纲领本身确认，成功执行纲领要求青年充分享有所有人权和基本自由，并且要求成员国作出打击侵犯这些权利的一切行为的有力承诺。这种办法和承诺必须贯穿我们所有努力的始终。", "第二，两性平等是必需的，以便充分实现纲领的各项目标。我们在寻求应对青年妇女和女孩面临的一些挑战——贫困、不平等、多种形式的歧视、性暴力和基于性别的暴力综合作用，尤其是在冲突情况中、获得教育和保健，包括性健康生殖健康保健的途径有限——时，必须把重点放在赋予青年妇女和女孩权能方面，使她们成为变革的驱动力。", "第三，我们清楚意识到发展方面的问题。在全世界18亿年龄15至24岁的青年人中，有几乎90%生活在发展中国家。认识并且利用这些青年人的巨大潜力是实现千年发展目标的关键所在。", "请允许我谈一谈大家可能普遍关心的一些最近爱尔兰的动向。新的爱尔兰政府对青年事务表示了更多重视，设立了全职的儿童与青年事务部长这一完全的内阁职务，并相应成立了新的儿童与青年事务部。", "政府已经承诺建立一个青年政策框架，以便为10岁至24岁年龄段的儿童和青年提供支持。框架的总体目标是澄清并加强青年服务和针对这个年龄段青年的相关课后服务方面的一致性、关联性、协调以及提供服务质量。目的是加强青年的发展和参与和对他们的支持；在提供青年服务方面加强协调和一致性，并且确保提供服务的质量高，并且以成果为基础。", "青年参与这个问题特别重要。正如本周早些时候通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)所确认的那样，青年自己参与制订、执行、监督和评估有效政策是实现《世界青年行动纲领》的关键所在。爱尔兰政府坚定致力于促进儿童和青年参与民间社会，在过去十年中设立和加强了旨在实现这一目标的一系列架构，包括地方青年理事会、全国青年议会、学生会、儿童和青年论坛、儿童和青年参与支助队，并且制订了具有包容性的方案，进行了全国性协商。", "在作出促进参与的广泛努力时，我们把重点特别放在赋予被边缘化的青年的权能上。2007年制定的一项包容性方案，旨在为很少有发言权的青年提供参加决策机构的新机会。在几个民间社会组织的参与下，执行了这项包容性方案。这些组织同男女同性恋青年、青年旅行者、接受生活护理的青年、残疾青年及贫困社区青年携手努力。我们在向前迈进时，打算从该包容性方案中吸取经验教训，以确保可能面临边缘化风险的越来越多的年轻人能够参加决策机构和进程。", "爱尔兰是人口最年轻的欧洲国家之一。不管在困难时期还是在年景好的时候，我国青年都是我们最大的资源。我们要向他们、他们所有人提供更多机会，以帮助精心勾勒我国的未来。我们希望，国际青年年将有助于为全世界青年提供这种机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请特里尼达和多巴哥常驻代表发言。", "查尔斯先生(特里尼达和多巴哥)(以英语发言)：特里尼达和多巴哥同前面的发言者一道，就许多代表该国未来之花的青年被卑怯行径夺去生命，向挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "此外，特里尼达和多巴哥谨赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义，以及苏里南代表以加勒比共同体的名义所作的发言。此外，我们要以本国身份作简短发言。", "认识到青年对社区和国家发展的重要性，特里尼达和多巴哥制定了一项国家青年政策。该政策反映了政府同民间社会之间灵活、强有力的社会发展进程，并据此落实各项国家方案和活动。这些方案和活动涉及教育、健康、两性平等、处理包括与毒品相关的犯罪在内的青年犯罪和暴力、青年失业以及青年领导能力的发展。", "国家青年政策提倡青年的赋权和参与，把青年放在制定和执行政策的首位。与此同时，该政策确认，政府有责任建立必要的有利框架，以确保青年能够作出知情的选择，过上有意义、生产性、愉快的生活，并帮助实现国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。此外，值得注意的是，青年事务现在由新设立的性别、青年和儿童发展部负责。", "为了纪念以“对话和相互了解”为主题的国际青年年，并且按照联合国系统采取的方法，特里尼达和多巴哥提出了若干属于联合国机构间青年发展网络规定的三个主要领域范围的倡议。在这方面，一个重要倡议就是启动《全国青年协商方案》，通过参与同政府部长的协商，该方案向青年提供参加决策进程的机会。", "必须推动政府同青年之间的对话、促进相互了解以及更好地解决青年问题，因为青年是我们各国社会发展和进步的主要伙伴。在这方面，我要引用一句中国谚语：“聞之不若見之，見之不若知之，知之不若行之”。", "因此，根据这一方法，特里尼达和多巴哥政府通过发展青年同其同伴和相关利益攸关者进行对话的能力，来增加青年在社区中的参与程度和伙伴关系。政府还通过国家领导能力培训方案、同伴教育讲习班及社区的社会项目，来协助青年的发展，这些项目指导同青年讨论如何制定和执行旨在满足其需求的方案。在这方面，我们鼓励会员国在各自国家促进同青年的对话，以便他们参与并继续参与作出那些将最终影响到他们未来的决定。", "特里尼达和多巴哥重申并继续执行《世界青年行动纲领》，同时认识到，必须进一步发展和改善目前有关青年的国际框架，以便有效应对他们面临的新挑战。", "现在要从对话转向执行工作和调动资源，以便加强青年权利和进一步发展我们的整个社会。最后，我要同我的圣文森特和格林纳丁斯同事一道引用富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的话，他说，“我们不能总是为我们的青年构建未来，但我们可以为未来造就我们的青年”。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请格林纳达代表发言。", "威廉斯女士(格林纳达)(以英语发言)：格林纳达赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体名义所作的发言，以及阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国名义所作的发言。", "主席先生，格林纳达代表团以格林纳达政府和人民、特别是青年的名义，就年轻人和年长者遭到无端杀戮，通过你向挪威政府和人民表示深切和衷心的慰问。针对政府大楼和青年发动的攻击，就是对谅解的真谛的打击，我们对生命损失感到悲痛。", "同样，格林纳达对全世界遭遇战争、饥荒和轰炸的所有青年和家庭表示声援。我们尤其对每天在非洲之角饥荒中饿死的数百人表示哀悼。我们支持联合国呼吁为这些社区提供全球紧急救济和进行更长期的可持续发展。", "格林纳达欢迎本次青年问题高级别会议，并且向世界所有青年表示祝贺。这次会议是国际社会重新检查并加紧努力满足青年的众多需求的一次机会。在这方面，我们欢迎成果文件(第65/312号决议)，并期望它得到充分和有效的执行，并且让全体青年参加其执行工作。", "同多数国家一样，格林纳达的青年满怀巨大的希望。但是，这一希望受到社会和经济力量的抑制，导致高失业率和其他挑战。然而，我们继续看到，在国家青年政策的基础上，一个强大和积极的国家青年阶层正在出现。", "我国从中学毕业的青年、特别是女青年的人数创下记录，他们以同样创记录的数字继续在学院和大学中获得成功。从小学到中学，我们的年轻运动员正在打破运动记录，一些运动员，包括男子400米和女子花样滑冰选手，正着眼于奥运会竞赛。牙买加，当心！当心基拉尼·詹姆斯！", "另外有许多格林纳达青年上职业学校和文化部门工作，并正在成为成功的企业家。年轻领导人、青年议员和青年大使的人数正在增加，随着他们的成功，他们传播了一种健康和令人振奋的活力。政府开支的重点是青年培训和创造就业机会、恢复及赋权。", "太多青年由于贫困和缺乏机会而无法发掘其潜力。在联合国准备在2012年联合国可持续发展大会进程中做出可持续发展承诺时，格林纳达重申其关于我国青年的愿景，青年将在国家可持续发展中发挥更强有力的作用。这就是为什么我们呼吁联合国和包括企业在内的其它方面与我们建立伙伴关系，支持我们将青年纳入民主进程、创造就业机会、赋予经济权力以及制定必要框架以加强基层青年组织。", "最后，格林纳达认识到，青年对于国家发展十分宝贵，但他们远不止是国家发展资源。恰恰相反，青年与其他群体一样，对于其自身乃至人类都具有内在价值。我们有责任做得更多，尊重他们并赋予他们权力，以使他们能够为自己并为世界做出正确的抉择。", "格林纳达向所有青年代表致以最良好的祝愿，并祝他们安全返回其亲人身边。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请保加利亚常驻代表发言。", "莱切夫先生(保加利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我与先前的各位发言者一道，代表我国就周五发生了可怕和悲惨的袭击事件，夺走如此多青年的生命，向挪威人民和政府表示最深切的慰问。", "我很荣幸在本次高级别会议上就一个今天尤其具有现实意义的话题发言：如何改善世界青年的状况，并帮助青年满足他们对参与决定其生活与未来的各种进程的渴望？我们重视这些问题，因为我们意识到青年是全球发展中重大变革的自然驱动力。最近中东和北非的事态发展再次显示了青年作为社会变革、进步与发展推动者所发挥的关键作用。这些事态发展还再次肯定了新技术与社交媒体在提高青年呼声和加强其参与公众舆论的形成和政治决策进程方面发挥的关键作用。", "我们感到满意的是，会议早些时候通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)再次确认《世界青年行动纲领》是就青年问题采取统筹行动的一个重要政治文书。至关重要的是，我们要把工作重心放在该纲领在各级得到彻底和妥善执行上，其中包括加强与青年和青年主导的组织就影响青年的决策进程开展对话和建立伙伴关系的国家能力和民主机制。各国政府、青年组织和其它利益攸关方在国家、区域和全球各层面携手合作，是实现社会融合、就业和减贫战略与政策中的关键要素。", "保加利亚完全支持欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员在辩论会早些时候所做的发言，他概述了欧洲的各项青年方案与活动。我愿简要地着重谈一下我国在欧盟合作行动框架内处理青年问题的经验和工作。", "保加利亚政府于2009年通过的《2010-2011年全国青年战略》主要侧重于就业和可持续发展问题，包括增加青年的经济活动和职业机会。该战略的目标群体是年龄在15岁到29岁之间的青年。执行该战略的具体行动旨在提高高中和大学教育的质量、倡导终生学习、提供更多的实习机会以及加强教育界和商界之间的关系。我们设想将支助那些为青年提供特别是在小城镇和郊区就业机会的公司。我们还鼓励并支持学生参与科学项目和高科技创新。", "保加利亚青年积极参与了欧盟“青年在行动”方案下的各个项目，该方案关系到《欧洲2020年战略》的执行。这些项目促进青年了解和认识民主公民权与法治，有助于使青年对人权标准和价值观持开放态度，特别是有助于处理某些消极的社会看法、歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍。", "根据《全国青年战略》，志愿行为作为提高青年在不同职业和科学领域潜能与技术的一种渠道而受到鼓励。在欧洲志愿年期间，6月30日至7月4日在瓦尔纳召开的第四届全国青年会议讨论了在民间社会的积极参与下，志愿行为对于青年和接受机构与公司来说都有益处。", "最后但并非最不重要的是，请允许我强调我们参与了国际合作，也参与了联合国与青年有关的各项倡议。在这个具体方面，联合国的作用仍不可或缺。保加利亚外交部与联合国保加利亚协会密切合作，以确保协调与促进青年参与联合国相关的各项活动。我国外交部和联合国协会今年年初签署的联合行动计划规定，要制定举措，促进青年更加积极地参与联合国在千年发展目标、和平、人权以及可持续发展等领域举办的活动。", "安排甄选青年代表参加青年代表方案，就是这种伙伴关系的一部分。目前已是连续第六年开展全国甄选工作，其目标在于确保为最积极主动和知识最丰富的学生提供代表保加利亚青年的机会，并与来自世界各地的外交官和其他青年代表一道工作。我们感到自豪的是，数十年来，保加利亚证明了它对青年问题的承诺，也证明了它是提供平台使保加利亚青年能够在联合国框架内发表观点的具有最长期经验的国家之一。", "最后，请允许我表示，我们相信本次重要会议将取得圆满成功。我们决心为确保世界各地青年拥有更美好的未来做出积极贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请多民族玻利维亚国代表发言。", "埃斯波西托·格瓦拉夫人(多民族玻利维亚国)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我们愿向最近遭受以青年为主要受害者悲剧的挪威兄弟致以我们最亲切的慰问。", "多民族玻利维亚国赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国名义所做的发言。", "青年是所有社会变革的推动力。正是他们满怀朝气和反叛精神指明了我们前进的道路。尽管如此，他们中的许多人仍对未来充满恐惧，因为他们做了社会期望他们做的每一件事，但却找不到工作。他们基于这个没有安全感的立场，向我们解释了现在需要的是进行深刻变革。我们不能继续走老路了。变革的力量正在全世界风起云涌，而青年正是其推动力。", "在玻利维亚，青年也做出了重要贡献。过去10年，来自社会各阶层的青年占据了广场和街道，保护我国自然资源，并捍卫领取工资权和享有生命、饮水、燃气、医疗保健、就业以及最重要的是未来的权利。他们与布雷顿森林机构和多国公司的掠夺与贪欲做斗争。", "经济和金融危机、能源和粮食危机、饮水危机、气候变化、战争和侵略都给青年以沉重打击。这些是我们需解决的结构性问题，这样我们这一代人和子孙后代才能生活在和平与安全之中。气候变化、就业机会匮乏以及战争迫使青年移徙到其它地区和国家。在这项求索中，他们面临种族主义、歧视和暴力。作为移民，他们忍受着不合法地位、虐待和种族仇恨的严苛。他们在接受大学教育方面也面临类似障碍。这是青年今天面临的挑战中的一些挑战。", "多民族玻利维亚国政府为我国的青年制定了各种政策。玻利维亚是拉丁美洲第三个实现扫盲的国家，它在我们姊妹国家古巴和委内瑞拉的支助下，正在制定扫盲后方案。我们利用天然气收入带来的财政资源开办了三所土著大学，促使土著青年能够接受高等教育。我们还喊出了“高海拔运动”的口号，支持各种各样的运动。", "“我的第一份体面工作”是另一项侧重于青年的方案，其目标是将更多年轻和低收入的毕业生纳入劳动力大军。我们还实施了信贷和小额信贷方案，以帮助青年从事住房方面的生产性项目和进入劳动力市场。今天，妇女也能通过土地分配和再分配方案而拥有土地。我们还设立特别方案提供开放式住房的可能性，旨在为没有保障、处于社会弱势的青年工人提供全面关照。玻利维亚志愿法案监测着青年志愿者的各项权益与责任。", "青年既是现在，也是未来，因而他们是变革的拥护者。我们希望本次关于青年、对话和相互了解的高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将促进青年参与对未来的决策，特别是参与开发与自然保持和谐的其它发展手段，将其作为全球化以外的另一种选择，因为特别是在最贫困的国家，全球化将青年排斥在外。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请列支敦士登代表发言。", "格雷格女士(列支敦士登)(以英语发言)：我为能够作为列支敦士登的青年代表在大会发言深感荣幸。", "我向那些受到可怕生命损失影响的挪威人表示我国的深切同情。让本次会议促成各国再次作出承诺，相互声援，努力不懈地打击这种赤裸裸的仇恨。", "我幸运地在世界上一个自由和繁荣的地方长大。但是，在我孩提年代就看到战争、饥荒和环境灾害的画面，这让我意识到，世界上大多数儿童和青年没有这么幸运。多年来，这些画面帮助我培养了责任感和对彼此关联的理解，这导致先是在我自己家里和在学校做出改变，现在又伴随我日复一日努力追求我的理想。我相信青年生来就富于正义感，只要接受适当教育，我们就会产生伸张正义的愿望。我们的责任感和行动的力量是世界上未加利用的最丰富资产。", "参与并非只是一种选择，而是青年表达的一种需求。在挪威，大屠杀的青年幸存者承诺将继续参与，以表明对言论施暴是无效的。阿拉伯青年也提醒世界，和平抗议具有不可思议的强大力量。那些继续拒绝青年享有不可剥夺的人权、拒绝给青年提供机会追求其梦想和雄心壮志的领导者应该清醒地认识到这一点。我们不仅日益具有全球意识，而且我们敏捷灵活、足智多谋、充满勇气和富于紧迫感，会利用各种全民动员的工具来传播我们的声音。为此，自由和开放的因特网至关重要。", "突尼斯的青年仅用6个月的时间就实现了令人惊叹不已的变化，这激励并指导了他们在许多其它国家的同伴。妇女和青年担任领导职务的多寡和参与决策进程的程度将是检验真正变革的试金石。", "我们还必须将阿拉伯地区革命的经验教训应用于其它存在不公正的情况。为什么不就其它紧迫问题组织大规模示威或将我们应对气候变化的斗争变成一个全球性的新闻事件呢？了解我们享有的人权赋予了我们行动所需的明晰见解和重点。这就是为什么人权教育和研究如此重要。人权教育使我们得以通过与他人进行本地、区域和全球性对话，来审视我们自己和我们社区享有的权利，从而形成人类的共同语言。我们所感受到的与阿拉伯世界青年活动者令人振奋的团结一心正是基于对人权普遍性的崭新理解，它颠覆了多年来相互了解的限度。一个和平的社会始于基本的人权教育。", "随着全球人口逼近70亿人，提供性健康教育、生殖健康教育和计划生育不仅是一种人权，也是必须采取的一项人口措施。生活在南苏丹的一名15岁女孩死于生育的可能性比完成学校教育的可能性更高，这让人无法接受。各项人权之间不可分隔，这包括性权利和生殖权。青年男女绝不能让他们的身体屈服于强权。充分知情做出的生殖决定会对一国的可持续发展产生深刻的积极影响。", "利用儿童和青年作为战争工具严重违反了武装冲突法。列支敦士登重申，它大力支持负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的工作。我们还认为，打击有罪不罚是实现长期和平的前提条件。在这方面，国际刑事法院发挥着重要作用，它有史以来的第一次判案，即对被控犯有强迫招募男孩和女孩加入其民兵作战罪行的托马斯·卢班加的审讯，就证明了这一点。", "列支敦士登进一步谴责攻击学校和医院以及威胁学生和教师，我们赞扬安全理事会就这个重要问题采取了具体行动。", "2010年5月25日，联合国启动了一项为期两年的活动，旨在实现《儿童权利公约任择议定书》的普遍批准，该议定书将直接参与敌对行动的年龄提高到18岁。为支持该活动，并提高对受武装冲突影响儿童困境的认识，列支敦士登与一家唱片公司合作，制作了一个名为“玩耍的权利”的唱片。销售收入捐赠给一家名为Play31的非政府组织，它在前儿童兵中举办足球比赛，以协助和解进程。世界各地受武装冲突影响的儿童被剥夺了这种玩耍的权利。让我们趁现在还不太晚的时候把这个权利还给他们。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请苏丹代表发言。", "哈桑先生(苏丹)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我非常高兴能在这个国际论坛发言，讨论青年感兴趣的问题，以谋求彼此对话和相互了解。我们欢迎以77国集团加中国、非洲国家集团以及阿拉伯集团名义所作的发言。", "首先，我愿对极端分子在挪威奥斯陆和于特岛发动可怕恐怖袭击的受害者家属表示衷心慰问。我们谴责一切形式的恐怖主义。这一事件再次证实，恐怖主义并非源自某一国家或某一宗教。", "苏丹政府高度重视青年问题，启动了许多项目来解决青年失业问题，通过小额金融服务鼓励青年投资，并且发展农业等重要部门。我们还提供了许多大学和研究生教育的机会，而且近年来的入学人数大幅增加。", "苏丹政府也关心许多其它青年方案，这些方案旨在支持青年开展文化、社会活动和参与体育和政治生活，并且通过提供工作机会来应对失业问题。我们也努力打击毒品使用行为，并且提高对艾滋病毒/艾滋病危害的认识。我们支持婚姻和家庭的稳定，并且努力帮助受战争、武装冲突和环境退化影响的青年以及有残疾或者特殊需要的青年复原。我们为我们在这些方案上取得的成功感到自豪，并且愿意分享我们的经验。", "青年，特别是非洲和总体上发展中国家青年面临的许多极端挑战正在阻碍他们充分参与社会。全球金融和经济危机以及非洲大陆干旱的影响加剧了这个问题。在这方面，我们要指出，我们需要更多国际合作，以便支持各个领域的培训和教育工作，包括交流科学知识。", "苏丹知道非洲努力的重要性，非洲青年联盟总部最近在喀土穆竣工落成，这是非洲青年联盟大会的所在地。体现我们对青年工作重视的另一个事例是，我国有幸成为阿拉伯-非洲青年理事会总部所在地，这进一步确认了苏丹作为阿拉伯和非洲青年汇聚地的地位。我们还强调必须辛勤努力，以便实现千年发展目标，造福青年人。我们还努力通过教育补助金和培训，使青年人能够更多地利用信息和通信技术。", "最后，我们希望，本次重要会议将在许多领域促进青年的利益，特别是帮助受冲突影响国家或遭受外国占领国家的青年。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请塞尔维亚代表发言。", "伊万诺维奇女士(塞尔维亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨代表塞尔维亚政府和人民向挪威政府和人民致以最深切的慰问，并向上周五发生的令人震惊的恐怖袭击事件受害者的家人表示同情。", "我国代表团赞同欧洲联盟观察员两天前所作的发言。因此，我将从我国的角度来谈一谈与青年有关的一些优先问题。", "我们看到了许多变化——既有积极的，也有消极的——它们在塑造我们今天生活的这个世界。为了尽可能利用我们面前的可能性，并且尽可能减少未来风险，我们必须通过连贯一致的方式，使青年参与社会生活的各个领域。为确保我们拥有明天的领导人，我们今天就必须打造他们。", "塞尔维亚认识到青年的重要作用，因而在2007年设立了青年和体育部，并于次年经过一系列共计167个圆桌会议后制订了一项国家青年战略。在那些会议上，塞尔维亚青年得到机会，与许多相关机构的代表一起为草拟这项重要文件献计献策。", "呼吁青年人在生活中采取积极主动的态度，是塞尔维亚国家青年战略的优先事项之一。为促进青年更多地参与社会，青年和体育部倡议并鼓励设立地方青年事务办公室。2007年这样的办公室有5个，今天则有123个，遍布塞尔维亚各地。事实上，所有地方政府机构中有三分之二在设立这些办公室的过程中发挥了关键作用，印证了这一事实：必须首先在青年所在的社区，也就是在地方一级满足青年的需求。已有100多个市政当局为它们的青年人实施了本地行动计划，并且提供资金，资助旨在满足青年需要的方案和项目。", "今年7月5日，塞尔维亚共和国国民议会通过了《青年法》。这样，塞尔维亚兑现了它对塞尔维亚青年作出的承诺，即，在国际青年年期间为塞尔维亚青年提供一部法律，这部法律除其他外规定设立一个政府理事会，青年代表将占其中至少三分之一的席位。在这个进程的一开始，我们就让青年参加磋商，最后起草并通过了这部法律，这体现出一个亘古不变的真理：应当首先向那些本应从即将通过的立法中受益的人征求意见，以了解他们对这一立法有什么期望。", "青年和体育部从成立之日起，就与民间社会建立了伙伴关系。这种关系有助于让青年参与国家青年战略各种项目的执行进程。青年和体育部支持并资助了青年协会提交的500多个项目，这些项目除其他外旨在促进健康生活方式和宽容、防止吸毒和酗酒、改善环境、促进社会包容性和志愿者活动，并且解决所有对青年人来说重要的问题。青年和体育部为各种非正规教育研讨会以及关于项目制订、职业技能和青年创业的培训课程提供了财政支持，目的是帮助青年找到工作，或者开始自己创业。", "青年和体育部还帮助在塞尔维亚各地建造了280座室外和47座室内体育场馆，因此为青年人更活跃地参与体育和娱乐活动及高质量休闲活动创造了更好条件。归根结底，这些都是青年人本身在先前进行的许多调查中确定的需求。", "8月12日，我国将纪念国际青年年落下帷幕并庆祝“国际青年日”。我们将在当天启动在塞尔维亚25个地区竞赛中选出的134项青年活动。在此过程中我们是本着这样一个愿望：在我们庆祝志愿人员国际十周年和欧洲志愿服务年的这一年支持我们的青年，以便通过自愿参与，展示青年人在当地社区促成变革的能力。", "塞尔维亚高度重视青年。对青年人投资就是对国家的未来投资。自2008年以来，在青年和体育部部长的领导下，塞尔维亚共和国政府的青年人才基金已经为6 000多名天才高中学生、国内和国际科学、艺术和体育竞赛的获奖者、大学高年级学生和塞尔维亚海外留学生提供了奖学金和各种奖励。获奖者承诺在完成学业后在塞尔维亚工作，这是为防止影响世界各地许多国家的人才外流现象而采取的措施之一。", "如果不对人力资源进行投资，而且，如果不确保这些人力资源留在原籍国，就无法实现迅速和可持续的发展。诸如青年人才基金这样的基金能够帮助把受过教育的青年人留在发展中国家，从而使他们能留在祖国，并且蓬勃发展。", "青年面临的挑战要求在政府各级——地方、省和国家——采取协调一致的共同努力。必须与国际组织和联合国机构合作努力，推动非政府组织和企业部门参与制订青年政策。我们有着广阔的空间来加强青年合作，以便通过在国家和国际层面交流想法和经验，制订最有效的体制模式，以此促进我们所有人都需要的发展。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请阿富汗代表发言。", "Faqiri先生(阿富汗)(以英语发言)：我谨代表阿富汗政府强调，必须作出进一步的努力，支持青年发展旨在应对他们面临的挑战的能力。", "请允许我强调，国家负有确保青年发展的首要责任。今天，我要谈谈阿富汗青年今后的挑战和迄今取得的成就。", "阿富汗是一个年轻人的国家。68%的人口不到25岁。大多数人民在某种程度上被剥夺了基本的权利，包括——但不限于——教育和就业机会的缺乏。女童的情况特别令人关切。青年识字率很低——男童是50%，女童是18%。男女儿童的中学入学率分别是23%和7%，阿富汗人口中受过高等教育的人不到2%。", "面对这些挑战，阿富汗青年面临种种风险。失业、低工资、缺乏安全和保障、贫困以及缺乏医疗保健的情况加深了他们的脆弱性，使青年面临受武装反对派和恐怖组织招募的风险。", "在这些挑战面前，我们不应忽视迄今为止的进展。目前，700多万男女儿童在学校就学，对他们的未来进行投资。我们在全国各地建造了4 000多所学校。我们预计，到2020年，我们将有900万儿童在学校就学，超过40%的新生将是女童。此外，阿富汗的绝大多数人口享受基本保健，表明在过去十年中取得了巨大进步。", "我借此机会感谢国际社会继续支持我们实现这些目标。值得一提的是，阿富汗议会议员中年轻一代占很高比例。年轻一代在经办新闻机构、广播电视台和月刊。", "阿富汗政府致力于履行它保护青年权利的责任。我们开始在国家、区域和国际层次采取一些有力的步骤，这包括启动一项国家青年方案，重申我们对阿富汗儿女的发展的承诺，并谋求为阿富汗青年实现自己的愿望创造机会。", "我国的当代青年经历过冲突和离乡背井，现在必须获得新的机会。必须把他们的新观点、精力、热情和决心用于促进国家的和平与发展。", "最后，我要同前面的发言者一道，就最近造成数十人死亡的恐怖行动，向挪威代表团，并通过它向挪威人民，表达阿富汗政府和人民的慰问。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请观察国罗马教廷的常驻观察员发言。", "丘立卡特大主教(罗马教廷)(以英语发言)：去年，大会宣布了目前的国际青年年，从而富于远见地提请注意两个促进和平的重要因素，即对话和相互了解。这个主题促请我们倾听青年的愿望和兴趣，同他们进行相互交流，并且在这些交流中真正分享有关共同利益的智慧。", "每一个儿童为了充分及和谐地发展其个性，都应当在家庭环境中成长。家庭是青年人最早学会道德责任和尊重他人的场所。家庭发挥着重要的作用，教育儿童全面发展自己的能力，培养他们的道德和精神价值观，并且深深致力于所有男女的和平、自由和尊严。家庭以男女之间的婚姻为基础，是天然、基本的社会单元，必须确保其受到社会和国家的保护。", "母亲和父亲双方都对其子女的抚养和发展负有首要责任。父母不能放弃这项基本作用。按照国际文书，国家应当尊重父母在这方面的责任、权利和职责。会员国批准的青年政策、方案、行动计划和承诺必须充分尊重父母对其子女福祉和教育所应起的作用，包括在人的性行为和性健康及生殖健康领域，其中不应包括人工流产。", "今天，世界上许多人没有一个稳固的参照点来据以建立自己的生活，因此他们最终深深感到不安全。相对主义和自由主义的思想正在壮大，认为所有事物都是同样合理的，并且真理、绝对的参照点和道德标准是不存在的。这种思维方式不会导致真正的自由，反而造成不稳定、混乱和盲目顺从一时的潮流，世界各地的某些文化用这种潮流来引诱我们的青年。青年有权从先辈那里接受牢固的参照点，帮助他们作出决定，在此基础上建立自己的生活。", "会员国和本组织能够在这方面作出积极的贡献，因此必须愿意不断重新作出承诺，捍卫并执行《宪章》所载的原则和国际商定的基本人权文书。它们越是能够这样做，我们的青年就越能够帮助推动和平事业，建设以尊重精神和道德价值为基础，并且维护所有人共同利益的社会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我转达我们对友好的挪威人民和政府的最诚挚的慰问。巴勒斯坦人民及其领导人震惊地获悉，上周五奥斯陆数幢政府大楼遭到残忍爆炸袭击，于特岛也发生枪击事件，导致80名无辜者丧生，其中包括几十名青年。我们坚信，挪威将从这场痛苦的悲剧中完全复原，并且变得更加强大。", "巴勒斯坦赞同阿根廷以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "今天的世界对青年来说日益动荡不安，因此，他们继续无谓地承受巨大苦难，并且面临数量空前的障碍。这影响到他们实现和平、繁荣、自由以及享有受教育的权利。令人遗憾的是，巴勒斯坦青年哪怕想表面上过正常生活都面临一个极其巨大的障碍，那就是：以色列持续占领包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土，并且无视和不尊重国际法，包括国际人道主义法和人权法。", "四十多年来，以色列持续对巴勒斯坦青年犯下罪行，完全无视人的生命，而且完全不受惩处，这种状况致使这些罪行在继续，牺牲我们的青年。以色列拒不遵守国际法和联合国相关决议的基本原则，致使巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷的局势全面恶化。这当然只会导致以-巴冲突旷日持久，使巴勒斯坦人民，特别是63年来一直生活在难民营中，渴望实现其回返权利的数百万巴勒斯坦难民长期承受苦难。", "尽管生活在占领之下的巴勒斯坦人民面临种种障碍，但巴勒斯坦青年继续追求实现他们的目标和梦想。在他们当中有年轻的难民，他们每天都在克服面临的困难，竭尽全力地发出他们的声音，展示他们的才能。就在上周，加沙的青年，包括一些残疾青年第三次打破了世界最大手绘图画的吉尼斯世界记录。此外，另外一件不同凡响的事情是，来自一所联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)所办学校的三名巴勒斯坦青年妇女在教师的帮助下，为盲人和聋人发明了一种行路杖，使她们有机会于去年夏天在纽约见到了秘书长。", "这些只是一些最近的成就，它们表明，如果给巴勒斯坦青年机会，他们就能够站起来，成为本区域和世界的领袖。此外，今天，就在几分钟之前，加沙青年人打破了同时放风筝数量最多的吉斯尼世界记录，创造了第四项吉尼斯世界纪录。我们要再次正式表示，我们感谢近东救济工程处不懈地努力为450万名巴勒斯坦难民，特别是为青年提供援助，因为它所提供的教育和训练为我们的青年提供了他们为自己赢得声誉和实现这些崇高目标需要的手段。", "虽然巴勒斯坦人民，包括巴勒斯坦青年，已经在克服因占领而遭受巨大苦难方面取得了重大进展，但是，只要以色列继续占领他们的土地，妨碍他们的自决权，他们将永远无法实现充分潜力。在这里，我们呼吁国际社会作出一切必要努力，并且凝聚政治意愿，以消除生活在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦青年所面临的障碍和挑战。", "毋庸置疑，对包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的占领严重阻碍发展，并且阻碍实现千年发展目标和其它国际商定发展目标，使得充分实现这些目标变得几乎不可能。但是，除了在实现千年发展目标方面存在的令人担忧的情况外，生活在包括东耶路撒冷的被占巴勒斯坦领土上的青年常常被蓄意作为目标、遭到射杀，甚至被以色列占领军当作人盾。每一周，行使言论自由权反对建造隔离墙和定居点的巴勒斯坦青年遇到的是占领国的子弹和侵略。我们的青年继续成为以色列定居者恐怖袭击的受害者，在走路上学或者在家门外玩耍时遭枪击、殴打和威胁。", "不幸的是，2008年至2009年间以色列针对被围困的加沙所实施的侵略可悲地凸显出它根本不顾巴勒斯坦青年。几百名巴勒斯坦青年被杀害，几十座理应是安全避难所的建筑物，例如医院和学校遭到炮击、轰炸和摧毁，而这些行为没有得到惩处。我们呼吁国际社会，包括联合国所有机构，不带任何选择性地处理这些严重侵犯行为，以便永久地终结占领国对巴勒斯坦青年和旨在保护他们的民事基础设施的所有袭击。", "始自1967年的以色列占领现在必须结束，占领国对巴勒斯坦人民，包括巴勒斯坦青年犯下的所有罪行也必须结束。每一天，以色列的占领都在导致社会经济条件和青年人总体福祉恶化，在被围困的加沙地带尤其如此，在那里，长达四年的毫无道义可言的非法围困继续剥夺当地青年人的所有权利，包括吃饭的权利。封锁致使几千人饥肠辘辘、营养不良、贫血、发育迟缓，并且患上许多其它可以预防的疾病。", "没有时间可以浪费了。因此，我们再次呼吁国际社会履行其职责，立即采取坚决行动来迫使占领国以色列遵守国际法，包括《日内瓦第四公约》和联合国相关决议为它规定的义务。只有巴勒斯坦青年可以在一个基于1967年前的边界，以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立的巴勒斯坦国中和平、自由和有尊严地生活，他们才能够实现自己的最大潜力。现在，实现这一切的时机已经成熟。", "和平对于领导人来说也许是一种需要，但对于我们的青年来说却必不可少。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据1992年10月16日大会第47/4号决议，我现在请国际移民组织观察员发言。", "瓦德先生(国际移民组织)(以英语发言)：首先，国际移民组织要在挪威人民遭受可怕悲剧之后向他们表示真诚慰问。我们的哀思与他们同在。", "国际移民组织很荣幸与这么多专家和青年一起参加本次对话。", "本次高级别会议适逢对席卷阿拉伯世界的民主浪潮和青年在实现政治讨论方面根本转变中发挥的作用进行反思的重要时刻。过去两天来举行的小组讨论使我们深入了解到青年所面临的挑战以及通过对话和相互理解所能取得的成就。国际移民组织比以往任何时候都更加认为，联合国及其各伙伴现在正在倾听。道理很简单，没有替代办法。在当今世界的大多数地方，青年不仅代表着未来，他们也占人口的多数。应对我们时代的挑战和机遇将仰赖青年的能量和创造力。", "本次对话中一个反复出现的主题是，各国社会的青年人当中存在着一种挫折感。在这些社会中，青年的声音和需求受到忽视，他们希望获得有意义的工作、得到有益的发展和参与政治，但这种愿望遭到破灭。例如，在一个青年人口增长速度最快的一个国家里，每30个毕业生中仅有一、两个人有望就业，而那些能在本国找到工作的人，如果移徙到发达国家，其报酬预计会是本国的15倍。", "移徙是青年人为摆脱贫穷而走的最根本的一步。今天，众多青年人正在走这一步。过去25年间，国际移徙者人数翻了一倍，达到2 140万人，其中一半移徙者不满29岁。这些远走他乡去追寻自己及其亲人梦想的年轻人中，许多面临着诸多巨大挑战。一艘艘来自北非、挤满了人的船只经历了危险旅程，见证了巨大的人命代价。这些青年人不仅闯关进入一个新的国家，来到新的地区，接触新的文化，而且常常也是刚刚步入成年行列。", "与此同时，全球青年移徙现象不仅给青年人自己，而且也给全球繁荣带来了巨大的机会。在当今世界中，许多发达国家正面临人口老龄化和人口下降的问题，而发展中国家的人口正在增长并相对年轻化。因此，青年人移徙现象极有可能促进经济增长和降低失业率。根据世界银行的报告，如果富国能允许一定数目来自贫穷国家的移徙者进入该国，哪怕是将本国劳动力仅仅扩充3%，那么全世界的财富每年将增加3 560亿美元。", "作为负责全球移徙问题的主要政府间组织，移民组织致力于促进人道和有秩序的移徙，以造福所有人。我们必须确认，移徙者所面临的一些最重大挑战并不是有形挑战，而是仇外情绪、社会边缘化和歧视等各种社会弊端。", "“Plural+青年影像节”是由联合国不同文明联盟和移民组织联合主办的一项活动，它确认，在一个常常发生冲突和隔离的世界中，青年人是社会变革的强大推动力。该影像节鼓励青年人探讨移徙、多样性和社会包容性等问题，与全球观众共享其声音和创意视觉作品。自从该影像节于2009年启动以来，已收到来自75个国家的400多件影像作品。获奖作品已通过由50多个合作伙伴组织构成的网络，在全世界数十个影像节、影院和电视广播节目网络播出。想必一些会员国已在本周一举行的Plural+会外活动上观赏到这些出色的作品。青年人在谈到诸如贩运人口、社会边缘化和种族主义等问题时表现出的洞察力和创造力，反映了青年能够为处理当今世界的社会问题所带来的能量。", "渴求民主的愿望极少、甚至从未象由青年人领导的“阿拉伯之春”运动这样得到如此有力的体现。现在，国际社会有责任与青年人接触并将这股能量转化为改革措施，从而促进社会融合、加强安全、提高就业率和消除贫穷。我们非常感谢有机会在本次重要会议上讨论这些问题。我们在与重要的专家和青年人接触之后相信，携起手来，我们就能够对付这些挑战，并且抓住前面的这些机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据1976年10月18日第31/3号决议，我现在请英联邦秘书处观察员发言。", "麦克米伦女士(英联邦秘书处)(以英语发言)：英联邦秘书处愿借此机会向挪威人民表示慰问。", "英联邦确认，英联邦以及全球青年议程的成功取决于全世界青年人的不懈努力。我们赞扬他们积极参与通过弘扬英联邦所珍视的宽容、谅解和互相尊重等价值观，促进发展、和平和民主。", "英联邦肯定本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)中所载的建议，并且认为，只有执行、监测和评估这些建议，才将能使国际青年年持久成功。", "英联邦通过其《英联邦青年方案》，已做好准备，随时可与各个联合国机构、青年组织和利益攸关方携手努力，确保落实该成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》中所载的各项建议。", "英联邦秘书处的立场是，现在是为青年发展问题采取更大的行动和建立更广泛的伙伴关系的时候了。英联邦秘书处认为，现在是赋予青年人更大经济权力的合适时机：银行和其他私营部门也可以通过促进创业以及支持青年发展规划，帮助青年人获得贷款。英联邦认为，现在是赋予青年人更大政治权力的时候了：各国政府和各利益攸关方，包括青年领导人，应当加大努力，把青年人纳入地方和国家层面的决策过程，为青年人发挥其作用创造更广阔的政治空间。", "青年人正强烈要求在青年工作的专业化方面，以及在衡量、监测和评估青年发展进度方面，进行有意义的变革。", "2009年在特立尼达和多巴哥共和国举行的英联邦政府首脑会议以“投资于青年”为主题，发表了多项单独宣言。首脑们还让青年人参加了会议并与其进行坦诚和有意义的对话，从而进一步表明了他们对青年人的承诺。自2007年坎帕拉英联邦政府首脑会议以来，这种就青年发展问题彼此交流意见的做法已成为英联邦政府首脑会议的一个特征。这种做法可以成为其他高级别会议沿用的一种做法，以使青年发展问题对青年人更具实质意义。", "今年是国际青年年，英联邦在主题为“投资于青年”的众多协商会议上，听取了青年、各国政府和各利益攸关方提出的想法。这些活动包括2010年11月在印度举行的英联邦青年领袖会议。在该会议上，来自54个会员国的青年人鼓励各领导层和决策者进行有意义的变革，将青年纳入主流，加强在青年发展方面的投资和参与，提升各个青年事务部委和机构的形象并为其增加资源，并且建立、扩大和加强英联邦内部的各国青年理事会。", "英联邦政府首脑通过《2007-2015年青年赋权行动计划》，确定了青年赋权方面的13项优先行动事项，涉及《千年发展目标》和《世界青年行动纲领》。英联邦将加倍努力，确保青年赋权问题得到持续重点关注，从而实现已设定的各项目标。", "英联邦期待今年10月在澳大利亚珀思召开英联邦青年论坛和英联邦政府首脑会议，以期在国际青年年结束之后继续与青年一道开展工作——那将是执行英联邦青年议程的一个时机。", "希望本次大会能够坚持这样一种信念：没有青年的参与，一切都与青年无关；青年是发展的核心。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了关于这个议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议。", "下午1时20分散会 。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Mr. Salam (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I should like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding as the International Year of Youth draws to a close.", "Lebanon is in a region where one fifth of the population is between 15 and 24 years old. More than half of our population is below the age of 25. There are a great many problems facing youth in the Arab region, most important of which is the high rate of youth unemployment, particularly among girls — one of the highest in the world.", "While tangible progress has been made in education over the past two decades, the rate of illiteracy, at more than 17 per cent, is still gravely high among young people. The quality of education is worsening in many instances. Despite the notable progress achieved in the filed of health, the degree of health awareness is still low among young people. Yet more dangerous is the growing sense of marginalization and repression among a wide spectrum of youth because of their weak participation in public life, in particular in decision-making processes. These are some of the reasons behind the waves of youth protests our region has seen over the past decades and the demands for improvements, in particular since last year.", "On this occasion we emphasize that the aspirations of our young people to participate fully in building their own future are legitimate. The world of tomorrow is theirs; this cannot be denied. It is no exaggeration to say that the vitality, humanity and spirit of inventiveness of youth are the best hopes for their future, for socio-economic development and scientific development and technological invention.", "We therefore emphasize the need for the United Nations, including specialized agencies, programmes and funds, to continue to support youth empowerment and the implementation of international obligations, in particular the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this connection, we emphasize the need for young people to acquire information and communications technology, and the United Nations and donor countries should do their best to bridge the digital gap between the North and the South.", "We hope that young people will continue to work towards the goals of peace — peace that leads to justice and security, to a world free of weapons of mass destruction. That means we must foster a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among young people at the local, regional and international levels. We express our support for the resolution 65/312, containing the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of San Marino.", "Mr. Bodini (San Marino): On behalf of the Republic of San Marino, which I have the honour to represent, I wish to extend our deepest condolences to the families of the young people struck down in Norway a few days ago.", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his leadership in dealing with youth issues. I also wish to thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for facilitating the negotiations over the text of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding (resolution 65/312), which reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and outlines the path for achieving internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "Today is the end of the International Year of Youth, but it is also the beginning of a new, exciting era for the new generation. In the Mediterranean and many other parts of the world, they have shown their determination to challenge their Governments in the streets and to fight for their rightful desire for a freer and better future.", "Did our generation plan properly for its successors? Did we understand our young people’s aspirations? Unfortunately, we did not do a good job. Millions of young people do not enjoy satisfactory security. Too many are dying from starvation, disease and war. Millions have no proper education or have no education at all. Too many are exploited sexually, or as underpaid workers or conscripted soldiers. A very large percentage are either unemployed or underemployed. Most have precarious jobs.", "We cannot allow this nightmare to continue. We must re-energize our efforts from North to South, in developing and developed countries. We must act in a coordinated manner to provide prosperity and justice to our youth and restore in them a much-needed sense of dignity before it is too late.", "We must find a focal point where all our efforts converge. Non-governmental organizations, schools, universities, corporations and the private and public sectors in every country must focus on the following priorities. We must protect our young people, mentally and physically. We must provide them with an effective education and create job security for them. We must give them a sense of belonging in our societies. And we must involve them in the decision-making process.", "The United Nations is an ideal venue where we can exchange ideas, where we can help our future generations to understand one another and, in doing so, create a better and more peaceful world.", "How can we enhance the well-being of our children? By renewing strong family ties and values, and by expanding social projects in which the underprivileged are at the centre of our efforts and those of our young people. We can sustain political systems in which human rights are protected, and we can offer our experience without imposing our way of thinking. We must always motivate and praise the efforts of young people when they are helping less fortunate peers. We must always encourage them to pursue their ideals of peace, freedom and dignity.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Andorra.", "Mr. Casal de Fonsdeviela (Andorra) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to begin by offering our deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway on the tragedy that struck their young people in particular, and also our firm support. It is so painful to have to begin a statement on the International Year of Youth with these sentiments, but dialogue and mutual understanding are the objectives of the International Year. Those objectives remain, more than ever, despite everything that has happened.", "Young people are the future, a future that begins in the present, whatever that present may be — but always with the intention of improving it. We all agree that we are living in a world of change, in which it is hard to find values and reference points that can help guide young people towards the future. While this is true for adults, it is even more true for our young people, and of course the economic crisis has reinforced that feeling of instability and uncertainty.", "Young people are among the primary victims of this crisis. To deny them access to the job market is to deny them a future and their prospects for full development. Paradoxically, it is young people who have the energy to pull us out of this recession, and therefore States cannot forget the educational programmes through which they promote justice, liberty, courage and solidarity.", "As the Secretary-General said, it is essential for young people to learn to listen carefully to each other, to empathize, to recognize the existence of differing opinions and to resolve conflicts. Young people do not need to be told what their needs are or how to achieve them. We must facilitate their efforts and provide them with the tools they need to achieve those goals.", "In Andorra we believe in a few guiding principles with regard to young people: youth policies are for young people, of young people and with young people; young people have one identity that is based on a number of concepts; there is no such thing as a world of young people separate from the other citizens; and lastly, we believe that young people are citizens of Andorra but also of the world.", "(spoke in French)", "In order to promote these principles, in 2007 my Government created the National Youth Forum of Andorra. This independent body of young people and for young people is aimed at channelling voluntary participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country. This initiative was strengthened at the end of 2009 by the Interministerial Youth Commission beginning its work. The Commission is made up of representatives from the Departments of Youth, Higher Education and Research, Culture, Housing, Health, Labour, the Interior, Social Welfare, and Statistics. The values that we advocate for young people — consensus, respect and dialogue — are the basic principles of our youth law, drafted with the consensus of regional institutions and social stakeholders.", "We are also aware of the fact that providing young people with the means they need to attain full development is not enough. We must go beyond our borders and contribute to international programmes in this area. Andorra has shown its commitment to youth through, among other things, its support, totalling more than €90,000, to the United Nations Fund for Youth.", "We must all continue recognizing and exploring what contribution youth can make to the creation of a fairer and safer world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of His Excellency Mr. Abbasi, Acting Minister of Youth and Sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, whose visa to attend this meeting was unfortunately not granted by the host country.", "At the outset, I would like to express my delegation’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the very tragic terrorist incident in which many young people were killed.", "One of the main criteria for the evaluation of the progress and evolution of a country in today’s world is the status of young people in that country. Indeed, the younger generation is the main potential for progress and dynamism in any society. The negative or less-than-optimal utilization of that potential could have a corrosive effect on the progress of that society. Therefore, it is reasonable for a society to provide for suitable education, welfare, recreation, training and vocational facilities for youth.", "Sociologists maintain that young societies usually face what they call a “revolution of aspirations”. This brings about intricacies and difficulties in the normal process of political and economic development, requiring special attention on the part of policymakers and practitioners so as to prevent the alienation of young people from society.", "Meanwhile, the international community’s meaningful and supportive cooperation in addressing the genuine aspirations of young people is critical at the present time, when the manipulation of art, technology and the modern media, along with increasing discrimination and inequalities, are some of its main shortfalls.", "Iranian society, where young people comprise almost 60 per cent of the population, is described by sociologists as among the youngest societies in the world. Accordingly, meeting the needs and addressing the aspirations of youth have been and remain among the top priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on this understanding, the statute of the High Council of Youth was adopted in 1992, with the aim of coordinating and supervising the role and functioning of youth institutions and organizations, and preparing the ground for emerging social centres to stimulate youth creativity and potential in the field of culture, science and sport and providing them with job opportunities, marriage facilities, et cetera.", "The National Youth Organization has been another main active organ responsible for the implementation of policies in this area. And in practice, there have been a number of initiatives to help young people realize their full potential.", "I am distinctly pleased to inform the Assembly that in order to institutionalize this lofty goal of addressing the demands and aspirations of youth, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has been established at the Cabinet level over the past few months in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is expected that this development will have a significant impact in terms of making national plans on youth more integrated and effective than before.", "Meanwhile, and in keeping with the increased attention on the part of regional and international bodies to this issue, the First Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Ministerial Meeting on Youth Affairs was held on 29 and 30 November 2010 in Tehran, hosted and organized by the National Youth Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in collaboration with the ECO Cultural Institute.", "Our recent national performance has proven that whenever the young generation is given chances and opportunities, regardless of barriers, they can make leapfrog progress in different fields, such as biotechnology, medical science, nuclear science and aerospace, to name just a few. Our progress shows the power of the younger generation in society and the ineffectiveness of challenges such as sanctions vis-à-vis the ironclad determination of youth, if and when they wish to determine their own future.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): As we gather here to discuss the topic of youth, we meet to talk about the future of humankind and the planet. But young people are not only the future; they are also the present. That is why we must act without further delay to face the serious problems affecting young people around the world.", "At present, there are more 1.2 billion young people around the world — more than ever before in the history of humankind — and 85 per cent of them live in developing countries. In 2025, there will be approximately 72 million more young people than today.", "Youth undoubtedly represents a formidable force for tackling the colossal current challenges. However, young people can be a driving force only if they have health, education and employment. To realize their full potential, young people need a world of peace. Young people have the right to be protected and fully involved in mechanisms for citizen participation and decision-making. They have the right to live in a world free of war and violence. They want, and deserve, a better future.", "All these concerns were expressed at the World Festival of Youth and Students, a momentous event held last December in South Africa, with over 15,000 young people from 136 nations attending.", "The situation facing Cuban young people is very different from that in much of the world. Cuban young people — accounting for 20 per cent of our population — enjoy broad protection and participate actively in the affairs of our society and State. Over 50 per cent of Cuba’s total budget is allocated to health care, education, assistance, social welfare and culture.", "Cuba’s completely free health-care system of renowned quality and our universal and equally free education system are essential pillars of the humanistic vision of the Cuban revolution. Cuba provides 100 per cent of the education required by children and young people with special educational needs. The literacy rate among the population between 15 and 49 years old is 99.6 per cent. Cuba has a solid legal and institutional framework for the protection of children and young people from violence, abuse, mistreatment and discrimination.", "Even with these successes, we do not claim to be perfect. Much remains to be done.", "These achievements have been made despite enormous obstacles. The criminal economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century, terrorist aggressions and acts, and the permanent hostile anti-Cuba policy of successive United States Administrations have denied Cuban young people the possibility to develop in a more favourable social environment.", "In those difficult circumstances, Cuba has not only achieved significant results; we have also shared what we have, and not in moderation. Since 1961, more than 55,000 students from 135 countries have graduated in Cuba. At present, about 26,000 young people from Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa study in Cuba without cost. Of those, 22,000 are studying in the medical field. Currently, some 57,000 Cuban collaborators provide their services in more than 98 countries.", "To conclude, I would like to underscore that young people are by definition revolutionary. That is why we are optimistic and are fully confident that young people will find new ways of change that push humankind to achieve a better world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Colombia.", "Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia extends its deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway and condemns the brutal attacks that dozens of young people of that nation have just suffered.", "My country thanks the United Nations for organizing this High-level Meeting on Youth and its valuable work in coordinating the direction and promotion of critical issues that affect the world’s young people, such as strengthening international cooperation for youth through dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation so as to achieve social integration, employment and the eradication of poverty. We also believe that Member States, civil society organizations, international cooperation associations and the United Nations system have worked to promote the development and active participation of young people in society. One such example is the World Programme of Action for Youth and international conferences on that issue.", "Colombia — slightly more than 50 per cent of whose current population is under the age of 25 — is satisfied with the outcome document of this critical Meeting (resolution 65/312). We believe that it will be a bastion for strengthening policies, programmes, actions and outcomes for the world’s youth. In addition, with regard to that concept of strengthening, Colombia has called for more concrete and effective actions to bolster the rights of young people and make youth more visible as an essential sectoral axis in the development of integrated and intergenerational policies. That will be of great importance in establishing a United Nations agency for youth.", "Such an agency would help to ensure the synchronization and implementation of cooperative youth activities without that agency replacing Government responsibilities and authority on the issue. On the contrary, establishing a United Nations agency for youth would mean, at the level of each nation, greater commitment to and support for the institutional strengthening of national youth systems. It would generate more timely local commitment on the matter.", "In addition, Colombia believes that greater coordination and integration in the United Nations system on youth issues, centred on an agency, would promote the effective participation of young people in decision-making bodies. We should acknowledge the important work carried out by the World Programme of Action for Youth. That is an essential basis for our continued support.", "The logic behind public youth policies must seek to ensure human development planning with a view to vital intergenerational contact that maximizes investment in adolescents and takes advantage of the demographic asset.", "Colombia would like to underscore the work done to complement ratified international agreements, such as those of the San Salvador summit, which generated approaches calling for greater public and private institutionalization of the development of children, adolescents and young people and for their involvement in short-, medium- and long-term public policy decision-making and activities.", "In that regard, Colombia has undertaken activities such as creating conditions for the effective universal enjoyment of youth rights and/or for restoring them when such rights have been removed. We have created conditions for the long-term reduction and eradication of conditions that restrict young people’s equitable access to various rights, and conditions that permit their participation in the shaping and provision of services that they desire and need. We have also created and broadened opportunities for young people to further their potential through access to services designed in line with their various social, economic, political, family, cultural and geographic needs, and to develop their capacity to acknowledge both their rights and duties and their involvement and participation in the country’s decision-making in an informed way.", "Finally, Colombia appeals to Ibero-American States to ratify the commitments made at the 2010 Santo Domingo summit of heads of State.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Madagascar.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): At the outset, the Government of Madagascar extends its sincere condolences to the Norwegian Government and people following the terrible massacre of innocent people, which runs counter to our promotion of dialogue and mutual understanding.", "Young people are a pillar of our development. In that regard, allow me to congratulate the President on this excellent initiative, which will certainly breathe new life into actions already undertaken to place young people at the core of every dialogue, every decision and every effort at local, national, regional and international levels.", "Madagascar fully associates itself with the statement of the Group of 77 and China delivered at the 112th meeting.", "As we near the end of the International Year of Youth, it is more pressing than ever to step up commitments towards an active and dynamic youth, partners and full participants in efforts for dialogue and mutual understanding among generations, cultures and people, and to bolster the effective implementation of such commitments.", "Effective and tangible global development requires the flourishing and development of young people. Unfortunately, the reality is completely different. Every day, young people, in particular those in countries of the South, face considerable challenges: unemployment, limited or even no access to education and health care systems, socio-economic instability caused by various conflicts, and exposure to drugs, prostitution, sexual violence, modern slavery and many more.", "It is our duty to find sustainable solutions to such challenges. That is why we are gathered here. Governments and civil society actors, in particular young people, must work together to find the way forward. The theme chosen for this meeting and for the International Year of Youth — dialogue and mutual understanding — is completely in step with that absolute need to work together in understanding and respecting our diversities.", "The Malagasy population is slightly less than 22 million people, of whom 6 million — that is, 31 per cent — are between the ages of 10 and 24. The Malagasy Government, with the support of its partners and friendly countries, is sparing no effort in placing its young people at the centre of its priorities. To that end, it is directing efforts to creating conditions conducive to the full development of the young Malagasy, through a clear, well-defined judicial, legislative and technical framework, as well as through its national youth policy.", "For example, Madagascar has established a National Institute for Youth, which organizes various courses, and the Ministry of Youth and Recreation has launched a community awareness programme on adolescent reproductive health. The Malagasy Government has started a youth investment fund and has undertaken a number of projects aimed at fostering young people’s development and strengthening their leadership in the national life of the country. Our National Youth Council, at the local, regional and national levels, also strengthens youth structures and institutions. Our youth centres, which exist all over the island, and which the Government has made efforts to improve in recent years, are an important tool for young people’s intellectual and social development.", "Besides this, Madagascar — which has not been spared by the scourge of human trafficking, most of whose victims are young people — has instituted a national programme to counter human enslavement and human trafficking of young people. In order to combat sexually transmitted diseases, which affect young people in particular, we have launched various efforts to raise awareness and provide support, such as an anonymous, confidential and free telephone hotline for young people, which is available in all of Madagascar’s 22 regions.", "Our population is largely rural, and the Government has just launched a rural youth development project designed to support and encourage young agricultural entrepreneurs. Youth discussion clubs in 20 regions of Madagascar, with a membership of young people aged between 13 and 24, have been active since 2007, allowing them to express their views and exchange ideas on important issues such as conservation of the environment, education and peace, and to broadcast them on weekly radio programmes.", "The Government of Madagascar welcomes resolution 65/312, adopted by this High-level Meeting, and calls on the international community to guarantee follow-up to its commitments, particularly those concerning the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also call on Member States to increase their support for young people by implementing national policies and projects.", "The number of young people in the world continues to grow, and their needs are enormous. The mobilization of resources must be genuine. The financial and technical support for young people at all levels must be maintained and increased, particularly in developing countries, including Madagascar, in order to guarantee young people’s true development and growth, and to afford them the genuine possibility of taking a leadership role in sustainable and equitable development.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.", "Mr. Raza Tarar (Pakistan): I take this opportunity to convey on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan our heartfelt condolences and deepest sympathies to the people of Norway on the terrorist incidents of last Friday. Such despicable acts only strengthen our resolve to fight terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "Pakistan aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China at the 112th meeting.", "Today’s meeting assumes a special importance in view of the myriad problems besetting humanity. Hunger, disease, climate change, terrorism, the unfulfilled promises of disarmament and multiple global crises all combine to conjure up a depressing picture. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can we work in harmony to realize our common objectives. The theme of this Meeting, therefore, is most apt. Pakistan fully supports educating youth about the ideals of peace, justice, tolerance and solidarity to lay the foundation of a peaceful world and to achieve the objectives of progress and development.", "With a population of more than 173 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. An estimated 104 million Pakistanis are below the age of 30. This youth bulge carries challenges and opportunities. Our young people are our greatest resource. In order to unlock their true potential, the Government of Pakistan has taken several steps and initiatives to enable our young people to fulfil their role in Pakistan’s socio-economic development.", "The National Youth Policy, formulated in 2008, aims at empowering young people and providing them with economic opportunities by integrating various youth programmes at both the federal and provincial levels. It puts special emphasis on addressing the needs of young women and youth with disabilities. Also worth mentioning is our National Vocational and Technical Education Commission, which strengthens younger workers by mobilizing funds and technical training, sponsored by private-sector and civil society organizations. In addition, the National Internship Programme, through paid internships, enables new graduates to work in various public sector organizations, helping to increase their employability.", "Recent events in many parts of the world have shown that young people are the catalyst of political and social change. The voices of young women and men must be heard and respected. Their expectations and aspirations must be met by involving them in the decision-making process and allowing them to shape their own future and that of our world. While the primary responsibility for ensuring young people’s development lies with individual States and their development of comprehensive policies and strategies, international cooperation remains a helpful tool for harnessing youth’s potential, and particularly for ensuring equitable distribution of global resources and promoting non-discriminatory policies.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes the convening of this High-level Meeting as the diplomatic and political apex of the International Year of Youth.", "Young people are an inescapable reality, full of energy and hope, and as such they must be taken into account in all our policies and actions, both nationally and multilaterally.", "Costa Rica believes that it is every State’s responsibility to acknowledge, promote and defend the basic rights of young people, within the framework of the promotion of human rights in general. Respect for their rights and opening up the opportunities that derive from them are key to eradicating poverty, injustice, intolerance and inequality, and are essential to the creation of opportunities for self-realization among young people.", "These convictions form the basis of our country’s pioneering youth legislation establishing the national youth system. The system brings together State institutions and organized participation of civil society. Our public youth policy is proposed by the State but discussed and approved in all its aspects by a body that includes youth representatives.", "Over the past few years, in order to meet the needs and respond to the proposals of our young population, and on the basis of an inclusive, democratic and free social vision, Costa Rica has focused on areas such as the promotion of entrepreneurship, the generation of employment opportunities, the right to recreation and comprehensive health care. We have also made a solid commitment to education, which is an essential part of our national identity and policies.", "When it comes to youth issues, as with so many other issues, national responsibility is paramount, but it is also essential to involve the international community in order to achieve the implementation of the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and of the World Programme of Action for Youth. We believe it is extremely important to create a matrix of indicators on the basis of the World Programme and the goals and objectives proposed in the outcome document. It will be particularly important to achieve the implementation of the commitments contained in the outcome document concerning the promotion of gender equality and equity and an acknowledgement of the particular vulnerability of girls and young people. The document quite rightly condemns the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict. Costa Rica believes that the recruitment of young people for transporting drugs and organized crime activities is equally reprehensible.", "The theme of this International Year of Youth, “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”, requires us to take a look at education, respecting the rights and duties of our young people. To a great extent, comprehensive education promotes values such as dialogue for resolving differences on the basis of the quest for mutual understanding.", "We particularly welcome, therefore, the Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training adopted by the Human Rights Council (HRC) on 23 March (HRC resolution 16/1). The text was presented by Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland, the countries that make up the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training. Its primary objective is to develop a universal culture of human rights in which every individual is aware of his or her rights and responsibilities to others, and to promote the development of individuals as responsible members of an inclusive, free, tolerant, peaceful and pluralistic society. We welcome the fact that this premise was included in the outcome document of this High-level Meeting.", "Our country reiterates the importance for the General Assembly, in accordance with the Human Rights Council Declaration and in implementation of resolution 60/251, to adopt the Declaration proposed by the Human Rights Council.", "There is no greater criminal proof of intolerance and disrespect for life and dignity then terrorism, in particular when the targets are primarily young people. Costa Rica therefore emphatically condemns the terrorist attacks that took place in Norway on Tuesday. Its primary victims were young people who, because of their commitment to society, were participating in a Labour Party camp on the island of Utøya. We express our solidarity with their families, the Government and the people of Norway. We know that the response to this tragedy will be a greater commitment to tolerance and freedom.", "I conclude by urging all States to act on the premises agreed on in the outcome document of this meeting. That will be the best possible way to give all young people the opportunity to fulfil their potential and use their energy and enthusiasm in service to the great tasks facing humanity.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Portugal.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Allow me to congratulate President Deiss on having organized this High-level Meeting, which marks the end of the International Year of Youth. We would also like to thank the two co‑facilitators, Ambassadors Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria and Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin, for their hard work in achieving a consensus outcome document (resolution 65/312).", "We are pleased to note that this high-level event firmly reiterates the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas. Portugal reiterates its commitment to promoting and implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth and to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We stress the need to strengthen international cooperation in support of national efforts to implement the World Programme of Action, and call upon all Member States to continue to implement it as a unified set of guiding principles for policies and programmes involving youth at the national, regional and international levels.", "Portugal’s commitment to the development and implementation of policies and programmes related to youth is unquestionable. I recall that it was on the basis of a recommendation made at the first World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth, held in Lisbon in 1998, that the General Assembly declared 12 August as International Youth Day. Our goal is to strengthen policies and programmes involving youth, as well as to ensure a cross-sectoral participation by young people as major actors and active agents in all the decision-making steps of national, regional and international policies involving them.", "Last year, we created the National Commission for the International Year of Youth, composed of both Government and youth organization representatives, which put in place a very comprehensive calendar of activities throughout the country addressing issues such as entrepreneurship and innovation, rights and equality, culture and diversity, and youth empowerment and democracy. In this framework, I would like to highlight the Second National Forum of Young Descendants of Immigrants and the African Diaspora, which took place in Portugal in February and which we believe helped to further a number of issues concerning youth.", "During the next session of the General Assembly, Portugal will again present, in the Third Committee, together with Moldova and Senegal, its biennial draft resolution on policies and programmes involving youth. We also presented and facilitated the resolution on the subject during the most recent session of the Commission for Social Development in February.", "Let me again stress the importance of young people as active agents for dialogue, positive change and development in global society and their role in stimulating tolerance and mutual understanding. Nevertheless, one major obstacle to young people playing their role to the full extent remains violence, of which they are the primary targets and to which, on so many different occasions and in so many different forms, they are exposed in a particularly acute way. Violence and the exploitation of children and youth in its many forms is one of the most important challenges facing the international community. It must therefore come to an end.", "Portugal expresses strong support for the universal ratification campaign of the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. We encourage all Member States not yet parties to sign or to ratify the Optional Protocols during the high-level segment of the General Assembly in September. We hope that this International Year will also contribute to that goal.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I should like at the outset to express my country’s solidarity with the Government of Norway and its people. Last week, on the very day of the attacks, my President sent his condolences and those of the entire people of Kazakhstan in connection with the tragedy. I myself grieved deeply; what greater crime could there be than atrocities against young people and children? This meeting is therefore most timely.", "Kazakhstan commends the progress achieved in effectively implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond, which represents an important road map. However, much more needs to be done to ensure closer monitoring and evaluation of the manner in which youth-related issues are incorporated into national policies to ensure the mainstreaming of our future leaders into the political, social, economic and cultural life of each of our Member States and their development agendas. We must also ensure the greater integration of youth-related issues in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, so that young people can be included in the existing order as well as serve as agents of social transformation.", "My delegation calls for greater United Nations system-wide coherence and coordination and for the streamlining of the youth-related work of the 34 agencies that are focusing on the least developed countries and conflict zones, especially as concerns young women and girls. Hence we call on Member States to provide greater support in terms of funding and resources so as to make possible technical guidance and capacity-building with a view to implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "In view of last week’s tragedy, every effort must be made to monitor social media and channel the energy of youth, as well as fund youth movements that foster harmony.", "During the International Year of Youth, Kazakhstan has implemented a multidimensional, interdisciplinary and results-oriented national youth policy. Particular attention has been paid to enhancing social protection, reducing unemployment and improving educational opportunities for youth. According to my President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, youth socialization, the shaping of progressive attitudes and the imparting of modern values to the young generation are vital for national development. The country has therefore adopted the State educational programme 2011-2020 and an action plan with forward-looking measures and services, including the establishment of the modern and innovative New University. Quality education for youth is a prerequisite for social and economic well-being, and expenditure on education is claimed as a priority area for State budget funding in my country.", "Kazakhstan established a Council on Youth Policy, under the auspices of the President, to mobilize youth participation in national policy decision-making and development. In addition, a national project on the youth talent pool was launched with a view to promoting decent employment for young people in public service and in the social, political and economic spheres. Since 2005, the youth labour movement, Green Country, has been a key player in connection with the country’s ecological issues and environmental policy.", "Kazakhstan reaffirms its strong commitment to promoting dialogue and mutual understanding by addressing the challenges affecting youth and contributing to multilateral efforts to give youth their rightful place as one of our richest resources.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.", "Mr. Prosor (Israel): I would like to begin by offering my Government’s condolences to the people and the Government of Norway following last week’s appalling attacks in Oslo and Utøya. The victims of this tragedy — most of whom were young people — remain in our thoughts and prayers.", "There is a Jewish story about a man who planted a carob tree, a tree that is known to bear fruit only after 70 years. When asked whether he thought he would live to eat from the tree, the man replied: “I am doing as my ancestors did. Just as they planted a carob tree for me, I am planting one for my children”.", "The commitment of one generation to the next is the foundation of strong and healthy societies. Protecting, integrating and empowering its young people stands as a fundamental obligation of every State. We must not neglect young people who find themselves on the margins.", "Over the past 20 years, Israel has developed a comprehensive approach to respond to the needs of at-risk youth through major advances in legislation and increased public awareness. Israel launched a national programme for children and youth at risk in 2008 encompassing five Government ministries. This initiative has advanced a number of unique projects designed to reabsorb at-risk youth into the community, including through vocational and entrepreneurship training. These programmes are designed to meet the needs of Israel’s diverse population, which includes immigrants from around the world.", "Israel strongly supports the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. It was the most comprehensive document on the issue of youth at the time of its adoption in 1995. Sixteen years later, it remains just as valid, providing a policy framework for both national and international action to improve the situation of young people.", "At the international level, Israel’s Agency for International Development Cooperation (MASHAV) has trained hundreds of thousands of educators and young people from all over the world. For example, MASHAV’s Mount Carmel International Training Centre has been cooperating for a decade with the Organization of American States with a view to introducing entrepreneurship as a self-help tool for young people in the Americas. The project has trained more than 22,000 people across 29 countries in Latin America and in the Caribbean islands.", "In the past year, numerous courses in English and Spanish have been held within the framework of the United Nations International Year of Youth on subjects including entrepreneurial skills for youth and business management for young people.", "Israel strongly supports paragraph 28(h) of the outcome document (resolution 65/312) of the High-level Meeting on Youth, which underscores the need to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement. Israel knows these challenges all too well. The struggle against terrorism calls for vigilance, resolve and collective action on the part of the international community. We must focus on promoting cultures of tolerance and mutual understanding instead of violence and hate, putting an end to the incitement of young people that is all too common in many corners of the world.", "Many of the greatest lines of separation we see in the world today are not between civilizations, but rather between generations. Facebook, Twitter and a range of other tools are creating exponential changes and providing new opportunities for people to interact, learn and grow. Those raised in the digital age will serve as our bridge to the future.", "I see this demonstrated in Israel, where our younger minds serve as a powerful force for innovation. Youth who would have once grown oranges are now producing Orange mobile phones. Those who would have in the past cultivated apples are now designing Apple computers.", "The challenges before the international community call on us to tap into the creativity of the next generation. We must empower and encourage all of our youth to take up responsibility in the global community and to seize the opportunities and harness the new technologies before us in order to create a more prosperous, more tolerant and more peaceful world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): Let me begin by extending our heartfelt condolences to the families of the 68 persons who were victims of the gruesome killing in Norway last week. Every life on this Earth is precious, and we are so sad to note that most of those killed were young people attending a summer youth camp.", "Bangladesh appreciates the holding of this High-level Meeting on Youth and the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312). Young people are the most important resource of a country. A nation’s development and prosperity mostly depends on the positive activities of its youth.", "In Bangladesh, the Department of Youth Development was established in 1981 with a view to bringing the nation’s youth into the mainstream of our country’s national development process by providing proper guidance, motivation and needs-based development training. To engage unemployed youths in the national development process, the Department has been implementing massive programmes on motivation, skill development training, self‑employment, microcredit support and community development, so that trained youths can set up self‑employment projects with a view to reducing poverty.", "In Bangladesh, until June 2010, about 3.43 million young people were trained in different sectors, particularly in computers, including Internet and networking; graphic design and video editing; livestock, poultry, pisciculture and agriculture; tailoring; block, batik and screen printing; electronics and electrical and house wiring; refrigeration and air conditioning, and so on.", "The average income of a self-employed youth ranges from $20 to $670 per month. In some cases, successful self-employed youths earn more than $1,300 per month in a country where average per capita income is merely $670 per annum. Moreover, a good number of trained youths have obtained jobs in different organizations at home and abroad. As of May 2010, $120 million had been disbursed under a microcredit programme for establishing or expanding self-employment projects. The loan recovery rate is nearly 90 per cent.", "Pursuant to its election manifesto, the present Government has introduced a national service programme for providing employment to unemployed youths who have completed their secondary education. They are employed for two years on a temporary basis. Initially, three poverty-stricken districts were selected. The unemployed youths receive three months of basic training on 10 selected modules and are then assigned to different nation-building departments, autonomous bodies or local Government bodies, and so on.", "Volunteer youth and Government organizations are also playing significant role in the rural development. To promote the active participation of youth organizations in the development process, the Department of Youth Development has taken steps to enlist youth organizations. About 14,000 youth organizations have already been enlisted with the Department.", "On 12 August 2010, International Youth Day was observed in Bangladesh with due solemnity. At the national level, the Day started with a rally that was followed by a seminar on dialogue and mutual understanding, in line with the selected theme for the International Year of Youth. A huge number of youth leaders were engaged in the opening and closing ceremony of the eleventh South Asian Games and the World Cup Cricket inaugural ceremony that recently took place in Dhaka.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate the commitment of the Government of Bangladesh to converting today’s youth into tomorrow’s most productive sector of society and to ensuring that the Government increasingly emphasizes meeting the education and training needs of young people, encouraging their moral development and taking measures within the limited resources available to create job opportunities for them.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Russian Federation.", "Mr. Karev (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The delegation of the Russian Federation was pleased to join the consensus adoption of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312). We should like to express our gratitude to the coordinators and all of the participants in the negotiation process. Thanks to their constructive and crucial approach, we were able to reach agreement on the outcome document that reflects the interests of all States.", "Today’s meeting, the culmination of the International Year of Youth, is a way not only to evaluate the results of increasing understanding of and focus on the interests of youth, but also to increase the active participation of youth in all areas of life and create a way for them to empower themselves. It is also a launching pad for defining objectives for the future.", "The Russian Federation attaches great importance to the issue of youth. There are 40 million people in our country, representing some 27 per cent of the population. Let us not forget that while young people are among the most active participants in society, they are the hardest hit by the consequences of different types of crises. Young people, at the beginning of their life’s path, are often unable to deal with such consequences.", "In addition to enjoying great mobility, young people are readily able to adapt themselves to new conditions and acquire new knowledge. Clear proof of this fact is the role of young people in recent world events. Great hopes are also placed on young people as a primary motor of overcoming the adverse impacts of the global financial and economic crisis. That is the very reason that the Russian Federation is providing for young generations as a long-term investment in a stable and flourishing society.", "The implementation of coordinated policies in that respect has been taken up by the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy. The Federal Agency for Youth also operates under that Ministry. It is a national State body whose activities are concentrated on developing youth potential in Russia.", "Our country’s policies and programmes to guarantee the interests and rights of young people are in step with the priorities of the United Nations, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. The priorities formed a basis for events that took place in 2009 in the context of the Year of Youth in Russia, which sought to bolster the professional and creative potential of youth, advocate a moral and healthy way of life, and cultivate the ideals of peace and understanding among peoples.", "On 27 June every year since 1993, we have celebrated the Day of Youth in Russia, on which meetings, concerts, and sporting and other types of events are held throughout the country. On 27 June this year, a meeting was held between the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth of the Russian Federation with leaders of youth movements at which discussions were focused, inter alia, on the International Year of Youth.", "Current economic and social conditions call for particular attention to be paid to issues relating to enhancing the well-being of young people by resolving issues such as their professional placement and stable employment. In that regard, the federal target programme, Young People in Russia 2011-2015, will be a key document over the next five years. This document is designed to create conditions conducive to successful socialization and effective empowerment of young people by fostering their participation in the social and political life of the country, and by using their potential to further innovation in our country.", "The International Year has been a striking demonstration that young people are not only recipients of State aid, but can themselves contribute to their countries and the international community as a whole. The Year also showed the need to create an environment where young people can be integrated into all areas of social life so as to increase their contribution to the social and economic development of States.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me at the outset to express my country’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the tragic loss of all those young people who were taken away by a senseless and unimaginable act of terrorism.", "Slovenia aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "The future of our societies depends on the future of our young people. In particular, it depends on what we policymakers can do to enable young people to participate in society, to ensure quality education, to guarantee health services and to create employment opportunities. The current financial and economic crises have had a strong impact on young people, leaving many of them unemployed and living in poverty. This in turn affects their social inclusion, which is key to the sustainability, stability and prosperity of societies.", "Young people have to be involved in decision-making processes, including through youth-led organizations. These organizations do not only represent the voice of youth, but are also important forums for the promotion of tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. It is therefore important to strengthen the role of youth and of youth-led organizations and to support their increased involvement in the development of strategies and policies at all levels and on all issues, such as sustainable development, climate change and human rights.", "In particular, we should enhance cooperation between youth organizations or platforms from different regions through concrete, grass-roots projects and programmes that directly involve young people. Non-formal education should be considered a core tool to this end.", "In working with youth, Slovenia is building on its long-lasting tradition. We encourage youth development and the social integration, personal growth and autonomy of young people through various programmes and projects. The Slovenian Government encourages the creation of conditions for including young people in social and political processes and therefore co-finances the activities of many grass-roots youth and youth work organizations.", "Many participatory structures for children and young people have been developed. Young people have their own peer organizations that present their views in decision-making processes at the national and local levels. For example, the youth parliament initiative, where pupils can speak publicly, is a pivotal demonstration of child participation in social and political processes.", "Furthermore, the Government has established two consultative bodies that comprise representatives of youth organizations and various ministries on an equal basis. They propose measures and monitor the consideration of youth interests in various public policies at the national level, and in particular they promote youth participation in these processes.", "Last but not least, the significance of voluntary work is highly appreciated in Slovenia. We strongly believe that volunteering contributes to the strengthening of social capital, promotes peace and solidarity, and breaks new ground for sustainable socio-economic development. The role of young volunteers is an effective tool for youth empowerment as it enables them to develop their professional qualifications, academic knowledge and specific skills, contributes to their future work and employment possibilities, and strengthens their social inclusion and cohesion.", "Young people are a force for change. Despite growing recognition of their needs, they still continue to be marginalized and ignored in many parts of the world. We must fulfil our obligations and build a prosperous future for them by mobilizing all political strength and instruments and by implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also have to achieve universal ratification of international instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. In this respect, Slovenia strongly supports the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols by 2012.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Togo.", "Mr. Menan (Togo) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like at the outset to convey to the Assembly the warm and cordial sentiments of the authorities of Togo, in particular the President of the Republic, who is among the youngest Heads of State in the world.", "I would also like to convey to the President of the General Assembly and to the co-facilitators, the Ambassadors of Benin and Austria, the vigorous thanks of my Government for their exemplary role in organizing this meeting. This meeting gives us a welcome opportunity to assess the status of youth — a social group that represents a majority of the world population.", "The International Year of Youth declared by the United Nations, which began on 12 August 2010, was designed to encourage Member States to step up their actions to improve dialogue and mutual understanding among young people, to promote their participation at all levels, and to work to eliminate all obstacles facing them. In this regard, the major activities undertaken in Togo were aimed at finding innovative solutions to address the unemployment problem, which increases the vulnerability of young people and prevents them from realizing their potential. Our activities also seek to improve the institutional framework for promoting the participation of young people in all national decision-making and public affairs processes.", "Actions carried out at the institutional level include the establishment in 2005 of a ministerial department devoted specifically to issues relating to young people and youth employment; the adoption of a national youth policy in 2007; and the establishment and operationalization of the Togo National Youth Council in 2008. More recently, with a view to promoting inclusive dialogue and exchanges among young people themselves, on the one hand, and between young people and Government authorities, on the other, the Government decided to create a National Youth Forum. The first Forum was held from 18 to 20 April and gave an opportunity for an exhaustive consideration of the status of young people in Togo in the light of their new civic engagement. To ensure the lasting effects of this initiative, the Forum will be held every two years.", "With regard to the promotion of specific issues affecting young people, in particular those relating to youth employment and social inclusion, the Togolese Government has increased programmes and projects aimed at expanding opportunities and youth employment in both the salaried and independent employment sectors. Emphasis was placed on promoting micro-, small and medium-sized businesses, which are recognized as job creators, through the establishment of mechanisms to facilitate the access of young people to credit.", "Moreover, two years ago we launched a far-reaching programme to promote civic responsibility and the active participation of young people. The programme has been implemented with the participation of young people, youth organizations and local communities.", "In spite of all regional, national and international efforts, Togo believes that only increased solidarity in the framework of an international partnership will enable us to achieve the objectives of the International Year of Youth and to provide follow-up to the World Programme of Action for Youth. The delegation of Togo therefore calls on all States and stakeholders to heed the wise words of an eminent Togolese statesman, who said that no sacrifice is too great if it is made for the future of our youth. The outcome document adopted by the Assembly on 26 July (resolution 65/312) represents an opportunity to continue our actions to provide timely solutions to the many challenges that young people face.", "In conclusion, I reiterate our solidarity and condolences to the Government and people of Norway in the wake of the painful tragedy and loss visited on the peaceful young people of that country. Togo condemns such terrorist acts sadly perpetrated by brazen, lawless individuals.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): Venezuela reiterates its condemnation of terrorism and all forms of violence, and extends its solidarity to the families of the victims and to the people and Government of Norway in this tragic time that has plunged the country into mourning.", "My delegation thanks the President of the Assembly for organizing this event. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "On 21 October 2009, Venezuela adopted the People’s Power for Youth Act, outlining the rights and obligations of young people in various areas of their social development. Additionally, on 7 July 2011, the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías, announced the creation of the Ministry of the People’s Power for Youth in the context of measures aimed at consolidating the people’s power for youth.", "Venezuela believes that education is the foundation of social change and an instrument for the liberation of peoples. In my country, the inclusion of youth in the education system is guaranteed at all levels. There were 200,000 university students in Venezuela in 1999; there are now 2.5 million. More than 9.3 million Venezuelans — one third of the population — have access to communication and information technologies, particularly the Internet.", "In its article 79, the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes young people as active agents of development. The Youth Act expands and elaborates on that provision, establishing the National Youth Council to encourage active participation on the part of young people. Over the past 12 years, in the course of the Bolivarian revolution, policies have been established and developed to promote engagement on the part of young people, a large percentage of whom hold responsible positions in institutions of the people’s power. Our country hosted the Latin American and Caribbean Youth Congress for Peace and Sovereignty from 28 to 30 June, at which young people pledged to fight to make our region a zone of peace and development.", "The successes achieved by our youth in the arts, science, culture and sports during the years of the Bolivarian revolution are evident and undeniable. Venezuela ranks fifth in the world in university enrolment. The excellence of the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra System is recognized throughout the world. Venezuela won the greatest number of medals at the fourth Games of the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas, currently being held in our country. As was recently seen in the Copa America, Venezuela has emerged as one of the outstanding soccer teams of our region.", "We call on all nations to provide new generations with the tools necessary for all people living on the Earth to lead humanly rewarding lives and to live in harmony with each other and with nature.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I commend the able leadership of the President of the General Assembly and his Bureau, and I assure them of my delegation’s continued full support and cooperation. Like others, I want to extend Tanzania’s sympathy and condolences to the people of Norway and to join others in denouncing in the strongest terms possible such dastardly and heinous acts of terrorism and intolerance.", "My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Tanzania supports the SADC proposal to create a dedicated United Nations entity for youth.", "Proportionately, Africa has the youngest population of any continent. That is a huge resource for the good of Africa and of the world. If that resource is to bear fruit, however, we need to prepare young people to be the responsible, accountable and democratic leaders of Governments and captains of business we want them to be. My Government believes that young people are not only the leaders of tomorrow, but that they can be the leaders of today and make an important contribution, side by side with their elders, to building their countries.", "Through affirmative action, young people of both genders are represented in Tanzanian decision-making bodies, including Parliament. Tanzania has also formulated several policies, strategies and plans with clear goals and measurable targets to open up opportunities for young people. We continue to invest heavily in improving quality and expanding access to education and skills at all levels. With the support of the International Labour Organization, we are fighting the worst forms of child labour.", "We are also focusing on the health and vitality of our youth, including by working to prevent teen pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and other infectious and non‑infectious diseases. We have established a youth development fund, and we encourage savings and credit societies and microcredit programmes to give young people access to concessional investment financing. We are promoting young people’s employment in farming and non-farm rural service businesses to enable them to find a better life within their communities. We are participating in regional programmes that address all of these issues, and we thank the bilateral and multilateral partners who support our national and regional programmes. We count on their continued and enhanced support.", "Globalization and the technology that drives it have put young people across the world in a global village and given them an acute consciousness of where they are and where they could be. Globalization builds and fuels aspirations — political, economic, cultural and social. Some of these are aspirations that many of our national Governments cannot meet on their own with their existing resources and policy space, or at the kind of speed that young people want.", "Social media, on which our young people are hooked, are useful tools for positive change. Unfortunately, they can also produce negative outcomes. In other words, globalization gives our young people aspirations, but does not always give them the right tools, capacity or fair opportunities to realize their dreams. This can be destabilizing, and its effects will be felt beyond our borders. Let us all then support the efforts of national and regional Governments and create a fair globalization that unites the youth of the world not only inspirationally but materially as well.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Mrs. Salman (Malaysia): Let me begin by joining other speakers to offer our condolences to the people of Norway for the horrendous attack that claimed the lives of more than 80 young people.", "The Malaysian delegation wishes to express its gratitude to President Deiss for convening this meeting. It is very heartening to see so many young people gathered in this Hall today. Only through discussion and discourse can we truly understand the younger generation’s hopes and aspirations in order to strengthen the economic, social and cultural relations between countries.", "Forty-three per cent of the Malaysian population — some 12.5 million Malaysians — are young people aged between 15 and 40. Due to this large number, Malaysia has a Ministry dedicated to overseeing the well-being of its young people. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is tasked, among other things, with preparing the youth community to contribute to the nation’s growth, development and prosperity and to further encourage it to create a successful nation. The Government of Malaysia has in place a full range of the support systems needed to enhance youth participation and empowerment at all levels.", "In terms of policies, in 1985 Malaysia was one of the earliest States to formulate a national youth policy. That initiative was subsequently enhanced in 1997 and became the National Youth Development Policy. The Policy encompasses areas such as youth empowerment, human resource development, youth leadership and youth enterprise development. In addition, the Tenth Malaysia Plan, with its mission of working towards making Malaysia a progressive and high-income nation, recognizes youth participation as a critical component of the nation’s growth. It therefore aims to create a generation of forward-looking young people who are motivated to pursue academic and career excellence.", "In addition to the various policies it has in place, the Government continues to engage with the younger generation through events. For example, in May, Putrajaya, the city that is home to the federal Government administrative centre, was turned into a sea of young people who came there in celebration of National Youth Day, honouring the country’s young people. The celebrations included a youth convention, which discussed directions for achieving change for young people. Putrajaya has also been officially declared a youth-friendly city.", "Furthermore, in affirmation of the importance of the work of the United Nations, in August 2010 Malaysia hosted the Second Global Model United Nations, in which more than 500 young representatives from across the globe participated, developing leadership as well as decision-making skills during simulated sessions of the General Assembly and other multilateral bodies of the United Nations system.", "Malaysia takes great pride in the fact that it has given due recognition to youth development perspectives, both regionally and internationally. Nevertheless, Malaysia hopes that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312) will be translated into concrete action so as to further the youth development agenda. Malaysia is also committed to enhancing and developing our community of young people as empowered entities and responsible citizens, in order to ensure that peace and prosperity remain not only a permanent feature of our nation but can also contribute to the betterment of our global village.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Thailand.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): The Thai delegation shares with Norway a deep sense of outrage and sorrow at the massacre in Utøya. It is a painful reminder for us to redouble our efforts on behalf of young people everywhere and to create an environment where they are nurtured, empowered and given every opportunity to be all they can be.", "The challenges facing Thailand’s youth are broadly similar to those in many other developing countries. Our embrace of economic globalization has, within a few decades, transformed family structures, the distribution of wealth and access to opportunities. Economic development has brought greater material well-being and reduced poverty, but it has also brought wider income disparities, glaring gaps in opportunity, and the proliferation of unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. Thailand’s young people are greatly affected by these changes. Unequal access to opportunities in education and employment means that we have young people who are highly capable and skilled, yet also vast numbers who are vulnerable and unprepared for the heightened economic competition under globalization.", "To address these complex challenges, Thailand believes that a coordinated approach is of the utmost importance. Our Constitution and specific laws provide a legal framework that protects children and young people while promoting their development. At the political level, we have a National Committee for Youth and Child Development, chaired by the Prime Minister, on which youth representatives sit. In 2009, the Government launched a policy offering 15 years of free education. Meanwhile, urban/rural disparities are being addressed through greater decentralization of policy implementation, which means greater participation at the local level.", "For the International Year of Youth, we have also been organizing activities to promote cross-cultural understanding among young people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds within the country. Thailand is also proud to send two youth delegates to participate in drafting and delivering our national statement under the social development agenda in the Third Committee at the commencement of every General Assembly session. Thai youth delegates have attended the Assembly for a number of years now, and we hope that more and more developing countries will be able to do the same in order to give a stronger voice to young people from developing countries in the arena of the General Assembly.", "Such efforts, of course, are but a starting point. More can and must be done. We place much hope in the outcome document we have adopted (resolution 65/312), which we believe should serve to reinvigorate our common efforts for youth through its many thoughtful, solid and concrete proposals. We must take this declaration forward together, in a manner that will encourage the dreams of today’s youth to take wing and lift humanity towards the brighter future it deserves.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines aligns itself with the statements made by the representatives of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community, and of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, respectively. We also align ourselves fully with the expressions of sympathy and solidarity with the people of Norway, in the wake of their recent horrific tragedy. Words cannot express the sorrow and outrage of the international community at this act of terrorism.", "It is an unfortunate truth that youth and governance are oftentimes uneasy bedfellows. The traditional halls of power and politics — including this very General Assembly Hall — are often dominated by those for whom youth is but a dim memory. Our approaches to problem-solving — opaque, bureaucratic and frustratingly incremental — tend to be at odds with the typical passion, decisiveness and activism of youth. Furthermore, many of our political leaders have failed to earn the trust of young people, seeing them merely as an emotional wave to be ridden into or out of political office. Others seek to cynically grasp a mantle of “change” that belies their own status as senior citizens whose principles and transformative credentials have long since been sacrificed on the altar of political ambition.", "But the world’s youth need not be mistrusted, harnessed, indoctrinated or marginalized. They need to be listened to; they need to be embraced; and they need to be made active and leading partners in national development and global governance. The pace of change and development has accelerated exponentially, and the world that lies one generation into the future will be radically different from the one that we grapple with today. The pace of change — for good and ill — will be a defining feature of tomorrow’s global village, and it is one that we have no experience in managing, or even predicting. It is today’s youth who will inherit that world, and it is today’s youth who must be taken into the confidence of leaders and policymakers on every step of our journey into the future.", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines reiterates the central sentiment of the CARICOM Declaration on the Future of Youth in the Caribbean Community, namely, that young people are not problems to be solved, but, rather, invaluable assets and partners in development of our subregion. The creativity, innovation and energy that will chart a new course through the fallout of globalization and the ongoing economic crisis lies with our youth, and not with the orthodoxy that led us into the crises we now face.", "In that regard, it is useful to recall a truism first attributed to former United States President Franklin Roosevelt: “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.” As such, the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has invested heavily in the youth at all levels of society. We have, in the past decade, achieved universal access to secondary education and are well under way to universal access to early childhood education. State spending on tertiary education has increased exponentially, and every single one of our students — with the cooperation of the Governments of Portugal and of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — will soon have their own laptop computer, to engage the world beyond the narrow confines of our small island developing State.", "Young people have also been thrust into positions of great responsibility at all levels of Government and public service. Senators, ministers, diplomats and other high-level officials are all part of this burgeoning youth brigade. Young Vincentian entrepreneurs, sportspersons and cultural artists continue to create jobs, influence debate and create new pathways for future development. Our national trust and faith in the youth is unshakeable.", "The international community must tangibly demonstrate even greater levels of trust and faith in the youth. The challenges they face are often without parallel in historical memory. In our region, the youth confront transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, climate vulnerability and a technological explosion amid an uncertain economic environment, with changing modes of production and distribution of capital that have yet untold implications for the next generation.", "This high-level event must have something to show for itself beyond a tepid outcome document. It must be the beginning of a re-imagining of the role of the youth in our national development and global governance, and the starting point of a genuine effort to mainstream youth issues and embrace our young people as equal partners in this journey into an uncertain future.", "Anything less would be simply another attempt to use young people as a photogenic backdrop for further political grandstanding. But as we have learned in recent months, the price of such marginalization of young people and their needs and concerns can be politically and societally cataclysmic. Let us heed the lessons that the youth have been trying to teach us.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): I am honoured to address this High-level Meeting of the General Assembly. It has been particularly encouraging to see so many young people and their representatives in attendance and participating actively in this gathering.", "I join with other participants in expressing our deep condolences to the Government and the people of Norway on the terrible loss of life in the tragic attacks of last Friday.", "Ireland aligns itself with the statement made by the Acting Head of the delegation of the European Union (EU), Mr. Pedro Serrano, on behalf of the member States of the EU.", "At the outset, let me make three short points in relation to the World Programme of Action for Youth. First, Ireland values a human-rights-centred approach to the implementation of the Programme. The Programme itself recognizes that its successful implementation requires the full enjoyment by young people of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and a strong commitment by Member States to combat any violations of these rights. That approach and commitment must infuse all our efforts.", "Secondly, gender equality is imperative in order to fully realize the aims of the Programme. In seeking to combat some of the challenges facing young women and girls — poverty, inequality, the combination of multiple forms of discrimination, sexual and gender-based violence, especially in conflict, limited access to education or health care, including sexual and reproductive health care — we must focus on empowering young women and girls as agents of change.", "Thirdly, we are acutely conscious of the developmental aspect. Almost 90 per cent of the world’s 1.8 billion young people aged 15 to 24 live in developing countries. Recognizing and building on the vast potential of those young people is essential for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Let me say a word about some recent developments in Ireland that may be of wider interest. The new Irish Government has demonstrated a strengthened focus on youth affairs with the creation of a full Cabinet position of Minister for Children and Youth Affairs and the corresponding establishment of a new Department of Children and Youth Affairs.", "A commitment has been made to develop a youth policy framework to support children and young people in the 10-to-24-year age range. The overall aim of the framework is to clarify and enhance coherence, connectivity, coordination and delivery in youth services and related out-of-school-time services for young people in that age range. The intention is to enhance the development and participation of and support for young people; achieve greater coordination and coherence in the provision of youth services; and ensure that such provision is high-quality and outcomes-based.", "The question of youth participation is particularly important. As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) adopted earlier this week recognizes, the participation of young people themselves in designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective policies is critical to achieving the objectives of the World Programme of Action. The Irish Government is strongly committed to promoting the participation of children and young people in civil society, and the past decade has seen the establishment or consolidation of a range of structures to achieve that objective. These include local youth councils, a national youth parliament, student councils, a children’s and young people’s forum, a children and young people’s participation support team, along with an inclusion programme and national consultations.", "Within the wider effort to promote participation, we have placed particular emphasis on empowering marginalized young people. An inclusion programme, which was established in 2007, aims to provide new opportunities for seldom-heard young people to become involved in decision-making structures. The inclusion programme has been realized through the participation of a number of civil society organizations. These organizations work with gay and lesbian young people, young travellers, young people living in care, young people living with disabilities and young people from disadvantaged communities. As we move forward, the intention is to capture the lessons learned from the inclusion programme to ensure that an increasing number of young people who may be at risk of marginalization can take part in decision-making structures and process.", "Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe. In difficult times as well as in good times, our young people remain our greatest resource. We want to offer them — all of them — greater opportunities to help craft the future of our country. It is our hope that this International Year of Youth will have helped towards making such opportunities available to young people worldwide.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Mr. Charles (Trinidad and Tobago): Trinidad and Tobago joins with previous speakers in extending condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the dastardly acts which resulted in the loss of life of many young people who represented the very flower of that nation’s future.", "Further, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to align itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, and the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community. In addition, we wish to make a brief statement in our national capacity.", "In recognition of the importance of young people to community and national development, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a national youth policy that reflects a flexible and dynamic social development process between the Government and civil society and from which various national programmes and activities materialize. These relate in part to education, health, gender equality, addressing youth crime and violence, including drug-related crime, youth unemployment and youth leadership development.", "The national youth policy promotes youth empowerment and participation, placing young people at the forefront of policy development and implementation. At the same time, it recognizes the Government’s responsibility for creating the necessary facilitative framework to ensure that young people can make informed choices, lead meaningful, productive, enjoyable lives, and contribute to the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. Further, it is noteworthy that the portfolio for youth-related affairs is now under the purview of the newly created Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development.", "In commemoration of this International Year of Youth with the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, and based on the approach adopted by the United Nations system, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a number of initiatives that fall under the three main areas identified by the United Nations Inter‑Agency Network on Youth Development. In this regard, one significant initiative was the launch of the National Youth Consultation Programme, in which young people were provided with opportunities to be included in decision-making processes through participation in consultations with Government ministers.", "It is imperative to promote dialogue between Governments and young people, to foster mutual understanding and to better address the issues affecting them, as young people are key partners in the development and advancement of our societies. In this connection, I quote the Chinese proverb which states “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand”.", "In keeping with this approach, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has therefore increased youth participation and partnerships within communities by developing their capacities to dialogue with their peers and relevant stakeholders. The Government has also facilitated youth development through national leadership training programmes, peer education workshops and community social projects that harness discussions with young people in relation to the design and implementation of programmes to meet their needs. In this context, we encourage Member States to promote dialogue with young people in their own countries so that they become and remain involved in decisions that ultimately affect their future.", "Trinidad and Tobago reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and continues its implementation while we recognize the need to further develop and improve the current international framework on young people to effectively address the new challenges they face.", "The time has come to move beyond dialogue to implementation and resource mobilization in order to empower young people and further the development of our societies as a whole. In closing, I wish to join my colleague from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in quoting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who said “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future”.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Grenada.", "Ms. Williams (Grenada): Grenada associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Through you, Sir, and on behalf of my Government and the people of Grenada, especially the youth, the delegation of Grenada expresses deep and heartfelt sympathy with the Government and people of Norway on the inexplicable killing of the young and not-so-young. The attack on Government buildings and young people strikes at the very heart of understanding, and we mourn the loss of life.", "Equally, Grenada expresses solidarity with all the young people and families worldwide who are set upon by wars, famine and bombings. Most especially, we mourn the hundreds now dying every day in the Horn of Africa from famine. We support the United Nations call for global emergency relief and for longer-term sustainable development for those communities.", "Grenada welcomes this High-level Meeting on Youth and extends congratulations to all the young people of the world. This conference is an opportunity for the international community to re-examine and scale up its efforts to respond to the many needs of young people. In this regard, we welcome the outcome document (resolution 65/312) and we look to its full and effective implementation and to the involvement of all young people in doing so.", "Like in most countries, the young people of Grenada hold great promise. That promise, however, is weighed down by social and economic forces that lead to high rates of unemployment and other challenges. Yet, we continue to witness the emergence of a strong and positive national youth sector that is underpinned by a national youth policy.", "Our young people, especially our girls, are graduating from secondary school in record numbers and going on to succeed in colleges and universities in equally record numbers. From primary to secondary level, our young athletes are breaking sports records and some, including our competitors in men’s 400 metres and in women figure’s skating, are setting their eyes on Olympic competitions. Watch out, Jamaica! Watch out for Kirani James!", "Many more Grenadian youths are in professional schools and in the cultural sector and are becoming successful entrepreneurs. The number of young leaders, youth parliamentarians and youth ambassadors is growing, and there is a healthy and exhilarating dynamism that they spread as they succeed. Government spending focuses on youth training and job creation, rehabilitation and empowerment.", "Far too many young people cannot achieve their potential due to poverty and lack of opportunity. As the United Nations prepares to commit to sustainable development in the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development process, Grenada reiterates its vision of our young people, who will play a stronger role in national sustainable development. That is why we call on the United Nations and others, including businesses, to engage in partnerships with us and to support us in the inclusion of youth within the democratic process, job creation and economic empowerment and in the development of the necessary frameworks to strengthen grass-roots youth organizations.", "In closing, Grenada understands that young people are valuable to national development, but that they are far more than a national development resource. Rather, like other groups, young people have an intrinsic value to themselves and to humanity. It is our responsibility to do much more to honour and to empower them so that they, too, can make the right choices for themselves and for the world.", "Grenada extends its best wishes for success to all youth delegates, and wishes them a safe journey back to their loved ones.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Bulgaria.", "Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): At the outset, let me join all previous speakers and express, on behalf of my country, our deepest sympathy for the people and Government of Norway following the horrendous and tragic attacks of Friday that claimed the lives of so many young people.", "I feel honoured to speak before this High-level Meeting on a topic that is of particular relevance nowadays — how to improve conditions for the world’s youth and help young people address their aspirations to participate in processes that shape their lives and their future. The importance that we attach to such issues comes from the realization that youth is the natural driving force behind important changes in global development. Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa once again point to the key role of young people as agents of social change, progress and development. They have also reaffirmed the vital role of new technologies and social media in empowering the voice of young people and their participation in shaping public opinion and the political decision-making process.", "We are satisfied that the outcome document adopted earlier in the meeting (resolution 65/312) reconfirms the World Programme of Action for Youth as a major political instrument for comprehensive action on youth issues. It is of paramount importance to focus our efforts on its thorough and improved implementation at all levels, including by strengthening national capacities and democratic mechanisms for dialogue and partnerships with young people and youth-led organizations in decision-making processes affecting youth. Cooperation among national Governments, youth organizations and other stakeholders at the national, regional and global levels is a critical element of strategies and policies to achieve social integration, employment and poverty eradication.", "Bulgaria fully supports the statement made by the observer of the European Union (EU) earlier in this debate, outlining the programmes and activities on youth in Europe. I wish to focus briefly on our national experience and efforts to address youth issues in the context of the EU cooperative action.", "The National Youth Strategy 2010-2011, adopted by the Bulgarian Government in 2009, primarily focuses on employment and sustainable development, including the promotion of economic activity and career opportunities for young people. The target group of the Strategy is young people between 15 and 29 years of age. Concrete actions for its implementation are aimed at improving the quality of high-school and university education, promoting lifelong learning, providing more internships and strengthening the relationship between education and business. Support is envisaged for companies providing jobs to young people, especially in small towns and rural areas. Students’ participation in scientific projects and high-tech innovations are also encouraged and supported.", "Bulgarian young people are actively involved in projects under the EU programme Youth in Action, which is related to implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy. In promoting knowledge and understanding of democratic citizenship and the rule of law, such projects are conducive to making young people receptive to human rights standards and values, addressing in particular certain negative societal views, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "Under the National Youth Strategy, volunteering is encouraged as one avenue to enhance youth potential and skills in different professional and scientific areas. In the context of the European Year of Volunteering, the fourth National Youth Meeting, which took place in Varna from 30 June to 4 July, discussed the advantages of volunteering for both young people and recipient institutions and businesses, with the active participation of civil society.", "Last but not least, let me also highlight our participation in international cooperation and United Nations youth-related initiatives. In that particular field, the role of the United Nations remains indispensable. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria closely cooperates with the United Nations Association in Bulgaria to ensure the coordination of activities promoting youth participation at the United Nations. The joint plan of action between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations Association, signed at the beginning of this year, provides for developing initiatives that foster the more active involvement of young people in United Nations activities, including areas such as the Millennium Development Goals, peace, human rights and sustainable development.", "Part of that partnership is the arrangements for the selection and participation of youth representatives in the youth delegate programme. The national selection process, which is currently being conducted for the sixth consecutive year, aims at ensuring that the most proactive and knowledgeable students are given the opportunity to represent Bulgarian youth and to work alongside diplomats and other youth delegates from all over the world. We are proud that over the decades, Bulgaria has demonstrated its commitment to youth matters and that it is one of the countries with the longest-standing experience in providing a platform for the Bulgarian youth perspective to be voiced in the United Nations context.", "In conclusion, let me express our confidence in the successful conclusion of this important conference. We are determined to contribute actively to ensuring a better future for the youth worldwide.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Mrs. Espósito Guevara (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): We would like first of all to extend our most heartfelt condolences to the brother people of Norway on their recent tragedy, whose main victims were young people.", "The Plurinational State of Bolivia endorses the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Young people are a driving force of change in any society. It is they who, with their energy and rebellious spirit, show us the path to follow. Nevertheless, many of them look to the future with fear, since they have done all that society expects of them and yet cannot find work. From that position of insecurity, they have explained to us that what is needed now is profound change. We cannot continue down that path. The power of change is moving through world and young people are its driving force.", "In Bolivia, young people have also made their vital contribution. In the past decade, young people of all social strata have occupied squares and streets, defending the natural resources of my country and the rights to a wage and to life, water, gas, health care, employment and, above all, the future. They fight against the plunder and demands of the Bretton Woods institutions and multinational companies.", "The economic and financial crisis, the energy and food crisis, the water crisis, climate change, wars and invasions have hit young people hard. These are structural problems that we need to resolve so that present and future generations can live in peace and security. Climate change, lack of jobs and wars have forced young people to migrate to other regions and countries. In this search, they have faced racism, discrimination and violence. As migrants, they endure the rigours of their illegal status, abuse and racial hatred. They also face similar barriers in access to university education. These are some of the challenges youth is facing today.", "The Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has developed policies for our youth. Bolivia is the third country in Latin America to be illiteracy free, and is envisaging a post-literacy programme with the support of our sister Republics of Cuba and Venezuela. With the financial resources from gas income, we have established three indigenous universities to promote access to higher education for indigenous youth, and we have supported various types of sport under the slogan “High-altitude sports”.", "“My First Decent Job” is another programme focused on the young population, aimed at increasing the inclusion in the workforce of young, low-income graduates. We have also implemented credit and microcredit programmes to help young people undertake productive projects related to housing and workforce entry. Today, women also have access to land through a land distribution and redistribution programme. We also have special programmes for open housing options aimed at providing comprehensive care to young workers who have no protection and are socially disadvantaged. The Bolivian Volunteering Act monitors the rights and responsibilities of young volunteers.", "Young people are the present and the future, and are thus the protagonists of change. We hope that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312) will promote the participation of young people in making decisions about the future and in particular in building other means of development that are in harmony with nature, as an alternative to globalization, which has excluded young people, especially in the poorest countries.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Liechtenstein.", "Ms. Gregg (Liechtenstein): It is a great honour to be able to speak to the Assembly as a youth representative of Liechtenstein.", "I extend my country’s deepest sympathies to those affected by the horrific loss of lives in Norway. Let this meeting result in a renewed commitment to striving day to day, in solidarity, against such expressions of hate.", "I have had the luck of growing up in a free and prosperous part of the world. But already as a small kid, seeing images of war, famine and environmental catastrophe, I realized that most children and youth in the world were less lucky. Over the years, these images helped me develop a sense of responsibility and an understanding of interconnectedness that led to transformative action, first within my own home and at school and now as I strive towards my ideals day to day. I believe that young people have an innate sense of justice, and with the right kind of education, we develop a desire to act on it. Our sense of responsibility and energy to act are the world’s greatest untapped assets.", "Participation is not just an option, but a demand expressed by youth. In Norway, the young survivors of the massacre pledged to stay engaged in order to demonstrate that violence against opinion is ineffective. Arab youths have also reminded the world of the incredible power of peaceful protest. This should be a sobering thought for leaders who continue to deny young people their inalienable human rights and an opportunity to pursue their dreams and ambitions. Not only do we increasingly possess a global consciousness, but we have the dexterity, ingenuity, courage and sense of urgency to use tools for mass mobilization to spread our voices. A free and open Internet is essential to this end.", "The youths of Tunisia, who within six months have brought about jaw-dropping changes, serve as an inspiration and guidance to their peers in many other countries. The litmus test of real transformation will be the level of participation of women and young people in leadership positions and in decision-making processes.", "We must apply the lessons learned from revolutions in the Arab region to other situations of injustice as well. Why not organize large-scale demonstrations for other pressing issues or turn our fight against climate change into a global news event? Learning about our human rights gives us the clarity and focus to act. This is why human rights education and learning are so important. Human rights education allows us to view our own rights and our community’s rights in dialogue with others locally, regionally and globally, resulting in a common language of humanity. The exhilarating solidarity we feel with the youth activists in the Arab world is based on a renewed understanding of the universality of human rights and has turned years of limited mutual understanding on their head. A society of peace starts with a basic human rights education.", "As the global population hits 7 billion, it is not only a human right but also a demographic imperative to deliver sexual and reproductive health education and family planning. It is unacceptable that a 15 year-old girl living in South Sudan has a higher chance of dying in childbirth than of completing school. Human rights are indivisible and include sexual and reproductive rights. Young women and men must not let their bodies be subjugated by those in power. Well-informed reproductive decisions can have profound positive effects on the sustainable development of a country.", "Using children and young people as instruments of war is among the most heinous violations of the laws of armed conflict. Liechtenstein reiterates its full support for the work for the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. We also believe that fighting impunity is a prerequisite for long-term peace. The International Criminal Court plays an important role in this regard, as demonstrated by its first trial ever — that of Thomas Lubanga, charged with forcibly recruiting boys and girls to fight with his militia.", "Liechtenstein further deplores attacks on schools and hospitals and threats against students and teachers, and we commend the Security Council for taking concrete action on this important issue.", "On 25 May 2010, the United Nations launched a two-year campaign to achieve universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child that increases the age for direct participation in hostilities to 18. To support the campaign and to raise awareness about the plight of children affected by armed conflict, Liechtenstein has teamed up with a record label to produce a CD called “Right to Play”. The proceeds from the sale go to Play31, a non-governmental organization that organizes football games among former child soldiers to assist in the process of reconciliation. Children affected by armed conflicts around the world are being deprived of this right. Let us give it back to them before it is too late.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.", "Mr. Hassan (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): It gives me great pleasure to address this international forum to discuss the interests of youth in a desire for joint dialogue and mutual understanding. We welcome the statements that have been made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the Group of African States and the Arab Group.", "At the outset, I would also like to express our heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims of the heinous terrorist attack committed by an extremist in Oslo and Utøya Island, Norway. We condemn all forms of terrorism. This incident reaffirms that terrorism does not originate from a certain country or religion.", "The Government of the Sudan gives high priority to youth issues. It has launched many projects to address youth unemployment, encourage youth investment through microfinance, AND develop vital sectors such as agriculture. We have also offered many opportunities in university and post-graduate education, and have seen a large increase in enrolment in recent years.", "The Sudanese Government also takes an interest in many other youth programmes to support cultural and social activities and participation in sports and political life, and to combat unemployment by offering work opportunities. We also work to combat drug use and to raise awareness of the dangers of HIV/AIDS. We support marriage and family stability, and work to rehabilitate young people affected by wars, armed conflict and environmental degradation, as well as those with disabilities and special needs. We are proud of our success in those programmes and are willing to share our experiences.", "The many and extreme challenges that young people face, especially in Africa and the developing world in general, are preventing their full participation in society. The problem is exacerbated by the effects of the global financial and economic crisis and the drought on the African continent. In that regard, we note that we need more international cooperation to support training and education in all fields, including the exchange of scientific knowledge.", "The Sudan, understanding the importance of African efforts, recently inaugurated the headquarters of the African Youth Union in Khartoum, housing its general assembly. As another indicator of our interest in youth, we have the honour to host the headquarters of the Arab-African Youth Council, further confirming the Sudan as a meeting place for Arab and African youth. We also stress the need to work diligently to achieve the Millennium Development Goals to the benefit of young people. We have also worked to increase access for youth to information and communication technology through educational grants and training.", "In conclusion, we hope that this important meeting will promote the interests of youth in many sectors, and in particular that it will help youth in States affected by armed conflict or that suffer under foreign occupation.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.", "Ms. Ivanović (Serbia): At the outset, I would like to express, on behalf of my Government and the people of Serbia, deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway and our sympathies to the families of the victims of the horrifying terrorist attack that happened last Friday.", "My delegation aligns itself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union two days ago. I shall therefore address some of the priority issues regarding youth from our national standpoint.", "We have witnessed many changes, positive and negative, that shape the world in which we live today. To make the most of the possibilities presented to us and to diminish risks in the future, we must include young people in all walks of social life in a consistent and coherent way. To make sure that we have leaders for tomorrow, we must create them today.", "Recognizing the importance of its youth, Serbia established the Ministry of Youth and Sport in 2007 and devised a national youth strategy the following year, after a series of 167 round tables at which, alongside the representatives of many relevant institutions, the young people of Serbia were given an opportunity to contribute their ideas to the drafting of that important document.", "Calling on young people to take a proactive attitude in life is one of the priorities of Serbia’s national youth strategy. To increase their ever greater social participation, the Ministry of Youth and Sport initiated and encouraged the establishment of local offices for youth. In 2007, they numbered five; today there are 123 of them all over Serbia. As a matter of fact, two thirds of all local Government agencies have been instrumental in establishing those offices, true to the fact that the needs of youth must be addressed first and foremost in the communities in which they live, that is, at the local level. Over 100 municipalities have adopted local action plans for their young people and provided funds to finance programmes and projects designed to address the needs of their youth.", "On 5 July, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Law on Youth. In this way, it made good on the promise made to Serbia’s youth that it would be given, during the International Year of Youth, a law providing, inter alia, for the establishment of a Government Council in which youth representatives would account for at least one third of its members. Since the very beginning of the process, young people were included in consultations leading to the drafting and adoption of the law, reflecting the time-honoured truth that those who are supposed to benefit from legislation to be adopted should be the first to be asked what their expectations from the legislation are.", "Ever since its establishment, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has fostered partnership relations with the civil sector. Such relations facilitate the inclusion of the young in the implementation of various projects of the national youth strategy. The Ministry supported and bankrolled over 500 projects submitted by associations of and for young people, aimed at, among other things, promoting healthy lifestyles and tolerance, preventing drug and alcohol addiction, improving the environment, social inclusiveness and voluntary activities, and addressing all topics that are important to young people. The Ministry extended financial support to various informal-education seminars and training courses on project elaboration, career skills and youth entrepreneurship, in order to help young people to find employment or start their own businesses.", "The Ministry also helped build 280 outdoor and 47 indoor sports arenas all over Serbia. Better conditions were thus created for young people to engage in sport and recreational activities more actively and to spend quality leisure time. After all, those were the needs identified as those of young people themselves in many polls taken beforehand.", "On 12 August, my country will mark the completion of the International Year of Youth and Youth Day by launching 134 voluntary youth activities selected in competitions in 25 districts of Serbia. We have been guided by the desire to support our youth in the year in which we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the European Year of Volunteering in order to demonstrate, through voluntary engagement, the power of young people to bring about change in local communities.", "Serbia sets great store by its youth. Investment in young people is investment in the country’s future. Since 2008, the Young Talents Fund of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, headed by the Minister for Youth and Sport, has granted scholarships and various awards to over 6,000 talented high-school students, winners of national and international competitions in the fields of science, the arts and sports, university seniors and Serbian students studying abroad. The recipients pledged to work in Serbia upon completion of their studies, which is one of the measures to forestall the brain-drain that affects many countries around the world.", "No speedy and sustainable development is possible without investment in human resources and without making sure that those resources remain in the country of their origin. Funds like the Young Talent Fund can help keep the young educated people in developing countries, thus enabling them to stay and prosper at home.", "The challenges facing the young call for concerted common efforts at all levels of Government — local, provincial and national. It is necessary to work in partnership with international organizations and United Nations agencies and to enlist non-governmental organizations and the business sector in designing youth policies. There is plenty of room for improving youth cooperation in order to arrive — through the exchange of ideas and experiences at the national and international levels — at the most effective institutional models that will facilitate the development that we all need.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan.", "Mr. Faqiri (Afghanistan): On behalf of the Afghan Government, I would like to stress the need for further efforts to be made to support young people in developing their capacity to tackle the challenges they face.", "Let me emphasize that the primary responsibility for ensuring that youth development lies with States. Today, I will address both the challenges ahead for Afghan youth and achievements accomplished thus far.", "Afghanistan is a country of youth. Sixty-eight per cent of the population is under 25 years of age. The bulk of the population is to a certain extent deprived of their fundamental rights, including but not limited to lack of educational and employment opportunities. The situation of girls is of particular concern. Youth literacy rates are low — 50 per cent for boys and 18 per cent for girls. Secondary school enrolments for boys and girls are 23 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, and less than 2 per cent of the Afghan population reaches higher education.", "Faced with these challenges, Afghan youths are at risk. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by unemployment, low wages, lack of safety and security, poverty and lack of medical care, making youth particularly at risk to recruitment by armed opposition and terrorist organizations.", "In the face of these challenges, we should not lose sight of the progress made so far. Currently, more than 7 million boys and girls are enrolled in schools, investing in their futures. We have constructed more than 4,000 schools across the country. We predict that we will have 9 million children enrolled in schools by 2020, and over 40 per cent of new students will be girls. Additionally, the great majority of Afghanistan’s population has access to basic health care, showing that great progress has been made over the past 10 years.", "I seize this opportunity to thank the international community for the continued support we have received to achieve these objectives. It is worth mentioning that a considerable percentage of the Afghan Parliament is comprised of members of the young generation. News agencies, television broadcasters, monthly magazines are run by the youth generation.", "The Government of Afghanistan is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to protect the rights of youth. We have initiated a number of strong steps at the national, regional and international levels, which include the launch of a national youth programme that reiterates our commitment to the development of the sons and daughters of Afghanistan and seeks to establish an opportunity for Afghan youths to fulfil their aspirations.", "Today’s generation of youth in my country, having experienced conflict and exile, must now be empowered with alternative opportunities. Their fresh perspectives, energy, enthusiasm and determination must be channelled to promote peace and development in the country.", "I wish to conclude by joining previous speakers in expressing the condolences of the Afghan Government and the Afghan people to the Mission of Norway and, through it, to the people of Norway on the recent act of terror that caused dozens of casualties.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the Observer State of the Holy See.", "Archbishop Chullikatt (Holy See): Last year, the General Assembly, in declaring the present International Year of Youth, insightfully drew attention to two important elements for the advancement of peace, namely, dialogue and mutual understanding. This theme has been an invitation to listen to the aspirations and interests of young people, to engage in a mutual exchange with them, and to translate these exchanges into a real sharing of wisdom for the common good.", "Each and every child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment. The family is where young people first learn moral responsibility and respect for others. The family has an important role to play in educating children to develop all their faculties and in training them to acquire ethical and spiritual values and to be deeply attached to peace, liberty and the dignity of all men and women. The family, founded on the marriage between one man and one woman, is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and must be guaranteed protection by society and the State.", "Parents — mother and father together — have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of their children. Parents cannot withdraw from this essential role. States are called, in conformity with international instruments, to respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents in this regard. Youth policies, programmes, action plans and commitments approved by Member States must respect fully the role of parents regarding their children’s well-being and education, including in the area of human sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, which should not include abortion.", "Many people in the world today do not have stable points of reference on which to build their lives, and so they end up being deeply insecure. There is a growing mentality of relativism and liberalism that holds that everything is equally valid, and that truth, absolute points of reference and moral standards do not exist. Such a way of thinking leads not to authentic freedom, but rather to instability, confusion and blind conformity to the fads of the moment with which certain cultures around the world tempt our youth. Young people are entitled to receive from previous generations solid points of reference to help them make choices on which to build their lives.", "Member States and this Organization can make positive contributions in this regard and so must be willing to recommit continually to upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Charter and the internationally agreed fundamental human rights instruments. The more they are able to do this, the more our young people will be able to help advance the cause of peace and build societies based on respect for spiritual and ethical values and directed to the common good of all.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): At the outset, allow me to convey our sincerest condolences to the friendly people and Government of Norway. The Palestinian people and their leadership were shocked to learn of last Friday’s atrocious bombing of a Government complex in Oslo and the shootings on the island of Utøya which left nearly 80 innocent people dead, including scores of young people. We are confident that Norway will fully recover from this painful tragedy and emerge even stronger.", "Palestine aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "As today’s world grows more volatile for youth, they continue to unnecessarily suffer grave hardships and to face an unprecedented number of obstacles. This has affected their realization of peace, prosperity, freedom and the right to education. Regrettably, Palestinian youth face the greatest obstacle to any semblance of normal life: the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel’s blatant disregard of and disrespect for international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.", "For more than four decades, crimes have continued to be committed against Palestinian youth, with total disregard for human life and with complete impunity, which has allowed for such crimes to continue at the expense of our youth. Israel’s refusal to uphold the basic principles of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions has resulted in a complete deterioration of the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. This has only prolonged the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the suffering of the Palestinian people, in particular the millions of Palestine refugees who have been living in refugee camps for 63 years, yearning for the realization of their right of return.", "Despite all of the obstacles that face the Palestinian people living under occupation, Palestinian youth continue to reach for their goals and dreams. Among them are young refugees who every day overcome the difficulties they face and reach as high as they can to let their voices be heard and their talents seen. Just last week, for the third time, youth in Gaza, including some with disabilities, broke the Guinness World Record for the largest handprint painting in the world. Also, in another remarkable story, three young Palestinian women from a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), with the help of their teacher, invented a walking cane for the blind and deaf, which gave them the opportunity and the pleasure of meeting with the Secretary-General last summer here in New York.", "These are only the most recent of the achievements, which are proof that, if given a chance, the youth of Palestine can rise up and be leaders in the region and the world. Moreover, just moments ago on this very day, the youth of Gaza broke the Guinness World Record for flying the most kites at the same time, setting a fourth Guinness World Record. Once again, we place on record our deepest gratitude for the tireless efforts of UNRWA for its assistance to the 4.5 million Palestine refugees, especially the youth, because the education and training it provides has equipped our youth with the tools they need to make a name for themselves and accomplish such lofty goals.", "Although the Palestinian people, including youth, have made significant strides to overcome the grave hardships of living under occupation, they will never be able to achieve their full potential so long as Israel continues to occupy their land and impede their right to self-determination. Here, we call on the international community to make all necessary efforts and muster the political will to address the obstacles and challenges faced by Palestinian youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Indisputably, the 44-year occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, has severely hampered development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed development goals, making it nearly impossible to fully attain them. But over and above worries about achieving the MDGs, youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, have on far too many occasions been deliberately targeted, shot and killed and even been used as human shields by the Israeli occupying forces. Palestinian youth who exercise their right to freedom of expression against the Wall and illegal settlements every week are met with the bullets and aggression of the occupying Power. Our youth also continue to be the victims of Israeli settler terror attacks — shot, beaten and threatened while walking to school or playing outside their homes.", "The Israeli aggression against the besieged Gaza Strip in 2008-2009 tragically highlighted the utter disregard for Palestinian youth. Hundreds of them were killed, and scores of what were supposed to be safe havens, such as hospitals and schools, were shelled, bombed and destroyed with impunity. We call on the international community, including all United Nations organs, to address these grave violations, without selectivity, in order to bring an end once and for all to all attacks by the occupying Power against Palestinian youth at civilian infrastructures meant to protect them.", "The Israeli occupation, which began in 1967, must come to an end now along with all of the occupying Power’s crimes against the Palestinian people, including youth. Each and every day of Israel’s occupation results in a deterioration of the socio-economic conditions and the overall well-being of youth, especially in the besieged Gaza Strip, where the four-year immoral and illegal siege continues to strip young people there of all their basic human rights, including the right to food. The blockade has afflicted thousands with hunger, malnutrition, anaemia, stunted growth and many other preventable diseases.", "There is no time to be wasted. We thus renew our appeal to the international community to uphold its responsibilities and to take immediate, decisive action to bring Israel, the occupying Power, into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention and the relevant United Nations resolutions. The youth of Palestine will be able to live to their fullest potential only if they can live in peace, freedom and dignity in an independent State of Palestine based on pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The time is now ripe to make this a reality.", "Peace may be necessary for leaders, but peace is indispensable for our youth.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 47/4, of 16 October 1992, I now give the floor to the representative of the Observer of the International Organization for Migration.", "Mr. Wade (International Organization for Migration): Before I begin, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) would like to express its sincere condolences to the people of Norway in the wake of this awful tragedy. Our thoughts are with them.", "The International Organization for Migration is honoured to participate in this dialogue along with such an impressive group of experts and young people.", "This High-level Meeting comes at an important time to reflect upon the wave of democratization sweeping through the Arab world and the role youth have played in a fundamental shift in the terms of political debate. The panel discussions held over the past two days have provided enormous insight into the challenges they face and into what can be achieved through dialogue and mutual understanding. The International Organization for Migration believes more than ever that the United Nations and its partners are listening. Quite simply, there is no alternative. In most of the world today, youth not only represent the future; they are also the majority of the population. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of our time will depend upon their energy and creativity.", "A recurring theme throughout this dialogue has been a sense of frustration among young people in societies where the voices and needs of youth are ignored and where hopes of meaningful employment, development and political participation are stifled. For example, in one county with one of the world’s fastest growing youth populations, only one or two of every 30 graduates has a prospect of employment, and those that do find employment could expect to be paid 15 times as much if they migrated to the developed world.", "Migration is the most fundamental step that a young person can take to escape poverty, and young people today are taking it in enormous numbers. In the past quarter-century, the number of international migrants has doubled to 214 million, half of whom are under the age of 29. Many of these young people, travelling with their dreams and those of their loved ones, face enormous challenges. The perilous journeys of crowded boats from North Africa tell of an enormous human cost. Not only are these young people negotiating the borders of a new country, region and culture, but they are often also taking the first steps into adulthood.", "At the same time, global youth migration presents enormous opportunities, both for the young people themselves and for global prosperity. In a world where many of the developed countries are facing population aging and decline and the developing world is growing and getting younger, youth migration has huge potential to increase economic growth and reduce unemployment. According to the World Bank, if rich countries were to admit enough migrants from poor countries to expand their labour forces by a mere 3 per cent, the world would be richer by $356 billion a year.", "In its role as the principal intergovernmental organization for global migration, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. We must recognize that some of the greatest challenges faced by migrants are not physical, but social barriers of xenophobia, social marginalization and discrimination.", "The PLURAL+ Youth Video Festival, a joint initiative of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and IOM, recognizes young people as powerful agents of social change in a world often characterized by conflict and division. The Festival encourages young people to explore issues of migration, diversity and social inclusion and to share their voices and creative vision with a global audience. Since it was launched in 2009, over 400 videos from 75 countries have been received, and through our network of over 50 partner organizations, winning videos have been screened in dozens of festivals, cinemas and broadcasts on television networks throughout the world. We hope that some members had a chance to see these remarkable videos on Monday at the PLURAL+ side event. The insight and creativity with which young people speak to issues such as human trafficking, social marginalization and racism reflect the energy that youth brings to addressing social problems in today’s world.", "Rarely, if ever, has the aspiration for democracy been more powerfully demonstrated than during the youth-led movements of the Arab Spring. It is now the responsibility of the international community to engage with young people and translate this energy into reforms that promote social integration, security, employment and the eradication of poverty. We greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss these issues at this important meeting and, after engaging with key experts and young people, feel confident that together we can face the challenges and grasp the opportunities ahead.", "The Acting President: In accordance with resolution 31/3 of 18 October 1976, I now call on the observer of the Commonwealth Secretariat.", "Ms. McMillan (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to extend its condolences to the people of Norway.", "The Commonwealth recognizes that the success of the Commonwealth and the global youth agenda are reliant on the commitment of young people throughout the world, and we salute them for their active contributions in promoting development, peace and democracy through such values as tolerance, understanding and respect — values that are dear to the Commonwealth.", "The Commonwealth acknowledges the recommendations expressed in the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and believes that it is the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the recommendations that will make the International Year of Youth a lasting success.", "The Commonwealth, through its Commonwealth Youth Programme, stands ready to unite and to work with the United Nations agencies, youth organizations and stakeholders to ensure that the recommendations of the outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth are fulfilled.", "It is the position of the Commonwealth Secretariat that the time is now for greater action and greater partnerships for youth development. The Commonwealth Secretariat believes that the time is right to work for greater economic empowerment, where banks and other segments of the private sector can also help young people gain access to credit by promoting enterprise and supporting youth development planning. The Commonwealth purports that it is time for greater political empowerment of young people, where Governments and stakeholders, including youth leaders, ought to do more to bring young people into local and national decision-making processes, creating greater political spaces where young people can play a role.", "Young people are issuing a clarion call for meaningful change in the professionalizing of youth work and meaningful change in measuring, monitoring and evaluating the progress in youth development.", "At the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2009, stand-alone declarations were made under the them “Investing in young people”. The Heads further signalled their commitment to young people by opening their meeting and holding frank and meaningful dialogue with them. This exchange of ideas on youth development has become a feature of the Commonwealth Heads of Governments’ meeting since 2007, when it was held in Kampala, and could be a practice that other high-level meetings could adopt to make youth development more meaningful for young people.", "This year, the International Year of Youth, the Commonwealth has listened to its youth, Governments and stakeholders at a number of consultations under the theme “Investing in youth”. Among the events was the Commonwealth Youth Leaders’ Conference, held in India in December 2010, at which young people from the 54 member States encouraged their leaders and decision-makers to establish meaningful change through youth mainstreaming, greater investments and participation in youth development, the raising of the profile and resources of youth ministries and agencies, and the establishment, expansion and strengthening of national youth councils within the Commonwealth.", "The Commonwealth Heads of Government, through the Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment 2007-2015, identified 13 priority actions for youth empowerment, addressing the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth. The Commonwealth will redouble its efforts to ensure that youth empowerment is kept in focus, thus achieving the targets that have been set.", "The Commonwealth looks forward to the upcoming Commonwealth Youth Forum, alongside the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting, in Perth, Australia, in October, with a view to working with youth after the International Year of Youth — a time for implementing the Commonwealth’s youth agenda.", "Let this Assembly commit to the belief that truly there is nothing about youth without youth and that youth is at the centre of development.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Mark Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Mr. Salam (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this high-level meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding at the end of the International Year of Youth.", "One fifth of the population in Lebanon is between the ages of 15 and 24. More than half of our population is under the age of 25. In the Arab region, young people are facing many problems, the most serious of which is the high rate of unemployment among young people, especially young women, which is among the highest in the world.", "Although real progress has been made in the area of education over the past two decades, the illiteracy rate (more than 17 per cent) remains significantly high among youth. In many cases, the quality of education is declining. Although significant progress has been made in the area of health, health awareness among youth remains weak. More dangerous, however, is the growing sense of oppression and marginalization among the youth at large, as they are less involved in public life and, in particular, in decision-making processes. These are some of the reasons behind the successive waves of youth migration in our region over the past few decades and the rising protests and calls for change since last year.", "At this juncture, we stress that it is legitimate for our young people to aspire to participate fully in building their own future. It is undeniable that tomorrow's world belongs to them. It is no exaggeration to say that the dynamism, humanity and innovation of young people are their best hope for the future, for socio-economic development and for scientific development and technological innovation.", "We therefore stress the need for the United Nations, including the specialized agencies, programmes and funds, to continue to support youth empowerment and to fulfil international obligations, in particular the Millennium Development Goals. In that regard, we stress that young people need access to information and communication technologies and that the United Nations and donor countries should make every effort to bridge the digital divide between the North and the South.", "We hope that young people will continue to work towards the goals of peace — peace will bring justice and security and bring about a world free of weapons of mass destruction. This means that we must foster a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among young people at the local, regional and international levels. We support resolution 65/312, which contains the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of San Marino.", "Mr. Bodini (San Marino): On behalf of the Republic of San Marino, I have the honour to extend our sincere condolences to the families of young people who were attacked in Norway a few days ago.", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his leadership in addressing youth issues. I also thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for their negotiations on the text of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding (resolution 65/312). The document reaffirmed the World Programme of Action for Youth and outlined ways to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "Today is the last day of the International Year of Youth, but it also marks the beginning of an exciting new era for a new generation. In the Mediterranean and in many other parts of the world, young people have demonstrated their determination to take to the streets to challenge Governments and to fight for their legitimate aspirations for a freer and better future.", "Did our generation have a good plan for their successors? Do we understand the aspirations of young people? Unfortunately, we did not do well. Millions of young people do not have satisfactory security. Too many young people are dying from hunger, disease and war. Millions of young people are not properly educated, or at all. Too many young people are sexually exploited or become underpaid workers or recruited into the armed forces. A large proportion of young people are either unemployed or underemployed. The majority of young people work poorly.", "We cannot allow this nightmare to continue. We must revitalize our work from the North to the South, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. We must act in concert to create prosperity and justice for our young people and to restore the much-needed sense of dignity in their hearts before it is too late.", "We must find a point of convergence to bring our efforts together. Non-governmental organizations, schools, universities, corporations, private and public sectors in all countries must focus on the following priorities. We must protect the physical and mental health of young people. We must provide them with effective education and job security. We must give them a sense of belonging to our society. We must involve them in the decision-making process.", "The United Nations is the ideal place for us to exchange ideas, where we can help our future generations to understand each other and thus build a better and more peaceful world.", "How can we enhance the well-being of future generations? It is through the further strengthening of strong family bonds and values and through the expansion of social projects that place the poor at the centre of our work and that of young people. We can maintain the political system for the protection of human rights, and we can share our experiences without imposing our own way of thinking. We must always inspire and commend the efforts of young people to help less fortunate peers. We must always encourage them to pursue their ideals of peace, freedom and dignity.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Andorra.", "Mr. Casal de Fonseca (Andorra) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me at the outset to express our most sincere condolences and our unwavering support to the people and Government of Norway, particularly to the tragedy of the attacks on young people. It is deeply distressing to have to begin with this sentiment to speak about the International Year of Youth, but the goal of this year is dialogue and mutual understanding. Whatever happens, those objectives will remain unchanged more than ever.", "Young people are the future, and that future begins now, and they are always willing to improve it, no matter what. We all agree that we live in a world of change. In this world, it is difficult to find values and reference points that can help guide young people towards the future. This is true for adults and even more so for our youth. Of course, the economic crisis has also increased the sense of instability and uncertainty.", "Youth are the primary victims of this crisis. Their lack of access to the job market is tantamount to depriving them of the prospect of future and full development. Ironically, it is young people who have the power to get us out of this recession, so States must not forget educational programmes that promote justice, freedom, courage and solidarity.", "As the Secretary-General has said, it is essential for young people to learn to listen carefully to each other, to share their feelings, to recognize the existence of differences of opinion and to resolve conflicts. We do not need to tell young people what they need or how to meet them. We must facilitate their efforts and provide them with the tools they need to achieve them.", "Andorra follows several guiding principles in the area of youth: youth policy is designed for, owned by and supported by young people; young people have a consistent identity based on several concepts; there is no world of so-called young people isolated from other citizens; and, finally, we believe that young people are both citizens of Andorra and citizens of the world.", "(spoke in French)", "To promote these principles, our Government established the Andorran National Youth Forum in 2007. This independent body, composed of and at the service of young people, aims to direct voluntary participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country. This initiative was reinforced by the work of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Youth at the end of 2009. The Commission is composed of representatives from the Ministries of Youth, Higher Education and Research, Culture, Housing, Health, Labour, Interior, Social Welfare and Statistics. We advocate the values of youth — consensus, respect and dialogue — as the basic principles of our youth law. The Act was drafted by consensus among regional bodies and social stakeholders.", "We also recognize that it is not enough to provide young people with the means to achieve their full development. We must transcend our borders and contribute to international programmes in this field. Andorra had demonstrated its commitment to youth issues, in particular by supporting the United Nations Youth Fund totalling more than 90,000 euros.", "Each of us must continue to recognize the contribution of young people and explore what they can contribute to building a more equitable and secure world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have the honour to make this statement on behalf of His Excellency Mr. Abasi, Acting Minister of Youth and Sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran. His application for a visa to attend the current meeting had unfortunately been rejected by the host country.", "At the outset, I would like to express my delegation ' s condolences to the people and Government of Norway, who lost many young people as a result of the tragic terrorist events.", "One of the many criteria for assessing a country ' s progress and development in today ' s world is the status of its youth. Indeed, the younger generation is the main potential of any society for progress and vitality. Negative or ill-utilized use of this potential could have corrosive consequences for the progress of the society. It is therefore reasonable for a society to provide young people with appropriate educational, welfare, recreational, training and vocational facilities.", "Sociologists argue that young societies often face what they call a “want revolution”. This poses complexities and difficulties to the normal process of political and economic development and requires special attention from policy makers and practitioners to prevent youth alienation.", "At the same time, effective and supportive cooperation by the international community in addressing the true aspirations of young people is crucial at this time, as the current manipulation of the arts, technology and modern media, as well as increasing discrimination and inequality, are some of its major shortcomings.", "Nearly 60 per cent of the population of Iranian society is young, and sociologists describe it as one of the youngest in the world. To that end, meeting the needs of youth and addressing their aspirations has been and will continue to be a top priority for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on this understanding, the Statute of the High Council of Youth was adopted in 1992 with the objective of coordinating and overseeing the role and functioning of youth institutions and organizations and paving the way for emerging social centres aimed at stimulating the creativity and potential of young people in the fields of culture, science and sport and providing them with employment opportunities and marriage facilities, among others.", "The National Youth Organization is another main active body responsible for implementing policies in this area. A number of initiatives have been taken in practice to help young people reach their full potential.", "It is with great pleasure that I inform the Assembly that, in the past few months, the Ministry of Youth and Sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been established at the cabinet level in order to institutionalize the noble objectives of addressing the needs and aspirations of youth. We expect that this development will have an important impact in making the national youth plan more comprehensive and effective than ever before.", "At the same time, as a reflection of the growing interest of regional and international institutions in the issue, the first ECO ministerial meeting on youth was held in Tehran on 29 and 30 November 2010, which was hosted and organized by the National Youth Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in cooperation with the ECO Cultural Institute.", "My country's recent performance has proved that, given opportunities and opportunities to the younger generation, they can make strides in different fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, nuclear science and aviation, whatever the obstacles. The progress we have made shows that as long as the younger generation wishes to determine its own future, they will be able to play their part in society, and challenges such as the imposition of sanctions on youth ' s strong determination will not work.", "The Acting President: I call next on the representative of Cuba.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): We are gathered here to discuss the topic of youth, as well as the future of humankind and the planet. But young people are not just the future; they are also the present. That is why we must act to address the serious problems affecting young people around the world without further delay.", "Today, there are more than 1.2 billion young people around the world, more than ever before in human history, 85 per cent of whom live in developing countries. By 2025, the number of young people will be about 72 million more than today.", "There is no doubt that youth are a powerful force in addressing the current serious challenges. However, only with health, education and employment can youth become the driving force. Young people need a peaceful world to reach their full potential. Young people have the right to be protected and to be fully involved in the various mechanisms of civic participation and decision-making. They have the right to live in a world free from war and violence. They want and deserve a better future.", "All of those concerns were expressed at the important event of World Youth and Student Day, held in South Africa last December, in which more than 15,000 young people from 136 countries participated.", "The situation facing Cuban youth is very different from that of young people in many parts of the world. Cuban youth, who make up 20 per cent of our population, are widely protected and actively participate in the affairs of our society and our country. More than 50 per cent of Cuba ' s total budget is allocated to health care, education, assistance, social welfare and culture.", "The well-known and completely free health-care system in Cuba, as well as the system of universal education, which we are also free of charge, are important pillars of the Cuban revolutionary humanistic vision. Cuba provides all the necessary education to children and young people with special educational needs. The literacy rate among the population aged 15 to 49 years is 99.6 per cent. Cuba has a robust legal and institutional framework to protect children and young people from violence, abuse, injustice and discrimination.", "Despite those successes, we do not claim to be perfect. Much remains to be done.", "Those achievements have been made in the face of enormous obstacles. The criminal economic, commercial and financial embargo, terrorist aggression and acts imposed by the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century, as well as the long-standing hostile policy against Cuba pursued by successive United States administrations, have made it impossible for Cuban youth to grow up in a more favourable social environment.", "In these difficult circumstances, Cuba has not only achieved important achievements; we have not been stingy in sharing what we have. Since 1961, more than 55,000 students from 135 countries have completed their studies in Cuba. Currently, about 26,000 young people from Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa are attending school free of charge in Cuba. Of these, 22,000 are studying in the field of medicine. Currently, some 57,000 Cuban collaborators serve in more than 98 countries.", "In conclusion, I would like to stress that youth are by definition revolutionary. That is why we are optimistic and fully confident that young people will find new ways to change and to promote a better world for humankind.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Colombia.", "Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia extends its deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway and condemns the brutal attacks that have just struck dozens of young Norwegians.", "My country thanks the United Nations for organizing this High-level Meeting on Youth and for its valuable work in coordinating guidance and promoting important issues affecting the world's youth, such as strengthening international youth cooperation through dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation in order to achieve social integration, employment and poverty eradication. We also believe that Member States, civil society organizations, coalitions for international cooperation and the United Nations system have made efforts to promote the development of young people and their active participation in society. One example is the World Programme of Action for Youth and international conferences on youth.", "Colombia currently has just over 50 per cent of its population under the age of 25, and we are pleased with the outcome document of this important meeting (resolution 65/312). We believe that the resolution will serve as a backstop for youth around the world to strengthen policies, programmes, actions and results. Moreover, in order to strengthen that concept, Colombia had called for more effective action to promote the rights of young people and to strengthen their participation as an important social axis in the formulation of comprehensive and intergenerational policies. This will be very important in establishing a United Nations youth body.", "Such an institution would help to ensure the coordination and implementation of youth cooperation activities, rather than supplanting the Government ' s responsibilities and authority on the issue. On the contrary, the establishment of a United Nations youth body would mean, at the national level, increased commitment to and support for the institutional strengthening of national youth systems. This will lead to a more timely local commitment to this issue.", "In addition, Colombia believes that, with this institution at its centre, the promotion of coordination and integration of the United Nations system on youth issues will promote the effective participation of youth in decision-making bodies. We should commend the important work of the World Programme of Action for Youth. This is an important basis for our continued support.", "Public youth policies must be designed in an effort to ensure that human development is planned with a view to critical intergenerational contacts, which will maximize investment in adolescents and take advantage of the wealth of the youth population.", "Colombia wishes to highlight the work done to complement the international agreements that have been ratified, such as the San Salvador Leaders Conference Agreement, which has created ways for the Government and the private sector to strengthen the institutionalization of the development of children, adolescents and young people and their participation in short, medium and long-term public policy decisions and activities.", "In this regard, Colombia has undertaken activities such as creating conditions for the effective universal enjoyment of youth rights and the restoration of those rights when they are denied to young people. We have created the conditions for the long-term reduction and elimination of the constraints on the equitable enjoyment of rights by young people, as well as for their participation in the design and delivery of services that they want and need. We have also created and expanded opportunities for young people to enhance their potential and develop their capacities through the provision of services tailored to their different social, economic, political, family, cultural and geographical needs, so that they are aware of their rights and obligations and participate wisely in national decision-making.", "Lastly, Colombia called on the Ibero-American countries to endorse the commitments they had made at the Santo Domingo Summit of Heads of State and Government in 2010.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Madagascar.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): At the outset, the Government of Madagascar would like to express its sincere condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the tragic massacre of innocent people in Norway. The massacres run counter to our purpose of promoting dialogue and mutual understanding.", "Youth are the backbone of our development. In that regard, allow me to congratulate the President on this excellent initiative, which will indeed breathe new life into the actions taken to make youth at the centre of all dialogue, decision-making and efforts at the local, national, regional and international levels.", "Madagascar fully associates itself with the statement made by the Group of 77 and China at the 112th meeting.", "With the International Year of Youth coming to an end, it is more urgent than ever to strengthen the commitment to active and dynamic youth as partners and full participants in the promotion of dialogue and mutual understanding among generations, cultures and peoples, and to promote the effective implementation of those commitments.", "Effective and effective global development requires young people to flourish. Unfortunately, the reality is completely different. Every day, young people, especially in the South, face enormous challenges: unemployment, limited or no access to education and health care, socio-economic instability resulting from conflicts and problems such as drugs, prostitution, sexual violence and modern slavery.", "It is our responsibility to find sustainable solutions to those challenges. That's why we're here. Government and civil society actors, especially youth, must work together to find ways forward. The theme chosen for this meeting and for the International Year of Youth — dialogue and mutual understanding — is fully in line with the absolute need to work together in understanding and respecting our diversity.", "The population of Madagascar is close to 22 million, of whom 6 million, or 31 per cent, are between the ages of 10 and 24. The Government of Madagascar, with the support of its partners and friendly countries, has spared no effort to place youth at the centre of its priorities. To that end, it is working to create conditions conducive to the full development of Malagasy youth through a clear and well-defined judicial, legislative and technical framework and through its national youth policy.", "In Madagascar, for example, a national youth institute had been established to teach various courses, and the Ministry of Youth and Recreation had launched a community awareness programme on adolescent reproductive health. The Government of Madagascar has set up a youth investment fund and several programmes aimed at promoting the development of youth and strengthening their leadership role in the national life of the country. Our national youth council is also strengthening youth organizations and institutions at the local, regional and national levels. We have youth centres throughout the island and the Government has worked in recent years to improve them, which are important tools for the knowledge and social development of young people.", "In addition to this, Madagascar has not been spared the scourge of human trafficking, most of whose victims are young people, for which purpose it has established a national programme to combat human slavery and human smuggling against young people. To combat sexually transmitted diseases that particularly affect young people, we have made various efforts to raise awareness and provide support, such as the provision of anonymous, confidential and free hotline services to young people in all 22 regions of Madagascar.", "The majority of our population lives in rural areas, and the Government has just launched a rural youth development project to support and encourage young people to develop agricultural enterprises. Since 2007, youth discussion clubs have been operating in 20 regions of Madagascar, with a membership of young people between the ages of 13 and 24, enabling them to express their views and exchange ideas on important issues of protection of the environment, education and equality, and to broadcast on weekly radio programmes.", "The Government of Madagascar welcomes resolution 65/312 adopted at this High-level Meeting and calls upon the international community to ensure follow-up to its commitments, in particular the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also call on Member States to implement national policies and programmes to increase support for youth.", "The number of young people in the world continues to grow, and their needs are enormous. Resources must be truly mobilized. Financial and technical support for youth at all levels must be sustained and increased, particularly in developing countries, including Madagascar, to ensure that young people truly develop and grow and that they have a real chance to play a leading role in sustainable and equitable development.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.", "Mr. Raza Tarar (Pakistan): On behalf of the people and the Government of Pakistan, I take this opportunity to express our heartfelt condolences and deepest sympathy to the people of Norway on the terrible events of last Friday. Such shameful acts will only strengthen our resolve to fight terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "Pakistan associates itself with the statement made by Argentina at the 112th meeting on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Given the numerous problems facing humanity, today's meeting is of particular importance. Hunger, disease, climate change, terrorism, unfulfilled disarmament commitments and multiple global crises together constitute a frustrating picture. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can we work in harmony to achieve our common goals. The theme of this meeting is therefore very appropriate. Pakistan fully supports educating young people about the ideals of peace, justice, tolerance and solidarity in order to lay the foundations for a peaceful world and achieve the goals of progress and development.", "Pakistan, with a population of more than 173 million, is the sixth most populous country in the world. It is estimated that 104 million Pakistanis are under the age of 30. This expansion of the youth population presents challenges and opportunities. Our youth are our greatest resource. In order to unlock their real potential, the Government of Pakistan has taken several steps and measures to enable our youth to play a role in Pakistan ' s socio-economic development.", "The National Youth Policy, developed in 2008, aims to strengthen youth rights and provide them with economic opportunities by integrating youth programmes at the federal and state levels. It places special emphasis on addressing the needs of young women and young people with disabilities. Our National Council for Vocational and Technical Education, which, under the auspices of the private sector and civil society organizations, empowers younger workers by mobilizing funds and technical training, is also worth mentioning. In addition, the National Internship Programme offers paid internships to enable new graduates to work in various public sector units to help increase their employability.", "Recent events in many parts of the world have shown that youth are a catalyst for political and social change. The voices of young men and women must be heard and respected. Their expectations and aspirations must be met, their participation in the decision-making process and their ability to determine their own future and that of our world. While the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development rests with States themselves and depends on them to develop comprehensive policies and strategies, international cooperation remains a useful tool for harnessing the potential of youth, in particular to ensure the equitable distribution of global resources and promote non-discriminatory policies.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes the convening of this high-level meeting, the diplomatic and political peak of the International Year of Youth.", "Youth are an inescapable reality, full of energy and hope, and must therefore be taken into account in all policies and actions at the national and multilateral levels.", "Costa Rica believes that every State has the responsibility to recognize, promote and defend the fundamental rights of young people in the context of the comprehensive promotion of human rights. Respect for their rights and the opening of opportunities they create are key to the eradication of poverty, injustice, intolerance and inequality, and are necessary to create opportunities for youth to realize their aspirations.", "Those beliefs form the basis of our pioneering youth law, which establishes the national youth system. This system combines the orderly participation of State institutions and civil society. Our youth public policy is State-sponsored, but its various aspects are discussed and approved by a body that includes youth representatives.", "Over the past few years, in order to meet the needs of our young people and respond to their proposals, and on the basis of a vision of an inclusive, democratic and free society, Costa Rica has focused on promoting entrepreneurship, creating jobs, guaranteeing the right to leisure and comprehensive health care. We are also firmly committed to education, which is an essential component of our national identity and our national policy.", "When it comes to youth, as with many other issues, national responsibility is of the utmost importance, but it is also essential to engage the international community in order to implement the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and the World Programme of Action for Youth. We consider it extremely important to develop a set of indicators based on the World Programme of Action for Youth and the goals set out in the outcome document. It was particularly important to implement the commitments in the outcome document to promote gender equality and equity and to recognize the particular vulnerability of women and young people. The outcome document rightly condemns the recruitment and use of youth in armed conflict. Costa Rica believes that the recruitment of young people to transport drugs and participate in organized crime is equally reprehensible.", "The theme of this International Year of Youth — “Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding” — requires that we look at education and respect the rights and obligations of our youth. To a large extent, comprehensive education promotes values such as the resolution of differences through dialogue based on the search for mutual understanding.", "We therefore particularly welcome the Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training adopted by the Human Rights Council on 23 March this year (Human Rights Council resolution 16/1). The text of the declaration was submitted by Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland, as well as by the member States of the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training. Its main objective was to create a universal culture of human rights, to make everyone aware of their rights and responsibilities towards others and to promote the development of the individual as a responsible member of an inclusive, free, tolerant, peaceful and pluralistic society. We welcome the fact that this premise is included in the outcome document of this High-level Meeting.", "My country reaffirms the importance of the adoption by the General Assembly of that declaration by the Human Rights Council, in accordance with that declaration, in implementation of resolution 60/251.", "There is no more criminal act of intolerance and disrespect for life and dignity than terrorism, especially if it targets mainly young people. Costa Rica therefore condemns the terrorist attack that took place in Norway on Friday. The main target of the attack was young people who, out of their commitment to society, were participating in a Labour Party-sponsored summer camp on the island. We would like to express our solidarity with the families of those young people, the Government and the people of Norway. We know that the response to this tragedy will be a stronger commitment to tolerance and freedom.", "In conclusion, I would like to urge States to implement the premises agreed upon in the outcome document of this meeting. That will be the best way to provide all young people with the opportunity to realize their potential and to use their energy and enthusiasm to serve the daunting tasks facing humanity.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Portugal.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Allow me to congratulate President Deiss on organizing this high-level meeting, which marks the end of the International Year of Youth. We would also like to thank the two co-facilitators — Ambassador Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria and Ambassador Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin have worked hard to reach a consensus outcome document (resolution 65/312).", "We are pleased to note that this High-level Meeting firmly reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas. Portugal reaffirms its commitment to the promotion and implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth and the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We stress the importance of strengthening international cooperation in support of national efforts to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth and call upon all Member States to continue to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth as a set of unified principles that can provide guidance on policies and programmes involving youth at the national, regional and international levels.", "Portugal ' s commitment to developing and implementing youth-related policies and programmes is unquestionable. I would like to recall that it was on the basis of the recommendations of the first World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth, held in Lisbon in 1998, that the General Assembly proclaimed 12 August International Youth Day. Our goal is to strengthen policies and programmes involving youth, while ensuring that youth participate in all decision-making steps in national, regional and international youth policies, as key actors and active forces, in all areas.", "Last year, we established a national committee for the International Year of Youth, comprising representatives of both the Government and youth organizations, and set a very comprehensive timetable for national activities on entrepreneurship and innovation, rights and equality, culture and diversity, and youth empowerment and democracy. In that framework, I would like to highlight the second National Forum of Young People of Immigrants and African Descent, held in Portugal in February this year, which, in our view, has helped to advance many youth-related issues.", "During the next session of the General Assembly, Portugal will again be submitting a biennial draft resolution on youth policies and programmes in the Third Committee, together with Moldova and Senegal. During the most recent session of the Commission for Social Development, held last February, we also submitted and facilitated a resolution on this issue.", "Allow me once again to stress the importance of youth as a positive force for dialogue, positive change and development in the global community, and their role in promoting tolerance and mutual understanding. However, one of the main obstacles to the full realization of the role of young people remains violence, which they are the main target of violence and, in many different contexts and in different forms, they are at particular risk of violence. Violence and exploitation of children and youth in many forms is one of the most serious challenges facing the international community. They must therefore be brought to an end.", "Portugal expresses its strong support for the universal ratification of the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, namely, the Optional Protocols on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and on the involvement of children in armed conflict. We encourage all States that have not yet signed or ratified the Optional Protocols to do so during the high-level event of the General Assembly last September. We hope that this International Year of Youth will also contribute to that goal.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): At the outset, I would like to express my country's solidarity with the Government and people of Norway. Last week, on the day of the terrorist attack, my President expressed his condolences and those of the entire people of Kazakhstan for the tragedy. I myself am deeply saddened; what crimes are more serious than atrocities against young people and children? This meeting is therefore very timely.", "Kazakhstan commends the progress made towards the effective implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. The Programme of Action is an important road map. However, much more remains to be done to ensure closer monitoring and evaluation of how youth-related issues are integrated into national policies and, in turn, to ensure that our future leaders are mainstreamed into the political, social, economic and cultural lives of Member States and their development agendas. We must also ensure that more youth-related issues are integrated into efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals so that youth can be included in the existing order and become agents of social change.", "My delegation calls for greater United Nations system-wide coherence and for a streamlining of the work done on youth issues by 34 agencies that focus on the least developed countries and conflict areas, especially women and girls. We therefore call upon Member States to provide increased support, both financial and resource, to achieve technical guidance and capacity-building for the implementation of the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "In the light of the tragedy of last week, every effort must be made to monitor the social media, channel the energy of young people and fund youth activities that promote harmony.", "During the International Year of Youth, Kazakhstan adopted a multidimensional, multisectoral and results-oriented national youth policy. We have paid special attention to strengthening social security for young people, reducing youth unemployment and increasing their educational opportunities. Our President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, stated that the socialization of young people, the establishment of progressive attitudes and the transmission of modern values to the younger generation are essential to national development. To that end, we have implemented a national education programme for 2011-2020 and an action plan that contains forward-looking measures and services, including the establishment of new, innovative and modern universities. The provision of quality education for young people is a prerequisite for social and economic well-being, and expenditure on education has been cited as a priority area in our national budget funding.", "Kazakhstan had established a youth policy council, chaired by the President, to mobilize youth in national decision-making and development. In addition, a national project for a young talent pool was launched to promote decent employment for young people in the civil service and in the social, political and economic spheres. Since 2005, the youth labour movement known as the “Green Fatherland” has played an important role in the country's ecological problems and environmental policies.", "Kazakhstan reaffirms its strong commitment to promoting dialogue and mutual understanding, addressing the challenges affecting youth and promoting multilateral efforts to give young people their rightful place as one of the richest resources at our disposal.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.", "Mr. Prosor (Israel): At the outset, I would like to express my Government's condolences to the people and Government of Norway on the heinous attacks that took place last week in Oslo and on the island of Utter. We will remember and pray for the victims of this tragedy — most of them young people.", "There's a Jewish story about a man who planted a bean tree — a tree that ended 70 years later. When asked whether he thought he could live until he ate the beans from the trees, he replied, “I am doing what my ancestors did. They planted a bean tree for me, and I now have one for my children.\"", "The commitment of one generation to the next is the foundation of a stable and healthy society. The protection and integration of young people and their empowerment are fundamental obligations of each country. We must not ignore the marginalized youth.", "Over the past two decades, Israel has developed a comprehensive approach to addressing the needs of youth at risk through significant legislative advances and public awareness. In 2008, Israel had launched a national programme for high-risk children and youth comprising five government ministries. The initiative promotes a number of unique projects aimed at reintegrating high-risk youth into their communities through vocational and entrepreneurial training. These programmes are designed to meet the needs of a diverse Israeli population, including immigrants from around the world.", "Israel strongly supports the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. When adopted in 1995, the Programme of Action was the most comprehensive document on youth. Sixteen years later, it remains relevant and provides a policy framework for national and international action to improve the situation of youth.", "At the international level, the Israel International Development Cooperation Agency had trained hundreds of thousands of educators and young people from all over the world. For example, the International Development Cooperation Programme Mount Carmel International Training Centre has been working with the Organization of American States for 10 years to foster entrepreneurship as a tool for youth self-help in the Americas. The project trained more than 22,000 people from 29 Latin American and Caribbean island countries.", "During the past year, within the framework of the United Nations International Year of Youth, a large number of courses were offered in English and Spanish on topics such as youth entrepreneurship skills and youth business management.", "Israel strongly supports paragraph 28 (h) of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312), which emphasizes the need to protect youth affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement. Israel is well aware of these challenges. Combating terrorism requires vigilance, determination and collective action by the international community. We must focus on promoting a culture of tolerance and mutual understanding, rather than a culture of violence and hatred, and put an end to incitement to youth, which has become common in many parts of the world.", "Many of the major gaps in the world today are not between civilizations, but rather among people living in different times. Facebook, Twitter and a range of other tools are bringing rapid change and new opportunities for interaction, learning and growth. Those who grew up in the digital age will be our bridge to the future.", "This has also been demonstrated in Israel, where our youth have become powerful forces of innovation. Young people who were supposed to grow oranges are now producing Orange's mobile phones. Those who were going to grow apples are now designing apple computers.", "The challenges facing the international community require us to develop the creativity of the next generation. We must empower all young people to take responsibility within the global family, seize opportunities and take advantage of the new technologies before us in order to create a more prosperous, tolerant and peaceful world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmud (Bangladesh): Allow me at the outset to express our heartfelt condolences to the families of the 68 victims of the appalling killing in Norway last week. All life on Earth is precious, and we note with great sadness that the majority of those killed are young people participating in a summer camp for young people.", "Bangladesh appreciates the holding of this High-level Meeting on Youth and the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312). Youth is the most valuable resource of a country. The development and prosperity of a country depends primarily on the active activities of its youth.", "Bangladesh established the Ministry of Youth Development in 1981 to mainstream our youth in the national development process by providing appropriate guidance, motivation and demand-based development training. In order to involve unemployed youth in the national development process, the Ministry of Youth Development has been stimulating youth, skills development training, self-employment, microcredit support and community development to implement large-scale programmes so that trained youth can establish self-employment projects aimed at reducing poverty.", "In Bangladesh, as of June 2010, approximately 3.43 million young people had been trained in various areas, particularly computer applications, including Internet and network applications; graphic design and video editing; livestock, poultry farming, fish farming and agriculture; sewing, printing, waxing and wiring printing; electronics and electrical and house wiring; refrigerators; and air conditioning.", "The average income of self-employed youth varies from $20 to $670 per month. Successful self-employed youth earn more than $1,300 a month, while our annual per capita income is only $670. In addition, many young people who have been trained find work in different institutions at home and abroad. As of May 2010, $120 million had been allocated through a microcredit programme to establish or expand self-employment projects. The loan recovery rate is close to 90 per cent.", "The current Government of Bangladesh, in line with its campaign manifesto, has launched a national service programme to provide employment opportunities for unemployed youth who have completed secondary education. These persons were granted temporary employment for a period of two years. Three poor areas were initially selected. Unemployed young people receive basic training for three months, covering 10 selected modules, and are then assigned to different State-building departments, self-governing bodies or local government bodies.", "Youth volunteer organizations and government organizations also play an important role in rural development. To promote the active participation of youth organizations in the development process, the Ministry of Youth Development has taken steps to recruit youth organizations. Some 14,000 youth organizations are now registered with the Ministry.", "On 12 August 2010, we celebrated the International Youth Day in Bangladesh. At the national level, the General Assembly was first convened that day, followed by a seminar on dialogue and mutual understanding, based on the selected theme of the International Year of Youth. Many young leaders participated in the opening and closing sessions of the eleventh South Asia Games and the World Cup cricket match, recently held in Dhaka.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate the commitment of the Government of Bangladesh to transform today ' s youth into the most productive social group of tomorrow and to ensure that the Government is increasingly focused on meeting the education and training needs of young people, encouraging their moral development and taking measures to create employment opportunities for them within the limited resources available.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Russian Federation.", "Mr. Karev (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The delegation of the Russian Federation is pleased to join in the consensus adoption of the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on Youth, on the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding” (document 65/312). We should thank the facilitator of the negotiation process and all those involved. Thanks to their constructive and vital approach, we were able to agree on an outcome document that reflects the interests of all States.", "Today's meeting, the culmination of the International Year of Youth, is not only a way to evaluate the results achieved in increasing understanding of young people and focusing on their interests, but also a way to strengthen their active participation in all spheres of life and to create conditions for their self-empowerment. It also serves as a starting point for defining future goals.", "The Russian Federation attaches great importance to youth issues. We have 40 million young people, or about 27 per cent of the population. Let us not forget that, while youth are the most active participants in society, they are also the most affected by the consequences of various types of crises. Young people are at the beginning of their path to life and are often unable to cope with these effects.", "In addition to being highly mobile, young people can easily adapt to new circumstances and learn new knowledge. The role played by young people in recent world events is clear evidence of this. Hopes are also high for young people to become the main agents in overcoming the adverse effects of the global financial and economic crisis. That is why the Russian Federation is creating conditions for young people as a long-term investment in a stable and vibrant society.", "The Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation is responsible for implementing a coordinated policy in this area. The Federal Office for Youth Affairs also operates under the Ministry. The Bureau of Youth Affairs is a national State body whose activities focus on developing the potential of Russian youth.", "Our policies and programmes to safeguard the rights and interests of young people are in line with the priorities of the United Nations, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. These priorities form the basis for activities during the Russian Youth Year in 2009, which seek to enhance the professional and creative potential of young people, promote ethical and healthy lifestyles and promote the ideals of peace and mutual understanding among peoples.", "Every year since 1993, we have celebrated Russian Youth Day on 27 June, with meetings, concerts, sports and other types of activities throughout the country. On 27 June this year, the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Russian Federation held a meeting with leaders of youth groups, focusing on the International Year of Youth.", "The current economic and social situation calls for special attention to be paid to issues related to the well-being of young people by addressing issues such as the placement of young people in work and stable employment. In this regard, the federal target plan — the Russian Youth Development Plan 2011-2015 — will be the main document for the next five years. The document was designed to create conditions conducive to the successful integration of young people into society and their effective empowerment, their participation in the social and political life of the country and their potential for further innovation in the country.", "The Year was a remarkable demonstration that youth were not only recipients of State aid, but could themselves contribute to their countries and to the international community as a whole. The Year has also demonstrated the need to create an environment in which youth can be integrated into all areas of social life in order to increase their contribution to the social and economic development of their countries.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me at the outset to express my country's condolences to the people and Government of Norway. In a foolish and unimaginable act of terrorism, so many young people have been tragically killed.", "Slovenia aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union.", "The future of our societies depends on the future of our young people. Specifically, it depends on what we policymakers can do to involve youth in society, ensure quality education, guarantee health services and create jobs. The current financial and economic crisis has had a major impact on young people, leaving many unemployed and poor. This in turn affects the inclusion of society, which is key to its sustainability, stability and prosperity.", "Youth must be involved in decision-making processes, including through youth organizations. These organizations not only represent the voices of young people, but are also important forums for promoting tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. The role of youth and youth organizations must therefore be strengthened to support their increased participation in the formulation of strategies and policies at all levels on all issues, such as sustainable development, climate change and human rights.", "Specifically, we should strengthen cooperation between youth organizations or different regional platforms through their direct participation in specific grass-roots projects and programmes. Non-formal education should be a central tool for achieving this goal.", "Slovenia has worked with young people to develop its long-standing traditions. Through various programmes and projects, we encourage youth development and their integration into society, personal growth and autonomy. The Government of Slovenia encourages the creation of conditions for the participation of young people in social and political processes and therefore co-finances the activities of many grass-roots youth organizations and youth working organizations.", "To date, a number of participatory institutions for children and young people have been established. Youth have their own peer-to-peer organizations that represent their views in decision-making processes at the national and local levels. For example, students can speak publicly at youth parliaments, which is an important model for children ' s participation in social and political processes.", "In addition, the Government has established two consultative bodies in which youth organizations and representatives of various sectors participate on an equal footing. They propose measures to monitor the consideration of the interests of youth in public policies at the national level, in particular by promoting their participation in these processes.", "Last but not least, the importance of volunteering is highly appreciated in Slovenia. We strongly believe that volunteerism contributes to the strengthening of social capital, the promotion of peace and solidarity and the opening of new ground for sustainable socio-economic development. The role of young volunteers is an effective tool for strengthening the rights of youth, as it enables them to develop professional qualifications, academic knowledge and special skills, enhances their possibilities for future work and employment, and enhances their social inclusion and cohesion.", "Young people are agents of change. Despite increasing recognition of their needs, they continue to be marginalized and neglected in many parts of the world. We must fulfil our obligations to create a prosperous future for young people by mobilizing all political forces and tools to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth. We must also achieve universal ratification of international instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. In that regard, Slovenia strongly supported the work to achieve universal ratification of the Optional Protocols by 2012.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Togo.", "Mr. Menan (Togo) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to convey to the Assembly the warm and cordial greetings of the Government of Togo, in particular the President of the Togolese Republic. He is one of the youngest heads of State in the world.", "I would also like to express to the President of the General Assembly and the co-facilitators, the Ambassadors of Benin and Austria, my Government's deep appreciation for the excellent role they have played in convening this meeting. This meeting provides us with a welcome opportunity to assess the situation of youth — a social group that constitutes the majority of the world's population.", "The International Year of Youth, proclaimed by the United Nations, began on 12 August 2010 to encourage Member States to step up action to improve dialogue and mutual understanding among young people, promote their participation at all levels and work to remove all obstacles they face. In that regard, Togo had undertaken major activities aimed at finding innovative solutions to the problem of unemployment, which increased the vulnerability of young people and undermined their potential. Our activities also seek to improve the institutional framework for youth participation in all national decision-making and public affairs processes.", "Actions taken at the institutional level included the establishment of a ministry specializing in youth and youth employment in 2005; the adoption of a national youth policy in 2007; and the establishment and operation of a national youth council in Togo in 2008. Recently, in order to promote inclusive dialogue and exchanges between young people themselves and between youth and government authorities on the one hand, the Government decided to establish a national youth forum. The first forum, held from 18 to 20 April, provided an opportunity for a thorough consideration of the status of the participation of Togolese youth in new civic activities. In order for this initiative to play its long-term role, the Forum will be held every two years.", "In order to promote specific issues relating to youth, particularly those relating to youth employment and social inclusion, the Government of Togo has increased programmes and projects to expand opportunities in the paid and independent employment sector and youth employment. Our focus is on facilitating access to credit for young people through the establishment of mechanisms to promote micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises that are considered job creators.", "In addition, two years ago we launched a far-reaching programme to promote civic responsibility and active participation by young people. Youth, youth organizations and local communities participated in the implementation of the programme.", "Despite all regional, national and international efforts, Togo believes that the objectives of the International Year of Youth and the follow-up to the International Programme of Action for Youth can be achieved only if solidarity is strengthened within the framework of international partnerships. His delegation therefore called on all States and stakeholders to hear the wise words of a prominent Togolese politician. He said that the sacrifices made for the future of our youth could not be overstated. The outcome document adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July (resolution 65/312) provides us with an opportunity to continue to act in a timely manner to address the many challenges facing youth.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate our solidarity and condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the painful tragedy and loss of peaceful youth in that country. Togo condemns such deplorable acts of terror committed by blatantly outlaws.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): At a tragic time when Norway is in mourning, Venezuela once again condemns terrorism and all forms of violence and expresses its condolences to the bereaved families and to the people and Government of Norway.", "My delegation thanks the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "On 21 October 2009, Venezuela adopted the Youth People ' s Power Act, which sets out the rights and obligations of young people in all areas of social development. In addition, on 7 July 2011, the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías, announced the establishment of the Ministry of Youth People ' s Power as one of the measures to consolidate the rights of young people.", "Venezuela believes that education is the basis for social change and a tool for the liberation of people. We have ensured the inclusion of youth in the education system at all levels. In 1999, there were 200,000 university students in Venezuela; there are currently 2.5 million. More than 9.3 million Venezuelans — one third of the population — have access to communications and information technology, especially the Internet.", "Article 79 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes young people as active agents of development. This provision has been expanded and elaborated in the Youth Act and the National Youth Commission has been established to encourage the active participation of young people. Over the past 12 years, in the course of the Bolivarian Revolution, policies have been formulated and developed to promote the participation of young people, a large percentage of whom hold positions of responsibility in the People ' s Power. My country hosted the Latin American and Caribbean Youth Congress on Peace and Sovereignty from 28 to 30 June, at which young people pledged to fight to make our region a zone of peace and development.", "In the years of the Bolivarian revolution, the successes of our youth in the arts, science, culture and sport are evident and undeniable. Venezuela ranks fifth in the world in university enrolment. Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra is a world-renowned actor. Venezuela won the most medals at the Fourth Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America Games, which are being held in my country. As can be seen from the recent American Cup, the Venezuelan team has become one of the outstanding football teams in our region.", "We call upon all States to provide the new generation with the necessary tools so that all the peoples of the planet can live a good and humane life in harmony with each other and with nature.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I commend the President of the General Assembly and his Bureau for their able leadership, and I assure them of the full support and cooperation of my delegation. Like others, I would like to express Tanzania's sympathy and condolences to the Norwegian people and join others in condemning in the strongest terms this despicable and heinous act of terrorism and intolerance.", "My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Tanzania supports the SADC proposal to establish a dedicated United Nations youth agency.", "By proportion of the population, Africa is the youngest continent in the world. This is a huge resource for Africa and the world. But in order for that resource to bear fruit, we should prepare young people to become the responsible, responsible and democratic government leaders and business leaders we want them to be. My Government believes that young people, not only tomorrow's leaders, can be today's leaders and, together with their elders, make an important contribution to nation-building.", "Through affirmative action, young men and women participate in decision-making bodies in Tanzania, including Parliament. Tanzania has also developed several policies, strategies and plans with clear objectives and measurable targets to open up opportunities to youth. We continue to make significant investments to expand access to and improve the quality of education and skills at all levels. With the support of the International Labour Organization, we are combating the worst forms of slave child labour.", "We also focus on the health and vitality of youth, including efforts to prevent teenage pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. We have established a Youth Development Fund, and we encourage savings and credit unions and microcredit programmes to give young people access to concessional investment financing. We are promoting the employment of young people in agricultural and rural non-agricultural services to enable them to lead a better life in their areas of residence. We are also involved in regional programmes addressing all of these issues. We are grateful to our bilateral and multilateral partners who have supported our national and regional programmes. We count on their continued and intensified support.", "Globalization and the technologies that drive it bring together youth from around the world in the global village and awaken them to what they are and what they are likely to be. Globalization increases and fuels political, economic, cultural and social expectations. Some of these are aspirations that many Governments are unable to meet alone or at the pace of youth aspirations with their available resources and policy space.", "The social media that we young people are closely following are useful tools for bringing about positive change. Unfortunately, they can also have negative consequences. In other words, globalization fills our youth with aspirations, but does not always provide them with the right tools, capabilities or fair opportunities to realize their dreams. This could destabilize and its effects would transcend our borders. Let us all support the efforts of national and regional Governments to create a fair globalization that unites the world's youth, both physically and mentally.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Mrs. Salman (Malaysia): At the outset, allow me to join other speakers in expressing condolences to the people of Norway for the terrible attack that claimed the lives of more than 80 young people.", "The delegation of Malaysia wishes to thank President Deiss for convening this meeting. It is very encouraging to see so many young people gathered in this Hall today. It is only through discussion and talk that we can truly understand the aspirations and aspirations of the younger generation to strengthen economic, social and cultural relations among nations.", "Forty-three per cent of the Malaysian population, or approximately 12.5 million Malaysians, are young people between the ages of 15 and 40. Owing to the large number of young people, Malaysia had established a special unit to oversee youth welfare. The Ministry of Youth and Sports has been entrusted with the task of preparing young people to contribute to the growth, development and prosperity of the country and to further encourage young people to build a successful country. His Government had put in place at all levels a set of support systems needed to strengthen and empower youth.", "At the policy level, Malaysia was one of the first countries to develop a national youth policy in 1985. The initiative was subsequently strengthened in 1997 and resulted in a national youth development policy. The policy covers areas such as youth empowerment, human resources development, youth leadership development and youth entrepreneurship. In addition, Malaysia ' s tenth plan, aimed at making Malaysia a progressive high-income country, recognized youth participation as a key component of national development. The aim of the programme is, therefore, to develop a young generation that actively pursues academic and professional excellence and has a great vision.", "In addition to the various policies implemented, the Government continues to engage with the younger generation through various activities. In May, for example, the city of Putrajaya, where the federal administration centre is located, became the sea for young people, who came here to celebrate National Youth Day in recognition of our youth. The celebrations included a youth conference to discuss the direction of change for youth. Putrajaya was also officially declared a youth-friendly city.", "In addition, in August 2010, Malaysia hosted the second Global Model United Nations in recognition of the importance of the work of the United Nations. More than 500 youth representatives from all over the globe participated in the event, which trained leadership and decision-making skills at simulation sessions of the General Assembly and other multilateral bodies of the United Nations system.", "Malaysia is proud to have properly recognized youth development at the regional and international levels. Nevertheless, Malaysia hoped that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312) would be translated into concrete actions to advance the youth development agenda. Malaysia is also committed to strengthening our youth community and developing it as an empowered entity and responsible citizen, not only to ensure that peace and prosperity become permanent features of our country, but also to contributing to the perfection of our global village.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Thailand.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): Like Norway, the Thai delegation is deeply outraged and saddened by the massacres that took place on the island. It is a painful reminder of the need to redouble efforts for young people everywhere to create an environment in which they are nurtured, empowered and given the opportunity to reach their full potential.", "The challenges faced by Thai youth are largely similar to those faced by young people in many other developing countries. For decades, our support for economic globalization has radically changed the family structure, distribution of wealth and access to opportunities. Economic development has led to more material well-being and reduced poverty, but it has also led to greater income disparities, an alarming opportunity gap and the spread of unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. Young people in Thailand are severely affected by these changes. Inequality in education and employment opportunities means that we have young people who are capable and highly skilled, but we also have a large number of disadvantaged people who are not prepared to cope with the intense economic competition under globalization.", "To address these complex challenges, Thailand believes that a coordinated approach is essential. Our Constitution and specific laws provide the legal framework for the protection and development of children and young people. At the political level, we have established the National Commission for Youth and Child Development, chaired by the Prime Minister and with the participation of youth representatives. In 2009, the Government launched a policy to provide 15 years of free education. At the same time, the urban-rural gap is being addressed through more decentralized implementation of policies, which implies increased local participation.", "With regard to the International Year of Youth, we have also organized events to promote intercultural understanding among young people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds in our country. Thailand is also proud to have two youth representatives in the drafting and to speak in the Third Committee on the social development agenda at the beginning of the annual General Assembly session. We hope that an increasing number of developing countries will be able to do the same by giving young people from developing countries a stronger voice in the Assembly.", "Of course, they are just a starting point. We can and must do more. We have high hopes in the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312), which we believe should inspire us to work together for young people through many elaborate, detailed and concrete recommendations. Together, we must move the Declaration forward and encourage the dreams of today ' s youth to take off and let humanity into the brighter future that it deserves.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines aligns itself with the statements made by the representatives of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, respectively. We also fully endorse the sympathy and condolences that have been expressed to the people of Norway following their recent terrible tragedy. Words cannot express the international community ' s grief and indignation at this terrorist act.", "Regrettably, youth and governance are often uncoordinated. Those who dominate traditional power and political forums, including this Hall, are often those who, to them, are simply distant memories of youth. Our solutions to problems are not transparent, bureaucratic and slow, often contrary to the youth-specific passion, resolve and dynamism. Moreover, many of our political leaders have not been able to win the confidence of young people, but have merely seen them as a wave of emotionalization through which to take over or overthrow the regime. Others have ludicrously sought to cover up their own old age by wearing “changes”, whose principles and ability to change have long been a sacrifice on the altar of political ambitions.", "However, the youth of the world should not be mistrusted, exploited, indoctrinated or marginalized. The voices of youth must be heard, they must be embraced with open arms and must be made active and leading partners in national development and global governance. The pace of change and development has accelerated considerably, and the world that depends on the future generation will be very different from the one in which we live today. For good or bad, the pace of change will be the defining feature of tomorrow ' s global village, for which we have no experience of managing or even predicting. It is today ' s youth who inherit this world, and it is today ' s youth that must be trusted by leaders and policymakers at every step of our future journey.", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines reaffirms the core philosophy of the CARICOM Caribbean Community Youth Declaration on the Future. This is not a problem for young people, but rather a priceless asset and a partner in the development of our subregion. It is the creativity, innovation and dynamism of young people that opens up a new course out of the adverse effects of globalization and the current economic crisis, not the orthodox idea that has brought us into the crisis we are now facing.", "In that regard, it would be useful to recall the self-evident rationale that was first put forward by former President Franklin Roosevelt: “We are not always able to build a future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.” As a result, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has invested heavily in youth at all levels of society. We have achieved universal access to secondary education in the past decade, and universal access to early childhood education is well under way. State investment in higher education has increased geometrically, and, with the cooperation of the Governments of Portugal and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, each of our students will soon have his or her own laptop to engage with a vast world beyond our small island developing State.", "Young people are also given a heavy role at all levels of government and public service. Senators, ministers, diplomats and other high-ranking officials are part of this dynamic young force. Young entrepreneurs, athletes and artists in St. Vincent continue to create jobs, influence current political discussions and create new paths for future development. Our trust and confidence in young people are unwavering.", "The international community must demonstrate more trust and confidence in young people. The challenges facing young people are often unprecedented. In our region, young people face transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, climate vulnerability and technological explosion in an uncertain economic environment, while changing patterns of production and capital distribution will have untold consequences for the next generation.", "This High-level Meeting must show something other than a modest outcome document. The Conference must be the beginning of a renewed vision of the role of youth in our national development and global governance, as well as a starting point through sincere efforts to mainstream youth issues and to welcome youth as equal partners on the road to an uncertain future.", "If we fail to do so, then we are simply trying to make young people a gorgeous background for yet another political outcry. But, as we have recognized in recent months, the marginalization of youth and their needs and concerns can be politically and socially disastrous. Let us learn from those lessons that youth have been trying to tell us.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): I am honoured to address this high-level meeting of the General Assembly. It is particularly encouraging to see so many young people and their representatives present and actively participating in this meeting.", "I would like to join other participants in expressing our deep condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the tremendous loss of life they suffered in the tragic attack last week.", "Ireland aligns itself with the statement made by the Acting Head of the Delegation of the European Union (EU), Mr. Pedro Serrano, on behalf of the EU member States.", "At the outset, allow me to make three brief comments on the World Programme of Action for Youth. First, Ireland attaches importance to its implementation through a human rights-centred approach. The Programme itself recognizes that its successful implementation requires the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by young people and requires a strong commitment from member States to combat all violations of those rights. Such an approach and commitment must permeate all our efforts.", "Secondly, gender equality is essential for the full realization of the goals of the Programme. In seeking to address some of the challenges facing young women and girls — poverty, inequality, multiple forms of discrimination, the combined effects of sexual and gender-based violence, especially in conflict situations, and limited access to education and health care, including sexual and reproductive health care — we must focus on empowering young women and girls as drivers of change.", "Thirdly, we are well aware of the development dimension. Almost 90 per cent of the world ' s 1.8 billion young people aged 15 to 24 live in developing countries. Understanding and harnessing the enormous potential of these young people is key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "Allow me to comment on some recent developments in Ireland that may be of general interest to all. The new Irish Government has increased its focus on youth matters, with the establishment of a full-time Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, a full-time Cabinet position, and a new Ministry of Children and Youth Affairs accordingly.", "The Government has committed to establishing a youth policy framework to support children and young people between the ages of 10 and 24. The overall objective of the framework is to clarify and enhance the coherence, relevance, coordination and quality of youth services and related after-school services for this age group. The aim is to strengthen youth development and participation and support for them; to enhance coordination and coherence in the provision of youth services; and to ensure that the quality of services is high and results-based.", "Youth participation is particularly important. As recognized in the outcome document adopted earlier this week (resolution 65/312), the participation of young people themselves in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of effective policies is key to achieving the World Programme of Action for Youth. The Government of Ireland is strongly committed to promoting the participation of children and youth in civil society and has established and strengthened a range of structures to achieve this goal over the past decade, including local youth councils, the National Youth Parliament, student councils, the Children and Youth Forum, the Child and Youth Participation Support Team, and has developed inclusive programmes and national consultations.", "In our broader efforts to promote participation, we have focused in particular on empowering marginalized youth. An inclusive programme designed to provide young people with little voice in decision-making bodies with new opportunities was established in 2007. This inclusive programme was implemented with the participation of several civil society organizations. These organizations work with gay and lesbian youth, young travellers, youth in living care, youth with disabilities and youth in poor communities. As we move forward, we intend to draw lessons from that inclusive programme to ensure that an increasing number of young people who may be at risk of marginalization can participate in decision-making bodies and processes.", "Ireland is one of the youngest European countries. Our youth are our greatest resource in difficult times and in good times. We would like to give them, all of them, more opportunities to help frame the future of our country. We hope that the International Year of Youth will help to provide such opportunities for young people around the world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Mr. Charles (Trinidad and Tobago): Trinidad and Tobago joins previous speakers in expressing condolences to the Government and people of Norway on the loss of lives of many young people who represent the future flower of that country as a result of cowardly acts.", "Furthermore, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to associate itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community. In addition, we would like to make a brief statement in our national capacity.", "Recognizing the importance of youth to community and national development, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a national youth policy. The policy reflects a flexible and strong social development process between the Government and civil society, and the implementation of national programmes and activities accordingly. These programmes and activities address education, health, gender equality, addressing youth crime and violence, including drug-related crime, youth unemployment and youth leadership development.", "The National Youth Policy promotes youth empowerment and participation, placing youth at the forefront of policy formulation and implementation. At the same time, the policy recognizes the responsibility of Governments to create the enabling frameworks necessary to ensure that young people can make informed choices to lead meaningful, productive and happy lives and to help achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, it is noteworthy that youth affairs are now under the responsibility of the newly established Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development.", "To mark the International Year of Youth, with the theme of “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, and in line with the approach adopted by the United Nations system, Trinidad and Tobago has launched a number of initiatives that fall within the three main areas set out by the United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development. An important initiative in this regard is the launching of the National Youth Consultation Programme, which provides opportunities for youth to participate in the decision-making process through participation in consultations with government ministers.", "It is important to promote dialogue between Governments and youth, to promote mutual understanding and to better address youth issues, which are our main partners in the development and progress of societies. In this regard, I would like to quote the Chinese proverb: “It is not to be heard, it is not to be known, it is not to be done”.", "Accordingly, in line with this approach, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has increased youth participation and partnership in communities by developing the capacity of youth to engage in dialogue with their peers and relevant stakeholders. The Government is also assisting youth development through national leadership training programmes, peer education workshops and community social projects that guide discussions with youth on the development and implementation of programmes to meet their needs. In this regard, we encourage Member States to promote dialogue with youth in their respective countries so that they can participate and continue to participate in the decisions that will ultimately affect their future.", "Trinidad and Tobago reaffirms and continues to implement the World Programme of Action for Youth, while recognizing the need to further develop and improve the current international framework for youth in order to respond effectively to the new challenges they face.", "It is time to move from dialogue to implementation and resource mobilization in order to strengthen youth rights and further develop our society as a whole. In conclusion, I would like to join my colleague from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in quoting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who said, “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future”.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Grenada.", "Ms. Williams (Grenada): Grenada aligns itself with the statements made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "The delegation of Grenada, on behalf of the Government and people of Grenada, in particular the youth, expresses, through you, Mr. President, its deep and heartfelt condolences to the Government and people of Norway on the unwarranted killing of young people and elderly people. Attacks on government buildings and youth are a real blow to understanding, and we are saddened by the loss of life.", "In the same vein, Grenada expresses its solidarity with all the young people and families who have been subjected to war, famine and bombing throughout the world. We pay special tribute to the hundreds who die every day of starvation in the Horn of Africa. We support the United Nations call for global emergency relief and longer-term sustainable development for those communities.", "Grenada welcomes this High-level Meeting on Youth and congratulates all the youth of the world. This meeting is an opportunity for the international community to re-examine and intensify its efforts to address the many needs of young people. In that regard, we welcome the outcome document (resolution 65/312), and look forward to its full and effective implementation and the involvement of all youth in its implementation.", "As in most countries, Grenada ' s youth hold great hopes. However, this hope has been suppressed by social and economic forces, leading to high unemployment and other challenges. However, we continue to see a strong and active national youth class emerging on the basis of national youth policies.", "We have a record number of young people, especially young women, who have graduated from secondary school and continue to succeed in colleges and universities with the same record number. From primary to secondary school, our young athletes are breaking sports records, and some athletes, including men 400 metres and women skating, are looking at Olympic competitions. Jamaica, look out! Look out!", "There are also many young people in Grenada working in vocational schools and the cultural sector and are becoming successful entrepreneurs. The number of young leaders, young parliamentarians and youth ambassadors is increasing and, with their success, they are spreading a healthy and inspiring dynamism. Government expenditure focused on youth training and job creation, recovery and empowerment.", "Too many young people are unable to realize their potential because of poverty and lack of opportunities. As the United Nations prepares to make a commitment to sustainable development in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, Grenada reaffirms its vision of our youth, who will play a stronger role in national sustainable development. That is why we call upon the United Nations and others, including business, to build partnerships with us to support the inclusion of youth in democratic processes, job creation, economic empowerment and the development of the necessary frameworks to strengthen grass-roots youth organizations.", "In conclusion, Grenada recognizes that youth are invaluable to national development, but they are much more than a resource for national development. On the contrary, young people, like other groups, are intrinsically valuable to themselves and to humanity. It is our duty to do more, to respect them and to empower them so that they can make the right choices for themselves and for the world.", "Grenada extends its best wishes to all young delegates and wishes them safe return to their loved ones.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Bulgaria.", "Mr. Letchev (Bulgaria): Allow me at the outset to join previous speakers in expressing my country's deepest condolences to the people and the Government of Norway on the terrible and tragic attack that took place on Friday, which claimed so many lives.", "It is an honour for me to address this High-level Meeting on a topic of particular relevance today: How to improve the situation of the world ' s youth and help them meet their aspirations to participate in the processes that determine their lives and future? We attach importance to these issues because we recognize that youth are the natural drivers of major change in global development. Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa have demonstrated once again the critical role of youth as agents of social change, progress and development. These developments also reaffirm the crucial role played by new technologies and social media in enhancing the voice of youth and their participation in shaping public opinion and in political decision-making processes.", "We are pleased that the outcome document adopted earlier by the Conference (resolution 65/312), reaffirmed the World Programme of Action for Youth as an important political instrument for integrated action on youth. It is essential that we focus on the thorough and proper implementation of the Programme at all levels, including strengthening national capacities and democratic mechanisms for dialogue and partnership with youth and youth-led organizations on decision-making processes that affect youth. Working together at the national, regional and global levels, Governments, youth organizations and other stakeholders are key elements in achieving social integration, employment and poverty reduction strategies and policies.", "Bulgaria fully supports the statement made earlier in the debate by the observer for the European Union (EU), who outlined youth programmes and activities in Europe. I would like to focus briefly on my country ' s experience and work in addressing youth issues within the framework of the European Union ' s cooperative action.", "The National Youth Strategy 2010 - 2011 adopted by the Bulgarian Government in 2009 focused mainly on employment and sustainable development, including increasing economic activity and career opportunities for youth. The target group of the strategy is young people between the ages of 15 and 29. Specific actions to implement the strategy are aimed at improving the quality of high school and university education, promoting lifelong learning, providing more internship opportunities and strengthening relations between the educational and business communities. We envisage supporting companies that provide youth with employment opportunities, particularly in small towns and suburban areas. We also encourage and support the participation of students in science projects and in high-tech innovation.", "Bulgarian youth are actively involved in projects under the EU “Youth in Action” programme, which is related to the implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy. These projects promote awareness and awareness among young people of democratic citizenship and the rule of law, and help to make them open to human rights standards and values, particularly in addressing certain negative societal perceptions, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "According to the National Youth Strategy, volunteerism is encouraged as a channel to enhance the potential and skills of young people in different vocational and scientific fields. During the European Year of Volunteers, the Fourth National Youth Conference, held in Varna from 30 June to 4 July, discussed the benefits of volunteerism for youth and for recipient institutions and companies, with the active participation of civil society.", "Last but not least, allow me to stress our participation in international cooperation and in United Nations youth-related initiatives. In this particular context, the role of the United Nations remains indispensable. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria works closely with the United Nations Association of Bulgaria to ensure the coordination and promotion of youth participation in United Nations-related activities. The joint action plan signed earlier this year by our Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations Association provides for the development of initiatives to promote the more active participation of youth in United Nations activities in the areas of the Millennium Development Goals, peace, human rights and sustainable development.", "Arrangements for the selection of youth representatives to youth representative programmes are part of this partnership. For the sixth consecutive year, a national selection process has been conducted with the aim of ensuring that the most proactive and knowledgeable students are provided with the opportunity to represent Bulgarian youth and work with diplomats and other youth representatives from around the world. We are proud that for decades Bulgaria has demonstrated its commitment to youth and that it is one of the countries with the longest experience to provide a platform for Bulgarian youth to express their views within the framework of the United Nations.", "In conclusion, allow me to express our confidence that this important meeting will be crowned with success. We are determined to make a positive contribution to ensuring a better future for young people around the world.", "The Acting President: I call on the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Mrs. Esposito Guevara (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we would like to extend our most cordial condolences to the Norwegian brothers who recently suffered the tragedy of young people as the main victims.", "The Plurinational State of Bolivia aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Youth are the driving force of all social change. It is they who have shown us the way forward in a spirit of euphoria and rebellion. Nevertheless, many of them still fear the future because they do everything that society expects them to do but cannot find work. Based on this insecure position, they explained to us that what is needed now is profound change. We can't keep going the same way. The power of change is raging around the world, with young people driving it.", "In Bolivia, young people have also made important contributions. Over the past decade, young people from all walks of life have occupied squares and streets, protected our natural resources and defended the right to wages and the right to life, water, gas, health care, employment and, above all, the future. They fought against the plundering and greed of the Bretton Woods institutions and multinational corporations.", "The economic and financial crisis, the energy and food crises, the water crisis, climate change, war and aggression have hit young people hard. These are the structural problems that we need to address so that present and future generations can live in peace and security. Climate change, lack of employment opportunities and war forced young people to migrate to other regions and countries. In this quest, they face racism, discrimination and violence. As immigrants, they endured illegal status, ill-treatment and racial hatred. They also face similar barriers to university education. These are some of the challenges that young people face today.", "The Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has various policies for its youth. Bolivia, the third country in Latin America to achieve literacy, is developing post-literacy programmes with the support of our sister countries, Cuba and Venezuela. We have opened three indigenous universities with financial resources from natural gas revenues to enable indigenous youth to access higher education. We have also called the slogan “High-altitude movement”, supporting all kinds of movement.", "“My first decent work” is another youth-focused programme that aims to include more young and low-income graduates in the workforce. We have also implemented credit and microcredit programmes to help young people engage in productive housing projects and enter the labour market. Today, women can also own land through land distribution and redistribution programmes. We have also set up special programmes to provide for the possibility of open housing, with the aim of providing comprehensive care for insecure, socially vulnerable young workers. The Bolivian Volunteer Act monitors the rights and responsibilities of young volunteers.", "Young people are both the present and the future, and they are therefore advocates of change. We hope that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on Youth, Dialogue and Mutual Understanding (resolution 65/312) will promote the participation of youth in decision-making about the future, in particular in the development of other development instruments in harmony with nature, as an alternative to globalization, which excludes youth, especially in the poorest countries.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Liechtenstein.", "Ms. Gregg (Liechtenstein): It is a great honour for me to address the General Assembly as the youth representative of Liechtenstein.", "I express my country ' s deep sympathy to those Norwegians who have suffered the terrible loss of life. Let this meeting lead to a renewed commitment, solidarity and tireless efforts to combat this naked hatred.", "I was fortunate to grow up in a free and prosperous place in the world. But seeing images of war, famine and environmental disasters in my childhood made me realize that most of the world's children and youth were not so fortunate. Over the years, these images have helped me to develop a sense of responsibility and understanding of each other, leading to change in my own home and at school, and now to my daily efforts to pursue my ideals. I am convinced that young people are born with a sense of justice and that, with proper education, we will have a desire for justice. Our sense of responsibility and the power of action are the world ' s richest asset.", "Participation is not just an option, but a demand expressed by youth. In Norway, youth survivors of the Holocaust pledged to remain engaged to demonstrate that violence against speech was ineffective. Arab youth also remind the world that peaceful protests have incredible power. Those leaders who continue to deny young people their inalienable human rights and to deny them the opportunity to pursue their dreams and ambitions should be sobered by that. Not only do we have an increasingly global awareness, but we are agile, resourceful, courageous and eager to use a variety of tools for the mobilization of our peoples to spread our voices. To that end, a free and open Internet is essential.", "In Tunisia, young people have achieved amazing change in just six months, which inspires and guides their peers in many other countries. The degree to which women and youth hold leadership positions and participate in decision-making processes will be a litmus test for real change.", "We must also apply the lessons of the Arab revolution to other situations of injustice. Why not organize large-scale demonstrations on other pressing issues or turn our fight against climate change into a global news event? Understanding our human rights gives us the clarity and focus we need to act on. That is why human rights education and research are so important. Human rights education allows us to look at our rights and those of our communities through local, regional and global dialogue with others, thus creating a common language for humanity. The inspiring solidarity that we feel with young activists in the Arab world is based on a new understanding of the universality of human rights, which has subverted the limits of mutual understanding over the years. A peaceful society begins with basic human rights education.", "As the global population approaches 7 billion people, the provision of sexual and reproductive health education, reproductive health education and family planning is not only a human right but also a demographic measure that must be taken. It is unacceptable that a 15-year-old girl living in South Sudan is more likely to die in childbirth than to complete school. Human rights are inseparable, including sexual and reproductive rights. Young men and women must not subjugate their bodies to power. Fully informed reproductive decisions have a profound positive impact on the sustainable development of a country.", "The use of children and youth as instruments of war is a serious violation of the law of armed conflict. Liechtenstein reiterates its strong support for the work of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. We also believe that combating impunity is a prerequisite for long-term peace. In that regard, the International Criminal Court plays an important role, as evidenced by its first-ever judgement, the trial of Thomas Lubanga, accused of the crime of forced recruitment of boys and girls into the fighting of his militia.", "Liechtenstein further condemns attacks on schools and hospitals and threats against students and teachers, and we commend the Security Council for taking concrete action on this important issue.", "On 25 May 2010, the United Nations launched a two-year campaign aimed at achieving universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which raised the age of direct participation in hostilities to 18. In support of the campaign and to raise awareness of the plight of children affected by armed conflict, Liechtenstein, in cooperation with a record company, produced a record entitled “The Right to Play”. The proceeds of the sale were donated to a non-governmental organization called Play31, which organized football matches among former child soldiers to assist the reconciliation process. Children affected by armed conflict around the world are deprived of this right to play. Let us return this right to them before it is too late.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.", "Mr. Hassan (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): It gives me great pleasure to address this international forum to discuss issues of interest to young people in the search for dialogue and mutual understanding. We welcome the statements made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the Group of African States and the Arab Group.", "At the outset, I would like to express my heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims of the horrific terrorist attacks carried out by extremists in Oslo and on the island of Utter. We condemn terrorism in all its forms. This incident confirms once again that terrorism does not originate in a country or a religion.", "His Government attached great importance to youth issues and had launched many projects to address youth unemployment, encourage youth investment through microfinance and develop important sectors such as agriculture. We have also provided many opportunities for university and post-graduate education, and enrolment has increased significantly in recent years.", "His Government was also interested in a number of other youth programmes aimed at supporting young people in their cultural, social activities and participation in sports and political life and at combating unemployment by providing job opportunities. We have also worked to combat drug use and to raise awareness of the dangers of HIV/AIDS. We support marriage and family stability and work to rehabilitate youth affected by war, armed conflict and environmental degradation, as well as youth with disabilities or special needs. We are proud of our success in these programmes and are ready to share our experiences.", "Many of the extreme challenges facing youth, particularly in Africa and in developing countries in general, are hindering their full participation in society. The global financial and economic crisis and the effects of drought on the African continent exacerbate the problem. In that regard, we would like to point out that we need more international cooperation to support training and education in all areas, including the exchange of scientific knowledge.", "The Sudan is aware of the importance of African efforts and the recently completed headquarters of the African Youth Alliance in Khartoum, the seat of the Assembly of the African Youth Alliance. Another example of the importance we attach to the work of young people is the honour of my country to host the headquarters of the Arab-African Youth Council, which further confirms the Sudan's position as a place of convergence of Arab and African youth. We also stress the importance of working hard to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for the benefit of young people. We are also working to increase the access of young people to information and communication technologies through education grants and training.", "In conclusion, we hope that this important meeting will promote the interests of young people in many areas, especially in countries affected by conflict or under foreign occupation.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.", "Ms. Ivanovic (Serbia): At the outset, on behalf of the Government and the people of Serbia, I would like to extend our deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway and to express our sympathy to the families of the victims of the appalling terrorist attacks that took place last Friday.", "My delegation associates itself with the statement made two days ago by the observer of the European Union. I will therefore address some of the priority issues related to youth from our national perspective.", "We have seen many changes — both positive and negative — that shape the world in which we live today. In order to make the best possible use of the possibilities before us and to minimize future risks, we must involve young people in all areas of social life in a coherent manner. To ensure that we have tomorrow's leaders, we must build them today.", "Recognizing the important role of youth, Serbia established the Ministry of Youth and Sports in 2007 and developed a national youth strategy following a series of 167 round tables the following year. At those meetings, Serbian youth were given the opportunity to contribute to the drafting of this important document, together with representatives of many relevant agencies.", "Calling on young people to be proactive in their lives is one of the priorities of Serbia ' s national youth strategy. To promote greater participation of youth in society, the Ministry of Youth and Sports has initiated and encouraged the establishment of local youth offices. There were five such offices in 2007 and 123 today, covering all parts of Serbia. In fact, two thirds of all local government bodies played a key role in the establishment of these offices, confirming the fact that the needs of young people must be met first and foremost in their communities, that is, at the local level. More than 100 municipalities have implemented local action plans for their young people and provided funding for programmes and projects to meet the needs of youth.", "On 5 July this year, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Law on Youth. Thus, Serbia has honoured its commitment to its youth by providing, during the International Year of Youth, a law for the youth of Serbia, which provides, inter alia, for the establishment of a government council, of which youth representatives will occupy at least one third of the seats. At the beginning of this process, we brought young people into the consultations and finally drafted and adopted the law, which reflects an immutable truth: those who should have benefited from the legislation to be adopted should first be consulted on what they expect from it.", "The Ministry of Youth and Sports has been in partnership with civil society since its inception. This relationship helps to involve youth in the implementation of projects in the national youth strategy. The Ministry of Youth and Sports supports and funds more than 500 projects submitted by youth associations aimed at, inter alia, promoting healthy lifestyles and tolerance, preventing drug and alcohol abuse, improving the environment, promoting social inclusion and volunteer activities, and addressing all issues of importance to young people. The Ministry of Youth and Sports provided financial support for various non-formal education seminars and training courses on project development, vocational skills and youth entrepreneurship, with the aim of helping young people find work or start their own businesses.", "The Ministry of Youth and Sports has also contributed to the construction of 280 outdoor and 47 indoor stadiums throughout Serbia, thus creating better conditions for more active participation of young people in sports and recreational activities and high-quality leisure activities. Ultimately, these are the needs identified by young people themselves in many previous surveys.", "On 12 August, my country will mark the closing of the International Year of Youth and celebrate the International Youth Day. On that day, we will launch 134 youth events selected in 25 regional competitions in Serbia. In so doing, we are guided by the desire to support our young people in the year of our celebration of the tenth anniversary of Volunteer International and the European Year of Volunteerism in order to demonstrate, through voluntary participation, their ability to bring about change in local communities.", "Serbia attaches great importance to youth. Investing in young people is an investment in the future of the country. Since 2008, under the leadership of the Minister of Youth and Sports, the Government of the Republic of Serbia ' s Young Talent Fund has provided scholarships and various awards to over 6,000 talented high school students, national and international winners of scientific, artistic and sports competitions, senior university students and Serbian students abroad. One of the measures taken to prevent the brain drain affecting many countries around the world is the commitment of the winners to work in Serbia after completing their studies.", "Rapid and sustainable development cannot be achieved without investment in human resources and without ensuring that they remain in their countries of origin. Funds such as the Young Talent Fund can help to keep educated young people in developing countries so that they can stay and flourish in their home countries.", "The challenges faced by youth require concerted and concerted efforts at all levels of government — local, provincial and national. Efforts must be made, in cooperation with international organizations and United Nations agencies, to involve non-governmental organizations and the business sector in the development of youth policies. There is broad scope for strengthening youth cooperation in order to promote the development that we all need by sharing ideas and experiences at the national and international levels and developing the most effective institutional models.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan.", "Mr. Faqiri (Afghanistan): On behalf of the Afghan Government, I would like to stress the need for further efforts to support the development of capacities of youth aimed at addressing the challenges they face.", "Let me stress that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development rests with States. Today, I would like to touch upon the challenges ahead for Afghan youth and the achievements to date.", "Afghanistan is a country of young people. Sixty-eight per cent of the population is under the age of 25. To some extent, most people are deprived of basic rights, including — but not limited to — lack of education and employment opportunities. The situation of the girl child is of particular concern. The youth literacy rate is low — 50 per cent for boys and 18 per cent for girls. Secondary school enrolment rates for boys and girls were 23 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, and less than 2 per cent of the Afghan population had higher education.", "Faced with these challenges, Afghan youth face risks. Unemployment, low wages, lack of safety and security, poverty and lack of health care have increased their vulnerability and put youth at risk of recruitment by armed opposition and terrorist organizations.", "In the face of those challenges, we should not lose sight of the progress made so far. At present, more than 7 million boys and girls are attending school and investing in their future. We have built more than 4,000 schools throughout the country. We expect that by 2020 we will have 9 million children in school and that more than 40 per cent of new entrants will be girls. In addition, the vast majority of the population of Afghanistan has access to basic health care, which represents significant progress over the past decade.", "I take this opportunity to thank the international community for its continued support in achieving those goals. It is worth noting that a high proportion of the younger generation is represented in the Afghan Parliament. The younger generation operates news agencies, radio and television stations and monthly magazines.", "The Afghan Government is committed to its responsibility to protect the rights of young people. We have embarked on a number of strong steps at the national, regional and international levels, including the launching of a national youth programme to reaffirm our commitment to the development of Afghan children and women and to seek to create opportunities for Afghan youth to realize their aspirations.", "Our contemporary youth have experienced conflict and displacement and must now be given new opportunities. Their new perspectives, energy, enthusiasm and determination must be directed towards the promotion of peace and development in the country.", "In conclusion, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing the condolences of the Government and people of Afghanistan to the delegation of Norway and, through it, to the people of Norway on the terrorist acts that have recently killed dozens of people.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the Observer State of the Holy See.", "Archbishop Chulikat (Holy See): Last year, the General Assembly proclaimed the current International Year of Youth, drawing visionary attention to two important elements for peace, namely, dialogue and mutual understanding. This theme urges us to listen to the aspirations and interests of young people, to interact with them and to truly share in those exchanges the wisdom of common interests.", "Every child, in order to fully and harmoniously develop his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment. The family is the first place where young people learn moral responsibility and respect for others. The family plays an important role in educating children to fully develop their capacities, fostering their moral and spiritual values and deeply committed to peace, freedom and dignity for all men and women. The family, which is based on marriage between a man and a woman, is the natural and fundamental unit of society and must be ensured its protection by society and the State.", "Both mothers and fathers have primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of their children. Parents cannot abandon this essential role. In accordance with international instruments, States should respect the responsibilities, rights and responsibilities of parents in this regard. Youth policies, programmes, action plans and commitments approved by Member States must fully respect the role of parents in the well-being and education of their children, including in the areas of human sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, which should not include abortion.", "Today, many of the world ' s people do not have a solid reference point to build their own lives, so they finally feel deeply insecure. The ideology of relativism and liberalism was growing, and everything was just as rational and truth, absolute points of reference and moral standards did not exist. This way of thinking does not lead to real freedom, but rather to instability, chaos and blind compliance with the currents that certain cultures around the world use to lure our youth. Young people have the right to take a strong reference point from their predecessors to help them make decisions on the basis of which to build their own lives.", "Member States and the Organization could make a positive contribution in that regard and must therefore be willing to renew their ongoing commitment to safeguarding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Charter and the fundamental internationally agreed human rights instruments. The more they are able to do so, the more our youth will be able to help advance the cause of peace, to build societies based on respect for spiritual and moral values and in the common interest of all.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): Allow me at the outset to convey our most sincere condolences to the people and the Government of friendly Norway. The Palestinian people and their leadership were shocked to learn of the brutal bombing of several government buildings in Oslo last Friday, as well as the shooting on the island, which resulted in the death of 80 innocent people, including dozens of young people. We are convinced that Norway will fully recover from this painful tragedy and become stronger.", "Palestine associates itself with the statement made by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Today ' s world is increasingly volatile for young people, who continue to suffer unnecessarily and face an unprecedented number of obstacles. This affects their right to peace, prosperity, freedom and education. Regrettably, Palestinian youth faced an enormous obstacle, even if they wanted to live a normal life on its face, namely, Israel ' s continued occupation of Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and its disregard for and lack of respect for international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.", "For more than four decades, Israel has continued to commit crimes against Palestinian youth, in total disregard for human life and with total impunity, which has led to the continuation of those crimes at the expense of our youth. Israel ' s refusal to abide by the fundamental principles of international law and relevant United Nations resolutions had contributed to the overall deterioration of the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. That will, of course, only lead to the prolonged Israeli-Palestinian conflict and to the prolonged suffering of the Palestinian people, especially the millions of Palestine refugees who have been living in refugee camps for 63 years and yearning for their right to return.", "Despite the obstacles facing the Palestinian people living under occupation, Palestinian youth continued to pursue their goals and dreams. Among them are young refugees, who every day overcome the difficulties they face and do their utmost to make their voices heard and to demonstrate their talents. Just last week, young people in Gaza, including some with disabilities, for the third time broke the Guinness World Record of the world's largest hand-drawing. In addition, another remarkable thing is that three young Palestinian women from a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), with the help of teachers, invented a cane for blind and deaf people, giving them the opportunity to meet with the Secretary-General last summer in New York.", "These are only recent achievements, which demonstrate that, if given opportunities to Palestinian youth, they can stand up and become leaders in the region and the world. Moreover, today, just a few minutes ago, the young people of Gaza broke the Gisni World Record, which also played the largest number of kites, and created the fourth Guinness World Record. Once again, we would like to place on record our appreciation for the tireless efforts of UNRWA to provide assistance to the 4.5 million Palestine refugees, especially the youth, for the education and training it provides our young people with the means they need to earn their reputation and achieve these noble goals.", "While the Palestinian people, including Palestinian youth, had made significant progress in overcoming the great suffering caused by the occupation, they would never be able to achieve their full potential as long as Israel continued to occupy their land and impede their right to self-determination. Here, we call on the international community to make all necessary efforts and to muster the political will to remove the obstacles and challenges facing Palestinian youth living in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "It goes without saying that the 44-year occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, is a major impediment to development and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals, making their full achievement almost impossible. However, in addition to the worrying situation of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, young people living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, are often deliberately targeted, shot and even used as human shields by the Israeli occupying forces. Every week, Palestinian youth exercising their right to freedom of expression against the construction of the separation wall and settlements encounter bullets and aggression by the occupying Power. Our youth continue to be victims of terrorist attacks by Israeli settlers and to be shot, beaten and threatened while walking to school or playing outside the home.", "Unfortunately, the Israeli aggression against besieged Gaza between 2008 and 2009 tragically highlighted its disregard for Palestinian youth. Hundreds of Palestinian youths have been killed and dozens of buildings, such as hospitals and schools, which are supposed to be safe havens, have been shelled, bombed and destroyed with impunity. We call upon the international community, including all United Nations agencies, to address these grave violations without selectivity in order to put an end, once and for all, to all attacks by the occupying Power against Palestinian youth and civilian infrastructure aimed at protecting them.", "The Israeli occupation, which began in 1967, must now end, as must all the crimes committed by the occupying Power against the Palestinian people, including Palestinian youth. Every day, the Israeli occupation has led to the deterioration of socio-economic conditions and the overall well-being of young people, especially in the besieged Gaza Strip, where a four-year-long, immoral and illegal siege continues to deprive young people of all their rights, including the right to food. The blockade has resulted in thousands of people suffering from hunger, malnutrition, anaemia, stunting and many other preventable diseases.", "There is no time to waste. We therefore reiterate our call on the international community to fulfil its responsibilities and take immediate and resolute action to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with its obligations under international law, including the Fourth Geneva Convention and relevant United Nations resolutions. Only if Palestinian youth can live in peace, freedom and dignity in an independent Palestinian State based on the pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, can they realize their maximum potential. The time is ripe for all of this.", "Peace may be a need for leaders, but it is essential for our youth.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 47/4 of 16 October 1992, I now call on the observer for the International Organization for Migration.", "Mr. Wade (International Organization for Migration): At the outset, the International Organization for Migration would like to express its sincere condolences to the people of Norway after the terrible tragedy they suffered. Our thoughts are with them.", "The International Organization for Migration is honoured to participate in this dialogue with so many experts and young people.", "This High-level Meeting is an important moment to reflect on the wave of democracy that has engulfed the Arab world and on the role of youth in bringing about a fundamental transformation in the political discourse. The panel discussions that have taken place over the past two days have provided us with an insight into the challenges facing youth and what can be achieved through dialogue and mutual understanding. IOM believes more than ever that the United Nations and its partners are listening. The point is simple, there is no alternative. In most parts of the world today, youth represent not only the future, but also the majority of the population. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of our time will depend on the energy and creativity of young people.", "A recurring theme of this dialogue is the existence of a sense of frustration among young people in societies. In these societies, the voices and needs of young people are ignored and their aspirations for meaningful work, beneficial development and political participation are dashed. For example, in a country with the fastest-growing youth population, only one or two out of 30 graduates are expected to be employed, while those who are able to find work in their home countries are expected to receive 15 times more if they migrate to developed countries.", "Migration is the most fundamental step that young people take to lift themselves out of poverty. Today, many young people are taking that step. Over the past 25 years, the number of international migrants has doubled to 21.4 million, half of whom are under the age of 29. Many of those young people who have left their homes to pursue their dreams and those of their loved ones face enormous challenges. A ship from North Africa, crowded with people, has undergone a dangerous journey and has witnessed a huge human cost. These young people have not only broken into a new country, moved to new areas, reached new cultures, but are also often just beginning to be adults.", "At the same time, the global phenomenon of youth migration presents enormous opportunities not only for young people themselves but also for global prosperity. In today ' s world, many developed countries are facing population ageing and population decline, while the population of developing countries is growing and relatively young. Migration of young people is therefore most likely to contribute to economic growth and reduce unemployment. According to the World Bank, if rich countries allowed a certain number of migrants from poor countries to enter the country, even if they expanded their labour force by only 3 per cent, the wealth of the world would increase by $356 billion annually.", "As the main intergovernmental organization responsible for global migration, IOM is committed to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. We must recognize that some of the most significant challenges facing migrants are not physical but social ills such as xenophobia, social marginalization and discrimination.", "The Plural+ Youth Video Festival, an event co-sponsored by the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and IOM, recognizes young people as a powerful driver of social change in a world where conflict and isolation often occur. It encourages young people to explore migration, diversity and social inclusion and to share their voices and creative vision with global audiences. Since the festival was launched in 2009, over 400 images from 75 countries have been received. The award-winning works have been broadcast through a network of over 50 partner organizations in dozens of video festivals, cinemas and television radio networks around the world. I am sure that some Member States have seen these wonderful works at the Plural+ side event this Monday. The insights and creativity of young people in addressing issues such as human trafficking, social marginalization and racism reflect the energy that youth can bring to address the social problems of today ' s world.", "The desire for democracy has rarely, if ever, been so strongly manifested as the youth-led Arab Spring movement. It is now the responsibility of the international community to reach out to young people and translate this energy into reform measures, thus promoting social integration, security, employment and poverty eradication. We are very grateful for the opportunity to discuss these issues at this important meeting. After engaging with key experts and young people, we are confident that, together, we can meet those challenges and seize the opportunities ahead.", "The Acting President: In accordance with resolution 31/3 of 18 October 1976, I now call on the observer for the Commonwealth Secretariat.", "Ms. McMillen (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to express its condolences to the people of Norway.", "The Commonwealth recognizes that the success of the Commonwealth and the global youth agenda depends on the tireless efforts of young people around the world. We commend them for their active participation in promoting development, peace and democracy through the promotion of the values of tolerance, understanding and mutual respect that the Commonwealth cherishes.", "The Commonwealth acknowledges the recommendations contained in the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312), and believes that only their implementation, monitoring and evaluation will make the International Year of Youth a lasting success.", "Through its Commonwealth Youth Programme, the Commonwealth stands ready to work with United Nations agencies, youth organizations and stakeholders to ensure the implementation of the recommendations contained in the outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "The position of the Commonwealth Secretariat is that it is time for greater action and broader partnerships for youth development. The Commonwealth Secretariat believes that it is time to empower young people more economically: banks and other private sectors can also help young people to access credit by promoting entrepreneurship and supporting youth development planning. The Commonwealth believes that the time has come to empower young people more politically: Governments and stakeholders, including youth leaders, should increase their efforts to include young people in decision-making processes at the local and national levels and create a broader political space for young people to play their role.", "Young people are strongly calling for meaningful change in the professionalization of youth work and in the measurement, monitoring and evaluation of youth development progress.", "The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, held in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2009, issued several separate declarations on the theme “Investing in youth”. The leaders further demonstrated their commitment to young people by bringing them together and engaging in frank and meaningful dialogue with them. Since the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Kampala, this exchange of views on youth development has become a feature of the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting. Such an approach could serve as a model for other high-level meetings to make youth development more meaningful for young people.", "This year is the International Year of Youth, and the Commonwealth heard ideas from youth, Governments and stakeholders at numerous consultative meetings on the theme “Investing in youth”. These included the Commonwealth Youth Leadership Conference, held in India in November 2010. At the Conference, young people from 54 Member States encouraged leadership and decision makers to make meaningful changes, mainstream youth, increase investment and participation in youth development, raise the profile and resources of youth ministries and agencies and establish, expand and strengthen national youth councils within the Commonwealth.", "The Commonwealth Heads of Government, through the Youth Empowerment Action Plan 2007-2015, identified 13 priorities for action in youth empowerment in relation to the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth. The Commonwealth will redouble its efforts to ensure a sustained focus on youth empowerment in order to achieve the goals set.", "The Commonwealth looks forward to the Commonwealth Youth Forum and the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Perth, Australia, in October this year, with a view to continuing to work with youth after the International Year of Youth — - That would be an opportunity to implement the Commonwealth youth agenda.", "It was to be hoped that the Conference would uphold the belief that, without youth participation, everything had nothing to do with youth, who were at the heart of development.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席塔宁先生(阿富汗)主持会议。", "下午3时10分开会。", "议程项目115(续)", "千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "决定草案(A/65/L.88)", "代理主席(以英语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在2010年10月29日的第40次和第41次全体会议上，一并就议程项目115和议程项目13“联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动”进行了辩论,以及在2010年11月23日的第52次全体会议上，一并就议程项目115、议程项目13及议程项目120“加强联合国系统”进行了辩论。", "各位成员还记得，大会在其2011年6月14日第97次和第98次全体会议上，在议程项目115下召开了一次专门讨论发展问题的会议。", "各位成员还记得，在议程项目13和115下，大会分别在其第9次、第41次、第100次和第105次全体会议上通过了第65/1号、第65/7号、第65/281号及第65/285号决议。同样在议程项目115下，大会在第73次全体会议上通过了第65/238号决议。", "大会现在将就题为“民间社会代表参加将于2011年9月19日和20日召开的关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的大会高级别会议”的决定草案A/65/L.88采取行动。", "我是否可以认为，大会决定通过决定草案A/65/L.88？", "决定草案A/65/L.88获得通过。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：大会就此结束本阶段对议程项目115的审议。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请毛里塔尼亚代表发言。", "乌尔德·谢赫先生(毛里塔尼亚)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我要就夺走几十名无辜者生命的恐怖行径向挪威王国表示毛里塔尼亚总统、政府和人民的慰问。我国外交部两天前就此发表了表示慰问的声明。", "我还要感谢大会和大会主席、我们的好朋友约瑟夫·戴斯先生，他正在非常睿智地指导我们的工作。我要特别对2011年3月15日的第65/267号决议表示赞赏，由于这项决议，我们得以在纽约这里讨论与青年有关的问题。青年是社会的一个重要组成部分，也是一切成功的社会经济发展的基石。", "我国——毛里塔尼亚伊斯兰共和国——政府在我国总统穆罕默德·乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹的指示下，已经声明并且重申，任何群体的未来都在青年身上。我国政府制订了一项有关青年、娱乐休闲和体育的五年国家计划，将在2011年至2015年期间予以执行。我们的青年政策把青年工作作为政府的一个优先事项，并且将得到总额超过2.3亿美元的资金，其中3 700万美元将来自一个政府基金。这符合两年前当选执政的我国政府总统的竞选承诺。", "毛里塔尼亚政府决心通过其有关青年、体育和娱乐休闲的国家政策，解决占毛里塔尼亚人口40%的青年中的贫困问题。它旨在把青年纳入发展之中，并且为各种青年倡议提供支持，以便改善他们饱受失业和辍学困扰的处境。我们寻求建立国家青年网络，并且每三年更新一次。这是我国政府的政策目标之一。我们还签署并批准了与青年有关的所有国际协定，表明我们很重视青年，尤其是在教育、保健和失业方面。", "在教育方面，尽管在上学人数方面取得了进展，但仍有更多工作要做。我们成立了一个新的负责高等教育和科学研究的政府部门，还建立了公立教育机构，以便对毛里塔尼亚的教育进行改革。", "毛里塔尼亚青年在保健方面面临许多挑战。不过，由于有了政治意愿，也由于卫生部启动了广泛改革，有特殊需求的青年将能得到医治。", "关于失业问题，我们已经成立了一个重要的部委，负责青年就业问题和促进贸易部门。贸易部门提供25%的就业机会，其次是农业，占20.4%，其余的就业机会则由服务业和公共管理等其它部门提供。", "处理青年问题涉及许多挑战，并且需要分配职责，以便保持青年的发展。我们通过建立中央机构做到了这一点。尽管我们通过设立青年事务部和鼓励青年使用服务表明了我们照顾青年的愿望，但仍然存在许多挑战。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据2002年11月19日大会第57/29号决议，我现在请人口与发展伙伴组织观察员发言。", "拉奥先生(人口与发展伙伴组织)(以英语发言)：主席先生，非常感谢你给我这个机会，在本次青年问题高级别会议上代表人口与发展伙伴组织谈几点意见。", "首先，人口与发展伙伴组织要就挪威政府和人民最近遭受的悲剧，对他们表示衷心慰问。", "人口与发展伙伴组织是一个由25个发展中国家组成的政府间组织，致力于促进人口与发展领域中的南南合作，支持落实千年发展目标、国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)所定目标以及《世界青年行动纲领》，特别是在其成员国里这样做。", "在人们的记忆中，2011年将是世界人口达到70亿的一年。根据联合国的最新预测，世界人口到2050年将继续增加到93亿。让我们从历史角度来看这些数字，世界人口直到1804年才达到10亿。其后过了123年，在1927年达到20亿，33年后在1960年达到30亿，14年后在1974年达到40亿，13年后在1987年达到50亿，并且在12年后的1999年10月达到60亿。到2011年将再增加10亿。世界人口的这一增长确实是非常惊人的。", "当前全球人口状况的一个重要特点对未来具有重大影响，这就是：30多亿人不到25岁，其中将近90%生活在发展中国家里。年轻人在人数上所占的优势如果同适当的政策相结合，能够成为世界增长、繁荣和社会变革的巨大源泉。我们如何有效帮助年轻人群体满足其教育、就业、发展、政治、健康——包括生殖健康——需求，以及我们如何迅速帮助增强他们的权能，必将对世界和平与发展进程的未来步伐和性质产生影响。", "尽管过去各国为实现人发会议《行动纲领》、千年发展目标和《世界青年行动纲领》的目标作出了真诚的努力，但是千百万青年却仍生活在贫困之中，世界各国的青年发展方面的进步参差不齐。青年在社会上面临许多挑战，包括没有机会获得高质量的教育、有意义的就业、适当的保健——包括生殖保健——以及参与政治生活。他们还遭遇气候变化引起的暴力和挫折。女童和女青年以及穷人和劣势群体受到的影响最严重。女青年和女童特别脆弱，因为她们常常无法完成学业，而且面临怀孕、分娩相关并发症、强迫早婚、感染艾滋病毒和遭到人口贩子绑架等风险。", "正如成果文件(第65/312号决议)中表明的那样，必须优先重视解决阻碍青年发展的这些和其他挑战，尤其要减少贫困并促进持久经济增长、可持续发展、充分和生产性就业，并且让青年充分参加所有各级政策的制定和执行。人口与发展伙伴组织强烈认为，建设能促进青年发展的国家能力是至关重要的，而且国际社会应当竭尽全力在这方面支持较不发达的国家。", "人口与发展伙伴组织长期致力于交流经验和采取创新做法，并通过培训、研究和分享知识来促进能力建设，因此认为南南合作和三角合作可以在今后的国家和国际青年发展努力中发挥重要作用。", "最后，人口与发展伙伴组织谨支持相关各方执行成果文件。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请秘鲁代表发言。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言)：秘鲁有750万青年人口，占总人口的28%。近年来青年人数出现增加，青年是今天我国人口中增长最快的群体。根据这些统计趋势，秘鲁政府在过去十年中通过其国家青年秘书处制定了体制性政策，以便为协助青年的全面发展，确保他们融入社会和作为公民积极参与社会制定总的方针。青年秘书处在成立后的9年中，取得了一些成就，我想在这里作一概述。", "2006年，我们起草了《2006-2011年国家青年计划》，以便在国家和民间社会之间采取协同行动，为青年提供更好和更多的机会，并且在政府各部门制定贯穿各领域的体制性政策。它产生了积极的作用，改善了许多青年的生活质量。在2004至2008年期间，青年贫困率从43.8%减少为31.6%。而且在公民参与领域中，有更多的青年参加全国各地的政治活动，今天，有1 665名青年担任民选公职。然而，尽管政府有关青年融入社会的议程取得了进展，但为了实现让我国青年受益的包容性发展，需要作出很多努力。", "秘鲁所作的国家努力在过去十年中取得了持久的经济增长，我们正在设法把它转变为包容性的发展，给我们最年轻的公民带来立即的影响。这种发展应当向青年提供切实的工具，使他们能够在我国的生产力和政治制度中发挥积极作用，促进我国的经济增长和公民的民主参与。我们认为，包容性发展的基础应当是以青年为侧重点的社会投资政策。但是，不应把这种政策看作是特定群体的福利，而是作为对经济增长的奖励，以及促进一个人口群体全面发展的途径，从而为我国建设更协调一致、更和谐的未来。这些政策是我国可持续和包容性发展中长期战略的一个组成部分。", "同秘鲁一样，许多拉丁美洲国家有着众多青年人口。这一人口现实是我们近年来的最佳机会之一，只要我们致力于对青年及其教育进行投资，我们就能够借这一机会，朝着可持续发展和解决区域中社会不平等的普遍问题迈出重大步伐。我们相信，如果我们在一个能促进和保障公民参与权的民主制度中，向青年一代提供高质量的教育、可有效运作的卫生系统以及生产性和体面的工作机会，我们区域各国将拥有必要的人力、社会和文化资本，以支持可持续发展、改进财富的分配并促进财富的创造。", "最后，我谨指出，秘鲁将继续致力于执行国家和国际青年政策，并表示我国决心落实各项行动和方案，使青年能够充分和逐步参加我们的社会，以实现千年发展目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了关于这个项目的最后一位发言者的发言。", "我是否可以认为大会希望结束其对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议？", "就这样决定。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "代理主席(以英语发言)：成员们记得，大会在2011年7月27日第113次全体会议上就议程项目162进行了辩论。", "塔拉先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：巴基斯坦赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦赞扬秘书长努力振兴裁军谈判会议和国际裁军机制的工作。这是一个全面分析整个裁军机制所面临问题的契机，不应为寻求就一项具体条约进行谈判而错失这个良机。巴基斯坦对于去年秘书长召开高级别会议所持的立场已作为大会文件印发，文号为A/65/378。", "国际裁军议程和机制所面临的挑战不仅限于裁军谈判会议。由大会专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)设立的当代裁军机制的各组成部分彼此关联。因此，应同时振兴这些组成部分，包括第一委员会和裁军审议委员会，并以一种统筹全面的方式进行。", "第一届裁军特别联大授权设立裁军谈判会议的宗旨和整体目标本是核裁军，这是过去32年来一直未取得进展的一个议程项目。事实上，2008年，秘书长在一次阐述其行动计划的重要发言中，将核裁军问题摆在了其五点建议中的首要位置。秘书长所建议的第一步是呼吁各国特别是核武器国家履行它们根据《不扩散核武器条约》所承担的义务，就促成核裁军的有效措施开展谈判。秘书长确认裁军谈判会议是世界上唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛，同时他也建议核大国在裁军谈判会议上就该问题与其它国家积极协作。", "秘书长发出这个呼吁的原因在于，30多年来，裁军谈判会议一直未能实现其创立宗旨，即核裁军。自结束关于《全面禁止核试验条约》(全面禁试条约)的谈判之后，裁军谈判会议15年来没能取得任何实质性进展，这也是事实。但是，令人惊讶的是，当前振兴裁军谈判会议的意图仅仅源自过去两年来的事态发展，并且只针对单一问题。具有讽刺意味的是，挑头大声斥责当前僵局的要么是那些对裁军谈判会议几十年来无所作为负有责任的国家或，要么是以往很沉默的国家。", "为明确评估裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的内在原因，重要的是要承认以下基本事实。", "裁军谈判会议的工作或无所作为是普遍政治现状的反映，因为它并非在真空中运作。任何一项触犯其中任何一个成员国安全利益的条约都不可能在裁军谈判会议上进行谈判。事实上，协商一致规则正是为确保这一点才被纳入裁军谈判会议的议事规则。因此，只有在符合或顾及所有成员国安全关切的情况下，裁谈会才有可能取得进展。裁谈会缺乏进展不能归咎于它的议事规则，因为诸如《化学武器公约》和《全面禁试条约》等具有里程碑意义的文书都是依据同样的规则谈成的。", "这些事实表明，裁军谈判会议面临的问题不是一个组织结构或程序性质的问题。因此，现在是我们正视现实，承认导致裁谈会陷入无法正常运转的真正原因的时候了。", "裁军谈判会议的历史清楚揭示出一种规律，这就是：只有那些不削弱或无损大国安全利益的协议才可拿出来谈判。只有当生物武器和化学武器在其行动效用上成为多余的时候，《生物武器公约》和《化学武器公约》才得以谈成。《全面禁试条约》得以缔结是因为主要强国已进行了足够次数的核试验，进一步试验已变得没有必要，因为它们拥有了用计算机进行模拟的备选技术。", "在裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)方面也是如此。现在，在积存了大量核武器和裂变材料特别是可以快速转化为核弹头的高浓铀和武器级钚后，这些主要强国准备好要缔约一项将只是禁止未来生产裂变材料的条约，因为它们不再需要更多的裂变材料了。这种做法对于它们来说是没有成本的，因为它不会削弱或损害其安全。", "此外，过去数年来，某些主要大国在核合作上采取的歧视性政策导致了不安全和失衡。这些政策为了追求权力和利润而牺牲国际不扩散目标，加剧了我们区域裂变材料储存中的不对称。令人遗憾的是，这些歧视性政策仍在继续，而在由《不扩散条约》的一些最坚定支持者和最猛烈批评裁军谈判会议缺乏进展的国家组成的核供应国集团成员中，也无一提出反对。", "出于这些原因，巴基斯坦被迫采取了一种反对在核问题上采取选择性和歧视性做法的立场。不能指望任何一个国家为了一项对于所有其它有关国家来说是零成本的文书而在其根本安全利益上做出妥协。", "如果采取一种坦诚客观的做法来振兴裁军谈判会议和整个裁军机制的工作，就需要采取以下步骤和措施。", "裁军谈判会议的议程涵盖了若干关键问题，而所有问题都需得到平等和均衡的处理。因有些国家的安全关切而无法在某个问题上取得进展，不应导致裁谈会陷入僵局，因为其议程上的其它问题可以而且也应该加以审议。", "核裁军仍是裁军谈判会议议程上历时最长的未决问题。由120个成员组成的不结盟运动代表了联合国会员国中的压倒性多数，它一贯认为核裁军是裁军谈判会议谈判中最优先的事项。不结盟运动代表昨天的发言再次强调这是一个最优先事项。全体会议应适当注意这一点。", "就消极安全保证达成一项法律文书的建议是多年来一直列在裁军谈判会议议程上的另一个重要问题。一项关于消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的文书不会削弱任何一个国家的长远利益。事实上，没有哪一个核武器国家会考虑对无核武器国家使用核武器。即使只是威胁这样做，在道义上也是应受谴责的。", "我们需承认现实，考虑所有国家的正当安全关切，从而努力在裁军谈判会议上达成共识。裁谈会不能只挑选某些国家认为时机成熟的问题来进行谈判。核武器国家需履行它们的义务，着手就在裁军谈判会议上实现核裁军的有效措施展开谈判。必须杜绝在不扩散和裁军措施上采取的双重标准和选择性做法。", "正如昨天不结盟运动的发言所呼吁的那样，振兴国际裁军机制的务实努力必须包括召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议。该特别会议能够以非歧视、平衡和透明的方式推动核裁军与核不扩散目标作出有深远影响的贡献，同时顾及所有国家的安全利益。", "在结束发言前，我要提请大家对在裁军谈判会议之外进行禁产条约的谈判保持谨慎，因为我们认为，裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。", "在这方面，请允许我提及2005年一个核大国在回应一些国家打算在第一委员会提交一项决议草案，寻求在大会下设立有关裁军谈判会议四个核心问题的特设委员会时陈述的一些观点，这个核大国当时表示：", "“国际社会必须继续把重点放在使裁军谈判会议开展工作，而非创造另一个‘虚幻’的裁军谈判会议上……", "“我们不就事关国家和全球安全的重要问题进行通过多数票决定的谈判……", "“在纽约并不能比在日内瓦更好地解决裁军谈判会议目前僵局的原因……这项决议的结果恰恰是损害其提案国希望推动的国际防扩散和裁军目标。”", "该国在转达这一立场时明确指出，它将不参与任何此类进程，也将不受此类进程产生的任何协议的任何约束。有意思的是，我们注意到，该国目前正寻求把某个问题放到裁军谈判会议之外处理。这种自相矛盾的做法难以理解。", "请允许我重申，巴基斯坦不会加入任何此类进程，也不会考虑接受任何此类进程的成果。我们必须记住，把《禁产条约》放到裁军谈判会议之外谈判也将为以类似办法处理核裁军、消极安全保证等裁军谈判会议议程上的其它项目创造先例。", "本迈希迪先生(阿尔及利亚)(以法语发言)：首先，请允许我真诚感谢秘书长在第113次会议上的重要发言，这确认了他本人对裁军的承诺。我还要感谢裁军事项咨询委员会主席奥尔加·佩利塞尔女士。她向我们通报了她的委员会就本议程项目进行讨论的有关情况。", "我国代表团欢迎组织本次高级别会议的举措。我们认为，本次会议将为会员国提供新的机会，以便更清楚和更深入地继续它们在秘书长的推动下自2010年9月24日开始的交流。", "我国代表团完全赞同埃及代表在第113次会议上以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "阿尔及利亚对裁军和防扩散问题予以最高度的重视。阿尔及利亚政府特别关注有关裁军谈判会议前景的讨论。事实上，考虑到核裁军与防扩散制度面临的威胁，我们今天要着重谈一谈多边谈判作为本着公平、负责和透明的精神考虑合理安全关切的最佳方式具备的优点。", "考虑到裁军谈判会议涉及多个领域，会议陷入持续僵局显然确实令人感到关切。这种情况尤其影响无核武器国家的利益。阿尔及利亚认为，不能把僵局归咎于这一机制失灵，也不能归咎于其运作方式。因此，不能把僵局归咎于裁军谈判会议的议事规则，特别是协商一致的准则，或者归咎于其议程。", "不过，一些人认为僵局是由于议事规则缺乏灵活性，因而提出把协商一致规则的范围完全限制在实质性问题上以及寻求通过表决处理设立附属机构等程序性问题。必须指出的是，区别实质性问题和涉及形式的问题并非总是一件易事，在涉及一个附属机构的具体事宜尤其如此。", "显然，协商一致规则也是平等保护所有国家而不只是最强大国家的安全利益的方式。这一准则考虑到所有国家的安全利益，原则上在达成一项条约后即赋予其合法性，并且确保其普遍性和效力。", "关于裁军谈判会议的议程，阿尔及利亚认为组成议程的项目仍然是合理的，这些项目源自于“十诫”，并且突出强调核威胁。确实，核武器依然是人类面临的最严峻威胁。", "值得回顾的是，裁军谈判会议确实为多边裁军作出了贡献。专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议于1978年设立了裁军谈判会议，目标正是要振兴当时的裁军机制，其任务规定是促进执行在该次特别会议上通过的《行动纲领》(S-10/2号决议，第三部分)。具体而言，裁军谈判会议使《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》得以通过，尽管后者仍未生效。", "裁军谈判会议在取得这两项成就后未能取得进一步进展。事实上，可以在裁军谈判会议框架外裁军和安全政策方面的事态发展中找到造成僵局的原因。", "事实上，导致目前僵局的根本原因一方面是缺乏处理裁军谈判会议议程上所有项目的政治意愿，另一方面则是试图在与区域安全均势不确定性联系在一起的“十诫”事项当中确立主次顺序。如果会员国不展现必要政治意愿，以便达成共同解决方案，并且切实处理所有人的安全和国际和平面临的挑战，裁军谈判会议就无法继续其基本工作。因此，人们应当在这方面采取行动，而不是威胁通过使用另一个机制来使裁军谈判会议被边缘化。", "已经有人提出，如果僵局继续下去，就可以设想由其他论坛来谈判《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)。我国代表团认为，此类做法有可能破坏这项条约所欲达到的目标，即加强防扩散体制、推动核裁军以及普遍加入，它们依然是使这项条约具有必要的政治基础和可信性的必要条件。", "大会不能剥夺裁军谈判会议的特权，甚或是取代裁军谈判会议或者剥夺其任务规定的任何基本组成部分。这种做法除了会制造一个造成严重后果的先例外，还将会使普遍性和裁军谈判会议核心方面和辅助性方面之间应当保持的平衡遭到质疑。", "无论如何，阿尔及利亚都支持在裁军谈判会议的工作方案中采取全面和均衡的办法，把所有方面的优先事项和关切都考虑进去。这一工作方案应当处理裁军谈判会议议程上的所有项目，特别是我刚才提到的主要问题。本着这种精神，阿尔及利亚代表团依然认为，2009年5月以协商一致方式通过的CD/1864号决定依然有效。这项决定肯定不是完美无缺的结果，但是，正如其序言部分所述，它是妥协的成果，是发展进程的一部分。", "CD/1864号决定没有确立优先事项的主次之分。它寻求的是启动互动讨论和谈判，以便创造一种信任的气氛，并且就核裁军和其它事项开展谈判。明确载于CD/1864号决定序言部分中的这个方面似乎常常为一些国家所遗忘，而另外一些国家则常常使之变得含糊不清，而这些国家只坚持禁产条约谈判。", "阿尔及利亚仍然相信，必须重申国际社会对裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判框架的作用的承诺。如果导致裁谈会无法执行任务的分歧继续存在，就应当召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议。它将在更全面审议裁军问题的框架内为重申这一作用提供机会，所进行的审议应当导致就裁军优先事项和裁军机制，包括各审议机构同裁军谈判会议这个谈判论坛之间的协调达成新的共识。", "至于裁军事项咨询委员会的各项意见和建议，阿尔及利亚支持任何可能促进或有效重启裁军谈判会议的工作、同时尊重其原始任务规定的倡议。", "儿玉先生(日本)(以英语发言)：日本谨赞同澳大利亚代表在第113次会议上以“防扩散和裁军倡议”的名义所作的发言，以及荷兰代表以40多个国家的名义所作的发言。", "为了实现无核武器世界的目标，所有核武器国家都必须作出多边裁军努力，并且整个国际社会必须采取一致行动。从这一点出发，裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的作用是非常重要的，因为它把核武器国家和《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)的非缔约国聚集一堂。裁谈会及其前身机构起草了裁军领域中的若干重要条约，例如《核不扩散条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。", "自举行关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议以来，将近一年已经过去。在那次会议上，各方达成了一致政治共识，认为必须打破裁军谈判会议的僵局。但是，在此期间，我们未能抓住这一共识所提供的机会。", "广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸的周年纪念日再次临近，日本公民的忍耐也已达到极限，不能允许再止步不前。我们必须立即就裁军谈判会议的核心议程项目开展实质性工作，并且必须推进核裁军、裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)、消极安全保证和防止外空军备竞赛方面的工作。", "如果裁军谈判会议无法打破僵局，我们必须考虑适当的替代办法，例如更多地利用大会。在这方面，由于一个国家的不合作行动，裁谈会无法为了国际社会的利益开展促进核裁军这项非常重要的工作，这是极其令人遗憾的。这种状况也令人对裁谈会目前的形式产生疑问。", "有鉴于此，今天的后续会议和大会的下届会议，特别是第一委员会10月的会议，为我们提供了推动核裁军和振兴裁军谈判会议和裁军机制的重要机会。", "日本特别重视早日启动裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。我们同澳大利亚政府一道，在裁军谈判会议正式会议间隙期间举办了3次专家会边活动，就复杂的技术问题举行了裁谈会内部历来最深入的讨论。在这些会边活动之后，再加上过去几年里裁军谈判会议举行的关于裂变材料禁产条约的非正式会议，我们可以认为，技术性讨论大体上已经完成。因此，我们现在处于必须开始谈判的阶段。我们必须为此开始进行政治讨论。", "日本最近同另外9个无核武器国密切合作，发起了“防扩散和裁军倡议”。我们已经在去年9月和今年4月召开了两次部长级会议，对坚定执行2010年不扩散条约审议大会就某些问题达成的协议作出了贡献。日本决心通过同这9个国家充分合作，制定有效的建议，在核裁军与不扩散方面取得具体的进展，包括早日开始有关裂变材料禁产条约和增加透明度的谈判。", "必须保持最近不扩散条约审议大会的成功势头，并继续促进旨在实现裁军与不扩散的积极行动。在纽约这里可以为支持这项行动作出很大努力。今年5月，日本为此目的同波兰和土耳其合作举办了一次研讨会，获得了纽约外交界的有力、积极响应。我期待作出进一步的这类努力，以便继续对促进裁军与不扩散作出贡献，并促成裁军谈判会议和裁军机制的振兴。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表统称为IGOS的裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组发言。", "首先，我要赞扬主席在非常恰当的时刻安排本次辩论会。裁军与不扩散是全球关心的问题。因此，各观察国欢迎有机会提出它们的看法。", "首先，我可以申明，本小组成员国充分致力于裁军谈判会议及其振兴。我确认振兴工作是一个多层面的进程，但我的发言将仅限于谈增加成员问题，因为这个问题是我们这个非正式小组存在的理由。", "实际上，早就应当增加成员，因为上次增加是在1999年。现在请允许我回顾，议事规则指出，“将定期审查裁谈会的成员组成”——情况根本不是这样的。", "但是，我们提出呼吁的主要理由是政治性的。实际上，我们的理由相当简单和直截了当。裁军谈判会议目前的成员组成不再反映世界的现实。自从最近一次扩大以来，12年已经过去。如果我们的目标是恢复裁谈会的工作，这一局面已不再符合当今现实，当然是难以为继的。", "有这样一句被无数次重复的话，裁军谈判会议并不是在真空中工作。实际上，它不应当在真空中工作。但是，为了重新同国际社会和现实接轨，裁谈会首先必须理解，世界的面貌自1999年以来已经改变。", "裁军谈判会议应当更加开放、更加包容。它应当认真和紧急考虑邀请更多的国家参加，使它更好地代表我们生活的世界。此外，我们应当牢记，裁谈会尽管成员有限，但所作出的决定却是全球性的。它们关系到所有国家。", "为了真正取得成功，这一转变进程应当是包容性和完全透明的，而不是有限和保守的。我们认为，成员的增加是一个资产，而不是一个负担。这对裁军谈判会议来说是一个新的机遇，一个崭新的开始。仍有国家意欲加入会议这一简单事实无异于发出明确而有力的政治声明，即倾向于认为它对当今世界仍具有现实意义。但愿我们可以说，增加成员数目将有助于使会议更具合法性，考虑到当前的状况，这应该予以适当考虑。", "在这种背景下，我们再次呼吁尽早提名一名特别报告员，以审查会籍的问题。在任何情况下——请允许我在这一点上说得十分明确——任命报告员不会预判任何具体结果。毋庸置言，决定权掌握在裁军谈判会议的成员国手中。", "我们还借此机会强调，众多会员国、区域集团和其它组织如东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟和东欧集团等都赞同我们的观点，它们在今年的会议期间并再次在今天的会议上表示，它们大力支持扩大成员组成，并任命一名特别报告员。", "我们集团在裁军谈判会议2011年年会前两部分中的多次全体会议上谈到了扩大会议成员数目的问题。我们还在秘书长咨询委员会第56次会议上向其通报了该问题。因此，我们再次呼吁在当前的振兴辩论中审议会籍的问题。", "我愿借我发言的机会，从我本国的角度补充几点意见。从我本国角度来说，我们完全赞同在第113次会议上以欧洲联盟名义所做的发言以及我刚刚以非正式观察员国小组名义所做的发言。", "我愿表示，我国承认裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。因此，葡萄牙致力于积极支持会议的工作。本着同一精神，会议也必须尽它的一份力量，即：跟上当前的裁军议程的步伐。", "我们应铭记，虽然会议的成员数目有限，但是它的决定却具有全球性。它们影响到我们所有人。因此，尽管会议长期陷于僵局但仍有国家意欲加入会议的事实无异是认为会议具有现实意义的明确而有力的政治声明。我们认为，增加成员数目将提高会议的合法性。我们承认，增加成员数目本身并不是解决办法，但是，它无疑是改进会议运转的办法之一。", "Waxman先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：以色列重视讨论振兴裁军谈判会议的问题。我们真诚讨论该问题事实上非常及时，这不仅是因为会议工作长期陷于僵局，而主要是因为有人呼吁将会议议程上的问题拿到会议以外去处理，甚或是以另一个自称更加适合完成这一任务的机构来替代会议。", "以色列不支持这些呼吁，我们也不认为这些呼吁会帮助促进会议开展有意义的工作。毫无争议的是，会议的确需要一种更新和明确的远见卓识，以使它打破旷日持久的僵局，但是它的振兴必须从会议内部开始。能为我们提供一种更好解决办法，或建立一个能更有效开展裁军谈判进程的机构的魔棒是不存在的。", "裁军谈判会议是一个被广泛认作为裁军领域唯一多边谈判机构的独特实体。它的独特性源自于它的成员组成，其中包括与这些问题关系最密切的国家，也源自于它的议事规则。尽管有些人批评这些议事规则已经过时，反映的是过去的地缘政治现实，但是以色列仍然相信，它们完全适合于会议议程上问题的复杂性与敏感性。这些议事规则特别是共识的规则反映出，需保护关键的安全利益，并使参与谈判的各国放心地处理这些关键问题。", "人们必须真诚考虑是否应该试图将1978年关于裁军问题的大会特别会议授权会议处理的问题拿到会外处理从而回避该多边论坛的复杂性，并考虑此种尝试能否产生预期效果。", "在常规领域，独立进程迄今尚未能将最为相关的国家吸引进来，这些国家如能参与新的法律安排，将给实地局势带来极为显著的变化。《集束弹药公约》正是这样一个例子。尽管已有100多个国家签署了该文书，但是实际审查表明，约有90%的集束弹药武库仍不受条约约束。有关国家就是不加入进来，而是在别处寻找解决办法。在这方面，非常规领域更加错综复杂。", "以色列不认为将问题拿到裁军谈判会议以外处理是一种可靠或有益的提议。我们认为，会议应侧重于寻找以有意义的方式提高自身效力的途径。尽管在4个核心问题上持续存在僵局，但是没有理由会议不应就其议程上的其它问题开展实质性工作并实际进行谈判。", "可以也应该找到商定的办法，既认可国际社会对这4个核心问题的持续重视给与其的效力，与此同时也指导会议采取务实做法，就可能对安全与稳定产生重要影响的其它问题进行谈判。这些重要项目之一就是专门讨论军备透明度问题的议程项目7。在这个议程项目下可以审议许多重要问题，例如商谈禁止向恐怖分子转让军备或便携式防空系统。只要僵局持续下去，就能够也应该就推进其它有关问题达成一致。", "过去多年来，裁军谈判会议为国际社会发挥了良好作用。该机构至为重要，不能弃之不理。我们相信今后会议可以做出大量贡献。让我们不要踏上有可能使该机构无法这样做的道路。相反，让我们侧重于现实有益的办法，推动这辆大车向前行进。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：我愿赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义在第113次会议上所做的发言。", "在我发言伊始，我愿引用一句智者谚语“拙匠常怪工具差”。裁军谈判会议作为一件工具，制定了各项主要裁军国际法律文书，即使是在冷战期间复杂的政治和安全局势下，一样充分证明了其效率及议事规则的效力，其中包括共识的规则。", "尽管有人继续企图利用技术问题如其议事规则来掩盖会议无所作为的政治本质，裁军事项咨询委员会在其最近的报告中就得出此种恰当结论，但那些貌似程序方面的问题实际上却是政治问题。", "缺乏政治意愿是裁军谈判会议的主要问题。因此，振兴其活动的唯一选择是为这个重要和不可替代的论坛、这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构注入政治意愿。", "我们认为，评估会议业绩的任何可能倡议都应是透明、全面、公平的，更加重要的是，应由会员国主动提出的。它应侧重于处理问题的根源。此种评估的主要目的应是提高会议的业绩表现，同时维护其性质、作用、宗旨和权威。", "在对裁谈会的表现进行评估时，我们必须小心谨慎，不要把我们的考虑与夸大其词、悲观态度、预判结果和不信任的情绪化判断掺杂在一起，因为这种做法只会使情况更加复杂和严重。", "与赞同改变裁谈会协商一致规则的一些人不同，我们认为，靠改变裁谈会议事规则的形式或模式无法改善裁谈会，这是由于与各国最高国家安全利益紧密相关的裁军条约有着敏感性质，协商一致是制订此类条约的唯一办法，过去在裁谈会内外缔结裁军条约时的情况都是如此。", "过去十年来裁谈会无所作为的原因是：缺乏政治意愿；某些国家不愿意考虑所有国家的安全利益，也不愿意通过全面平衡的方式来考虑所有核心问题；一些国家把裁谈会作为仅仅讨论一个问题的场所，不愿意承认其它问题的重要性；某些国家甚至不愿意为消除因这类武器的存在本身给人类构成的威胁而启动人们长期期待但却长期遭拖延的有关核武器公约的谈判，尽管正如专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)协商一致成果文件(第S-10/2号决议)中所反映的那样，国际社会已把核裁军确定为裁军领域的最高优先事项；这些国家不愿意就向无核武器国家提供消极安全保证以及就防止外层空间武器竞赛问题，达成具有法律约束力的普遍性文书。", "我们认为，彻底消除核武器是最高优先事项，也是防止使用或者威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证。为此，我们认为，裁谈会应当把重点放在推动核裁军议程和彻底消除核武器，以最终建立一个无核武器世界上。", "在这一背景下，我们坚决支持裁军谈判会议早日就在具体时间表内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约开始谈判。我们也支持开始进行谈判，以便就为无核武器国家提供消极安全保证和防止外层空间武器竞赛达成普遍、无条件和具有法律约束力的文书。", "我们强调多边主义作为裁军和防扩散领域谈判的核心原则的效力，而且，尽管我们重申我们决心推动这一宝贵的原则，但我们要回顾的是，第一届裁军特别联大的协商一致成果文件至关重要，而且依然有效。我们坚决认为，由于裁军谈判会议是由第一届裁军特别联大建立的，因此，应对面临挑战的最佳方式是举行第四届裁军特别联大，这一提议得到许多国家，特别是不结盟运动120个成员国的强有力支持。", "最后，我们认为，没有什么其它替代倡议可以取代第四届裁军特别联大或者裁军谈判会议的作用。裁军谈判会议当前面临的不是什么新问题。应对挑战的最佳方式是以最简单的方式解决问题。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰)(以英语发言)：秘书长在2010年9月召集举行的高级别会议有助于突出强调各国对于裁军谈判会议陷入僵局根本原因的看法。会议还凸显出国际社会从讨论走向行动的强烈愿望。需要重新评估的不仅是裁军谈判会议的工作方法，还有联合国裁军审议委员会和第一委员会的工作方法。这三个机构都必须更加敏于应对，并且准备好改变它们的工作方式。", "我国对裁军采取的办法植根于这一坚定信念：多边合作有利于所有人的利益，而且特别有利于仰赖一个强有力、基于准则的国际体系的小国的利益。我们今天在这里举行会议的主要原因之一是，裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构现在没有在正常运转。考虑到裁谈会至关重要，这种运转失灵的情况令人感到不安。", "我们在寻求问题的解决办法时，应当记住，裁军谈判会议过去在军备控制和裁军领域作出过杰出贡献。它无法再作出贡献没有任何理由可言。", "考虑到过去的表现，裁军谈判会议16年多来未能开展实质性谈判工作的事实更加令人失望。爱尔兰自1999年成为裁军谈判会议成员以来，从未看到在裁军谈判会议开展过任何有意义的工作。这种情况无法解释，也难以为之辩护。这给多边主义造成不好的印象，并且对国际和平与安全有显著影响。在裁军大环境内没有任何进展的情况下，裁军谈判会议停滞不前的现象或许可以理解，但是现在，这种情况与我们最近在其它方面看到的积极发展形成了鲜明对比。", "爱尔兰愿意参加讨论裁军谈判会议议程上四个核心问题中的任何一个或者全部四个问题。尽管每个国家都拥有促进和捍卫本国国家安全利益的权利，但我们认为，当初订立协商一致规则的用意绝对不是要确立一个机制，使一个国家能够阻挠大多数会员国就某个问题进行谈判的愿望。我们认为，所造成的裁军谈判会议没有能力就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判的情况是不可持续的。谈判任何核心问题都需要时间，有可能需要许多年。在谈判过程中可以照顾到具体国家的关切，而且，无论如何，根据协商一致规则，任何协议都不得强加给他人。不过，不言而喻的是，要达成协议，就必须开始谈判。", "我国在裁军谈判会议内的主要目标是推动核裁军。可以通过许多办法来促进这一工作，包括通过缔结一项有关裂变材料的适当条约——这项条约可以包括核查机制并且涵盖现有储存——以及缔结一项有关消极安全保证的普遍和具有法律约束力的条约。防止外层空间军备竞赛问题应当受到紧急重视，否则我们就会丧失防止此种军备竞赛的机会之窗。", "尽管实质性分歧是裁军谈判会议陷入瘫痪的根源，但我们认为，裁谈会议的组织方式本身是一个因素。甚至连开始谈判和作出最基本程序性决定都要求达成协商一致，这造成了我们大家再熟悉不过的僵局。", "阻碍进展的另一个因素是，对每年通过工作方案的要求的解释，需要包括复杂的谈判任务规定和其他细节，而不是象多数其他多边机构那样，仅仅是活动日程。", "我们认为，裁军谈判会议成员数目的增加和民间社会更多地参与其工作，将增进国际公众舆论在裁谈会中的代表性，并加强它的地位和公信力。", "我同其他发言者一样，欢迎秘书长咨询委员会的各项建议，并希望这些建议能够指引我们打破裁军谈判会议中的僵局。与此同时，我们不能回避严峻的现实，即各国承担着制定和执行全球问题的解决办法的首要责任。从根本上讲，这是一个政治意愿的问题。", "此种责任远远超过裁军谈判会议本身。裁军审议委员会连续12年未取得实质性成果，这种局面不应继续下去。第一委员会的工作方法也需要获得会员国的关注。", "尽管一委应当是辩论裁军和不扩散领域中最紧迫的问题以及如何解决这些问题的主要论坛，但是我们却看到它的时间未得到有效利用，年复一年象例行公事一样提交内容几乎一成不变、价值往往有限的决议。", "在这紧缩的时候，我们大家都要说明我们如何分配稀缺的资源。发挥职能的裁军机制是一个优先事项，但在投入和产出之间必须有一个关联。", "最后，我谨表示希望，我们今天的交流将成为一个行动呼吁，并将鼓励最直接有关的各方重新评估其做法，接受它们同国际社会一道承担的进行参与、谈判和达成协议的责任，使我们能够实现无核武器世界的最终目标。", "爱尔兰随时准备审议所有旨在通过大会的活动取得进展的想法，包括咨询委员会向秘书长提出的各项建议，以及还有召开另一次裁军特别会议的可能性——爱尔兰对这个想法的态度是完全开放的。我们期待着10月在第一委员会中进行进一步的讨论。", "坎塞拉先生(乌拉圭)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，由于我看到本大会堂中这么多席位空着，并注意到我的许多同事的缺席，而他们坚定致力于裁军与不扩散问题，并且对今天的辩论非常感兴趣，请允许我指出，令人遗憾的是，由于本次辩论会的组织问题，参与程度很低，出席人数很少。", "我国赞同荷兰常驻代表以请求召开本次辩论会的国家的名义所作的发言。", "乌拉圭是请求在题为“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”的议程项目162之下召开一次全体会议的国家之一。因此，我们对本次会议表示欢迎。", "2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议表明，联合国会员国重视多边主义，并对裁军谈判会议陷于僵局普遍表示关切，这一僵局损害了裁谈会的信誉，并对整个联合国系统造成影响。", "同样清楚的是，必须迅速开展有关一项非歧视性和可进行国际核查的条约的谈判，以禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料，并且必须就核裁军问题、消极安全保证和防止外层空间的军备竞赛，开始进行实质性的工作。", "令人遗憾的是，裁军谈判会议今年的实质性会议再次失去了一次宝贵的机会，因为它未能就审议中的问题取得进展，或是发出任何有希望的信号，即近期内局势将会改观。", "我们都了解并承认裁军谈判会议及其前任组织的成就，它是为了整个国际社会的利益而制定军备限制的主要文书的真正论坛。然而，该系统的内在缺陷、缺乏政治意愿或是达成共识的必要性，不能成为超过13年来无所事事的理由。成员身份和共识是一种附带着责任的特权，因此，裁军谈判会议必须满足对其成员所寄于的期望，完成交付它的任务，并按照我们的时代需要作出努力。", "乌拉圭认识到，鉴于这种普遍的失败感，必须寻找迅速和有效的解决办法，以便重启裁军谈判会议的工作。", "为此目的，我谨提出在这些领域中振兴多边谈判的三项具体建议。", "第一，我们必须利用当前的政治时机，它使我们能够恢复温和的多边主义。必须重申国际社会为处理裁军事项所设立的机构的特权与合法性，并且必须把尊重国际法当作各国间和平共处所不可缺少的准则。", "因此，乌拉圭要求裁军谈判会议立即开始谈判一项非歧视性和可进行国际核查的条约，以禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料。我国也敦促就有关消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的协议，进行无条件的谈判，以确保无核国不会遭受核武器国家使用或威胁使用这类武器的灾难性后果。", "无核国对消极安全保证的正当关注和合法愿望，得到了《联合国宪章》第二条第四款的法律和政治支持。同样，乌拉圭要求就新的、有效和可核查的多边文书进行谈判，以防止外层空间的军备竞赛，包括部署武器。", "第二，乌拉圭认为，振兴裁军谈判会议工作的办法之一是扩大其成员组成，接纳那些已经表示有兴趣加入裁军谈判会议的国家。在这方面，我赞同葡萄牙代表团以裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。我国同自1982年以来一直主张扩大这个机构的其他25个国家一道，一直都正式表示愿意参加裁军谈判会议的工作。因此，乌拉圭提议为裁军谈判会议问题任命一名特别协调员，研究在2011年扩大其成员组成的问题。", "第三，如果裁军谈判会议无法打破目前的僵局，大会就必须依照《联合国宪章》授予它的任务规定采取行动。《宪章》第十一条规定，大会：", "“得考虑关于维持国际和平及安全之合作之普通原则，包括军缩及军备管制之原则；并得向会员国或安全理事会提出对于该项原则之建议。”", "乔班奥卢先生(土耳其)(以英语发言)：土耳其非常重视裁军谈判会议作为裁军问题的唯一多边谈判机构所作的工作。我们希望看到该会议能恢复进行实质性的工作。因此，土耳其联署了要求召开今天会议的信函。", "我国赞同昨天荷兰常驻代表以签署该信函的41个国家的名义所作的发言。土耳其也赞同澳大利亚常驻代表以不扩散和裁军倡议的名义所作的发言。由于这些发言已经包含了我国的许多看法，我谨以我国代表的身份再作几点补充。", "第一，虽然对如何振兴裁军谈判会议的工作有许多不同看法，但我们希望这一振兴过程源自会议本身。话虽如此，但是比如举行今天的会议这样的其他努力也有助于制造声势，传达国际社会希望裁军谈判会议恢复进行实质性工作的强烈愿望。", "第二，我们在集中力量振兴裁军谈判会议工作的同时，不应该认为目前存在的问题仅限于裁军谈判会议本身。实际上，这些问题涉及所有多边裁军机制。这并非是说这些问题该由联合国裁军机制负责，与之恰恰相反，正如潘基文秘书长在昨天开幕词(见A/65/PV.113)中明确指出的那样，问题不在于车辆而在于司机。我国认为，只有借助各方展现政治意愿和灵活性，这些问题才能得到全面解决。", "第三，关于裁军谈判会议工作方法的任何讨论都应考虑到，在涉及国际安全问题时，协商一致规则是一项至关重要的工具。各国有时都可能需要这一工具来捍卫其合法的安全利益。我们认为，除了采用协商一致规则外，我们别无选择。", "最后，我国与其他一些代表团的观点不同。我国认为，扩大裁军谈判会议的组成并非是振兴其工作中的优先事项。我国认为，目前裁军谈判会议中的僵局与其组成无关。事实上，如果裁军谈判会议在目前的组成下无法解决它的问题，那么这些问题也未必能在扩大组成后的裁军谈判会议中得到解决，甚至根本无法得到解决，因为扩大组成后的裁军谈判会议将处理不同的优先事项和代表不同的利益方面。我国还认为，关于扩大裁军谈判会议组成的讨论也应顾及会议成员国愿意根据个案对会议工作作出重大贡献的问题。", "我国希望看到，裁军谈判会议得到振兴、所有会员国的关切得到解决、处理核心问题的实质性工作得到开展以及最终在现有会议成员组成的情况下打破长期存在的僵局。", "莱切夫先生(保加利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我代表我国代表团对戴斯主席和潘基文秘书长召开本次辩论会表示衷心感谢。我国作为呼吁召开本次辩论会的国家之一，非常感激能有机会参加这次继2010年9月召开的“关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议”之后的后续讨论会。", "保加利亚赞同以欧洲联盟的名义和荷兰代表以一个跨区域国家集团的名义所作的发言。我仅强调对我国至关重要的几点。", "我们大家都希望2010年9月举行的高级别会议能推动裁军谈判会议作出积极发展。但令人遗憾的是，情况并非如此。该会议迄今未能抓住全球裁军和不扩散领域的发展势头。然而，我们一致认为这种僵局不能、也不该再继续下去。长达十五年的时间已经丧失，我们无法再承受失去更多时间。", "令人感觉讽刺的是，面对各种不对称的威胁和共同安全挑战的情况下，裁军谈判会议应该比以前更为重要，而且目前应该有做不完的工作。国际社会应该比以前更加相信多边主义是解决这些挑战和威胁的适当办法。僵局持续时间越长，裁军谈判会议的重要性就越受到质疑。", "众所周知，导致会议陷入僵局的借口是协商一致规则和缺乏政治意愿等理由。这不是裁军谈判会议的问题，是我们这些成员国应该对此负责。改变应该从我们自己做起。我们大家应该扪心自问，我们希望裁军谈判会议再次变得重要和有公信力的意愿到底有多强。协商一致规则的确存在，但我们需要有创意地使用这项规则，而不是用它使会议动弹不得。制定这项规则的目的是为了让成员国能够在妥协的基础上表达共同意愿，而不是将一个成员国的观点强加给其他国家。", "世界各国紧密相连。新的现实状况要用新的办法来应对。如果裁军谈判会议无法迅速适应新的挑战和新的情况，那么它将使自己陷入无关重要的境地。新的状况发展快速，裁军谈判会议也需作出快速应对。该会议必须完成使命，否则就有可能迫使国际社会探索其他替代办法来进行关于裁军和不扩散问题的多边谈判。", "一个得到振兴的裁军谈判会议意味着它是一个运作良好、符合新的现实情况的裁军谈判会议。然而，两个最紧迫的问题仍然存在，它们分别是：第一，通过一项工作方案；第二，立即开展关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判。任何一个国家的安全关切，如果是合理的，就应该做为谈判过程的一部分得到解决，而不能成为阻碍裁军谈判会议开展实质性工作的障碍。如果要启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判，就不应当把任何问题排除在讨论范围之外。", "增加裁军谈判会议成员国数目绝对是朝着顺应新现实方向迈出的一步。新成员将会带来新的活力和想法。民间社会也是这一进程的一部分。各个非政府组织和研究机构也可发挥其重要作用。我们与其他国家一道呼吁也要改进第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会的工作方法。", "我们随时准备在今年10月第一委员会开始第六十六届会议期间工作之前，为实现这些目标而作出努力。然而，我最后想引用贝托尔特·布莱希特先生的话来结束我的发言：“事情既然发展到这一步，就不会永远停留于此”。这个道理完全适用于当前的裁军谈判会议。", "卡瓦克图兰先生(菲律宾)(以英语发言)：菲律宾赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。我国代表团还支持葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组名义所作的发言以及荷兰代表以意见相同的国家的名义所作的发言。", "菲律宾重申，它坚信多边外交是在核裁军和核不扩散问题上取得进一步进展的最佳途径。在2010年5月召开的不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会上，各缔约国通过了大会成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))，从而在这些方面向前迈出了重要一步。在这方面，菲律宾谨提请各缔约国注意它们所担负的执行该成果文件结论和建议章节所列行动计划的义务，以及其中关于1995年中东问题决议实施情况的部分。", "2010年9月召开高级别会议时采取了一项行动。今天的辩论会是将近一年前举行的那次会议的延续。尽管那次会议至今已过去了很长一段时间——实际上在裁军谈判会议商定《全面禁止核试验条约》之后的逾15年时间里——僵局仍在持续。", "这种永无休止的状况不能再继续下去。根据去年9月召开的高级别会议的讨论情况，菲律宾和许多其他国家的代表团认为这种状况不可为续。裁军谈判会议必须商定和实行一项工作方案。如果它不能做到这一点，那么就必须采取其他的决定性行动。此外，鉴于这种自下而上的工作方式造成各种改革裁谈会的努力陷于瘫痪——因为协商一致规则赋予裁谈会每个成员国类似于否决权的权力——因此，当初设立裁军谈判会议的大会现在必须通过一种自上而下的方式来彰显其权力。", "菲律宾与观察国非正式小组内其他国家的代表团一样认为，亟需增加裁军谈判会议的成员国数目。为了增强裁谈会的包容性和活力，菲律宾呼吁按照其议事规则，对其成员组成进行一次审查，并且允许增加其成员数目。目前为裁谈会观察员的许多国家均抱有成为正式成员的合理愿望。为了促成这一审查工作，菲律宾呼吁裁军谈判会议任命一名负责裁谈会扩大问题的特别报告员/协调员。", "然而，还必须考虑其他可选途径。裁军谈判会议也许号称是唯一的多边裁军机构，但是有一些裁军问题协议——包括《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》和《集束弹药公约》——是在该机构以外订立的。在这些公约的框架内，并非所有国家都在这些公约一出台便加入成为缔约国，事实上，还有些国家至今仍未签约加入，但这不排除这些国家最终成为缔约国的可能性。正如菲律宾认为的那样，关键是尽早启动谈判。", "可以效仿的另一个办法是目前在筹备谈判拟订武器贸易条约过程中所采取的方式。这项工作属于大会负责的范围。大会已决定召开一次联合国会议来谈判拟订该条约。菲律宾也继续支持关于召开第四届裁军问题特别会议(第四届裁军特别联大)的想法，因为该会议可以全面重新评估和振兴联合国裁军机制的工作。", "对于我国代表团来说，重要的并不是由哪个机构进行谈判，而是切实启动谈判，并导致取得更切实和具体的成果，而不仅仅是如同今年4月裁军审议委员会的上次会议那样，提出几份会议实况报告。", "我们今天在这里与会的各国需要作出一个选择，一个艰难的决定。我们是仍继续受限于裁军谈判会议，寄希望于那些困扰裁谈会的棘手问题随着时间推移而魔幻般地消失，使关于裁军问题议程的谈判取得实际进展，还是敢于摆脱束缚，另循其它途径，例如走许多国家在谈判缔结《渥太华公约》和《奥斯陆公约》时所走的那条路？我们是启动一个与裁军谈判会议平行的进程，还是希望复制1978年第一届裁军问题特别会议所取得的成功结果，将希望寄托在第四届裁军问题特别会议上？我们是否确实必须委托某个高级别小组进一步研究哪些事非做不可？我们可否走大会这条途径，让这个机构在推进多边裁军谈判方面发挥更核心、更积极的作用？", "不幸的是，正确的答案并不明朗。在我们看来，我们显然必须尽早作出抉择并加以贯彻落实。应当作出的抉择也许是让大会发挥其更核心、更积极的作用，并寻找具有创意的替代途径，从而推进多边裁军谈判。如果我们不作出决定并采取行动，那么我们注定会陷入停滞和无作为状态，进而使那些至今一直未被使用的武器更有可能被使用，造成毁灭性、可怕的恶果。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：我要与其他同事一道感谢主席召开2010年9月24日高级别会议的后续会议。我国外交部长克里希纳先生阁下出席了那次高级别会议。", "印度赞同以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "从那次高级别会议召开以来，已过去了将近一年的时间。裁军谈判会议仍然未能担负起其多边条约谈判的主要责任。我们与其他成员国一样，对裁谈会陷入持续的僵局感到失望。我们认为这一僵局不该归罪于裁军谈判会议及其议事规则。我们相信，今天的会议应该发出一个强烈的讯息，表明支持裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构，并且为制定包括尽早在裁军谈判会议上启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的各项谈判在内的多边议程提供政治推动力。", "裁军谈判会议于2009年5月协商一致通过了一项关于其工作方案的决定。该决定包括立即启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判。2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议表明CD/1864号文件得到了非常广泛的支持。事实上，该会议提出的第一项建议就是呼吁裁谈会在2011年通过一项类似的工作方案，后来秘书长1月26日在裁军谈判会议上发言时又重申了该项建议。", "如果各方能达成共识，形成一项工作方案，在我们协商一致通过第CD/1864号决定时所取得进展基础上达成共识，如果此一决定会推动裁谈会尽早开始实质性工作，包括在第CD/1299号决定所载任务授权基础上就裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判，那么印度将不会横加阻拦。这不影响我们对核裁军问题的重视。", "印度一贯坚定不移地支持全球性、非歧视和可核查的核裁军。拉吉夫·甘地总理提出了一项实现没有核武器和非暴力世界秩序的富有远见的行动计划。该计划制定了以有时限、普遍、非歧视、分阶段和可核查方式实现核裁军的路线图。我们回顾，第一届裁军问题特别会议的《最后文件》（第S-10/2号决议）将核裁军列为优先事项中的重中之重。我们认为，可以在一项普遍承诺以及一个全球性、非歧视的多边协商一致框架基础上，通过一个循序渐进的进程来实现核裁军目标。我们需要所有拥有核武器的国家之间开展有效对话，以建立互信和信任，降低此类武器在国际事务和安全理论中占据的突出地位。", "我愿重申，我们支持裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边谈判论坛，裁谈会的此一性质也得到了国际社会的认可。裁谈会仍具有履行该职责所需的任务授权、成员组成、公信力以及议事规则。要靠成员国通过谈判可能得到普遍执行的多边条约使裁谈会发挥作用。那些置疑裁谈会效力或现实性的建议或采取不切实际备选方案的建议，都不会在各有关国家参与的情况下取得有益或有效成果，推动商定的多边议程。我们希望我们今天的讨论将为裁军议程营造积极势头，并重申裁军谈判会议作为实现我们共同目标的唯一多边谈判论坛，可发挥关键作用。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：我国代表团赞扬主席就秘书长去年9月24日召开的重要高级别会议采取后续行动，该会议的主题是振兴裁军谈判会议工作、推进多边裁军谈判。", "我们还感谢戴斯主席、潘基文秘书长、裁军事项咨询委员会主席奥尔加·佩利塞尔女士以及裁军谈判会议秘书长兼联合国日内瓦办事处执行主任卡西姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫先生所作的发言。他们富有远见卓识的发言以及秘书长对前述会议所做的总结都指出了加强裁军机制以实现裁军和防扩散共同愿景的重要关键步骤。我们还重申，裁军有助于处理其它全球性挑战，其中包括减贫、气候变化以及实现千年发展目标。", "哈萨克斯坦一贯坚定支持核不扩散和裁军愿景，它决定关闭其核试验场并放弃规模位居世界前列的核武库，就证明了这一点。作为裁军谈判会议的一个成员，哈萨克斯坦高度重视该论坛及其过去做出的贡献。但是，令人遗憾的是，裁谈会辜负了对它寄予的期望。现在到了评估具体战略，以打破过去十年来在普遍公认关键问题上的僵局，加速裁军和不扩散进程的时候了。", "与其它会员国一样，哈萨克斯坦赞同尽早开始就一项非歧视、多边和可进行国际核查的裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判至关重要。该项条约将把非法军事核计划控制在最低限度以内，显著改进对现有材料的控制，从而大幅降低核恐怖主义的威胁。", "哈萨克斯坦是拜科努尔宇宙发射基地的东道国，它参与了外层空间领域的国际合作，并在多边合作基础上参与了本国的太空开发，它呼吁严格维护外层空间活动的和平性质，并敦促裁谈会将此问题纳入其议程。考虑到参与并依赖外空方案的国家数目日益增多，我们应与处理太空探索问题的其它国际实体协作，从而进一步促进防止外层空间军备竞赛的努力。", "我国总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫2010年4月在华盛顿特区召开的核安全首脑会议上呼吁，草拟一项关于核大国为无核武器国家提供安全保证的具有国际法律约束力的文书。只有提供这种保证，才能有效遏制某些无核武器国家获取核武器以保障其自身安全的愿望。下一步应是草拟一项关于无核武器世界的全球宣言，以此重申各国决心欣然地逐步朝着缔结一项关于无核武器世界的公约方向迈进。", "我国代表团赞同其它会员国的看法，认为目前的僵局损害了裁军谈判会议的公信力，引发了对其现实性的质疑。多边谈判当前所处的僵局被认为不仅是由缺乏政治意愿，也是由于裁军机制的缺陷造成的。", "总而言之，我国代表团呼吁大会及各会员国考虑如何审查裁谈会的任务授权、成员组成、架构以及工作程序，并立即就裂变材料禁产条约、和平利用外层空间、关于消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的条约以及关于禁止核武器的宣言或公约等开始工作，从而加强裁军和不扩散措施。必须重新审查共识原则，以使裁谈会成为一个有力、能发挥作用的实体，而不是像某些国家建议的那样将决策进程转移到联合国以外。裁谈会的工作应当始于对过去已确定的问题和那些将在不久后出现的问题来说都具有现实性而且有效的议程。因此，我们大力支持秘书长提议任命一个由知名人士组成的高级别小组，寻找加强裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议的方法。", "最后，我愿向大会保证，哈萨克斯坦将采取一切可能步骤，以加强裁军谈判会议，并加大它对多边裁军进程的承诺。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢大会主席召开本次会议，讨论这个非常重要的问题。我希望我们今天在这里共聚一堂是为了庆祝对重启多边裁军谈判的前景有了新的希望和热情。但实际上我们没有。裁军谈判会议依然陷入僵局，而且实际上已经崩溃。必须进行重要的体制改革。", "正因为如此，加拿大外长约翰·贝尔德先生宣布暂停参加由北韩担任主席的裁军谈判会议时，我国还牵头倡议改革甄选裁军谈判会议主席的办法。加拿大之所以作出这些努力，是由于我们认为担任裁军谈判会议的主席是一项殊荣，只应当给予那些推动并遵守裁军谈判会议价值观和目标的国家。正如我国外长所言，让在核不扩散和不遵守问题上全世界表现最恶劣的国家之一担任一个裁军机构的主席是荒谬的。", "加拿大很高兴出任了裁军谈判会议2011年六任轮值主席中的首任，我们也是几个具有出色的不扩散记录并且坚定致力于裁军的主席国中的一个。", "今年到目前为止，裁军谈判会议成员就会议的四个核心议程项目举行了讨论。但是，让我们明确一点。裁军谈判会议的任务规定是谈判，而不仅仅是讨论裁军问题。裁军谈判会议2011年的会议即将结束，但各方对于工作方案依然坚持己见，而且立场相互排斥。我们使裁军谈判会议在2011年恢复工作的努力尚未表明是成功的，不过，加拿大将在8月份，在北韩不再担任裁军谈判会议主席之后为此作出新的努力。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "李东日先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：我要求发言是因为加拿大代表刚才把朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为北韩。朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是联合国的一个会员国，主席先生，我恳请你在这个问题上要求该发言者遵守规则。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们注意到朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表提出的程序性问题。我请加拿大代表继续发言。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大)(以英语发言)：考虑到裁军谈判会议继续陷入僵局，加拿大认为，必须真诚地作出努力，以便对去年9月的高级别会议采取后续行动。许多国家在去年9月的高级别会议上表示支持如果到今年秋季前尚未启动实质性工作——包括谈判——的话，将为裁军谈判会议设定一个最后期限，加拿大是其中之一。具体而言，我们认为大会第六十六届会议也可以审议应当如何开展裁军谈判会议的工作的问题。", "今年2月28日，加拿大前外长劳伦斯·坎农阁下在裁军谈判会议发言时再次敦促裁军谈判会议成员跳出常规思考问题。我们今年已经看到新思维的一些积极迹象。澳大利亚和日本就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)进行的会外活动就是一个明显例子。尽管不情愿，加拿大还是认为，也到了跳出裁军谈判会议考虑问题的时候了。", "加拿大把《禁产条约》作为未来裁军文书的重中之重，虽然我们倾向于在裁军谈判会议开始谈判，但是，我们对于毫无建树的多边机构的耐心是有限的。当前，65个国家中的一个国家正在利用次区域战略问题来阻碍裁军谈判会议进行禁产条约谈判。然而，另一个或者另外一些国家明天可以同样轻而易举地在一个程序性问题上滥用裁军谈判会议的协商一致规则，从而扼杀实质性多边裁军谈判。这绝不是协商一致规则的初衷。", "加拿大认为，开始有关禁产条约的外部谈判进程将不会进一步威胁裁军谈判会议，裁谈会自1998年以来就一直未能执行其工作方案。因此，我们欢迎美国最近表示，它正在就以其它方式开始禁产条约谈判进行磋商。我们同意，《禁产条约》的成功将需要拥有核武器国家的积极参与。在许多核武器国家已经宣布暂停生产用于核武器的裂变材料的情况下，现在是开始禁产条约谈判的时候了。普遍性可以通过时间来建立。", "(以法语发言)", "加拿大对于进行禁产条约谈判的方式和地点持灵活态度，并将在北韩结束担任裁军谈判会议主席后重新参与裁军谈判会议的工作，以便把重点放在改革该机构，并且推动与其它核心议程项目有关的重要事项上。", "我们期待着尽可能广泛地讨论裂变材料禁产条约谈判的其它一切可能渠道。依然在讨论的一个想法是通过设立第一委员会的附属委员会来开展实质性工作。还提出了其它设想。就加拿大而言，我们不反对举行第四届裁军特别联大，但我们认为，开始裂变材料禁产条约谈判不应当等待这一更广泛进程的结果。我们能够并且应当现在就开始这些谈判。", "黎怀中先生(越南)(以英语发言)：越南赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "过去一年来，我们看到了许多积极发展势头，这体现在美国与俄罗斯联邦之间的新《裁武条约》于今年2月生效以及不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50)获得通过。不过，冲突仍在世界上许多地方继续，而且，亚洲、中东和北非出现了不稳定状况和新的安全威胁。军备竞赛的危险也已加大。在这种背景下，令人感到遗憾的是，裁军谈判会议依然陷于僵局，它仍未能就一项工作方案达成一致意见。", "裁军谈判会议缺乏进展不仅阻碍了裁军谈判会议为促进更加和平和安全的国际环境切实作出贡献，也破坏了人们对于这个重要多边裁军论坛的信心。", "由于时间限制，我们希望重点谈几个问题。第一，核裁军依然是裁军的最高优先事项。我要回顾有关核裁军问题的第65/56号决议，该决议要求裁军谈判会议在2011年初设立一个核裁军问题特设委员会，并且就以彻底消除核武器为最终目标的分阶段核裁军方案开始谈判。为此，我敦促核武器国家采取旨在实现彻底核裁军的进一步实质性务实行动，特别是通过在开始核武器公约的谈判方面发挥领导作用来这样做。", "第二，应当维护联合国裁军机制在裁军、防扩散和军备控制进程中的核心作用。我们敦促裁军谈判会议通过一项平衡和全面的工作方案，涵盖核裁军、消极安全保证、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及裂变材料禁产条约等所有紧迫问题。为此目的，我谨要求表现出更大的政治意愿、灵活性和合作精神。", "第三，多边裁军谈判的目的应当是加强和平和国际安全，实现消除核战争危险的最终目标，并采取措施阻止和扭转军备竞赛。这样一个谈判进程，应当基于在大会第一次特别会议上商定的基本原则。这些原则包括：严格遵守《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，尊重在平等基础上进行参与的权利，充分承认联合国在裁军领域中的作用，并适当考虑到世界各国人民的切身利益。", "越南的一贯政策是，以全面和彻底的裁军为目标，努力实现和平和支持不扩散大规模毁灭性武器。越南加入了有关禁止大规模毁灭性武器的所有主要多边条约，并且是联合国许多裁军机构的积极成员。在东南亚地区，我国还同东南亚国家联盟其他成员以及其他伙伴密切合作，执行《东南亚无核武器区条约》及其《行动计划》。越南将继续同所有其他国际伙伴一道努力，在裁军领域中取得更大的进展。", "埃列尔先生(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言)：墨西哥完全赞同荷兰代表团以几个国家的名义，以及澳大利亚代表团以参与裁军与不扩散倡议的国家的名义，所作的发言。", "墨西哥也欢迎秘书长潘基文先生采取的行动，在他的5点计划中提倡有关裁军的多边谈判，并且在2010年召开高级别会议。同样，我们注意到裁军事项咨询委员会提出的报告。", "2010年高级别会议揭示了有关各个裁军论坛，特别是裁军谈判会议，丧失功能的不同意见。但是，它也表明了国际社会对这个问题的极度关心，由于它关乎人类的安全和生存，这个问题令我们所有人关注。", "墨西哥充分支持裁军谈判会议及其前任机构，创建所有这些机构是为了实现我国最高度优先重视的一个目标。因此，为保障我们各国人民的安全而被授权谈判具有法律约束力的文书的论坛，在过去15年里未能就其议程上的任何项目进行实质性的工作，并且没有完成它的任务，是不可接受的。", "在裁军谈判会议陷于瘫痪的原因问题上，也未达成一致意见。一些人争辩说，这是由于外部因素，裁谈会是客观环境的受害者。其他人认为，该论坛之所以功能丧失，是因为它的设计适用于在冷战环境中工作，而不是在21世纪的多极环境中。这一僵局也许产生于这两种因素的组合。显然，裁军谈判会议的工作方法是为不同的时代设计的。这影响到它的决策和实质性工作。", "裁军谈判会议的成员数目有限、其区域集团的构成以及缺乏民间社会的参与，也是不合时宜的因素。但是，阻碍裁谈会工作的最大障碍，已证明是协商一致规则，它被解释为在实质性和形式问题上都需要获得绝对一致意见。这种解释把这项规则转变为裁军谈判会议65个成员国的否决权。一旦行使否决权，国际社会的大多数便被剥夺了实现更高目标的机会，而这个机会是全球议程上的优先事项。否决权甚至被用来阻止工作方案的通过。看来存在一个先决条件，即必须就实质问题达成协议才能开始谈判——忘记了裁军谈判会议的具体职责就是谈判。", "确保裁军谈判会议完成任务的责任主要落在其成员身上，但是归根结底，这是联合国全体会员国关心的问题，联合国在1978年指定裁谈会为唯一的多边裁军论坛。", "这为我们提供了一个机会，退一步从大会的角度来看日内瓦发生的情况。我们从这里看到的是，并且不属于裁军谈判会议的128个会员国——也就是说，三分之二的会员国——看到的是，在过去15年中，至少有一个裁军谈判会议的成员国准备行使否决权，因而阻止该论坛执行本大会交付给它的任务。", "我们也注意到，大会反复要求裁军谈判会议开始工作的呼吁，无人理会。如果这种状况继续下去，大会仔细审议这个问题并采取必要措施，取消一个不再顺从其愿望的机构的特权，将是合乎逻辑的。", "2005年，墨西哥同其他国家一道建议，应当在大会中开始裁军谈判，希望裁军谈判会议将通过其工作方案和完成任务。墨西哥仍然准备鼓励这一步骤或任何其他步骤，只要真正有可能开始多边裁军谈判。", "最后，我们相信，大会下届会议将承担落在它身上的这方面责任。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团感谢大会主席召开本次辩论会并致力于振兴裁军议程。我们也赞赏秘书长对于重启有关裁军与不扩散的谈判的关心。5点计划和2010年召开的高级别会议，证明了对这一事项的高度政治责任，这一事项对于多边制度开展有效工作，从而促进集体安全、发展、和平和国际安全，是至关重要的。", "智利赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义，澳大利亚常驻代表以参与不扩散与裁军倡议的10国的名义，以及荷兰常驻代表以41个有关国家的名义，所作的发言。", "首先也是最重要的是，智利愿重申，它致力于总体的多边主义，也致力于具体的裁军与核不扩散问题。我们赞赏各多边裁军和安全机构既保护我们各国自身的安全利益，也保护整个国际社会的安全利益。", "国际社会想要的是具体行动以及在裁军和军备限制方面更有力的标准与文书，因此，此时此刻继续分析裁军谈判会议陷入僵局和裁军机制功能失调的原因是没有意义的。在该领域，我们有所进展并存在有利氛围，这种氛围应渗透到整个裁军谈判会议。", "10多年来，裁军谈判会议毫无成果，它已陷于一种不可持续的处处受限的境地。旨在达成协议以使它恢复功能的振兴进程要求我们做出广泛的政治承诺，这一承诺的形成需要这样一种框架：在该框架内，各国感到它们拥有一个有效论坛，以参与建设一个更加安全的世界并保护其自身正当的国家利益。", "自我诊断和就议事规则争辩不休必须让位于在短期内实现振兴会议或寻求可以充分服务于国际社会利益的各项备选方案的措施。我们建议分析哥伦比亚提交的文件CD/1931，它透彻阐述了裁军谈判会议的理念、利益以及局限。", "振兴会议要求修订其某些核心层面，例如其组成、程序以及共识的规则。尽管我们认为在事关国家安全的问题上应保留这条规则作为达成广泛基础的一种办法，但是不应滥用它以至于仅仅因为程序性问题就使会议陷入瘫痪。区域集团的组成是另一个必须加以分析的要素。在21世纪，裁军谈判会议绝不能对民间社会置之不理。它应搭建与民间社会沟通的桥梁，并加强与它的互动。所有这些政治问题都必须成为一揽子谈判中的一部分。", "智利对可能促成在裁军与不扩散多边谈判中取得进展的各种选择持宽泛和灵活的态度。我们不打算替换裁军谈判会议。我们侧向于在会议内部努力，因为它是该领域一个出色的谈判论坛。但是，我们必须明确的是，我们对审查各种备选方案持开放态度。", "我们在纽约这里开会这个事实有可能导致我们确认大会有权就裁军与不扩散问题采取行动，这对裁军谈判会议的作用与任务授权有着真实和直接的影响。如果继续保持现状的话，挑战这一步骤的合法性将困难重重。", "联合国系统各附属机构的本身并不是目的。它们只是满足和表达国际社会政治意愿与需求的手段。裁军是一种全球共同利益。而裁军谈判会议或所谓的裁军制度的其它机制却不是，它们源自于30多年前专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议，正如在其它机构所发生的那样，它们是可以改变的。关于裁军问题的第四届特别会议可以成为一个推行改革，为国际社会提供我们当前处境所需工具的合适的论坛。", "我们应扪心自问，裁军谈判缺乏进展是与裁军谈判会议有着结构性关联，也就是说是该机构特有的一个问题，还是说缺乏进展是主要行为体的战略及政治利益造成的，而这些利益会影响任何一个裁军论坛。如果是后者的话，那么只有这些行为体和整个国际社会拿出坚决承诺与政治意愿，才会取得进展。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢大会主席，也感谢秘书长亲自倡议就议程项目162“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”举办今天及时的辩论会。我愿欢迎秘书长裁军事项咨询委员会主席佩利塞尔女士出席会议，我们殷切期待她发表意见，我们相信她的发言将有力支持我们的工作。我还愿感谢裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生的发言。", "在我开始发言之前，我愿表示斯洛文尼亚赞同欧洲联盟所做的发言、葡萄牙以日内瓦裁军谈判会议非正式观察员国小组名义以及荷兰以支持后续执行2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议倡议的国家名义所做的发言。", "我愿就今天的讨论发表3点意见。", "第一，我们认为，现在正是在去年9月在此召开高级别会议后做出具体后续决定的时候。我们希望今天开过会后，我们将对如何在下一届大会会议上继续进行增加了解。我们还希望秘书长的咨询委员会将发挥有益作用，为秘书长和会员国提供这方面的重要建议。", "第二，斯洛文尼亚认为，当前在全球多边裁军谈判中面临的僵局显然证明，我们急需全面改革现有的国际裁军机制。成立于1979年总部设在日内瓦的裁军谈判会议需适应21世纪当代世界的现实。最重要的是，它应向愿为国际和平与安全做出贡献的所有感兴趣的国家敞开大门。国际和平与安全对于世界各国都很重要，而不仅只是裁军谈判会议当前的成员国。我们坚信新成员将丰富会议的工作，并帮助它打破当前的僵局。", "请允许我借此机会重申我们长期以来的看法，即：会议应从速启动关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。我们相信，裂变材料禁产条约将是对《不扩散核武器条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》的有效补充，并将进一步指导我们迈向一个没有核武器的世界。", "第三，振兴裁军谈判会议是在迈向改革国际裁军机制的道路上采取的初始步骤之一。在这方面，我们应重新审查联合国裁军审议委员会的作用，今年它再次未能取得任何重要成果。改革应是全面有效的，而且还应重新确定第一委员会的作用。", "最后，斯洛文尼亚欢迎秘书长和许多国家努力推进裁军进程。我们期待着于秋季开始认真讨论如何落实我们在去年高级别会议上所启动进程的具体提案。时间至关重要，请允许我邀请各国与我们一道共同努力，打破国际裁军谈判中的僵局，并开始有效改革国际裁军机制，使其最终取得成果，并推进我们的终极目标，即：一个没有核武器的世界。", "阿卜杜拉先生(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：请允许我首先对秘书长持续努力倡导一个没有核武器的世界表示赞赏。", "我表示我国代表团赞同埃及在第113次会议上代表不结盟运动所作的发言。我们也要感谢荷兰在同一次会议上代表41个国家所作的发言，我们认为，这一发言非常切合本次辩论的宗旨。", "裁军谈判会议、联合国裁军审议委员会、大会第一委员会以及核不扩散条约审议进程构成供各国作出集体努力的多边平台，以便实现我们在有效国际监督下全面、彻底裁军的目标。出于这个原因以及其它原因，裁军谈判会议尤其不能永远陷于僵局。我们必须确定恰当的优先重点，并且集中努力实现这些优先重点。", "接下来，我国代表团要重申国际法院作出的一致结论，即，各国有义务有诚意地进行和完成谈判，以便在严格有效的国际监督下实现各个方面的核裁军。因此，我们希望强调，必须籍通过一项核武器公约，把重点放在彻底消除核武器上。当务之急是裁军谈判会议尽可能早日开始其实质性工作，以便在裁军与防扩散领域取得进一步进展。", "同样值得回顾的是，裁军谈判会议、联合国裁军审议委员会和第一委员会是专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议的成果。因此，我们认为，这三个机构都应对大会负责。在这方面，我们支持召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议，会议有可能在推动裁军议程方面发挥至关重要的作用。", "还可考虑的另一个选择是可以通过一个名人小组来审查各个机构的效力，提出如何振兴联合国裁军机制的建议。在去年举行的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议上，马来西亚在发言时提到了这一点。裁军事项咨询委员会最近报告的建议部分也提到了这一点。马来西亚愿意探讨提出来的任何其它可行想法。", "透明度和包括各方应当是裁军谈判会议的指导原则。我们支持扩大裁军谈判会议，并且同意应当给予民间社会更多机会，以便切实有效地追踪裁军谈判会议进程。", "最后，我们如何强调都不为过的是，各国切实展现真诚和强有力的政治意愿绝对至关重要，以便推动裁军谈判会议和联合国其它机关中的多边裁军谈判。马来西亚愿意与其它代表团紧密合作，完成这一共同任务。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：西班牙赞同在第113次会议上以欧洲联盟的名义作的发言。", "不到一年前，去年9月24日在秘书长主持下举行了一次高级别会议，目的是评估裁军谈判会议的情况及其陷入僵局的原因。正如第65/93号决议确认的那样，会议得到了部长和其他高级别代表的广泛参与，对现状进行了深入分析。会议还突出表明了秘书长令人称道的坚定承诺，他把振兴裁军机制作为他的优先事项之一。", "令人遗憾的是，我们必须得出的结论是，裁军谈判会议在整个2011年继续陷于瘫痪中，没有任何解决问题的迹象。为使这个谈判机构摆脱僵局而作出的努力和呼吁迄今没有取得任何成效。", "我们很可能会说，我们没有取得任何进展，因此我们现在的情况与一年前没有什么不同。不过，一年前，我们会觉得有信心，认为裁军和不扩散领域的一系列好消息——例如签署了新的《裁武条约》、召开了华盛顿核安全问题首脑会议以及在核不扩散条约审议大会的基础上就一项行动计划达成了协商一致——带来的积极势头会对裁军谈判会议产生感染性影响。然而，这一希望尚未实现，而且，在裁军议程在其他论坛上取得进展的时候，日内瓦裁军谈判会议继续又一年浪费资源、努力和精力，甚至没有以通过工作方案的形式迈出走向协商一致的第一步，而裁军谈判会议在2009年经过艰苦努力曾经达成过工作方案。", "最近几年来，我们经常听到的说法是裁军谈判会议劳而无获。它满满的————或许过多的——会议日程表证明了它的努力。不过，我们不得不思考的一个问题是，考虑到虽然艰苦但毫无成效的这些努力不能启动谈判，它们是否有任何理由存在，而不仅仅是走过场而已。", "确实，尽管裁军谈判会议在谈判方面毫无作为，但在本届会议上，由于担任主席的加拿大、智利、中国和哥伦比亚作出了值得赞许的努力，已经提出了无数的方案、倡议和建议，我们认为，其中一些方案非常合理。我们缺少的不是想法，而是把这些想法付诸实施的充分共识。", "在这个至关重要的交汇点，一方面国际社会和民间社会要求我们在裁军方面取得进展，另一方面是一个无效或者无论如何都停滞不前的裁军机制，我们应当做些什么呢？", "我们想在裁军谈判会议的框架内取得进展，裁军谈判会议过去证明自己是一个进行国际谈判的有效论坛，取得了《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《不扩散核武器条约》以及《全面禁止核试验条约》等重要成就。", "西班牙致力于这一事业，这体现在，我们在6月16日与德国、荷兰、墨西哥、瑞典、土耳其、保加利亚和罗马尼亚一道提出了文件CD/1910，这是一项联合讨论文件，目的是在裁军谈判会议促进有关裂变材料的讨论。", "我们可以继续寄希望于振兴裁军谈判会议上，但是，无休止地这样做将是一个错误。我们的任务太重要、太紧急，不能让一个14年来已经表明它无力履行使命的论坛来完成。换言之，如果把本次辩论说成是要么在裁军与防扩散领域取得进展，要么把希望寄托在振兴裁军谈判会议上，那么，在座所有人只能作出一种回应，而且必须明确一致地一次性发表意见。", "不过，我们不要预测事情。就当前而言，本次会议为探讨导致裁军谈判会议僵局的原因和可能的解决办法提供了一个新机会，我们不应浪费这个机会。在这方面，我们赞同欧洲联盟提出的具体建议。特别是，我们提请大家关注以下几点。", "第一，我们呼吁裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和裁军审议委员会审查其工作办法，并且在它们向大会提交的报告中适当探讨这个问题，同时，我们请求大会继续关注这个问题及其发展。第二，我们呼吁拥有核武器的国家宣布并且保持暂停生产用于核武器和其它核爆炸装置的裂变材料。最后，我们呼吁裁军谈判会议成员国毫不拖延地启动裂变材料禁产条约谈判，并且开始着手处理议程上的其它项目。", "我们在为裁军谈判会议探讨和推动具体建议时必须做到既大胆又务实，我们应当一直铭记的是，正如阿历克西·托克维尔所言，我们惯于称之为必要的机构有时不过是我们习惯了的机构。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我向你转达孟加拉国代表团赞赏你安排本次重要全体会议，以后续执行2010年9月24日召开的振兴裁军谈判会议工作、推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议。", "我愿赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所做的发言。此外，我还愿从我本国的角度着重谈几个核心要点。", "美利坚合众国和俄罗斯联邦之间关于裁减军备的协议是裁军谈判多年来停滞不前后迈出的重要的积极一步。这是沿着正确方向迈出的一步，但是要使地球摆脱核武器的诅咒这是绝对不够的。我们希望各缔约国将抓住本次全体会议的契机，并希望本次会议给我们所有人、包括那些尚未成为有关文书缔约方的国家提供实现彻底消除核武器的指导。", "孟加拉国是一个民主、政教分立和包容各方的社会。我国在裁军和不扩散方面的记录无可挑剔，致力于寻求《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)和《全面禁止核试验条约》(《全面禁试条约》)的普遍加入。孟加拉国无条件地做出了继续保持无核国家地位的选择。我们是附件二中第一个批准《全面禁试条约》的南亚国家。我们还与国际原子能机构(原子能机构)缔结了保障监督协定，包括各项附加议定书。", "孟加拉国在其《宪法》中规定致力于实现全面彻底裁军。孟加拉国议会还通过了一项支持2010年不扩散条约审议大会的决议，来证明这一承诺。该决议特别强调需落实《不扩散条约》的所有3个支柱，即：核裁军、核不扩散以及和平利用核能。它还重申，它支持《不扩散条约》第4条，这一条保障所有不扩散条约缔约国不受歧视地享有为和平目的并根据《条约》第1条和第2条以及在原子能机构的保障监督和核查机制下来研发、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利。孟加拉国议会还一致表示相信对核武器的任何使用都构成国际罪行，包括危害人类罪、破坏和平罪、战争罪以及灭绝种族罪。孟加拉国政府完全支持这项议会决议。", "孟加拉国坚定不移地支持在核不扩散与裁军上采取多边做法。我们认为，裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。我们也支持裁军审议委员会的工作，它是联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门议事机构。", "我们认为，大规模毁灭性武器对人类构成最严重的威胁。我们仍然认为只有彻底消除核武器，才能保障不使用或威胁使用此类武器，并保障不发生此类武器落入恐怖分子之手的危险。", "孟加拉国坚信，除了发电，在原子能机构保障监督协定与核查制度规定的范围内和平利用核技术或有助于应对我们面临的一些由来已久及当代出现的发展挑战，其中包括饥饿、疾病、自然资源管理以及气候变化。我们不安地注意到，仍在继续采取不符合《条约》规定的各种措施，对无核武器发展中国家用于和平用途的材料、设备和技术的出口施以不应有的限制。需取消这些壁垒。", "令人关切的是，核武器国家不仅在增加现有核武器储备的精准能力，而且还在开发新型武器。我们强调，不扩散条约的无核武器缔约国享有得到核武器国家无条件保证不对其使用或威胁使用核武器的合法权利。", "孟加拉国还从发展的角度来看待裁军和不扩散议程。每年花费约1.5万亿美元用于军备，同时发展中国家特别是像孟加拉国这样的最不发达国家却在为实现千年发展目标而苦苦挣扎，这令我们良心不安。充分落实包括核裁军和不扩散在内的裁军和不扩散议程，对于实现该目标至关重要。", "请允许我重申，尽管存在我提及的各种情况，但是，我们并未丧失对自己的信心。我们承认实现一个没有核武器世界的道路不会是一帆风顺的，但是我们并不认为这些困难能阻止我们开始为我们自己也为我们的子孙后代寻求一个没有核武器的世界。我们必须为子孙后代留下一个可以居住的星球。让我们今天下定决心，开创出新的气象。", "塔拉斯先生(芬兰)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我愿感谢你就这个紧迫议题召开本次全体会议。", "芬兰赞同荷兰以欧洲联盟的名义并以志同道合国家小组的名义所做的发言。", "自去年9月份在纽约召开高级别会议以来已过去将近一年的时间，我们却尚未看到任何进展。造成这种局面的原因众所周知。裁军谈判会议十年来的中断停滞有使多边裁军谈判体系崩溃的危险。联合国裁军机制岌岌可危。这种局势要求所有会员国再次做出政治承诺，并展现新思维。一切照旧不是一种选择。我们最迫切需要的是拿出政治意愿，以重新启动多边裁军谈判。我们希望本次会议将凝聚这种意愿。", "我们需毫不拖延地开始在裁军谈判会议上就裂变材料禁产条约开始谈判。这将使我们更接近实现一个没有核武器世界的目标，对于我们的不扩散工作将是至关重要的。裂变材料禁产条约将有助于落实《不扩散核武器条约》的所有3个支柱。", "裁军谈判会议必须抓住新《裁武协定》和核安全首脑会议展露出的核裁军和不扩散势头。芬兰敦促所有会员国采取具体行动，为实现彻底核裁军而努力。", "我们还可以采取一些切实步骤，以振兴联合国裁军机制的工作。", "第一，我们应审查裁军谈判会议、第一委员会以及裁军审议委员会的工作方法。我们需要更多的实质性讨论并寻求共同立场，同时减少程序。", "第二，多边谈判要求所有相关角色都参与进来。应当审查裁军谈判会议的成员组成，以确保其包容性。", "第三，我们需要新鲜思路，并更好地了解联合国会议室以外的现实。我们应加强民间社会和学术界的声音，并想方设法更好地利用它们对我们工作的宝贵贡献。", "我们致力于在芬兰担任大会第六十六届会议第一委员会主席期间，尽我们所能推进多边裁军谈判。我们希望在各会员国再次做出政治承诺的情况下，我们能够共同推进振兴议程。", "特拉第先生(南非)(以英语发言)：南非感谢有此机会就多边裁军议程进行公开和坦诚的讨论，特别是有机会审查自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展。", "我国代表团赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和荷兰代表以一些来自世界各区域的国家的名义所作的发言。", "专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)的成果之一是承认必须建立一个规模有限、在协商一致基础上作出决定的单一多边裁军谈判论坛，这就是今天的裁军谈判会议。裁军谈判会议及其之前实体在过去取得的成就表明了这个机构能够在重要多边裁军文书的谈判中发挥的作用。因此令人遗憾的是，这个机构多年来都未能履行其基本任务。由于持续的僵局，可以理解的是，许多人开始质疑裁军谈判会议在寻求实现裁军目标方面是否具有现实意义，是否仍然有价值，特别是由于冷战结束后出现了新的国际安全环境。", "第一届裁军特别联大作出的另外一个决定是设立裁军审议委员会，它是一个裁军议事机构和大会的一个附属机关。遗憾的是，这个机构目前也没有在履行其授权，今年再次未能提出任何具体建议。", "核裁军依然是我们的最高优先事项，这是不结盟运动所有成员、21国集团以及各个地区的裁军谈判会议和联合国绝大多数成员国的共同优先事项。我们不仅对持续的核武器横向和纵向扩散问题共同感到关切，我们还认为，核武器存在本身导致全球不安全现象。", "此外，使用核武器可能产生的灾难性人道主义后果显然对人类构成严峻威胁。只要存在这些武器，我们当中便不会有人真正安全。只有彻底消除所有核武器并且保证永远不再生产这些武器，才能提供不使用这些武器的必要保证。正是出于这个原因，南非一贯主张采取系统和渐进的办法，以便实现我们的无核武器世界目标。我们认为，核裁军方面持续和不可逆转的进展以及其它相关核军备控制措施依然是促进核不扩散的关键所在。", "核裁军方面缺乏实际进展削弱了全球防扩散制度。虽然核裁军是大会在1946年通过的第一项决议(第1(I)号决议)的主题，它一直是裁军谈判会议自建立以来议程上第一个项目。尽管裁军谈判会议绝大多数成员不断要求建立一个单独处理核裁军问题的附属机构，但这一要求没有得到满足。考虑到不扩散核武器条约所有缔约国在2010年不扩散条约审议大会通过的行动计划中都已对这个目标作出了承诺，这种情况特别令人不安。因此，我国代表团再次呼吁裁军谈判会议立即设立一个处理核裁军问题的附属机构。", "作为处理核裁军问题的系统和渐进办法的一部分，我国代表团也支持就一项将禁止生产核武器和其它核爆炸装置使用的裂变材料并且满足防扩散和裁军两大目标的条约开始谈判。我国代表团不同意裂变材料条约是唯一谈判时机已成熟议题的看法。考虑到裁军谈判会议作为谈判论坛的性质，我们认为，裁军谈判会议能够就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判，虽然我们承认，近期商定达成具有国际法律约束力安排的可能性在某些问题或许比另一些问题要大。", "我们或许并不都赞同缔结协议时机或多或少已经成熟的那些问题，但这不应当阻止我们实质性地处理多边裁军议程上的问题。我们今天面对的问题是裁军谈判会议是否能够达到我们的期望，或者我们是否应当研究推动多边裁军谈判的其它选择，以便努力振兴本应由这一机构开展的工作。", "我们承认，当裁军谈判会议在2009年通过一项工作方案时，它已接近于恢复工作。虽然CD/1864并不是一份完美的文件，但我们当时希望，它将带来裁军谈判会议近期历史上的一个新阶段，使我们能够共同努力建立一个更美好、更安全的未来。遗憾的是，CD/1864和有关我们议程上项目附属机构任务规定的其它任何方案都没有导致实质性工作的恢复。", "尽管一些人把在裁军谈判会议中缺乏切实成果归咎于其议事规则，但我国代表团认为，有些方面拒绝有诚意地进行和完成谈判，以便在严格和有效的国际控制下实现各个方面的核裁军，这是国际社会面临的更大障碍。", "我们当中有许多人希望看到裁军谈判会议重获其应有的地位。然而，裁军谈判会议过去15年来一直未能开展实质性工作，这不应当使我们无视继续存在的挑战。如果裁军谈判会议仍然不履行其任务，那就没有理由不去考虑其它选择，以便推动赋予这一机构的重要工作。", "最后，南非依然致力于遵循规则的国际体系。因此，我们将采取可能需要的进一步行动，以便加强裁军、防扩散和军备控制方面的多边治理。此外，我们将研究推动多边裁军谈判的任何选择，以便实现我们建立一个没有核武器的世界的目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。我们将于明天7月29日上午11时在大会堂听取其余发言者的发言。在该次会议上，大会还要处理议程项目13，以继续讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "在结束本次会议之前，一名代表要求行使答辩权。我谨提醒各会员国，行使答辩权的发言第一次以10分钟为限，第二次以5分钟为限，各代表团应在各自席位上发言。", "我现在请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "李东日先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：请允许我行使答辩权，同时就加拿大代表的发言发表一些评论，他就朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席提出了一个问题。", "关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席这个问题，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席是行使其作为联合国一个会员国的主权。根据裁军谈判会议议事规则，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国有义务担任裁军谈判会议的主席。", "此外，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国过去和现在都是联合国的会员国。《联合国宪章》第二条第一款规定，联合国的基础是尊重所有会员国的主权平等这一原则。就这个法律问题而言，我们认为，加拿大代表的发言严重违背《联合国宪章》。", "第二，加拿大代表的发言也违反了国际论坛上的惯例。这不是加拿大代表团第一次抵制国际论坛。第一次抵制是在2001年在德班举行的反种族主义大会上。加拿大是唯一一个抵制那次会议的国家。这创造了国际多边主义惯例中一个不光彩的先例。", "这不是加拿大抵制行为的唯一例子。这种情况还出现在其它会议上，包括在大会这里，当一个国家的总统就在这个讲坛上发表演讲时也出现过这种情况。这是加拿大代表第三次在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上采取此类行动。因此，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国强烈谴责加拿大代表的这一行为。", "第三，这表明了一种冷战时代的心理和心态。实际上，现在是后冷战时期。我们仅在冷战期间目睹过一些国家的此类对抗行为。而后冷战时期是对话和建立信任的时代。可以在每一个地区，包括在亚洲地区，看到这一点。加拿大和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国都是东南亚国家联盟区域论坛的成员。建立信任与对话是总体精神。但是如今，加拿大不但不采取这种对话与和解的做法，反而走上对抗的道路。这位加拿大代表是唯一一位采取此类做法的代表。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Tanin (Afghanistan), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Agenda item 115 (continued)", "Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "Draft decision (A/65/L.88)", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held the debate on agenda item 115 jointly with agenda item 13, “Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields”, at the 40th and 41st plenary meetings on 29 October 2010, as well as jointly with agenda items 13 and 120, “Strengthening of the United Nations system”, at the 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda item 115, the Assembly held a specific meeting focused on development at its 97th and 98th plenary meetings on 14 June 2011.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 115, the Assembly adopted resolution 65/238 at its 73rd plenary meeting.", "The Assembly will now take action on draft decision A/65/L.88, entitled “Participation of civil society representatives in the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be convened on 19 and 20 September 2011”.", "May I take it that the Assembly decides to adopt draft decision A/65/L.88?", "Draft decision A/65/L.88 was adopted.", "The Acting President: The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 115.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "The Acting President: I call on the representative of Mauritania.", "Mr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express the condolences of the President, Government and people of Mauritania to the Kingdom of Norway on the terrorist act that claimed dozens of innocent victims. Our Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement of condolence in that regard two days ago.", "I would also like to express my gratitude to the General Assembly and its President, our dear friend Mr. Joseph Deiss, who is guiding our work very wisely. I would like to express particular appreciation for resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, thanks to which we are here in New York to discuss issues related to young people, who are an important part of society and the cornerstone of all successful socio-economic development.", "The Government of my country, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, at the instruction of its President, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, has stated and reaffirmed that the future of any group lies in its youth. It set out a national five-year plan for youth, recreation and sports to be implemented from 2011 to 2015. Our youth policy makes young people a Government priority and will be funded to the tune of more than $230 million, of which $37 million will come from a State fund. That is in line with the election campaign of the President of the Government, who was voted into office two years ago.", "Through its national policy on youth, sports and recreation, the Government of Mauritania is determined to combat poverty among young people, who constitute 40 per cent of the Mauritanian population. It intends to integrate them into development and to support youth initiatives in order to improve their situation, which is beset by unemployment and school drop-outs. We seek to build national youth networks that are to be renewed every three years. That is one of the policy goals of my Government. We have also signed and ratified all international youth-related agreements, demonstrating the importance that we accord them, in particular in terms of education, health care and unemployment.", "With respect to education, despite the progress made in school enrolment, more remains to be done. We have set up a new Government department of higher education and scientific research, as well as public education institutions, in order to reform education in Mauritania.", "Mauritania’s young people face many challenges with regard to health care. However, those with special needs will find remedies available thanks to the political will and wide-ranging reforms on which the Ministry of Health has embarked.", "With regard to unemployment, we have formed an important ministry tasked with youth employment and promoting the trade sector, which provides 25 per cent of employment opportunities, followed by agriculture at 20.4 per cent, in addition to other sectors, such as services and public administration.", "Addressing youth issues involves many challenges and requires the assignment of roles in order to sustain youth development. That has been done by establishing central agencies. Despite our stated wish to look after young people by setting up a ministry for youth affairs and by encouraging them to use such services, many challenges remain.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 57/29 of 19 November 2002, I now call on the observer for Partners in Population and Development.", "Mr. Rao (Partners in Population and Development): I thank you very much, Sir, for giving me this opportunity to make a few comments on behalf of Partners in Population and Development (PPD) at this High-level Meeting on Youth.", "At the outset, PPD would like to convey its heartfelt condolences to the Government and people of Norway on their recent tragedy.", "As an intergovernmental organization of 25 developing countries, PPD is committed to the promotion of South-South cooperation in the field of population and development by supporting, especially in its member countries, the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "The year 2011 will be remembered as the year when the world’s population reached 7 billion. According to the latest projections of the United Nations, the world population will continue to increase to 9.3 billion by the year 2050. To put those numbers into perspective, the world population did not reach 1 billion until 1804. It then took 123 years to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974, 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987, and 12 years to reach 6 billion by October 1999. Another billion will be added by October 2011. That growth in world population is really phenomenal.", "One crucial feature of the current global demographic situation with significant implications for the future is the fact that more than 3 billion people are under the age of 25, with close to 90 per cent of them living in developing countries. This preponderance of young people, if and when combined with appropriate policies, can become a great source of growth, prosperity and social change in the world. How effectively we will help those cohorts of young people in meeting their educational, employment, developmental, political, health — including reproductive health — needs, as well as how rapidly we will help to empower them, will surely influence the future pace and nature of peace and development in the world.", "While sincere efforts have been made by countries in the past to achieve the goals of the ICPD Programme of Action, the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth, millions of young people live in poverty and progress towards youth development has been very uneven across the countries of the world. The young are facing many challenges in society, including lack of access to quality education, meaningful employment, proper health care — including reproductive health care — and political participation. They also suffer from violence and setbacks due to climate change. Most severely affected among them are girls and young women, as well as the poor and the disadvantaged. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable because they are frequently prevented from completing their education and because of their risk of pregnancy, child birth-related complications, forced early marriage, HIV infection and abduction by human traffickers.", "As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) makes clear, it is important to give priority attention to addressing those and other challenges that hinder youth development, especially through poverty alleviation and the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment, and the full participation of youth in the formulation and implementation of policies at all levels. Partners in Population and Development strongly believes that building national capacity to address youth development is most crucial and that the international community should make all efforts to support the less developed countries in that regard.", "Based on its record of sharing experiences and innovative practices, as well as of promoting capacity-building through training, research and knowledge-sharing, PPD is convinced that South-South and triangular cooperation have a significant role to play in future national and international efforts aimed at youth development.", "In closing, PPD would like to support the implementation of the outcome document by all concerned.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): Peru has a youth population of 7.5 million, representing 28 per cent of the total population. The number of young people has increased in recent years, and today young people are the fastest growing sector of our population. Because of those statistical trends, over the past 10 years the Peruvian Government has developed institutional policies through its national youth secretariat in order to lay down general guidelines to facilitate the holistic development of young people and to ensure their inclusion in society and their active participation as citizens. Over the nine years of its existence, the youth secretariat has achieved some results that I would like to outline.", "In 2006, we drew up the National Plan for Youth 2006-2011 in order to create synergy between the State and civil society, offer better and greater opportunities for young people, and establish cross-cutting institutional policies throughout the Government. That has had positive effects, improving the quality of life of many young people. Between 2004 and 2008, poverty among young people was reduced from 43.8 per cent to 31.6 per cent. Also, in the sphere of civic participation, more young people became involved in politics throughout the nation, and today there are 1,665 young people holding elected public office. Still, although the Government’s agenda for social inclusion of the young has shown progress, much remains to be done to achieve inclusive development to benefit our young people.", "Peru’s national efforts have achieved sustained economic growth over the past decade that we are trying to transform into inclusive development, with immediate impact on our youngest citizens. That development should provide them with practical tools enabling them to play an active role in our country’s productivity and political system, contributing to our economic growth and the democratic involvement of our citizens. In our view, inclusive development should be based on social investment policies focused on youth. However, such policies should be viewed not as welfare for a particular group, but as a bonus of economic growth and a way to promote the comprehensive development of a sector of the population that will forge a more integrated and cohesive future for the country. Those policies are an integral part of our medium- and long-term strategies for sustainable and inclusive development.", "Like Peru, many countries in Latin America have large youth populations. That demographic reality provides us with one of the best opportunities of recent years to take significant steps forward in sustainable development and in addressing the region’s endemic problems of social inequity, provided that we commit to investing in our young people and their education. We are convinced that if we give our young generation access to quality education, a functioning health system and opportunities for productive and dignified work in a democratic system that fosters and guarantees citizen participation, the countries of our region will have the human, social and cultural capital necessary to support sustainable development, improve distribution and promote the creation of wealth.", "To conclude, I wish to state that Peru will remain committed to national and international policies on young people, and to express the firm resolve of my country to pursue actions and programmes that allow young people to be fully and progressively involved in our society, in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item.", "May I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly to conclude its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27?", "It was so decided.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on agenda item 162 at its 113th plenary meeting on 27 July 2011.", "Mr. Tarar (Pakistan): Pakistan aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).", "Pakistan appreciates the efforts of the Secretary-General to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the international disarmament machinery. It is an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the problems faced by the disarmament machinery as a whole, which should not be lost in the pursuit of negotiating a particular treaty. Pakistan’s position on the Secretary-General’s High-level Meeting held last year was circulated as a General Assembly document under the symbol A/65/378.", "The challenges faced by the international disarmament agenda and the machinery go beyond the Conference on Disarmament. The components of the contemporary disarmament machinery created by the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD I) are interlinked. The revitalization of those components, including the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission, should therefore be simultaneous and proceed in an integrated and holistic manner.", "The purpose and overarching goal of creating the Conference on Disarmament, as mandated by SSOD I, was nuclear disarmament, which is an agenda item that has seen no progress for the past 32 years. Indeed, in 2008, the Secretary-General, in a seminal address articulating his action plan, accorded primacy to nuclear disarmament in his five-point proposal. The first step suggested by the Secretary-General called upon all States, in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their obligations under the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament. While recognizing the Conference on Disarmament as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Secretary-General suggested that the nuclear Powers actively engage with other States on the issue in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The reason why the Secretary-General made that call is because the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to live up to its raison d’être — nuclear disarmament — for more than three decades. It is also a fact that the Conference on Disarmament failed to make any substantive progress for 15 years after concluding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) negotiations. Yet, it is astounding that the present quest for revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament arises only from the developments of the past two years and is fixated on a single issue. Ironically, the vociferous condemnation of the present stalemate is championed by the countries that were either themselves responsible for decades of the Conference on Disarmament’s inactivity or were notably silent.", "In order to clearly assess the reasons underlying the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, it is important to acknowledge the following basic facts.", "The Conference on Disarmament’s work or inactivity is a reflection of prevailing political realities, as it does not operate in a vacuum. No treaty that is contrary to the security interests of any of its member States can be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament. In fact, the rule of consensus was introduced into the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure to ensure that point. Hence, achieving progress in the Conference is possible only by meeting or addressing the security concerns of all its member States. The Conferences lack of progress cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, since landmark instruments, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the CTBT, were negotiated successfully under the same rules.", "Such facts signify that the problems faced by the Conference on Disarmament are not of an organizational or procedural nature. Therefore, it is time for us to face the reality and recognize the true reasons why the Conference has been dysfunctional.", "The Conference on Disarmament’s history clearly demonstrates a pattern of negotiating only those agreements that do not undermine or compromise the security interests of powerful States. The Biological Weapons Convention and the CWC were negotiated only when biological and chemical weapons became redundant in terms of their operational utility. The CTBT was concluded once the major Powers had carried out a sufficient number of nuclear tests and further testing became unnecessary when they had alternative techniques available in the form of computer simulation.", "The same is the case with the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Now, after having developed huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons, as well as stocks of fissile material, especially highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium that can be quickly converted into nuclear warheads, those major Powers are ready to conclude a treaty that will ban only future production of fissile material, since they no longer need more of it. That approach is cost-free to them as it will not undermine or compromise their security.", "Moreover, in the past few years, the discriminatory policies pursued by some major Powers regarding nuclear cooperation have created insecurities and imbalances. By sacrificing international non‑proliferation goals at the altar of power and profit, such policies have accentuated the asymmetry in fissile material stocks in our region. Regrettably, those discriminatory policies continue and have found no opposition among members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, comprised of some of the most ardent supporters of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the strongest critics of lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament.", "For those reasons, Pakistan has been compelled to take a stand against nuclear selectivity and discrimination. No country can be expected to compromise its fundamental security interests for an instrument that is cost-free to all other concerned countries.", "If an honest and objective approach is adopted to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as well as the whole disarmament machinery, the following steps and measures would need to be taken.", "The agenda of the Conference on Disarmament covers a number of critical issues, and all issues need to be treated in an equal and balanced manner. Lack of progress on one issue due to the security concerns of States should not lead to an impasse in the Conference, as other issues on its agenda can and should be taken up for consideration.", "Nuclear disarmament remains the longest outstanding issue on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. The 120-member Non-Aligned Movement, which represents the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations, has consistently deemed nuclear disarmament the highest priority for negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. That priority was again reaffirmed in the statement made by the representative of NAM yesterday. The plenary meeting should take due note of it.", "The proposal for a legal instrument on negative security assurances is another important issue that has been on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament for several years. A legally binding instrument on negative security assurances would not compromise the strategic interests of any country. In reality, no nuclear-weapon State would consider using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. Even the threat of doing so is morally reprehensible.", "We need to recognize the realities and work towards building consensus in the Conference on Disarmament by taking into account the legitimate security interests of all States. The Conference cannot negotiate by cherry-picking issues that some States consider to be ripe. The nuclear-weapon States need to fulfil their obligations to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament. Double standards and selectivity in non-proliferation and disarmament measures must be eliminated.", "Practical efforts to revitalize the international disarmament machinery must involve convening the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, as called for in the NAM statement delivered yesterday. Such a session can make a far-reaching contribution towards furthering the goals of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in a non‑discriminatory, balanced and transparent manner, keeping in view the security interests of all States.", "Before concluding, I would like to strike a note of caution against taking the FMCT outside the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations, as we consider the Conference the sole negotiating forum for multilateral disarmament.", "In that regard, let me mention some of the arguments made by a major nuclear Power in 2005 in response to the intention of some Member States to introduce a draft resolution in the First Committee that sought to establish ad hoc committees under the General Assembly on the four core issues of the Conference on Disarmament. That nuclear Power stated:", "“The international community needs to continue to focus on getting the CD [Conference on Disarmament] to work, rather than create another ‘phantom’ CD. …", "“We do not conduct negotiations on vital issues of national and global security via majority vote.", "“The reasons for the existing impasse at the CD are no more soluble in New York than they are in Geneva. … [T]he outcome of this resolution will be to retard the very international non-proliferation and disarmament objectives that its sponsors seek to advance.”", "While conveying that position, that country expressly stated that it would not participate in any such process and that it would not be bound in any way by any agreement emerging from such a body. It is interesting to note that the same country is now seeking ways to take a particular issue out of the Conference on Disarmament. Such a paradoxical approach is inexplicable.", "Let me reiterate that Pakistan will not join any such process, nor would it consider accession to the outcome of any such process. It must be borne in mind that taking the FMCT out of the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations would also create a precedent for a similar modus operandi on other items on the Conference agenda, such as nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances.", "Mr. Benmehidi (Algeria) (spoke in French): Allow me first to express my sincere thanks to the Secretary-General for his important statement at the 113th meeting, which affirms his personal commitment to disarmament. My thanks also go to Ms. Olga Pellicer, Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, who was kind enough to inform us of the deliberations of her Committee on the agenda item.", "My delegation welcomes the initiative taken to organize the high-level meeting, believing that it provides a new opportunity for Member States to continue more clearly and in greater depth their exchanges that began on 24 September 2010, at the initiative of the Secretary-General.", "My delegation fully associates itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Algeria attaches the highest importance to disarmament and non-proliferation issues. The debates on the future of the Conference on Disarmament receive the special attention of the Algerian Government. In fact, given the threats to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime, the points of view stated today focus on the virtues of multilateral negotiation as the preferred means of taking legitimate security concerns into account, in a spirit of fairness, responsibility and transparency.", "Given the varied areas that it deals with, the continued deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament is clearly a cause for real concern. That situation affects the interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in particular. Algeria believes that that deadlock cannot be blamed on a failure of that institutional machinery or on its way of operating. Thus it cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, in particular the rule of consensus, or on the agenda of the Conference.", "However, some believe that the impasse is due to the inflexibility of the rules of procedure, and they propose limiting the scope of the rule of consensus solely to substantive issues and resorting to the vote for procedural matters, such as the establishment of a subsidiary body. It must be said that it is not always easy to differentiate between aspects of substance and those dealing with form, especially when it comes to the particulars of a subsidiary body.", "It is clear that the consensus rule is also a way to protect the national security interests of all States equally, not only the strongest. Taking into account the security interests of all, that rule in principle gives legitimacy to a treaty once it has been concluded and ensures its universality and effectiveness.", "With regard to the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, Algeria believes that its components — inspired, moreover, by the Decalogue and underscoring the nuclear threat — are still valid. Indeed, nuclear weapons are still the most serious threat to humankind.", "It is worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament has certainly contributed to multilateral disarmament. Established in 1978 by the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament precisely to revitalize the disarmament machinery at that time, its mandate was to facilitate the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at that special session (resolution S-10/2, part III). Specifically, the Conference on Disarmament made it possible to adopt the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, even though the latter has still not entered into force.", "Following those two achievements, the Conference was unable to make any further progress. Indeed, the reasons for the deadlock can be found in disarmament and security policies developments outside the framework of the Conference.", "In reality, the clear lack of political will to take on all the items on the Conference agenda, on the one hand, and attempts to establish a hierarchy among the points of the Decalogue linked to uncertainties in regional security balances, on the other, are at the root of the current deadlock. The Conference on Disarmament cannot continue its fundamental work without Member States showing the necessary political will to come to joint solutions and to truly deal with challenges to the security of all and to international peace. Therefore, one should act in that regard rather that threaten to condemn the Conference on Disarmament to marginalization by resorting to another mechanism.", "It has been proposed that if the deadlock continues, other forums to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) could be envisaged. My delegation believes that such a step could prejudice the stated goal of the treaty, namely, the strengthening of non-proliferation, the promotion of nuclear disarmament and universal accession, which remain necessary to give such an agreement the requisite political basis and credibility.", "The General Assembly cannot strip the Conference on Disarmament of its prerogatives, or even replace it or deprive it of any fundamental part of its mandate. Apart from setting a precedent heavy with consequences, such a step would call into question the universality and balance to be maintained among the Conference’s central and supplementary aspects.", "In any case, Algeria supports a comprehensive and balanced approach in the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work that takes the priorities and concerns of all into account. Such a programme of work should address all items on the agenda of the Conference, in particular the main issues that I have just mentioned. In that spirit, the Algerian delegation continues to believe that decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus in May 2009, is still valid. That decision was certainly not a perfect result, but the outcome of a compromise that, as stated in its preamble, is part of a process of development.", "Decision CD/1864 did not establish a hierarchy of priorities. It seeks to launch a process of interactive discussions and negotiations to engender a climate of trust and carry out the negotiations on nuclear disarmament and other matters. It would seem that that aspect of decision CD/1864, which is set out clearly in its preamble, has often been forgotten by some and obscured by others, who have retained only the negotiation of the FMCT.", "Algeria remains convinced of the need to reiterate the international community’s commitment to the vocation of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral framework for disarmament negotiation. Should differences that prevent the Conference from discharging its mandate persist, it would be fitting to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. That would be the opportunity to reaffirm that vocation in the framework of a more comprehensive consideration of the disarmament issues, which should give rise to a new consensus on disarmament priorities and the disarmament machinery, including coordination between the deliberative bodies and the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum.", "With regard to the observations and recommendations of the Advisory Board for Disarmament Matters, Algeria supports any initiative likely to promote or effectively relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament, while respecting its original mandate.", "Mr. Kodama (Japan): Japan would like to associate itself with the statements made at the 113th meeting by the representatives of Australia, on behalf of the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and of the Netherlands, on behalf of more than 40 countries.", "In realizing a world without nuclear weapons, multilateral disarmament efforts by all nuclear-weapon States and concerted action on the part of the international community as a whole are essential. From that standpoint, the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is highly important, as it brings together nuclear-weapon States and States not party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The Conference and its preceding body have drafted critical treaties in the area of disarmament, such as the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Nearly one year has passed since the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, in which a unanimous political consensus to break the deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament was achieved. However, during this period we have not been able to seize the opportunity afforded by such consensus.", "As the anniversaries of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki once again approach and the endurance of Japan’s citizens approaches its limits, further stagnation cannot be permitted. We must immediately begin substantive work on the core agenda items of the Conference on Disarmament and must advance nuclear disarmament, the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), negative security assurances and prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "If the Conference on Disarmament is unable to break the deadlock, we must consider appropriate alternatives, such as making greater use of the General Assembly. In that regard, it is extremely regrettable that uncooperative action on the part of one country has prevented the Conference from carrying out its highly important work of advancing nuclear disarmament for the good of the international community. That state of affairs also calls into question the Conference’s current form.", "From that viewpoint, today’s follow-up meeting and the upcoming session of the General Assembly, particularly the meetings of the First Committee in October, provide us with important opportunities for the advancement of nuclear disarmament and revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.", "Japan places particular importance on an early launch of the FMCT negotiations. Together with the Government of Australia, we have hosted three expert side events on the margin of the Conference on Disarmament and have had more detailed discussions on complex technical issues than have ever taken place within the Conference. Following those side events, in addition to the informal meetings of the Conference on Disarmament on the FMCT held in the past several years, we can consider that the technical discussions have, for the most part, been completed. We are therefore now at the stage where we must begin the negotiations. We must proceed with political discussions to that end.", "Cooperating closely with nine other non-nuclear-weapon States, Japan recently launched the non‑proliferation and disarmament initiative. We have already convened two ministerial-level meetings, in September last year and in April this year, to contribute to the steadfast implementation of agreements reached on certain issues at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Japan is determined to develop, in full cooperation with those nine States, effective proposals to achieve concrete progress on nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation, including an early start of the negotiations towards the FMCT and enhancement of transparency.", "It is essential to maintain the successful momentum of the most recent NPT Review Conference and to continue to promote positive action towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Much can also be done here in New York to support such action. To that end, Japan co-organized a seminar with Poland and Turkey in May this year, receiving a strongly positive response from the diplomatic community in New York. I look forward to further efforts of that kind so as to make a continuing contribution to promoting disarmament and non-proliferation and to lead to the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.", "I would like first to commend the President for scheduling this debate at this very appropriate moment. Disarmament and non-proliferation are issues of global concern. Thus, the observer States welcome this opportunity to offer their views.", "At the outset, I can affirm that the group’s members are fully committed to the Conference on Disarmament and to its revitalization. While recognizing that revitalization is a multidimensional process, I will limit my remarks to the topic of enlargement, as it constitutes the raison d’être of our group.", "In fact, enlargement is long overdue, as the last expansion dates back to 1999. Allow me at this point to recall that the rules of procedure state that “The membership of the Conference will be reviewed at regular intervals” — which is hardly the case.", "However, the main reason for our appeal is political. In fact, our reasoning is quite simple and straightforward. The current membership of the Conference on Disarmament no longer reflects the world as it is. Twelve years have passed since the most recent expansion. That situation is not compatible with today’s reality and is certainly not sustainable if the goal is to get the Conference back to work.", "Picking a line repeated countless times, the Conference on Disarmament does not work in a vacuum. Indeed, it should not. However, in order to be reconnected with the international community and with reality, the Conference needs, first and foremost, to understand that the world has changed since 1999.", "The Conference on Disarmament should become more open and more inclusive. It should seriously and urgently consider inviting more countries to join, making it more representative of the world in which we live. Furthermore, we ought to keep in mind that while the membership of the Conference is limited, the decisions are global in nature. They matter to all.", "To be truly successful, that transformation process should be inclusive and fully transparent, rather than limited and conservative. In our view, enlargement is an asset, not a liability. It represents a new opportunity, a fresh start, for the Conference on Disarmament. The simple fact that there are countries which have an interest in joining the Conference represents a clear and powerful political statement in favour of its continued relevance in today’s world. If we may say so, enlargement would work to renew the legitimacy of the Conference, which, bearing in mind the current state of affairs, is something that should be duly considered.", "In this context, we reiterate our call for the early nomination of a special rapporteur to review the issue of membership. In any case — and allow me to be very clear on this point — the appointment of a rapporteur does not prejudge any particular outcome. Needless to say, decisions are up to the member States of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We also take this opportunity to stress that our view is shared by a large number of Member States, regional groups and other formations — for example, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union and the Eastern European Group — which, during this year’s session and today again, expressed their strong support for the expansion of the membership and for the appointment of a special rapporteur.", "Our group spoke on the issue of expansion of the Conference on Disarmament during several of the Conference’s plenary sessions during the first two parts of its 2011 annual session. We also briefed the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on the matter at its 56th session. Thus we reiterate our call for the issue of membership to be considered in the context of the ongoing revitalization debate.", "While I have the floor, I should like to make a few more additional comments on a national basis. In this capacity, we fully subscribe to the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union at the 113th meeting and that of the informal group of observer States that I have just delivered.", "I would like to state that my country recognizes the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. Portugal is therefore committed to actively supporting the Conference’s work. By the same token, the Conference must also do its part, namely, to take keep pace with the current disarmament agenda.", "We should keep in mind that while the Conference’s membership is limited, its decisions are global in nature. They matter to us all. The fact therefore that there are countries interested in joining the Conference despite the longstanding stalemate represents an unequivocal and powerful political statement in favour of the Conference’s relevance. In our view, such enlargement would strengthen the Conference’s legitimacy. While we recognize that enlargement is not in itself the solution, it is certainly part of the answer for a better functioning Conference.", "Mr. Waxman (Israel): Israel assigns importance to discussing the issue of the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. It is indeed timely that we discuss this issue in earnest — not merely because of the longstanding stalemate that has characterized the Conference’s work, but mainly because of the calls to take outside the Conference issues that fall under the agenda of that body, or even to replace the Conference with another body purportedly more suited for the task.", "Israel does not support those calls, nor do we find them helpful for the promotion of meaningful work in the Conference. While there can be no disputing that the Conference is in need of an updated and clear vision that would allow it to overcome the extended stalemate, its revitalization has to take place from within the Conference itself. There are no magic wands that will provide us with a better solution or an institution that would conduct a more meaningful disarmament negotiating process.", "The Conference on Disarmament is a unique entity that is widely recognized as the sole multilateral negotiating body in the disarmament sphere. Its uniqueness stems from its membership — which includes the States of greatest relevance to these issues — and from its rules of procedure. Although the rules of procedure are criticized by some as outdated and as a reflection of past geopolitical realities, Israel remains convinced that they are well suited to the complexity and sensitivity of the issues placed on the Conference’s agenda. The rules of procedure, particularly the rule of consensus, reflect the need to protect vital security interests and to provide negotiating States with the comfort levels required for dealing with such critical issues.", "One must examine sincerely whether the complexities of the multilateral arena ought to be circumvented by the attempts to take outside the Conference the issues that were mandated to it in accordance with the General Assembly’s special session on disarmament in 1978, and whether such attempts could yield the desired results.", "In the conventional sphere, independent processes have not been able to date to attract into their fold the most relevant countries — those whose participation in the new legal arrangement will make the most significant changes to the situation on the ground. The Convention on Cluster Munitions is definitely such a case. While over a hundred States signed this instrument, a realistic examination shows that around 90 per cent of cluster munitions arsenals have remained outside the treaty. Relevant States have simply not gone along and are seeking solutions elsewhere. In this respect, the non-conventional sphere is even more complex.", "Israel does not regard taking issues out of the Conference on Disarmament as a viable or a helpful proposal. We are of the view that the Conference should focus on ways to enhance its own productivity in ways that would be meaningful. While a stalemate persists over the four core issues, there is no reason why the Conference should not conduct substantive work, and indeed negotiations, on other issues on its agenda.", "An agreed formula could and should be found that recognizes the continued importance and validity that the international community attributes to the four core issues, and at the same time steers the Conference into a pragmatic approach, which will result in negotiating other issues which may have a vital impact on security and stability. One such important item is agenda item 7, dedicated to transparency in armaments. There are many issues of importance that could be taken up under this agenda item, such as negotiating a ban on the transfer of armaments to terrorists or man-portable air defence systems. As long as the stalemate continues, an agreement could and should be reached on the promotion of other relevant issues.", "The Conference on Disarmament has served the international community well in past years. It is too vital an institution to be cast aside. We are confident that the Conference has much to contribute in the future. Let us not take a path that might prevent this institution from doing so. Instead, let us focus on realistic and useful ways to heave this wagon forward.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I wish to associate myself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "I would like to begin my statement with a wise proverb, which says, “A poor workman blames his tools”. As a tool, the Conference on Disarmament, through the development of major international legal instruments on disarmament, has perfectly proven its efficiency and the effectiveness of its rules of procedure, including the rule of consensus, even in the complex political and security context of the cold war.", "Although there are continued attempts to conceal the political nature of Conference inactivity using technical questions, such as its rules of procedure, as the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters appropriately concluded in its recent report, what appeared to be procedural problems are in fact political ones.", "The lack of political will is the principal problem of the Conference on Disarmament. Consequently, the only option to give a boost to its activity is to inject political will into this important and irreplaceable forum, which is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.", "We believe that any possible initiative to assess the Conference’s performance should be transparent, comprehensive, fair and, most importantly, driven by Member States. It should focus on addressing the root causes of the problem. The main objective of any such assessment should be to enhance the performance of the Conference while preserving its nature, role, purpose and power.", "In any performance appraisal of the Conference, we have to be cautious not to mix our considerations with exaggeration, pessimism, prejudgment and distrustful emotional diagnoses, as such an approach would only further complicate and aggravate the situation.", "Unlike some who favour changing the consensus rule of the Conference, we believe that the Conference cannot be improved by changing the format or modality of its rules of procedure, because, due to the sensitive nature of disarmament treaties that are closely related to the supreme national security interests of States, consensus is the only way to develop such treaties, as was the case in the past when disarmament treaties were concluded both within and outside the Conference.", "The inactivity in the Conference over the past decade resulted from the lack of political will; the disinclination of some States to take into account the security interests of all States and to consider all core issues in a comprehensive and balanced manner; the fact that some countries consider the Conference as a single-issue venue and are not willing to recognize the importance of other issues; the unwillingness of certain countries even to start the much longed-for and long-delayed negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention to eliminate the threat posed to humanity by the existence of such weapons, while nuclear disarmament has been identified by the international community as the highest priority in the field of disarmament, as reflected in the consensus outcome (resolution S-10/2) of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I); and the reluctance of those States to negotiate universal, legally binding instruments on negative security assurances for non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We consider the total elimination of nuclear weapons to be the highest priority and the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. For that reason, we believe that the Conference should focus on advancing the nuclear disarmament agenda and the total elimination of nuclear weapons, leading to a world free of nuclear weapons.", "In this context, we strongly support the early commencement by the Conference on Disarmament of negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. We also support a start to negotiations to conclude universal, unconditional and legally binding instruments on negative security assurances to non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We underline the validity of multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and, while we reiterate our determination to promote this valuable principle, we recall the paramount importance and continued validity of the consensus outcome SSOD-I. We strongly believe that, since the Conference on Disarmament was established by SSOD-I, the best way to address its challenges is to convene a fourth special session — a proposal that enjoys the strong support of many countries, in particular the 120 States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Finally, we believe that the roles of neither such a fourth special session nor of the Conference on Disarmament can be replaced with alternative initiatives. The problems presently facing the Conference on Disarmament are nothing new. The best way to address this challenge is to cross the stream where it is shallowest.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): The High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 was helpful in highlighting States’ views on the root causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. That meeting also underlined the strong desire of the international community to move from discussion to action. It is not only the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament that need to be reassessed, but those of the United Nations Disarmament Commission and of the First Committee as well. All three bodies must be more responsive and ready to change the way they go about their business.", "My country’s approach to disarmament is rooted in the firm conviction that multilateral cooperation is in the interest of all, and most particularly serves the interests of smaller States, which rely on a strong, rules-based international system. One of the main reasons we have convened here is because the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body — the Conference on Disarmament — is not functioning properly. Given the Conference’s vitally important remit, this dysfunction is deeply worrying.", "As we search for a solution, it is worth remembering that the Conference on Disarmament has, in the past, made an outstanding contribution in the area of arms control and disarmament. There is no reason why it cannot do so again.", "Given this track record, it is all the more disappointing that the Conference has not managed to engage in the substantive work of negotiation for more than 16 years. Ireland has not seen any meaningful work done there since we became a member in 1999. This situation is hard to explain or defend. It is a poor reflection on multilateralism and has obvious implications for international peace and security. While the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament might have been understandable while there was no movement in the wider disarmament context, it now stands in stark contrast to the positive developments we have seen elsewhere in recent years.", "Ireland stands ready to engage in negotiations on any or all of the four core issues on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. While every State has the right to promote and defend its national security interests, in our view the consensus rule was never envisaged as a mechanism to allow one State to frustrate the desire of the vast majority of the membership to engage in negotiations on any particular issue. The resulting inability of the Conference on Disarmament to engage in negotiations on any issue on its agenda is, in our view, unsustainable. Negotiations on any of the core issues will take time — in all likelihood many years. Specific national concerns can be accommodated in the course of negotiations and, in any event, agreement cannot be imposed under the consensus rule. It is axiomatic, however, that negotiations must begin if agreement is ever to be reached.", "My country’s primary objective in the Conference on Disarmament is the promotion of nuclear disarmament. This may be facilitated in a number of ways, including by the conclusion of an appropriate treaty on fissile material, which would include a verification mechanism and cover existing stocks, and of a universal, legally-binding agreement on negative security assurances. The prevention of an arms race in outer space is an issue deserving of urgent attention before the window of opportunity to prevent such an arms race is lost.", "While substantive differences are at the root of the paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament, we believe that the way in which the Conference organizes itself it is a contributory factor. Requiring consensus even to begin negotiations, as well as for the most basic procedural decisions, is conducive to the kind of deadlock with which we are all too familiar.", "Another factor inhibiting progress is the interpretation of the requirement to adopt annually a programme of work necessitating the inclusion of complex negotiating mandates and other details, rather than being merely a calendar of activities, as in most other multilateral bodies.", "The expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament and the greater involvement of civil society in its work would, in our view, enhance the representation in the Conference of global public opinion and strengthen its standing and credibility.", "Like other speakers, I welcome the recommendations made by the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board and hope that they can guide us forward in breaking the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. At the same time, we cannot evade the stark reality that the responsibility for devising and implementing solutions to global problems rests primarily with States. The issue is fundamentally that of political will.", "Such responsibilities go well beyond the Conference on Disarmament alone. The Disarmament Commission has had no substantive outcome for 12 years in succession, a situation which should not continue. The working practices of the First Committee also need the attention of Member States.", "While the Committee should be the principal forum for debate on the most pressing issues in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and how to address them, we see instead an ineffective use of time, with the ritualistic submission of resolutions whose content remains virtually unchanged from year to year, in many cases adding limited value.", "In this time of austerity, all of us have to justify how we allocate our scarce resources. Functioning disarmament machinery is a priority, but there has to be a relationship between input and outcome.", "I would like to conclude by expressing the hope that our exchanges today will act as a call to action and will encourage those most directly concerned to reassess their approach, accepting the responsibility they share with the international community to engage, to negotiate and to formulate agreements which will lead us towards the ultimate goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "Ireland stands ready to consider all ideas for taking us forward, including the recommendations to the Secretary-General by the Advisory Board, through General Assembly activity and also the possibility — an idea to which Ireland is fully open — of another special session on disarmament. We look forward to further discussions in the First Committee in October.", "Mr. Cancela (Uruguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, as I see so many seats empty in this Hall and note the absence of so many of my colleagues who are firmly committed to disarmament and non‑proliferation and who have a great interest in today’s debate, let me say that I find it regrettable that, owing to organizational problems in connection with this debate, the level of participation is low, as is the turnout.", "My country aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the States that requested that this debate be convened.", "Uruguay was one of the countries that requested a plenary meeting under agenda item 162, entitled “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. We therefore welcome this meeting.", "The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 made clear the importance that the States Members of the United Nations attach to multilateralism and the widespread concern at impasse affecting the Conference on Disarmament, which undermines its credibility and affects the United Nations system as a whole.", "It also became clear that there was a need promptly to start negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty aimed at banning the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and a need to start substantive work on nuclear disarmament issues, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "Regrettably, the Conference on Disarmament once again lost an invaluable opportunity in the substantive session this year, as it was unable to make progress on the issues under its consideration or to send any hopeful signals that the situation would change in the near future.", "We all are aware of and have recognized the achievements of the Conference on Disarmament, and its predecessors, as a genuine forum where the main instruments of arms limitation were created, to the benefit of the international community as a whole. However, more than 13 years of inaction cannot be justified on the basis of intrinsic deficiencies in the system, lack of political will or the need for consensus. Membership and consensus are privileges that come with responsibilities, thus the Conference on Disarmament must meet the expectations vested in its members, discharge the mandate entrusted to it and work according to the needs of our times.", "Uruguay acknowledges the fact that in view of such a widespread sense of failure, it is imperative to seek quick and effective solutions in order to relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "To that end, I should like to put forward three specific proposals for the revitalization of multilateral negotiations in these areas.", "First, we must take advantage of the current political juncture, which has allowed for a return to moderate multilateralism. There must be a reaffirmation of the prerogatives and legitimacy of the bodies that the international community has created to deal with disarmament matters, and respect for international law must be upheld as indispensable norm for the peaceful coexistence of nations.", "Accordingly, Uruguay calls on the Conference on Disarmament to start, without further delay, negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty for the prohibition of the production of fissile material intended for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Our country also urges that unconditional negotiations for a legally binding agreement on negative security assurances be commenced so as to ensure that non-nuclear States do not suffer from the disastrous consequences of the use or threat of use of this type of weapons by nuclear-weapon States.", "Non-nuclear States’ justified interest in and legitimate aspirations to negative security assurances are legally and politically supported by Article 2.4 of the Charter of the United Nations. Likewise, Uruguay calls for the negotiation of new, effective and verifiable multilateral instruments, with a view to preventing an arms race, including the deployment of weapons in outer space.", "Secondly, Uruguay believes that one way to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament would be to extend its membership to those States that have expressed a legitimate interest in joining. In this respect, I associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observers of the Conference on Disarmament. Our country has formalized its aspiration to join the Conference on Disarmament, along with 25 other States that since 1982 have advocated for the expansion of that body. Uruguay therefore proposes appointing a special coordinator for the Conference on Disarmament in order to study the expansion of its membership in 2011.", "Thirdly, if the Conference on Disarmament is not capable of overcoming its impasse, the General Assembly must inevitably act according to the mandate conferred on it by the United Nations Charter, whose Article 11 establishes that the Assembly", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council”.", "Mr. Çobanoğlu (Turkey): Turkey attaches great significance to the work of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and we wish to see the resumption of its substantive work. For this reason, Turkey was a co‑signatory to the letter that requested the convening of today’s meeting.", "We align ourselves with the statement delivered yesterday by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries that signed that letter. Turkey also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. Since many of our views have already been covered by those statements, I will confine myself to the following additional points in my national capacity.", "First, while there are many different views as to how revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, our preference for this revitalization process is that it take place within the Conference itself. Having said that, other efforts, such as today’s meeting, could be useful to build momentum and convey the strong expectation of the international community for the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference.", "Secondly, while concentrating on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we should not lose sight of the fact that the existing problems are not limited to the Conference. In fact, they cover all the multilateral disarmament machinery. This is not to say that the problems lie with the United Nations disarmament machinery. On the contrary, as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon very eloquently put it in his opening statement yesterday (see A/65/PV.113), the problem lies not with the vehicle but with the driver. We are convinced that these problems can be comprehensively overcome only through political will and flexibility, which are to be shown by all parties.", "Thirdly, any discussion on the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament should take into account the fact that the rule of consensus is an essential tool when it comes to international security issues. All countries may need this tool from time to time in order to safeguard their legitimate security interests. In our opinion, there is no alternative to the rule of consensus.", "Finally, unlike some other delegations, we believe that the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament is not a priority within the context of its revitalization. In our view, the present impasse in the Conference on Disarmament has nothing to do with its composition. In fact, if the Conference cannot resolve its problems within its existing composition, it would be highly unlikely, if not impossible, for these problems to be solved within an enlarged group, which will represent difference priorities and different interests. We also believe that any discussion on the enlargement of the Conference should address the question of the potential contributions of the aspiring Conference members to its work on a case-by-case basis.", "We hope to see the Conference revitalized, the concerns of all Member States addressed, substantive work on the core issues initiated and the long-standing stalemate thus overcome with the present membership composition of the Conference.", "Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): Let me begin by expressing my delegation’s deep appreciation to President Deiss and Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for convening this debate. Being among the countries that called for it, we are especially grateful to be given the opportunity to have a follow-up discussion to the High-level Meeting on the Revitalization of the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September 2010.", "Bulgaria aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and with that made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of States. I will just highlight a few points that are important to us.", "We all hoped that the High-level Meeting held in September 2010 would stimulate positive developments in the Conference on Disarmament. Regrettably, this has not been the case, and the Conference has so far failed to seize the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. However, we all agree that the impasse cannot and should not continue. Fifteen years have already been lost, and we cannot afford the luxury of losing even more time.", "The irony is that the Conference on Disarmament should be more relevant than ever and overloaded with work now, in times of asymmetrical threats and common security challenges, and the international community should be more convinced than ever of multilateralism as the appropriate approach. The longer the impasse continues, the more the relevance of the Conference on Disarmament is called into question.", "The excuses for this — the consensus rule and the lack of political will, among others — are well-known. The Conference on Disarmament itself cannot be blamed. The responsibility lies with us, its members. Change should come from within. We should all ask ourselves how strongly we want to make the Conference on Disarmament relevant and credible again. The consensus rule is there, but we need to be creative about it instead of using it to hold the Conference hostage. This rule was created in order to enable members to express their common will based on compromise and not in order to impose the view of one member on all.", "The world is interconnected. New realities require new approaches. If the Conference on Disarmament does not adapt to the new challenges and conditions quickly, it will render itself irrelevant. The new dynamic is fast-paced, as should be the response of the Conference. The Conference must deliver, or it risks pushing the international community to explore alternative avenues for multilateral negotiations related to disarmament and non-proliferation.", "A revitalized Conference on Disarmament means a functioning Conference on Disarmament that is in line with the new realities. The two most pressing issues, however, persist: first, the adoption of a programme of work; and secondly, the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay. Any national security concern, if legitimate, could be addressed as part of a negotiation process rather than blocking the substantive work of the Conference. Nothing should be precluded from consideration if negotiation on a fissile material cut-off treaty were to start.", "Enlargement of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament would definitely be a step towards adapting to the new realities. New members would bring new energy and new ideas. Civil society is also a part of the process, and non-governmental organizations and research institutions have an important role to play. We join the calls for improved methods of work, for the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission as well.", "We stand ready to work for these goals in the run up to the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee in October. I would like to conclude, however, by citing Bertholt Brecht who said “because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are”. This idea is 100 per cent applicable to the Conference on Disarmament as it is today.", "Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): The Philippines associates itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. My delegation also supports the statement delivered by the representatives of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament and of the Netherlands on behalf of the group of like-minded States.", "The Philippines reaffirms its belief that multilateral diplomacy is the best way to achieve further progress in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. At the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in May 2010, States parties took a significant step forward in these areas when they adopted the Conference’s Outcome Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In this regard, the Philippines reminds States parties of their obligation to implement the action plan, as well as the section on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, as listed in the conclusions and recommendations section of the Document.", "One action was undertaken when the High-level Meeting was held in September 2010. The debate today is a continuation of that Meeting held almost one year ago. In spite of the time that has elapsed since then — in fact, in the more than 15 years that have passed since the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — the impasse persists.", "This Sisyphean state of affairs cannot be allowed to continue. Based on discussions at the last High-level Meeting in September, the Philippines and many other delegations find the situation untenable. The Conference on Disarmament must agree on and implement a programme of work. If it cannot, other definitive actions must be undertaken. Furthermore, since the bottom-up approach has paralysed efforts to reform the Conference due to the fact that the rule of consensus vests in every Conference member a veto-like power, it is now imperative that the General Assembly, which created the Conference on Disarmament, assert its power through a top-down approach.", "The Philippines, together with several other delegations that form the informal group of observer States, sees an urgent need for the Conference on Disarmament to expand its membership. In the interest of promoting greater inclusivity and dynamism in the Conference, the Philippines calls for a review of the membership of the Conference as provided for in its rules of procedure, and to allow for the expansion of its membership. Numerous countries, presently observers in the Conference, possess the legitimate aspiration to full membership. To facilitate this review, the Philippines calls for the Conference on Disarmament to appoint a special rapporteur/coordinator on enlargement.", "Yet, alternative means must also be considered. The Conference on Disarmament may be known as the sole multilateral disarmament body, but disarmament agreements have been conceived outside it, including the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Under these Conventions, not all countries joined at their inceptions and in fact still have not joined, but that does not preclude the possibility of States eventually becoming parties. The key, as the Philippines sees it, is to begin negotiations at the soonest possible time.", "Another method that could be emulated is the way in which preparations are being made for the negotiation of an arms trade treaty, which fell within the ambit of the General Assembly, which decided that a United Nations Conference would be held to negotiate the treaty. The Philippines also continues to support calls for convening the fourth special session on disarmament (SSOD-IV), which could comprehensively reappraise and revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "For my delegation, what is important is not which body negotiates, but that negotiations actually begin and result in something more tangible and concrete than mere factual reports of meetings, as was the case with the last meeting of the Disarmament Commission in April.", "We the States present here today have a choice and a difficult decision to make. Do we remain and stay confined in the Conference on Disarmament, hoping that intractable issues that have plagued the Conference will magically dissipate over time, leading to genuine progress towards negotiating a disarmament agenda? Or do we dare to go beyond and follow, for instance, the path taken by a significant number of countries in seeking alternative recourse, as was the case in the negotiations for the Ottawa and Oslo Conventions? Do we set up a process parallel to the Conference on Disarmament? Do we hope that we can replicate the success of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 and pin our hopes on SSOD-IV? Do we have to commission some high-level group to study further what must be done? Do we go the route of the General Assembly and give this body a more central and active role to move multilateral disarmament negotiations forward?", "The right answer is unfortunately unclear. What is clear to us is that we must make a choice and follow through on it sooner rather than later. The choice might be to give the General Assembly a more central and active role and seek innovative and alternative means of causing multilateral disarmament negotiations to advance. If we do not make a choice and act, we will doom ourselves to stagnation and inactivity, thereby increasing the chance that weapons that have been held in abeyance thus far may be unleashed to devastating and horrific effect.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I join other colleagues in thanking the President for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General, which was attended by our Minister for External Affairs, His Excellency Sri S. M. Krishna, on 24 September 2010.", "India associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Almost one year has elapsed since the convening of the High-level Meeting. The Conference on Disarmament is still unable to undertake its primary task of negotiating multilateral treaties. We share the disappointment of the Member States on the continuing impasse in the Conference. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament or its rules of procedure are not to be blamed for this impasse. We believe that today’s meeting should send a strong message of support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum and to provide political impetus to the multilateral agenda, which includes early commencement of negotiations on an fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The Conference on Disarmament adopted a consensus decision in May 2009 on its programme of work, which included the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 demonstrated a very broad measure of support for CD/1864. In fact, the first recommendation of that meeting, reiterated subsequently by the Secretary-General in his address to the Conference on Disarmament on 26 January, calls for the Conference to adopt that, or a similar programme of work, in 2011.", "India will not stand in the way if consensus emerges on a programme of work that picks up from where we were in terms of the consensus decision CD/1864, if such a decision facilitates the early commencement of substantive work in the Conference, including negotiation of an FMCT on the basis of the mandate contained in CD/1299. This is without prejudice to the priority we attach to nuclear disarmament.", "India has been steadfast in its support for global, non-discriminatory, verifiable nuclear disarmament. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi presented a visionary action plan for a nuclear-weapon-free and non-violent world order. This plan sets out a road map for achieving nuclear disarmament in a time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner. It may be recalled that the Final Document of the first special session on disarmament (resolution S‑10/2) accorded nuclear disarmament the highest priority. We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved by a step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed multilateral framework that is global and non‑discriminatory. We need a meaningful dialogue among all States possessing nuclear weapons in order to build trust and confidence and to reduce the salience of such weapons in international affairs and security doctrines.", "I would like to reaffirm our support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum, recognized as such by the international community. The Conference continues to have the mandate, the membership, the credibility and the rules of procedure to discharge that responsibility. It is up to Member States to make it work by negotiating multilateral treaties that can be universally implemented. Proposals that question the viability or relevance of the Conference, or that suggest unrealistic alternatives, will not lead to useful or productive results in taking forward the agreed multilateral agenda with the participation of all relevant countries. We hope that our discussions today will build positive momentum for the disarmament agenda and reaffirm the critical role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for achieving our common goals.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): My delegation commends the President for following up on the important High-level Meeting that the Secretary-General convened on 24 September last year on the theme of revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We also thank President Deiss; Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Olga Pellicer; and Mr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, for their statements. Their insights and the Secretary-General’s summary of the aforementioned meeting point to significant key steps for strengthening the disarmament machinery with a common vision for disarmament and non-proliferation. We also reiterate that disarmament helps address other global challenges, including poverty reduction, climate change and reaching the Millennium Development Goals.", "Kazakhstan is a firm and consistent supporter of the vision of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as demonstrated by its decision to shut down its nuclear test site and renounce one of the world’s largest nuclear arsenals. As a member of the Conference on Disarmament, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to that forum and the contribution it has made in the past. However, regrettably, the Conference has failed to live up to expectations. Now is the moment to evaluate concrete strategies for overcoming the deadlock of the past decade on generally accepted key issues in order to accelerate the process of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Like other Member States, Kazakhstan agrees that an early start to negotiations on a non‑discriminatory, multilateral and internationally verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is critical. Such a treaty would keep illegitimate military nuclear programmes to a minimum and considerably improve control over existing materials, thus greatly reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism.", "As the country that is home to the Baikonur Cosmodrome space launch complex, and is involved in international cooperation on outer space, as well as its own national space development on a multilateral cooperative basis, Kazakhstan calls for the strict maintenance of peaceful activities in outer space and urges the Conference to include this issue on its agenda. Considering the increasing number of countries involved in and dependent on space programmes, we should further promote the prevention of an arms race in outer space by engaging other international entities that deal with issues of space exploration.", "The President of my country, Nursultan Nazarbayev, speaking at the Global Summit on Nuclear Security in Washington, D.C., in April 2010, has called for the drafting of an international legally binding instrument on security assurances by nuclear Powers to non-nuclear-weapon States. It is only such assurances that can effectively keep in check the aspirations of certain non-nuclear States to acquire nuclear weapons as a guarantee of their own security. The next step should be drafting a universal declaration of a nuclear-weapon-free world, which would reaffirm the determination of all States to move willingly and progressively towards a convention on a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "My delegation concurs with other Member States that the present impasse hurts the credibility and calls into question the Conference on Disarmament’s relevance. The current stagnation in multilateral negotiations is understood to be due not just to a lack of political will, but also to lacunae in the disarmament machinery.", "To summarize, my delegation calls on the General Assembly and member States to consider ways to review the Conference’s mandate, membership, structure and procedures of work, as well as to strengthen disarmament and non-proliferation measures by immediately starting work on an FMCT, the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, a legally binding treaty for negative security assurances, and a declaration or convention outlawing nuclear weapons. The consensus principle must be reconsidered so as to make the Conference a strong and viable entity, rather than taking the policymaking process outside the United Nations, as has been proposed by some States. The work of the Conference should begin with a relevant and effective agenda both for issues set in the past and for those that will emerge in the near future. We therefore fully support the Secretary-General’s proposal to appoint a high-level panel of eminent persons to seek ways to strengthen the disarmament machinery, and especially the Conference on Disarmament.", "Finally, in closing, I would like to assure the Assembly that Kazakhstan will take every possible step to strengthen the Conference on Disarmament and enhance its commitment to the multilateral disarmament process.", "Mr. Husain (Canada): At the outset, let me thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on this very important topic. I wish that we were assembling today to celebrate a renewed sense of hope and enthusiasm about prospects for a resumption of multilateral disarmament negotiations. We are not. The Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked and is effectively broken. Critical institutional reform is needed.", "That is why, when Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable John Baird, announced the suspension of Canada’s participation in the Conference under the presidency of North Korea, Canada also undertook to lead an initiative to reform the methodology for selecting the President of the Conference on Disarmament. Driving such efforts is Canada’s belief that leadership of the Conference is a privilege that should be afforded only to those who promote and adhere to the values and objectives of the Conference on Disarmament. As our Minister has said, it is absurd to have one of the world’s worst offenders, when it comes to nuclear proliferation and non‑compliance, chairing a disarmament body.", "Canada was pleased to serve as the first of the Conference’s six rotating Presidents for 2011, and is also among several of the countries serving as President with outstanding non-proliferation credentials and a firm commitment to disarmament.", "So far this year, Conference members have had discussions on the Conference’s four core agenda items. But let us be clear. The mandate of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate, and not simply to discuss, disarmament. The Conference’s 2011 session is nearly over, and positions on a programme of work remain deeply entrenched and mutually exclusive. Our efforts to get the Conference back to work in 2011 have not yet proven successful, though Canada will renew efforts towards that end in August, after North Korea is no longer the President —", "The Acting President: I call on the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on a point of order.", "Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): I have asked to speak because the representative of Canada has just referred to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as North Korea. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a State Member of the United Nations, and I kindly ask you, Sir, to call the speaker to order in this matter.", "The Acting President: We have taken note of the point of order made by the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and I ask the representative of Canada to continue with his statement.", "Mr. Husain (Canada): In light of the continued stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, Canada believes that efforts to follow up on last September’s High-level Meeting must be pursued in earnest. Canada was among those States at last September’s High-level Meeting that spoke in favour of a deadline for the Conference if substantive work — including negotiations — had not commenced by this autumn. Specifically, we believe that the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session could also take up consideration of how the work of the Conference should be pursued.", "Speaking at the Conference on 28 February, Canada’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable Lawrence Cannon, again urged Conference members to think outside of the box. We have seen some positive evidence of new thinking this year. The Australian and Japanese side-event initiative on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is one clear example. Reluctantly, Canada believes that the time has also come to think outside of the Conference on Disarmament.", "An FMCT is Canada’s top priority as the next disarmament instrument, and while our preference would be to see negotiations start in the Conference on Disarmament, our patience with non-performing multilateral bodies is not endless. Currently, one country among 65 is blocking the Conference from FMCT negotiations by citing subregional strategic issues. However, tomorrow it could just as easily be another country or countries that abuse the Conference’s rule of consensus on a procedural matter in order to stymie substantive multilateral disarmament negotiations. Such was never the intended purpose of the consensus rule.", "Canada is of the view that starting an external negotiations process on an FMCT will not further endanger the Conference on Disarmament, which has failed to implement a programme of work since 1998. Accordingly, we welcome the recent statement by the United States that it is consulting on alternative means to begin FMCT negotiations. We agree that success on an FMCT will require the active participation of those States that possess nuclear weapons. With many nuclear-weapon States having declared a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, now is the time to start FMCT negotiations. Universality is something that can be built over time.", "(spoke in French)", "Canada is flexible on the modalities and venue for FMCT negotiations, and will re-engage in the Conference on Disarmament following North Korea’s presidency, to focus on reforming the body and pressing ahead with important matters related to its other core agenda items.", "We look forward to the broadest possible discussion of the merits of all possible alternative routes to fissile material cut-off treaty negotiations. One idea that remains on the table is having substantive work take place through the creation of subcommittees of the First Committee. Other scenarios have also been put forward. For our part, Canada is not opposed to convening a fourth special session on disarmament, but we are of the view that the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty should not await the outcome of that broader process. We can and should start these negotiations now.", "Mr. Le Hoai Trung (Viet Nam): Viet Nam associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Over the past year, we have witnessed a number of positive developments reflected in the entry into force of the New START treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation in February and the adoption of the Outcome Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50). Still, conflicts continue in various parts of the world, and instability and new dangers to security have emerged in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The danger of an arms race has also increased. Against that backdrop, it is regrettable that the Conference on Disarmament remains in a stalemate, as it still cannot even agree on a programme of work.", "The lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament has not only prevented the Conference from effectively contributing to the promotion of a more peaceful and secure international environment, but also undermined confidence in that important multilateral disarmament forum.", "Due to time constraints, we would like to highlight a number of issues. First, nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority in disarmament. I would like to recall the adoption of resolution 65/56 on nuclear disarmament, which called upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2011 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons. To that end, I urge nuclear-weapon States to take further substantive and practical actions towards complete nuclear disarmament, particularly by taking the lead in commencing negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.", "Secondly, the central role of the United Nations disarmament machinery in the process of disarmament and non-proliferation and arms control should be upheld. We urge the Conference on Disarmament to adopt a balanced and comprehensive programme of work that covers all pressing issues, such as nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer apace and a fissile material cut-off treaty. To this end, I should like to call for greater political will, flexibility and cooperation.", "Thirdly, multilateral disarmament negotiations should be aimed at strengthening peace and international security and achieving the ultimate goal of the elimination of the danger of nuclear war and the implementation of measures to halt and reverse the arms race. Such a negotiations process should be based on the fundamental principles agreed at the first special session of the General Assembly. Those principles include strict observance of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, respect of the right to participate on an equal footing, with a full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and due consideration for the vital interests of all peoples of the world.", "It is the consistent policy of Viet Nam to strive for peace and support the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with the goal of general and complete disarmament. Viet Nam has acceded to all major multilateral treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and has been an active member of many United Nations disarmament bodies. In the region of South-East Asia, it is also working closely with other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and other partners in the implementation of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone and its Plan of Action. Viet Nam will continue to work with all other international partners in pursuit of further progress in the field of disarmament.", "Mr. Heller (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): Mexico fully aligns itself with the statements made by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of several States and by the delegation of Australia on behalf of those countries participating in the initiative on disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Mexico also welcomes the action taken by the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, in promoting multilateral negotiations on disarmament in his five-point plan and by convening the high-level meeting held in 2010. Likewise, we take note of the report presented by the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "The 2010 high-level meeting revealed the differing views concerning the dysfunctional nature of the various disarmament forums, particularly the Conference on Disarmament. However, it also showed the tremendous interest of the international community in this issue, which concerns us all given that it affects the security and the very survival of humankind.", "Mexico has lent its full support to the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessor bodies, all of which were created to achieve an aim to which my country attaches the highest priority. It is therefore unacceptable that the forum entrusted with negotiating legally binding instruments to safeguard the security of our peoples has not, over the past 15 years, been able to carry out substantive work on any of the items on its agenda and has failed to fulfil its mandate.", "Nor is there agreement on the reasons for the paralysis affecting the Conference on Disarmament. Some contend that this is due to external factors and that the Conference is a victim of circumstances. Others believe that the dysfunctional nature of the forum is a result of the fact that it was designed to work in the context of the cold war, not in the multipolar context of the twenty-first century. The impasse may be the result of a combination of both of those factors. Clearly, the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament were designed for different times. This affects its decision-making as well as its substantive work.", "The limited nature of membership of the Conference on Disarmament, the composition of its regional groups and the lack of participation by civil society are also anachronistic factors. However, the greatest obstacle responsible for stymying the work of the Conference has proved to be the consensus rule, which has been construed as the need for absolute unanimity, both on matter of substance and those of form. This interpretation has turned this rule into a right of veto for the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament. When the veto is exercised, the majority of the international community is robbed of the opportunity to achieve a higher goal that is a priority on the global agenda. The veto has even been used to prevent the adoption of a programme of work. It would appear that a precondition exists that there must be agreement on substance before negotiations can start — forgetting that the Conference on Disarmament has a specific duty to negotiate.", "The responsibility of ensuring that the Conference on Disarmament fulfils its mandate falls primarily on its members, but, in the last analysis, it is of concern to all States Members of the United Nations, which in 1978 designated it as the only multilateral forum for disarmament.", "This provides us with an opportunity to take a step back and take a look, from the perspective of the General Assembly, at what is happening in Geneva. What we see from here and what is perceived by the 128 States that are not members of the Conference on Disarmament — that is to say, two thirds of the membership — is that over the past 15 years, at least one State member of the Conference on Disarmament was prepared to exercise the right to veto, thus preventing that forum from discharging the mandated entrusted to it by this very Assembly.", "We note also that the repeated calls by the General Assembly on the Conference on Disarmament to begin its work have gone unheeded. If this state of affairs continues, it will be logical for the General Assembly to carefully consider this issue and adopt the measures necessary to rescind the prerogatives granted to a body that no longer complies with its wishes.", "In 2005, Mexico, together with other countries, proposed that disarmament negotiations should commence in the General Assembly, in the hope that the Conference on Disarmament would adopt its programme of work and fulfil its mandate. Mexico remains prepared to encourage such a step or any other that would offer real possibilities for beginning multilateral negotiations on disarmament.", "In conclusion, we trust that the General Assembly, at its upcoming session, will shoulder the responsibility falling to it in this respect.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation is grateful to the President of the General Assembly for having convened this debate and for his commitment to revitalizing the disarmament agenda. We also appreciate the interest of the Secretary-General in relaunching negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation. The five-point plan and the high-level meeting convened in 2010 are proof of a high degree of political responsibility regarding a matter that is of vital importance for the multilateral system to work effectively and thereby contribute to collective security, development, peace and international security.", "Chile aligns itself with the statements made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the 10 countries involved in the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries concerned.", "First and foremost, Chile wishes to reaffirm its commitment to multilateralism in general and in the matter of disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in particular. We appreciate the multilateral disarmament and security institutions that protect both our individual security interests and those of the international community as a whole.", "It is pointless to go on analyzing the reasons for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament and the dysfunction in the disarmament machinery when what the international community wants is concrete actions and stronger standards and instruments on disarmament and arms limitation. That is a sphere in which we have seen progress and a favourable climate that should permeate the Conference on Disarmament.", "After more than 10 unproductive years, the Conference on Disarmament has arrived at a restricted situation that is unsustainable. A revitalization process directed at reaching an agreement allowing it to resume its negotiation function requires a broad political commitment that could take shape in a framework in which countries feel they have an effective forum for participating in creating a safer world and protecting their own legitimate national interests.", "Self-diagnosis and debates on the rules of procedure must give way to measures that make it possible to reanimate the Conference in short order or to seek alternatives that could fully serve the interests of the international community. We suggest analyzing document CD/1931, submitted by Colombia, which gives a thorough description of the perceptions, interests and limitations of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Revitalizing the Conference requires revising some of its central aspects, such as its composition, procedures and consensus rule. Although we believe in retaining that rule as a way of attaining a broad base on matters in which the security of States is at stake, it should not be abused to the point of paralyzing the Conference on merely procedural matters. The composition of the regional groups is another point that must be analyzed. In the twenty-first century the Conference on Disarmament must not turn its back on civil society. It should build bridges with civil society and have greater interaction with it. All these political issues must be part of a negotiating package.", "Chile has a broad and flexible attitude about options that would make possible progress in multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non‑proliferation. We do not intend to replace the Conference on Disarmament. We prefer to work inside it, as the outstanding negotiating forum in the field. Still, we must be clear that we are open to examining alternatives.", "The fact that we are meeting here in New York may lead us to establish the right of the General Assembly to take actions on matters of disarmament and non-proliferation, which have a real, direct impact on the role and mandate of the Conference on Disarmament. If the status quo continues, it will be difficult to challenge the legitimacy of such a step.", "The subsidiary bodies of the United Nations system are not ends in themselves. They are merely means to satisfy and channel the political aspirations and needs of the international community. Disarmament is a common global good. That is not true of the Conference on Disarmament or other mechanisms of the so-called disarmament machinery that have their origin in the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, more than 30 years ago, and that can be changed, as has happened with other bodies. A fourth special session on disarmament could be the suitable forum in which to introduce reforms that would give the international community the tools required by our present circumstances.", "We should ask ourselves whether the lack of progress in disarmament negotiations is structurally linked to the Conference on Disarmament, a problem specific to that body, or whether it derives from the strategic and political interests of major players that probably would affect any disarmament forum. If the latter is the case, progress will be achieved only through determined commitment and political will on the part of those players and the international community as a whole.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to thank the President of the General Assembly, and the Secretary-General for his personal initiative in organizing today’s timely debate under agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. I would like to welcome the presence of Ms. Pellicer, who presides in the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament, whose opinion we await with great anticipation and which we believe will significantly support our work. I would also like to thank Mr. Tokayev, the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, for his remarks.", "Before I start, I would like to align Slovenia with the statements made by the European Union, by Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and by the Netherlands on behalf of the countries supporting the initiative on follow-up to the high-level meeting that took place on 24 September 2010.", "I wish to make three points regarding today’s discussion.", "First, we believe that it is now high time for concrete follow-up decisions that should follow the high-level meeting that took place here last September. We hope that after today’s meeting we will know more about how to proceed in the next General Assembly session. We equally hope that the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board will be useful and will offer the Secretary-General and Member States instrumental advice in this regard.", "Secondly, Slovenia believes that the current stalemate in global multilateral disarmament negotiations clearly demonstrates how urgently we need a comprehensive reform of the existing international disarmament machinery. The Geneva-based Conference on Disarmament, established in 1979, needs to be adapted to the realities of the contemporary world of the twenty-first century. Above all, it should open its doors to all interested countries that want to contribute to international peace and security. International peace and security is important for all countries in the world, not only for the group of current members of the Conference on Disarmament. We firmly believe that new members would enrich the work of the Conference and help it to overcome the present impasse.", "Let me use this opportunity to reiterate our longstanding view that the Conference should commence negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) without any further delay. We are convinced that an FMCT would effectively complement the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and would guide us further on our way towards a world without nuclear weapons.", "Thirdly, the reinvigoration of the Conference on Disarmament is one of the first steps on the way to reforming the international disarmament machinery. In this regard, we should also reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which this year again failed to produce any significant results. The reform should be comprehensive and effective and should also redefine the role of the First Committee.", "Finally, Slovenia welcomes the efforts of the Secretary-General and of many countries to move the disarmament process forward. We expect that in the autumn we will start serious discussions on concrete proposals on how to implement the process that we started in the high-level meeting last year. Time is of the essence, and let me invite all States to join us in our efforts to unblock international disarmament negotiations and start effective reform of the international disarmament machinery that will finally deliver results and take us forward to our ultimate goal — a world without nuclear weapons.", "Mr. Abdullah (Malaysia): Let me first express our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his continuous efforts in promoting a world free of nuclear weapons.", "I align my delegation with the statement made by Egypt at the 113th meeting on behalf of the Non‑Aligned Movement. We also would like to thank the Netherlands for its statement delivered at the same meeting on behalf of 41 States, which we view as highly pertinent to the purposes of this debate.", "The Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee of the General Assembly and the review process of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty constitute the multilateral platform for States to work collectively to achieve our shared goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control. For this reason, among others, the Conference in particular cannot forever remain deadlocked. We need to set the right priorities and concentrate all efforts on achieving them.", "Moving forward, my delegation wishes to reiterate the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith, and to bring to conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control. We therefore wish to underscore that emphasis should be given to the total elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a nuclear weapons convention. It is imperative that the Conference on Disarmament commence its substantive work at the earliest opportunity, to enable further progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "It is also worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee were the outcomes of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We are therefore of the view that these three organs are all accountable to the Assembly. In this connection, we support the convening of a fourth special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could be instrumental in moving forward the disarmament agenda.", "Another alternative that could also be considered is the possibility of reviewing the effectiveness of each entity through an eminent persons group, which would come up with recommendations for ways to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery. Malaysia mentioned this in its statement at the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament held last year. It was also mentioned in the recommendation section of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. Malaysia is ready to explore any other feasible ideas put forward.", "Transparency and complete inclusiveness should be the guiding principles of the Conference on Disarmament. We support expansion of the Conference and agree that further opportunity should be given to civil society to follow Conference proceedings in a meaningful manner.", "Lastly, we cannot stress enough that genuine and strong political will exhibited by States in a tangible manner is absolutely vital to taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament and other organs of the United Nations. Malaysia is ready to work closely with other delegations to undertake this joint endeavour.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): Spain aligns itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting on behalf of the European Union.", "A little less than a year ago, last 24 September, a high-level meeting was held under the auspices of the Secretary-General with the goal of evaluating the situation of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stalemate. That exercise led to a thorough analysis of the present situation, with wide participation on the part of ministers and other high-level representatives, as was recognized in resolution 65/93. This also highlights the commendably firm commitment of the Secretary-General, who has made revitalizing the disarmament machinery one of his priorities.", "Regrettably, we must conclude that the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament has continued throughout 2011, with no sign of any resolution. The efforts and appeals to lift this negotiating body out of its stalemate have to date been fruitless.", "It would be tempting to say that since we have made no progress, we are in the same place we were in a year ago. A year ago, however, we could feel confident that some positive momentum rising from a series of good news in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation — such as the signing of the New START Treaty, the Washington summit on nuclear security and the consensus for a plan of action based on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference — would have a contagious effect on the Conference on Disarmament. However, that hope has still not materialized, and while the disarmament agenda is making progress in other forums, the Conference in Geneva continues to waste its means, efforts and energy for yet another year, without taking even the first step towards consensus in the form of adopting a programme of work — something it painstakingly achieved in 2009.", "In recent years it has become commonplace to say that the Conference on Disarmament works but does not produce. Its abundant — perhaps excessive — schedule of meetings provides evidence of its labours. We have to wonder, however, if those labours, as arduous as they are unproductive, have any reason to be other than as a ritual for its own sake, considering that they are unable to unblock the negotiations.", "It is indeed true that despite its inaction on negotiations, during the Conference’s current session — and thanks to the laudable efforts of the Canadian, Chilean, Chinese and Colombian presidencies — countless formulas, initiatives and proposals have been brought up, many of which are very sound, in our view. It is not ideas that are lacking but rather sufficient consensus to bring them to fruition.", "Given this critical convergence, which places us between the clamour from the international community and civil society for progress on disarmament and an ineffective or at any rate stalled disarmament machinery, what should be done?", "The ideal would be progress within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, which in the past has shown itself to be an effective forum for international negotiation for such important achievements as the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Spain is committed to this course, as it demonstrated on 16 June, when, together with Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, it introduced document CD/1910, a joint discussion paper designed to stimulate debate on fissile material in the Conference on Disarmament.", "One can continue bet on revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament, but it would be a mistake to do so with infinite patience. Our task is too important and urgent to leave it to a single forum that for 14 years has shown itself incapable of fulfilling its mission. In other words, if the debate is couched in terms either of making progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation or of betting on the Conference on Disarmament, there can be only one response from all of us here, and it must be heard once and for all in a clear and unanimous manner.", "But let us not anticipate events. For the time being, this meeting presents a new opportunity for exploring the causes of and possible solutions to the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament, and we must not waste it. In that regard, we would like to join in the concrete proposals offered by the European Union. In particular, we call attention to the following.", "First, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Commission and the Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and duly examine the issue in their reports to the General Assembly, while requesting that the Assembly maintain its interest in this issue and its follow-up. Secondly, we call on States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive nuclear devices. Lastly, we call on the member States of the Conference to initiate negotiations for a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay, and to begin working on the other items on the agenda.", "We must be both bold and realistic as we explore and promote concrete proposals for the Conference on Disarmament, always keeping in mind that, as Alexis de Tocqueville said, institutions that we are accustomed to calling necessary are sometimes only institutions to which we have become accustomed.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): May I convey to you, Sir, the appreciation of the delegation of Bangladesh for scheduling this important plenary meeting as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, held on 24 September 2010.", "I would like to associate myself with the statement delivered by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. In addition, I would like to dwell on certain core elements from our national perspective.", "The agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on arms reduction is an important positive step after years of sluggishness in disarmament talks. This is a step in the right direction, but it is decidedly insufficient for freeing the planet from the curse of nuclear weapons. We hope that States parties will seize the moment at this plenary meeting, and that the meeting provides guidance to all of us, including the States that have yet to become parties to the relevant instruments, in achieving the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "Bangladesh is a democratic, secular and inclusive society. My country, with its impeccable disarmament and non-proliferation record, is committed to the pursuit of universal adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Bangladesh has unconditionally opted to remain non‑nuclear by choice. We were the first annex 2 country from South Asia to ratify the CTBT. We have also concluded a safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including the additional protocols.", "Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to achieving general and complete disarmament. As a demonstration of that commitment, the Parliament of Bangladesh has also adopted a resolution supporting the 2010 NPT Review Conference. The resolution, inter alia, emphasized the need to implement all three pillars of the NPT, namely, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has also reiterated its support for article IV of the NPT, which guarantees the inalienable rights of all States parties to the NPT to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with articles I and II of the Treaty, under the IAEA safeguards and verification mechanism. The Bangladesh Parliament, in its unanimous opinion, also expressed the belief that any use of nuclear weapons would constitute an international crime, including a crime against humanity, a crime against peace, a war crime and genocide. The Government of Bangladesh fully supports this parliamentary resolution.", "Bangladesh steadfastly supports a multilateral approach to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also support the work of the Disarmament Commission, which is the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery.", "We believe that weapons of mass destruction pose the gravest threat to humankind. We continue to believe that only the total elimination of nuclear weapons can provide a guarantee against the use or threat of use of such weapons and against the danger of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists.", "Bangladesh is convinced that, in addition to electricity generation, the peaceful uses of nuclear technology within the IAEA safeguards and verification regime may help tackle some old as well as contemporary development challenges that we confront, including hunger, disease, natural resource management and climate change. It is disconcerting to note that undue restrictions on exports of material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes to developing non-nuclear-weapon countries continue to persist through measures incompatible with the provisions of the Treaty. These barriers need to be removed.", "It is a matter of concern that the nuclear-weapon States are not only adding more precision capability to the existing stockpiles of nuclear weapons, but are also developing new types of weaponry. We stress that non‑nuclear States parties to the NPT have a legitimate right to receive unconditional assurances from the nuclear-weapon States that the latter will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against them.", "Bangladesh also views the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda from a development perspective. Our conscience cannot justify an expenditure of about $1.5 trillion a year on armaments when developing countries, particularly least developed countries like Bangladesh, are struggling to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The full implementation of the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, is critical to achieve this goal.", "Let me reiterate that, notwithstanding everything to which I have referred, we have not lost faith in ourselves. While we acknowledge that our journey towards a nuclear-weapon-free world will not be easy, we do not believe that difficulties should deter us from beginning our quest for a nuclear-weapon-free world, for ourselves and for our children. We must leave behind a planet habitable for future generations. Let us resolve to make a difference today.", "Mr. Taalas (Finland): I would like thank you, Sir, for convening this plenary meeting on this pressing topic.", "Finland aligns itself with the statements made on behalf of the European Union and on behalf of a group of like-minded countries delivered by the Netherlands.", "Almost a year has passed since the High-level Meeting in New York last September, and we have not seen any progress. The reasons for this situation are well-known. The decade-long hiatus in the Conference on Disarmament negotiations threatens to unravel the system of multilateral disarmament negotiations. The United Nations disarmament machinery is in jeopardy. The situation requires political re-engagement and fresh thinking by all Member States. Business as usual is not an option. What we need most urgently is strong political will to restart multilateral disarmament negotiations. We hope this meeting will serve to crystallize this will.", "We need to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament without delay. It would take us a step closer to our goal of a world without nuclear weapons and would be essential for our non-proliferation efforts. A fissile material cut-off treaty would contribute to implementing all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The Conference on Disarmament must embrace the momentum for nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation as manifested in the New START Treaty and at the Nuclear Security Summit. Finland urges all Member States to work towards complete nuclear disarmament through concrete actions.", "There are also some practical steps we can take in order to revitalize the work in the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "First, we should review the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission. We need more substantial discussion and search for common ground, and less procedure.", "Secondly, multilateral negotiations demand the participation of all relevant players. Reviewing the Conference on Disarmament’s membership base is warranted in order to ensure its inclusiveness.", "Thirdly, we need fresh ideas and a better connection to the realities outside United Nations meeting rooms. We should strengthen the voice of civil society and academia and find ways to make better use of their valuable contribution in our work.", "We are committed to doing our utmost to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations during Finland’s chairmanship of the First Committee during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. We hope that, with the political re-engagement of all Member States, we can together take the revitalization agenda forward.", "Mr. Tladi (South Africa): South Africa is thankful for this opportunity to have an open and honest discussion about the multilateral disarmament agenda and, in particular, for the opportunity to examine the progress that has been made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "My delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representative of Egypt, who spoke on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by the representative of the Netherlands, who spoke on behalf of a group of States from various regions around the world.", "One of the outcomes of the first special session on the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) was to recognize the need for a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of limited size taking decisions on the basis of consensus — what we know today as the Conference on Disarmament. The past achievements of the Conference and its predecessor entities have illustrated the role that this body can play in the negotiation of key multilateral disarmament instruments. It is therefore regrettable that this institution has for many years now failed to fulfil its basic mandate. As a result of the continuing deadlock, many have understandably started to question the Conference’s relevance and continued value in the pursuit of disarmament goals, especially since the dawn of the new international security environment after the end of the Cold War.", "Another decision of SSOD-I was the establishment of the Disarmament Commission as a deliberative body on disarmament and a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. Unfortunately, this body is also not fulfilling its mandate and has again this year failed to produce any concrete recommendations.", "Nuclear disarmament remains our highest priority, which is a priority shared by all members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 21 and the vast majority of States Members of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations across all regions. Not only do we share concerns about the continued vertical and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but we believe that the very existence of nuclear weapons contributes to global insecurity.", "Furthermore, the catastrophic humanitarian consequences that would result from the use of nuclear weapons clearly represent a serious risk to humankind. While these weapons exist, none of us will truly be secure. Only the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons and the assurance that they will never be produced again can provide the necessary guarantees against their use. It is for this reason that South Africa has consistently argued for a systematic and progressive approach towards achieving our goal of a world free from nuclear weapons. We believe that continuous and irreversible progress in nuclear disarmament and other related nuclear arms control measures remains fundamental to the promotion of nuclear non-proliferation.", "The lack of real progress towards nuclear disarmament has weakened the global non-proliferation regime. Although nuclear disarmament was the subject of the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946 (resolution 1 (I)), it has been the first item on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament since the Conference’s inception. Despite the ongoing demand by the overwhelming majority of members of the Conference for the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament alone, that has not materialized. That is particularly disconcerting given that all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have committed to this goal in the Action Plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference. My delegation therefore reiterates its call to the Conference on Disarmament to immediately establish a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament.", "As part of the systematic and progressive approach to nuclear disarmament, my delegation also supports the commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices and that would fulfil both non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. My delegation does not subscribe to the view that a fissile material treaty is the only item ripe for negotiations. Given the nature of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum, we believe that the Conference is able to negotiate on any issue on its agenda, although we acknowledge that the finalization of any internationally legally binging arrangements in the near future may be more likely on some issues than on others.", "While we may not all agree on the issues that are either more or less ripe for the conclusion of an agreement, that should not prevent us from dealing substantively with the issues on the multilateral disarmament agenda. The question that confronts us today is whether the Conference on Disarmament is able to live up to our expectations or whether alternative options should be explored for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effort to revitalize the work that should have been undertaken by this body.", "We acknowledge that the Conference on Disarmament came close to resuming its work in 2009 when it adopted a programme of work. While CD/1864 was not a perfect document, it was our hope that it would have led to a new phase in the Conference’s recent history that would have allowed us to work together to build a better, more secure future. Unfortunately, neither CD/1864 nor any other formula on mandates for subsidiary bodies on items on our agenda has led to a resumption of substantive work.", "While some would ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference on Disarmament to its rules of procedure, my delegation believes that the resistance by some to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control, is a larger obstacle faced by the international community.", "Many of us would like to see the Conference on Disarmament resume its rightful place. However, its continued failure to engage in substantive work over the past 15 years does not allow us to be indifferent to the ongoing challenges. If the Conference continues to fail in executing its mandate, there would be no reason not to consider other options in taking forward the important work that this body has been entrusted with.", "In conclusion, South Africa remains committed to a rules-based international system. We will therefore pursue any further actions that may be required with a view to strengthening multilateral governance in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. In addition, we will examine any options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations with the aim of achieving our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker for this meeting. We shall hear the remaining speakers tomorrow, 29 July, at 11 a.m. in the Hall. At that meeting, the Assembly will also take up agenda item 13 to continue its discussion on the human right to water and sanitation.", "Before concluding this meeting, a representative has requested to exercise the right of reply. May I remind Member States that statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and to 5 minutes for the second intervention and should be made by delegations from their seats.", "I now give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me exercise the right of reply and at the same time make some comments on the remarks made by the representative of Canada, who raised a question about the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.", "As far as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference is concerned, it is an exercise of the sovereign right of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as a State Member of the United Nations, to be President of the Conference on Disarmament. Under the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is obligated to serve as President of the Conference on Disarmament.", "In addition, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is and has been a State Member of the United Nations. Article 2, paragraph of 1, of the Charter of the United Nations stipulates that the United Nations is based on the principle of respect for the sovereign equality of all Members States. As far as this legal issue is concerned, we consider the remarks by the representative of Canada to be in serious violation of the United Nations Charter.", "Secondly, the remarks of the representative of Canada were in violation of the practice in international forums. This would not be the first time that the Canadian delegation has boycotted an", "international forum. The first time was in 2001, when there was an anti-racism conference in Durban. Canada was the only country that boycotted that meeting. It set a very disgraceful precedent in the practice of international multilateralism.", "That was not the only instance of a Canadian boycott. It occurred again in other meetings, including here at the General Assembly while one country’s president was delivering a speech — right in this forum. This is the third time that a Canadian representative has taken such action in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea therefore strongly condemns this behaviour by the Canadian representative.", "Thirdly, this is a demonstration of Cold-War-era psychology and mentality. Actually, this is now the post-Cold-War period. It was only during the time of the Cold War that we witnessed such confrontational behaviour by countries. The post-Cold-War period is a time for dialogue and confidence-building. One can see this in every region, including in the Asian region. Canada and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea participate as members of the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The overall spirit is one of confidence-building and dialogue. But now, rather than adopting that behaviour of dialogue and reconciliation, Canada has taken the road to confrontation. The Canadian representative is the only one adopting that kind of behaviour.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Deiss (Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Tanin (Afghanistan), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Agenda item 115 (continued)", "Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "Draft decision (A/65/L.88)", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held a debate on agenda item 115 jointly with agenda item 13, “Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields”, at its 40th and 41st plenary meetings, on 29 October 2010, and a debate on agenda item 115, agenda item 13 jointly with agenda item 120, “Strengthening of the United Nations system”, at its 52nd plenary meeting, on 23 November 2010.", "Members will also recall that, at its 97th and 98th plenary meetings, on 14 June 2011, the General Assembly held a meeting devoted to development under agenda item 115.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the General Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 115, at its 73rd plenary meeting, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/238.", "The Assembly will now take action on draft decision A/65/L.88, entitled “Participation of civil society representatives in the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, to be held on 19 and 20 September 2011”.", "May I take it that the Assembly decides to adopt draft decision A/65/L.88?", "Draft decision A/65/L.88 was adopted.", "The Acting President: The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 115.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Mauritania.", "Mr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express to the Kingdom of Norway the condolences of the President, Government and people of Mauritania for the terrorist acts that have claimed the lives of dozens of innocent people. Our Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement of condolences in this regard two days ago.", "I would also like to thank the President of the General Assembly and our good friend Mr. Joseph Deiss, who is guiding our work with great wisdom. In particular, I would like to express my appreciation for resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, which enabled us to discuss youth-related issues here in New York. Youth are an important part of society and the cornerstone of all successful socio-economic development.", "The Government of my country, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, under the direction of our President, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, has stated and reaffirmed that the future of any group is for youth. My Government has developed a five-year national plan on youth, leisure and sport, which will be implemented between 2011 and 2015. Our youth policy identifies youth work as a priority for the Government and will receive funding totalling over $230 million, of which $37 million will come from a government fund. This is in line with the election commitment of the President of my Government, who was elected to office two years ago.", "The Government of Mauritania is determined to address poverty among young people, who constitute 40 per cent of the Mauritanian population, through its national policy on youth, sport and leisure. It aims to integrate youth into development and to support youth initiatives to improve their situation, which is plagued by unemployment and school dropouts. We seek to establish national youth networks, updated every three years. This is one of the policy objectives of my Government. We have also signed and ratified all international agreements relating to youth, demonstrating the importance we attach to youth, particularly in the areas of education, health and unemployment.", "In education, despite the progress made in terms of school attendance, much more remains to be done. We have established a new government department responsible for higher education and scientific research and public educational institutions to reform education in Mauritania.", "Mauritanian youth face many health challenges. However, thanks to political will and the extensive reforms initiated by the Ministry of Health, young people with special needs will have access to treatment.", "With regard to unemployment, we have established an important ministry responsible for youth employment and trade promotion. The trade sector provides 25 per cent of employment, followed by agriculture, which accounts for 20.4 per cent, while the rest is provided by other sectors, such as services and public administration.", "Addressing youth issues involves many challenges and requires the allocation of responsibilities to sustain youth development. We have done so by establishing central institutions. While we have demonstrated our desire to take care of young people through the establishment of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and the encouragement of youth access, many challenges remain.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 57/29 of 19 November 2002, I now call on the observer for Partners in Population and Development.", "Mr. Rao (Partnership in Population and Development): Thank you very much, Mr. President, for giving me this opportunity to make a few comments on behalf of Partners in Population and Development at this High-level Meeting on Youth.", "At the outset, Partners in Population and Development would like to express its heartfelt condolences to the Government and people of Norway for the tragedy they have recently suffered.", "Partners in Population and Development, an intergovernmental organization of 25 developing countries, works to promote South-South cooperation in the field of population and development and supports the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the World Programme of Action for Youth, especially in its member States.", "In memory, 2011 will be a year of world population of 7 billion. According to the latest United Nations projections, the world population will continue to rise to 9.3 billion by 2050. Let us look at those figures from a historical perspective. The world population did not reach 1 billion people until 1804. After 123 years, it reached 2 billion in 1927, 3 billion in 1960 33 years later, 4 billion in 1974 14 years later, 5 billion in 1987 13 years later and 6 billion in October 1999 12 years later. A further $1 billion will be added by 2011. This increase in the world ' s population is indeed very alarming.", "An important feature of the current global demographic situation has major implications for the future: more than 3 billion people are under the age of 25, nearly 90 per cent of whom live in developing countries. The numerical advantage of young people, when combined with appropriate policies, can be a great source of growth, prosperity and social change in the world. How effectively we help young people's groups meet their educational, employment, development, political, health — including reproductive health — needs, and how quickly we help to empower them will have an impact on the future pace and nature of the world's peace and development process.", "Despite sincere national efforts in the past to achieve the goals of the ICPD Programme of Action, the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth, millions of young people still live in poverty and progress in youth development has been uneven across the world. Youth face many challenges in society, including lack of access to quality education, meaningful employment, adequate health care — including reproductive health — and participation in political life. They also experience violence and setbacks caused by climate change. Girls and young women, as well as the poor and disadvantaged, are the most affected. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable because they are often unable to complete their education and are at risk of pregnancy, birth-related complications, forced early marriage, HIV infection and abduction by traffickers.", "As indicated in the outcome document (resolution 65/312), priority must be given to addressing these and other challenges that hinder youth development, in particular by reducing poverty and promoting sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment and the full participation of youth in policy formulation and implementation at all levels. Partners in Population and Development strongly believe that building national capacity for youth development is essential and that the international community should do its utmost to support the less developed countries in this regard.", "PPD has a long-standing commitment to sharing experiences and innovative approaches and to promoting capacity-building through training, research and knowledge-sharing, and therefore believes that South-South and triangular cooperation can play an important role in future national and international youth development efforts.", "Finally, Partners in Population and Development would like to support the implementation of the outcome document by all concerned.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): Peru has a youth population of 7.5 million, or 28 per cent of the total population. The number of young people has increased in recent years, and youth are today the fastest growing group of our population. On the basis of these statistical trends, the Government of Peru, through its National Youth Secretariat, has, over the past decade, developed an institutional policy aimed at developing a general approach to assisting the overall development of youth, ensuring their integration into society and their active participation as citizens. In the nine years since its establishment, the Youth Secretariat has achieved a number of achievements that I would like to summarize here.", "In 2006, we drafted the National Youth Plan 2006-2011 to take concerted action between the State and civil society to provide better and more opportunities for youth and to develop cross-cutting institutional policies across all sectors of government. It has had a positive impact in improving the quality of life of many young people. Between 2004 and 2008, youth poverty fell from 43.8 per cent to 31.6 per cent. In the area of citizen participation, there has also been an increase in the participation of young people in political activities throughout the country, with 1,665 young people holding elected public office today. However, despite the progress made on the Government ' s agenda for the integration of young people, much remains to be done to achieve inclusive development that benefits young people in our country.", "Peru ' s national efforts have achieved sustained economic growth over the past decade, and we are trying to transform it into inclusive development, with immediate consequences for our youngest citizens. Such development should provide young people with the practical tools to play an active role in our productivity and political system and to promote our economic growth and democratic participation by citizens. We believe that inclusive development should be based on social investment policies that focus on youth. However, such policies should not be seen as the welfare of specific groups, but rather as an incentive for economic growth and as a means of promoting the comprehensive development of a population group, thus building a more coherent and harmonious future for the country. These policies are an integral part of our long-term strategy for sustainable and inclusive development.", "Like Peru, many Latin American countries have large youth populations. This demographic reality represents one of our best opportunities in recent years, and as long as we commit ourselves to investing in youth and their education, we can take this opportunity to make significant strides towards sustainable development and addressing the pervasive problems of social inequality in the region. We are convinced that if we provide the younger generation with high-quality education, functioning health systems and productive and decent jobs in a democratic system that promotes and guarantees the right to citizen participation, the countries of our region will have the human, social and cultural capital necessary to support sustainable development, improve the distribution of wealth and promote its creation.", "In conclusion, I would like to say that Peru remains committed to the implementation of national and international youth policies and expresses its determination to implement actions and programmes that will enable young people to participate fully and progressively in our societies in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item.", "May I take it that it is the wish of the Assembly to conclude its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27?", "It was so decided.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held the debate on agenda item 162 at its 113th plenary meeting, on 27 July 2011.", "Mr. Tarar (Pakistan): Pakistan associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Pakistan commends the Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the international disarmament machinery. This is an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the problems facing the entire disarmament machinery, which should not be lost in the search for negotiations on a specific treaty. Pakistan ' s position on last year ' s high-level meeting of the Secretary-General was issued as a document of the General Assembly under the symbol A/65/378.", "The challenges facing the international disarmament agenda and mechanisms are not limited to the Conference on Disarmament. The components of the contemporary disarmament machinery established by the General Assembly at its special session devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) are interrelated. These components, including the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission, should therefore be revitalized at the same time and conducted in an integrated and comprehensive manner.", "The purpose and overall objective of the establishment of the Conference on Disarmament, mandated by SSOD I, is nuclear disarmament, an agenda item on which no progress has been made over the past 32 years. In fact, in 2008, the Secretary-General placed nuclear disarmament at the top of his five-point proposal in an important statement outlining his plan of action. The first step suggested by the Secretary-General is to call upon all States, particularly the nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to commence negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament. While recognizing that the Conference on Disarmament is the world ' s only multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Secretary-General recommends that the nuclear Powers actively work with other States on this issue in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The Secretary-General's appeal is based on the fact that for more than 30 years the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to achieve its founding purpose, nuclear disarmament. It is also true that the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to make any substantial progress in the past 15 years since the conclusion of the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). It is surprising, however, that the current intention to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament stems only from developments over the past two years and addresses only one issue. Ironically, it is either those who are responsible for decades of inaction in the Conference on Disarmament, or those who have been silent in the past, who are calling the current impasse out loud.", "In order to clearly assess the underlying causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, it is important to acknowledge the following basic facts.", "The work or inaction of the Conference on Disarmament is a reflection of the prevailing political status quo, as it does not operate in a vacuum. No treaty that infringes the security interests of any of its members can be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, it is in order to ensure that the rule of consensus is included in the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament. Thus, progress in the CD will be possible only if it is consistent with or takes into account the security concerns of all member States. The lack of progress in the CD cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, as landmark instruments such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the CTBT are negotiated on the basis of the same rules.", "These facts show that the problems facing the Conference on Disarmament are not of an organizational or procedural nature. It is therefore time for us to face the reality and recognize the real causes that have led the Conference to become dysfunctional.", "The history of the Conference on Disarmament clearly reveals the rule that only agreements that do not weaken or undermine the security interests of the major Powers can be negotiated. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) can only be negotiated if biological and chemical weapons become redundant in terms of their operational effectiveness. The conclusion of the CTBT was made possible by the fact that the major Powers had conducted a sufficient number of nuclear tests and that further tests had become unnecessary because they had the option of computer-based modelling techniques.", "The same applies to the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Now, following the accumulation of large quantities of nuclear weapons and fissile material, especially highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium, which can be rapidly converted to nuclear warheads, these major powers are ready to conclude a treaty that will only ban future production of fissile material, as they no longer need further fissile material. Such an approach would have no cost to them, as it would not weaken or undermine their security.", "Moreover, the discriminatory policies of certain major Powers in nuclear cooperation over the past few years have led to insecurity and imbalances. These policies, at the expense of international non-proliferation objectives in pursuit of power and profit, have exacerbated asymmetries in our region ' s fissile material stocks. Regrettably, these discriminatory policies continue, and none of the members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, composed of some of the strongest supporters of the NPT and the most vocal critics of the lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament, objected.", "For these reasons, Pakistan has been compelled to adopt a position against selectivity and discrimination on nuclear issues. No country can be expected to compromise on its fundamental security interests for an instrument that is cost-free for all other interested countries.", "If an honest and objective approach is taken to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the disarmament machinery as a whole, the following steps and measures are required.", "The agenda of the Conference on Disarmament covers a number of key issues, all of which need to be addressed on an equal and balanced basis. The inability of some States to make progress on an issue because of their security concerns should not lead to an impasse in the CD, as other issues on its agenda can and should be considered.", "Nuclear disarmament remains the longest outstanding issue on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament. The 120-member Non-Aligned Movement, which represents an overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations, has consistently considered nuclear disarmament to be the highest priority in negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The statement made yesterday by the representative of the Non-Aligned Movement once again emphasized that this is a top priority. The plenary should pay due attention to this.", "The proposal for a legal instrument on negative security assurances is another important issue that has been on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament for many years. A legally binding instrument on negative security assurances would not undermine the long-term interests of any one State. In fact, no nuclear-weapon State would consider the use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. Even threats to do so are morally reprehensible.", "We need to work towards consensus in the Conference on Disarmament by recognizing the reality and taking into account the legitimate security concerns of all States. The CD cannot negotiate on issues that some countries consider to be ripe. Nuclear-weapon States need to fulfil their obligation to commence negotiations on effective measures to achieve nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament. Double standards and selectivity in non-proliferation and disarmament measures must be eliminated.", "As called for in the statement made yesterday by the Non-Aligned Movement, practical efforts to revitalize the international disarmament machinery must include the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. The special session could make a far-reaching contribution to the advancement of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in a non-discriminatory, balanced and transparent manner, taking into account the security interests of all States.", "Before concluding, I would like to remind you to be cautious about negotiating an FMCT outside the Conference on Disarmament, which we believe is the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum.", "In this regard, allow me to refer to some of the points made by a nuclear Power in 2005 in response to the intention of some States to submit a draft resolution in the First Committee seeking the establishment of an ad hoc committee under the General Assembly on the four core issues of the Conference on Disarmament, when it stated:", "“The international community must continue to focus on making the Conference on Disarmament work, rather than creating another `false' Conference on Disarmament ...", "“We shall not negotiate by a majority vote on important issues of national and global security ...", "“The causes of the current stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament cannot be resolved in New York better than in Geneva. The outcome of this resolution is precisely to the detriment of the international non-proliferation and disarmament objectives that its sponsors wish to promote.”", "In conveying that position, it had made it clear that it would not be involved in any such process, nor would it be bound by any agreement resulting from such a process. Interestingly, we note that that country is currently seeking to place an issue outside the Conference on Disarmament. This contradictory approach is difficult to understand.", "Allow me to reiterate that Pakistan will not join any such process or consider accepting the outcome of any such process. We must remember that the placement of an FMCT outside the Conference on Disarmament would also set a precedent for a similar approach to other items on the Conference ' s agenda, such as nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances.", "Mr. Benmehidi (Algeria) (spoke in French): Allow me at the outset to sincerely thank the Secretary-General for his important statement at the 113th meeting, which confirmed his personal commitment to disarmament. I would also like to thank Ms. Olga Pelliser, Chairman of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. She briefed us on the discussions in her Committee on this agenda item.", "My delegation welcomes the initiative to organize this high-level meeting. We believe that this meeting will provide Member States with a new opportunity to continue their exchanges from 24 September 2010, facilitated by the Secretary-General, more clearly and in greater depth.", "My delegation fully associates itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Algeria attaches the highest priority to disarmament and non-proliferation. The Algerian Government attaches particular importance to the discussions on the future of the Conference on Disarmament. In fact, in view of the threat to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime, we would like today to highlight the merits of multilateral negotiations as the best way to consider legitimate security concerns in a spirit of fairness, accountability and transparency.", "Given the multifaceted nature of the Conference on Disarmament, it is clear that the continuing stalemate in the Conference is a real cause for concern. This particularly affects the interests of non-nuclear-weapon States. Algeria believes that the impasse cannot be attributed to the failure of this mechanism or to the way it operates. Therefore, the deadlock cannot be attributed to the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament, particularly the consensus norm, or to its agenda.", "However, some argued that the impasse was due to a lack of flexibility in the rules of procedure, and suggested that the scope of the rule of consensus should be limited entirely to substantive issues and that procedural issues such as seeking a vote on the establishment of subsidiary bodies should be sought. It is important to note that it is not always easy to distinguish between substantive issues and those involving form, especially when it comes to the specifics of a subsidiary body.", "Clearly, the rule of consensus is also the way to protect equally the security interests of all States, not just the most powerful. This norm, which takes into account the security interests of all States, confers its legitimacy in principle upon the conclusion of a treaty and ensures its universality and effectiveness.", "With regard to the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, Algeria considers that the items that make up the agenda, which are derived from the Decalogue and which highlight the nuclear threat, remain valid. Indeed, nuclear weapons remain the most serious threat to humanity.", "It is worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament has indeed contributed to multilateral disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament was established in 1978 at the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament with the objective of revitalizing the disarmament machinery of the time, with a mandate to promote the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at that special session (resolution S-10/2, part III). Specifically, the Conference on Disarmament enabled the adoption of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, although the latter has not yet entered into force.", "The Conference on Disarmament has not been able to make further progress after these two achievements. In fact, the reasons for the impasse can be found in developments in disarmament and security policies outside the framework of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Indeed, the underlying cause of the current impasse is, on the one hand, the lack of political will to address all items on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament and, on the other, the attempt to establish a hierarchy among the “decalogue” matters linked to the uncertainty of regional security balance. The Conference on Disarmament cannot continue its basic work without the necessary political will on the part of Member States to reach common solutions and to effectively address the security of all and the challenges to international peace. Action should therefore be taken in that regard, rather than threatening to marginalize the Conference on Disarmament by using another mechanism.", "It has been suggested that, if the impasse continues, other forums could be envisaged to negotiate a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). My delegation believes that such an approach risks undermining the objectives of the Treaty, which are to strengthen the non-proliferation regime, promote nuclear disarmament and universal adherence, which remain essential to give the Treaty the necessary political basis and credibility.", "The General Assembly cannot deprive the Conference on Disarmament of its prerogatives or even replace it or deprive it of any essential part of its mandate. Such an approach, in addition to creating a first exception with serious consequences, would call into question the balance that should be maintained between universality and the core and supporting aspects of the Conference on Disarmament.", "In any case, Algeria supports a comprehensive and balanced approach in the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament, taking into account all the priorities and concerns of all parties. This programme of work should address all the items on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, in particular the main issues I have just mentioned. In that spirit, the Algerian delegation continues to believe that decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus in May 2009, remains valid. This decision is certainly not a perfect outcome, but, as stated in its preamble, it is the result of compromise and part of the development process.", "Decision CD/1864 does not establish a hierarchy of priorities. It seeks to initiate interactive discussions and negotiations in order to create an atmosphere of confidence and to commence negotiations on nuclear disarmament and other matters. This aspect, which is clearly contained in the preamble to decision CD/1864, appears to be often forgotten by some States, while others have often made it ambiguous, while those States have insisted only on FMCT negotiations.", "Algeria remains convinced of the need to reaffirm the commitment of the international community to the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating framework. If the differences that have prevented the Conference from carrying out its mandate persist, a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament should be convened. It will provide an opportunity to reaffirm that role within the framework of a more comprehensive consideration of disarmament, which should lead to a new consensus on disarmament priorities and coordination between the disarmament machinery, including the deliberative bodies and the Conference on Disarmament, as a negotiating forum.", "With regard to the observations and recommendations of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Algeria supports any initiative that could facilitate or effectively relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament while respecting its original mandate.", "Mr. Kodama (Japan): Japan would like to associate itself with the statements made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of more than 40 countries.", "In order to achieve the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world, multilateral disarmament efforts must be undertaken by all nuclear-weapon States and concerted action by the entire international community. From that point of view, the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is very important, as it brings together nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The CD and its predecessor bodies have drafted a number of important treaties in the field of disarmament, such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Almost a year has passed since the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. At that meeting, there was a political consensus on the need to break the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament. In the meantime, however, we have not been able to seize the opportunity provided by that consensus.", "The anniversary of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki is yet again approaching, and the patience of Japanese citizens has reached their limit and cannot be allowed to stand still. We must begin substantive work immediately on the core agenda items of the Conference on Disarmament, and we must take forward work on nuclear disarmament, a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "If the Conference on Disarmament is unable to break the deadlock, we must consider appropriate alternatives, such as greater use of the General Assembly. In this regard, it is extremely regrettable that the CD has not been able to undertake the very important work of promoting nuclear disarmament in the interest of the international community because of the uncooperative actions of one State. This situation also raises questions about the current format of the CD.", "With this in mind, today ' s follow-up meeting and the next session of the General Assembly, in particular the October session of the First Committee, provide us with an important opportunity to advance nuclear disarmament and to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and the disarmament machinery.", "Japan attaches particular importance to the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Together with the Government of Australia, we organized three expert side events on the margins of the formal meetings of the Conference on Disarmament and held the most in-depth discussions within the Conference on complex technical issues. Following these side events, together with the informal meetings on a fissile material cut-off treaty held in the Conference on Disarmament over the past few years, we can believe that the technical discussions have largely been completed. We are therefore at a stage when negotiations must begin. We must start political discussions to that end.", "Japan recently launched the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative, in close cooperation with nine other non-nuclear-weapon States. We have already held two ministerial meetings last September and April, contributing to the firm implementation of the agreements reached at the 2010 NPT Review Conference on certain issues. Japan is determined to make concrete progress on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation through full cooperation with these nine States, including the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and increased transparency.", "It is important to maintain the successful momentum of the recent NPT Review Conference and to continue to promote positive actions aimed at disarmament and non-proliferation. Much can be done here in New York to support this initiative. Last May, Japan, in cooperation with Poland and Turkey, organized a seminar to that end, which received a strong and positive response from the diplomatic community in New York. I look forward to further such efforts to continue to contribute to the promotion of disarmament and non-proliferation and to the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the disarmament machinery.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament, collectively known as IGOS.", "At the outset, I would like to commend the President for scheduling this debate at a very appropriate time. Disarmament and non-proliferation are issues of global concern. The observer States therefore welcome the opportunity to present their views.", "First, I can affirm the full commitment of the members of this group to the Conference on Disarmament and its revitalization. I recognize that revitalization is a multidimensional process, but I will limit my statement to the question of expansion, which is the raison d'être of our informal group.", "In fact, an increase in membership is long overdue, as the last increase was in 1999. Let me now recall that the rules of procedure state that “the membership of the Conference will be reviewed periodically” — that is not the case at all.", "But the main reason for our appeal is political. Indeed, our reasons are quite simple and straightforward. The current membership of the Conference on Disarmament no longer reflects the realities of the world. Twelve years have passed since the most recent expansion. If our goal is to resume the work of the Conference, this situation is no longer in line with today ' s realities and is certainly unsustainable.", "If that sentence is repeated countless times, the Conference on Disarmament does not work in a vacuum. Indeed, it should not work in a vacuum. However, in order to re-engage with the international community and reality, the CD must first understand that the face of the world has changed since 1999.", "The Conference on Disarmament should be more open and inclusive. It should seriously and urgently consider inviting more countries to participate so that it can better represent the world in which we live. Furthermore, we should bear in mind that, despite its limited membership, the decisions taken in the Conference are global in nature. They concern all countries.", "In order to be truly successful, the transformation process should be inclusive and fully transparent, not limited and conservative. We believe that an increase in membership is an asset, not a burden. This is a new opportunity and a new beginning for the Conference on Disarmament. The simple fact that there are still States that wish to join the Conference is tantamount to a clear and strong political statement that tends to believe that it remains relevant to today ' s world. I hope we can say that an increase in the membership will help to make the Conference more legitimate, which should be duly taken into account, given the current situation.", "In this context, we reiterate our call for the early nomination of a Special Rapporteur to examine the issue of membership. Under no circumstances — and let me be very clear on this point — the appointment of a rapporteur would prejudge any concrete outcome. Needless to say, the decision is in the hands of the member States of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We also take this opportunity to emphasize that a large number of Member States, regional groups and other organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union and the Eastern European Group, share our views and express, during this year's meeting and again today, their strong support for the expansion of membership and the appointment of a special rapporteur.", "Our Group addressed the issue of the expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament in many plenary meetings in the two parts of the 2011 session of the Conference. We also briefed the Secretary-General on this issue at the 56th meeting of the Advisory Committee. We therefore reiterate our call for consideration of membership in the current revitalization debate.", "I would like to take the opportunity to make a few additional comments from my own national perspective. From my national perspective, we fully associate ourselves with the statement made at the 113th meeting on behalf of the European Union and with the statement I have just made on behalf of the informal group of observer States.", "I would like to state that my country recognizes the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. Portugal is therefore committed to actively supporting the work of the Conference. In the same spirit, the Conference must also do its part to keep pace with the current disarmament agenda.", "We should bear in mind that, while the Conference has a limited membership, its decisions are global in nature. They affect us all. Thus, the fact that, despite the long stalemate in the Conference, there are States that wish to join the Conference is a clear and strong political statement that considers it relevant. We believe that an increase in membership would enhance the legitimacy of the Conference. We recognize that enlargement is not a solution in itself, but it is undoubtedly one of the ways to improve the functioning of the Conference.", "Mr. Waxman (Israel): Israel attaches importance to discussing the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. It is, in fact, very timely for us to discuss this issue in good faith, not only because of the long stalemate in the work of the Conference, but mainly because of calls for issues on the agenda of the Conference to be taken out of the Conference, or even to be replaced by another body that claims to be better suited to this task.", "Israel does not support these calls, nor do we believe that they will help facilitate meaningful work in the Conference. Uncontroversially, the Conference does need a renewed and clear vision to break the protracted impasse, but its revitalization must begin within the Conference itself. There is no magic wand that can provide us with a better solution or a body that can more effectively pursue the process of disarmament negotiations.", "The Conference on Disarmament is a unique entity widely recognized as the sole multilateral negotiating body in the field of disarmament. Its uniqueness stems from its membership, which includes States most closely associated with these issues, as well as from its rules of procedure. While some have criticized these rules of procedure as outdated and reflecting the geopolitical realities of the past, Israel remains convinced that they are well suited to the complexity and sensitivity of the issues on the agenda of the Conference. These rules of procedure, and in particular the rules of consensus, reflect the need to protect key security interests and to reassure the States involved in the negotiations to address these key issues.", "One must consider in good faith whether an attempt should be made to remove the complexity of that multilateral forum by bringing out the issues that the General Assembly was mandated to address at its special session on disarmament in 1978, and whether such an attempt could have the desired effect.", "In the conventional area, the independence process has not yet been able to attract the most relevant countries, whose participation in the new legal arrangements would bring about a very significant change in the situation on the ground. The Convention on Cluster Munitions is a case in point. Although more than 100 States had signed the instrument, a practical review had shown that approximately 90 per cent of cluster munition arsenals remained outside the treaty. The countries concerned simply did not join in, but sought solutions elsewhere. Non-conventional areas are more complex in this regard.", "Israel does not believe that bringing issues outside the Conference on Disarmament is a credible or useful proposal. We believe that the Conference should focus on finding ways to improve its own effectiveness in a meaningful manner. Despite the continuing stalemate on the four core issues, there is no reason why the Conference should not engage in substantive work and actual negotiations on other issues on its agenda.", "An agreed approach can and should be found, both to recognize the effectiveness of the continued attention given to these four core issues by the international community and, at the same time, to guide the Conference in its pragmatic approach to negotiations on other issues that could have important implications for security and stability. One of these important items is agenda item 7, devoted to transparency in armaments. Many important issues could be considered under this agenda item, such as the negotiation of a ban on the transfer of arms or man-portable air defence systems to terrorists. As long as the stalemate continues, agreement can and should be reached on moving forward on other relevant issues.", "Over the years, the Conference on Disarmament has played a good role for the international community. That body is vital and cannot be ignored. We are confident that a great deal can be done in future meetings. Let us not embark on a path that might prevent that body from doing so. On the contrary, let us focus on a realistic and useful way of moving the car forward.", "Mr. Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I wish to associate myself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "At the beginning of my statement, I would like to quote a wise man's proverb: “The maggot is often a poor tool”. As a tool, the Conference on Disarmament has developed the main international legal instruments on disarmament, even in a complex political and security situation during the cold war, as amply demonstrating its efficiency and the effectiveness of its rules of procedure, including those of consensus.", "Although there continue to be attempts to use technical issues, such as its rules of procedure, to mask the political nature of the inaction of the Conference, as the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters rightly concluded in its most recent report, those seemingly procedural aspects are in fact political.", "Lack of political will is a major problem in the Conference on Disarmament. Therefore, the only option for revitalizing its activities is to inject political will into this important and irreplaceable forum, the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body.", "We believe that any possible initiative to assess the performance of the Conference should be transparent, comprehensive, equitable and, more importantly, should be initiated by Member States. It should focus on addressing the root causes of the problem. The main purpose of such an assessment should be to enhance the performance of the Conference while preserving its nature, role, purpose and authority.", "In assessing the performance of the Conference, we must be careful not to mix our considerations with exaggerated, pessimistic, prejudged results and emotional judgements of mistrust, which can only complicate and aggravate the situation.", "Unlike some who are in favour of changing the CD consensus rule, we believe that the Conference cannot be improved by changing the format or format of its rules of procedure, because of the sensitive nature of disarmament treaties, which are closely related to the highest national security interests of States, consensus is the only way to develop such treaties, as was the case in the past when disarmament treaties were concluded within and outside the CD.", "The reasons for the inaction of the Conference over the past decade are the lack of political will; the unwillingness of certain States to take into account the security interests of all States or to consider all core issues in a comprehensive and balanced manner; the reluctance of some States to recognize the importance of the Conference as a mere forum for discussion of one issue; the reluctance of some States to even start long-awaited but long-delayed negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention to eliminate the threat to humanity posed by the very existence of such weapons, despite the fact that the international community has identified nuclear disarmament as the highest priority in the field of disarmament, as reflected in the consensus outcome document of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) (resolution S-10/2); and the unwillingness of those States to reach a legally binding universal instrument on negative security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States and on preventing an arms race in outer space.", "We believe that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the highest priority and the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. To that end, we believe that the CD should focus on advancing the nuclear disarmament agenda and the total elimination of nuclear weapons, with a view to achieving a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "In this context, we strongly support the early commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specific timetable, including a nuclear weapons convention. We also support the commencement of negotiations on a universal, unconditional and legally binding instrument on negative security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We stress the validity of multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and, while we reaffirm our determination to promote this valuable principle, we recall that the consensus outcome document of SSOD-I is essential and still valid. We strongly believe that, since the Conference on Disarmament was established by SSOD-I, the best way to address the challenge is to convene SSOD-IV, a proposal that enjoys the strong support of many countries, particularly the 120 members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Finally, we believe that there is no alternative to the role of SSOD-IV or the Conference on Disarmament. The current problem facing the Conference on Disarmament is not new. The best way to address the challenge is to solve it in the simplest possible way.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): The high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 served to highlight the views of States on the root causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. It also highlighted the strong desire of the international community to move from discussion to action. What needs to be reassessed is not only the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, but also those of the United Nations Disarmament Commission and the First Committee. All three must be more responsive and ready to change their working methods.", "My country ' s approach to disarmament is rooted in the firm belief that multilateral cooperation serves the interests of all and, in particular, the interests of small States that depend on a strong, norm-based international system. One of the main reasons why we are meeting here today is that the Conference on Disarmament, the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, is not functioning. Given the importance of the CD, this failure is disturbing.", "As we seek solutions to our problems, we should remember that the Conference on Disarmament has made outstanding contributions in the field of arms control and disarmament in the past. There is no reason why it can no longer contribute.", "Given past performance, the fact that the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to conduct substantive negotiations for more than 16 years is even more disappointing. Ireland has never seen any meaningful work in the Conference on Disarmament since it became a member in 1999. This situation cannot be explained or defended. This gives a bad impression of multilateralism and has a significant impact on international peace and security. While the stagnation of the Conference on Disarmament may be understandable in the absence of any progress in the general context of disarmament, it stands in stark contrast to the positive developments we have seen in other areas recently.", "Ireland is ready to participate in any or all of the four core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament. While every State has the right to promote and defend its national security interests, we believe that the consensus rule was never intended to establish a mechanism that would enable a State to frustrate the desire of the majority of Member States to negotiate on an issue. We believe that the resulting inability of the Conference on Disarmament to negotiate on any issue on its agenda is unsustainable. Any core issue of the negotiations will take time and may take many years. Country-specific concerns could be taken into account in the negotiations and, in any event, no agreement could be imposed on others under the consensus rule. It goes without saying, however, that to reach agreement, negotiations must begin.", "Our main objective in the Conference on Disarmament is to promote nuclear disarmament. This could be facilitated in many ways, including through the conclusion of an appropriate treaty on fissile material — which could include a verification mechanism and cover existing stockpiles — and a universal and legally binding treaty on negative security assurances. The prevention of an arms race in outer space deserves urgent attention, otherwise we will lose the window of opportunity to prevent such an arms race.", "While substantive differences are at the root of the paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament, we believe that the way the Conference is organized is a factor in itself. Even the start of negotiations and the adoption of the most basic procedural decisions require consensus, which has led to an impasse that we all know no better.", "Another factor hindering progress is the need to interpret the requirement for the annual adoption of a programme of work to include complex negotiating mandates and other details, rather than merely a schedule of activities, as is the case with most other multilateral institutions.", "We believe that the increase in the membership of the Conference on Disarmament and the increased participation of civil society in its work will enhance the representation of international public opinion in the Conference and strengthen its standing and credibility.", "Like other speakers, I welcome the recommendations of the Secretary-General ' s Advisory Board and hope that they will guide us to break the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament. At the same time, we cannot shy away from the stark reality that States bear the primary responsibility for formulating and implementing solutions to global problems. This is essentially a matter of political will.", "Such responsibility extends far beyond the Conference on Disarmament itself. For 12 consecutive years, the Disarmament Commission has failed to achieve substantive results, a situation that should not continue. The working methods of the First Committee also require the attention of Member States.", "While the First Committee should be the main forum for debate on the most pressing issues in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and on how to address them, we see that its time is not being used effectively and that resolutions are being submitted almost as routine and often of limited value year after year.", "At this time of austerity, we all have to explain how we allocate scarce resources. A functional disarmament machinery is a priority, but there must be a link between inputs and outputs.", "In conclusion, I would like to express the hope that our exchange today will become a call for action and will encourage the parties most directly concerned to reassess their practices and accept their responsibilities, together with the international community, for participation, negotiation and agreement so that we can achieve the ultimate goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "Ireland stands ready to consider all ideas aimed at making progress through the activities of the General Assembly, including the recommendations of the Advisory Board to the Secretary-General and the possibility of convening another special session on disarmament — Ireland's attitude to this idea is completely open. We look forward to further discussions in the First Committee in October.", "Mr. Cancela (Uruguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, since I have seen so many empty seats in this Hall, and noting the absence of many of my colleagues, who are firmly committed to disarmament and non-proliferation and who are very interested in today's debate, allow me to say that, unfortunately, because of the organization of this debate, there has been very little participation and very little attendance.", "My country associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the countries that have requested this debate.", "Uruguay was one of the countries that requested a plenary meeting under agenda item 162, entitled “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. We therefore welcome this meeting.", "The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 demonstrated the importance that States Members of the United Nations attach to multilateralism and expressed general concern about the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, which undermines the credibility of the Conference and affects the entire United Nations system.", "It is also clear that negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty to ban the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons must proceed expeditiously and that substantive work on nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space must begin.", "It is regrettable that this year ' s substantive session of the Conference on Disarmament once again lost a valuable opportunity because it failed to make progress on the issues under consideration or to send any promising signal that the situation would change in the near future.", "We are all aware of and recognize the achievements of the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessor as a genuine forum for the formulation of the main instruments on arms limitation for the benefit of the entire international community. However, the inherent shortcomings of the system, the lack of political will or the need for consensus cannot justify more than 13 years of inaction. Membership and consensus is a prerogative with responsibilities, so the Conference on Disarmament must meet the expectations placed on its members, fulfil the tasks entrusted to it and work according to the needs of our times.", "Uruguay recognizes that, in view of this widespread sense of failure, it is necessary to find quick and effective solutions in order to relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "To that end, I would like to make three concrete proposals for revitalizing multilateral negotiations in these areas.", "First, we must take advantage of the current political moment, which allows us to restore moderate multilateralism. The prerogatives and legitimacy of the bodies established by the international community to deal with disarmament matters must be reaffirmed, and respect for international law must be considered an indispensable norm for peaceful coexistence among States.", "Uruguay therefore calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. My country also urges unconditional negotiations on a legally binding agreement on negative security assurances to ensure that non-nuclear States do not suffer the catastrophic consequences of the use or threat of use of such weapons by nuclear-weapon States.", "The legitimate concern and legitimate aspirations of the non-nuclear States for negative security assurances have the legal and political support of Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations. Similarly, Uruguay calls for the negotiation of new, effective and verifiable multilateral instruments to prevent an arms race in outer space, including the deployment of weapons.", "Secondly, Uruguay believes that one way to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament is to expand its membership to include those countries that have expressed an interest in joining the Conference on Disarmament. In this regard, I associate myself with the statement made by the delegation of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament. My country, along with the 25 other countries that have been advocating the expansion of this body since 1982, has been formally expressing its willingness to participate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament. Uruguay therefore proposes to appoint a special coordinator for the Conference on Disarmament to study the expansion of its membership in 2011.", "Thirdly, if the Conference on Disarmament cannot break the current impasse, the General Assembly must act in accordance with the mandate given to it by the United Nations Charter. Article 11 of the Charter provides that the General Assembly:", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing military downsizing and arms control, and may make recommendations to Member States or the Security Council with respect to that principle.”", "Mr. Chobanoglu (Turkey): Turkey attaches great importance to the work of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We would like to see the Conference resume its substantive work. Therefore, Turkey co-sponsored a letter requesting the convening of today's meeting.", "My country associates itself with the statement made yesterday by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries that signed the letter. Turkey also associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. As these statements already contain many of our views, I would like to make a few additional remarks in my national capacity.", "First, while there are many different views on how to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we hope that this process of revitalization stems from the Conference itself. That said, other efforts, such as the holding of today's meeting, have also helped to create momentum and convey the strong desire of the international community to see the Conference on Disarmament resume substantive work.", "Secondly, while focusing on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we should not consider that the problems that exist are limited to the Conference on Disarmament itself. In fact, they relate to all multilateral disarmament mechanisms. That is not to say that these issues are the responsibility of the United Nations disarmament machinery, but, on the contrary, as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon clearly stated in his opening statement yesterday (see A/65/PV.113), the problem lies not with vehicles but with drivers. My country believes that only through political will and flexibility on the part of all parties can these issues be addressed in a comprehensive manner.", "Thirdly, any discussion of the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament should take into account that the rule of consensus is an essential tool when it comes to international security. States may sometimes need this tool to defend their legitimate security interests. We believe that we have no choice but to adopt the rule of consensus.", "Finally, my country has different views from those of other delegations. My country believes that the expansion of the composition of the Conference on Disarmament is not a priority in revitalizing its work. My country believes that the current impasse in the Conference on Disarmament has nothing to do with its composition. In fact, if the Conference on Disarmament is unable to resolve its problems under its current composition, then they may not be resolved in an enlarged Conference on Disarmament, which will address different priorities and represent different interests. My country is also of the view that discussions on the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament should also take into account the willingness of its member States to make a significant contribution to the work of the Conference on a case-by-case basis.", "My country would like to see the Conference on Disarmament revitalized, the concerns of all Member States addressed, substantive work on the core issues initiated and, ultimately, the long-standing impasse overcome with the membership of the existing Conference.", "Mr. Letchev (Bulgaria): Allow me at the outset, on behalf of my delegation, to express our sincere gratitude to President Deiss and Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for convening this debate. As one of the countries that called for this debate, my country is grateful for the opportunity to participate in this follow-up seminar to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September 2010.", "Bulgaria associates itself with the statements made on behalf of the European Union and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of countries. I would just like to highlight a few points that are of vital importance to my country.", "We all hope that the high-level meeting to be held in September 2010 will contribute to positive developments in the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, that was not the case. The Conference has so far failed to capture the momentum of global developments in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation. However, we agree that this impasse cannot and should not continue. Fifteen years have gone by, and we can no longer afford to lose more.", "Ironically, in the face of asymmetrical threats and common security challenges, the Conference on Disarmament should be more important than before, and there should be endless work at present. The international community should be more convinced than ever that multilateralism is the appropriate solution to these challenges and threats. The longer the stalemate continues, the more the importance of the Conference on Disarmament will be questioned.", "It is well known that the pretexts that led to the deadlock in the Conference are the rule of consensus and the lack of political will. This is not a matter for the Conference on Disarmament, but for which we, the member States, are responsible. Change should start with us. We should all ask ourselves how strong we hope the Conference on Disarmament will again become important and credible. The rule of consensus does exist, but we need to use it creatively, rather than using it to keep the Conference alive. The rule was designed to allow member States to express their common will on the basis of compromise, rather than to impose the views of one member State on others.", "The nations of the world are closely linked. New realities require new approaches. If the Conference on Disarmament is unable to adapt quickly to new challenges and circumstances, it will place itself in an insignificant position. New conditions are evolving rapidly and the Conference on Disarmament needs to respond quickly. The Conference must fulfil its mandate or risk forcing the international community to explore other alternatives to multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation.", "A revitalized Conference on Disarmament means a well-functioning Conference on Disarmament that is in line with new realities. However, two of the most pressing issues remain: first, the adoption of a programme of work and, secondly, the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. The security concerns of any State, if justified, should be addressed as part of the negotiation process and not as an obstacle to the commencement of substantive work in the Conference on Disarmament. If negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty were to start, no issue should be excluded from the discussion.", "The expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament is an absolute step towards adapting to the new realities. New members will bring new dynamism and ideas. Civil society is also part of this process. Non-governmental organizations and research institutions also have an important role to play. We join others in calling for improvements also in the working methods of the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission.", "We stand ready to work towards those goals before the First Committee begins its work during the sixty-sixth session in October this year. I would like to conclude, however, by quoting Mr. Bertorte Brecht, who said: “Now that things have reached this point, they will not remain here forever”. This rationale fully applies to the current Conference on Disarmament.", "Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): The Philippines aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. My delegation also associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of like-minded countries.", "The Philippines reiterates its conviction that multilateral diplomacy is the best way to make further progress on nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation. At the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), held in May 2010, the States parties adopted the outcome document of the Conference (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. In this regard, the Philippines would like to draw the attention of States parties to their obligations to implement the plan of action set out in the conclusions and recommendations section of the outcome document, as well as its section on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East.", "An action was taken at the high-level meeting in September 2010. Today's debate is a continuation of that meeting, which was held almost a year ago. Despite the long time that has elapsed since that Conference — in fact, more than 15 years after the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — the stalemate continues.", "This never-ending situation cannot continue. Based on the discussions at the high-level meeting held in September last year, the Philippines and many other delegations find this situation unsustainable. The Conference on Disarmament must agree on and implement a programme of work. If it fails to do so, then other decisive actions must be taken. Moreover, given that this bottom-up approach has paralysed efforts to reform the CD — because the consensus rule gives every member of the CD a power similar to that of the veto — the General Assembly that established the Conference on Disarmament must now give its power a top-down approach.", "The Philippines shares the view of other delegations in the Informal Group of Observer States that there is an urgent need to increase the membership of the Conference on Disarmament. In order to enhance the inclusiveness and vitality of the Conference, the Philippines calls for a review of its membership, in accordance with its rules of procedure, and allows for an increase in its membership. Many of the countries that are currently observers to the Conference have a legitimate desire to become full members. In order to facilitate this review, the Philippines calls on the Conference on Disarmament to appoint a special rapporteur/coordinator on the expansion of the Conference.", "However, other options must also be considered. The Conference on Disarmament may be called the sole multilateral disarmament body, but there are a number of disarmament agreements — including the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions — that have been concluded outside that body. In the framework of those conventions, not all States had acceded to them as soon as they had become parties to them and, in fact, others had not yet signed them, which did not preclude the possibility that they might eventually become parties. As the Philippines believes, the key is to start negotiations as soon as possible.", "Another approach that could be emulated is the way in which the arms trade treaty is being prepared for negotiation. This is within the purview of the General Assembly. The General Assembly had decided to convene a United Nations conference to negotiate a treaty. The Philippines also continues to support the idea of convening a fourth special session on disarmament (SSOD-IV), which would comprehensively reassess and revitalize the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "It is important for my delegation not to negotiate by which body, but to actually start negotiations and lead to more practical and concrete results, and not just to produce several factual reports of the meetings, as was the case at the last session of the Disarmament Commission last April.", "The countries represented here today need a choice, a difficult decision. Are we still confined to the Conference on Disarmament in the hope that the difficult issues besetting the Conference will disappear magically over time, making real progress on the disarmament agenda, or dare to free ourselves from constraints and follow other ways, such as the path followed by many in negotiating the Ottawa and Oslo Conventions? Are we starting a process parallel to the Conference on Disarmament, or do we wish to replicate the successful outcome of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 and place our hopes in the fourth special session on disarmament? Do we really have to commission a high-level panel to further study what must be done? Can we follow this path of the General Assembly to give this body a more central and active role in taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations?", "Unfortunately, the correct answer is not clear. In our view, it is clear that we must make the decision and implement it as soon as possible. The choice that should be made is perhaps to give the General Assembly a more central and active role and to find creative alternatives to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations. If we do not take decisions and act, then we are doomed to stagnation and inaction, thus making those weapons that have not been used so far more likely to be used, with devastating and terrible consequences.", "Mr. Manjiv Singh Puri (India): I would like to join other colleagues in thanking the President for convening the follow-up meeting to the high-level meeting of 24 September 2010. My Minister for Foreign Affairs, His Excellency Mr. Krishna, attended that high-level meeting.", "India associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "It has been almost a year since that high-level meeting. The Conference on Disarmament remains unable to shoulder its primary responsibility for multilateral treaty negotiations. We share the disappointment at the continued stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. We believe that this impasse should not be blamed on the Conference on Disarmament and its rules of procedure. We believe that today's meeting should send a strong message of support for the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body and provide political impetus for the development of a multilateral agenda, including the early commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The Conference on Disarmament adopted by consensus a decision on its programme of work in May 2009. That decision included the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 demonstrated the very broad support for CD/1864. In fact, the first recommendation that emerged from that meeting was to call on the Conference to adopt a similar programme of work in 2011, which was later reiterated by the Secretary-General in his statement to the Conference on Disarmament on 26 January.", "India will not stand in the way of a consensus on a programme of work based on the progress made when we adopted decision CD/1864 by consensus, and if such a decision would facilitate the early commencement of substantive work in the CD, including negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty on the basis of the mandate contained in decision CD/1299. This does not affect the importance we attach to nuclear disarmament.", "India has consistently and steadfastly supported global, non-discriminatory and verifiable nuclear disarmament. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi presented a far-sighted plan of action to achieve a world order free of nuclear weapons and non-violence. The plan sets out a road map for nuclear disarmament in a time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner. We recall that the Final Document of the first special session on disarmament (resolution S-10/2) accorded the highest priority to nuclear disarmament. We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved through a step-by-step process based on a universal commitment and a global, non-discriminatory multilateral consensus framework. We need an effective dialogue among all States possessing nuclear weapons in order to build mutual trust and trust and to reduce the prominence that such weapons occupy in international affairs and security doctrines.", "I would like to reiterate our support for the Conference on Disarmament, the sole multilateral negotiating forum, whose nature has also been recognized by the international community. The CD still has the mandate, membership, credibility and rules of procedure necessary to carry out this responsibility. It is through the negotiation by member States of multilateral treaties that may be universally implemented that the CD can play its role. Recommendations that call into question the effectiveness or relevance of the Conference, or that take unrealistic options, will not produce useful or effective results that advance the agreed multilateral agenda, with the participation of all interested States. We hope that our discussions today will create a positive momentum for the disarmament agenda and reaffirm the crucial role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum for achieving our common objectives.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): My delegation commends the President for following up on the important high-level meeting convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September last year on the theme of revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We also thank President Deiss, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Ms. Olga Pelicer, Chairman of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, and Mr. Kassymjomart Tokayev, Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Executive Director of the United Nations Office at Geneva, for their statements. Their visionary statements, as well as the Secretary-General's summary of the aforementioned meeting, point to important key steps in strengthening the disarmament machinery to achieve a common vision of disarmament and non-proliferation. We also reaffirm that disarmament contributes to addressing other global challenges, including poverty reduction, climate change and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Kazakhstan has consistently and firmly supported the vision of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as evidenced by its decision to close its nuclear test site and to abandon its nuclear arsenals, which are among the highest in the world. As a member of the Conference on Disarmament, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to that forum and its contribution in the past. It is regrettable, however, that the Conference has fallen short of what is expected of it. The time has come to assess concrete strategies to break the deadlock over the past decade on key and universally recognized issues and to accelerate the process of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Like other Member States, Kazakhstan agrees that the early commencement of negotiations on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty is essential. The treaty would keep illegal military nuclear programmes to a minimum and significantly improve the control of existing materials, thereby significantly reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism.", "Kazakhstan, which hosted the Baikonur Cosmodrome, participated in international cooperation in outer space and, on the basis of multilateral cooperation, in its own space development, called for strict maintenance of the peaceful nature of outer space activities and urged the Conference to include that issue on its agenda. In view of the increasing number of countries participating in and relying on outer space programmes, we should further promote efforts to prevent an arms race in outer space by collaborating with other international entities dealing with space exploration.", "Our President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, called for the drafting of an international legally binding instrument on security assurances by nuclear Powers to non-nuclear-weapon States at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., in April 2010. Only by providing such assurances can the desire of certain non-nuclear-weapon States to acquire nuclear weapons to guarantee their own security be effectively contained. The next step should be the drafting of a global declaration on a nuclear-weapon-free world, thereby reaffirming the determination of all States to move forward in a happy manner towards a convention on a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "My delegation shares the view of other Member States that the current impasse undermines the credibility of the Conference on Disarmament and raises questions about its relevance. The current impasse in multilateral negotiations is considered to be due not only to a lack of political will, but also to deficiencies in the disarmament machinery.", "In conclusion, my delegation calls on the General Assembly and Member States to consider how to review the mandate, membership, structure and working procedures of the Conference and to begin work immediately on a fissile material cut-off treaty, the peaceful uses of outer space, a legally binding treaty on negative security assurances and a declaration or convention on the prohibition of nuclear weapons, thereby strengthening disarmament and non-proliferation measures. The principle of consensus must be re-examined in order to make the CD a strong and functional entity, rather than shifting the decision-making process outside the United Nations, as some States have suggested. The work of the Conference should begin with a realistic and effective agenda for issues that have been identified in the past and those that will arise in the near future. We therefore strongly support the Secretary-General's proposal to appoint a high-level panel of eminent persons to find ways to strengthen the disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament.", "In conclusion, I would like to assure the Assembly that Kazakhstan will take all possible steps to strengthen the Conference on Disarmament and to increase its commitment to the multilateral disarmament process.", "Mr. Hussain (Canada): At the outset, allow me to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting to discuss this very important issue. I hope that we are gathered here today to celebrate renewed hope and enthusiasm for the prospects for relaunching multilateral disarmament negotiations. But actually we don't. The Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked and has actually collapsed. Important institutional reforms are required.", "That is why my country also led the initiative to reform the selection of the President of the Conference on Disarmament when the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Canada, Mr. John Baird, announced his suspension from the Conference on Disarmament under the presidency of North Korea. Canada has made these efforts because we believe that it is an honour to assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament and that only those who should be given the promotion and observance of the values and objectives of the Conference on Disarmament should be given. As our Foreign Minister said, it is absurd to allow one of the worst-performing countries in the world to chair a disarmament body on issues of nuclear non-proliferation and non-compliance.", "Canada is pleased to be the first of the six Presidents of the Conference on Disarmament for 2011, and we are among several of those with an outstanding non-proliferation record and a strong commitment to disarmament.", "So far this year, the members of the Conference on Disarmament have held discussions on the four core agenda items of the Conference. But let us be clear. The mandate of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate, not just to discuss disarmament issues. The 2011 session of the Conference on Disarmament is drawing to a close, but the views on the programme of work remain valid and mutually exclusive. Our efforts to get the Conference on Disarmament back to work in 2011 have not yet proved successful, but Canada will make new efforts to that end in August, after North Korea no longer holds the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Li Dong Il (Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea): I have asked for the floor because the representative of Canada just called the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea North Korea. The Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is a Member State of the United Nations, and I respectfully request you, Mr. President, to ask the speaker to abide by the rules on this matter.", "The Acting President: We take note of the point of order raised by the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea. I call on the representative of Canada to continue his statement.", "Mr. Hussain (Canada): In view of the continuing stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, Canada believes that efforts must be made in good faith to follow up on the high-level meeting last September. At the high-level meeting last September, many States expressed their support for a deadline for the Conference on Disarmament, of which Canada is one, if substantive work — including negotiations — is not started by the fall of this year. In particular, we believe that the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly could also consider how the work of the Conference on Disarmament should be carried out.", "In his address to the Conference on Disarmament on 28 February this year, the former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Canada, H.E. Lawrence Cannon, once again urged the members of the Conference to move beyond conventional thinking. We have seen some positive signs of new thinking this year. The side event between Australia and Japan on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is a clear example. Despite its reluctance, Canada believes that the time has also come to think beyond the Conference on Disarmament.", "Canada places an FMCT at the top of the list of priorities for future disarmament instruments, and while we would prefer to start negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament, our patience with unconstructed multilateral institutions is limited. Currently, one out of 65 countries is using subregional strategic issues to block negotiations on an FMCT in the Conference on Disarmament. However, another State, or others, can abuse the consensus rule of the Conference on Disarmament on a procedural issue equally easily tomorrow, thereby stifling substantive multilateral disarmament negotiations. This is by no means the original purpose of the consensus rule.", "Canada is of the view that the Conference on Disarmament, which has been unable to implement its programme of work since 1998, will not be further threatened by the commencement of an external negotiation process on an FMCT. We therefore welcome the recent indication by the United States that it is in the process of consultations on other ways to start FMCT negotiations. We agree that the success of an FMCT will require the active participation of nuclear-weapon States. With many nuclear-weapon States having declared moratoriums on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, the time has come to start negotiations on an FMCT. Universality can be established over time.", "(spoke in French)", "Canada is flexible as to the manner and venue for FMCT negotiations and will return to the work of the Conference on Disarmament following the conclusion of the North Korean presidency of the Conference in order to focus on the reform of that body and to promote important matters related to other core agenda items.", "We look forward to the broadest possible discussion of all other possible avenues for FMCT negotiations. One idea that is still under discussion is to conduct substantive work through the establishment of a subsidiary committee of the First Committee. Other ideas were put forward. For its part, Canada has no objection to the holding of SSOD-IV, but we believe that the commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty should not await the outcome of this broader process. We can and should start these negotiations now.", "Mr. Le Chi Chong (Viet Nam): Viet Nam aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Over the past year, we have seen many positive developments, as evidenced by the entry into force of the New START Treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation in February this year and the adoption of the outcome document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50). However, conflicts continue in many parts of the world, and instability and new security threats have emerged in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The risk of an arms race has also increased. Against this background, it is regrettable that the Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked and that it has not been able to agree on a programme of work.", "The lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament not only prevents it from effectively contributing to the promotion of a more peaceful and secure international environment, but also undermines confidence in this important multilateral disarmament forum.", "Because of time constraints, we would like to focus on a few issues. First, nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority for disarmament. I would like to recall resolution 65/56 on nuclear disarmament, which requested the Conference on Disarmament to establish an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2011 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament with the ultimate goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons. To this end, I urge the nuclear-weapon States to take further substantive and practical actions aimed at achieving complete nuclear disarmament, in particular through their leadership in commencing negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention.", "Secondly, the central role of the United Nations disarmament machinery in the process of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control should be preserved. We urge the Conference on Disarmament to adopt a balanced and comprehensive programme of work covering all pressing issues such as nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and a fissile material cut-off treaty. To that end, I would like to call for greater political will, flexibility and a spirit of cooperation.", "Thirdly, multilateral disarmament negotiations should aim at strengthening peace and international security, achieving the ultimate goal of eliminating the danger of nuclear war and taking measures to halt and reverse the arms race. Such a negotiation process should be based on the basic principles agreed upon at the first special session of the General Assembly. These principles include strict adherence to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, respect for the right to participate on an equal basis, full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and due consideration of the vital interests of all peoples of the world.", "It has been Viet Nam ' s consistent policy to work for peace and support the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction with the objective of general and complete disarmament. Viet Nam is a party to all major multilateral treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and an active member of many United Nations disarmament bodies. In the South-East Asian region, we are also working closely with other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and other partners to implement the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and its Plan of Action. Viet Nam will continue to work with all other international partners to achieve greater progress in the field of disarmament.", "Mr. Heller (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): Mexico fully associates itself with the statements made by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of several countries and by the delegation of Australia on behalf of those participating in the disarmament and non-proliferation initiative.", "Mexico also welcomes the action taken by the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, to promote multilateral negotiations on disarmament in his five-point plan and to convene a high-level meeting in 2010. Likewise, we take note of the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "The 2010 high-level meeting revealed divergent views on the dysfunctional nature of disarmament forums, particularly the Conference on Disarmament. But it also demonstrates the great interest of the international community in this issue, which is of concern to us all because of its relevance to the security and survival of humankind.", "Mexico fully supports the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessor bodies, all of which were created to achieve one of our highest priorities. It is therefore unacceptable that the forum mandated to negotiate a legally binding instrument for the security of our peoples has been unable, over the past 15 years, to carry out substantive work on any of the items on its agenda and to fulfil its mandate.", "There was also no agreement on the reasons for the paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament. Some argue that this is due to external factors and that the CD is the victim of an objective environment. Others argued that the Forum had lost its functionality because its design applied to working in a cold war environment rather than in a multipolar environment in the twenty-first century. This impasse may have arisen from a combination of these two factors. It is clear that the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament are designed for different times. This affects its decision-making and substantive work.", "The limited membership of the Conference on Disarmament, the composition of its regional groups and the lack of participation by civil society are also anachronistic factors. However, the biggest obstacle to the work of the Conference has proved to be the consensus rule, which has been interpreted as requiring absolute agreement on both substantive and formal issues. This interpretation translates this rule into the right of veto of the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament. Once the veto is exercised, the majority of the international community is deprived of the opportunity to achieve higher goals, an opportunity that is high on the global agenda. The veto has even been used to block the adoption of the programme of work. There seems to be a precondition that agreement on substantive issues must be reached before negotiations can begin — forgetting that the specific function of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate.", "The responsibility for ensuring that the Conference on Disarmament fulfils its mandate rests primarily with its members, but in the final analysis this is a matter of concern to all Members of the United Nations, which in 1978 designated the Conference as the sole multilateral disarmament forum.", "This provides us with an opportunity to step back from the General Assembly's perspective on what happened in Geneva. What we see here is that the 128 Member States that are not members of the Conference on Disarmament — that is, two thirds — It has been observed that, over the past 15 years, at least one member State of the Conference on Disarmament is prepared to exercise the veto, thus preventing the forum from carrying out the mandate entrusted to it by this Assembly.", "We also note that repeated calls by the General Assembly for the Conference on Disarmament to begin its work have gone unheeded. If that situation continued, it would be logical for the General Assembly to consider the issue carefully and take the necessary measures to remove the privilege of a body that no longer complied with its wishes.", "In 2005, Mexico joined others in proposing that disarmament negotiations should begin in the General Assembly, in the hope that the Conference on Disarmament would adopt its programme of work and fulfil its mandate. Mexico remains prepared to encourage this or any other step, as long as there is a real possibility of starting multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Finally, we are confident that the next session of the General Assembly will shoulder the responsibilities that fall on it in this regard.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation thanks the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate and for his commitment to revitalizing the disarmament agenda. We also appreciate the Secretary-General's interest in relaunching negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation. The five-point plan and the high-level meeting held in 2010 proved a high degree of political responsibility for this matter, which is crucial for the effective work of the multilateral system, thus contributing to collective security, development, peace and international security.", "Chile associates itself with the statements made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the 10 countries participating in the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative and the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries concerned.", "First and foremost, Chile wishes to reaffirm its commitment to multilateralism in general and to disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in particular. We appreciate the fact that multilateral disarmament and security institutions protect the security interests of our countries as well as those of the international community as a whole.", "What the international community wants is concrete action and stronger standards and instruments in the field of disarmament and arms limitation, and it is therefore pointless to continue at this time to analyse the reasons for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament and the dysfunctional disarmament machinery. In this area, we have made progress and there is a favourable climate that should permeate the Conference on Disarmament as a whole.", "For more than a decade, the Conference on Disarmament has been fruitless and has been trapped in an unsustainable and restricted situation. The revitalization process, aimed at reaching agreement to make it functional, requires a broad political commitment, the formation of which requires a framework in which States feel that they have an effective forum to participate in building a safer world and to protect their legitimate national interests.", "Self-diagnosing and disputing the rules of procedure must give way to measures to achieve a revitalization conference in the short term or to seek options that could fully serve the interests of the international community. We propose an analysis of the paper submitted by Colombia, CD/1931, which provides a thorough account of the ideas, interests and limitations of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The revitalization conference called for the revision of some of its core dimensions, such as its composition, procedures and rules of consensus. While we believe that this rule should be retained as a means of reaching a broad basis on issues of national security, it should not be misused so much as to paralyse the Conference simply because of procedural issues. The composition of regional groups is another element that must be analysed. In the twenty-first century, the Conference on Disarmament must not turn a blind eye to civil society. It should build bridges with civil society and enhance interaction with it. All these political issues must be part of the package.", "Chile has a broad and flexible approach to the options that could lead to progress in multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation. We do not intend to replace the Conference on Disarmament. We have worked side by side within the Conference because it is an excellent negotiating forum in this field. But we must be clear that we are open to examining options.", "The fact that we are meeting here in New York may lead us to confirm the General Assembly's authority to take action on disarmament and non-proliferation, which has real and direct implications for the role and mandate of the Conference on Disarmament. It would be difficult to challenge the legitimacy of this step if the status quo continued.", "The subsidiary bodies of the United Nations system are not ends in themselves. They are only a means of meeting and expressing the political will and needs of the international community. Disarmament is a global common good. Instead of the Conference on Disarmament or other mechanisms of the so-called disarmament regime, which originated more than 30 years ago at the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, they can be changed, as happened in other bodies. The fourth special session on disarmament could be an appropriate forum for reform, providing the international community with the tools we need in our current situation.", "We should ask ourselves whether the lack of progress in disarmament negotiations is structurally linked to the Conference on Disarmament, that is to say, an issue unique to that body, or whether the lack of progress is the result of the strategic and political interests of the main actors, which affect any disarmament forum. If it were the latter, then progress would be made only if those actors and the international community as a whole showed strong commitment and political will.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me at the outset to thank the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General for his personal initiative to hold today's timely debate on agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. I would like to welcome the presence of the Chairman of the Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Pellezer, whose comments we very much look forward to, and we trust that her statement will strongly support our work. I would also like to thank the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, for his statement.", "Before I begin, I would like to associate Slovenia with the statements made by the European Union, by Portugal on behalf of the Group of Informal Observer States to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and by the Netherlands on behalf of the countries supporting the follow-up to the initiative of the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010.", "I would like to make three comments on today ' s discussion.", "First, we believe that the time has come to take concrete follow-up decisions after the high-level meeting held here last September. We hope that, after today's meeting, we will learn more about how to proceed at the next session of the General Assembly. We also hope that the Secretary-General's Advisory Committee will play a useful role in providing the Secretary-General and Member States with important recommendations in this regard.", "Secondly, Slovenia believes that the current impasse in global multilateral disarmament negotiations clearly proves the urgent need for a comprehensive reform of the existing international disarmament machinery. The Conference on Disarmament, established in 1979 at Geneva, needs to adapt to the realities of the contemporary world in the twenty-first century. Above all, it should open the door to all interested States that wish to contribute to international peace and security. International peace and security are important for all countries of the world, not just for the current membership of the Conference on Disarmament. We are convinced that the new members will enrich the work of the Conference and help it break the current impasse.", "Let me take this opportunity to reiterate our long-held view that the Conference should start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay. We believe that a fissile material cut-off treaty will be an effective complement to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and will further guide us towards a world free of nuclear weapons.", "Thirdly, the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament is one of the first steps on the road to reforming the international disarmament machinery. In that regard, we should re-examine the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which has again failed to achieve any significant results this year. Reform should be comprehensive and effective, and the role of the First Committee should be redefined.", "Finally, Slovenia welcomes the efforts of the Secretary-General and many States to move the disarmament process forward. We look forward to beginning serious discussions in the autumn on concrete proposals for the implementation of the process that we launched at last year's high-level meeting. Time is of the essence. Allow me to invite all States to join us in our efforts to break the deadlock in international disarmament negotiations and to begin effective reform of the international disarmament machinery so that it can finally bear fruit and advance our ultimate goal, namely, a world free of nuclear weapons.", "Mr. Abdullah (Malaysia): Allow me at the outset to express my appreciation to the Secretary-General for his continued efforts to advocate a world free of nuclear weapons.", "I would like to associate my delegation with the statement made by Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement at the 113th meeting. We would also like to thank the Netherlands for the statement made at the same meeting on behalf of 41 countries, which we believe is very relevant to the purpose of this debate.", "The Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee of the General Assembly and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty review process constitute multilateral platforms for collective efforts by States to achieve our goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control. For that reason and for other reasons, the Conference on Disarmament, in particular, cannot remain deadlocked forever. We must set the appropriate priorities and focus our efforts on them.", "Next, my delegation would like to reiterate the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control. We therefore wish to emphasize the need to focus on the total elimination of nuclear weapons through a nuclear weapons convention. It is imperative that the Conference on Disarmament commence its substantive work at the earliest possible date in order to make further progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "It is also worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission and the First Committee are the outcome of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We therefore believe that all three bodies are accountable to the General Assembly. In that regard, we support the convening of the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which has the potential to play a crucial role in advancing the disarmament agenda.", "Another option that could be considered would be to review the effectiveness of the various bodies through a panel of eminent persons, with recommendations on how to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery. At last year ' s high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament, Malaysia referred to this in its statement. This is also mentioned in the recommendations of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. Malaysia is ready to explore any other possible ideas that have been put forward.", "Transparency and inclusiveness should be the guiding principles of the Conference on Disarmament. We support the expansion of the Conference on Disarmament and agree that civil society should be given more opportunities to follow the Conference process effectively and efficiently.", "Finally, we cannot overemphasize the absolute importance of genuine and strong political will on the part of States to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament and other United Nations organs. Malaysia stands ready to work closely with other delegations to accomplish this common task.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minueza (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): Spain aligns itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting on behalf of the European Union.", "Less than a year ago, on 24 September last, a high-level meeting was held under the auspices of the Secretary-General to assess the situation in the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its impasse. As recognized in resolution 65/93, the meeting was well attended by ministers and other high-level representatives and provided an in-depth analysis of the current situation. The meeting also highlighted the Secretary-General's commendable and strong commitment to the revitalization of the disarmament machinery as one of his priorities.", "Regrettably, we must conclude that the Conference on Disarmament continued to be paralysed throughout 2011, with no sign of a solution. Efforts and appeals to get this negotiating body out of its impasse have so far yielded no results.", "We are likely to say that we have not made any progress, so we are in no different position than we were a year ago. A year ago, however, we felt confident that the positive momentum generated by the good news in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation — such as the signing of the new START Treaty, the convening of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit and the consensus on an action plan based on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference — would have an infectious impact on the Conference on Disarmament. However, that hope has not yet been realized and, as the disarmament agenda progresses in other forums, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva continues to waste resources, efforts and energy for yet another year, without even taking the first step towards consensus in the form of the adoption of a programme of work, which the Conference on Disarmament worked hard to reach in 2009.", "In recent years, we have often heard the argument that the Conference on Disarmament has not been successful. Its full — perhaps excessive — calendar of meetings attests to its efforts. However, one of the questions that we have to think about is whether there are any reasons for these efforts, and not just for the past, given that they cannot start negotiations, although they are arduous but ineffective.", "Indeed, despite the inactivity of the Conference on Disarmament in negotiations, at this session numerous programmes, initiatives and proposals have been put forward, some of which we believe are very reasonable, thanks to the commendable efforts of the Presidents of Canada, Chile, China and Colombia. What we lack is not ideas, but a full consensus to put them into practice.", "What should we do at this critical crossroads, where the international community and civil society demand that we make progress on disarmament, on the one hand, and a disarmament mechanism that is ineffective or, in any case, stalled, on the other?", "We want to make progress within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, which in the past proved itself an effective forum for international negotiations, with important achievements such as the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Spain is committed to this cause, as evidenced by our presentation on 16 June, together with Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, of document CD/1910, a joint discussion paper aimed at promoting discussions on fissile material in the Conference on Disarmament.", "We can continue to pin our hopes on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, but it would be a mistake to do so indefinitely. Our task is too important and too urgent to be accomplished by a forum that has shown itself incapable of fulfilling its mandate for 14 years. In other words, if this debate is to be described as either progress in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation or a desire to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, then there can only be one response from everyone here and there must be a clear and unanimous one-off statement.", "But let us not anticipate things. For the time being, this meeting offers a new opportunity to explore the causes of the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament and possible solutions, and we should not waste this opportunity. In that regard, we endorse the specific proposals made by the European Union. In particular, we draw attention to the following points.", "First, while we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission to review their methods of work and to address this issue appropriately in their reports to the General Assembly, we request the Assembly to continue to follow this issue and its development. Secondly, we call upon States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. Finally, we call on the member States of the Conference on Disarmament to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to start working on other items on its agenda.", "As we explore and promote concrete proposals for the Conference on Disarmament, we must be both bold and pragmatic, and we should always keep in mind that, as Alexis Tocqueville has said, what we have often called necessary institutions is sometimes just institutions that we are accustomed to.", "Mr. Mahmoud (Bangladesh): Allow me to convey to you, Mr. President, the appreciation of the delegation of Bangladesh for the organization of this important plenary meeting to follow up on the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, held on 24 September 2010.", "I wish to associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. In addition, I would like to highlight a few core points from my own national perspective.", "The agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on arms reduction is an important positive step after years of stagnation in disarmament negotiations. This is a step in the right direction, but it is absolutely not enough to free the planet from the curse of nuclear weapons. We hope that States parties will seize the opportunity of this plenary meeting and that it will provide guidance to all of us, including those that have not yet become parties to the relevant instruments, towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "Bangladesh is a democratic, secular and inclusive society. My country ' s record in disarmament and non-proliferation is impeccable and is committed to seeking universal adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Bangladesh has made an unconditional choice to remain non-nuclear. We are the first South Asian State to ratify the CTBT in annex II. We have also concluded safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including additional protocols.", "Bangladesh ' s commitment to general and complete disarmament is enshrined in its Constitution. The Bangladesh Parliament has also demonstrated this commitment by adopting a resolution in support of the 2010 NPT Review Conference. The resolution placed particular emphasis on the need to implement all three pillars of the NPT: nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It also reaffirmed its support for article IV of the NPT, which guarantees to all NPT parties the inalienable right to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in accordance with articles I and II of the Treaty and the IAEA safeguards and verification regime. The Parliament of Bangladesh has also unanimously expressed its belief that any use of nuclear weapons constitutes an international crime, including crimes against humanity, crimes against peace, war crimes and genocide. The Government of Bangladesh fully supports this parliamentary resolution.", "Bangladesh firmly supports a multilateral approach to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. We also support the work of the Disarmament Commission, the only specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery.", "We believe that weapons of mass destruction pose the most serious threat to humanity. We continue to believe that only the total elimination of nuclear weapons can guarantee the non-use or threat of use of such weapons and the risk of their falling into the hands of terrorists.", "Bangladesh strongly believes that, in addition to power generation, the peaceful use of nuclear technology within the framework of the IAEA safeguards agreement and verification regime can help to address some of the long-standing and contemporary development challenges we face, including hunger, disease, natural resource management and climate change. We note with dismay that measures continue to be taken that are inconsistent with the provisions of the Treaty and impose undue restrictions on the export of materials, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes by non-nuclear-weapon developing countries. These barriers need to be removed.", "It is a matter of concern that nuclear-weapon States are not only increasing the precision of existing nuclear weapons stockpiles, but are also developing new types of weapons. We stress the legitimate right of non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT to receive unconditional assurances from the nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons against them.", "Bangladesh also views the disarmament and non-proliferation agenda from a development perspective. It is disturbing to our conscience that some $1.5 trillion is spent annually on armaments, while developing countries, especially the least developed countries like Bangladesh, are struggling to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The full implementation of the disarmament and non-proliferation agenda, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, is essential to that end.", "Let me reiterate that, despite all the circumstances I have mentioned, we have not lost confidence in ourselves. While we recognize that the path to a world free of nuclear weapons will not be easy, we do not believe that these difficulties will prevent us from beginning to seek a world free of nuclear weapons for ourselves and for future generations. We must leave a habitable planet for future generations. Let us resolve today to create a new climate.", "Mr. Taras (Finland): I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for convening this plenary meeting on this urgent subject.", "Finland aligns itself with the statement made by the Netherlands on behalf of the European Union and on behalf of the Group of like-minded States.", "Almost a year has passed since last September's high-level meeting in New York, and we have yet to see any progress. The reasons for this situation are well known. A decade of stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament threatens to bring about the collapse of the multilateral disarmament negotiating system. The United Nations disarmament machinery is in jeopardy. This situation requires renewed political commitment and new thinking on the part of all Member States. Business as usual is not an option. What we urgently need is the political will to relaunch multilateral disarmament negotiations. We hope that this meeting will consolidate that will.", "We need to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament without delay. This will bring us closer to the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons and will be crucial to our non-proliferation efforts. A fissile material cut-off treaty would contribute to the implementation of all three pillars of the NPT.", "The Conference on Disarmament must seize the momentum for nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation demonstrated by the New START Agreement and the Nuclear Security Summit. Finland urges all Member States to take concrete action to work towards complete nuclear disarmament.", "We can also take some practical steps to revitalize the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "First, we should review the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission. We need more substantive discussions and common positions, while reducing procedures.", "Secondly, multilateral negotiations require the participation of all relevant actors. The membership of the Conference on Disarmament should be reviewed to ensure its inclusiveness.", "Thirdly, we need fresh thinking and a better understanding of realities outside the United Nations conference rooms. We should strengthen the voice of civil society and academia and find ways to make better use of their valuable contributions to our work.", "We are committed to taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations as far as we can during Finland ' s chairmanship of the First Committee at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. We hope that together we can advance the revitalization agenda with renewed political commitment from Member States.", "Mr. Tladi (South Africa): South Africa appreciates this opportunity for an open and frank discussion on the multilateral disarmament agenda, in particular the opportunity to review the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of countries from all regions of the world.", "One of the outcomes of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) was the recognition of the need to establish a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Conference on Disarmament today, on a limited-scale, consensus-based basis. The past achievements of the Conference on Disarmament and its former entities demonstrate the role that this body can play in the negotiation of important multilateral disarmament instruments. It is therefore regrettable that this body has not been able to fulfil its basic mandate for many years. As a result of the continuing stalemate, it is understandable that many people are beginning to question the relevance and continued value of the Conference on Disarmament in pursuing disarmament objectives, particularly as a new international security environment emerges after the end of the cold war.", "Another decision taken by SSOD-I was the establishment of the Disarmament Commission, a deliberative body on disarmament and a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. Unfortunately, this body is not currently fulfilling its mandate and again this year has been unable to make any specific recommendations.", "Nuclear disarmament remains our highest priority, which is shared by all members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 21 and the Conference on Disarmament and the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations in all regions. Not only do we share the concern about the continuing horizontal and vertical proliferation of nuclear weapons, we also believe that the very existence of nuclear weapons leads to global insecurity.", "Moreover, the potentially catastrophic humanitarian consequences of the use of nuclear weapons clearly pose a serious threat to humanity. As long as these weapons exist, no one among us will be truly safe. Only the total elimination of all nuclear weapons and the assurance that they will never be produced will provide the necessary assurances against their use. It is for this reason that South Africa has consistently advocated a systematic and progressive approach in order to achieve our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons. We believe that continued and irreversible progress in nuclear disarmament and other relevant nuclear arms control measures remain key to promoting nuclear non-proliferation.", "The lack of real progress on nuclear disarmament undermines the global non-proliferation regime. Although nuclear disarmament was the subject of the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946 (resolution 1 (I)), it has been the first item on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament since its establishment. Despite the persistent calls by the overwhelming majority of the Conference on Disarmament for the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament alone, this request has not been met. This is particularly disturbing given that all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have committed themselves to this goal in the action plan adopted at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. My delegation therefore reiterates its call on the Conference on Disarmament to establish immediately a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament.", "As part of a systematic and progressive approach to nuclear disarmament, my delegation also supports the commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices and meet the twin objectives of non-proliferation and disarmament. My delegation does not share the view that a fissile material treaty is the only issue ripe for negotiation. Given the nature of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum, we believe that the Conference on Disarmament can negotiate any issue on its agenda, although we recognize that the possibility of agreeing on an international legally binding arrangement in the near future may be greater in some cases than in others.", "We may not all agree with those issues that are more or less ripe for agreement, but this should not prevent us from dealing substantively with issues on the multilateral disarmament agenda. The question before us today is whether the Conference on Disarmament will be able to meet our expectations or whether we should examine other options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effort to revitalize the work that this body should have done.", "We recognize that when the Conference on Disarmament adopted a programme of work in 2009, it was close to resuming its work. While CD/1864 was not a perfect document, we hoped that it would usher in a new phase in the recent history of the Conference on Disarmament that would enable us to work together to build a better and safer future. Unfortunately, CD/1864 and any other options regarding the mandates of the subsidiary bodies on the items on our agenda have not led to the resumption of substantive work.", "Although some attribute the lack of tangible results in the Conference on Disarmament to its rules of procedure, my delegation believes that the refusal of some parties to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control is an even greater obstacle facing the international community.", "Many of us would like to see the Conference on Disarmament regain its rightful place. However, the inability of the Conference on Disarmament to undertake substantive work over the past 15 years should not make us lose sight of the continuing challenges. If the Conference on Disarmament is still not fulfilling its mandate, there is no reason not to consider other options in order to advance the important work entrusted to this body.", "Finally, South Africa remains committed to the international system of rules. We will therefore take such further action as may be required to strengthen multilateral governance in disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. Furthermore, we will examine any options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations in order to achieve our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker for this meeting. We will hear the remaining speakers tomorrow, 29 July, at 11 a.m. in the General Assembly Hall. At that meeting, the Assembly would also take up agenda item 13 to continue the discussion on the human right to water and sanitation.", "Before concluding this meeting, one representative has requested to exercise the right of reply. May I remind members that statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and to five minutes for the second intervention and should be made by delegations from their seats.", "I now give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Li Dong Il (Democratic People's Republic of Korea): Allow me to exercise my right of reply and to make some comments on the statement made by the representative of Canada, who raised a question about the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.", "With regard to the assumption by the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea of the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament, the assumption by the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea of the presidency of the Conference is the exercise of its sovereignty as a Member State of the United Nations. In accordance with the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea is obliged to assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Moreover, the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea was and is a Member of the United Nations. Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations provides that the United Nations is based on the principle of respect for the sovereign equality of all Member States. As far as this legal issue is concerned, we believe that the statement made by the representative of Canada is a serious violation of the Charter of the United Nations.", "Secondly, the statement made by the representative of Canada is also contrary to practice in international forums. This is not the first time that the Canadian delegation has boycotted an international forum. The first boycott was the Anti-Racism Conference held in Durban in 2001. Canada was the only country to boycott that meeting. This has created a shameful precedent in international multilateralism practice.", "This is not the only example of Canadian resistance. This has also occurred in other meetings, including here in the General Assembly, when the President of a country addressed this forum. This is the third time that Canada has taken such action in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea therefore strongly condemns this act by the representative of Canada.", "Thirdly, it shows a cold war mentality and mentality. Indeed, it is the post-cold-war period. We have only witnessed such acts of confrontation in some countries during the cold war. The post-cold-war period was an era of dialogue and confidence-building. This can be seen in every region, including Asia. Canada and the Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum. Confidence-building and dialogue are the overall spirit. But today, instead of this approach of dialogue and reconciliation, Canada is on the path of confrontation. The representative of Canada was the only one to adopt such an approach.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目63(a)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行", "进展情况和国际支持", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行情况和国际支持的第九次综合进度报告", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "由大会第A/65/284号决议授权编写的本报告适逢非洲领导人通过非洲联盟旗舰方案“非洲发展新伙伴关系”十周年纪念。报告对实施非洲发展新伙伴关系各种项目和方案所取得的进展情况和国际社会所提供的支持情况进行了评估。 报告适逢人们再次关注非洲的发展需求，有以下事实为证：2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议之后的重大承诺，第四次联合国支援最不发达国家会议通过了伊斯坦布尔行动纲领和千年发展目标非洲指导小组建议实施框架，以在非洲加快实现千年发展目标。这一再次关注反映了非洲国家在实现千年发展目标方面仍然面临挑战这一事实。", "在此背景下，本报告在着重介绍非洲国家在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系中所取得的进展的同时，重申有必要为非洲发展新伙伴关系的部门优先事项调拨更多的资源和进行适当改革，以进一步鼓励私营部门参与伙伴关系项目并促进公私营伙伴关系为基础设施项目筹资。为进一步加强国际合作促进发展和推动非洲发展新伙伴关系的执行，各发展伙伴应采取紧急步骤成功完成包含发展目标的多哈回合贸易谈判，兑现援助承诺和改进援助实效。非洲发展新伙伴关系通过后十年过去了，“一切照旧”不应成为一种选择，因为，这会导致承诺破灭，进一步拖延千年发展目标的实现和非洲发展新伙伴关系的执行。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.非洲国家和组织所采取的行动 4\nA.基础设施 4\nB.农业和粮食安全 5\nC.卫生 6\nD.教育和培训 7\nE.环境和旅游事业 8\nF.信息和通信技术 8\nG.科学和技术 9\nH.性别问题主流化、增强妇女权能和民间社会参与 10\nI.非洲同侪审评机制 11\n3.国际社会的反应：推进国际上对非洲发展的支持势头 12\nA.官方发展援助 13\nB.债务减免 14\nC.外国直接投资 15\nD.贸易 16\nE.南南合作 16\nF.千年村 17\n4.联合国系统提供的支持 18加强在非洲开展工作的联合国各机构和组织的区域协调机制以支持非洲联盟及其 18 \n新伙伴关系方案和集群体系 \n5.结论和建议 18", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在题为“非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持”的第65/284号决议中，要求秘书长就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面的报告。本报告即应此要求提出。", "2. 报告着重介绍过去一年非洲国家和组织在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系方面所采取的政策措施， 国际社会的应对措施和联合国系统所提供的支持情况。私营部门和民间社会为支持非洲发展新伙伴关系所开展的活动也做了突出介绍。报告利用了各会员国、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行、非洲发展新伙伴关系规划和协调局、非洲同侪审评机制秘书处、经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)和联合国系统若干实体所提供的资料。", "二. 非洲国家和组织所采取的行动", "3. 非洲领导人于2001年7月在卢萨卡通过的非洲发展新伙伴关系，既是一种对非洲的集体展望，也是一种非洲发展战略框架。其主要目的是促成基础广泛的、公平的经济增长，使非洲得以减少贫困并更好地融入全球经济。要把这一远景变为行动，就要实施非洲发展新伙伴关系的主要部门优先事项。从一种框架走向可操作的蓝图在很大程度上取决于每个国家的决心。在非洲发展新伙伴关系框架内，各国应设计与非洲发展新伙伴关系的目标相一致的本国的蓝图，并担负起在国家一级实施非洲发展新伙伴关系方案的责任。此外，作为非洲经济一体化核心体制的各地区经济共同体在各区域层面实施项目方面发挥着主要作用。", "A. 基础设施", "4. 本部门过去12个月的工作集中于电力、运输和水务。非洲发展新伙伴关系机构的设立及其融入非洲联盟结构和程序导致了发展努力一致性和协调性的强化。例如，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和非洲联盟委员会基础设施和能源部制定了联合工作方案，并根据非洲联盟/非洲发展新伙伴关系非洲行动计划通过了2010-2015年基础设施联合优先项目。2010年2月第十四届非洲联盟峰会核可的非洲基础设施发展方案的主要目标是，根据非洲大陆的战略目标和部门政策制定非洲基础设施发展的远景计划。它为地区和非洲大陆的基础设施发展(运输、能源、水务和信息通信技术)提供一致的框架。", "5. 在成功实施了短期行动计划后，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构与非洲开发银行合作，启动了对行动计划的第三次审评。据审评结论，行动计划促进了区域基础设施发展，2002 年到2008年投资约56亿美元，占原短期行动计划投资总量69%。自2004年以来，在被审评的103个项目中，有70%取得了一定的进展，15%已达到了项目完成阶段。", "6. 为努力精简活动和确保方案和项目实施的有效协调和协作，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构于2010年3月与非洲公用事业管理机构论坛缔结了谅解备忘录。该论坛是非洲发展新伙伴关系创始文件所确立的一项举措，旨在建立和促进非洲大陆公用事业管理机构之间的合作，以支持非洲的增长和社会经济发展。其首要关注目标是基础设施的管理(通信、能源、运输、水务和环卫)。论坛与机构间的合作旨在建设和加强非洲基础设施发展方面现有的伙伴关系安排。", "7. 在航空运输部门，也在努力通过全面实施非洲新民航政策亚穆苏克罗声明,继续促进非洲大陆飞行的安全和效率。非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和非洲民航委员会也已商定了一项谅解备忘录并将于今年签署，其中规定，新伙伴关系机构将支持委员会为发展非洲民航事业动员资源，和承担亚穆苏克罗声明执行机构的新作用。", "8. 非洲发展新伙伴关系机构继续在实施韩国发展战略研究院的一项举措——非洲-大韩民国基础设施项目——中发挥积极作用。据此，机构支持了一个有18名成员的专家团对安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的访问，以寻求运输和能源方面的管道投资项目。机构也在落实2009年12月在首尔举行的大韩民国-非洲基础设施和能源开发投资会议的成果。安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的基础设施项目正在向来自大韩民国的投资者作推介。", "9. 在区域一体化和基础设施领域，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构在第十六届非洲联盟大会核准的非洲联盟-非洲发展新伙伴关系总统基础设施倡导计划框架内，一直在推动七个地区项目的实施。", "10. 在水务和环卫部门,努力的重点为通过影响力伙伴关系,建设和加强方案制定和实施能力。在这方面，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和水援助组织(一家设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的水务和环卫非政府组织)已商定，由水援助组织向新伙伴关系机构提供短期顾问，制定和实施其各种方案，而作为回报，机构将考虑在其基础设施科主办水援助组织的南部非洲活动方案。双方还进一步商定，合作开展地区和非洲大陆各种水务和环卫方案和项目。", "B. 农业和粮食安全", "11. 农业是许多非洲国家经济的主干，因此，对非洲的长期社会经济增长和可持续发展至关重要。在审评期内，非洲农业全面发展方案下的承诺在国家和地区层面的落实工作继续取得进展，越来越多的国家为实现农业生产力6%的目标制定了计划。在签署了本国非洲农业全面发展方案契约的26个国家中，有20个已编制或敲定了国家投资计划并提交给了由新伙伴关系机构组织的独立技术审评，并且目前正在就筹资和实施模式问题开展工作。", "12. 在实现《马普托宣言》所规定的10%的预算用于农业投资方面进展最明显。已有10个国家达标(而2009年时仅有5个国家)，有9个国家在这方面的投资达预算的5%至10%。", "13. 在实施地区非洲农业全面发展方案契约方面也有显著的进展。西非国家经济共同体委员会这一唯一签署了地区非洲农业全面发展方案契约的地区经济委员会，从自己的资源中拨出1亿5千万美元为五年计划提供资金。这占地区计划总费用的16%。发展伙伴也同样做出了积极的响应，其中西班牙在3年中拨出2亿4千万欧元，其三分之二已通过世界银行拨付。", "14. 非洲农业全面发展方案的实施给受惠国带来了额外的好处。第一，各国采用和规定基于证据的分析，规划和审查各种战略和方案，从而转化为高质量投资方案的制定。第二，各国更便于获得当地可接受的工具和机制，从而有更大的包容性，使非国家行为者作为平等伙伴参与进来，对发展政策和管治的开放性进行更加公开和全面的审评。第三，这导致了与发展伙伴更好的接触，以及第四，这大大有助于提供一种框架和规定国家优先事项，从而统一和协调发展援助支持。", "15. 在地区层面，在实施西非渔业政策试点项目方面取得了进展，涉及的国家有加纳和塞拉利昂。该项目正为世界银行对加纳和塞拉利昂的渔业部门的重大投资提供支持。这些国家是两个相关的、总金额为9 000万至1亿美元的国际发展协会投资的受益者。作为西非地区渔业方案第一阶段的一部分，已向加纳和几内亚比绍追加拨款5 780万美元，拨款方为：世界银行(5 200万美元)、全球环境基金(400万美元)和非洲渔业伙伴关系(180万美元)。", "16. 这些投资对于非洲发展新伙伴关系和非洲渔业伙伴关系具有战略意义，表现在三个方面：(a) 新伙伴关系牵头规定进行渔业投资的政策、规范和管理框架；(b) 支持在非洲农业全面发展方案框架内渔业政策的趋同，即，确保渔业更有效更可持续地为年增长率6%的目标和粮食安全作贡献；(c) 这构成非洲农业全面发展方案契约后的关键应对措施，可对已完成非洲农业全面发展方案契约的国家在制定渔业投资方案方面提供支持。", "17. 非洲渔业伙伴关系的实施对受益国很重要，表现在几个方面：(a) 其投入在影响世界银行的财政投资和将方案制定周期从18个月减到6个月方面具有关键意义；(b) 其在动员地方专门人才制定投资方案方面所发挥的积极和重要的作用提高了当地对方案的自主权。", "C. 卫生", "18. 新伙伴关系机构继续追求新伙伴关系的主要目标，即，改善非洲的医疗保健系统，增加训练有素的医务工作者，和确保为所有非洲人提供廉价、安全和有效的医药。为实现后一个目标，新伙伴关系正在领导非洲医药管理统一计划，动员财政和技术资源，倡导医药管理政策和立法审查，并协调现有的管理能力建设举措，以便加强医药管理的统一。新伙伴关系协调一个由世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、克林顿基金会和联合王国国际开发司组成的联合放款团，开展该计划的实施工作，并且，到目前为止已收到来自地区经济委员会为实现地区一级协调统一的六个项目建议。新伙伴关系机构会同地区经济委员会已完成了对东非共同体、南部非洲发展共同体和西非经共体地区的形势分析，并将把从审评过程中所吸取的经验教训通报非洲各国和各委员会。", "19. 新伙伴关系机构通过这一计划与利益攸关方和合作伙伴一起解决非洲医药市场管理混乱的问题,将其作为增进和保护公众健康的一个主要内容，因为此举有助于确保病人获得高质量、安全和有效的药品。如此，该机构正与泛非议会卫生、劳工和社会事务委员会协作，在非洲大陆宣传和倡导这一计划。此外，该计划的实施框架已得到2011年4月在纳米比亚举行的非洲联盟卫生部长会议的核可。", "20. 新伙伴关系机构继续在解决非洲医务人员危机方面发挥关键作用。在这方面，由该机构主持的非洲卫生人力资源平台已完成了对非洲撒哈拉南部医学院校的需求评估研究，从而为今后的行动提供了坚实的知识基础。研究的调研结论将指导世界卫生组织和美国总统艾滋病救援应急计划之间的协作，根据应急计划的承诺，将扩大对医生和护士的改造教育的规模，为非洲十万名以上新医务专业人员的培训提供支持。", "21. 与非洲卫生研究计划的合作正取得进展，目的是实现健康和平等，减少贫困并促进非洲国家的社会经济发展。迄今，莫桑比克、塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国已选择参加非洲卫生研究计划。塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国已同意利用该举措及其网站门户将其国家研究纳入卫生信息系统。新伙伴关系机构还在设计一个方案，以便为区域经济委员会制定全面的环卫和植物卫生政策框架以及主要农作物的战略提供技术支持。特别是，它将处理区域市场一体化的各种问题。", "D. 教育和培训", "22. 新伙伴关系机构通过与坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府谈判,推动利用流动诊所将护校毕业生和助产士部署到农村社区,继续促进非洲护士和助产士的人力资源开发。该机构还制定了方案，将中非国家经济共同体内三国的护士和助产士的教育和资格提到更高的水平。在南部非洲，六所具有公认的护理和接生临床硕士学位颁发资格的大学组成了一个联合体，互相合作，在中非国家经济共同体内的三所授课大学制定并提供护理和接生学本科和硕士课程。同时，它们将协助这三国的管理机构并与卫生部一起制定职业计划，对公共部门承认、利用和奖励这些护士和助产士做出规定。此外，新伙伴关系机构还将森林教育列为优先，并向瑞典政府提出了为一个讲习班提供资金的申请，以便最后确定森林教育研究生课程。", "23. 正加倍努力使加蓬和南非政府参与支持在加蓬开办一个数学、科学和技术区域教育中心的项目。已有三个国家(安哥拉、刚果民主共和国和莫桑比克)向设在南非的非洲文艺复兴国际合作基金提出为开放式远程教学进行教师培训提供资金的建议。", "E. 环境和旅游事业", "24. 新伙伴关系环境行动计划通过已有7年，在制定次区域环境行动计划方面已取得了进展，代表这些地区和国家的是：中非国家经共体、西非经共体、政府间发展局、南共体、和阿拉伯马格里布联盟。这使国家行动计划得以在五个国家制定。此外，在国家和次区域层面开展了环境行动计划的实施能力建设活动。该计划还支持非洲国家强化对联合国气候变化框架公约和京都议定书的执行工作。在实施国家行动计划的生物多样性和荒漠化条款方面也提供了类似的支持。就此，确定了政策目标并制定了大纲，以指导关于以下问题的讨论：准入和利益分享、可持续的森林管理、外来入侵物种、海洋和沿海综合管理。该计划还为在区域层面执行气候变化框架公约提供了框架。新伙伴关系机构与非洲联盟委员会和非洲环境部长会议协作，启动了环境行动计划实施情况的审查进程。", "25. 新伙伴关系机构目前正在准备一份方案建议，题目是“气候变化适应和缓解方案：利用科学技术和创新应对气候变化”。作为进行中的将青年增权纳入新伙伴关系方案的计划的一部分，已开始了使青年参与气候变化的进程。这一进程将通过非洲气候变化问题青年科学家倡议进行，其秘书处设在南非西北大学。青年科学家倡议的目的是提高人们的认识，争取青年积极主动地参与气候变化问题和活动。计划于2011年8月中启动这一倡议，主题是“促进非洲土著知识体系在气候变化适应和缓解中发挥作用”。", "26. 在非洲联盟-新伙伴关系非洲减少灾害风险区域战略及其实施行动方案的框架内，正在努力将减少灾害风险纳入减贫和可持续发展的各项举措。2006-2015年非洲减少灾害风险区域战略延长的实施行动方案已提交第二次非洲减少灾害风险部长级会议并获得通过。此外，重新设立了非洲减少灾害风险咨询小组，专门为在非洲落实减灾举措向国家主管部门和次区域和区域当局提供咨询和支持。", "27. 作为一种发展催化剂，旅游事业的发展可对其他部门产生积极的溢出效应并分担发展成本。非洲联盟委员会和新伙伴关系机构正积极与国家、地区、非洲大陆和全球性组织开展伙伴合作，推动一项旅游业部门区域一体化全面方案。若干非洲国家认识到旅游业给非洲带来的机遇和挑战，在联合国世界旅游组织和其他发展伙伴的协助下，制定了旅游业总体计划。", "F. 信息和通信技术", "28. 2011年7月在乌干达举行的第十五届新伙伴关系国家元首和政府方针委员会做出了一项决定之后，新伙伴关系e-非洲委员会被新伙伴关系e-非洲方案所取代，以便根据新伙伴关系机构的新的战略取向，推动信息和通信技术的优先部门的发展。", "29. 新伙伴关系e-非洲方案的任务是，为信息和通信技术在全非洲的发展制定非洲大陆层面的政策、战略和项目，为此，在不断推进其主要举措的实施：新伙伴关系信息和通信技术非洲宽带基础设施网和新伙伴关系e-学校计划。为强化扩大新伙伴关系信息和通信技术非洲大陆宽带基础设施网的努力，在开罗为北非、在冈比亚、塞内加尔、尼日利亚和吉布提为当地的利益攸关方，举办了几场关于基加利议定书的地区和国家利益攸关方讲习班。", "30. Uhurunet水下光缆的铺设工作取得了进展。2010年6月在法国签署了非洲沿海至欧洲(ACE)/Uhurunet光缆建设和维护协议和供应合同。Uhurunet光缆的这一段将从法国延伸到南非，并将非洲西海岸的所有国家连接起来。负责延非洲铺设Uhurunet水下光缆圈的Baharicom公司在努力筹资和举债，以满足供应合同的付款期限。", "31. 关于Umojanet 跨界陆上网络，已完成了两个业务计划。第一个于2010年7月完成，涵盖东非和南部非洲的10 个国家(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、马拉维、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚和津巴布韦)，第二个计划于2010年9月完成，涵盖西非和中非12个国家(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、赤道几内亚、加纳、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚和多哥)。", "32. 2011年1月,第十六届非洲联盟峰会核准了总统基础设施冠军计划技术委员会遴选的非洲联盟——新伙伴关系信息和通信技术宽带基础设施项目——Uhurunet、Umojanet和拟议的尼日利亚-尼日尔-阿尔及利亚天然气管道沿线的信息和通信技术光纤连接项目。", "33. 关于新伙伴关系e-学校计划，新伙伴关系机构正在研究结束该计划示范阶段的模式。已在16个非洲国家开展了80场新伙伴关系e-学校计划的示范。参加示范项目的每所学校都配备了一个电脑实验室，里面至少有20台个人电脑、以及一个服务器和联网基础设施和其他辅件，如扫描器、电子白板和打印机。学校与互联网连接，使其能与世界其他地方联系。新伙伴关系机构与互联网学会签署了一项谅解备忘录，以便培养非洲主要利益攸关方在互联网管理方面的能力。", "G. 科学和技术", "34. 非洲科学、技术和创新指标举措迄今为止值得注意的成就是，设立了牵头单位在国家层面引导科学、技术和创新指标的制定，科学、技术和创新数据收集能力建设，和《非洲创新展望——2010》的出版——这是系列出版物中的第一个，旨在向公众介绍非洲国家科学、技术和创新活动的情况。刊物于2011年5月在埃塞俄比亚首发，刊载了研究与发展调查的结果。预计将会引发一场辩论，从而丰富收集更高质量的数据的过程。新伙伴关系机构和科学、技术和创新指标举措也为非洲联盟委员会设立非洲科学、技术和创新观察站提供支持。已与赤道几内亚签署了东道国协议，观察站将在协调、数据收集和培训，以及传播非洲科学、技术和创新活动方面扮演主要角色。", "35. 非洲科学、技术和创新指标举措方案在19个非洲联盟成员国成功地完成了其第一阶段工作，其目的是为开展研究与开发以及创新调查提供一种互相学习和知识分享的学习机制。由此产生的结果是，制定了这类调查的指导原则并在参加国中被采用。科学、技术和创新的衡量标准作为政策制定和实施的辅助工具，开辟了进一步研究和辩论的领域。参加国正在就这些事项开展协作，并在建设一个实践共同体，确保将来非洲以一种声音说话。", "36. 2010年11月,东、中非生命科学中心设施在肯尼亚正式启用。在加拿大的财政支持下，新伙伴关系机构为东、中非科学家建造了世界级的实验设施。这些设施将为这些科学家提供机会，在生命科学领域开展前沿研究，以应对农民在提高农业生产力方面所面临的挑战。最近设立了非洲生物安全专门知识网，是由非洲工作人员管理的、具备生物安全系统多学科专门知识的全大陆服务网。自初创以来，该网络为农业生物技术非洲管理人员提供了培训和科学资料，以帮助各国做出知情的决定。", "H. 性别问题主流化、增强妇女权能和民间社会参与", "37. 新伙伴关系机构正在就在各区域经济委员会为非洲女企业家实施业务孵化开展工作。当前的目标是为两个选定的区域经济委员会——东部和南部非洲共同市场(东南非共同市场)和西非经共体——业务孵化试点项目提供资金，预算为100万欧元。计划以此经验为基础，将其推广到其他五个区域经济委员会。新伙伴关系机构和东南非共同市场于2010年5月签署了谅解备忘录。该项目提交给了负责性别问题和妇女事务的部长的第四次会议，会议决定开始物色妇女企业家和合作伙伴机构。随后，与东南非共同市场和东南非经商妇女国家协会联合会进行了技术磋商，一致认为，世界银行业务孵化举措将有助于传播全球和在非洲所吸取的经验教训。", "38. 新伙伴关系机构开始了与联合国系统各机构在关键领域(如，农村妇女、增强非洲妇女经济权力、知识的产生和传播等)结成战略联盟的工作，例如，非洲经济委员会(非经委)和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)。在准备第二次呼吁提案的同时，新伙伴关系/西班牙增强非洲妇女权能基金对进行中的项目进行了监测和评估，并关闭了在第一次呼吁提案范围内资助的项目。基金的第二阶段涵盖2011年至2013年，将新伙伴关系增强非洲妇女权能的方案进行了合并。", "39. 基金推动了性别问题主流化的倡导工作和扶贫必要手段的开发，包括有更多的妇女和女孩接受了经济上可维持的职业技能培训。基金通过公私营伙伴关系还协助创造就业机会，帮助商界和民间社会妇女领袖开发技能，并开展利用信息和通信技术的能力建设，力争缩小数码鸿沟。通过为农业加工(提供了45台机器)和经验管理培训(600名女企业家)提供支持，基金还支持了创收活动的开发。", "I. 非洲同侪审评机制", "40. 非洲同侪审评机制继续加强了其作为在非洲推进良政和社会经济发展的手段的地位。利比里亚在2011年1月非洲同侪审评机制论坛上正式加入了该机制。根据机制秘书处提供的资料，截至2011年7月底，有30个国家通过签署谅解备忘录加入了该机制，它们是：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、刚果、吉布提、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、南非、苏丹、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达和赞比亚。该机制的成员代表了76%以上非洲人口。", "41. 在非洲同侪审评论坛第十三和十四次峰会期间，毛里求斯和埃塞俄比亚分别受到了同侪审评。截至2011年7月底，有14个国家受到了同侪审评：阿尔及利亚、贝宁、布基纳法索、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马里、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、南非和乌干达。其他国家则在审评进程的不同阶段：塞拉利昂和赞比亚分别于2011年2月和5月接待了国别审评团，坦桑尼亚联合共和国将在2011年下半年接受审评，而加纳和肯尼亚也已做好准备接受第二周期定期审评。", "42. 受到审评的国家也在实施各自的由审评程序产生的国家行动方案方面取得了进展。为此，2011年1月在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的论坛第十四次峰会审议了莱索托、尼日利亚和南非的国家方案实施进展报告，而2011年6月在马拉博举行的第十五次峰会则审议了贝宁和布基纳法索的国家方案实施进展报告。", "43. 为简化和加快同侪审评程序，对一些现有的工具作了修改。例如，2011年3月在约翰内斯堡举行的一次利益攸关方讲习班上对总调查问卷作了修订和论证，并且，现已到期应由定于2012年1月在埃塞俄比亚举行的论坛第16次峰会审查——在此之前，根据第15次峰会的指示，将由机制牵头机构对其进行详尽的审查。", "44. 机制继续得到其三个战略合作伙伴——非洲开发银行、非经委和联合国开发计划署——的支持。这种支持包括参加国别审评团和其他形式的技术和财政援助。在这方面，非洲开发银行继续提供赠款，支持精简和加快非洲同侪审评机制程序项目。该项目的目标包括：修改和改进机制的手段和程序，以及加强机制秘书处工作人员的能力。非经委通过题为“非洲同侪审评机制的调研结论及分析和政策制订的框架”的关于多样性管理的研究、组织讲习班以提高人们对机制的认识、和将国家行动方案和其他国家计划统一纳入一个中期开支共同框架，推动了对机制的研究和认知。", "三. 国际社会的反应：推进国际上对非洲发展的支持势头", "45. 尽管全球经济复苏速度放慢，非洲已从全球经济和金融危机中振兴。2010年，非洲平均增长率为4.9%，而2009年为3.1%。[2] 然而，这一复苏充满了不确定因素，既与脆弱的全球经济前景有关，也与各次区域的政治不稳定有关。此外，在实现千年发展目标的进展方面，非洲仍落后于其他地区，尤其是与儿童和产妇死亡率和获得卫生条件和清洁水相关的目标方面。", "46. 因此，发展伙伴需充分兑现承诺，继续为非洲提供支持，以便实现非洲大陆的发展议程，包括落实新伙伴关系的优先事项。在2005年格伦伊格尔峰会上，八国集团做出了增加对非洲的援助的历史性承诺，但到目前为止仍未履行这些诺言。2011年在法国举行的八国峰会重申了格伦伊格尔承诺。2010年下半年，二十国集团也提出了发展倡议—关于分享增长的首尔发展共识，其中更加强调要通过基础设施发展和创造就业来促进经济增长。最后，2010年9月在纽约举行的千年发展目标大会高级别全体会议通过了按目标日期实现千年发展目标的全球行动计划，并对非洲给以特别的关注。", "47. 非洲传统发展伙伴的不确定的经济前景及其面临的财政空间缩小，似乎预示在今后的岁月里，非传统的捐助方的重要性会进一步上升。这包括新兴经济体和非国家行为者，例如，私立基金会和慈善家。鉴于经合发国家在全球经济和金融危机后紧缩了援助预算，以及此举对援助拨款的负面影响，2011年11月和12月在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛将是发展伙伴根据援助实效问题巴黎宣言和阿克拉行动议程中所载内容，重申对援助质量和实效的承诺的适当时机。", "48. 2011年5月在土耳其举行的第四次联合国援助最不发达国家会议通过了2011-2020年援助最不发达国家十年行动纲领和伊斯坦布尔宣言。行动纲领的目标是确保持续的经济增长和减少贫困，从而使半数最不发达国家得以在2020年之前从最不发达国家类别中“毕业”出来。行动纲领确定了八个优先领域：生产能力，包括基础设施、能源、科学技术、和私营部门发展；农业、粮食安全和农村发展；贸易；商品；人类和社会发展，包括妇女增权；应对多种危机和新出现挑战的影响，例如，气候变化和可持续性问题；动员财政资源促进发展和能力建设；和各个层次的良好管治。鉴于48个最不发达国家中有33个在非洲，行动纲领的实施将大大有助于应对非洲大陆面临的发展挑战。", "A. 官方发展援助", "49. 根据经合发组织的统计，2009年所有捐助方的官方发展援助的总量达1280亿美元。其中，480亿美元去了非洲，这显示比2008年实际值年增长11.7%(见下文图一)。2010年，对非洲的双边援助，不算多边机构的拨款，与2009年相比，实际值增长了3.6%，在2010年达到293亿美元。尽管有这些增长，官方发展援助仍未达到八国集团国家在2005年格伦伊格尔峰会上的认捐数—在峰会上它们承诺将对非洲的官方发展援助总量提高250亿美元。据千年发展目标差距工作队估算，兑现差距为180亿美元，非洲在2010年从经合发组织发展援助委员会捐助国共收到官方发展援助460亿美元，这大大低于格伦伊格尔承诺的640亿美元。[3]", "图一 来自所有捐助方的官方发展援助总量", "(现美元十亿计)", "资料来源：据经合发组织/发展援助委员会在线数据库2011年。", "50. 2010年在加拿大和2011年在法国举行的八国集团峰会重申了八国集团与非洲的伙伴关系。在关于孕产妇、新生儿和儿童健康问题的《马斯科卡倡议》中，八国集团成员国承诺，为在发展中国家实现千年发展目标4和5，在2010年至2015年期间将增加50亿美元开支。在2011年法国峰会上，通过了八国集团/非洲联合宣言：“共同的价值观，共同的责任”，从而重申了这一伙伴关系。这次峰会还启动了多维尔伙伴关系，对阿拉伯国家的新的民主提供支持，并承诺通过多边开发银行提供200亿美元，以支持突尼斯和埃及的可持续的包容性增长。14", "51. 关于援助实效问题，在实现2005年援助实效问题巴黎宣言和2008年阿卡拉行动议程(A/63/539，附件)的进展情况方面，喜忧参半。一方面，在给非洲、特别是给最不发达国家的不附带条件的援助方面有明显的进步，18个捐助国签署了国际援助透明度倡议。另一方面，在利用国家系统和减少援助的各自为政方面进展仍然有限。在此背景下，国际社会应在即将举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛上再次承诺改进援助的实效。", "52. 非传统发展伙伴在非洲的发展中正扮演着越来越重要的角色。在南南合作的总题目下，巴西、中国、印度、土耳其等新兴国家提供赠款和贷款，所附带的条件往往比传统捐助国要少。但是，由于缺乏数据，很难就来自新兴发展伙伴的官方发展援助的数量作明确的介绍。", "53. 除了双边捐助国外，新的慈善行为者，如，比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、全球防治艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金等，为非洲国家提供了创新的发展资助，帮助扩大有限的国内资源促进发展。例如，盖茨基金会已开始将其对卫生事业的援助向经合发组织发展援助委员会报告，2009年拨款18亿美元作为赠款用于改善发展中国家的卫生事业，其中36%是专门针对非洲的。因此，该基金会是继美国和全球基金之后在这一领域的第三大捐助方。", "B. 债务减免", "54. 由于在重债穷国债务倡议、多边债务减免倡议框架内和在双边一级不断努力减免非洲国家的外债负担，债务和还债的数额比1990年代中期的高峰已大幅下降。1994年非洲撒哈拉南部的外债总量达到国内生产总值(GDP)的73%，到2010年已下降到GDP的21%，[4] 这就能腾出资源使国家得以提高扶贫支出，加快实现千年发展目标。", "55. 四个国家——刚果民主共和国、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和多哥——通过重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议，在2010年7月至2011年6月期间大幅度减少了债务。在达到完成点后，刚果民主共和国获得债务减免123亿美元。利比里亚在满足了未竟条件后，于2010年6月达到完成点，其名义债务随即减少了46亿美元。因此，利比里亚的外债总量下降到GDP的15%。几内亚比绍于2010年12月从世界银行和国际货币基金获得债务减免12亿美元。最后，多哥在2010年12月达到完成点后外债减少了82%。总体上说，有26个非洲国家现已达到重债穷国倡议的完成点，并已受益于债务减免(见下文表1)。巴黎俱乐部的成员国同意为所有这四个国家削减和取消双边债务，从而对其债务减免贡献巨大。巴黎俱乐部的成员国根据重债穷国倡议对这四国的债务减免的贡献名义值总计达90亿美元。", "56. 尽管有这一进展，对于债务的可持续性人们有新的疑虑，尤其是在全球经济和金融危机的影响挥之不去，新的和新兴捐助国在非洲接触增加，贷款有价证券增多的情况下。根据最近的报告，在迄今为止已受惠于重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的26个非洲国家中，有9个仍在，或极有可能，经历债务困扰。[5]", "表1 重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的目前和潜在的受益者", "状况 国家", "26个完成点后国家 贝宁、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、莫桑比克、尼日尔、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达、赞比亚", "4个决定点后国家 乍得、科摩罗、科特迪瓦、几内亚", "3个决定点前国家 埃利特利亚、索马里、苏丹", "资料来源：货币基金，截至2011年7月。", "C. 外国直接投资", "57. 根据联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)，流入非洲的外国直接投资(FDI)在2009年大幅下降，从2008年的历史性高点720亿美元降至590亿美元，这主要是由于全球经济和金融危机的缘故。贸发会议对2010年的初步估算预示，流向非洲的外国直接投资将进一步下降14%，降至500亿美元。[6]", "58. 非洲大陆所有次区域的外国直接投资都下降了，而中非是个例外，它受益于在赤道几内亚的巨额投资。从部门分布看，对制造业和初级产品部门的投资在危机期间急剧下降，这样，服务业部门在2009年就成了非洲最大的外国直接投资接受方。由于在危机后全球商品价格迅速回升，预计对可提取的行业的外国直接投资在2009年会上升。确实，虽然对绿色领域的投资在2010年仍然相对较低，但在可提取的行业，兼并和收购却呈上升趋势。", "59. 由于来自传统伙伴的投资流量在继续下降，新兴国家在非洲进一步加强了它们的地位，其份额在稳步上升。例如，源自亚洲的外国直接投资流入量份额从1995年至1999年的平均6.7%上升到2000年至2008年的15.162%。", "60. 非洲国家也在继续努为吸引外国直接投资而改善投资环境。截至2008年底，它们缔结了715个双边投资协议，以促进和保护外国投资者。区域经济委员会也开展了区域投资方案。[7] 非洲的加强努力也反映在世界银行报告“经营商务2011：为企业家别开生面”中指出“绩效有改进”——报告对商务管理环境进行了评估。2011年，报告将3个非洲国家列入10个改进最大的经济体行列。发展伙伴尤其通过新伙伴关系-经合发组织投资倡议，为这一进程提供支持，从而加强了非洲国家为改善商务环境而策划和实施改革的能力。", "D. 贸易", "61. 过去一年的多哈回合贸易谈判，在影响到非洲的问题上，在达成协议方面实质上没有取得任何进展。尽管二十国领导人在2010年11月二十国集团首尔峰会上作出承诺，要在2011年底完成多哈回合，强调贸易在全球经济复苏中的至关重要的作用，但情况仍是这样。此外，欧洲联盟和非洲各区域之间关于经济伙伴关系协议的谈判进展也十分有限。在2010年11月在利比亚举行的第三次非洲-欧洲联盟峰会上，双方再次承诺要为经济合作伙伴关系协议上剩余的共同关切问题找到解决办法。然而，谈判已陷入僵局。", "62. 在2009年第二次援助促贸易举措全球审评之后，对非洲的援助促贸易承诺进一步增加，在2009年总计达170亿美元，比2008年增加21%，[8] 并且都集中于基础设施和生产能力方面。2011年将对该举措进行第三次全球审评，为援助促贸易造更大的势头。", "63. 非洲国家正在解决非洲内部贸易量低的问题，并在第十六届非盟峰会上再次承诺要加强一体化。非洲联盟和新伙伴关系基础设施方案的重点是各地区之间的互联性，各区域经济委员会在继续努力实现更大的贸易一体化——最值得注意的是，要通过东南非共同市场、东非共同体和南共体之间有计划的自由贸易协定来实现，其最终目标是建立单一的海关联盟。这三个区域共同体力争在未来三年内完成一体化努力的第一阶段工作。", "E. 南南合作", "64. 南南合作对于非洲发展已变得越来越重要，是对北南合作的补充。巴西、中国、印度等新兴经济体的迅猛增长对非洲大陆造成振奋人心的、大体上是积极的影响，导致金融、贸易和发展援助流量与日俱增。在全球经济和金融危机之后，经济联系和其他形式的合作，帮助减轻了危机对非洲经济的冲击并促成了大陆回到经济复苏的轨道。二十国集团共同增长首尔发展共识正式确定了新兴经济体在全球舞台上的这一新角色。", "65. 在成功举办中国-非洲合作论坛之后，其他国家和地区也寻求建立正式的结构来指导其与非洲的合作和接触。这方面的例子有：2010年8月举行的第二次越南-非洲国际论坛，2010年9月举行的伊朗-非洲论坛和2010年10月在利比亚举行的第二次非洲-阿拉伯峰会。在峰会上，非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟通过了非洲-阿拉伯伙伴关系战略，旨在创建一体化的非洲-阿拉伯区域和促进更紧密的经济和政治合作。", "66. 2011年5月，在埃塞俄比亚举行了第二届非洲-印度论坛峰会，其主题是“加强伙伴关系：共同的远景”，在此期间，印度也加深了与非洲的合作。会议通过了非洲-印度加强合作框架，以补充现有的框架并对现有的联合行动计划加以更新，纳入了一种后续机制。印度宣布在今后三年里按信贷额度向非洲提供价值50亿美元的支持，以实现其发展目标，此外，另为发展新体制和培训项目提供7亿美元。论坛还决定将峰会进程制度化。", "67. 在全球层面，2011年5月在印度尼西亚，不结盟运动部长会议通过了一份全面的成果文件，勾画了该运动对今后50年的共同展望，以及不结盟运动成立50周年的纪念宣言。巴厘纪念宣言重申，有必要扩大和深化南南合作，就经济和社会发展问题制定共同立场和战略方面加强协调。宣言还强调需要扩大全球伙伴关系的规模和为发展提供资金，以确保实现国际商定的发展目标，并要特别考虑到非洲的特别需求。", "F. 千年村", "68. 在审评期内，非洲村项目在撒哈拉南部非洲国家的10个地点继续加快了实现千年发展目标的进展步伐，惠及约50万人。", "69. 运作3年后发表的进展报告显示，该项目的做法是行之有效的。对9个研究点的严格监测和评价揭示，玉米平均产量是原来的3倍，两岁以下儿童常年营养不良的程度下降了43%。在所有国家都建立了学校供餐方案，1770%的小学生每天都吃校餐。这对学校的招生和学生出勤产生了巨大的积极影响。", "70. 卫生部门的成果显示，怀孕期间获得艾滋病检测的人数翻了一番，在医疗机构分娩率平均提高了50%。该项目还记载了疟疾蔓延率减少80%以上，床蚊帐的使用率增加了6倍。约有75%的儿童接种了麻疹疫苗，并在过去的六个月里接受了维生素A的补充。能用上安全饮用水的人数翻了一番，能用上改进的卫生设施的人数增加了2倍。", "71. 一些国家正在研究来自该项目的经验教训，在这一综合样板提供的信息的基础上，制定实现千年发展目标的国家战略。在加纳、马里和尼日利亚，政府以千年村的经验为依据，正在为千年发展目标制定国家强化计划，而在马拉维和乌干达，项目的成果为在政府层面开展关于千年发展目标的一般性讨论提供了资料。", "四. 联合国系统提供的支持", "加强在非洲开展工作的联合国各机构和组织的区域协调机制以支持非洲联盟及其新伙伴关系方案和集群体系", "72. 在审评期内，联合国系统继续向非洲联盟新伙伴关系方案提供技术和机构援助。去年，各联合国实体的各种方案与非洲联盟委员会、新伙伴关系机构和各区域经济委员会的方案加强了协调一致。联合国系统一直在区域、次区域、国家和社区层面积极参与所有这些机构建设、方案设计、和实施进程。", "73. 区域协调机制取得了巨大成就，联合国各机构和方案强化了协调便是明证。具体而言，“一体行动”理念已被更多人接受，各机构认识到有必要采取集体做法支持非洲联盟内的能力建设。", "74. 2010年11月举行的主题为“里约+20”的区域协调机制第11届会议取得了重要成果，特别是关于实施非洲联盟能力建设十年方案方面，对于该方案的实施给予了新的推动。方案的审评于2010年完成，其主要结论已纳入秘书长的报告(A/65/716-S/2011/54)。报告发现在非洲联盟委员会成员国中有相当多的国家支持该方案。报告要求加强与区域经济委员会的接触，以及需要为方案的实施加强资金调拨。", "75. 对区域协调机制秘书处进行改革，使其从基本上由联合国领导变为联合国-非洲联盟联合秘书处，这已得到巩固，非洲联盟越来越有效地行使自主权和领导权。联合秘书处现在已从非洲联盟委员会和非经委抽调了专职工作人员，这两个机构都在继续向协调机制提供战略协调和支持。特别是随着在非洲联盟委员会主席办公室内设立了新伙伴关系协调科，协调程序已得到加强。在各集群内和集群之间的协调也有改进。特别是，宣传和通信集群使非洲媒体的代表参加了2011年6月在莱索托举行的第二次非洲区域媒体对话并通过了马塞卢宣言，从而提高他们在非洲联盟/新伙伴关系发展优先事项方面的宣传作用。", "76. 由总部的特别顾问办公室召集的非洲问题机构间工作队继续为联合国系统各机构分享专门知识和经验提供有效的框架。尤其是，工作队为秘书长报告的编写工作积极提供资料和建议。", "五. 结论和建议", "77. 过去一年，在实施新伙伴关系项目、推进非洲同侪审评机制的实施、和增加对非洲国家的官方发展援助和援助贸易方面取得了进展。尽管有这一进展，在实施新伙伴关系方面仍然存在基本的挑战。由于今年恰逢新伙伴关系十周年庆祝，非洲国家应继续实施新伙伴关系项目并为其拨出更多的资源，促进私营部门发展，与此同时，发展伙伴则应采取紧急步骤履行其对非洲的承诺。", "78. 新伙伴关系十周年纪念可变成其部门优先事项实施工作的转折点。这要求要有决心和发挥领导作用，将非洲的发展远景计划和国际承诺变为政策行动和成果。新伙伴关系通过十年了，“一切照旧”不应成为一种选择。以下建议可作为出发点。", "79. 新伙伴关系创始文件强调，非洲各国政府与其人民——包括私营部门和民间社会——需建立伙伴关系。在扩大公民参与的空间方面已取得了许多成绩。现在，非洲国家需利用这一势头进一步加强各种机制，促进社会各阶层在政治和发展进程中的参与、融入和增权。", "80. 由于私营部门是实施新伙伴关系的一个主要合作伙伴，非洲各国应进一步改善投资环境，建立商务友好的环境。非洲各国还需继续开展体制改革，以便为基础设施项目的筹资吸引私人资本和发展公私营伙伴关系。", "81. 鉴于农业发展在确保粮食安全和应对粮食危机回潮方面的重要性，非洲各国应努力达到马普托宣言所规定的拨出国民预算的10%用于农业部门和农村发展的目标，并确保改善管治，以有效管理所调拨的资源。", "82. 非洲妇女是非洲的希望、力量和机遇的脸面。非洲各国应从政策和计划走向实施，包括为实现2010-2020年非洲妇女十年的目标确定优先行动。", "83. 现在14个国家已经过了同侪审评，相关政府应实施商定的行动方案和非洲同侪审评机制国别报告中提出的建议。审评程序可走得更快些，以便加快已经启动同侪审评程序的国家的完成速度。", "84. 非洲各国应将气候变化问题纳入国家和区域层面的经济规划和管理，并将环境政策纳入生产部门的主流，而国际合作伙伴则应支持非洲各国的缓解和适应努力。非洲各国应继续参与2012年联合国可持续发展问题会议(里约+20)的筹备进程——会议成果将对非洲大陆未来的可持续增长产生影响。", "85. 许多不是经合发组织发展援助委员会成员的国家和组织作为非洲国家的发展合作伙伴正在担负起越来越重要的作用。因此，为提高援助的实效，有必要使非委员会成员的新的和新兴发展伙伴参与进来。即将在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛应是个恰当的平台。在高级别论坛上，各发展伙伴应考虑到非洲立场，即，突尼斯共识，其中要求不要仅限于援助实效，而更要集中关注发展实效，其最终目标是减少对援助的依赖性和促进自力更生。", "86. 官方发展援助和外国直接投资可推动非洲的增长。各发展合作伙伴应采取紧急集体行动，可持续地扩大援助拨款规模，以实践其对非洲援助翻番的承诺。他们还应维持对非洲的外国直接投资流入的上升趋势。", "87. 在非洲青年失业率居高不下的背景下，发展合作伙伴应完成早该完成的包括发展目标的多哈回合多边贸易谈判，因为这会增加国际贸易并可能增长创造就业机会的前景。", "88. 在艾滋病毒/艾滋病领域，发展伙伴应继续支持加强国家卫生系统、研究基础设施和实验室能力并扩大监视系统，以遵照2011年6月关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言，改进努力，减轻疫情的影响。", "89. 援助促贸易是支持非洲国家改善供应方制约和从增加市场准入获益的有效机制。照此，援助促贸易措施应是对改善非洲出口品市场准入和加强非洲大陆对世界贸易的贡献努力的补充，而不是替代。", "90. 尽管通过各种双边和多边减债举措使还债成本有所下降，一些非洲国家正在经受债务困扰，这会影响其债务的可持续性。为维持债务可持续性，发展伙伴应确保符合减债条件的国家从包括商业债权人在内的所有债权方得到充分的债务减免，并劝阻非巴黎俱乐部债权人对重债穷国的法律诉讼。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。", "[2] 经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)，非洲开发银行，非洲经济委员会(非经委)和联合国开发计划署，非洲经济展望(巴黎，经合发组织，2011年)。", "[3] 联合国，全球发展伙伴关系：是兑现的时候了，千年发展目标差距工作队的报告(纽约，2011年即将发表)。", "[4] 国际货币基金(货币基金)，世界经济展望数据库，2011年4月。", "[5] 非洲进展小组，伙伴关系的改造力量，2011年非洲进展报告(日内瓦16，2011年)。", "[6] 联合国贸易和发展会议，“全球投资趋势监测第5号”，2011年1月，可检索http://www.unctad. org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf。", "[7] 非经委和经合发组织，非洲发展实效的互查：2011年临时报告(2011年)，可检索 http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf。", "[8] 出处同上。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 63 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, mandated by General Assembly resolution A/65/284, coincides with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by African leaders of the flagship programme of the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The report assesses progress achieved in implementing NEPAD projects and programmes and the support provided by the international community. It also coincides with renewed attention being paid to Africa’s development needs, as evidenced by the significant commitments made following the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in 2010, the adoption of both the Istanbul Programme of Action at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and the implementation framework for the recommendations of the Millennium Development Goals Africa Steering Group to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. This renewed attention reflects the fact that African countries still face challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "In this context, while highlighting the fact that African countries have made progress in implementing NEPAD, the report reiterates the need for allocation of more resources to NEPAD sectoral priorities and for appropriate reforms to further encourage the private sector in partnership projects and promote public-private partnerships for the financing of infrastructure projects. To further strengthen international cooperation for development and facilitate the implementation of NEPAD, development partners should take urgent steps to successfully conclude the Doha Round of trade negotiations with its development dimension, deliver on aid commitments and improve aid effectiveness. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, the option of “business as usual” should not be an alternative as it would lead to broken promises and further delay the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the implementation of NEPAD.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Action 4 taken by African countries and \norganizations \nA.Infrastructure 4B.Agriculture 6 and food \nsecurity \nC.Health 7D. Education 8 and \ntraining E.Environment 8 and \ntourism F.Information 10 and communications \ntechnology G.Science 11 and \ntechnology H.Gender 11 mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society \nparticipation I.African 12 Peer Review \nMechanism III.Response 13 of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s \ndevelopment A.Official 14 development \nassistance B.Debt 16 \nrelief C.Foreign 17 direct \ninvestment \nD. Trade 18E.South-South 19 \ncooperation F.Millennium 19 \nVillages IV.Support 20 provided by the United Nations \nsystem Strengtheningof 20 the Regional CoordinationMechanismofUnited Nations agencies andorganizations workinginAfricain supportof the AfricanUnion and itsNEPADprogramme and the \nclustersystem V.Conclusions 21 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/284, entitled “New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report responds to that request.", "2. The report highlights the policy measures taken by African countries and organizations in the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the response of the international community and support provided by the United Nations system during the past year. The activities undertaken by the private sector and civil society in support of NEPAD are also highlighted. The report has benefited from information provided by Member States, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), the African Peer Review Mechanism secretariat, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and a number of entities of the United Nations system.", "II. Action taken by African countries and organizations", "3. NEPAD, which was adopted in July 2001 in Lusaka by African leaders, is both a collective vision and a strategic development framework for Africa. Its main objective is to generate broad-based and equitable economic growth that allows Africa to reduce poverty and better integrate into the global economy. Translating this vision into action requires implementation of the key sectoral priorities of NEPAD. To a large extent, the move from a framework to an operational blueprint depends on the resolve of each country. Within the NEPAD context, each country is expected to design its own national blueprint consistent with NEPAD goals and assume responsibility for implementing NEPAD programmes at the national level. In addition, the regional economic communities, which are the core institutions for Africa’s economic integration, play a leading role in implementing projects at the subregional level.", "A. Infrastructure", "4. Efforts in the past 12 months in this sector have focused on power, transport and water. The establishment of the NEPAD Agency and its integration into the structures and processes of the African Union has led to strengthened coherence and coordination of development efforts. For example, the NEPAD Agency and the African Union Commission Infrastructure and Energy Department have developed a joint work programme, and adopted a joint priority infrastructure project for 2010-2015, drawn from the African Union/NEPAD African Action Plan. The main objective of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa, which was endorsed at the fourteenth African Union Summit in February 2010, is to develop a vision for Africa’s infrastructure development based on the continent’s strategic objectives and sector policies. It provides a coherent framework for regional and continental infrastructure development (transport, energy, water and information and communications technology).", "5. Following the successful implementation of the short-term action plan, the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with AfDB, launched a third review of the action plan. According to the review, the action plan contributed to the development of regional infrastructure with an estimated investment of $5.6 billion between 2002 and 2008, accounting for 69 per cent of the original short-term action plan investment envelope. Since 2004, of the 103 projects that have been reviewed, 70 per cent have achieved some progress and 15 per cent have reached project completion point.", "6. In an effort to streamline its activities and ensure effective coordination and collaboration in programme and project implementation, the NEPAD Agency concluded a memorandum of understanding with the African Forum for Utility Regulators in March 2010. The Forum is an initiative established by the NEPAD founding document with the aim of establishing and fostering cooperation among utility regulators on the African continent in support of Africa’s growth and socio‑economic development. Its primary focus pertains to the regulation of infrastructure (communications, energy, transport, water and sanitation). Cooperation between the Forum and the Agency is aimed at building and strengthening existing partnership arrangements in relation to infrastructure development in Africa.", "7. In the air transport sector, efforts have also continued to promote the safety and efficiency of air travel on the continent through the full implementation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration on a new African civil aviation policy. The NEPAD Agency and the African Civil Aviation Commission have also agreed on a memorandum of understanding to be signed this year, whereby the Agency will support the Commission in the mobilization of resources for the development of civil aviation in Africa and in undertaking its new role as the executing agency for the Yamoussoukro Declaration.", "8. The NEPAD Agency continues to play an active role in the implementation of the Africa-Republic of Korea infrastructure project, an initiative of the Korea Institute for Development Strategy. Accordingly, the Agency supported the visit of an 18-member team of experts to Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia, seeking pipeline investment projects in transportation and energy. The Agency is also following up on the outcome of the Republic of Korea-Africa investment conference on infrastructure and energy development held in Seoul in December 2009. Infrastructure projects from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia are being promoted to investors from the Republic of Korea.", "9. In the area of regional integration and infrastructure, the NEPAD Agency has been facilitating the implementation of seven regional projects within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Champion Initiative, as endorsed at the sixteenth session of the Assembly of the African Union.", "10. In the water and sanitation sector, efforts have been focused on building and strengthening capacity in programme development and implementation through leveraging partnerships. In this regard, the NEPAD Agency and WaterAid (a water and sanitation non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) have agreed that WaterAid will provide short-term consultants to the Agency to develop and implement its programmes and in return the Agency will consider hosting the WaterAid programme of activities for Southern Africa within its infrastructure unit. The two sides further agreed to work together in undertaking regional and continental water and sanitation programmes and projects.", "B. Agriculture and food security", "11. Agriculture is the mainstay of many African economies and thus crucial to Africa’s long-term socio-economic growth and sustainable development. Progress on the implementation of commitments under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) at both country and regional levels continued during the period under review with an increasing number of countries designing programmes to deliver on the 6 per cent agricultural productivity target. Of the 26 countries that have signed their national CAADP compacts, 20 have prepared or finalized their national investment plans and presented them to an independent technical review organized by the Agency, and are now working on financing and implementation modalities.", "12. Progress has been most notable in meeting the target of 10 per cent of the budget invested in agriculture as set out in the Maputo Declaration. Ten countries have now met the target, compared to only five countries in 2009, and nine countries have invested between 5 and 10 per cent of the budget.", "13. There has also been noticeable progress on the implementation of regional CAADP compacts. The Commission of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the only regional economic commission to sign a regional CAADP compact, has allocated $150 million from its own resources to finance a five-year plan. This represents 16 per cent of the overall cost of the regional plan. Similarly, development partners have also responded positively, with Spain allocating €240 million over three years, of which two thirds have already been disbursed through the World Bank.", "14. The implementation of CAADP has brought additional benefits to beneficiary countries. Firstly, countries are embracing and providing for evidence-based analysis and planning and reviewing strategies and programmes, which is translating into the development of quality investment programmes. Secondly, countries are getting better access to locally acceptable tools and mechanisms, allowing for greater inclusiveness, more public and inclusive review of development policies and government openness to engage non-State actors as equal partners. Thirdly, it has led to an improved engagement with development partners and fourthly, it has greatly helped in providing framework and national priorities around which to harmonize and coordinate development aid support.", "15. At the regional level, progress has been made in the implementation of the West Africa fisheries policy pilot project, involving Ghana and Sierra Leone. The project is supporting major World Bank investments in the fisheries sectors in Ghana and Sierra Leone. These countries are beneficiaries of two related International Development Association (IDA) investments totalling $90 to $100 million. An additional $57.8 million has been allocated to Ghana and Guinea-Bissau by the World Bank ($52 million), the Global Environmental Facility ($4 million) and the Partnership for African Fisheries ($1.8 million) as part of the first phase of the West African Regional Fisheries Programme.", "16. These investments are strategic for NEPAD and the Partnership for African Fisheries in three ways: (a) NEPAD takes the lead in defining the policy, regulatory and management framework within which fisheries investments should take place; (b) they support the alignment of fisheries within the CAADP framework, i.e. to ensure that fisheries contribute more effectively and sustainably to the 6 per cent annual growth target and to food security; and (c) this constitutes the critical post-CAADP compact response to support countries which have completed their CAADP compact for formulating investment programmes in fisheries.", "17. The implementation of the Partnership for African Fisheries has been important for the beneficiary countries in several respects: (a) its inputs have been critical in leveraging the financial investment of the World Bank and reducing the time it takes to complete the programme development cycle from 18 to 6 months; and (b) its active and important role in mobilizing local expertise for the formulation of the investment programme has enhanced the local ownership of the programmes.", "C. Health", "18. The NEPAD Agency has continued to pursue the key NEPAD objectives of improving health-care systems in Africa, increasing the number of trained health workers, and ensuring the availability of affordable, safe and effective medicine for all Africans. To achieve the latter goal, NEPAD is leading the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Initiative, which mobilizes financial and technical resources, advocates for policy and legislative reviews of the regulation of medicines, and coordinates existing capacity-building initiatives for regulation, with the aim of increasing harmonization of the regulation of medicines. NEPAD coordinates a consortium consisting of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Clinton Foundation and the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom in implementing the Initiative and has so far received six project proposals from regional economic commissions for achieving harmonization at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in consultation with the regional economic commissions, has finalized the situation analysis of the regulation and harmonization of medicines in the East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC) and ECOWAS regions and will disseminate lessons learned from the review process to African countries and the commissions.", "19. Through the Initiative, the NEPAD Agency is working with stakeholders and partners to address the poor regulation of African pharmaceutical markets as a main component of promotion and protection of public health, since it contributes to ensuring that patients access high-quality, safe and effective medicines. As such, the Agency is collaborating with the Pan-African Parliament Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs to raise awareness of and advocate for the Initiative on the continent. Furthermore, the implementation framework for the Initiative was endorsed by the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health in April 2011 in Namibia.", "20. The NEPAD Agency has continued to play a key role in addressing the health workforce crisis in Africa. In this context, the African Platform on Human Resources for Health, chaired by the Agency, completed a needs assessment study of sub-Saharan African medical schools to provide a strong knowledge base for future action. The findings of the study will guide the collaboration between WHO and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in their efforts to scale up the transformative education of doctors and nurses, in line with the commitment of the Emergency Plan to support the training of more than 100,000 new health professionals in Africa.", "21. Progress is being made in working with Research for Health Africa to achieve health and equity, reduce poverty and contribute to the socio-economic development of African countries. To date, Mozambique, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have chosen to participate in the Research for Health Africa initiative. Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have agreed to use the initiative and its web portal to manage their national research into health information systems. The NEPAD Agency is also designing a programme to provide technical support to the regional economic commissions to develop comprehensive sanitary and phytosanitary policy frameworks, as well as strategies for staple crops. In particular, it will address issues of regional market integration.", "D. Education and training", "22. The NEPAD Agency has continued to promote human resource development for nurses and midwives in Africa, through negotiations with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania for deployment of graduate nurses and midwives in rural communities, using mobile clinics. The Agency has also developed a programme which aims to upgrade the education and qualifications of nurses and midwives in three countries within the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). In Southern Africa, a group of six universities with established clinical master’s degrees in nursing and midwifery has formed a consortium, which will cooperate to develop and offer both undergraduate and master’s degree programmes in nursing and midwifery in three host universities in the ECCAS region. At the same time they will assist regulatory bodies in the three countries and work with the Ministries of Health to develop career plans which make provision for the recognition, utilization and reward of such nurses and midwives in the public sector. In addition, the NEPAD Agency has prioritized forestry education, with submissions made to the Government of Sweden to provide funding for a workshop to finalize the programme for postgraduate studies in forestry education.", "23. The project to establish a regional centre for mathematics, science and technology education is being pursued through redoubled efforts to engage the Governments of Gabon and South Africa to support the launch of the centre in Gabon. Three countries (Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique) have submitted proposals for funding teacher development through open and distance learning to the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund in South Africa.", "E. Environment and tourism", "24. Seven years after the adoption of the NEPAD Action Plan for the Environment, progress has been recorded in the development of subregional environment action plans for the regions and countries represented by ECCAS, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, SADC, and the Arab Maghreb Union. This has enabled national action plans to be developed in five countries. Furthermore, capacity has been built in the implementation of the Action Plan for the Environment at national and subregional levels. The Plan has also provided support to African countries in enhancing implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Similar support has been provided in the execution of the biodiversity and desertification aspects of the national action plans. In this regard, policy goals have been set and a framework developed to guide discussions on issues such as access and benefit sharing, sustainable forest management, alien invasive species, and integrated marine and coastal management. The Plan has also provided the framework for implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Union Commission and the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, has initiated a process to review the implementation of the environment action plans.", "25. The NEPAD Agency is currently preparing a programme proposal entitled “Climate change adaptation and mitigation programme: responding to climate change using science, technology and innovation”. As part of an ongoing programme of integrating youth empowerment into NEPAD programmes, the process of engaging youth in climate change has started. This will be undertaken through the African Young Scientists Initiative on Climate Change, which will have its secretariat hosted at North-West University, South Africa. The aim of the Young Scientists Initiative is to create awareness and elicit the proactive engagement of youth in climate change issues and activities. A launch for the initiative is planned for mid-August 2011 on the theme: “Promoting the role of African indigenous knowledge systems in climate change adaptation and mitigation”.", "26. Within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction and the programme of action for its implementation, efforts are being made to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction and sustainable development initiatives. The extended programme of action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 2006 to 2015 was presented and adopted at the second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition, the African Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction was re-established specifically to advise and support national platforms, as well as subregional and regional authorities, in the implementation of disaster risk reduction initiatives in Africa.", "27. As a development catalyst, tourism development can generate a positive spillover effect on other sectors, as well as sharing the development cost. The African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency are actively working in partnership with national, regional, continental and global organizations to promote a comprehensive programme of regional integration in the tourism sector. Moreover, recognizing the opportunities and challenges the tourism industry presents to Africa, a number of African countries have developed tourism master plans with the assistance of the United Nations World Tourism Organization and other development partners.", "F. Information and communications technology", "28. Following a decision taken at the fifteenth session of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee in July 2010 in Uganda, the NEPAD e-Africa Commission was replaced by the NEPAD e-Africa Programme to drive the information and communications technology priority sector, in line with the new strategic orientation of the NEPAD Agency.", "29. The NEPAD e-Africa Programme, tasked with developing policies, strategies and projects at continental level for the development of information and communications technology throughout Africa, has continued to advance the implementation of its key initiatives: the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network for Africa and the NEPAD e-Schools initiative. Efforts to extend the enabling environment of the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network across the continent were enhanced by the organization of several regional and national stakeholder workshops on the Kigali Protocol held in Cairo for North Africa and in the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria and Djibouti for local stakeholders.", "30. Progress was registered in implementation of the Uhurunet submarine cable. The construction and maintenance agreement and the supply contract for the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet cable were signed in France in June 2010. This segment of the Uhurunet cable will stretch from France to South Africa and will connect all countries on the west coast of Africa. Baharicom, the company charged with development of the Uhurunet submarine cable ring around Africa has been making efforts to raise equity and debt and meet the payment schedule of the supply contract.", "31. Regarding the Umojanet cross-border terrestrial network, two business plans were completed. The first, completed in July 2010, covered 10 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the second, completed in September 2010, covered 12 countries in West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, the Niger, Nigeria and Togo).", "32. In January 2011, the sixteenth African Union Summit endorsed the selection by the Technical Committee of the Presidential Infrastructure Championship Initiative of the African Union-NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure projects Uhurunet, Umojanet and the information and communications technology fibre-optic link along the proposed Nigeria-Niger-Algeria gas pipeline.", "33. On the NEPAD e-Schools initiative, the NEPAD Agency has been working on modalities for closure of the demonstration phase of the initiative. Eighty demonstrations of NEPAD e-Schools have been implemented in 16 African countries. Each school in the demonstration project was equipped with a computer laboratory containing at least 20 personal computers, as well as a server and networking infrastructure and peripheral devices such as scanners, electronic whiteboards and printers. The schools were connected to the Internet to enable them to communicate with the rest of the world. The Agency has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Internet Society to develop the capacity of key African stakeholders in the area of Internet governance.", "G. Science and technology", "34. Notable achievements of the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative to date are the establishment of focal points to spearhead the production of science, technology and innovation indicators at national level, capacity-building in science, technology and innovation data collection and publication of the African Innovation Outlook 2010, the first in a series of publications to inform the public about science, technology and innovation activities in African countries. This was launched in Ethiopia in May 2011 and contains the results of research and development surveys. It is expected to generate a debate to enrich the process of collecting better quality data. The NEPAD Agency and the Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative are also supporting the African Union Commission in establishing the African Observatory on Science, Technology and Innovation. A host country agreement has been signed with Equatorial Guinea and the Observatory will play the main role in coordination, data collection, and training, as well as dissemination of information on science, technology and innovation activities in Africa.", "35. The African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative programme has successfully completed its first phase in 19 African Union Commission member countries, designed to serve as a learning mechanism for mutual learning and knowledge sharing in conducting research and development and innovation surveys. As a result, guidelines for such surveys have been developed and adopted in participating countries. The measurement of science, technology and innovation as a support tool for policy formulation and implementation has opened up areas for further research and debate. Participating countries are collaborating on these matters and building a community of practice which will ensure that Africa speaks with one voice.", "36. In November 2010, the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa hub facilities were officially launched in Kenya. With financial support from Canada, the NEPAD Agency has constructed world-class laboratory facilities for scientists in Eastern and Central Africa. They will provide these scientists with the opportunity to carry out cutting edge research in the area of life sciences to address the challenges that face farmers in increasing agricultural productivity. Recently, the African Biosafety Network of Expertise was set up as a continent-wide service network managed by African staff with multidisciplinary expertise in biosafety systems. Since its inception, the Network has been providing training and science-based information to African regulators of agricultural biotechnology in order to help countries make informed decisions.", "H. Gender mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society participation", "37. The NEPAD Agency is working on the implementation of business incubators for African women entrepreneurs in the regional economic commissions. Currently, the aim is to finance pilot projects on business incubation for two selected regional commissions, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and ECOWAS, with a budget of €1 million. The plan is to build upon this experience to roll it out to five other regional commissions. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the NEPAD Agency and COMESA in May 2010. The project was presented to the fourth meeting of Ministers responsible for gender and women’s affairs, who took a decision to start the identification of women entrepreneurs and partner institutions. Subsequently, a technical consultation took place with COMESA and the Federation of National Associations of Women in Business in Eastern and Southern Africa (FEMCOM), and it was agreed that a World Bank initiative on business incubation will assist in disseminating lessons learned globally and in Africa.", "38. The NEPAD Agency has embarked on strategic alliances with United Nations system agencies, such as the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women), in critical areas such as rural women, the economic empowerment of African women, knowledge generation and dissemination. Alongside preparation of the second call for proposals, the NEPAD/Spanish Fund for African Women’s Empowerment undertook monitoring and evaluation of ongoing projects and closure of projects funded within the first call for proposals. The second phase of the Fund, which covers the period 2011 to 2013, represents the consolidation of the NEPAD programme on the empowerment of women in Africa.", "39. The Fund has contributed to the promotion of gender mainstreaming and the development of essential tools for poverty alleviation, including increased numbers of women and girls trained in economically viable vocational skills. It has also assisted in the creation of employment opportunities through public and private partnerships, in skills development for women leaders in business and civil society and capacity-building in the use of information and communications technology in an effort to narrow the digital gap. The Fund has also supported the creation of income-generating activities for women through support for agroprocessing (45 machines) and business management training (600 women entrepreneurs).", "I. African Peer Review Mechanism", "40. The African Peer Review Mechanism has continued to strengthen its position as an instrument for advancing good governance and socio-economic development in Africa. Liberia officially joined the Mechanism at the African Peer Review Forum in January 2011. As of the end of July 2011, according to information provided by its secretariat, 30 countries had joined the Mechanism through signing the memorandum of understanding, namely: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, the Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. The membership of the Mechanism represents more than 76 per cent of the population of Africa.", "41. Mauritius and Ethiopia were peer-reviewed during the thirteenth and fourteenth Summits of the African Peer Review Forum, respectively. As of the end of July 2011, 14 countries had been peer-reviewed: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Other countries are at various stages of the review process: Sierra Leone and Zambia received a country review mission in February and May 2011, respectively, the United Republic of Tanzania will be reviewed in the second half of 2011 and Ghana and Kenya are also poised for a second-cycle periodic review.", "42. The countries reviewed have also made progress in the implementation of their respective national programmes of action arising from the review process. To that end, the fourteenth Summit of the Forum, held in Addis Ababa in January 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Lesotho, Nigeria and South Africa, while the fifteenth Summit, held in Malabo in June 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Benin and Burkina Faso.", "43. In order to streamline and fast-track the peer review process, some of the existing tools have been revised. For instance, the master questionnaire was revised and validated in March 2011 at a stakeholder workshop in Johannesburg and is now due to be reviewed by the Forum at its sixteenth Summit in Ethiopia in January 2012, after a thorough review by the Mechanism focal points, as directed by the Forum at its fifteenth Summit.", "44. The Mechanism has continued to receive support from its three strategic partners, AfDB, ECA and the United Nations Development Programme. That support has included participation in country review missions and other forms of technical and financial assistance. In this regard, AfDB has continued to provide a grant to support the project to streamline and fast-track the African Peer Review Mechanism process. The aims of the project include revising and improving instruments and processes and strengthening the capacity of the staff of the secretariat of the Mechanism. ECA has also been instrumental in enhancing research on and knowledge of the Mechanism through a study on diversity management entitled “Findings from the African Peer Review Mechanism and a framework for analysis and policymaking”, and by organizing workshops to raise awareness of the Mechanism and harmonize the national programmes of action and other national plans into a common medium-term expenditure framework.", "III. Response of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s development", "45. Africa has rebounded from the global economic and financial crisis despite the slowdown in the pace of the global economic recovery. In 2010, Africa grew by 4.9 per cent on average, up from 3.1 per cent in 2009.[1] However, this recovery is fraught with uncertainty, related to both the fragile global economic outlook and political instability in the subregions. In addition, Africa still lags behind other regions with regard to progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, in particular goals related to child and maternal mortality and access to sanitation and clean water.", "46. For this reason, development partners need to fully deliver on their commitments to continue their support for Africa aimed at achieving the development agenda for the continent, including the implementation of NEPAD priorities. The Group of 8 (G-8) countries made historic commitments to increase aid to Africa at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, but have so far fallen short on these promises. The G-8 summit held in France in 2011 saw a reaffirmation of the Gleneagles commitments. In late 2010, the Group of 20 also launched its development initiative, the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth, which puts more emphasis on promoting economic growth through infrastructure development and job creation. Lastly, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010 in New York, adopted a global action plan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by their target date and devoted special attention to Africa.", "47. The uncertain economic outlook for Africa’s traditional development partners and the reduced fiscal space they are facing seem to indicate that non-traditional donors could gain further importance in the coming years. This includes both emerging economies as well as non-State actors, such as private foundations and philanthropists. Given the tightening of aid budgets in OECD countries in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis and its negative impact on aid disbursement, the fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November and December 2011 will be an opportune moment for development partners to reaffirm their commitment to both aid quantity and effectiveness, as enshrined in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.", "48. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in May 2011 in Turkey, adopted the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 and the Istanbul Declaration. The objective of the Programme of Action is to ensure sustained economic growth and poverty reduction with a view to enabling half the number of least developed countries to graduate from the least developed country category by 2020. The Programme of Action identifies eight priority areas: productive capacity, including infrastructure, energy, science and technology and private sector development; agriculture, food security and rural development; trade; commodities; human and social development, including women’s empowerment; addressing the impact of multiple crises and emerging challenges, such as climate change and sustainability; mobilizing financial resources for development and capacity-building; and good governance at all levels. Given that 33 out of the 48 least developed countries are in Africa, the implementation of the Programme of Action would go a long way to addressing the development challenges facing the continent.", "A. Official development assistance", "49. According to OECD, total official development assistance (ODA) from all donors reached $128 billion in 2009. Of this, $48 billion went to Africa, which represents an annual increase of 11.7 per cent in real terms over 2008 (see figure I below). In 2010, bilateral aid to Africa, not counting disbursements by multilateral agencies, rose by 3.6 per cent in real terms as compared to 2009 and reached $29.3 billion in 2010. Despite these increases, ODA continues to fall short of pledges made by the G-8 countries at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, where they committed to increasing total ODA to Africa by $25 billion. The Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force estimates that there is a delivery gap of $18 billion and that Africa received $46 billion of total ODA from OECD Development Assistance Committee donors in 2010, which falls significantly short of the Gleneagles commitment of $64 billion.[2]", "Figure I Total official development assistance from all donors", "(Billions of current United States dollars)", "Source: Based on OECD/Development Assistance Committee online database 2011.", "50. The G-8 Summits in Canada in 2010 and France in 2011 reaffirmed the G-8 partnership with Africa. In the Muskoka Initiative on maternal, newborn and child health, G-8 member countries committed to spending an additional $5 billion between 2010 and 2015 to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in developing countries. At the 2011 Summit in France the partnership was reaffirmed with the adoption of the G-8/Africa joint declaration: “Shared values, shared responsibilities”. Also at the Summit the Deauville Partnership was launched, which lends support to the new democracies in the Arab countries and is committed to providing $20 billion through multilateral development banks to support sustainable and inclusive growth in Tunisia and Egypt.", "51. With regard to aid effectiveness, progress in achieving the targets set in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 and the Accra Agenda for Action (A/63/539, annex) in 2008 is mixed. On the one hand, there is notable progress in untying aid to Africa, and to the least developed countries in particular, and 18 donors have signed up to the International Aid Transparency Initiative. On the other hand, progress in using country systems and reducing aid fragmentation remains limited. Against this backdrop, the international community is expected to renew its commitments to improving aid effectiveness at the upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.", "52. Non-traditional development partners are playing an increasingly important role in Africa’s development. Under the umbrella of South-South cooperation, emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India, Turkey and others provide grants and loans, often with less conditionality than traditional donors. However, due to lack of data, it is difficult to provide a clear picture of the magnitude of ODA from the new and emerging development partners.", "53. In addition to bilateral donors, new philanthropic actors such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and others, provide innovative development funding support to African countries which helps to augment limited domestic resources for development. For example, the Gates Foundation, which has started to report its aid to health to the OECD Development Assistance Committee, disbursed $1.8 billion in grants to improve health in developing countries in 2009, 36 per cent of which targeted Africa specifically. It is thus the third largest donor in this area, behind the United States and the Global Fund.", "B. Debt relief", "54. Thanks to continuing efforts to relieve the external debt burden of African countries within the framework of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debt initiative, the multilateral debt relief initiative (MDRI) and at the bilateral level, the amount of debt and debt servicing has been drastically reduced since its peak in the mid-1990s. While total external debt reached 73 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in sub-Saharan Africa in 1994, it fell to 21 per cent of GDP in 2010,[3] freeing resources and allowing countries to increase spending on poverty reduction and acceleration towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "55. Four countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Togo, have seen their debt reduced by significant amounts in the period from July 2010 to June 2011 through HIPC and MDRI. Upon reaching completion point, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was granted $12.3 billion in debt relief. After fulfilling outstanding requirements, Liberia reached completion point in June 2010 and saw its debt reduced by $4.6 billion in nominal terms. As a result, Liberia’s external debt stock fell to 15 per cent of GDP. Guinea-Bissau received $1.2 billion in debt relief from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in December 2010. Lastly, in December 2010, upon reaching completion point, Togo saw an 82 per cent reduction in its external debt. Overall, 26 African countries have now reached completion point in the HIPC initiative and have benefited from debt relief (see table 1 below). Members of the Paris Club contributed significantly to the debt relief for all four countries by agreeing to reductions and cancellations of bilateral debt. The contribution of Paris Club members to the debt relief of these four countries under the HIPC initiative amounted to more than $9 billion in nominal terms.", "56. Despite this progress, there are renewed concerns about debt sustainability, in particular in light of the lingering impact of the global economic and financial crisis and the increased engagement and loan portfolio of new and emerging donors in Africa. According to recent reports, 9 of the 26 African countries that have so far benefited from the HIPC and MDRI initiatives still experience, or are at high risk of experiencing, debt distress.[4]", "Table 1 Current and potential beneficiaries of HIPC and MDRI", "Status Countries", "26 post-completion point Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, countries Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, the Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia", "4 post-decision point Chad, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea countries", "3 pre-decision point countries Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan", "Source: IMF, as of July 2011.", "C. Foreign direct investment", "57. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Africa decreased sharply in 2009 to $59 billion from a historic high of $72 billion in 2008, due mainly to the global economic and financial crisis. UNCTAD preliminary estimates for 2010 indicate that FDI flows to Africa declined by a further 14 per cent, to $50 billion.[5]", "58. FDI declined in all subregions of the continent, with the exception of Central Africa, which benefited from large investments in Equatorial Guinea. In terms of sectoral distribution, investments in both manufacturing and the primary sector fell rapidly during the crisis, so that the services sector became the largest FDI recipient in Africa in 2009. Because of the quick recovery of global commodity prices after the crisis, FDI in the extractive industries is expected to rise in 2011. Indeed, while greenfield investments remained relatively low in 2010, mergers and acquisitions in the extractive industries were on the rise.", "59. As investment inflows from traditional partners continue to decline, emerging countries have further strengthened their position in Africa with their share steadily increasing. For example, the share of FDI inflows originating in Asia rose from an average of 6.7 per cent between 1995 and 1999 to 15.2 per cent between 2000 and 2008.", "60. African countries have also continued their efforts to improve the investment climate in order to attract FDI. By the end of 2008, they had concluded 715 bilateral investment treaties to promote and protect foreign investors. The regional economic commissions have also carried out regional investment programmes.[6] Africa’s increased efforts are also reflected in an improved performance in the World Bank report, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs, which assesses the business regulation environment. In 2011, it lists 3 African countries among the 10 most improved economies. Development partners are supporting this process, inter alia, through the NEPAD-OECD Investment Initiative, which strengthens the capacity of African countries to design and implement reforms that improve their business climate.", "D. Trade", "61. Over the past year, virtually no progress has been made in reaching an agreement on issues affecting Africa in the Doha Round of trade negotiations. This is despite the commitment of the G-20 leaders, at the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, to conclude the Doha Round by the end of 2011, emphasizing the critical role of trade in the global economic recovery. In addition, negotiations on economic partnership agreements between the European Union and African regions have made very limited progress. At the third Africa-European Union Summit in Libya in November 2010, both sides renewed their commitment to finding solutions for the common concerns that remain over the economic partnership agreements. However, negotiations have stalled.", "62. Following the second global review of the Aid for Trade initiative in 2009, Aid for Trade commitments to Africa increased further, amounting to $17 billion in 2009, a 21 per cent increase over 2008,[7] and focused on infrastructure and productive capacity. The third global review of the initiative will take place in 2011, creating additional momentum for Aid for Trade.", "63. African countries are addressing the low level of trade within Africa and have reaffirmed their commitment to greater integration at the sixteenth African Union Summit. The African Union and NEPAD infrastructure programmes put an emphasis on regional connectivity and the regional economic commissions continue their efforts to achieve greater trade integration, most notably through a planned free trade agreement between COMESA, EAC and SADC, with the ultimate goal of establishing a single customs union. The three regional communities aim to complete the first phase of their integration efforts, a free trade area, within the next three years.", "E. South-South cooperation", "64. South-South cooperation has become increasingly important for Africa’s development, complementing North-South cooperation. The rapid growth of Brazil, China, India and other emerging economies has had a dramatic and largely positive impact on the continent, leading to increasing flows of finance, trade, and development assistance. In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crises, economic linkages and other forms of cooperation have helped to mitigate the impact of the crises on the African economy and contributed to putting the continent back on the path of economic recovery. The G-20 Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth formalized this new role for emerging economies in the global arena.", "65. Following the convening of a successful forum on China-Africa cooperation, other countries and regions have sought to institute formal structures to guide their cooperation and engagement with Africa. Examples are the second Viet Nam-Africa International Forum in August 2010, the Iran-Africa Forum in September 2010 and the second Afro-Arab Summit held in Libya in October 2010. At the latter, the African Union and the League of Arab States adopted an Africa-Arab partnership strategy aimed at creating an integrated Africa-Arab region and fostering closer economic and political cooperation.", "66. In May 2011, India also deepened its cooperation with Africa during the second Africa-India Forum Summit held in Ethiopia on the theme: “Enhancing partnership: shared vision”. The Africa-India Framework for Enhanced Cooperation was adopted to supplement the existing framework and induce an update of the existing joint Plan of Action that would incorporate a follow-up mechanism. India announced $5 billion worth of support to Africa over the next three years under lines of credit to aid Africa in the achievement of its development goals, offering an additional $700 million towards the development of new institutions and training programmes. The Forum also decided to institutionalize the summit process.", "67. At the global level, in May 2011 in Indonesia, Non-Aligned Movement Ministers adopted a comprehensive outcome document outlining a shared vision of the Movement for the next 50 years and a commemorative declaration marking the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Movement. The Bali commemorative declaration reaffirmed the need to expand and deepen South-South cooperation and enhance coordination in the formulation of common positions and strategies on economic and social development issues. The declaration also underlines the need for scaling up the global partnership and for finance for development to ensure the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals taking into account, inter alia, Africa’s special needs.", "F. Millennium Villages", "68. Over the period under review, the Millennium Villages project continued to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals at 10 sites in sub-Saharan African countries, reaching approximately 500,000 people.", "69. Progress reports published after the first three years of operations indicate that the project approach is effective. Rigorous monitoring and evaluation of nine research sites reveals that average maize yields have tripled and levels of chronic malnutrition in children under the age of two have declined by 43 per cent. School meal programmes have been established in all countries, with 70 per cent of primary school students receiving a school meal every day. This has had a significant positive impact on school enrolment and attendance.", "70. Results in the health sector show that access to HIV testing during pregnancy has increased twofold, with institutional delivery rates improving by an average of 50 per cent. The project has recorded a reduction in malaria prevalence of more than 80 per cent and a sevenfold increase in bednet use. About 75 per cent of children have been immunized against measles and received vitamin A supplements in the past six months. The number of people with access to safer water has doubled and access to improved sanitation has increased threefold.", "71. A number of countries are studying the lessons learned from the project to develop national strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals informed by this integrated model. In Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, Governments are developing national scale-up initiatives for the Millennium Development Goals based on the Millennium Villages experience, while in Malawi and Uganda the results of the project have informed the general discussion on the Millennium Development Goals at Government level.", "IV. Support provided by the United Nations system", "Strengthening of the Regional Coordination Mechanism of United Nations agencies and organizations working in Africa in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme and the cluster system", "72. During the period under review, the United Nations system continued to provide its technical and institutional support to the African Union NEPAD programme. Last year witnessed increased alignment of the programmes of various United Nations entities with those of the African Union Commission, the NEPAD Agency and the regional economic commissions. The United Nations system has been intensely involved in all these processes of institution-building and programme design and implementation at the regional, subregional, national and community levels.", "73. The Regional Coordination Mechanism recorded significant achievements, as evidenced in enhanced coordination on the part of United Nations agencies and programmes. Specifically, the “Delivering as one” concept gained increased acceptance, with agencies recognizing the need to adopt a collective approach to support capacity-building in the African Union.", "74. The eleventh session of the Regional Coordination Mechanism on the theme “Rio+20”, held in November 2010, achieved significant outcomes, especially in relation to the implementation of the ten-year capacity-building programme for the African Union, which gave a renewed impetus to the implementation of the programme. The review of the programme was completed in 2010 and the main findings incorporated in the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). The report finds considerable support for the programme among the members of the African Union Commission. The report calls for strengthened engagement with the regional economic commissions, as well as the need for strengthened resource mobilization for the implementation of the programme.", "75. The reconfiguration of the Regional Coordination Mechanism secretariat from being essentially led by the United Nations to becoming a joint United Nations-African Union secretariat has been consolidated and the African Union is increasingly exercising effective ownership and leadership. The joint secretariat now has a dedicated staff drawn from the African Union Commission and ECA, both of which have continued to provide strategic coordination and support to the Mechanism. Coordination processes have been strengthened, especially with the establishment of the NEPAD coordination unit within the office of the Chair of the African Union Commission. There has also been an improvement in coordination within and between clusters. In particular, the advocacy and communication cluster engaged representatives of the African media in the second Africa regional media dialogue in Lesotho in June 2011 and adopted the Maseru Declaration to enhance their advocacy role on African Union/NEPAD development priorities.", "76. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa, convened by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa at Headquarters, has continued to provide an effective framework for the agencies of the United Nations system to share expertise and experience. In particular, the Task Force has been active in providing inputs and suggestions for the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. The past year has witnessed progress in the implementation of NEPAD projects and in moving forward the implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism, an increase in ODA and Aid for Trade to African countries. Despite this progress, fundamental challenges remain in the implementation of NEPAD. As this year marks the celebration of the tenth anniversary of NEPAD, African countries should continue to implement and allocate more resources to NEPAD projects and promote private sector development, while development partners should take urgent steps to honour their commitments to Africa.", "78. The tenth anniversary of NEPAD could be a turning point in the implementation of its sectoral priorities. This will require resolution and leadership to turn Africa’s development vision and international commitments into policy actions and results. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, “business as usual” should not be an option. The following recommendations could be a starting point.", "79. The NEPAD founding document stresses the need for partnership between African Governments and their own peoples, including the private sector and civil society. Much has been achieved in broadening the space for civic engagement. Now African countries need to build on this momentum and further strengthen mechanisms for the participation, inclusion and empowerment of all segments of society in the political and development processes.", "80. Since the private sector is a key partner in the implementation of NEPAD, African countries should establish a business-friendly environment by further improving the investment climate. African countries also need to continue to undertake appropriate institutional reforms in order to attract private capital and develop public-private partnerships for financing infrastructure projects.", "81. Given the importance of agricultural development in ensuring food security and coping with recurrent food crises, African countries should strive to meet the Maputo Declaration target of allocating 10 per cent of national budgets to the agricultural sector and rural development and ensure better governance to effectively manage the resources allocated.", "82. African women are Africa’s face of hope, strength and opportunity. African countries should move beyond policies and plans to implementation, including prioritizing actions to achieve the goals of the African Women’s Decade 2010-2020.", "83. Now that 14 countries have been peer-reviewed, Governments should implement the agreed programmes of action and recommendations of the African Peer Review Mechanism country reports. The review process could move faster in order to accelerate the rate of completion of countries that have already launched the peer review process.", "84. African countries should integrate climate change issues into economic planning and management at both national and regional levels and mainstream environmental policy into productive sectors, and international partners should support their mitigation and adaptation efforts. African countries should continue to engage in the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012, whose outcome will affect the future sustainable growth of the continent.", "85. Many countries and organizations that are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee are assuming an increasing role as development partners for African countries. Therefore, in order to improve aid effectiveness, there is a need to involve new and emerging development partners that are not Committee members. The upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, could be the right platform. At the High-level Forum, development partners should take into account the African position, the Tunis Consensus, which calls for moving beyond aid effectiveness and focusing on development effectiveness, with the ultimate goal of reducing aid dependency and promoting self-reliance.", "86. ODA and FDI can contribute to growth in Africa. Development partners should take urgent and collective action to substantially scale up aid disbursements, in order to meet their commitments of doubling assistance to Africa. They should also maintain the upward trend of FDI inflows to Africa.", "87. In the context of high youth unemployment in Africa, development partners should conclude the long overdue Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations with its development dimensions, as this would increase international trade and potentially boost prospects for job creation.", "88. In the area of HIV/AIDS, development partners should continue supporting the strengthening of national health systems, research infrastructure and laboratory capacity and expand surveillance systems, with the goal of improving efforts to mitigate the impact of the epidemic, as reflected in the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS of June 2011.", "89. Aid for Trade is an effective mechanism for supporting African countries in improving supply-side constraints and gaining from increased market access. As such, Aid for Trade measures should complement and not substitute for efforts to improve market access for African exports and strengthen the continent’s contribution to world trade.", "90. Despite a decrease in debt service costs through various bilateral and multilateral debt reduction initiatives, a number of African countries are experiencing debt distress that could impact their debt sustainability. To maintain debt sustainability, development partners should ensure that eligible countries for debt reduction get full debt relief from all creditors, including commercial creditors, and discourage lawsuits against heavily indebted poor countries by non-Paris Club creditors.", "[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), African Development Bank, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and United Nations Development Programme, African Economic Outlook (Paris, OECD, 2011).", "[2] United Nations, The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver, Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force report (New York, forthcoming in 2011).", "[3] International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database, April 2011.", "[4] Africa Progress Panel, The Transformative Power of Partnerships, Africa Progress Report 2011 (Geneva, 2011).", "[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Global investment trends monitor No. 5”, January 2011, available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.", "[6] ECA and OECD, The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: 2011 Interim Report (2011), available at http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/ MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.", "[7] Ibid." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 63 (a) of the provisional agenda [1]", "New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: implementation", "progress and international support", "New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/284, coincides with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by African leaders of the African Union flagship programme, the New Partnership for Africa's Development. The report assesses the progress made in the implementation of various NEPAD projects and programmes and the support provided by the international community. The report is at a time when there is renewed attention to Africa ' s development needs, as evidenced by the following: Following the major commitments following the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries adopted the Istanbul Programme of Action and the implementation framework recommended by the Millennium Development Goals Africa Steering Group to accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. This renewed concern reflects the fact that African countries still face challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "In this context, while highlighting the progress made by African countries in the implementation of NEPAD, the report reiterates the need to allocate more resources to NEPAD sectoral priorities and to undertake appropriate reforms to further encourage private sector participation in partnership projects and promote public-private partnerships for the financing of infrastructure projects. In order to further strengthen international cooperation for development and advance the implementation of NEPAD, development partners should take urgent steps towards the successful conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which included development goals, the fulfilment of aid commitments and the improvement of aid effectiveness. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, “business as usual” should not be an option, as it would lead to the breakdown of commitments and further delay the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the implementation of NEPAD.", "Contents", "2. Action taken by African countries and organizations", "Introduction", "In its resolution 65/284, entitled “New Partnership for Africa's Development: progress in implementation and international support”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report is submitted in response to that request.", "2. The report focuses on the policy measures taken by African countries and organizations in the implementation of NEPAD over the past year, the response of the international community and the support provided by the United Nations system. Activities undertaken by the private sector and civil society in support of NEPAD were also highlighted. The report draws on information provided by Member States, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank, the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency, the secretariat of the African Peer Review Mechanism, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and several entities of the United Nations system.", "II. Action taken by African countries and organizations", "The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), adopted by African leaders in Lusaka in July 2001, represents both a collective vision for Africa and a strategic framework for its development. Its main objective is to generate broad-based and equitable economic growth that will enable Africa to reduce poverty and better integrate into the global economy. Translating this vision into action requires the implementation of the main sectoral priorities of NEPAD. Moving from a framework to an operational blueprint depends to a large extent on the resolve of each country. Within the framework of NEPAD, countries should design their own blueprints consistent with the objectives of NEPAD and assume responsibility for the implementation of NEPAD programmes at the national level. In addition, the regional economic communities, which are the core institutions of African economic integration, play a major role in the implementation of projects at the regional level.", "Infrastructure", "The work of the sector over the past 12 months has focused on electricity, transport and water. The establishment of NEPAD institutions and their integration into African Union structures and processes have led to increased coherence and coordination of development efforts. For example, the NEPAD Agency and the African Union Commission Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy developed a joint work programme and adopted a joint infrastructure priority for 2010-2015 in line with the African Union/NEPAD Africa Action Plan. The main objective of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa, endorsed at the fourteenth African Union Summit in February 2010, is to formulate a vision for infrastructure development in Africa in line with the continent ' s strategic objectives and sectors. It provides a coherent framework for regional and continental infrastructure development (transport, energy, water and information and communications technology).", "Following the successful implementation of the short-term action plan, the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Development Bank, launched the third review of the action plan. The review concluded that the action plan contributed to regional infrastructure development, with investments of approximately $5.6 billion between 2002 and 2008, or 69 per cent of the total investment in the original short-term action plan. Since 2004, 70 per cent of the 103 projects reviewed have made some progress and 15 per cent have reached the project completion stage.", "6. In an effort to streamline activities and ensure effective coordination and collaboration in the implementation of programmes and projects, the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD) Agency concluded a memorandum of understanding with the African Forum of Public Utilities Regulators in March 2010. The Forum is an initiative established in the founding document of the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD) to establish and promote cooperation among public utility authorities on the continent in support of growth and socio-economic development in Africa. Its primary focus is on infrastructure management (communications, energy, transport, water and sanitation). Cooperation between the Forum and the agencies is aimed at building and strengthening existing partnership arrangements for infrastructure development in Africa.", "7. In the air transport sector, efforts are also continuing to promote the safety and efficiency of flights on the continent through the full implementation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration on the New African Civil Aviation Policy. The NEPAD Agency and the African Civil Aviation Commission have also agreed on a memorandum of understanding to be signed this year, which provides that the NEPAD Agency will support the Commission in mobilizing resources for the development of African civil aviation and in assuming the new role of implementing agency of the Yamoussoukro Declaration.", "NEPAD continues to play an active role in the implementation of an initiative of the Korea Institute for Development Strategies, Africa-Republic of Korea Infrastructure Project. Accordingly, the Agency supported an 18-member mission of experts to Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia to seek pipeline investment projects in transport and energy. It is also following up on the outcome of the Republic of Korea-Africa Investment Conference on Infrastructure and Energy Development, held in Seoul in December 2009. Infrastructure projects in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia are being presented to investors from the Republic of Korea.", "9. In the area of regional integration and infrastructure, the NEPAD institutions have been promoting the implementation of seven regional projects within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Initiative approved by the sixteenth African Union Assembly.", "10. In the water and sanitation sector, efforts have focused on building and strengthening capacity for programme development and implementation through impact partnerships. In this regard, NEPAD agencies and WaterAid, a water and sanitation non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, have agreed that WaterAid will provide short-term advisers to NEPAD agencies to develop and implement their programmes, and in return, the agency will consider hosting the WaterAid Southern Africa programme of activities in its Infrastructure Section. The parties further agreed to cooperate in water and sanitation programmes and projects at the regional and continental levels.", "Agriculture and food security", "11. Agriculture is the backbone of the economies of many African countries and, as such, is essential for long-term socio-economic growth and sustainable development in Africa. During the period under review, progress continued to be made in the implementation of commitments under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme at the national and regional levels, with an increasing number of countries planning to achieve the target of 6 per cent of agricultural productivity. Of the 26 countries that signed their national Comprehensive Agricultural Development Programme for Africa compacts, 20 have prepared or finalized national investment plans and submitted them to an independent technical review organized by NEPAD institutions, and work is under way on financing and implementation modalities.", "12. Progress in achieving the 10 per cent of the budget allocated to agricultural investment set out in the Maputo Declaration is most evident. Ten countries met the target (compared with only five in 2009), and nine countries invested between 5 and 10 per cent of the budget.", "13. There has also been significant progress in the implementation of the regional Comprehensive Agricultural Development Programme for Africa compact. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Commission, the only regional economic commission to have signed the Regional Comprehensive Agricultural Development Programme for Africa (CIDA) Compact, allocated $150 million from its own resources to finance the five-year plan. This represents 16 per cent of the total cost of the regional plan. The development partners had likewise responded positively, of which Spain had allocated €240 million over three years, two thirds of which had been disbursed through the World Bank.", "14. The implementation of the Comprehensive Agricultural Development Programme in Africa has brought additional benefits to beneficiary countries. First, countries adopt and provide for evidence-based analysis, planning and reviewing strategies and programmes that translate into high-quality investment programming. Secondly, States have improved access to locally acceptable tools and mechanisms, thus providing greater inclusiveness, involving non-State actors as equal partners, and a more open and comprehensive review of the openness of development policies and governance. Thirdly, this has led to better engagement with development partners, and fourthly, it has contributed significantly to the provision of a framework and the setting of national priorities for the harmonization and coordination of development assistance support.", "15. At the regional level, progress has been made in the implementation of a pilot project on fisheries policy in West Africa, involving Ghana and Sierra Leone. The project is supporting major World Bank investments in the fisheries sector in Ghana and Sierra Leone. These countries are the beneficiaries of two related IDA investments, totalling between $90 million and $100 million. As part of the first phase of the West African Regional Fisheries Programme, an additional $57.8 million has been allocated to Ghana and Guinea-Bissau by the World Bank ($52 million), the Global Environment Facility ($4 million) and the African Fisheries Partnership ($1.8 million).", "16. These investments are of strategic importance to NEPAD and the African Fisheries Partnership and are reflected in three areas: (a) the NEPAD-led policy, regulatory and regulatory framework for fisheries investment; (b) support for the convergence of fisheries policies within the framework of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme, that is, to ensure that fisheries contribute more effectively and sustainably to the 6 per cent annual growth target and food security; and (c) this constitutes a key response after the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme Compact, which can support countries that have completed their Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme compacts in developing fisheries investment programmes.", "17. The implementation of the African Fisheries Partnership is important for beneficiary countries in several ways: (a) its inputs are critical in influencing the financial investment of the World Bank and reducing the programming cycle from 18 to 6 months; and (b) its active and important role in mobilizing local expertise to develop investment programmes enhances local ownership of programmes.", "C. Health", "18. NEPAD continues to pursue the main objectives of NEPAD, namely, to improve health-care systems in Africa, to increase the number of trained health workers and to ensure access to affordable, safe and effective medicines for all Africans. To achieve the latter objective, NEPAD is leading the African Drug Management Harmonization Plan, mobilizing financial and technical resources, advocating for the review of pharmaceutical management policies and legislation and coordinating existing management capacity-building initiatives to strengthen the harmonization of pharmaceutical management. NEPAD coordinated a joint lending mission of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Clinton Foundation and the United Kingdom Division for International Development to carry out the implementation of the plan, and to date six project proposals have been received from the regional economic commissions to achieve regional harmonization. NEPAD agencies, together with the regional economic commissions, have completed a situation analysis of the East African Community, the Southern African Development Community and the ECOWAS region and will share the lessons learned from the review with African countries and commissions.", "19. Through this plan, NEPAD works with stakeholders and partners to address the mismanagement of the African pharmaceutical market as a key element in the promotion and protection of public health, as it helps to ensure that patients have access to quality, safe and effective medicines. Thus, the Agency is working with the Pan-African Parliament Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs to promote and advocate this plan on the African continent. In addition, the implementation framework for the plan was endorsed by the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health, held in Namibia in April 2011.", "20. NEPAD continues to play a key role in addressing the African medical crisis. In this regard, the African Platform for Health Human Resources, chaired by the Agency, has completed a needs assessment study of the medical colleges in sub-Saharan Africa, thus providing a solid knowledge base for future action. The findings of the study will guide collaboration between the World Health Organization and the United States President ' s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, which, in line with the commitment to scale up re-education for doctors and nurses, will support the training of over 100,000 new medical professionals in Africa.", "21. Cooperation with the African Health Research Programme is progressing towards health and equity, poverty reduction and socio-economic development in African countries. To date, Mozambique, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have opted to participate in the African Health Research Programme. Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have agreed to use the initiative and its website portal to integrate their national studies into health information systems. NEPAD agencies are also designing a programme to provide technical support to the regional economic commissions in developing a comprehensive sanitation and phytosanitary policy framework and strategies for major crops. In particular, it will address issues of regional market integration.", "Education and training", "22. NEPAD continues to promote human resource development for African nurses and midwives through negotiations with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to promote the use of mobile clinics for the deployment of school graduates and midwives to rural communities. It has also developed programmes to raise the level of education and qualifications of nurses and midwives in the three countries of the Economic Community of Central African States. In Southern Africa, six universities with recognized master ' s degrees in nursing and midwifery clinically formed a consortium to work together to develop and deliver undergraduate and master ' s programmes in nursing and midwifery at three teaching universities within the Economic Community of Central African States. At the same time, they will assist the regulatory bodies of the three countries, together with the Ministry of Health, in developing a career plan that will provide for the public sector to recognize, use and reward these nurses and midwives. In addition, NEPAD has prioritized forest education and has applied to the Government of Sweden for funding for a workshop to finalize a postgraduate course in forest education.", "Efforts are being redoubled to involve the Governments of Gabon and South Africa in a project to support the opening of a regional centre for education in mathematics, science and technology in Gabon. Three countries (Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique) have proposed funding for teacher training for open distance learning to the African Renaissance International Cooperation Fund in South Africa.", "E. Environment and tourism", "24. Seven years after the adoption of the NEPAD Environment Action Plan, progress has been made in the development of subregional environmental action plans, representing those regions and countries: ECCAS, ECOWAS, IGAD, SADC and the Arab Maghreb Union. This enabled the development of national action plans in five countries. In addition, capacity-building activities for the implementation of environmental action plans were undertaken at the national and subregional levels. The plan also supports African countries in strengthening their implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Similar support was provided for the implementation of biodiversity and desertification provisions of national action plans. In this regard, policy objectives were identified and outlines developed to guide discussions on access and benefit-sharing, sustainable forest management, invasive alien species and integrated marine and coastal management. The plan also provides a framework for regional implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. In collaboration with the African Union Commission and the Conference of African Ministers Responsible for the Environment, NEPAD has initiated a review process for the implementation of the environmental action plan.", "NEPAD is currently preparing a programme proposal entitled “Climate change adaptation and mitigation programmes: harnessing science, technology and innovation to address climate change”. As part of an ongoing plan to include youth empowerment in NEPAD programmes, the process of involving youth in climate change has begun. This process will be carried out through the African Young Scientists Initiative on Climate Change, whose secretariat is located at Northwestern University of South Africa. The Young Scientists Initiative aims to raise awareness and to engage young people proactively in climate change issues and activities. The initiative, entitled “Promoting the role of indigenous knowledge systems in Africa in climate change adaptation and mitigation”, is planned for mid-August 2011.", "Within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD African Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction and its implementation programme of action, efforts are under way to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction and sustainable development initiatives. The Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Extension of the African Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2006-2015 was submitted to the Second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction and adopted. In addition, the African Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction was re-established to advise and support national and subregional and regional authorities in the implementation of disaster risk reduction initiatives in Africa.", "27. As a catalyst for development, tourism development can have positive spillover effects and share development costs in other sectors. The African Union Commission and NEPAD agencies are actively working in partnership with national, regional, continental and global organizations to promote a comprehensive regional integration programme in the tourism sector. Recognizing the opportunities and challenges that tourism presents to Africa, several African countries, with the assistance of the United Nations World Tourism Organization and other development partners, have developed tourism master plans.", "Information and communications technology", "28. Following a decision by the fifteenth NEPAD Heads of State and Government Steering Committee, held in Uganda in July 2011, the NEPAD e-Africa Committee was replaced by the NEPAD e-Africa programme to promote the development of priority ICT sectors in line with the new strategic orientation of NEPAD institutions.", "29. The mandate of the NEPADe-Africa programme is to develop policies, strategies and projects at the continental level for the development of ICT throughout Africa, and to this end, to continue to advance the implementation of its main initiatives: NEPAD ICT Africa Broadband Infrastructure Network and NEPAD e-Schools. To strengthen efforts to expand the NEPAD ICT broadband infrastructure network on the continent, several regional and national stakeholder workshops on the Kigali Protocol were held in Cairo for North Africa, in the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria and Djibouti for local stakeholders.", "30. Progress has been made in the laying of underwater cables in Uhurunet. Agreement and supply contract for the construction and maintenance of the African Coast-Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet cable was signed in France in June 2010. This segment of the Uhurunet cable will be extended from France to South Africa and will connect all the countries on the west coast of Africa. Baharicom, which is responsible for the laying of the Uhurunet underwater cable in Africa, is working to raise funds and borrow to meet the payment terms of supply contracts.", "31. With regard to the Umojanet transboundary land network, two business plans have been completed. The first, completed in July 2010, covers 10 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the second, planned for September 2010, covers 12 countries in West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d ' Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Togo).", "32. In January 2011, the sixteenth African Union Summit endorsed the African Union-NEPAD ICT broadband infrastructure project, which was selected by the Technical Committee of the Presidential Infrastructure Championships Programme, Uhurunet, Umojanet and the ICT fibre-optic connectivity project along the proposed Nigeria-Niger-Algeria gas pipeline.", "33. With regard to the NEPAD e-Schools Plan, the NEPAD institutions are looking at modalities for concluding the pilot phase of the Plan. Eighty demonstration NEPAD e-schools have been implemented in 16 African countries. Each school participating in the demonstration project was equipped with a computer laboratory with at least 20 personal computers, as well as a server and network infrastructure and other ancillary items such as scanners, electronic whiteboards and printers. Schools are connected to the Internet to enable them to communicate with the rest of the world. NEPAD has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Internet Institute to build the capacity of key African stakeholders in Internet governance.", "Science and technology", "The notable achievements of the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative to date have been the establishment of focal points to guide the development of science, technology and innovation indicators at the national level, capacity-building in science, technology and innovation data collection, and the publication of Africa Innovation Outlook — the first in a series of publications to inform the public about science, technology and innovation activities in African countries. The publication was launched in Ethiopia in May 2011 and contains the results of research and development surveys. It is expected that this will lead to a debate that will enrich the process of collecting better quality data. NEPAD institutions and the Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative also supported the African Union Commission in the establishment of the African Observatory on Science, Technology and Innovation. A host country agreement had been signed with Equatorial Guinea, and the Observatory would play a major role in coordination, data collection and training, as well as in the dissemination of science, technology and innovation activities in Africa.", "35. The African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative programme successfully completed its first phase in 19 African Union member States, with the aim of providing a learning mechanism for mutual learning and knowledge-sharing for research and development and innovation surveys. As a result, guidelines for such investigations were developed and adopted among participating States. Measures of science, technology and innovation, as supporting tools for policy formulation and implementation, open up areas for further research and debate. Participating countries are collaborating on these matters and are building a community of practice to ensure that Africa speaks with one voice in the future.", "36. In November 2010, the Centre for Life Sciences in Eastern and Central Africa was officially inaugurated in Kenya. With financial support from Canada, NEPAD has built world-class pilot facilities for East and Central African scientists. These facilities will provide these scientists with the opportunity to undertake cutting-edge research in the life sciences to address the challenges faced by farmers in increasing agricultural productivity. The African Biosafety Expert Network, a continent-wide service network managed by African staff with multidisciplinary expertise in biosafety systems, was recently established. Since its inception, the Network has provided training and scientific information to African managers in agricultural biotechnology to help countries make informed decisions.", "H. Gender mainstreaming, women ' s empowerment and civil society participation", "37. NEPAD is working on business incubators for African women entrepreneurs in the regional economic commissions. The current objective is to fund two pilot projects for business incubators in selected regional economic commissions — the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and ECOWAS — with a budget of Euro1 million. Based on this experience, it is planned to extend it to the other five regional economic commissions. A memorandum of understanding between NEPAD and COMESA was signed in May 2010. The project was presented to the fourth meeting of ministers responsible for gender and women ' s affairs, which decided to start identifying women entrepreneurs and partner institutions. Subsequently, a technical consultation was held with COMESA and the Federation of Business Women ' s National Associations of Eastern and Southern Africa and it was agreed that the World Bank Business Incubation Initiative would help to disseminate lessons learned globally and in Africa.", "38. NEPAD has begun work on strategic alliances with United Nations system agencies in key areas (e.g. rural women, economic empowerment of African women, knowledge generation and dissemination), such as the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women). In preparation for the second appeal proposal, the NEPAD/Spain Fund for African Women ' s Empowerment monitored and evaluated ongoing projects and closed projects funded within the context of the first appeal proposal. The second phase of the Fund, covering the period 2011-2013, consolidated the NEPAD programme for the empowerment of African women.", "39. The Fund promoted advocacy for gender mainstreaming and the development of necessary tools for poverty reduction, including increased access of women and girls to economically sustainable vocational skills training. Through public-private partnerships, the Fund also contributes to job creation, skills development for women leaders in business and civil society and capacity-building in the use of information and communication technologies to bridge the digital divide. The Fund also supported the development of income-generating activities by supporting agro-processing (45 machines provided) and experience management training (600 women entrepreneurs).", "I. African Peer Review Mechanism", "40. The African Peer Review Mechanism continued to strengthen its position as a means of promoting good governance and socio-economic development in Africa. Liberia formally joined the African Peer Review Mechanism at its Forum in January 2011. According to information provided by the Mechanism ' s secretariat, as at the end of July 2011, 30 States had acceded to the Mechanism by signing memorandums of understanding: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. Its members represent more than 76 per cent of the African population.", "Mauritius and Ethiopia were peer-reviewed during the thirteenth and fourteenth African Peer Review Forum summits, respectively. By the end of July 2011, 14 countries had received peer reviews: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Other countries are at different stages of the review process: Sierra Leone and Zambia hosted country review missions in February and May 2011, respectively, and the United Republic of Tanzania will be reviewed in the second half of 2011, while Ghana and Kenya are also ready for the second cycle of periodic reviews.", "The reviewed countries have also made progress in implementing their respective NAPs resulting from the review process. To that end, progress reports on the implementation of country programmes in Lesotho, Nigeria and South Africa were considered at the fourteenth Summit of the Forum, held in Addis Ababa in January 2011, and in Benin and Burkina Faso at the fifteenth Summit, held in Malabo in June 2011.", "43. A number of existing tools have been modified to simplify and expedite the peer review process. For example, the general questionnaire was revised and validated at a stakeholder workshop held in Johannesburg in March 2011 and is now due for review at the 16th Forum Summit, to be held in Ethiopia in January 2012 - Prior to that, as directed at the 15th Summit, it would be subject to a detailed review by the lead agency of the Mechanism.", "The Mechanism continues to receive support from its three strategic partners — the African Development Bank, ECA and the United Nations Development Programme. This support includes participation in country review missions and other forms of technical and financial assistance. In this regard, the African Development Bank continues to provide grants to support the project to streamline and expedite the African Peer Review Mechanism process. The objectives of the project include revising and improving the instruments and procedures of the Mechanism and strengthening the capacity of the staff of the secretariat of the Mechanism. ECA promoted research and awareness of the African Peer Review Mechanism through a study on diversity management, entitled “The findings of the Mechanism and a framework for analysis and policy development”, the organization of workshops to raise awareness of the Mechanism and to integrate NAPs and other national plans into a common medium-term expenditure framework.", "III. Response of the international community: advancing the momentum of international support for Africa ' s development", "45. Despite the slowdown in the global economic recovery, Africa had been revived by the global economic and financial crisis. In 2010, Africa grew at an average rate of 4.9 per cent, compared to 3.1 per cent in 2009. However, this recovery is fraught with uncertainty, both in relation to the fragile global economic outlook and in relation to political instability in the subregions. Furthermore, Africa still lags behind other regions in its progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, particularly those related to child and maternal mortality and access to sanitation and clean water.", "46. Development partners therefore need to fully honour their commitments and continue to support Africa in order to achieve the continent ' s development agenda, including the implementation of NEPAD priorities. At the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, the G-8 made historic commitments to increase aid to Africa, but so far they have not been fulfilled. The Gleneagles commitment was reaffirmed at the G-8 summit held in France in 2011. In the second half of 2010, the G-20 also launched its development initiative, the Seoul Development Consensus on Shared Growth, which places greater emphasis on promoting economic growth through infrastructure development and job creation. Finally, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in New York in September 2010, adopted a global plan of action to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by the target date, with special attention to Africa.", "47. The uncertain economic prospects of Africa ' s traditional development partners and the shrinking fiscal space they face seem to portend a further rise in the importance of non-traditional donors in the years ahead. This includes emerging economies and non-State actors, such as private foundations and philanthropists. Given the contraction of aid budgets in OECD countries following the global economic and financial crisis and the negative impact of this on aid disbursements, the Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November and December 2011, will be an appropriate occasion for development partners to reaffirm their commitment to aid quality and effectiveness, as contained in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.", "48. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Turkey in May 2011, adopted the Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020 and the Istanbul Declaration. The objective of the Programme of Action was to ensure sustained economic growth and poverty reduction, thus enabling half of the least developed countries to graduate from the least developed country category by 2020. The Programme of Action identified eight priority areas: productive capacity, including infrastructure, energy, science and technology, and private sector development; agriculture, food security and rural development; trade; commodities; human and social development, including the empowerment of women; addressing the impact of multiple crises and emerging challenges, such as climate change and sustainability; mobilizing financial resources for development and capacity-building; and good governance at all levels. Given that 33 of the 48 least developed countries are in Africa, the implementation of the Programme of Action will go a long way towards addressing the development challenges facing the continent.", "Official development assistance", "49. According to OECD, total ODA from all donors amounted to $128 billion in 2009. Of that amount, $48 billion went to Africa, which shows an annual increase of 11.7 per cent over the 2008 real value (see figure I below). Bilateral aid to Africa, excluding allocations from multilateral institutions, increased by 3.6 per cent in real terms in 2010 compared to 2009, reaching $29.3 billion in 2010. Despite these increases, ODA has not reached the pledges made by the G-8 countries at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005 - At the Summit, they pledged to increase total ODA to Africa by $25 billion. According to the Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force estimates, the delivery gap is $18 billion, and Africa received $46 billion in ODA from OECD Development Assistance Committee donors in 2010, well below the $64 billion pledged by Gleneagles. [3]", "Figure I Total ODA from all donors", "(Billions of current dollars)", "Source: According to OECD/DAC online database 2011.", "50. The G-8 partnership with Africa was reaffirmed at the G-8 summits held in Canada in 2010 and in France in 2011. In the Muskoka Initiative on maternal, newborn and child health, the G-8 countries committed themselves to increasing spending by $5 billion between 2010 and 2015 to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in developing countries. This partnership was reaffirmed at the 2011 French summit by the adoption of the G-8/Africa joint declaration: “Common values, shared responsibilities”. The Summit also launched the Deauville Partnership to support new democracies in Arab countries and committed $20 billion through multilateral development banks to support sustainable and inclusive growth in Tunisia and Egypt. 14", "51. With regard to aid effectiveness, progress in achieving the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action (A/63/539, annex) was mixed. On the one hand, there had been significant progress in untying aid to Africa, particularly to the least developed countries, and 18 donor countries had signed the International Aid Transparency Initiative. On the other hand, progress in the use of national systems and the fragmentation of aid reduction remains limited. In that context, the international community should renew its commitment to improving aid effectiveness at the forthcoming Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.", "Non-traditional development partners are playing an increasingly important role in the development of Africa. Under the overall theme of South-South cooperation, emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India and Turkey provide grants and loans, often with fewer conditionalities than traditional donors. However, the lack of data makes it difficult to provide a clear picture of the volume of ODA from emerging development partners.", "53. In addition to bilateral donors, new philanthropic actors, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, have provided African countries with innovative development financing to help expand limited domestic resources for development. For example, the Gates Foundation has begun to report its assistance to health to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) that $1.8 billion was allocated in 2009 as a grant to improve health in developing countries, 36 per cent of which is specifically for Africa. The Foundation is therefore the third largest donor in this field, following the United States and the Global Fund.", "Debt relief", "54. As a result of the ongoing efforts to relieve the external debt burden of African countries within the framework of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Debt Initiative, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and at the bilateral level, the level of debt and debt service has fallen significantly from its peak in the mid-1990s. The total external debt of sub-Saharan Africa, which reached 73 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1994, had fallen to 21 per cent of GDP by 2010,[4] thus freeing up resources to enable the country to increase pro-poor spending and accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Four countries — the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Togo — significantly reduced their debt between July 2010 and June 2011 through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. Upon reaching the completion point, the Democratic Republic of the Congo received $12.3 billion in debt relief. After meeting the outstanding conditions, Liberia reached the completion point in June 2010, when its nominal debt was reduced by $4.6 billion. As a result, Liberia ' s total external debt fell to 15 per cent of GDP. Guinea-Bissau received $1.2 billion in debt relief from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in December 2010. Finally, Togo ' s external debt declined by 82 per cent after reaching its completion point in December 2010. Overall, 26 African countries have now reached the HIPC completion point and have benefited from debt relief (see table 1 below). Members of the Paris Club agreed to reduce and cancel their bilateral debt for all four countries, thus contributing significantly to their debt relief. The contribution of Paris Club members to debt relief under the HIPC Initiative to the four countries totals $9 billion in nominal terms.", "56. Despite this progress, there are new doubts about debt sustainability, especially in the context of the lingering impact of the global economic and financial crisis, increased engagement of new and emerging donors in Africa and increased portfolio lending. According to recent reports, 9 of the 26 African countries that have so far benefited from the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) are still, or are most likely, experiencing debt distress. [5]", "Table 1 Current and potential beneficiaries of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative", "Status", "Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia", "Chad, Comoros, Côte d ' Ivoire, Guinea", "3 pre-decision point countries", "Source: IMF, as of July 2011.", "C. Foreign direct investment", "57. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to Africa declined significantly in 2009, from a historic high of $72 billion in 2008 to $59 billion, largely due to the global economic and financial crisis. UNCTAD ' s preliminary estimates for 2010 forecast a further 14 per cent decline in FDI flows to Africa to $50 billion. [6]", "58. Foreign direct investment (FDI) declined in all subregions of the continent, with the exception of Central Africa, which benefited from large investments in Equatorial Guinea. In terms of sectoral distribution, investment in the manufacturing and commodity sectors declined sharply during the crisis, making the services sector the largest recipient of FDI in Africa in 2009. Foreign direct investment in extractable industries is expected to rise in 2009, owing to the rapid recovery in global commodity prices following the crisis. Indeed, while investment in the green sector remained relatively low in 2010, mergers and acquisitions were on the rise in extractable industries.", "59. As investment flows from traditional partners continue to decline, emerging countries have further strengthened their position in Africa, with their share steadily rising. For example, the share of FDI inflows originating in Asia increased from an average of 6.7 per cent between 1995 and 1999 to 15.162 per cent between 2000 and 2008.", "60. African countries have also continued to improve the investment climate in order to attract FDI. By the end of 2008, they had concluded 715 bilateral investment agreements to promote and protect foreign investors. The regional economic commissions have also launched regional investment programmes. [7] Increased efforts in Africa are also reflected in the World Bank report Business 2011: Making Business Work for Entrepreneurs, which states that “performance improves” - an assessment of the business management environment is undertaken. In 2011, the report ranked three African countries among the top 10 economies for improvement. Development partners have supported this process, particularly through the NEPAD-OECD Investment Initiative, thereby strengthening the capacity of African countries to plan and implement reforms to improve the business environment.", "Trade", "61. The Doha Round of trade negotiations over the past year has made no substantial progress towards agreement on issues affecting Africa. This is the case despite the commitment made by the leaders of the G-20 at the Seoul Summit in November 2010 to conclude the Doha Round by the end of 2011, emphasizing the crucial role of trade in the global economic recovery. In addition, there has been limited progress in negotiations on economic partnership agreements between the European Union and the African regions. At the third Africa-European Union summit, held in Libya in November 2010, the parties renewed their commitment to finding solutions to the remaining common concerns of the economic partnership agreement. However, negotiations have reached an impasse.", "62. Following the second global review of the Aid for Trade initiative in 2009, aid for trade commitments to Africa increased further, totalling $17 billion in 2009, an increase of 21 per cent over 2008,[8] and focused on infrastructure and productive capacities. The third global review of the initiative will take place in 2011 to build more momentum for aid for trade.", "63. African countries were addressing the low level of intra-African trade and had reaffirmed their commitment to greater integration at the sixteenth AU Summit. The focus of the African Union and NEPAD infrastructure programme is on interconnectivity among regions, and the regional economic commissions continue to work towards greater trade integration — Most notably, this will be achieved through a planned free trade agreement between COMESA, the East African Community and SADC, with the ultimate goal of establishing a single customs union. The three regional communities sought to complete the first phase of integration efforts within the next three years.", "E. South-South cooperation", "South-South cooperation had become increasingly important for Africa's development and complemented North-South cooperation. Rapid growth in emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India has had an exciting and largely positive impact on the continent, resulting in increasing financial, trade and development aid flows. In the aftermath of the global economic and financial crisis, economic linkages and other forms of cooperation helped to mitigate the impact of the crisis on African economies and to bring the continent back on track for economic recovery. The new role of emerging economies in the global arena was formalized in the G-20 Common Growth Seoul Development Consensus.", "65. Following the successful holding of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum, other countries and regions have also sought to establish formal structures to guide their cooperation and engagement with Africa. Examples include the second Viet Nam-Africa International Forum, held in August 2010, the Iran-Africa Forum, held in September 2010, and the second Afro-Arab Summit, held in Libya in October 2010. At the summit, the African Union and the League of Arab States adopted an Afro-Arab partnership strategy aimed at creating an integrated Afro-Arab region and promoting closer economic and political cooperation.", "India also deepened its cooperation with Africa during the second Africa-India Forum Summit, held in Ethiopia in May 2011 on the theme “Strengthening partnerships: a shared vision”. The meeting adopted a strengthened Africa-India cooperation framework to complement existing frameworks and to update existing joint action plans and incorporate a follow-up mechanism. India announced that it would provide $5 billion worth of support to Africa over the next three years on a credit line to achieve its development goals, in addition to an additional $700 million for the development of new institutions and training projects. The Forum also decided to institutionalize the Summit process.", "67. At the global level, in Indonesia in May 2011, the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement adopted a comprehensive outcome document outlining the Movement ' s shared vision for the next 50 years and a declaration to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Movement. The Bali Commemorative Declaration reaffirmed the need to broaden and deepen South-South cooperation and to enhance coordination in developing common positions and strategies on economic and social development issues. It also emphasized the need to scale up global partnerships and to finance development in order to ensure the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, taking into particular account the special needs of Africa.", "F. Millennium Village", "68. During the period under review, the African Villages Project continued to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in 10 locations in sub-Saharan Africa, benefiting some 500,000 people.", "69. The progress report published three years after its operation shows that the project approach works well. Strict monitoring and evaluation of the nine research sites revealed that average maize production was three times higher and that the prevalence of chronic malnutrition among children under two years of age fell by 43 per cent. School feeding programmes have been established in all countries, with 1770 per cent of primary school children eating school meals every day. This has had a significant positive impact on school enrolment and attendance.", "70. The results of the health sector show that the number of people tested for AIDS during pregnancy has doubled, with an average increase of 50 per cent in the delivery rate in medical institutions. The project also documented a reduction of more than 80 per cent in the prevalence of malaria and a sixfold increase in the use of bednets. Approximately 75 per cent of children were vaccinated against measles and received vitamin A supplements over the past six months. The number of people with access to safe drinking water has doubled and the number of people with access to improved sanitation facilities has tripled.", "71. A number of countries are studying lessons learned from the project and developing national strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, building on the information provided in this comprehensive template. In Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, building on the experience of the Millennium Villages, the Government is developing a national strengthening plan for the Millennium Development Goals, while in Malawi and Uganda, the results of the project inform a general discussion on the Goals at the government level.", "IV. Support provided by the United Nations system", "Strengthening the Regional Coordination Mechanism of United Nations agencies and organizations working in Africa in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme and cluster system", "72. During the period under review, the United Nations system continued to provide technical and institutional assistance to the African Union NEPAD programme. Over the past year, there has been greater coherence between the programmes of United Nations entities and those of the African Union Commission, NEPAD institutions and the regional economic commissions. The United Nations system has been actively involved in all these institution-building, programme design and implementation processes at the regional, subregional, national and community levels.", "73. The achievements of the Regional Coordination Mechanism have been significant, as evidenced by the enhanced coordination of United Nations agencies and programmes. In particular, the concept of “delivering as one” has gained greater acceptance and agencies have recognized the need for a collective approach to support capacity-building within the African Union.", "The eleventh session of the Regional Coordination Mechanism, held in November 2010 on the theme “Rio+20”, had produced important results, particularly with regard to the implementation of the 10-year capacity-building programme for the African Union, which had given new impetus to its implementation. The review of the programme was completed in 2010 and its main findings were included in the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). The report found that a considerable number of countries in member States of the African Union Commission supported the programme. The report calls for increased engagement with the regional economic commissions and the need for increased resource allocation for programme implementation.", "75. The reform of the secretariat of the Regional Coordination Mechanism from a largely United Nations-led to a joint United Nations-African Union secretariat has been consolidated, with the African Union exercising increasingly effective ownership and leadership. The Joint Secretariat now has dedicated staff from the African Union Commission and ECA, both of which continue to provide strategic coordination and support to the coordination mechanism. In particular, the coordination process has been strengthened with the establishment of the NEPAD Coordination Section within the Office of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission. Coordination within and among clusters has also improved. In particular, the advocacy and communications cluster enabled African media representatives to participate in the second African Regional Media Dialogue, held in Lesotho in June 2011, and to adopt the Maseru Declaration, thereby enhancing their advocacy role in the African Union/NEPAD development priorities.", "76. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa, convened by the Office of the Special Adviser at Headquarters, continues to provide an effective framework for sharing expertise and experience among United Nations system agencies. In particular, the Task Force actively contributed to the preparation of the report of the Secretary-General.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. Over the past year, progress has been made in implementing NEPAD projects, advancing the implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism and increasing official development assistance and aid trade to African countries. Despite this progress, fundamental challenges remain in the implementation of NEPAD. As this year coincides with the tenth anniversary of NEPAD, African countries should continue to implement NEPAD projects and allocate more resources to promote private sector development, while development partners should take urgent steps to fulfil their commitments to Africa.", "78. The tenth anniversary of NEPAD could turn into a turning point in the implementation of its sectoral priorities. This requires determination and leadership to translate Africa ' s development vision and international commitments into policy actions and results. Ten years after NEPAD, business as usual should not be an option. The following recommendations could serve as a starting point.", "The founding document of NEPAD emphasizes the need for partnerships between African Governments and their people, including the private sector and civil society. Much has been achieved in expanding the space for citizen participation. It is time for African countries to use this momentum to further strengthen mechanisms to promote participation, inclusion and empowerment of all sectors of society in the political and development processes.", "80. As the private sector is a major partner in the implementation of NEPAD, African countries should further improve the investment climate and create a business-friendly environment. African countries also need to continue institutional reforms to attract private capital and develop public-private partnerships for the financing of infrastructure projects.", "81. Given the importance of agricultural development in ensuring food security and responding to the resurgence of the food crisis, African countries should strive to meet the Maputo Declaration ' s target of allocating 10 per cent of their national budgets to the agricultural sector and rural development and ensure improved governance to effectively manage the resources allocated.", "82. African women were the face of hope, strength and opportunity in Africa. African countries should move from policies and plans to implementation, including by identifying priority actions for achieving the goals of the African Women ' s Decade 2010-2020.", "83. Now that 14 countries have passed the peer review, Governments should implement the agreed action programmes and the recommendations of the African Peer Review Mechanism country reports. The review process could go faster in order to speed up the completion of the peer review process in countries that have already initiated it.", "84. African countries should integrate climate change into economic planning and management at the national and regional levels and mainstream environmental policies in the productive sectors, while international partners should support African countries in their mitigation and adaptation efforts. African countries should continue to participate in the preparatory process for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), the outcome of which would have an impact on the future sustainable growth of the continent.", "Many countries and organizations that are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee are assuming an increasingly important role as development partners of African countries. It was therefore necessary to involve new and emerging development partners from non-members of the Committee in order to enhance aid effectiveness. The forthcoming Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, should be an appropriate platform. At the high-level forum, development partners should take into account the African position, namely, the Tunis Consensus, which called for a focus not only on aid effectiveness but also on development effectiveness, with the ultimate goal of reducing aid dependency and promoting self-reliance.", "86. Official development assistance and foreign direct investment can drive growth in Africa. Development partners should take urgent collective action to scale up aid allocations on a sustainable basis in order to fulfil their commitment to double aid to Africa. They should also maintain the upward trend in FDI inflows to Africa.", "87. Against the backdrop of high youth unemployment in Africa, development partners should complete the long overdue Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, including development goals, which would increase international trade and possibly the prospects for job creation.", "88. In the area of HIV/AIDS, development partners should continue to support the strengthening of national health systems, research infrastructure and laboratory capacity and the expansion of surveillance systems to improve efforts to mitigate the impact of the epidemic, in line with the political declaration on HIV/AIDS of June 2011.", "89. Aid for trade is an effective mechanism to support African countries in improving supply-side constraints and benefiting from increased market access. Thus, aid-for-trade measures should complement, not replace, efforts to improve market access for African exports and to enhance the continent ' s contribution to world trade.", "90. Despite the reduction in the cost of debt servicing through various bilateral and multilateral debt relief initiatives, some African countries are experiencing debt distress, which could affect their debt sustainability. To maintain debt sustainability, development partners should ensure that countries eligible for debt relief receive adequate debt relief from all creditors, including commercial creditors, and discourage legal proceedings against HIPCs by non-Paris Club creditors.", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), African Development Bank, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and United Nations Development Programme, Economic Outlook for Africa (Paris, OECD, 2011).", "[3] United Nations, Global Partnership for Development: Time to deliver, report of the Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force (New York, forthcoming 2011).", "[4] International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011.", "[5] Progress Group for Africa, Transforming Power of Partnership, Progress Report on Africa 2011 (Geneva 16, 2011).", "[6] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Global Investment Trends Monitoring No. 5, January 2011, available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.", "[7] ECA and OECD, Mutual Review of African Development Effectiveness: 2011 Interim Report (2011), available at http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.", "[8] Ibid." ]

[ "秘书长关于联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团的报告", "一. 导言和特派团的优先事项", "1. 本报告根据安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议提交。安理会在该决议中决定设立联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)，并要求我定期报告其任务的执行情况。本报告述及2011年4月16日至7月15日科索沃特派团的活动以及有关事态发展。", "2. 特派团的优先事项保持不变：在科索沃和该区域促进安全、稳定和尊重人权。科索沃特派团与普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德、科索沃社区及区域和国际行动方保持接触，以此促进实现这些目标。欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)和驻科索沃部队(驻科部队)在安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议的框架范围内，继续发挥其重要作用。按照2008年11月26日安理会主席声明(S/PRST/2008/44)和我2008年11月24日的报告(S/2008/692)，欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟驻科法治团)在联合国全面领导下并在地位中立框架范围内开展活动。欧安组织、驻科部队和欧盟驻科法制团继续同科索沃特派团开展合作与协调。联合国各机构、基金和方案也继续与科索沃特派团密切合作。", "二. 政治局势", "3. 科索沃当局克服一系列政治危机，把注意力集中在自我巩固和确保体制稳定上。科索沃民主党和新科索沃联盟是两个主要的科索沃阿族执政党，两党领导人就重新分配部长级职位的方式达成一致。总理哈希姆·特哈契(科索沃民主党)任命前总统贝赫杰特·帕乔利(新科索沃联盟)担任首席副总理这一新设立的职位，并任命一名新科索沃联盟成员担任新成立的散居国外者部部长。目前，政府有6名副总理和19名部长(其中3人为副总理)。在现任副部长中，3人为塞族，8人来自其他社区。", "4. 5月初，由议会各党团代表组成的选举法改革问题特设议会委员会开始工作。选举制度改革是科索沃民主党领导的政府同主要反对党科索沃民主联盟所达成的妥协协议的一部分，这一妥协结束了年初出现的政治危机。议会委员会正在拟定一项提案，其中提出采用多选区和立法机构选举多数制。在委员会就修改达成一致后，需要议会三分之二多数才能通过。", "5. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃当局加强努力，与欧洲联盟建立密切接触，并得到国际社会的关注。在这方面，科索沃当局接待了欧洲联盟委员会主席若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐和欧盟安全和外交政策高级代表凯瑟琳·阿什顿的来访。在访问期间，高级代表阿什顿强调与贝尔格莱德正在进行的对话十分重要，并敦促各方表现出灵活性和创造性，以确保取得切实成果。总理在第五轮对话结束后不久前往布鲁塞尔，与高级代表讨论了科索沃加入欧盟的前景。自4月7日就职以来，阿蒂费特·亚希亚加总统把活动重点放在参与多方论坛方面。除其他会议外，她出席了在华沙举行的中欧领导人首脑会议和在罗马举办的庆祝意大利统一150周年的活动。东道国未邀请科索沃特派团出席这些活动。塞尔维亚总统博里斯·塔迪奇受到邀请，但没有出席，其理由是塞尔维亚政府对科索沃未经联合国协调参与的活动采取不出席政策。", "6. 科索沃当局重申，愿意对欧洲委员会特别报告员迪克·马蒂的报告中关于走私人体器官指控的调查提供合作，并欢迎为进行这一调查设立一个欧盟驻科法治团专责小组。欧盟驻科法治团确认，专责小组将在2011年稍后阶段时进入运作，届时将完成正在进行的专责小组所有工作人员的征聘工作。专责小组由两名国际检察官和数名专门从事战争罪调查的国际调查员组成。专责小组将设在布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳，在欧盟驻科法治团司法部分主管的行政领导下履行职责。塞尔维亚承认欧盟驻科法治团为此作出的努力，但贝尔格莱德仍然坚持认为，应由安全理事会设立一个在阿尔巴尼亚境内外拥有调查权限的独立调查机构牵头负责调查。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，包括首席副总理兼内政部长伊维察·达齐奇在内的一些塞尔维亚政府官员建议，为了达成科索沃问题的最终解决，可以对“领土调整”进行谈判。这一建议遭到普里什蒂纳和华盛顿的严辞驳斥。科索沃当局认为，解决科索沃和西巴尔干族裔问题的唯一途径是，全面执行《阿赫蒂萨里计划》和欧洲一体化。科索沃塞族政治团体，无论其生活在伊巴尔河以北或以南，也无论其对贝尔格莱德或普里什蒂纳的态度，也反对领土调整主张。居住在伊巴尔河以南的人担心，领土调整会让他们在科索沃失去保护，而北部的科索沃塞族人则认为，这些调整不符合塞尔维亚的国家利益，为塞尔维亚宪法所禁止，因为这意味着承认科索沃独立。相反，科索沃阿族反对派集团自决运动领导人Albin Kurti却矢言努力实现科索沃与阿尔巴尼亚的联合。", "8. 5月12日，与普里什蒂纳对话的贝尔格莱德代表团团长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇前往普里什蒂纳，同普里什蒂纳对话代表团团长、副总理兼司法部长哈伊拉丁·库契、副总理埃迪塔·塔希里、美国大使和临时欧盟特别代表会晤。这次访问引起约200名自决运动支持者的抗议。抗议演变成暴力事件，造成数人(包括警察)受伤，一些车辆被损坏。科索沃当局对这些抗议予以谴责。", "9. 在本报告所述期间，联合国会员国安道尔承认科索沃，使承认国的总数达到76个。", "三. 普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间的接触以及实际安排", "10. 在本报告所述期间，大会第64/298号决议表示欢迎并由欧洲联盟从中协调的对话进程继续进行，第四轮和第五轮会议于5月17日和18日及7月2日在布鲁塞尔举行。塞尔维亚外交部政治司司长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇和科索沃副总理埃迪塔·塔希里继续担任各自谈判代表团团长。", "11. 在全体会议闭会期间，举行筹备会议、技术工作组以及欧盟对话调解小组和对话各方之间的双边和三边接触的频繁程度显著增加。", "12. 第四轮讨论把重点放在民事登记、地籍记录、迁移自由、电信和能源问题上。第五次会议使对话取得具体成果。在三个领域达成协议，从而将改善平民百姓的生活。关于民事登记问题，各方商定，经以往对话会议的谈判成立的、由欧盟驻科法制团担任主席的一个联合委员会将继续查明丢失民事登记簿方面的漏洞。欧盟驻科法制团将对所有原始民事登记簿的副本进行认证，以在科索沃建立全面民事登记册。作为协议的一部分，欧盟驻科法制团将根据要求提供源自科索沃的具体民事登记资料。这将给科索沃居民带来更大的法律确定性，并将有助于在法庭上解决相关问题。", "13. 双方一致认为，关于迁徙自由的协议应尽快实施，该协议让人们能够凭身份证或驾驶执照跨越行政边界。协议还包括其他规定，允许驾车跨界旅行，但其中的细节还有待制定。", "14. 双方还原则上商定承认大学和中学文凭。这将通过由双方认可的国际机构或第三方学术机构认证进行。双方计划在下一次对话会议上拟订细节。", "15. 第五次会议达成的协议由欧盟主席以结论的形式提出，预计将在具有运作可行性时付诸实施。由于双方对执行协议作出坚定承诺，将成立由欧盟担任主席的三方联合工作组，以确保尽可能高效率地开展执行工作。科索沃特派团继续对对话作出贡献，包括向会议提供协助，根据其在科索沃取得的民事登记、迁徙自由、承认文凭和货物自由流动等方面的经验提供资料。", "16. 科索沃未来联盟、科索沃民主联盟、自决运动等科索沃反对党以及民间社会组织要求将达成的协议提交科索沃议会讨论，并批评科索沃当局在这个问题上缺乏透明度。自决运动反对对话，在这方面的态度最为坚决。科索沃议会议长雅各布·克拉斯尼奇(科索沃民主党)数次发表公开声明，声称没有向议会和他本人充分通报对话的实质内容。", "17. 科索沃北部的塞族领导人普遍表示不赞成对话，指出这不符合科索沃塞族人的利益，而且是朝着塞尔维亚承认科索沃为独立国家迈出的一步。伊巴尔河以南的科索沃塞族领导人对对话持较为积极态度，认为这是一个缓和日常问题的有益工具。独立自由党是参与科索沃机构的最大科索沃塞族人党派，该党认为自己被贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳排除在进程之外，对此多次表示不满。", "18. 塞尔维亚政府宣传协议的互惠性，并强调协议不会损害科索沃的未来地位。塞尔维亚反对党对塞尔维亚的主要执政党民主党赞成对话结论提出批评，但较小的反对党自由民主党是一个显著例外，该党对结论表示欢迎。然而，尽管塞尔维亚民主党、新塞尔维亚和塞尔维亚激进党等反对党谴责这一事态发展，但是，最大的反对党塞尔维亚进步党语气却较为温和，指出对话必须继续进行，但对话结论不得导致塞尔维亚承认科索沃。", "19. 作为向正式对话进程所提供支助的补充，我的特别代表和我派驻贝尔格莱德的代表继续与塞尔维亚领导层举行定期会晤，我的特别代表同科索沃当局之间也加强了接触。科索沃特派团工作人员继续同科索沃当局在工作级别保持定期联络。", "20. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃安全部队和欧盟驻科法制团恢复在Zhilivodë/ Žilivoda的挖掘工作。2011年7月15日，由红十字国际委员会（红十字委员会）担任主席的普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德失踪人员工作组在中断近一年之后举行第一次会议，这主要是由于科索沃发生的内部政治事件所致。各方重申，打算履行作出的承诺，并继续在工作组框架内开展活动。已查明11个失踪人员的身份，并将遗体交还亲属。红十字国际委员会认为，仍有1 809人失踪。", "四. 科索沃北部", "21. 科索沃北部的总体安全局势保持相对平静，但在本报告所述期间结束时，紧张局势加剧。科索沃内政部决定通过地区业务支助股和地区交通股的活动，将其业务扩大到塞族人占大多数的科索沃北部城市，对此科索沃北部的塞族领导人提出了关切。作为普里什蒂纳在当地行使权力努力的一部分，业务支助股在科索沃北部多族裔地区开始日常巡逻，结果引起紧张局势升级。", "22. 5月中旬，科索沃内政部决定对科索沃北部警察派出所主管进行轮调，这也在科索沃北部造成紧张局势升级。起初，所有6名科索沃北部塞族派出所所长拒绝执行轮调命令，并因此被停职。尽管两名所长后来同意轮调，但其中一人由于路障而无法担任新职。经科索沃警察专业标准股调查，科索沃警察局长在7月初核准一项决定，解除不服从轮调命令的4名科索沃塞族所长的聘用合同。科索沃北部塞族领导人谴责这项决定，并表达自己的立场，认为任何轮调计划都应基于与其进行的协商。北部派出所的科索沃塞族警察和行政工作人员举行随机罢工，支持恢复被解聘所长的职务。6月，贝尔格莱德支持的Zubin Potok、Zveçan/ Zvečan、Leposaviq/Leposavić和北部的米特罗维察等城市的市议会联合举行会议，在会上拒绝接受轮调计划，并指责驻科部队、欧盟驻科法制团和科索沃当局试图对科索沃北部塞族人施加压力，迫使其接受普里什蒂纳行使权力。7月15日，4名被解聘的北部警察主管签署解聘书。可在7月20日前对解聘决定提出上诉。", "23. 5月，科索沃Zubin Potok的一名居民因涉嫌从事有组织犯罪、走私、欺诈性规避进口税和消费税等各种犯罪活动被欧盟驻科法制团拘留，随后当地工商界人士谴责拘留行动，认为这是进行恐吓和企图强行要求向他们并不承认的科索沃当局支付税款和关税。因此，当地的工商联合会每天在Zubin Potok组织堵路行动，并在米特罗维察北部、Leposaviq/Leposavić和Zveçan/Zvečan采取零星的堵路行动。这种行动持续近一个月。这些行动最初是为了支持被拘押者发起的，但后来也是为了反对北部警察派出所所长轮调。这些事态发展造成科索沃北部塞族人同欧盟驻科法制团之间的关系更加紧张。", "24. 一些科索沃北部的塞族当地领导人和居民指责塞尔维亚代表团在对话中没有充分反映他们的利益，对此，与普里什蒂纳对话的贝尔格莱德谈判小组组长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇于6月2日访问Zveçan/Zvečan和Zubin Potok ，与当地官员会晤，并向他们保证将在谈判中考虑到其利益。", "25. 5月，扩大了科索沃特派团在密特罗维察的咨询委员会，并简化了委员会的程序，以提高该机构效率，更好地反映北密特罗维察当地目前的政治局势。为了确定适当候选人并维持能够反映当地人口的族裔平衡，科索沃特派团同所有利益攸关方举行一系列协商，之后任命了15名咨询委员会成员，其中包括两名科索沃阿族人和一名科索沃波什尼亚克族人。", "26. 6月16日，科索沃海关当局拦截了用卡车装运的一票锌精矿货物，这批货物准备由特雷普卡企业的北部和南部分公司出口。拦截的依据是科索沃私有化局的一封来信，内称没有批准这些出口。后来，当局批准特雷普卡南部分公司的货物出口，而来自特雷普卡北部分公司的所有22辆卡车被拒绝通过。特雷普卡北部分公司的出口是科索沃特派团依照一项根据第1244(1999)号决议颁布的法律批准的。特雷普卡企业北部分公司的几乎所有收入都来自这些矿精出口，由于这些收入用于支付供应商和特雷普卡北部分公司所有员工的款项，对于北部的经济起到至关重要的作用。", "五. 经济形势", "27. 6月1日，与科索沃进行第四条协商的国际货币基金组织(基金组织)访问团宣布，中断与科索沃为期18个月的备用安排。基金组织的结论是，2011年科索沃政府预算中的某些内容，特别是大幅提高工资，违背了安排中规定的承诺。因此，科索沃将无法获取基金组织在2011年预计将根据备用安排支付的资金。此外，大量的欧盟和世界银行资金也不会到位，因为这些资金同对健康宏观经济框架的明确承诺挂钩。基金组织工作人员与科索沃当局就工作人员监测方案达成一致，根据该方案，基金组织将监测经济和财政改革执行情况到2011年底，然后才能决定能否在2012年作出由基金组织提供支助的安排。2011年预算还包括从出售PTK电话公司75%的股份获得的3亿欧元收入，这一收入将是赤字融资的主要来源。基金组织认为，私有化进程可能出现的拖延给2011年预算带来风险。对于这些资金能否全额到位存在的疑虑以及计划修建阿尔巴尼亚至科索沃公路的支出，增加了科索沃预算的财政压力。此外，由于科索沃在2010年12月31日失去欧盟的贸易优惠待遇，来自科索沃的产品在进入欧盟市场时必须缴纳关税。", "28. 5月，科索沃当局开始拟订科索沃现有私有化法律框架的修正案，该法律框架是以前由科索沃特派团制定的。存在这样一些关切：法律草案可能允许科索沃当局动用以及为了预算目的使用委托科索沃信托机构掌管的私有化资金，而这些资金的受益人是业主和债权人。因此，拟议立法将严重削弱对私有化资金的保护，可能使这些资金遭到不当使用。因此，这不仅将带来产权问题，造成私有化资金可能遭到挪用，损害了业主和债权人的利益，而且对于业主和债权人来说，还将带来在保护信托基金方面的信托职责和可能出现的债务问题。拟议立法还考虑对社会所有制企业私有化和清理过程作出修改，并试图尽量减少国际社会对与科索沃信托机构有关事项的参与，这违反了科索沃特派团确立的法律框架。", "六. 安全状况", "29. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃的安全局势总体上保持了相对平静，但影响到少数族裔社区的小规模事件与2010年同期相比有所增加，影响到国际人员和资产的事件也有所增长。", "30. 谋杀案和谋杀未遂案的数量减少了近27%是一个积极的事态发展。武装抢劫案也减少了20%。科索沃警察开展了一系列打击武器走私、贩卖人口、腐败和洗钱的成功行动，这证明其专业水平得到了改善。4月19日，在Kaçanik/Kačanik查获了9枝枪和600发子弹。6月13日，在Shtërpcë/Štrpce附近的另一次行动中缴获了一挺有600发子弹的重机枪和一门有33枚榴弹的迫击炮。", "31. 然而，与前一年同期相比，过去3个月中影响到少数族裔社区的犯罪事件增加了近一倍(截至7月15日共77起，2010年同期为38起)。发生了5起向运送塞族人的大巴投掷石块的案件。尽管其他大多数案例都是不太严重的骚扰、恐吓、殴打和财产损失案，但也有少数严重事件的报道，如7月2日一伙科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族武装分子殴打了3位执勤的科索沃塞族警务人员，以及在米特罗维察发生的一名塞族人被捅伤的事件。", "32. 影响到国际工作人员和资产的事件大多是较轻微的偷盗、盗窃或轻微损坏财产或车辆的罪行，但一些人身攻击、威胁和投掷石块的事件也有报道。其中较值得注意的案例有：6月7日，欧盟驻科法治团的两辆公务车在普里什蒂纳被身份不明的人放火焚毁；6月15日，欧洲联盟委员会的一名国际工作人员被殴打和抢劫。6月6日和21日，挂着欧安组织车牌的两辆车(一辆是一名国际工作人员驾驶的私家车，另一辆是公务车)分别在Pejё/Peć和Gjilan/Gnjilane附近被子弹击中，当时的具体情况不明。", "33. 在报告所述期间，科索沃各地还发生了与各种政治和社会经济问题相关的若干抗议、集会和示威活动，这些活动总体上是和平的。", "34. 犯罪率保持相对稳定。使用或威胁使用武器的暴力罪行总数仍没有减少的迹象，这表明非法武器的扩散仍然是一个严重的不安全因素。因此，在过去3个月期间，共有151起枪击事件与335个没收非法武器和弹药的案件记录在案。", "35. 6月29日，南米特罗维察的科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族市长扬言要移除科索沃特派团目前用作区域办公用房的建筑物周围的混凝土外围防爆墙，声称这是欧洲联盟委员会(欧盟)资助该市实施的市容美化计划的必要组成部分。科索沃特派团在与欧盟驻科法治团、欧盟联络处、双边特派团和普里什蒂纳的政治领导高层交涉之后，才解决这一问题。交涉的所有单位都认为，市政当局拟议采取的行动是非法的。7月7日，科索沃特派团负责官员会见了市长，在对安全需要进行了重新评估后，双方达成了一项谅解，消除了市政当局通过改变地点而移除防爆墙的企图。", "七. 法治", "36. 科索沃特派团继续在法治领域履行某些职责，继续监测各种活动，并在技术层面与科索沃司法部和内政部及塞尔维亚司法部开展合作。科索沃特派团还继续促进塞尔维亚当局、不承认科索沃的国家与科索沃司法部之间进行交流，包括接收和转发司法互助请求。科索沃司法部和塞尔维亚司法部在司法互助领域的僵局依然如故。科索沃特派团继续参与和欧盟驻科法治团等有关各方开展的讨论，以期打破僵局。在本报告所述期间，科索沃特派团转发了塞尔维亚司法部致科索沃司法部的46项回复。", "37. 由于塞尔维亚没有处理过任何直接从科索沃司法部收到的请求，关于科索沃信托机构相关问题的科索沃最高法院特别分庭利用科索沃特派团的斡旋来开展司法互助。科索沃特派团转发了特别分庭要求塞尔维亚提供文件的47项请求。", "38. 科索沃特派团还协助科索沃与国际刑警组织及其成员国进行日常互动，共接收了8项发布国际通缉令的请求，并促成发布了5项刑警组织“红色通缉令”。", "39. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃特派团继续向科索沃居民提供文件核证服务，并应不承认科索沃的国家的请求提供此项服务。这些服务主要包括公民身份、养恤金和学历证书的认证。", "八. 接收社区、回返与和解", "40. 根据联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)的报告，4月至5月期间共有244名少数族裔个人自愿回返，从而使得自1月以来回返的总人数达到492人。在回返的244人当中，约39%是科索沃塞族，34%来自科索沃的罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区，12%是科索沃戈兰尼人，科索沃波什尼亚克族和科索沃阿族则各占5%。2000年1月至2011年5月期间自愿回返的少数族裔总人数为22 630人。", "41. 4月至5月，共为69名流离失所者组织了5次“去看一看”访问，其中大多数人来自黑山和塞尔维亚；此外还在塞尔维亚本土组织了5次“去讲一讲”访问，来自Deçan/Dečani、Kllokot/Klokot、Rahovec/Orahovac 和Lipjan/Lipljan 等市的流离失所者从中受益。", "42. 一些接收社区继续反对流离失所者返回。在Shtime/Štimlje 市，一个科索沃阿族接收社区以战争罪指控为由反对三个阿什卡利族流离失所家庭从前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国返回。在Deçan/Dečani市，13名科索沃塞族流离失所者前往Lloqan/Loćane 村“去看一看”的访问被推迟，因为接收社区反对其中两人访问，声称他们在冲突期间犯下了战争罪。市政当局和其他利益攸关方正在寻求持久的解决办法来处理这些情况，包括在返回前开展对话，并在回返项目中照顾到接收社区的利益。", "43. 难民署还记录了100名少数族裔被强迫回返的案例，其中71人来自科索沃的罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区，11人是科索沃塞族，12人是科索沃波什尼亚克族，4人是科索沃戈兰尼人，2人是科索沃阿族，他们主要来自西欧国家。", "44. 科索沃中央和地方当局都面临着与强迫回返者重返社会相关的社会经济困难。市政当局列举了资金短缺问题和官僚主义障碍，包括他们和内务部之间缺乏协调的问题。为了加速回返进程，启动了若干回返项目，特别是制订了市级回返战略，为科索沃罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区没有土地的流离失所者分配土地，审查流离失所者的房屋建设(重建)援助申请，并启动已停滞的建设项目。", "45. 一些市在为回返者实施发展项目方面取得了重大进展，特别是在少数族裔和民族混居的村庄。Dragash/Dragaš、Istog/Istok、Graçanicë/Gračanica、Lipjan/Lipljan、Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje和Partesh/Parteš等市为少数族裔社区居民实施了资本投资项目，包括基础设施开发，如道路建设或升级、建设污水处理和供水网络、实现电力网络的现代化和兴建新学校等。但是，一些少数族裔社区的成员对所在村庄较差的基础设施状况表示不满，特别是时断时续的供电和供水、破旧的道路和污水处理系统以及就业前景的匮乏等。作为其社区支助努力的一部分，科索沃特派团推动少数族裔社区和科索沃当局之间就许多此类问题进行沟通，并鼓励科索沃当局向少数族裔村寨开展宣传、予以重视。", "46. 4月，科索沃当局在科索沃全境进行了人口和住房普查，仅有伊巴尔河以北地区例外。就在科索沃北部进行普查的问题，科索沃当局与科索沃北部塞族领导人举行了讨论，但双方没有达成一致。据初步统计，在科索沃居住的总人数(不包括北部居民)为1 733 872人。初步统计中没有列入非居民。为各方所接受的最后一次人口普查是在1981年，当时登记的总人数为1 584 440人。这次普查将为综合规划进程提供关键的数据，对于确保正确规划科索沃所有居民的未来发展战略殊为关键。最终数据将于2012年6月公布，但是，倘若没有在科索沃(特别是在科索沃北部)居住的科索沃塞族人口的数据或准确估计，这些数据将是不完整的。", "47. 在科索沃全境举行的复活节庆祝活动和宗教仪式没有发生任何重大事故。塞尔维亚东正教在普里兹伦新近装修的圣乔治大教堂举行了复活节的主要纪念活动，拉什卡-普里兹伦教区的负责人Teodosije主教在这里为100名科索沃塞族教徒举办1999年以来第一次庆祝复活节礼拜仪式。6月28日，在格拉查尼察修道院和Gazimestan举行了圣维特日(Vidovdan)庆祝仪式，塞尔维亚东正教大主教Irinej和近2 000名塞族人参加了仪式。只发生了为数不多的几起事件，包括5名塞族人和警察在Gazimestan发生冲突，米特罗维察南部两辆塞尔维亚巴士被投掷石块。5人参与了与警察的冲突，其中4人来自塞尔维亚，1人来自科索沃，法庭以扰乱社会秩序和安定、煽动种族、民族和宗教仇恨罪判处他们入狱30天。据报道科索沃警察部队与欧盟驻科法治团警察之间在所涉事件上存在分歧，欧盟驻科法治团警察随后接手了这些案件。7月13日，由于缺乏证据，欧盟驻科法治团的一名检察官决定放弃指控。", "九. 文化和宗教遗产", "48. 科索沃特派团继续协助重建实施委员会开展工作，重建2004年3月暴力冲突期间损毁的宗教和文化遗址。在本报告所述期间，仍在几处遗址展开最后的实施阶段，委员会与各方进行磋商，探讨通过重建实施委员会机制进一步开展活动的方式。这一机制仍然是塞尔维亚东正教、普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间就文化遗产问题开展技术互动的唯一平台。", "49. 根据总括谅解备忘录，科索沃特派团还协助联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)开展各类活动。在本报告所述期间，签署了由阿尔巴尼亚政府资助的普里兹伦天主教大教堂重建合同，由希腊和捷克共和国政府捐款资助的普里兹伦Ljeviška圣母教堂壁画的修复工程也已经完成招标工作。", "50. 科索沃特派团与欧盟驻科法治团、科索沃文化、青年与体育部以及驻科部队相互协调，监测塞尔维亚东正教场所提供的安保安排。5月10日，驻科部队将普里兹伦附近的圣Archangels修道院的安保责任移交给科索沃警察。目前仍处于驻科部队保护下的塞尔维亚东正教宗教场所包括Visoki Dečani修道院、Dević 修道院和佩奇教区的修道院。", "51. 尽管在本报告所述期间有一些塞尔维亚宗教场所和东正教墓地遭到损毁，但在地方当局和塞尔维亚东正教之间的沟通方面同样有诸多的正面范例。在Rahovec/Orahovac，经国际社会干预后，市政府和塞尔维亚东正教当局正在寻求和平解决Zoqishtë/Zočište村东正教修道院所属土地遭受侵占的事端，这一事端是在恢复和扩展附近道路之后发生的。关系正在改善的另一个积极迹象是，在挪威驻科索沃大使的推动下，Teodosije主教和Deçan/Dečani市长在6月举行了会晤，双方讨论了开展更紧密合作的前景。", "52. 6月23日，拉什卡/普里兹伦教区报告说，一位市民在普里兹伦历史中心区的圣基里亚克东正教教堂附近实施挖掘，造成该教堂的部分地基裸露。该教区担心，挖掘工作可能会影响到这座有700年历史的教堂的稳固度，并呼吁采取紧急措施维护和保护位于该镇特别保护区内的这一遗址。科索沃警方证实，该教堂的地基受到毁坏，市政督察已经停止在该遗址实施的所有工程。", "十. 人权", "53. 尽管科索沃议会已经启动相关进程，监察员机构的副监察员仍有待任命。监察员在6月向议长提交了一份特别报告，详细介绍了该机构在行使其职权方面仍然面临的困难。报告指出，挑战主要源于政府据称企图通过预算干预措施侵犯该机构的独立性，并指出在这方面，议会通过的监察员法与科索沃特派团条例相比是一种退步。议会人权委员会已着手解决该报告所载的一些建议。", "54. 人权事务高级专员办事处指出，一名男子最近涉嫌谋杀其27岁前妻的案例说明，司法机关仍然未能根据相关法律适当采取保护措施。在本案中，法官没有依照法律规定在15天内采取紧急保护措施。据科索沃警察统计，这是过去12个月中妇女死于家庭暴力的第4起案例。此外，即便对于惯犯，违反保护措施所受的制裁也很宽松。不完全的调查、保护措施执行不力、警方和检方之间缺乏合作以及起诉罪犯不力，加剧了受害者的脆弱性，而让犯罪分子继续逍遥法外。如果执法机构不发出“绝不容忍暴力行为”的强有力讯号，犯罪分子将继续虐待妇女，而不必担心遭到制裁。", "十一. 外部代表与区域合作", "55. 在报告所述期间，科索沃特派团促成科索沃代表参与了不同层次的多次区域会议，包括6月21日在卢森堡举行的欧盟和西巴尔干国家外长会议，以及一些能源共同体会议和其他部门(如运输和航空部门)的会议。", "56. 中欧自由贸易协定(自由贸易协定)2011年轮值主席会议继续举行。在分别于4月和5月19和20日召开自由贸易协定技术性贸易壁垒问题工作组会议和海关与原产地规则小组委员会会议之后，科索沃特派团促成农业小组委员会5月24日在布鲁塞尔举行会议，会议由2011年轮值主席主持。6月30日，自由贸易协定专家和副部长会议在普里什蒂纳举行，除摩尔多瓦共和国和黑山之外的所有中欧自由贸易协定缔约国均出席了会议。但是，科索沃当局决定不出席在萨拉热窝召开的非关税壁垒和技术性贸易壁垒问题小组委员会会议，因为他们对会议的方式持不同意见。", "十二. 意见", "57. 我很高兴向大家报告，在本报告所述期间，贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳之间的对话一直在密集进行，启动三个月后，产生了第一个具体成果。我欢迎在行动自由、民事登记和学历文凭领域达成的协议；我呼吁贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳充分实施这些协议。我仍然坚信，这种对话有可能弥合双方之间的分歧，解决一系列长期存在、影响当地人们生活的问题。", "58. 我注意到，这个过程中双方的接触一直面临一些反对意见。不过，我深信，协议的实施会产生积极影响，会让人们更广泛地了解和理解对话所带来的好处。我还认为，双方在正式对话进程之外的积极接触，如普里什蒂纳高级官员和塞尔维亚谈判代表5月举行的会议，可能会为两国关系的进一步进展铺平道路。", "59. 随着对话进程的推进，联合国仍然致力于支持欧洲联盟的促进作用，并就讨论中的各种问题提供专业知识。我重申，我打算继续把对话进展通知安全理事会，我呼吁安理会成员继续鼓励双方作出真诚努力，应对余下的挑战。我相信，可以就过去几个月讨论的一些问题达成协定，从而为巩固科索沃和该地区的和平、稳定与和解作出重要贡献。", "60. 让我感到鼓舞的是，失踪人员工作组，主要因科索沃内部政局而中断近一年后，恢复开会。各方继续参与并致力于解决这个基本的人道主义问题，是科索沃和该地区和解的至关重要因素。科索沃特派团将继续努力支持普里什蒂纳、贝尔格莱德、欧盟驻科法治团和红十字国际委员会，以解决所有悬而未决的失踪人员案件。", "61. 自愿返回的人数仍然低得令人失望，尽管中央和地方当局努力为援助重建提供更多的资金，并为境内流离失所者分配市政土地。我希望找到解决方案，解决长期存在的接受社区和回返者之间的紧张局势，加倍努力，确保所有回返者社区成功地重新融入社会。", "62. 在科索沃北部，局势日益紧张，仍然引起人们关注。在这方面，我将继续坚定地强调指出，有关科索沃北部的敏感问题，只能通过和平手段，在实地所有社区协商的基础上解决，而不是通过单方面行动解决。我敦促所有各方不要采取可能破坏对话取得的进展并可能引起紧张局势升级的行动，要共同努力，避免局势进一步恶化。", "63. 令人遗憾的是，这一时期再度出现早期当地市政当局对科索沃特派团米特罗维察办事处房舍发出的不可接受的威胁。我呼吁米特罗维察当局和普里什蒂纳政治领导人表现出充分的尊重并提供保证，今后将明确承认和遵守科索沃特派团在科索沃全境房舍的不可侵犯性。我还关切注意到，越来越多的事件影响到国际人员和资产。", "64. 我感谢兰贝托·赞尼尔在过去3年，坚定致力于联合国各项原则，领导科索沃特派团，7月1日，他作为我的特别代表和科索沃特派团团长结束了任期。我深深感谢他成功管理了特派团在具有挑战性的政治环境中的转型，感谢他不懈努力，推动科索沃和该地区的和平与稳定。我还要赞扬科索沃特派团工作人员，赞扬他们努力工作，致力于联合国的目标。", "65. 最后，我感谢联合国在科索沃的长期合作伙伴——欧盟，北约和欧安组织——以及联合国各机构、基金和方案，感谢他们的持续支持和与科索沃特派团的合作。", "附件一", "欧洲联盟外交和安全政策高级代表给秘书长关于欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团活动的报告", "(2011年4月16日至7月15日)", "1. 摘要", "2011年7月21日", "欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟驻科法治团)继续执行任务，监测、指导科索沃机构并提供咨询。特派团提供援助和支持，以巩固和改革法制机构，同时为几项长期司法和警察改革提供投入。欧盟驻科法治团在必要时利用其行政职能，协助科索沃北部警方执行行动，协助要案调查，开展警察业务，起诉涉及战争罪、腐败和有组织犯罪案件。特派团继续关注科索沃北部，在该地区派驻更多特派团工作人员，同时努力化解当地社区之间的持续紧张。特派团还在普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德对话中发挥积极作用，协助协议的技术方面，把民事登记记录副本送还科索沃。", "2010年12月，欧洲理事会特别报告员、参议员迪克·马蒂的报告“调查科索沃非法贩卖人体器官和不人道待遇的指控”公布之后，欧盟驻科法治团负责该案，通过部分设在布鲁塞尔的特别工作组，继续推进初步调查。", "2． 2011年4月至7月欧盟驻科法治团的活动", "概况", "欧盟驻科法治团目前由2 824名工作人员(1 637名国际工作人员，1 187名当地工作人员)组成。其主要职能仍是监测、指导和提供咨询，协助科索沃机构，也构成其日常工作的大部分，虽然特派团的行政职能得到定期运用，并吸引更多的关注。", "欧盟驻科法治团向科索沃几个行动和管理级别进程提供监测、指导和咨询，包括6月份，驻科部队向科索沃警察部队移交/接管前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国接壤边界的第三和最后阶段，5月10日，把普里兹伦圣天使修道院寺安全责任移交科索沃警察。特派团还与科索沃海关密切合作，取代过时的数据处理系统，换成符合欧盟标准的海关数据自动化集成系统，并与科索沃警察一道引入欧盟兼容的边境管理系统。这两个系统应能改善科索沃的能力，有效控制边界/边境管制站，监测人员、货物和车辆的进出。欧盟驻科法治团还支助科索沃法治机构的巩固发展，如科索沃司法委员会和科索沃检察委员会，帮助这些新兴机构设立委员会成员和法官的招聘和选择内部程序，提高透明度，并筹备执行科索沃法院法，深化改革科索沃法院结构和司法管辖区——这是未来三年司法委员会的主要任务。欧盟驻科法治团还密切协助科索沃当局建立妥善的证人保护方案，这是科索沃司法部门未来运作的另一项关键改革。欧盟驻科法治团为科索沃全面执行独立的证人保护方案，直到这些结构可以自立。", "欧盟驻科法治团支持普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德继续对话，协助商议交还1998-1999年冲突中从科索沃拿走的民事登记记录副本，主持关于此事的联合委员会，并作为中间人，证明和分享记录文件。", "在整个春季和夏季，欧盟驻科法治团在科索沃全境开展反毒品媒体运动，与科索沃警察协调，作为一项公共信息和社会治安努力。", "战争罪", "欧盟驻科法治团继续涉及战争罪的一些调查和起诉，其中包括几个要案犯罪嫌疑人的审判。所谓的“Geci”审判自3月开始，由米特罗维察区法院指导，在整个春天和夏天继续听取证词，预计七月底判决。对被告Shait Geci和Riza Alija的审判，指控其在科索沃解放军在阿尔巴尼亚的军事营地于1999年科索沃冲突中对平民犯下战争罪，因欧盟驻科法治团证人安全部门提供匿名视频链接，获益良多。视频链接使得人们可以不透露身份作证，让检察机关获取关键证词。审判很突出，因为，特派团成功地确立了对Geci一案的司法管辖权适用于在阿尔巴尼亚境内犯下的罪行，这一安排适用于在参议员迪克·马蒂报告基础上正在进行的调查(见下文)。针对Fahredin Gashi和HysniRama的“Bllaca”战争罪行审判，也继续在普里什蒂纳地区法院进行，一审得自于合作证人Nazim Bllaca的证言。", "有关前部长法特米尔·利马伊的案件调查也在继续，3月16日，在科索沃和瑞士逮捕了9人，指控其犯有战争罪。调查是在科索沃特别检察官办公室检察官监督下进行，因为有理由怀疑1999年，对科索沃居留中心的科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族和塞族平民和战俘施行屠杀、酷刑和其他罪行。被捕人士自3月以来，一直延期羁押；最近，6月20日，科索沃和欧盟驻科法治团法官小组驳回5名被告的无理上诉，确认预审法官的决定，进一步延长其拘留一个月。利马伊具有科索沃议会议员身份，可免于逮捕，这一问题仍需澄清，特派团力求通过各种法律和政治途径，得到关于问题的澄清；不过，即使作为国会议员，利马伊就指控所犯罪行也不享受免予起诉的特权。", "7月20日，政府采取措施，澄清豁免权问题，决定请宪法法院解释总统，总理、部长和科索沃议会议员的豁免权。", "调查继续进行，此前，4月，逮捕(由科索沃警察和欧盟驻科法治团实施)了独立自由党高级官员Zoran Kolic，指控其在1999年犯有战争罪。5月，欧盟驻科法治团地方法官小组延长对他的拘留。", "腐败", "欧盟驻科法治团继续与科索沃检察官紧密合作，查明、优先处理和起诉各级政府的腐败要案。6月15日，科索沃警察和欧盟驻科法治团联合警察队伍进行了搜查，没收了各种材料，作为调查社区和返回部及所谓普里什蒂纳“Fimex”公司案工作的一部分。搜索还包括两个私人住宅，当时是调查从2007年到2009年间发行投标书方面的腐败。案件中指控挪用公款、行贿和受贿。6月23日，欧盟驻科法治团搜索格拉查尼察市地籍办公室，包括办公室负责人和主任办公室。搜索是为了调查2010年涉嫌滥用职权，欺诈登记私有化的前社会企业所有权一案。同时，继续调查与科索沃中央银行前行长有关的4名被告的腐败案件，继续采访证人。", "5月23日，欧盟驻科法治团法官和地方法官在普里什蒂纳地方法院组成法官小组，裁定普里什蒂纳信贷银行违规行为案中8人犯有贪污罪，宣判缓刑至5年有期徒刑不等。6月8日，特别检察院提交起诉书，在调查科索沃电信局与一家私人公司Dardafon之间的“移动虚拟网络运营商”协议案件中起诉五名被告。同一天，在调查科索沃4家烟草公司2008年12月大量进口烟草案中，特别检察院控告两名被告。", "作为继续支持科索沃机构，提供有效监测、指导和咨询的一部分，欧盟驻科法治团为法治团和科索沃法官，检察官和调查人员就没收犯罪资产问题于6月28日开始12个月的培训和研讨会。该方案旨在利用现行法律所产生的没收权力，作为标准工具，打击有组织犯罪和腐败。也将为该领域实施新立法做准备。", "有组织犯罪", "6月10日，来自科索沃特别检察院的欧盟驻科法治团检察官起诉Midicus案件中的两个人。普里什蒂纳地区法院发出逮捕令，这两个嫌疑人列上国际刑警组织的通缉告示。两名被告之外，还有欧盟驻科法治团和地方法官小组4月起诉的另外七个被告。这九名被告面临贩卖器官和人口、有组织犯罪、非法行医和滥用职权的指控。案件是2008年11月科索沃和科索沃特派团警察人员启动的。", "6月17日，Tisa River案中7个被告受到有组织犯罪和偷运移民的指控，分别被判处2年至19年不等刑期，共65年刑期。案件暴露了一个有组织的犯罪集团向欧洲联盟和其他欧洲国家非法移民，大量非法营利。该集团的活动导致2009年10月15名移民死亡。", "春季和夏季，开展几次警察行动，打击有组织犯罪。5月4日，搜查了Pejë涉嫌贩毒的几栋房子，其中，欧盟驻科法治团警察拘捕一名男子，因其涉嫌国际海洛因贩运。此次行动获得欧盟驻科法治团普里什蒂纳地方法院一名预审法官授权，得到欧盟驻科法治团检察官监督。被捕人士涉嫌在2008-09年贩卖毒品进出科索沃，运往欧洲各国；逮捕他是调查有组织犯罪的广泛调查的一部分。5月17日，欧盟驻科法治团在祖宾波托克和米特罗维察北部之间地带，拘捕一名男子，其涉嫌参与有组织犯罪。当时，特别检察院正在调查有组织犯罪和洗钱活动，之前2月，欧盟驻科法治团在祖宾波托克开展一次执法行动。逮捕后，该地区每天设置路障，支持被捕人。", "欧盟驻科法治团专责小组", "自从欧洲委员会特别报告员、参议员迪克·马蒂的报告在2010年12月公布后，欧盟驻科法治团接过此案，继续推进初步调查，成立了专责小组，由专门分配给此案的检察官负责此案。这个过程的规划目前已进入后期阶段，面试征聘了专责小组成员，小组在布鲁塞尔的安全设施和设备已购置。欧盟驻科法治团小组将设在布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳，由最近招聘过程中选择的欧盟驻科法治团人员组成，永久分配给该案的调查，并在部署后立即进行调查。调查过程中，欧盟驻科法治团继续与地区利益相关者和各方保持接触。", "与地拉那司法当局的合作，特别导致重罪法庭于2011年5月27日裁决准许欧盟驻科法治团检察官就此提出的国际援助的请求，为在阿尔巴尼亚开展具体调查铺平了道路。在这些司法努力的同时，特派团还加强其证人安全方案，特别是联系欧洲刑警组织，改善移居国外的前景，并增加移居资金。", "经特派团团长哈维尔·布特·德马尔纳克批准", "附件二", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团警察部分的组成和人数(截至2011年7月15日))", "国家 人数", "德国 1", "加纳 1", "意大利 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "俄罗斯联邦 1", "巴基斯坦 1", "乌克兰 1", "共计 7", "附件三", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团军事联络部分的组成和人数(截至2011年7月15日)", "国家 人数", "捷克共和国 1", "丹麦 1", "挪威 1", "波兰 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "西班牙 1", "乌克兰 2", "共计 8" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "I. Introduction and Mission priorities", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1244 (1999), by which the Council decided to establish the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and requested that I report at regular intervals on the implementation of its mandate. It covers the activities of UNMIK, and developments related thereto, from 16 April to 15 July 2011.", "2. The Mission’s priorities remain unchanged: to promote security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo and in the region. UNMIK continues to further these goals by engaging with Pristina and Belgrade, the communities in Kosovo, and regional and international actors. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Kosovo Force (KFOR) have continued to perform their important roles within the framework of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In line with the Security Council presidential statement of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) and my report of 24 November 2008 (S/2008/692), the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) is operating under the overall authority and within the status-neutral framework of the United Nations. OSCE, KFOR and EULEX have continued to cooperate and coordinate with UNMIK. The United Nations agencies, funds and programmes also continue to work closely with UNMIK.", "II. Political situation", "3. Having overcome a series of political crises, the Kosovo authorities have focused their attention on consolidating themselves and ensuring institutional stability. The leaders of the two main ruling Kosovo Albanian parties, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) and the New Kosovo Alliance (AKR), agreed on modalities for redistributing ministerial posts. The Prime Minister, Hashim Thaçi (PDK), appointed former President Behgjet Pacolli (AKR) as the Principal Deputy Prime Minister, a newly created post, and a member of AKR to head the newly created Ministry for the Diaspora. At present, the Government has six deputy prime ministers and 19 ministers, of whom three are also deputy prime ministers. The current deputy ministers include three Serbs and eight from other communities.", "4. Early in May, the ad hoc Assembly Committee on the reform of the electoral law, composed of representatives from all Assembly caucuses, commenced its work. Electoral system reform was part of the compromise agreement between the PDK-led government and the main opposition party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), which ended the political crisis early in the year. The Assembly Committee is preparing a proposal introducing multiple electoral districts and a majority system for the legislative elections. Once the Committee reaches agreement on the changes, a two-thirds majority of the Assembly is required for adoption.", "5. During the reporting period, the Kosovo authorities increased their efforts to establish a close engagement with the European Union and enjoy visibility at the international level. In this context, they received visits from the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, and the European Union High Representative for Security and Foreign Policy, Catherine Ashton. During her visit, the High Representative emphasized the importance of the ongoing dialogue with Belgrade and urged the parties to show flexibility and creativity in order to secure tangible results. The Prime Minister went to Brussels shortly after the fifth round of the dialogue, and discussed the European Union perspective for Kosovo with the High Representative. Since her inauguration on 7 April, the President, Atifete Jahjaga, has focused her activities on participating in multilateral forums. Among other meetings, she attended the summit of Central European leaders in Warsaw, and the celebrations in Rome for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy. The host countries did not invite UNMIK to these events. The President of Serbia, Boris Tadić, although invited, did not attend, citing the policy of the Government of Serbia not to attend gatherings where the participation of Kosovo is not facilitated by the United Nations.", "6. The Kosovo authorities have reiterated their willingness to cooperate with an investigation into the allegations contained in the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe on trafficking in human organs, Dick Marty, and welcomed the creation of a EULEX Task Force to conduct the investigation. EULEX has confirmed that the Task Force will be operational later in 2011, when the ongoing recruitment of all its staff members will be finalized. The Task Force will be composed of two international prosecutors and several international investigators specializing in war crimes investigations. The Task Force, which will exercise its functions under the administrative authority of the head of the EULEX justice component, will be located in Brussels and Pristina. While Serbia has acknowledged the efforts of EULEX in this regard, Belgrade has remained firm in its view that there should be an independent body established by the Security Council, with investigative powers in Albania and beyond, to lead the investigation.", "7. During the reporting period, some Serbian government officials, including the Principal Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, Ivica Dačić, suggested that “territorial adjustments” might be brought to the table in order to reach a final settlement for Kosovo. The suggestion resulted in sharp retorts from Pristina and Washington. The Kosovo authorities argued that the only way to resolve ethnic problems in Kosovo, and in the Western Balkans, was through full implementation of the Ahtisaari plan and European integration. Kosovo Serb political groups also opposed the idea of territorial adjustments, regardless of whether they live north or south of the Ibër/Ibar River and regardless of their orientation towards Belgrade or Pristina. Those living south of the Ibër/Ibar River fear that territorial adjustments would leave them unprotected in Kosovo, while the northern Kosovo Serbs argue that they are against the Serbian national interest and prohibited by the Serbian Constitution, as they imply recognition of Kosovo’s independence. In contrast, the head of the Kosovo Albanian opposition group Vetëvendosje, Albin Kurti, pledged to work towards the union of Kosovo with Albania.", "8. On 12 May, the head of the Belgrade delegation in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, travelled to Pristina and met with the Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Minister, Hajredin Kuçi; the head of the Pristina delegation in the dialogue, the Deputy Prime Minister, Edita Tahiri; the United States Ambassador; and the interim European Union Special Representative. The visit sparked protests by some 200 supporters of Vetëvendosje, which turned violent and resulted in injuries to several people, including police officers, and damage to some vehicles. The Kosovo authorities condemned the protests.", "9. During the reporting period one State Member of the United Nations, Andorra, recognized Kosovo, bringing the total number of recognizing States to 76.", "III. Engagement between Pristina and Belgrade and practical arrangements", "10. During the reporting period, the process of dialogue welcomed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/298 and facilitated by the European Union continued: the fourth and fifth rounds of meetings were held in Brussels on 17 and 18 May and on 2 July. The Political Director of the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Borislav Stefanović, and the Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Edita Tahiri, continued to lead their respective delegations in the talks.", "11. Between the plenary sessions, the frequency of preparatory meetings, technical working groups and bilateral and trilateral contacts between the European Union dialogue facilitation team and the parties to the dialogue was markedly increased.", "12. The fourth round of discussions focused on civil registry, cadastre records, freedom of movement, telecommunications and energy issues. The fifth meeting brought concrete results to the dialogue. Agreement was reached in three areas which will improve the life of ordinary people. On civil registry, the parties agreed that a joint committee chaired by EULEX, established as a result of talks at previous dialogue meetings, will continue identifying gaps in missing civil registry books. EULEX will certify copies of all original civil registry books with a view to establishing a comprehensive civil registry in Kosovo. As part of the agreement, EULEX will provide specific civil registration information from Kosovo upon request. This would allow greater legal certainty for people living in Kosovo and it would facilitate the resolution of related issues in court.", "13. The agreement on freedom of movement, which both sides agreed should be implemented as soon as possible, will enable people to cross the administrative boundary line using their identity cards or driving licences. It includes other provisions that would allow cross-boundary travel by car, the details of which have to be worked out.", "14. The parties also agreed in principle on the acceptance of university and school diplomas. This is expected to be implemented through the certification by a mutually agreed international body or a third-party academic institution. The parties plan to elaborate the details at the next dialogue meeting.", "15. It is expected that the agreements reached at the fifth meeting, presented in the form of conclusions by the European Union Chair, will be put into practice as soon as operationally feasible. The firm commitment of both parties to make the agreements work will materialize in the establishment of tripartite joint working groups chaired by the European Union to ensure that implementation is carried out as efficiently as possible. UNMIK has continued its contribution to the dialogue, including its assistance to the meetings and providing information from its experience in Kosovo, such as on civil registry, freedom of movement, acceptance of diplomas and free movement of goods.", "16. The Kosovo opposition parties Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), LDK and Vetëvendosje, as well as civil society organizations, have demanded that the agreements reached be presented and discussed in the Assembly of Kosovo and have criticized the Kosovo authorities for lack of transparency on the issue. Most adamant in this regard was Vetëvendosje, which opposes the dialogue. The President of the Assembly, Jakup Krasniqi (PDK), has made several public statements alleging that neither he nor the Assembly have been adequately briefed about the substance of the dialogue.", "17. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders generally voiced disapproval of the dialogue, stating that it was against the interests of Kosovo Serbs and constituted a step towards Serbia recognizing Kosovo as an independent State. Kosovo Serb leaders south of the Ibër/Ibar River were more positive about the dialogue as a tool to help to ease their day-to-day problems. The largest Kosovo Serb party participating in the Kosovo institutions, the Independent Liberal Party, repeatedly expressed frustration over its perceived exclusion from the process by both Belgrade and Pristina.", "18. The Government of Serbia promoted the mutual benefits of the agreements, while stressing that they did not prejudice the future status of Kosovo. The Serbian opposition parties have criticized the main ruling party in Serbia, the Democratic Party, for agreeing to the dialogue conclusions, with the notable exception of the smaller opposition Liberal Democratic Party, which welcomed the conclusions. Yet, while the opposition Democratic Party of Serbia, New Serbia and the Serbian Radical Party denounced the development, the largest opposition party, the Serbian Progressive Party, projected a milder tone, noting that the dialogue must continue, but that its conclusions must not lead to the recognition of Kosovo by Serbia.", "19. Complementing the support provided to the formal dialogue process, my Special Representative and my Representative in Belgrade have continued to hold regular meetings with the Serbian leadership, and contacts between my Special Representative and the Kosovo authorities have intensified. UNMIK staff continued to liaise regularly with the Kosovo authorities at the working level.", "20. During the reporting period, exhumation efforts were resumed at Zhilivodë/ Žilivoda by the Kosovo Security Force and EULEX. On 15 July 2011, the Pristina-Belgrade Working Group on Missing Persons, chaired by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), held its first meeting after a hiatus of nearly one year, largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The parties reiterated their intention to fulfil the commitments undertaken and to continue their interaction within the framework of the Working Group. Eleven missing persons were identified and their remains returned to their families. According to ICRC, 1,809 persons remain missing.", "IV. Northern Kosovo", "21. The overall security situation in northern Kosovo remained relatively calm, but tensions increased towards the end of the reporting period. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders raised concerns with regard to decisions of the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to expand its operations into Kosovo Serb-majority northern municipalities, through the activities of the Regional Operational Support Units and Regional Traffic Units. Tensions rose when the Operational Support Units commenced daily patrols in multi-ethnic areas of northern Kosovo, as part of Pristina’s efforts to assert authority there.", "22. In the middle of May, a decision by the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to rotate the Kosovo police northern station and gate commanders also heightened tensions in northern Kosovo. Initially, all six northern Kosovo Serb commanders refused to implement the rotation order and were suspended from office. While two of the commanders later agreed to the rotation, one was prevented from assuming his new post by a roadblock. After an investigation by the Kosovo Police Professional Standards Unit, early in July the Kosovo police Director endorsed a decision to terminate the employment contracts of the four Kosovo Serb commanders who did not comply with the rotation order. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders denounced the decision and expressed the position that any rotation plans should have been based on consultations with them. Kosovo Serb police officers and administrative staff in the northern stations have held random work stoppages in support of the reinstatement of the dismissed commanders. In June, the Belgrade-sponsored municipal assemblies in Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/ Leposavić and northern Mitrovica held a joint session at which they rejected the rotation plans and blamed KFOR, EULEX and the Kosovo authorities for trying to pressure northern Kosovo Serbs to accept the authority of Pristina. By 15 July, the four dismissed northern commanders had signed their termination letters. The termination decision can be appealed by 20 July.", "23. Following the detention in May of a Serb resident of Zubin Potok by EULEX, on suspicion of various criminal activities, including organized crime, smuggling, and fraudulent evasion of import duty and excise tax, members of the local business community denounced the detention as intimidation and an attempt to impose the payment of taxes and Customs duties to the Kosovo authorities, which they do not recognize. As a result, the local business association organized daily roadblocks in Zubin Potok and sporadic roadblocks in northern Mitrovica, Leposaviq/Leposavić and Zveçan/Zvečan, which continued for almost one month. While the actions were initially staged in support of the detainee, subsequently they were also in opposition to the rotation of the northern police station commanders. These developments further strained the relationship between northern Kosovo Serbs and EULEX.", "24. In response to allegations by some northern Kosovo Serb local leaders and inhabitants that their interests were not being adequately reflected by the Serbian delegation in the dialogue, the head of Belgrade’s negotiating team in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, visited on 2 June Zveçan/Zvečan and Zubin Potok and met with local officials to reassure them that their interests would be taken into account in the talks.", "25. In May, the UNMIK Advisory Board in Mitrovica was expanded and its procedures streamlined to make it a more efficient body and to better reflect the existing local political situation in northern Mitrovica. Following a series of UNMIK consultations with all stakeholders, to identify suitable candidates and maintain an ethnic balance reflecting the local population, 15 members were appointed to the Advisory Board, including two Kosovo Albanians and one Kosovo Bosniak.", "26. On 16 June, the Kosovo Customs authorities blocked a shipment of lorries loaded with zinc ore concentrates destined for export by the northern and southern components of the Trepça Enterprise, on the basis of a letter from the Kosovo Privatization Agency to the effect that it had not authorized such exports. Later, the authorities released the Trepça/south shipment for export, whereas all 22 lorries coming from Trepça/north were refused passage. The Trepça/north export had been authorized by UNMIK on the basis of legislation promulgated under resolution 1244 (1999). The northern part of the Trepça Enterprise derives almost all income from these mineral concentrate exports, which is essential for the economy in the north, as it pays suppliers and all Trepça/north employees.", "V. Economic situation", "27. On 1 June, an International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission on the Article IV consultations with Kosovo announced the interruption of the 18-month standby arrangement with Kosovo. IMF concluded that elements of the Kosovo government’s 2011 budget, in particular the large increase in the wage bill, deviated from the commitments under the arrangement. As a result, Kosovo will not be able to access the IMF funds to be disbursed under the standby arrangement in 2011. In addition, a considerable amount of European Union and World Bank funds will not materialize, as these are linked to clear assurances on a sound macro-economic framework. IMF staff have agreed with the Kosovo authorities on a staff monitoring programme, under which the Fund would monitor the implementation of economic and financial reforms until the end of 2011, before deciding on a possible IMF-supported arrangement in 2012. The 2011 budget also includes income of €300 million from the forecast sale of 75 per cent of the shares of the telephone company PTK, expected to be the main source of deficit financing. According to IMF, a possible delay in the privatization process is a risk for the 2011 budget. Doubts about whether these funds will be made available in full, as well as the planned expenditure for the construction of the highway traversing Kosovo from Albania, place additional financial pressure on the Kosovo budget. In addition, since Kosovo lost preferential trade treatment by the European Union on 31 December 2010, products originating from Kosovo are subject to Customs duties upon entering into the European Union market.", "28. In May, the Kosovo authorities started preparing amendments to the existing privatization legal framework in Kosovo previously established by UNMIK. There are some concerns that the draft legislation may permit the Kosovo authorities to have access to, and use for budgetary purposes, privatization funds that are held in trust by the Kosovo Trust Agency for the benefit of owners and creditors. The proposed legislation would severely weaken the protection of privatization funds and expose the funds to the possibility of improper use. It therefore raises both property rights issues, in terms of the possible expropriation of privatization funds to the detriment of owners and creditors, and duty of care and potential liability issues, vis-à-vis owners and creditors, to protect the trust funds. The proposed legislation also contemplates changes to the privatization and liquidation process of socially owned enterprises and seeks to minimize international involvement in Kosovo Trust Agency-related matters, contrary to the legal framework established by UNMIK.", "VI. Security", "29. During the period under review, the overall security situation in Kosovo remained relatively calm, although low-level incidents affecting minority communities increased compared to the same period in 2010, as did the number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.", "30. One positive development was a nearly 27 per cent decrease in the number of murders and attempted murders. There was also a 20 per cent reduction in the number of armed robberies. Kosovo police demonstrated improved professionalism by conducting a number of successful operations against arms smuggling, trafficking of human beings, corruption and money-laundering. On 19 April, nine firearms and 600 rounds of ammunition were seized in Kaçanik/Kačanik. On 13 June, a heavy machine gun with 600 rounds of ammunition and a mortar with 33 grenades were seized in another operation near Shtërpcë/Štrpce.", "31. However, criminal incidents affecting minority communities nearly doubled during the past three months compared to the same period the previous year (77 cases as at 15 July, compared to 38 in 2010). There were five instances of buses transporting ethnic Serbs being stoned. Although most other cases consisted of low-level harassment, intimidation, assault and damage to property, a few serious incidents were also reported, such as an assault on three Kosovo Serb police officers on duty by a group of Kosovo Albanian armed men on 2 July and the stabbing of a Serb in Mitrovica.", "32. Most of the incidents affecting international personnel and assets were low-profile thefts, burglaries or minor damage to property or vehicles, but several physical assaults, threats and stoning incidents were also reported. Notably, on 7 June in Pristina, two EULEX official vehicles were set on fire by unknown individuals, while an international staff member of the European Commission was assaulted and robbed on 15 June. On 6 and 21 June, two vehicles with OSCE registration plates, one a private car driven by an international staff member, the other an official vehicle, were hit by bullets under unclear circumstances near Pejё/Peć and Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectively.", "33. During the reporting period there were also a number of protests, rallies and demonstrations across Kosovo over various political and socio-economic issues, which were generally peaceful.", "34. The crime rate remained relatively constant. The overall number of violent crimes committed with the use or under the threat of weapons remained high, with no sign of decrease, indicating that the proliferation of illegal weapons continued to be a serious factor of insecurity. A total of 151 shooting incidents and 335 cases of confiscation of illegal weapons and ammunition were registered during the past three months.", "35. On 29 June, the Kosovo Albanian Mayor in southern Mitrovica threatened to remove the external concrete blast walls that surround the building currently used by UNMIK as its regional premises, claiming that this is necessary as part of the municipality’s urban beautification plan, funded by the European Commission. The issue was resolved only after a series of UNMIK interventions with EULEX, the European Commission Liaison Office, bilateral missions, and senior political leadership in Pristina, all of whom understood the illegality of the proposed action. The Officer in Charge of UNMIK met with the Mayor on 7 July and, after a fresh assessment of the security requirements, reached an understanding which obviated the municipality’s intention to remove the blast walls, by changing their location.", "VII. Rule of law", "36. UNMIK continued to exercise certain responsibilities in the area of the rule of law, to monitor activities and to cooperate at the technical level with the Kosovo Ministries of Justice and Internal Affairs, and the Serbian Ministry of Justice. UNMIK also continued to facilitate communication between the Serbian authorities and non-recognizing States and the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, including receiving and forwarding requests for mutual legal assistance. The impasse between the Kosovo Ministry of Justice and the Serbian Ministry of Justice on mutual legal assistance persisted. UNMIK remains engaged in discussions to address the situation, including with EULEX. During the reporting period, UNMIK forwarded 46 responses from the Serbian Ministry to the Kosovo Ministry.", "37. As Serbia had not processed any requests received directly from the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court on Kosovo Trust Agency-Related Matters used UNMIK good offices to carry out mutual legal assistance: UNMIK forwarded 47 requests for service of documents to Serbia from the Special Chamber.", "38. UNMIK also facilitated the interaction of Kosovo with INTERPOL and its member States on a daily basis, receiving eight requests for issuance of international wanted notices and facilitating the issuance of five INTERPOL red notices.", "39. During the reporting period, UNMIK continued to provide document-certification services, both to Kosovo residents and at the request of non-recognizing States. Those services included primarily the certification of civil status, pension and academic documents.", "VIII. Communities, returns and reconciliation", "40. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported 244 individual voluntary minority returns in April and May, bringing the total of such returns since January to 492 persons. Of the 244 returnees, approximately 39 per cent were Kosovo Serbs, 34 per cent were from the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, and 12 per cent were Kosovo Goranis, while Kosovo Bosniaks and Kosovo Albanians each accounted for 5 per cent. The total number of minority voluntary returns from January 2000 to May 2011 is 22,630.", "41. In April and May, five “go-and-see” visits were organized for 69 displaced persons, mostly from Montenegro and Serbia, as well as five “go-and-inform” visits in Serbia proper, for the benefit of more than 139 displaced persons from the Deçan/ Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac and Lipjan/Lipljan municipalities.", "42. Some receiving communities continue to oppose the return of displaced persons. In Shtime/Štimlje municipality, a Kosovo Albanian receiving community had objected to the return of three Kosovo Ashkali displaced families from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the basis of war crime allegations. In Deçan/Dečani, a “go-and-see” visit to Lloqan/Loćane village for 13 displaced Kosovo Serbs was postponed when the receiving community objected to the visit of two of them, alleging that they had committed war crimes during the conflict. Municipal authorities and other stakeholders are seeking durable solutions to deal with these situations, including pre-return dialogue and inclusion of benefits for the receiving communities in returns projects.", "43. UNHCR also recorded the forced return, mainly from Western European countries, of 100 persons from minority communities: 71 members of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, 11 Kosovo Serbs, 12 Kosovo Bosniaks, 4 Kosovo Goranis and 2 Kosovo Albanians.", "44. Kosovo central and local authorities are grappling with the socio-economic difficulties associated with the reintegration of forced returnees. Municipal authorities have cited lack of funding and bureaucratic hurdles, including lack of coordination between them and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In a bid to advance the returns process, several returns projects were initiated, notably the development of the Municipal Returns Strategy, allocation of land for landless displaced persons of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, review of applications from displaced persons for assistance with housing construction/reconstruction, and commencement of stalled construction projects.", "45. Several municipalities made significant progress in implementing development projects for returnees, especially in minority and ethnically mixed villages. Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/ Kosovo Polje and Partesh/Parteš are among the municipalities that embarked on capital investment projects for minority community residents, including infrastructure development such as construction or upgrading of roads, construction of sewage and water supply networks, modernizing the electricity network and building new schools. Nevertheless, some members of minority communities have expressed dissatisfaction with the poor state of infrastructure in their villages, in particular with the irregular electricity and water supply, dilapidated roads and sewage systems, as well as the lack of employment prospects. As part of its support to communities, UNMIK facilitated communication between minority communities and the Kosovo authorities on a number of these issues, encouraging outreach and attention by Kosovo authorities to minority villages.", "46. In April, the Kosovo authorities conducted a population and housing census throughout Kosovo, with the exception of the area north of the Ibër/Ibar River. Discussions were held with northern Kosovo Serb leaders about conducting the census in northern Kosovo, but no agreement has been reached. According to the preliminary figures, the total population residing in Kosovo, excluding the inhabitants in the north, amounts to 1,733,872 inhabitants. Non-residents were not included in the preliminary results. In the 1981 census, which is the last that was accepted by all sides, 1,584,440 residents were registered. The census will provide critical data for integrated planning processes and is crucial for ensuring proper planning of future development strategies for all Kosovo residents. Final data are due to be published in June 2012, but without data or accurate estimates of the number of Kosovo Serbs resident in Kosovo, particularly in northern Kosovo, they will be incomplete.", "47. Easter celebrations and religious services were held throughout Kosovo without major incidents. The Serbian Orthodox Church held its main Easter commemoration in the recently renovated cathedral of St. George in Prizren, where the head of the diocese of Raška-Prizren, Bishop Teodosije, celebrated the first Easter liturgy since 1999 before a congregation of some 100 Kosovo Serbs. On 28 June, St. Vitus’ Day (Vidovdan) was celebrated in Gračanica Monastery and at Gazimestan, with the participation of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Irinej and nearly 2,000 Serb participants. There were only a few incidents, including a clash between five Serbs and police at Gazimestan and the stoning of two Serbian buses in southern Mitrovica. The five individuals involved in the clash with the police, four of whom were from Serbia proper and one from Kosovo, were sentenced to 30 days in jail for disturbing public peace and order and inciting racial, ethnic and religious hatred. Following discrepancies regarding the events in question as reported by the Kosovo police, on the one hand, and EULEX police, on the other, the latter took over the cases and on 13 July a EULEX prosecutor dropped the charges for lack of evidence.", "IX. Cultural and religious heritage", "48. UNMIK continued to facilitate the work of the Reconstruction Implementation Commission on the reconstruction of cultural and religious heritage sites damaged or destroyed during the violence of March 2004. During the reporting period, the final stage of implementation continued at several sites, and the Commission held consultations with all parties to explore modalities for further activities through the mechanism of the Commission, which remains the only platform for technical interaction on cultural heritage among the Serbian Orthodox Church, Pristina and Belgrade.", "49. UNMIK also facilitated the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Kosovo, based on the umbrella memorandum of understanding. During the reporting period, the contract for the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Prizren, funded by the Government of Albania, was signed, and the tender for the restoration of wall paintings in the Church of the Holy Virgin Ljeviška in Prizren, funded by donations from the Governments of Greece and the Czech Republic, was completed.", "50. UNMIK monitored the security arrangements provided for Serbian Orthodox sites in coordination with EULEX, the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports and KFOR. On 10 May, KFOR transferred security responsibilities for the Holy Archangels Monastery, near Prizren, to the Kosovo police. The patrimonial sites of the Serbian Orthodox Church now remaining under KFOR protection are the Visoki Dečani and Dević monasteries and the monastery of the Peć Patriarchate.", "51. While some Serbian religious sites and Orthodox graveyards were damaged during the reporting period, there were also positive examples of communication between local authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Rahovec/Orahovac, after international intervention, the municipal and Serbian Orthodox Church authorities are seeking a peaceful settlement to the encroachment of land belonging to the Orthodox Monastery in Zoqishtë/Zočište village, which occurred as a result of the rehabilitation and extension of the adjacent road. Another positive sign of improving relations was the meeting in June between Bishop Teodosije and the Mayor of Deçan/Dečani, facilitated by the Norwegian Ambassador to Kosovo, at which prospects for closer cooperation were discussed.", "52. On 23 June, the diocese of Raška/Prizren reported that excavation works by a private citizen adjacent to the church had exposed parts of the foundations of the Orthodox Church of St. Kyriake, in the historic centre of Prizren. The diocese fears that the excavation work could affect the stability of the more than 700-year-old church and called for urgent measures to preserve and protect the site, which is located within the town’s special protective zone. The Kosovo police confirmed the damage to the church’s foundation and the municipal inspectorate halted all work at the site.", "X. Human rights", "53. The Ombudsperson Institution is still awaiting the appointment of the Deputy Ombudspersons, although the Assembly of Kosovo has initiated the procedure. In June, the Ombudsperson addressed a special report to the President of the Assembly, detailing the difficulties that the institution continues to face in the exercise of its mandate. The report states that challenges stem mainly from alleged attempts to infringe the institution’s independence through budgetary interventions by the Government and notes that, in this respect, the law on the Ombudsperson adopted by the Assembly constitutes a setback compared to the UNMIK regulation. The Assembly Committee on Human Rights has been engaged to address some of the recommendations contained in that report.", "54. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the recent alleged murder of a 27-year-old woman by her ex-husband brought to light continued failures by the judiciary to duly apply protection measures in accordance with the relevant legislation. In the case in question, a judge failed to impose urgent protection measures within 15 days as prescribed by law. According to the Kosovo police, this was the fourth woman to die as a result of domestic violence in the past 12 months. In addition, lenient sanctions are being imposed against violations of protection measures, even in cases of recidivism. Incomplete investigations, inadequate implementation of protection measures, lack of cooperation between the police and prosecutors, and a failure to prosecute offenders have increased victims’ vulnerability to recidivism while allowing perpetrators to go unpunished. Without a strong message from law enforcement mechanisms that violence will not be tolerated, perpetrators can continue to abuse women without fear of sanctions.", "XI. External representation and regional cooperation", "55. During the reporting period, UNMIK facilitated the participation of Kosovo representatives at numerous regional meetings at different levels, including the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the European Union and the Western Balkans in Luxembourg on 21 June, as well as several Energy Community meetings in other sectors, such as transport and aviation.", "56. The meetings of the 2011 chairmanship of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) continued. After the meetings of the CEFTA Working Group on Technical Barriers to Trade in April and the Subcommittee on Customs and Rules of Origin on 19 and 20 May, UNMIK facilitated the meeting of the Subcommittee on Agriculture on 24 May in Brussels, chaired by the 2011 Chair-in-Office. On 30 June the meeting of CEFTA Experts and Deputy Ministers was held in Pristina, with the participation of all CEFTA parties except Montenegro and the Republic of Moldova. However, the Kosovo authorities chose not to participate in the Subcommittee on Non-Tariff Barriers and Technical Barriers to Trade in Sarajevo, as they disagreed with the modalities of the meeting.", "XII. Observations", "57. I am pleased to report that the dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina has continued at an intense pace during the reporting period and has produced its first concrete results three months after its launch. I welcome the agreements reached in the areas of freedom of movement, civil registry and academic diplomas and I urge Belgrade and Pristina to engage fully in implementing them. It remains my firm belief that this dialogue has the potential to bridge the differences between the sides and to resolve a series of long-standing issues that affect the lives of the people on the ground.", "58. I have noted that the engagement of the sides in the process has been facing some opposition. However, I am confident that the positive impact of the agreements, when implemented, will generate a wider understanding and appreciation of the benefits that can be derived from the dialogue. I also consider that the positive engagement of the sides outside the formal process of dialogue, such as the meetings held in May by senior officials in Pristina and the Serbian negotiator, may pave the way for further progress in their relations.", "59. As the process of dialogue moves forward, the United Nations remains committed to supporting the facilitating role of the European Union, and to providing its expertise on the issues under discussion. I reiterate my intention to keep the Security Council informed of the progress made in the dialogue, and I appeal to its members to continue encouraging the sides to make good faith efforts to tackle the remaining challenges. I believe that agreements can be reached on a number of issues discussed during the past months, thereby contributing significantly to the consolidation of peace, stability and reconciliation in Kosovo and in the region.", "60. I am also encouraged by the resumption of the sessions of the Working Group on Missing Persons, after a hiatus of nearly a year largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The continuing engagement and commitment by the parties to this fundamental humanitarian issue is of vital importance to reconciliation in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK will continue to support efforts by Pristina, Belgrade, EULEX and ICRC to resolve all the outstanding cases of missing persons.", "61. The numbers of voluntary returns have remained disappointingly low, despite efforts by the local and central authorities to provide additional funding to assist with reconstruction and the allocation of municipal land for internally displaced persons. It is my hope that solutions will be found to addressing the persisting tensions between receiving communities and returnees, and efforts will be redoubled to ensure the successful reintegration of all the returning communities.", "62. In northern Kosovo, the growing tensions remain a cause for concern. In this regard, I will continue to firmly stress that sensitive issues relating to northern Kosovo can be resolved only through peaceful means, on the basis of consultation with all communities on the ground, and not through unilateral action. I urge all sides to refrain from actions that could undermine the progress made in the dialogue and escalate tensions, and to work together to avoid any further deterioration of the situation.", "63. Regrettably, this period saw the recurrence of earlier, unacceptable threats to the premises of the UNMIK office in Mitrovica by the local municipal authorities. I call on the authorities in Mitrovica and on the political leaders in Pristina to demonstrate full respect and to provide reassurances that the inviolability of the UNMIK premises throughout Kosovo will henceforth be clearly acknowledged and observed. I have also noted with concern the growing overall number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.", "64. I would like to express my gratitude to Lamberto Zannier, who concluded his tenure as my Special Representative for Kosovo and Head of UNMIK on 1 July, for his strong commitment to the United Nations principles and his leadership of UNMIK during the past three years. I deeply appreciated his successful management of the evolution of the Mission within a challenging political environment and his dedicated efforts to furthering peace and stability in Kosovo and the region. I would also like to commend the staff of UNMIK for their work and commitment to the goals of the United Nations.", "65. Finally, I would like to conclude by extending my gratitude to the long-standing partners of the United Nations in Kosovo — the European Union, NATO and OSCE — as well as to the United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, for their ongoing support and cooperation with UNMIK.", "Annex I", "Report of the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo", "(covering the period from 16 April to 15 July 2011)", "1. Summary", "21 July 2011", "The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) continued to implement its mandate to monitor, mentor and advise Kosovo institutions. The Mission provided assistance and support to the consolidation and reform of rule of law institutions, along with input to several long-term judicial and police reforms. EULEX also made use of its executive functions, when necessary, in the context of policing and investigative tasks related to high-profile investigations, police operations in the north of Kosovo and the prosecution of cases involving war crimes, corruption and organized crime. The Mission continued to focus attention on the north of Kosovo, increasing the number of Mission staff living in the area while working to defuse ongoing tensions between local communities. The Mission has also taken an active role in the Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue by facilitating the technical aspects of an agreement to return copies of civil registries records to Kosovo.", "Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, on the investigation of allegations of inhuman treatment of people and illicit trafficking in human organs in Kosovo was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special task force, partially based in Brussels.", "2. EULEX activities, April to July 2011", "General", "EULEX currently comprises 2,824 staff (1,637 international and 1,187 local staff). Monitoring, mentoring and advising in support of Kosovo institutions remains the Mission’s defining function and constitutes the majority of its everyday work, although the executive functions of the Mission are employed regularly and attract greater attention.", "EULEX provided monitoring, mentoring and advising on several actions and management-level processes in Kosovo, including the handover/takeover from KFOR to the Kosovo police of the third and final phase of the border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in June, and the handing over of security responsibility for the Holy Archangels Monastery in Prizren to the Kosovo police on 10 May. The Mission also worked closely with Kosovo Customs to replace outdated data-processing systems with the integrated system ASYCUDA World, compliant with European Union standards, and worked with the Kosovo police to introduce the European Union-compatible Border Management System. Both systems should improve the ability of Kosovo to effectively control border/boundary crossing points and monitor the entry and exit of persons, goods and vehicles. EULEX also provided support to the consolidation and development of Kosovo rule of law institutions like the Kosovo Judicial Council and Kosovo Prosecutorial Council, helping these burgeoning institutions to establish internal procedures on the recruitment and selection of council members and judges and enhancing transparency, together with preparing for implementation of the Kosovo Law on Courts, an in-depth reform of the structure and jurisdiction of Kosovo courts — and a key task for the Kosovo Judicial Council in the coming three years. EULEX is also providing close assistance to Kosovo authorities on the establishment of an adequate witness protection programme, another reform critical to a functional Kosovo justice sector in the future. Until such structures can stand on their own, EULEX operates a fully operational and independent witness protection programme for Kosovo.", "EULEX provided support to the continuing Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue, facilitating the agreement to hand over copied civil registries records removed from Kosovo during the 1998-1999 conflict by chairing the Joint Committee on the matter and acting as an intermediary to certify and share the documents.", "Throughout spring and summer, EULEX carried out a public anti-drugs media campaign throughout Kosovo, coordinated with the Kosovo police as a public information and community policing effort.", "War crimes", "EULEX continued several investigations and prosecutions in the area of war crimes, including the trials of several high-profile suspects. The so-called “Geci” trial, begun in March under the direction of Mitrovicë/Mitrovica District Court, continued to hear testimony throughout the spring and summer, with a verdict expected at the end of July. The trial against defendants Sabit Geci and Riza Alija, accused of war crimes committed against civilians in a Kosovo Liberation Army military compound in Albania during the Kosovo conflict of 1999, has benefited greatly from the provision of anonymous video links facilitated by the EULEX Witness Security Unit. The video links allowed persons to testify without revealing their identity, giving the prosecution access to key testimonies. The trial is also notable for the fact that the Mission successfully established jurisdiction over the Geci case for crimes committed in Albania, an arrangement applicable to the ongoing investigation based on the report by Senator Dick Marty (see below). The so-called “Bllaca” war crimes trial against Fahredin Gashi and Hysni Rama also continued at Prishtinë/Priština District Court, the first trial resulting from the testimony of the cooperative witness Nazim Bllaca.", "Investigations also proceeded concerning the case of the former Minister, Fatmir Limaj, together with the arrests on 16 March of nine individuals in Kosovo and Switzerland, with regard to war crimes allegations. The investigation is under the supervision of a prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office and is based on grounded suspicions of killings, torture and other offences against Kosovo Albanian and Serb civilians and prisoners of war in a detention centre in Kosovo in 1999. The arrested individuals have been kept under extended detention on remand since March and, most recently, on 20 June, a panel of Kosovo and EULEX judges rejected the appeals of five of the defendants as ungrounded and confirmed the decision of the pre-trial judge to extend their detention for a further month. The issue of Limaj’s parliamentary immunity from arrest as a member of the Kosovo Assembly still needs to be clarified, and the Mission has sought various legal and political avenues to receive clarification on the issue; however, even as a member of the Assembly, Limaj does not enjoy immunity from prosecution for the alleged crimes committed.", "The Government took steps to clarify the issue of immunity from arrest on 20 July when it decided to refer to the Constitutional Court a request for an interpretation of the immunity of the President, Prime Minister, Ministers and members of the Kosovo Assembly.", "Investigations are proceeding following the arrest in April, by the Kosovo police and EULEX, of Zoran Kolić, a senior official of the Independent Liberal Party, on charges of war crimes allegedly committed in 1999. In May, a panel of local EULEX judges extended his detention on remand.", "Corruption", "EULEX continued to work closely with Kosovo prosecutors to identify, prioritize and prosecute major cases of corruption at various levels of government. On 15 June, a joint Kosovo police and EULEX police team carried out searches and seized materials as part of an investigation concerning the Ministry of Community and Returns and the so-called “Fimex” company in Pristina. The searches, which also included two private residences, were conducted in the context of an investigation into corruption with regard to tenders issued from 2007 to 2009. The charges in the case relate to misappropriation in office, accepting and giving bribes. On 23 June, EULEX carried out searches at the Municipal Cadastral Office of Gračanica/Graçanicë, including the offices of the Head and the Director of the Office. The searches were carried out in the context of an investigation into alleged abuse of official position in relation to the fraudulent registration of ownership of privatized former socially owned enterprises in 2010. Meanwhile, investigations continue in corruption cases involving four defendants connected to the former Governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo, with witnesses continuing to be interviewed.", "On 23 May, a panel of local and EULEX judges at Prishtinë/Priština District Court convicted eight people on corruption charges in connection with irregularities at the Credit Bank of Prishtinë/Priština, handing down sentences ranging from suspended sentences to five years in prison. On 8 June, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against five defendants in the investigation in relation to a mobile virtual network operator agreement between the Post and Telecommunications of Kosovo and a private company, Dardafon. On the same day, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two defendants in the context of an investigation regarding a large importation of tobacco by four Kosovo tobacco companies in December 2008.", "As part of the Mission’s continuing support to Kosovo institutions through effective monitoring, mentoring and advising, on 28 June EULEX began a 12-month training and workshop programme for Kosovo and EULEX judges, prosecutors and investigators on the confiscation of criminal assets. The programme aims to make the use of confiscation powers deriving from the existing law a standard tool in the fight against organized crime and corruption. It will also serve to prepare the way for the implementation of new legislation in the area.", "Organized crime", "On 10 June, a EULEX prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two individuals related to the so-called Medicus case. Warrants of arrest were issued by Prishtinë/Priština District Court and both suspects are subject to INTERPOL international wanted notices. The two indictees join seven additional defendants indicted in April by a panel of EULEX and local judges. Together, the nine defendants will face charges related to organ and human trafficking, organized crime, unlawful exercise of medical activity and abuse of official position. The case was initiated by Kosovo and UNMIK police officers in November 2008.", "On 17 June, seven of the defendants in the so-called Tisa River case charged with organized crime and smuggling of migrants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 2 to 19 years, for a total of 65 years. The case exposed an organized crime group that offered migrants illegal passage to European Union and other European countries, making significant illicit profits. The activities of the group resulted in the death of 15 migrants in October 2009.", "Several police operations related to combating organized crime were also carried out during the spring and summer. On 4 May, as part of several house searches linked to drug trafficking in Pejë/Pec, EULEX Executive Police arrested a man in connection with an investigation into international heroin trafficking, authorized by a EULEX pretrial judge at Prishtinë/Priština District Court and supervised by a EULEX prosecutor. The arrested individual is suspected of trafficking drugs in and out of Kosovo to various European countries in 2008/09 and his arrest is part of a wider investigation into organized crime. On 17 May, EULEX arrested a man in a location between Zubin Potok and northern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, suspected of involvement in organized crime. The arrest took place within the context of an ongoing investigation by the Special Prosecution Office into organized crime and money-laundering and followed up on an earlier EULEX law enforcement operation in Zubin Potok in February. Following the arrest daily roadblocks were organized in the area in support of the arrested person.", "EULEX Special Task Force", "Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special Task Force dedicated to the matter with prosecutors assigned to this case only. Planning for this process has now reached an advanced stage, to the point where Task Force members have been interviewed and recruited and facilities and equipment for the Task Force in Brussels have been secured. The EULEX Task Force, to be based in Brussels and Prishtinë/Priština, consists of EULEX staff selected in the most recent hiring process, permanently assigned to the investigation of the case and operational immediately upon their deployment. EULEX continues to maintain contact with relevant stakeholders and actors in the region as the investigatory process moves forward.", "Cooperation with judicial authorities in Tirana has in particular led the Court of Serious Crimes, on 27 May 2011, to rule in favour of a request for international assistance lodged by EULEX prosecutors in this respect, paving the way for concrete investigative work in Albania. In parallel to those judicial efforts, the Mission has strengthened its witness security programme by reaching out to, inter alia, EUROPOL to improve the prospects for relocation abroad and by increasing the funding for such relocation.", "Approved by Xavier Bout de Marnhac Head of Mission", "Annex II", "Composition and strength of the police component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "(as at 15 July 2011)", "Country Number", "Germany 1", "Ghana 1", "Italy 1", "Romania 1", "Russian Federation 1", "Pakistan 1", "Ukraine 1", "Total 7", "Annex III", "Composition and strength of the military liaison component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "(as at 15 July 2011)", "Country Number", "Czech Republic 1", "Denmark 1", "Norway 1", "Poland 1", "Romania 1", "Spain 1", "Ukraine 2", "Total 8" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "Introduction and Mission priorities", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In that resolution, the Council decided to establish the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and requested me to report at regular intervals on the implementation of its mandate. The present report covers the activities of UNMIK from 16 April to 15 July 2011 and related developments.", "2. The Mission ' s priorities remain the same: to promote security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK has facilitated these objectives by maintaining contacts with Pristina and Belgrade, Kosovo communities and regional and international actors. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Kosovo Force (KFOR) continue to play their important roles within the framework of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In accordance with the statement of its President of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) and my report of 24 November 2008 (S/2008/692), the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) operates under the overall leadership of the United Nations and within the status-neutral framework. OSCE, KFOR and EULEX continue to cooperate and coordinate with UNMIK. United Nations agencies, funds and programmes also continue to work closely with UNMIK.", "Political situation", "3. In overcoming a series of political crises, the Kosovo authorities focused on self-consolidation and ensuring institutional stability. The Democratic Party of Kosovo and the New Kosovo Alliance are the two main Kosovo Albanian ruling parties, and the leaders of both parties agreed on the modalities for the redistribution of ministerial positions. The Prime Minister, Hashim Thaci (Democratic Party of Kosovo), appointed former President Bekhjet Pacholi (New Kosovo Alliance) to the newly created post of Chief Deputy Prime Minister and appointed a member of the new Kosovo Alliance to the newly established Minister of the Diaspora. Currently, the Government has 6 Deputy Prime Ministers and 19 Ministers (3 of whom are Deputy Prime Ministers). Of the current Deputy Ministers, three are Serbs and eight are from other communities.", "4. In early May, the Ad Hoc Parliamentary Committee on Electoral Law Reform, composed of representatives of parliamentary blocs, began its work. The reform of the electoral system was part of a compromise agreement between the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK)-led Government and the main opposition party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), that ended the political crisis that had erupted earlier in the year. A parliamentary committee is preparing a proposal for a multi-constituency and legislative electoral majority. A two-thirds majority of the Parliament is required for adoption after the Committee has agreed on the amendment.", "5. During the reporting period, the Kosovo authorities intensified their efforts to establish close contacts with the European Union and received attention from the international community. In this regard, the Kosovo authorities received visits from José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, and Catherine Ashton, High Representative for European Union Security and Foreign Policy. During his visit, High Representative Ashton stressed the importance of the ongoing dialogue with Belgrade and urged the parties to show flexibility and creativity in order to ensure tangible results. The Prime Minister travelled to Brussels shortly after the conclusion of the fifth round of dialogue to discuss with the High Representative the prospects for Kosovo ' s EU accession. Since taking office on 7 April, President Atifet Yahiyaga has focused his activities on participation in multi-stakeholder forums. Among other meetings, she attended the Summit of Central European Leaders in Warsaw and the celebration of the 150th anniversary of Italian unity in Rome. UNMIK was not invited by the host country to these events. The President of Serbia, Boris Tadić, was invited, but did not attend, on the grounds that the Government of Serbia had adopted a policy of non-attendance in activities in Kosovo that were not coordinated by the United Nations.", "6. The Kosovo authorities reiterated their willingness to cooperate with the investigation into allegations of human organ smuggling in the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Dick Marty, and welcomed the establishment of a EULEX task force to conduct such an investigation. EULEX confirmed that the Task Force would become operational later in 2011, when the ongoing recruitment of all Task Force staff would be completed. The Task Force consists of two international prosecutors and several international investigators specializing in war crimes investigations. The task force will be based in Brussels and Pristina and will perform its functions under the executive authority of the head of the EULEX justice component. While Serbia acknowledges the efforts of EULEX to that end, Belgrade continues to insist that the Security Council should establish an independent investigative body with investigative powers within and outside Albania to lead the investigation.", "During the reporting period, a number of Serbian government officials, including the Chief Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, Ivica Daquic, suggested that negotiations on “territorial adjustments” could be undertaken in order to reach a final settlement of the Kosovo issue. This proposal was rejected by both Pristina and Washington. The Kosovo authorities believe that the only way to resolve the problems of the Kosovo and Western Balkans communities is through the full implementation of the Ahtisaari Plan and European integration. Kosovo Serb political groups, whether they live north or south of the Ibar River, and regardless of their attitude towards Belgrade or Pristina, also oppose territorial adjustment claims. Those living south of the Ibar River fear that territorial adjustments will deprive them of protection in Kosovo, while Kosovo Serbs in the north argue that these adjustments are not in Serbia ' s national interest and are prohibited by the Serbian Constitution, as they imply recognition of Kosovo ' s independence. Instead, Albin Kurti, the leader of the self-determination movement of the Kosovo Albanian opposition group, pledged to work for Kosovo ' s unity with Albania.", "8. On 12 May, Borislav Stefanović, head of the Belgrade delegation to the dialogue with Pristina, travelled to Pristina to meet with the Head of the Pristina dialogue delegation, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice, Haddin Kuči, the Deputy Prime Minister, Edita Tahiri, the United States Ambassador and the Interim European Union Special Representative. The visit elicited protests from some 200 supporters of the self-determination movement. The protests turned violent, resulting in several injuries, including to the police, and damage to some vehicles. The Kosovo authorities condemned these protests.", "9. During the reporting period, Andorra, a Member of the United Nations, recognized Kosovo, bringing the total number of recognized States to 76.", "Contacts between Pristina and Belgrade and practical arrangements", "10. During the reporting period, the dialogue process, which was welcomed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/298 and coordinated by the European Union, continued, with the fourth and fifth rounds held in Brussels on 17 and 18 May and 2 July. Borislav Stefanovic, Director of the Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia, and Edita Tahiri, Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, continued to head their respective negotiating delegations.", "11. The frequency of the preparatory meetings, technical working groups and bilateral and trilateral contacts between the European Union Dialogue Mediation Team and the parties to the Dialogue increased significantly between the plenary sessions.", "12. The fourth round of discussions focused on civil registration, cadastral records, freedom of movement, telecommunications and energy. The fifth meeting enabled the dialogue to produce concrete results. Agreement in three areas will improve the lives of the civilian population. On the issue of civil registration, it was agreed that a joint committee, established as a result of negotiations at previous dialogue meetings and chaired by EULEX, would continue to identify gaps in the lost civil registry. EULEX will certify copies of all original civil registers in order to establish a comprehensive civil register in Kosovo. As part of the agreement, EULEX will be requested to provide specific civil registration data from Kosovo. This will bring greater legal certainty to the population of Kosovo and will help to resolve related issues in court.", "13. The parties agreed that the agreement on freedom of movement should be implemented as soon as possible and that it would enable people to cross administrative borders with identity cards or driving licences. The agreement also includes other provisions allowing for cross-border travel, but the details are yet to be developed.", "14. The parties also agreed in principle to recognize university and secondary diplomas. This will be done through certification by both recognized international and third-party academic institutions. The parties plan to elaborate the details at the next dialogue meeting.", "15. The agreements reached at the fifth meeting were presented in the form of conclusions by the EU Presidency and are expected to be implemented when operational feasibility becomes available. As a result of the firm commitment of both parties to the implementation of the agreement, a joint tripartite working group, chaired by the European Union, will be established to ensure that implementation is carried out as efficiently as possible. UNMIK continued to contribute to the dialogue, including by assisting the Conference by providing information based on its experience in civil registration in Kosovo, freedom of movement, recognition of diplomas and free movement of goods.", "16. Kosovo opposition parties, such as the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, the Democratic League of Kosovo and the Movement for Self-Determination, as well as civil society organizations, have requested that the agreements reached be submitted to the Kosovo Assembly for discussion and have criticized the lack of transparency of the Kosovo authorities on this issue. The Movement for Self-Determination was opposed to dialogue and was most resolute in that regard. The President of the Assembly of Kosovo, Jacob Krasnić (Democratic Party of Kosovo), made several public statements, claiming that the Assembly and himself were not adequately informed of the substance of the dialogue.", "17. The Serb leadership in northern Kosovo generally expressed disagreement with the dialogue, noting that it was not in the interests of Kosovo Serbs and was a step towards Serbia ' s recognition of Kosovo as an independent State. Kosovo Serb leaders south of the Ibar River are more positive about the dialogue as a useful tool for alleviating daily problems. The Independent Liberal Party, the largest Kosovo Serb party involved in Kosovo institutions, has repeatedly expressed its dissatisfaction with its perceived exclusion from the process by Belgrade and Pristina.", "18. The Government of Serbia promoted the reciprocity of the agreement and stressed that it would not prejudice the future status of Kosovo. The Serbian opposition has criticized the main ruling party in Serbia, the Democratic Party, for endorsing the conclusions of the dialogue, with the notable exception of the smaller opposition party, the Liberal Democratic Party, which welcomed the conclusions. However, despite the condemnation of this development by opposition parties such as the Serbian Democratic Party, the New Serbia and the Serbian Radical Party, the largest opposition party, the Serbian Progressive Party, has a moderate tone, noting that the dialogue must continue, but that its conclusions must not lead Serbia to recognize Kosovo.", "19. Complementing the support provided to the formal dialogue process, my Special Representative and my Representative in Belgrade continued to hold regular meetings with the Serbian leadership and increased contacts between my Special Representative and the Kosovo authorities. UNMIK staff continued to maintain regular liaison with the Kosovo authorities at the working level.", "20. During the reporting period, the Kosovo Security Force and EULEX resumed excavation work in Zhilivodë/Žilivoda. On 15 July 2011, the Pristina-Belgrade Working Group on Missing Persons, chaired by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), held its first meeting after a break of almost a year, largely as a result of internal political events in Kosovo. The parties reaffirmed their intention to fulfil the commitments made and to continue their activities within the framework of the Working Group. Eleven missing persons have been identified and their remains returned to their relatives. According to ICRC, 1,809 persons remain missing.", "IV. Northern Kosovo", "21. The overall security situation in northern Kosovo remained relatively calm, but tensions increased at the end of the reporting period. The decision of the Kosovo Ministry of the Interior to extend its operations to northern Kosovo municipalities, where the majority of Serbs are Serbs, through the activities of the District Operations Support Unit and the District Transport Unit raised concerns among Serb leaders in northern Kosovo. As part of Pristina ' s efforts to exercise authority on the ground, the Operations Support Unit began day-to-day patrols in the multi-ethnic areas of northern Kosovo, resulting in an escalation of tensions.", "22. The decision by the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs in mid-May to rotate the heads of police stations in northern Kosovo also led to an escalation of tensions in northern Kosovo. Initially, all six Kosovo Serb police station directors refused to implement the rotation order and were suspended. Although the two directors later agreed to rotate, one of them was unable to take up a new position owing to a roadblock. Following an investigation by the Kosovo Police Professional Standards Unit, the Kosovo Police Commissioner approved in early July a decision to lift the contracts of employment of the four Kosovo Serb directors who disobeyed the rotation order. The Serb leadership in northern Kosovo condemned the decision and expressed its position that any rotation plan should be based on consultations with it. The Kosovo Serb police and administrative staff at the northern police station held random strikes in support of the reinstatement of the dismissed director. In June, a joint meeting of municipal assemblies in the municipalities of Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/Leposavić and northern Mitrovica, supported by Belgrade, rejected the rotation plan and accused KFOR, EULEX and the Kosovo authorities of trying to put pressure on Serbs in northern Kosovo to accept the exercise of their authority in Pristina. On 15 July, four dismissed Northern Police chiefs signed a letter of dismissal. The dismissal decision could be appealed by 20 July.", "23. Following the detention in May of a resident of Zubin Potok in Kosovo by EULEX on suspicion of various criminal activities, including organized crime, smuggling, fraudulent evasion of import duties and excise taxes, local business community members condemned the detention as intimidation and an attempt to impose taxes and customs duties on Kosovo authorities that they did not recognize. As a result, the local Chamber of Commerce and Industry organized daily blockages in Zubin Potok and sporadic blockages in northern Mitrovica, Leposaviq/Leposavić and Zveçan/Zvečan. This operation lasted almost a month. These operations were initially carried out in support of detainees, but later also in opposition to the rotation of the head of the northern police station. These developments have led to increased tension between Serbs in northern Kosovo and EULEX.", "24. In response to allegations by some Serb local leaders and residents in northern Kosovo that the Serbian delegation did not adequately reflect their interests in the dialogue, Borislav Stefanovic, head of the Belgrade negotiating team with Pristina, visited Zveçan/Zvečan and Zubin Potok on 2 June to meet with local officials and to assure them that their interests would be taken into account in the negotiations.", "25. In May, the UNMIK Advisory Board in Mitrovica was expanded and its procedures streamlined to improve the efficiency of the institution and to better reflect the current political situation on the ground in North Mitrovica. In order to identify suitable candidates and maintain an ethnic balance that reflects the local population, UNMIK held a series of consultations with all stakeholders, following which 15 members of the Advisory Board were appointed, including two Kosovo Albanians and one Kosovo Bosniak.", "26. On 16 June, the Kosovo Customs authorities intercepted a truckload of zinc mineral cargo destined for export from the northern and southern sections of the Trepca enterprise. The interception was based on a letter from the Kosovo Privatization Agency stating that the exports had not been approved. Subsequently, the authorities authorized the export of goods from the Trepcanan sector, while all 22 trucks from the northern branch of Trepca were denied passage. The export of the northern branch of Trepca was authorized by UNMIK pursuant to a law promulgated pursuant to resolution 1244 (1999). Almost all of Trepca's northern branch revenues come from these mineral exports, which are crucial to the economy in the north as they are used to pay suppliers and all employees of the northern Trepca branch.", "V. Economic situation", "27. On 1 June, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission to Kosovo for Article IV consultations announced the suspension of the 18-month standby arrangement with Kosovo. IMF concluded that certain elements of the 2011 Kosovo Government budget, in particular the substantial increase in wages, were contrary to the commitments set out in the arrangements. As a result, Kosovo will not be able to access the funds expected to be disbursed by IMF under standby arrangements in 2011. In addition, substantial European Union and World Bank funds will not be available, as they are linked to a clear commitment to a healthy macroeconomic framework. IMF staff agreed with the Kosovo authorities on a staff monitoring programme, under which IMF would monitor the implementation of economic and financial reforms until the end of 2011 before deciding on the possibility of an IMF-supported arrangement in 2012. The 2011 budget also includes an income of Euro300 million from the sale of 75 per cent of PTK ' s shares, which will be the main source of deficit financing. IMF believes that possible delays in the privatization process pose a risk to the 2011 budget. Doubts about the full availability of these funds, as well as planned expenditures for the construction of the Albanian-Kosovo road, have increased the fiscal pressure on the Kosovo budget. In addition, as Kosovo lost EU trade preferences on 31 December 2010, products from Kosovo had to pay customs duties when entering the EU market.", "28. In May, the Kosovo authorities began to prepare amendments to the existing legal framework for privatization in Kosovo, which had previously been developed by UNMIK. There are some concerns that the draft law may allow the Kosovo authorities to use and use for budgetary purposes the privatized funds entrusted to the Kosovo Trust Agency, the beneficiaries of which are owners and creditors. As a result, the proposed legislation would seriously weaken the protection of privatized funds, which could be misused. As a result, not only will this raise property rights issues, which may result in the possible misappropriation of privatization funds to the detriment of owners and creditors, but it will also entail, for both owners and creditors, fiduciary duties and potential debt problems in the protection of trust funds. The proposed legislation also considers changes to the process of privatization and liquidation of socially owned enterprises and attempts to minimize international participation in matters related to the Kosovo Trust Agency, in violation of the legal framework established by UNMIK.", "Security situation", "29. The overall security situation in Kosovo remained relatively calm during the reporting period, although there was an increase in small-scale incidents affecting minority communities, compared with the same period in 2010, and in incidents affecting international personnel and assets.", "The reduction of nearly 27 per cent in the number of murders and attempted murders is a positive development. Armed robberies have also decreased by 20 per cent. The Kosovo police have carried out a series of successful operations to combat arms smuggling, human trafficking, corruption and money-laundering, which attest to the improvement in their professionalism. On 19 April, nine guns and 600 rounds were seized in Kaçanik/Kačanik. On 13 June, in another operation near Shtërpcë/Štrpce, a heavy machine gun with 600 rounds and a mortar with 33 grenades were seized.", "31. However, compared with the same period the previous year, the number of crimes affecting ethnic minority communities has nearly doubled in the past three months (77 as at 15 July, compared with 38 during the same period in 2010). There were five cases of stone-throwing of Serb buses. While most of the other cases were less serious cases of harassment, intimidation, beatings and property damage, a few serious incidents were reported, such as the beating of three Kosovo Serb police personnel on duty by a group of Kosovo Albanian militants on 2 July, as well as the stabbing of a Serb in Mitrovica.", "32. While most of the incidents affecting international staff and assets were minor crimes of theft, theft or minor damage to property or vehicles, some incidents of physical assault, threats and stoning were also reported. Among the more notable cases were: on 7 June, two EULEX official vehicles were set on fire and burned by unknown individuals in Pristina; on 15 June, an international staff member of the European Commission was beaten and robbed. On 6 and 21 June, two vehicles with OSCE licence plates (one private car driven by an international staff member and the other official vehicle) were hit by bullets near Pejё/Peć and Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectively, in circumstances unknown at the time.", "33. During the reporting period, a number of protests, rallies and demonstrations related to various political and socio-economic issues took place throughout Kosovo and were generally peaceful.", "34. Crime rates have remained relatively stable. The total number of violent crimes involving the use or threat of the use of weapons still shows no sign of decreasing, suggesting that the proliferation of illicit weapons remains a serious source of insecurity. As a result, a total of 151 shooting incidents and 335 confiscations of illegal weapons and ammunition have been recorded over the past three months.", "35. On 29 June, the Kosovo Albanian mayor of southern Mitrovica threatened to remove the demolition wall around the concrete perimeter of the building currently used by UNMIK as a regional office building, claiming that it was an essential component of the European Commission (EU)-funded municipal beauty programme in the city. UNMIK addressed the issue only after dealing with senior political leaders in EULEX, the EU Liaison Office, bilateral missions and Pristina. All the units involved considered the proposed action by the municipal authorities illegal. On 7 July, UNMIK officials in charge met with the Mayor and, following a reassessment of security needs, an understanding was reached between the two sides to eliminate attempts by the municipal authorities to remove the blast wall by changing its location.", "Rule of law", "36. UNMIK continued to perform certain functions in the area of the rule of law, to continue to monitor activities and to cooperate at the technical level with the Kosovo Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Serbian Ministry of Justice. UNMIK also continued to facilitate exchanges between Serbian authorities, non-recognizing States and the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, including the receipt and transmission of requests for mutual legal assistance. The impasse between the Kosovo and Serbia Ministries of Justice in the area of mutual legal assistance remains unchanged. UNMIK continued to engage in discussions with all parties concerned, including EULEX, with a view to breaking the impasse. During the reporting period, UNMIK transmitted 46 responses from the Serbian Ministry of Justice to the Kosovo Ministry of Justice.", "37. As Serbia has not processed any requests received directly from the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, the UNMIK good offices of the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court of Kosovo on Kosovo Trust Agency-related issues have been used for mutual legal assistance. UNMIK transmitted 47 requests for documentation from Serbia by the Special Chamber.", "UNMIK also facilitated daily interaction between Kosovo and INTERPOL and its member States, receiving a total of eight requests for international wanted notices and facilitating the issuance of five Interpol “red wanted notices”.", "39. During the reporting period, UNMIK continued to provide document certification services to the population of Kosovo, at the request of States that do not recognize Kosovo. These services include, inter alia, the certification of citizenship, pensions and diplomas.", "VIII. Receiving communities, returns and reconciliation", "40. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a total of 244 minority individuals returned voluntarily between April and May, bringing the total number of returns since January to 492. Of the 244 returns, approximately 39 per cent were Kosovo Serbs, 34 per cent were from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, 12 per cent were from the Gorani in Kosovo and 5 per cent were from the Bosniak and Kosovo Albanians respectively. The total number of voluntary minority returns between January 2000 and May 2011 was 22,630.", "Between April and May, five “go-and-see” visits were organized for 69 displaced persons, most of them from Montenegro and Serbia, as well as five “go-and-talk” visits in Serbia proper, benefiting displaced persons from the municipalities of Deçan/Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac and Lipjan/Lipljan.", "42. Some receiving communities continue to oppose the return of displaced persons. In Shtime/Štimlje municipality, a Kosovo Albanian receiving community objected to the return of three Ashkali displaced families from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on charges of war crimes. In the municipality of Deçan/Dečani, a visit by 13 Kosovo Serb displaced persons to the village of Lloqan/Loćane “to see” was postponed because the receiving community objected to the visit of two of them, claiming that they had committed war crimes during the conflict. Municipal authorities and other stakeholders are seeking durable solutions to these situations, including dialogue before return and taking into account the interests of host communities in return projects.", "43. UNHCR also documented cases of the forced return of 100 minority communities, 71 of them from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, 11 from Kosovo Serbs, 12 from Kosovo Bosniaks, 4 from Kosovo Gorani and 2 from Kosovo Albanians, mainly from Western European countries.", "44. Central and local authorities in Kosovo face socio-economic difficulties associated with the forced reintegration of returnees. Municipalities cited funding shortages and bureaucratic obstacles, including lack of coordination between them and the Ministry of the Interior. In order to accelerate the return process, a number of return projects have been launched, in particular the development of a municipal return strategy, the allocation of land to landless displaced persons from the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo, the review of requests for assistance for the construction (reconstruction) of houses for displaced persons and the initiation of stalled construction projects.", "45. Some municipalities have made significant progress in the implementation of development projects for returnees, particularly in ethnically and ethnically mixed villages. The municipalities of Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje and Partesh/Parteš have implemented capital investment projects for the inhabitants of minority communities, including infrastructure development, such as road construction or upgrading, construction of sewage and water networks, modernization of electricity networks and construction of new schools. However, members of some minority communities expressed dissatisfaction with the poor state of infrastructure in their villages, in particular the intermittent supply of electricity and water, dilapidated roads and sewage systems and the lack of employment prospects. As part of its community support efforts, UNMIK facilitated communication between minority communities and the Kosovo authorities on many such issues and encouraged the Kosovo authorities to sensitize and focus on minority villages.", "46. In April, the Kosovo authorities conducted a population and housing census throughout Kosovo, with the exception of the area north of the Ibar River. The Kosovo authorities held discussions with Serb leaders in northern Kosovo on the conduct of the census in northern Kosovo, but there was no agreement between the two sides. According to preliminary figures, the total number of persons residing in Kosovo (excluding residents of the North) was 1,733,872. Non-residents are not included in the preliminary statistics. The last census accepted was in 1981, when the total number of registered persons was 1,584,440. The census will provide key data for the integrated planning process and will be critical to ensuring that future development strategies for all inhabitants of Kosovo are well planned. The final data will be published in June 2012, but they will be incomplete without data or accurate estimates of the Kosovo Serb population residing in Kosovo, particularly in northern Kosovo.", "47. Easter celebrations and religious ceremonies throughout Kosovo were conducted without major incidents. The Serbian Orthodox Church held the main Easter commemoration at the newly renovated St. George ' s Cathedral in Prizren, where Bishop Teodosije, the head of the Lashka-Prizren parish, held the first Easter service since 1999 for 100 Kosovo Serbs. On 28 June, Saint Vidovdan was celebrated at the Monastery of Gracanica and Gazimestan, with the participation of Archbishop Irinej of the Serbian Orthodox Church and nearly 2,000 Serbs. Only a few incidents occurred, including clashes between five Serbs and police officers in Gazimestan and the throwing of stones at two Serbian buses in southern Mitrovica. Five were involved in clashes with the police, four of them from Serbia and one from Kosovo, and were sentenced to 30 days in prison by the courts for disturbing public order and stability and inciting ethnic, national and religious hatred. Differences between KPS and EULEX police on the incidents were reported and EULEX police subsequently took over the cases. On 13 July, a EULEX prosecutor decided to drop charges for lack of evidence.", "IX. Cultural and religious heritage", "48. UNMIK continued to assist the Reconstruction Implementation Commission in its work to rebuild religious and cultural sites that were destroyed during the March 2004 violence. During the reporting period, the final implementation phase of several sites was still under way, and the Commission consulted with the parties on ways to further develop its activities through the Reconstruction Implementation Commission mechanism. This mechanism remains the only platform for technical interaction on cultural heritage issues between the Serbian Orthodox Church, Pristina and Belgrade.", "49. Under the umbrella memorandum of understanding, UNMIK also assisted the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in various activities. During the reporting period, the contract for the reconstruction of the Catholic Cathedral in Prizren, funded by the Government of Albania, and the tender for the restoration of the mural of the Holy Virgin Ljeviška in Prizren, funded by contributions from the Governments of Greece and the Czech Republic, was signed.", "50. UNMIK, in coordination with EULEX, the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports and KFOR, monitored security arrangements provided by Serbian Orthodox sites. On 10 May, KFOR handed over responsibility for security to the Kosovo Police at the Saint Archangels Monastery near Prizren. The Serbian Orthodox religious sites still under KFOR protection include the Visoki Dečani Monastery, the Dević Monastery and the Monastery of the Pec parish.", "51. Although a number of Serbian religious sites and Orthodox cemeteries were damaged during the reporting period, there are also many positive examples of communication between local authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Rahovec/Orahovac, following the intervention of the international community, the municipal authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church are seeking a peaceful solution to the occupation of the land belonging to the Orthodox monastery in the village of Zoqishtë/Zočište, following the restoration and expansion of the nearby roads. Another positive sign of improving relations was the June meeting between Bishop Teodosije and Mayor Deçan/Dečani, facilitated by the Norwegian Ambassador to Kosovo, to discuss prospects for closer cooperation.", "52. On 23 June, the Lashkar/Prizren parish reported that an excavation had been carried out by a citizen near the Orthodox Church of Saint-Kiriak in the historical centre of Prizren, resulting in some of the church ' s foundations being bare. The parish fears that the excavation may affect the stability of the 700-year-old church and calls for urgent measures to preserve and preserve this site, which is located in the town ' s special reserve. The Kosovo police confirmed that the foundations of the church had been destroyed and the municipal inspectors had stopped all work at the site.", "Human rights", "53. Although the Assembly of Kosovo has initiated the relevant process, the Deputy Ombudsperson of the Ombudsperson Institution has yet to be appointed. In June, the Ombudsman submitted a special report to the Speaker detailing the difficulties that the institution still faces in exercising its mandate. The report notes that the challenges stem mainly from the Government ' s alleged attempts to violate the independence of the institution through budgetary interventions, and notes that the adoption of the Ombudsman ' s Act by the Assembly is a setback in this regard compared with UNMIK regulations. The Parliamentary Human Rights Committee has taken up some of the recommendations contained in the report.", "54. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights noted that the recent case of a man suspected of murdering his 27-year-old ex-wife showed that the judiciary still failed to provide adequate protection under the relevant law. In the present case, the judge did not take urgent measures of protection within 15 days, as prescribed by law. According to the Kosovo Police, this is the fourth case of women who have died in domestic violence in the last 12 months. Moreover, even for repeat offenders, sanctions for violations of protective measures are lenient. Inadequate investigations, inadequate enforcement of protective measures, lack of cooperation between the police and the prosecution, and poor prosecution of offenders have increased the vulnerability of victims and continued impunity. Criminals will continue to abuse women without fear of sanctions if law enforcement agencies do not send a strong signal that violence will not be tolerated.", "XI. External representation and regional cooperation", "55. During the reporting period, UNMIK facilitated the participation of Kosovo representatives in numerous regional meetings at different levels, including the meeting of European Union and Western Balkans Foreign Ministers, held in Luxembourg on 21 June, as well as a number of energy community meetings and meetings in other sectors, such as transport and aviation.", "56. The 2011 CEFTA Presidency meeting continued. Following the meetings of the Working Group on Technical Barriers to Trade of the Free Trade Agreement and the Subcommittee on Customs and Rules of Origin, held in April and on 19 and 20 May, respectively, UNMIK facilitated a meeting of the Subcommittee on Agriculture in Brussels on 24 May, chaired by the 2011 Chair-in-Office. On 30 June, a meeting of experts and deputy ministers of the Free Trade Agreement was held in Pristina, attended by all Central European Free Trade Agreement States except the Republic of Moldova and Montenegro. However, the Kosovo authorities decided not to attend the meeting of the Subcommittee on Non-Tariff Barriers and Technical Barriers to Trade in Sarajevo, as they disagreed on the modalities of the meeting.", "Observations", "57. I am pleased to report that the dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina has been intensive during the reporting period, with the first concrete outcome three months after its launch. I welcome the agreements reached in the areas of freedom of movement, civil registration and diplomas; I call on Belgrade and Pristina to implement them fully. I remain convinced that such dialogue has the potential to bridge the differences between the two sides and to resolve a long-standing set of issues that affect the lives of the people on the ground.", "58. I note that there have been some objections to contacts between the parties in the process. I am convinced, however, that the implementation of the agreement will have a positive impact and will make the benefits of dialogue more widely known and understood. I also believe that the positive engagement of the parties outside the formal dialogue process, such as the meeting in May between senior Pristina officials and Serbian negotiators, could pave the way for further progress in their relations.", "59. As the dialogue process progresses, the United Nations remains committed to supporting the facilitation role of the European Union and to providing expertise on the issues under discussion. I reiterate my intention to continue to keep the Security Council informed of the progress of the dialogue, and I call on Council members to continue to encourage the parties to make sincere efforts to address the remaining challenges. I am confident that agreement can be reached on some of the issues discussed over the past few months, thus making an important contribution to the consolidation of peace, stability and reconciliation in Kosovo and the region.", "60. I am encouraged by the resumption of the Working Group on Missing Persons after almost a year of suspension, mainly due to the internal political situation in Kosovo. The continued engagement and commitment of the parties to this fundamental humanitarian issue is a crucial element of reconciliation in Kosovo and in the region. UNMIK will continue its efforts to support Pristina, Belgrade, EULEX and the International Committee of the Red Cross to resolve all outstanding cases of missing persons.", "61. The number of voluntary returns remains disappointingly low, despite efforts by central and local authorities to increase funding for reconstruction assistance and to allocate municipal land to internally displaced persons. I hope that solutions will be found to the long-standing tensions between receiving communities and returnees and that efforts will be redoubled to ensure the successful reintegration of all returnee communities.", "62. In northern Kosovo, growing tensions remain a cause for concern. In this regard, I will continue to strongly stress that sensitive issues concerning northern Kosovo can be resolved only through peaceful means and on the basis of consultations among all communities on the ground, and not through unilateral actions. I urge all parties to refrain from actions that could undermine the progress made in the dialogue and could lead to an escalation of tensions and to work together to avoid further deterioration of the situation.", "63. Regrettably, there has again been an early and unacceptable threat from local municipalities to the premises of the UNMIK Mitrovica office. I call upon the authorities in Mitrovica and the political leadership in Pristina to show full respect and to provide assurances that the inviolability of UNMIK premises throughout Kosovo will be clearly recognized and respected in the future. I am also concerned to note that an increasing number of incidents affect international personnel and assets.", "64. I thank Lamberto Zannier for his strong commitment to the principles of the United Nations and his leadership of UNMIK over the past three years, which ended his tenure as my Special Representative and Head of UNMIK on 1 July. I am deeply grateful for his successful management of the Mission's transformation in a challenging political environment and for his tireless efforts to promote peace and stability in Kosovo and the region. I would also like to commend the staff of UNMIK for their hard work and commitment to the goals of the United Nations.", "Finally, I would like to thank the long-standing partners of the United Nations in Kosovo — the EU, NATO and OSCE — as well as the United Nations agencies, funds and programmes for their continued support and cooperation with UNMIK.", "Annex I", "Report of the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo", "(16 April-15 July 2011)", "Summary", "21 July 2011", "The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) continued to implement its mandate to monitor, direct and advise Kosovo institutions. The Mission provided assistance and support to consolidate and reform rule of law institutions, while providing inputs to several long-term justice and police reforms. EULEX, using its administrative functions as necessary, assisted the police in northern Kosovo in the conduct of operations, assisted in key case investigations, conducted police operations and prosecuted cases involving war crimes, corruption and organized crime. The Mission continued to focus attention on northern Kosovo, with more Mission staff in the area, while working to defuse continuing tensions between local communities. The Mission also played an active role in the Pristina-Belgrade dialogue and facilitated the technical aspects of the agreement by returning copies of civil registration records to Kosovo.", "Following the publication in December 2010 of the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe, Senator Dick Marty, “Investigation into allegations of illegal trafficking in human organs and inhuman treatment in Kosovo”, EULEX assumed responsibility for the case and continued the preliminary investigation through a task force, partly based in Brussels.", "2. EULEX activities from April to July 2011", "Overview", "EULEX currently comprises 2,824 staff (1,637 international and 1,187 local). Its main functions continue to be monitoring, mentoring and providing advice in support of Kosovo institutions, and constitute the bulk of its day-to-day work, although the administrative functions of the Mission are regularly utilized and attract greater attention.", "EULEX provided monitoring, guidance and advice to several operational and management-level processes in Kosovo, including in June when KFOR handed over/takes over to the Kosovo Police Service the third and final phase of the border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and on 10 May when security responsibility for the Saint Angel Monastery in Prizren was transferred to the Kosovo Police. The Mission has also worked closely with Kosovo Customs to replace outdated data-processing systems with an automated integration system for customs data that meets EU standards and to introduce an EU-compatible border management system with the Kosovo Police. The two systems should improve Kosovo ' s ability to effectively control border/border control stations and monitor the movement of persons, goods and vehicles. EULEX also supported the consolidation and development of Kosovo's rule of law institutions, such as the Kosovo Judicial Council and the Kosovo Prosecutor's Commission, helped these emerging institutions to set up internal procedures for the recruitment and selection of members and judges, increased transparency, and prepared for the implementation of the Kosovo Court Law and the deepening of the reform of the Kosovo Court structure and jurisdiction, which is the main task of the Judicial Council for the next three years. EULEX also closely assisted the Kosovo authorities in establishing a proper witness protection programme, another key reform for the future functioning of the Kosovo justice sector. EULEX fully implements an independent witness protection programme for Kosovo until these structures are self-sustaining.", "EULEX supported continued dialogue between Pristina and Belgrade, facilitated the negotiation and return of copies of civil registration records taken from Kosovo during the 1998-1999 conflict, chaired a joint committee on the matter and acted as an intermediary to certify and share records.", "Throughout the spring and summer, EULEX conducted an anti-drug media campaign throughout Kosovo, in coordination with the Kosovo police, as a public information and social security effort.", "War crimes", "EULEX continued to cover a number of investigations and prosecutions of war crimes, including the trials of several high-profile suspects. The so-called “Geci” trial, which began in March and was directed by the Mitrovica District Court, continued to hear testimony throughout the spring and summer, with judgement expected at the end of July. The trial of the accused Shait Geci and Riza Alija, accused of war crimes against civilians in the military camps of the Kosovo Liberation Army in Albania during the Kosovo conflict of 1999, benefited from anonymous video links provided by EULEX witness security services. Video links allow people to testify without revealing their identity and allow prosecution authorities to obtain key testimony. The trial was prominent, as the Mission successfully established that jurisdiction in the Geci case applied to crimes committed in Albania, and this arrangement applied to ongoing investigations based on the report of Senator Dick Marty (see below). The “Bllaca” war crimes trial in Fahredin Gashi and Hysni Rama also continued at the Pristina District Court, where the first instance was based on testimony of a cooperating witness, Nazim Blaca.", "The investigation into the case of former Minister Fatmir Limaj is also continuing, with nine persons arrested in Kosovo and Switzerland on 16 March on charges of war crimes. The investigation was carried out under the supervision of the Prosecutor of the Kosovo Special Prosecutor ' s Office, as there was reason to suspect that in 1999 massacres, torture and other crimes had been committed against Kosovo Albanian and Serb civilians and prisoners of war in the centres of residence in Kosovo. The persons arrested have been held in prolonged detention since March; most recently, on 20 June, a team of Kosovo and EULEX judges rejected an unjustified appeal by five accused, confirming the decision of the examining magistrate and further extending their detention for one month. Limaj, who is a member of the Kosovo Assembly and is exempt from arrest, still needs to be clarified, and the Mission has sought to obtain clarification on the issue through a variety of legal and political channels; however, even as a member of the Assembly, Limaj does not enjoy immunity from prosecution for alleged crimes.", "On 20 July, the Government took steps to clarify the issue of immunity and decided to request the Constitutional Court to explain the immunity of the President, the Prime Minister, ministers and members of the Kosovo Assembly.", "The investigation continued after the arrest (by the Kosovo Police and EULEX) in April of Zoran Kolic, a senior official of the Independent Liberal Party, accused him of war crimes in 1999. In May, a EULEX team of magistrates extended his detention.", "Corruption", "EULEX continued to work closely with Kosovo prosecutors to identify, prioritize and prosecute key corruption cases at all levels of government. On 15 June, a joint Kosovo police and EULEX police team conducted a search and confiscated materials as part of the investigation into the case of the Ministry of Communities and Returns and the so-called “Fimex” company in Pristina. The search also included two private homes that were investigating corruption in the issuance of tenders between 2007 and 2009. In this case, misappropriation, bribery and bribery were alleged. On 23 June, EULEX searched the Cadastral Office in Gracanica city, including the Head of the Office and the Director-General. The search was to investigate a case of alleged abuse of authority, fraudulent registration of ownership of a former social enterprise in privatization in 2010. Meanwhile, investigations into corruption cases involving four accused associated with the former Governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo continued and witness interviews continued.", "On 23 May, EULEX judges and magistrates formed a panel of judges in the Pristina District Court and found eight individuals guilty of embezzlement in the case of the Credit Bank of Pristina irregularities, sentencing them to sentences ranging from suspended sentences to five years ' imprisonment. On 8 June, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment for the prosecution of five defendants in the case of the “mobile virtual network operator” agreement between the Kosovo Telecommunications Agency and a private company, Dardafon. On the same day, the Special Prosecutor ' s Office indicted two defendants in the investigation of the large-scale importation of tobacco by four tobacco companies in Kosovo in December 2008.", "As part of continued support to Kosovo institutions and the provision of effective monitoring, guidance and advice, EULEX commenced 12 months of training and seminars on criminal asset confiscation for EULEX and Kosovo judges, prosecutors and investigators on 28 June. The aim of the programme is to use the confiscation powers derived from existing laws as a standard tool to combat organized crime and corruption. Preparations will also be made for the implementation of new legislation in this area.", "Organized crime", "On 10 June, EULEX prosecutors from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office indicted two persons in the Midicus case. Arrest warrants were issued by the Pristina District Court and the suspects were listed in INTERPOL wanted notices. In addition to the two accused, there were seven other accused indicted in April by a team of EULEX and magistrates. The nine defendants face allegations of organ trafficking and human trafficking, organized crime, illegal medical practice and abuse of authority. The case was initiated by Kosovo and UNMIK police personnel in November 2008.", "On 17 June, seven accused in the Tisa River case were charged with organized crime and smuggling of migrants and sentenced to sentences ranging from 2 to 19 years, respectively, to a total of 65 years. The case revealed the illegal migration of an organized criminal group to the European Union and other European countries for a large amount of illicit profit. Its activities led to the death of 15 migrants in October 2009.", "In the spring and summer, several police operations were conducted to combat organized crime. On 4 May, several houses in Pejë suspected of drug trafficking were searched, including a man arrested by EULEX police on suspicion of international heroin trafficking. The operation was authorized by a examining magistrate of the EULEX Pristina District Court and supervised by EULEX prosecutors. Arrested persons were suspected of having trafficked drugs into and out of Kosovo in 2008-09 and transported to various European countries; he was arrested as part of a broad investigation into organized crime. On 17 May, EULEX arrested a man suspected of involvement in organized crime in the area between Zubin Potok and northern Mitrovica. The Special Prosecution Office was investigating organized crime and money-laundering, following a EULEX law enforcement operation in Zubin Potok in February. Following the arrest, roadblocks were set up daily in the area to support the arrests.", "EULEX Task Force", "Since the publication of the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, in December 2010, EULEX has taken up the case, continued the preliminary investigation and established a task force with the prosecutor assigned to the case. Planning for this process is now at an advanced stage, with interviews and the recruitment of task force members and the acquisition of security facilities and equipment for the team in Brussels. EULEX teams will be based in Brussels and Pristina, comprising EULEX personnel selected in the recent recruitment process, permanently assigned to the investigation of the case and will conduct the investigation as soon as it is deployed. In the course of the investigation, EULEX continued to engage with regional stakeholders and parties.", "Cooperation with the judicial authorities in Tirana, in particular the decision of the Serious Crimes Tribunal of 27 May 2011 granting EULEX prosecutors ' requests for international assistance in this regard, paved the way for a specific investigation in Albania. In parallel with these judicial efforts, the Mission has also strengthened its witness security programme, in particular by linking with Europol to improve the prospects of emigration and to increase funds for migration.", "Approved by Javier Boute de Marnac, Head of Mission", "Annex II", "Composition and strength of the police component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (as at 15 July 2011)", "Number", "Germany 1", "Ghana 1", "Italy 1", "Romania 1", "Russian Federation 1", "Pakistan 1", "Ukraine 1", "Total 7", "Annex III", "Composition and strength of the military liaison component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (as at 15 July 2011)", "Number", "Czech Republic 1", "Denmark 1", "Norway 1", "Poland 1", "Romania 1", "Spain 1", "Ukraine 2", "Total 8" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权维护者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递人权维护者状况特别报告员玛格丽特·塞卡格亚根据大会第64/163号决议提交的报告。", "人权维护者状况特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告阐述《关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言》规定的各项权利，并分析各项权利引起的问题，以及确保这些权利的执行的必需的各个方面。本报告也讨论人权维护者最常受到的限制和侵犯，并提出一些建议促进国家执行每一项权利。", "本报告的目的有二：增加国家对《宣言》所规定权利的认识，同时作为人权维护者的一个实用工具，确保他们按照这个文书有权享受的权利获得尊重。", "尽管执行《宣言》方面的努力，人权维护者的权利仍继续受到许多侵犯。希望本报告将有助于发展一个更安全和更有利的环境，让人权维护者能够进行他们的工作。关于《宣言》的更全面评述，可在联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员工作一节查阅。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.受保护权利 5\n3.集会自由权利 7\n4.结社自由权利 8\n5.同国际机构联系和通讯的权利 9\n6.意见和言论自由权利 11\n7.抗议权利 12\n8.发展和讨论新的人权思想权利 13\n9.有效补救权利 14\n10.筹措资金权利 15\n11. 可以准许的克减及维护人权的权利 16\n12. 结论和建议 17", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是本特别报告员向大会提交的第4份报告，也是2001年以来人权维护者状况特别报告员向大会提交的第11份报告。本报告是按照人权理事会第16/5号决议和大会第64/163号决议提交。", "2. 《关于个人群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言》(《关于人权维护者的宣言》)重申人权维护者必须具备的权利，包括结社自由、和平集会自由、意见和言论自由、筹资权利和发展及讨论新的人权思想的权利。执行《宣言》是建立有利环境让人权维护者能够进行工作的一个先决条件。", "3. 虽然有些国家已作出努力，确保国内立法反映国家在《宣言》及其他国际人权准则下所负的义务，但许多国家目前的趋势仍是通过法律和条例限制人权活动空间。许多国内法违反国际准则、特别是《宣言》。即便作出努力制订符合国际准则的法律，但不能有效地执行这些法律，往往仍是问题所在。", "4. 尽管大会通过《宣言》已有10余年，但这个文书仍未获得充分认识，不论是负执行《宣言》主要责任的人、即政府，或者《宣言》规定保护其权利的人、即人权维护者，都对这个文书未能充分认识。因此，必须格外努力增进对《宣言》所载权利与责任的理解。[1]", "5. 本报告的目的是补救这一认识方面的不足，一方面提高国家对《宣言》所载权利和责任的理解，一方面加强相关非国家行为者对这个文书的认识，它们可以帮助发展一个有利于人权维护者工作的环境。此外，本报告的目的也在于建立人权维护者的能力，以确保他们在《宣言》下有权享有的权利获得尊重。本报告的内容主要是根据对所收到资料的分析以及对前后两任特别报告员(现任人权维护者状况特别报告员是玛格丽特·塞卡格亚及其前任希纳·吉拉尼)所编写的报告的分析。", "6. 本报告分10节，每节讨论《宣言》规定的一个单独权利，即：受保护权利；集会自由权利；结社自由权利；同国际机构联系和通讯的权利；意见和言论自由权利；抗议权利；发展和讨论新的人权思想思想权利；有效补救权利和筹措资金权利。最后一节讨论对这些权利可以准许的克减。然后，特别报告员就每项权利的执行，提出一系列建议。", "7. 按照特别报告员的任务规定，特别报告员的工作应纳入两性平等观点，因此本报告提到妇女人权维护者状况的特点以及她们面对的特别挑战。妇女人权维护者比男性人权维护者更易受某些形式的侵犯、偏见、排斥、否定和其他侵犯。这往往是因为妇女人权维护者被视为挑战公认的社会-文件规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用与地位的定型观念。在本报告，“妇女人权维护者”一语，指个人单独地或与他人一起促进或保护人权、包括妇女权利的妇女。“妇女人权维护者”一语也可指致力于妇女权利和一般两性平等问题的男性人权维护者。", "8. 希望本报告将有助于发展一个更安全和更有利的环境，让人权维护者能够进行他们的工作。关于《宣言》的更全面评述，可在联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员工作一节查阅(www2.ohchr.org/English/issues/defenders/index.htm)。", "二. 受保护权利", "9. 国家保护人权维护者的权利使不受国家和非国家行为者侵犯的义务，源于每一国家保护一切人权的主要责任和义务，这是规定于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第2条的，该条规定国家有义务确保所有境内受其管辖的人毫无歧视地享受《公约》确认的权利。《关于人权维护者的宣言》在序言及第2、第9和第12条中规定国家有义务保护人权维护者。", "10. 国家的保护义务包括消极和积极两方面。一方面，国家必须避免侵犯人权。另一方面，国家应克尽职责，防止、调查和惩处任何侵犯《宣言》所规定权利的行为。换言之，国家应防止其管辖下维护者的权利受到侵犯，采取法律、司法、行政和一切其他措施确保维护者能充分享受其权利；调查涉嫌侵犯行为；起诉涉嫌行为人；向维护者提供补救和赔偿。为加强保护维护者，国家并应使其国内法律框架同《关于人权维护者的宣言》统一。", "11. 保护义务也包括确保维护者的权利不受非国家行为者的侵犯。不保护维护者，在特定情况下可能引起国家责任。例如非国家行为者所犯的行为或不行为是在国家的指示、监督或指挥下进行，这在某些情况下可以引起国家责任。", "12. 《宣言》重申，人人有责任不侵犯别人的权利，包括非国家行为者有责任尊重人权维护者的权利(见第10、第11、第12(3)和第19条)。因此，所有非国家行为者、包括武装团体、媒体、信仰团体、社区、私营公司和个人，都应避免采取任何可能导致妨碍维护者行使其权利的措施。", "13. 为了确保遭遇迫切风险的维护者的人身安全，各国制订了各种措施和保护方案。许多国家使用它们的证人保护方案；另一些国家制定保护措施，包括设立专门调查侵犯人权活动分子罪行的特别调查单位；建立早期预警制度；提供警察保护和保镖；建立紧急将维护者安置在其他地区或国家方案。", "14. 但是，许多这些措施的效力和可持续性受到批评。例如证人保护方案不足以保证维护者安全，因为在大多数情况下，这些方案不是为这个目的设计的，没有考虑到他们的具体需要。在其他情况，风险评估的结果不符需要保护的维护者的弱势状况。此外，在一些情况下，保护措施未能顾到维护者性别、族裔、领导地位和住所地点等方面的具体情况。在另外一些情况，保镖将资料交给情报机构。维护者也对保护措施私营化表示关切，因为这可能把保护责任交给私营安全公司。维护者恐怕这些公司可能雇用以前的准军人。", "15. 关于对妇女维护者和促进妇女权利或两性平等问题的维持者的保护措施，在大多数情况下，设有专门机构处理，但即便机制存在，往往因为执行不力、缺乏政治意愿或性别情况，致工作受阻。", "16. 适当的保护需要政府有一个建立适当环境的全面政策，在这个环境中，维护者的工作受到尊重，法律框架符合《宣言》的规定，以行动侵犯维持者的人被绳之于法。按照《宣言》第12条处理有罪不罚现象，是确保维持者安全环境的一个关键步骤。", "17. 在世界每一个地区，维护者——包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题的维护者——继续面对恐吓、威胁、谋杀、失踪、酷刑、虐待、任意拘留、监视、行政和司法骚扰、尤其受国家和非国家行为者污辱。妇女维护者面对的侵犯行为，可采取一种性别特定形式，包括对她们性别的口头侮辱、性骚扰和强奸。维护者行使他们的意见和言论自由、取得资讯自由、筹措资金自由、行动自由、结社自由和和平集会自由等权利时，也面对侵犯行为。在许多国家，对侵犯维护者的行为有罪不罚现象很普遍。", "18. 阻碍人权维护者工作、造成一种高度不安全环境的具体状况包括：", "(a) 在某些情况下，妇女维护者和男性维护者受到污辱，包括被指控掩护游击运动、恐怖主义分子、政治极端主义分子分离主义分子、或为外国或外国利益工作。此外，妇女维护者往往还因其性别或因其鼓吹两性平等权利而受到进一步污辱；", "(b) 维护者被起诉及其活动被罪名化。维护者被按假罪名逮捕和起诉。另一些维护者未经控罪即被拘留，往往不能接触律师、得不到医疗、不能诉诸司法程序和不被告知逮捕理由；", "(c) 非国家行为者的攻击和有罪不罚气氛。非国家行为者越来越多参与对人权维护者的攻击。游击队、私营民兵、民团和武装团体都曾参与侵犯维持者的行为，包括殴打、谋杀和各种恐吓行为。私营公司也直接间接参与侵犯维护者的行为。", "19. 此外，社区领袖和信仰团体越来越多污辱和攻击致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者权利和侵犯妇女暴力和家庭暴力问题的维护者。同时，致力于家庭暴力和其他类型侵犯妇女暴力问题的妇女人权维护者，往往受到家庭成员压力或施害者威胁，要求撤回案件。", "20. 在世界一些地区，媒体曾参与侵犯人权维护者的行为，特别是在侵犯他们的私稳权方面。在若干国家，媒体对维护者进行诋毁宣传，虽然有时候诋毁者是国家拥有的媒体。", "三. 集会自由权利", "21. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》第5和第12条确认集会自由权利和参加和平活动抗议侵犯人权行为是合法的。和平集会的权利对人权维护者是必要的；如果不能确保这一权利及保护这一权利不受国家官员及非国家实体侵犯，则维持者完成其保护和促进人权及基本自由的作用能力，受到严重限制。", "22. 会议或和平集会的权利适用于每一个从事促进和保护人权的男女，但他们必须遵守普遍性和非暴力原则。因为妇女不能平等享受权利的根本原因在于“传统、历史和文化、包括宗教态度”，[2] 国家应确保这些态度不会被用来使侵犯妇女以下权利的行为成为合法：法律前平等；平等享受一切权利、包括集会自由权利。²", "23. 《宣言》保护许多种形式的集会，包括在私人住所的会议和在公共场所的大会、示威、静坐、游行、抗议和其他类型的集会，目的都在促进和保护人权。同时，此项权利可由个人单独地和与他人一起行使。因此，一个非政府组织不必具有法律人格亦可参加集会、包括示威。", "24. 人权维护者必须和平地进行这些活动才能得到《宣言》保护。特别报告员关注的是，国家人员对一些涉及集会自由的状况，常常过度使用武力，有时挑起原本和平的集会激烈反应。这种行为明显违反《宣言》，国家应对挑衅造成暴力负责。按照《宣言》，维护者对国家行动造成侵犯人权行为有权得到国内法的切实保护。《宣言》对维护者抗议其他团体或个人的侵犯行为，也提供保护。因此，《宣言》提供的保护涵盖国家和非国家行为者所犯的侵犯行为。", "25. 关于可容许的限制，集会自由可以根据适用的国际义务加以限制。《公民及政治权利国际公约》第21条规定容许限制的一些必要条件。第一，限制必须符合法律——即限制不仅可由法律加以规定，亦可通过比较一般的法定授权，以行政命令或法令规定。[3] 第二，限制必须为一个民主社会所必要，这意味限制必须是比例性的——国家必须先用尽在较小程度上限制此一权利的其他办法——并且必须遵守最低限度的民主原则。[4] 最后，准许干涉和平集会权利的唯一一些理由是：国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序、维持公共卫生或风化、保障他人权利和自由。", "26. 广泛适用对集会自由权利的限制，以禁止或骚扰和平的人权集会，常用的借口是需要维持公共秩序，同时依靠反恐怖主义的立法、论调和机制。特别报告员确定下列趋势是侵犯集会自由权利：(a) 在集会期间对维护者过度使用武力；(b) 逮捕和拘留行使集会权利的维护者或阻止他们参加示威；(c) 在维护者参加和平集会之前、期间或之后，对维护者本人及其家庭成员进行威胁；(d) 对维护者进行司法骚扰和起诉；(e) 对维护者施加旅行限制，阻止他们参加在其居住国以外的集会；(f) 通过立法和行政措施施加限制。", "27. 妇女维护者参加集体公共行动时，往往比男性维护者遭遇更多风险，原因是对妇女在一些社会传统作用的概念，她们成为非国家行为者的目标。在一些情况下，对妇女维护者的报复，采取强奸和性攻击等形态，这除了造成身体和心理损害外，还会产生不良的社会后果。", "四. 结社自由权利", "28. 结社自由权利在许多国际和区域文书中都得到确认，包括《关于人权维护者的宣言》该宣言第5条规定人人有权单独地和与他人一起成立、加入和参加非政府组织、社团或团体。《宣言》强调促进和保护人权是一个社团追求的正当目的。", "29. 结社自由权利对致力于促进和保护人权的每一个男女适用，但他们必须接受和适用普遍性和非暴力原则。", "30. 妇女参与公共生活的权利——包括通过促进和保护人权——载于《世界人权宣言》和许多国际条约。按照《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第7条，各国同意采取一切适当措施，消除在本国政治和公众事务中对妇女的歧视，特别是确保妇女在与男子平等的条件下参加有关本国公众和政治事务的非政府组织和协会。", "31. 从结社自由权利产生的国家义务，有消极的和积极两方面，包括防止侵犯这一权利的义务，保护行使这一权利的人和调查侵犯这一权利的行为。鉴于人权维护者在民主社会所起作用的重要性，这一权利的自由充分行使，使国家有义务建立合法的和实际的条件，让维护者可以自由地进行他们的活动。此外，虽然社团必须具备某种体制结构，但它们无须取得法人人格才能运作，事实上的社团同样受到《宣言》保护。", "32. 关于可容许的限制，结社自由权利不是绝对的，它可按照适用的国际义务受到限制。《公民及政治权利国际公约》(第22条)详细规定容许这种限制的必要条件。对结社自由权利的任何限制，必须符合以下条件才能生效：", "(a) 由法律加以规定——即通过议会立法或同等的普通法不成文规范。以政府法令或其他类似的行政命令作出的限制，是不容许的；", "(b) 必须是民主社会所必要。国家必须证明这些限制是防止国家安全或民主秩序受到真正威胁所必要，而且其他侵犯性较低的措施不足以达成这一目的；", "(c) 这些限制只可为以下利益施加：国家安全或公共安全；公共秩序；维护公共卫生或风化；保障他人权利和自由。", "33. 这一规定连同《关于人权维护者的宣言》第5和第17条，必须这样了解：这些规定包括保护批评国家政策、公布当局侵犯人权行为或质疑现行法律和宪法框架的人权组织。", "34. 特别报告员注意到，在许多国家，管理非政府组织运作的国内法，对这些组织的登记、资金筹措、管理和运作，施加严厉限制。特别是，利用国内立法干预非政府组织的内部管理和活动，包括限制进行某些种类活动，而这些活动是民间社会组织获准不需政府事先批准即可进行的。对现行法律的随意解释也使当局可以根据轻微违规行为对人权组织提起法律诉讼，或不经诉诸适当救济或司法监督，即迳予解散。在其他情况，法律似乎符合国际准则，但专横地利用登记程序，对严厉批评政府的人权非政府组织，不予保护。", "五. 同国际机构联系和通讯的权利", "35. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》确认同国际机构联系和通讯的权利，这项权利载于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(第11条)、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》(第15条)和《经济、社会文化权利国际公约任择议定书》(第13条)。这些任择议定书包含一项特定条款，要求缔约国采取一切适当措施，确保其管辖下的个人不因同各别议定书的监测机构联系或向其提供资料而受到任何虐待、恐吓或伤害。", "36. 这项权利也在其他关于行动自由权利和言论自由权利的条款中得到保护。[5]《宣言》第5(c)和第9⑷条确认同国际机构联系和通讯的权利。《宣言》明确地在两个单独条款提到这一权利，表示它确认同国际机构联系和通讯，对于人权维护者进行工作，及促请国际社会注意人权问题，和将关键案件提请区域和国际人权机制注意，是非常必要的。", "37. 《宣言》保护一广泛系列同国际机构和组织的合作活动，包括提供关于特定案件的资料或申诉，和向国际人权机构提供关于特定国家国内人权状况的资料。[6] 关于维护者可以联系的不同机构和机制，《宣言》规定同一广泛系列机构和机制通讯的权利，包括非政府组织、政府间组织和国际机构。这此机制可包括联合国机构包括联合国代表和机制，例如条约机构、特别程序、普遍定期审议机制和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在场人员，以及联合国系统以外的其他机构。", "38. 特别报告员关于人权维护者的任务规定，表明联合国人权条约机构和人权理事会的各种特别程序，如何在很大程度上依靠人权维护者向它们提供的资料。这可用作一个宝贵的早期警告体系，让国际社会警觉和平可能受到威胁或迫切的威胁。", "39. 关于保护同国际机制合作的维护者，《宣言》具体规定国家有义务采取必要措施保护维护者行使其权利(第12⑵条)。此外，非国家行为者如侵犯维护者的权利，达到国内法规定的不法行为或罪行，应负责任。", "40. 人权理事会及其前身人权委员会也曾通过许多决议处理这个问题，并要求秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员就个人或团体因同、或企图同联合国、包括其人权领域代表和机制合作而受到威胁或报复的个案，提出报告(见人权理事会第12/2号决议)。", "41. 特别报告员根据任务规定，曾经对人权活动分子不获准离开本国以参加国际人权活动、包括人权理事会，或在这些活动后回国受到骚扰或严重报复的个案，进行干预。对于个人在向国际人权机制提出资料或申诉后受到针对的个案，也曾进行干预，特别是根据关于人权维护者的任务规定和人权理事会其他特别程序提出的资料或申诉。特别报告员对于收到报告称，同联合国或其他国际机制合作的人权维护者，受到恐吓、威胁、攻击、任意逮捕、虐待、酷刑和杀害，极为关切。", "42. 除了直接向人权维护者状况特别报告员报告的个案外，秘书长关于同联合国人权机构代表或机制合作的各项报告也载有个人据报因如下行为而受到政府和非国家行为者威胁或报复的状况叙述：寻求、或曾经同联合国、其人权领域代表和机制合作；曾经向它们提供证词或资料；曾经利用联合国建立的程序；曾经为此目的提供法律协助；曾经按照人权文书建立的程序提交信件；侵犯人权行为受害者的亲属或曾经向受害者提供法律或其他协助。例如，2010年秘书长关于同联合国、其人权领域代表和机制合作的报告(A/HRC/14/19)叙述一些报复个案，包括攻击、威胁、恐吓和骚扰；拘留、监禁和对维护者的人身暴力、包括谋杀；污辱人权维护者的活动或使之成为非法的宣传。这些行为的目的在于妨碍或阻止个人和团体同联合国、其代表和机制合作。", "六. 意见和言论自由权利", "43. 意见和言论自由权利对人权维护者的工作至关重要。没有这项权利，维护者将不能进行监测和宣传工作，以促进和保护人权。此项权利对促进和保护人权的男女适用，但他们必须接受和适用普遍性和非暴力原则。在妇女人权维护者的情况，国家必须确保传统、历史、文化和宗教态度不会被用来使侵犯妇女法律上平等和平等享受一切权利的行为成为合法。[7]", "44. 《宣言》第6条确认法律前平等和平等享受一切权利的三个不同方面(a) 保持意见不受干预的权利；(b) 取得资料的权利；(c) 传授一切种类资料和思想的权利。关于第一个方面、即保持意见的权利，不得加以任何限制。[8]", "45. 关于另外两个方面，《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19⑶条规定，言论自由的权利“附有特别义务和责任，故得予以某种限制”，但此种限制必须与他人的利益或整个社会的利益有关。但是，缔约国对言论自由的行使施加某种限制时，这种限制不得危害到权利本身。[9] 按照第19⑶条，限制必须“经法律规定”，同时必须为以下目的之一所“必要”：(a) 尊重他人权利或名誉；(b) 保障国家安全或公共秩序、或公共卫生或风化。[10]", "46. 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员曾强调，对言论自由权利的如下方面不得加以限制：", "(a) 讨论政府政策和政治辩论；报导人权、政府活动和政府腐化；参与竞选、和平示威或政治活动，包括促进和平或民主的活动；发表宗教或信仰上的意见和异议，包括由少数群体或弱势群体的人发表的意见和异议；", "(b) 资料和意见的自由流动，不得禁止或关闭出版物或其他媒体以及滥用行政措施和检查制度；", "(c) 取得或使用资料和通讯技术，包括广播电台、电视和因特网(见A/HEC/14/23，第8段)。", "47. 实现这一权利需要国家遵守积极和消极两方面的义务，包括避免干预这项权利的享受；保护这项权利，致力防止、惩处、调查和补救私人或实体造成的损害；采取积极措施实现这一权利(同上，第25段)。", "48. 尽管得到国际和区域人权文书和国家宪法的保护言论自由仍在国家安全或反恐怖主义法律下受到最不良的限制。在许多情况，这些法律被用来将异议定为罪行，并压制要求国家负责的权利。关于内部安全、官方秘密和煽动言论等的法律条款被用来禁止维护者的资讯自由，并对他们寻求和传播关于遵守人权准则情况的资料的工作予以起诉。", "49. 其他对意见和言论自由权利常见的限制和侵犯，包括：(a) 使用民事和刑事诽谤和诬蔑诉讼程序，控告抗议侵犯人权行为的维护者；(b) 通过法律限制印刷和出版；(c) 检查、停止、关闭或禁止媒体机制。", "50. 此外，维护者和新闻记者往往因调查伤害人权情事成为针对目标。他们受到威胁、攻击和恐吓，有些人被绑架和/或杀害。他们也因如下行为被逮捕和拘留：印发信件要求改进人权状况；在线发表文章批评政府政策和谴责侵犯人权行为。妇女新闻记者和媒体专业人员也因其工作受到针对这一群体包括致力于人权相关问题的妇女调查研究记者；鼓吹人权改革的妇女专栏作家；监测和报导侵犯人权行为的妇女记者；妇女博客。", "七. 抗议权利", "51. 抗议权利必须同时享受一系列国际公认的权利，这些权利在《关于人权维护者的宣言》中得到重申，包括意见和言论自由、结社自由、和平集会自由和工会权利、例如罢工权利。", "52. 保护抗议权利包括消极和积极两方面义务。国家的消极义务是避免干预，积极义务是保护权利享有者行使此项权利——特别是在抗议者保持不受欢迎或引起争议的意见，或属于少数群体或其他极有可能遭受攻击和其他形式不容忍的群体的时候。此外，尊重抗议权利需要国家采取具体步骤建立、维持和加强多元主义、容忍和对社会上发表异议意见持一种开放态度。", "53. 抗议权利是参加民主社会权利的一个基本要素，对这个权利施加限制，必须就其必要性与合理性仔细进行审议。对公共示威可施加限制，但其目的必须是保护国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序；保护公共卫生或风化；或保障他人的权利和自由。", "54. 常见的限制和侵犯抗议权利的行为包括：(a) 禁止和非法限制示威；(b) 取得许可方面的一些不必要要求；(c) 对拒绝发给举行示威许可的决定，没有申请上诉的补救途径；(d) 法律不遵从国际人权法律；(e) 关于反恐怖主义的法律，对“恐怖主义”所作的定义很广泛，可能阻止参加公共示威；(f) 关于罢工权利的法律框架不适当，包括将罢工权利定为罪行和没有将罢工权利纳入国内法。", "55. 维护者因参加示威而受到侵犯的行为，包括示威后受到威胁以及受到任意逮捕和拘留恐吓、酷刑和当局过度使用武力。令人关注的是，一些和平示威者在当局暴力镇压期间受伤或被杀。特别报告员也确定对一些抗议群体必须提供具体保护，包括妇女维护者和致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者权利的维护者；学生活动分子；工会人员；监测和指导示威情况的维护者。参加参加抗议的维护者，如抗议与如下事项有关，往往需要具体保护：要求民主改革；反全球化运动；选举进程；和平示威；土地权利、自然资源和环境方面要求。", "八. 发展和讨论新的人权思想权利", "56. 发展和讨论新的人权思想权利规定于《关于人权维护者的宣言》，是持续发展人权的一项重要规定。这项权利可视为意见和言论自由权利、集会自由权利和结社自由权利的一种发挥，这三种权利在许多区域和国际文书中都得到保护。[11]《关于人权维护者的宣言》在第7条中肯定发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利，以及鼓吹接受这些思想的权利。", "57. 今天我们认为当然的许多基本人权，是经过许多年的奋斗和讨论才最后定型并获广泛接受的。一个好例子是，许多国家的妇女经过长期奋斗才赢得投票权。今天，我们见到维护者致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的权利。在世界许多国家，这些活动分子因其工作而受到骚扰，有时还被杀害，因为他们的工作是维护一种不同的性观念。同样的，妇女人权维护者更蒙遭受某种形式暴力的风险，因为她们被视为挑战公认的社会、文化规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用和地位的定型观念。", "58. 虽然妇女维护者的权利和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题的维护者的权利，不是新的人权，但在某些情况下，这些权利可能被视为新的，因为它们处理的问题可能挑战传统和文化。但是，如联合国文化权利领域独立专家所述，传统和文化不是固定的，他说：“文化不停地演进，同人权概念一样”(A/HRC/14/36，第34段)。", "59. 由于勇敢维护者的远见，人权发展了，改变了我们的社会。这些远见者认为：“妇女应同男子享有同样的权利；帝国不是无可避免的；土著人民是人；酷刑和种族灭绝在道德上应受严责，不须予以容忍。同样，他们要求人民想象，国际规范是可以建立的，不须容许民族国家主张，它们要怎样行为，要怎样对待人民，绝对是它们自已的事”。[12] 但是，这些思想往往遇到抵抗，特别是因为它们挑战现状的合法性以及社会、文化规范和传统。", "60. 不过，“冒犯、冲击或扰乱”的思想受到言论自由权利的保护。这是“民主社会”存在的一个关键要素。[13] 多元主义、容忍和宽宏大量在一个民主社会特别重要。民主不是纯粹意味多数人的意见必须永远优胜：必须达成一种平衡，确保少数群体得到公平和适当的待遇，避免滥用霸权地位。国家是多元主义原则的最终保证者，这个角色产生确保切实享受权利的积极义务。这些义务对保持不受欢迎意见或属少数群体的人特别重要，因为他们最易成为受害者。[14]", "61. 在这一背景下，发展和讨论新的人权思想权利是一项重要的规定，它支持和保护鼓吹人权新远见和新思想的维护者。", "九. 有效补救权利", "62. 《宣言》第9条规定人人的人权和基本自由受到侵犯时，有权获得有效补救和保护。在《宣言》的框架内，向维护者提供有效补救的义务，需要国家确保对指控的侵犯人权行为进行迅速公正的调查、将犯罪人起诉、提供赔偿以及执行裁定或判决。", "63. 有效补救权利也需要能够有效诉诸司法，这不仅牵涉到司法机制，也牵涉到行政或准司法机制。公正调查和起诉犯罪人需要一个有效的和独立的司法系统。但是，在许多情况下司法体系和法律框架的软弱，使维护者无法寻求和获得正义。国家应采取一切必要步骤，确保将侵犯维护者行为提交法院或其他申诉机制，例如国家人权机构或真相调查及和解机制。", "64. 赔偿也是有效补救权利的一个基本方面。提供有效补救的义务没有完成，如果不向权利受到侵犯的个人提供赔偿的话。除了补偿之外，赔偿可包括：“恢复原状、恢复名誉和补偿措施，例如公开道歉、公开纪念、保证不再发生和修改相关法律和做法，以及将侵犯人权的行为者绳之于法”。[15]", "65. 可是，特别报告员收到的资料往往显示，当局没有有效地回应维护者，结果造成伤害他们权利的人不受惩处。司法当局在调查伤害维护者的案件上，不够慎重而对疑犯宽大的程度令人吃惊，特别是对安全部队和武装部队的成员。同样的，维护者提出，在非国家行为者所犯的侵犯行为方面，有罪不罚现象是需要主要关注点之一。在许多情况，维护者提出的关于其权利受到侵犯的控诉，要不是永远不予调查，就是不附理由的驳回。", "66. 特别报告员也常常收到关于致力于有罪不罚问题和诉诸司法问题的妇女维护者状况的资料，包括证人和人权受到侵犯而寻求救济的受害者以及代表或支助她们的律师、个人和组织。这一群体在某些国家似乎特别危险。", "67. 特别报告员对这些趋势极感关切，这些趋势显示，对伤害维护者人权的行为不予惩处的情况很普遍，令人不能接受。终止有罪不罚现象是确保维护者安全的一个必要条件。", "十． 筹措资金权利", "68. 筹措资金权利是结社自由权利的一个固有要素，载于主要人权文书。《关于人权维护者的宣言》第13条明白确认，筹措资金权利是一项独立的实质权利。第13条的措词涵盖筹措资金过程的不同阶段。国家有义务准许个人和组织寻求、收受和使用资金。《宣言》要求国家采取立法、行政或其他措施促进或至少不妨碍有效行使筹措资金权利。", "69. 《宣言》第13条也明确规定，资金的使用必须“纯粹为了以和平手段促进和保护人权和基本自由”。此外，《宣言》第3条规定，国内立法是确保享受筹措资金权利的适当法律框架，同时立法必须符合国际人权规范和准则。", "70. 关于资金来源，《宣言》保护从不同来源收受资金的权利，包括外国来源。鉴于地方一级的人权组织资源有限，限制国际筹资会严重影响维护者进行工作的能力。在一些情况，这些限制可以威胁到这些组织的存在。政府应容许人权维护者、特别是非政府组织在外国筹资，作为国际合作的一部分——民间社会同政府一样有权进行国际合作。", "71. 许多国家的立法相当限制人权组织筹资的能力，包括限制资金来源和要求非政府组织事先须经国家许可方能收受外国捐赠者的资金。有些政府完全禁止某些种类的资金，例如来自联合国机构或其他双边捐赠者的资金。在其他情况，致力于某些特定领域、例如治理问题的组织，被禁止收受外国资金。", "72. 政府还对如何使用资金加以限制，它利用税务法和条例不当地妨碍人权组织的工作。特别是，批评政府的非政府组织往往受到相关当局全面的税务检查和滥用税务程序。", "73. 除了限制性法律和做法之外，一个特定国家的政治环境也可破坏筹资、特别是妇女团体筹资。妇女团体指出，父权社会、性别主义和独裁制度是一些最常见的结构挑战，妨碍取得资金来支持她们的工作。[16]", "十一． 可以准许的克减及维护人权的权利", "74. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第4(1)条规定：“如经当局正式宣布紧急状态危及本国，本公约缔约国得在此种危急情势绝对必要之限度内，采取措施，减免履行其依本公约所负之义务，但此种措施不得抵触其依国际法所负之其他义务，亦不得引起纯粹以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教或社会阶级为根据之歧视”。", "75. 国家援引《公约》第4条之前必须符合两个基本条件：情况必须是危及本国的紧急状态，同时国家必须正式宣布紧急状态。另一个基本要求是，这种措施以危急情势绝对必要为限度。这牵涉到紧急状态的期间、地理范围和实质范围，以及因危急情势而采取的任何克减措施。此外，第4(1)条要求，任何克减《公约》条款的措施不得抵触国家依国际法特别是国际人道主义法所负的其他义务，同时，缔约国无论在什么情况下都不得援引《公约》第4条作为行为违反人道主义法或国际法强制性规范的理由。[17]", "76. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》的重要性，在于它对保护和促进普遍公认人权和基本自由的某些活动，提供合法性和保护。《宣言》的中心焦点不在于确认这些权利，而在于它一再重申和保护促进这些权利的活动。《宣言》对个人的保护以他们参加这些活动为限。这是重要的区别，在考虑关于紧急或安全状况下克减、限定和限制权利的任何论据时，必须予以考虑。即便有些权利或自由在紧急状态、安全法律或任何其他必要下被限制，任何有关监测这些权利的活动不得加以限制或使之中止。", "77. 在这一范围内，对适用的人权准则、包括《宣言》的克减和例外，在适用于人权维护者时必须符合更高的标准。在人权遭遇很大风险的时候，绝对必须有某种形式的独立机制，对这些活动进行监测和问责。如果说，在这个很大风险的时候，维护人权的权利可以用法律压制，那就是完全违背国际人权准则的精神。", "十二． 结论和建议", "78. 特别报告员关切的是，《关于人权维护者的宣言》已通过10多年，虽然取得了一些进步，但许多国家继续制订法律和条例，限制人权活动的空间，而这是违反国际准则、特别是《宣言》的。即便作出努力，通过符合国际准则的法律，但这些法律执行不力，常成问题。", "79. 对于《宣言》这个文书，政府和人权维护者仍认识不够，必须更加努力。特别报告员希望，本报告提高对《宣言》的认识，将有助于发展一个更安全、更有利的环境，让维护者能够进行他们的合法工作。", "80. 在分析了《宣言》规定的权利、确保其执行的必要方面以及人权维护者面对的主要挑战之后，特别报告员想提出如下建议：", "受保护权利", "81. 国家应避免污辱人权维护者的工作，并应公开声明，确认维护者、包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女问题或两性平等问题维护者所起的作用以及他们的活动合法。这种确认是防止或减少他们遭受威胁和风险的第一步。", "82. 国家并应确保国家和非国家人员所犯的侵犯维护者、包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题维护者的行为，受到迅速的、公正的调查，行为者并受适当惩处。", "83. 国家应通过关于保护维护者的国内法，特别是保护妇女人权维护者的工作。这些法律的拟订应同民间社会协商，并咨询相关国际机构的技术意见。", "84. 国家应参考2010年特别报告员印发的人权维护者保护方案最低限度准则(A/HRC/13/22，第113段)。", "85. 非国家行为者和私人实体应遵守《关于人权维护者的宣言》，并避免危害维护者安全和妨碍其工作的行为。此外，国内公司和跨国公司应同维护者合作，拟订人权政策、包括对侵犯维护者权利的行为进行监测和问责的机制。", "86. 应鼓励国家人权机构将保护维护者列为议程上的优先事项，并设立维护者联络点。这些机构应调查维护者提出的申诉并传播《宣言》。", "87. 应鼓励联合国人权事务高级专员办事处制订全面战略保护维护者，包括防止非国家行为者的威胁和报复战略。", "集会自由权利", "88. 国家应采用通知集会制度而非许可集会制度；如果必须许可，国家应确保按照不歧视原则发给许可。在这方面，国家必须确保对关于限制集会的指控，进行令人满意的审议程序。", "89. 国家应确保执法人员受到关于国际人权准则和国际监督和平集会准则的培训，包括《关于人权维护者的宣言》、《执法人员行为守则》、《执法人员使用武力和火器基本原则》和其他相关的条约、宣言和准则。", "90. 国家应执行一项执法人员行为守则、特别是对群众控制和使用武力方面；并应确保法律框架载有有效条款，对官员进行监督和问责，特别是对他们回应公众抗议行动的情况。", "91. 应对一切关于执法人员不分青红皂白和/或过度使用武力的指控，进行适当调查并对须负责任的人员采取适当行动。", "92. 国家必须采取必要步骤，确保人人可以切实行使集会自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。在许多国家，妇女维护者参加集体公共行动时往往遭遇较多风险，因为受妇女在一些社会的传统作用概念影响。致力于妇女权利和两性平等问题维护者也面对较多风险。", "93. 国家应审查它们的法律框架，确保国家立法符合《宣言》和关于集会自由权利的其他国际承诺和国际准则(按照《宣言》第2(2)条)。", "结社自由权利", "94. 国家应采取必要步骤，确保人人可以行使结社自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。", "95. 国家不应干予非政府组织的内部管理或活动。国内法应避免载列民间社会组织准许进行或禁止进行的活动清单；非政府组织应能进行维护人权的活动。", "96. 国家必须设立一个单一的、公开的民间社会组织登记册。登记机构应为一个不属政府的独立机构，并应包括民间社会代表。", "97. 关于登记法和程序，特别报告员建议：", "(a) 应准许非政府组织不必登记便可进行集体活动，同时，国家不对参加没有登记的实体，施加刑事制裁；", "(b) 关于民间社会组织成立、登记和运作的法律应为成文法，规定登记必须符合的清楚的、一致的和简单的标准。符合规定标准的非政府组织应可立即登记成为合法实体；", "(c) 国家应确保现行法律和条例独立地、透明地执行。法律应清楚规定组织在申请登记至最后决定之间这段期间的地位。在最后决定之前，人权组织应可自由进行其活动；", "(d) 如果通过一项关于民间社会组织的新法律，所有以前登记的非政府组织应视为可以继续合法地运作，并获提供快轨程序更新登记。除非通过一项新法律，关于民间社会组织登记的现行法律不应要求组织定时重新登记；", "(e) 登记程序应迅速、容易和便宜。国家不应对登记程序征费，使到非政府组织难以保持它们的登记；国家亦不应对这些组织加以其他不能支持的负担；", "(f) 国家应确保对任何拒绝登记提出上诉的权利。国家并应确保对任何拒绝登记提供有效、迅速和补救，并对登记当局的决定进行独立的司法审查。", "同国际机构联系和通讯的权利", "98. 国际应避免对如下的维护者采取一切的威胁或报复行为：曾经寻求或曾经同联合国人权机构合作的维护者；曾经利用联合国建立的程序的维护者；曾经向受害者提供法律协助的维护者；曾经根据人权文书建立的程序提交信件的维护者；本身是侵犯人权行为受害者亲属的维护者。", "99. 国家必须保护想同联合国、其代表和机制合作的个人和团体成员。国家也有义务终止对侵犯寻求同联合国合作的人的犯罪者有罪不罚现象，并向受害者提供补救。", "100.　国家应避免施加旅行限制，确保维护者能前往联合国机构和有可能提出口头和书面报告，并使报告获得适当考虑。", "意见和言论自由权利", "101.　国家应采取一切必要步骤，确保人人和一切社会部门能有效行使意见和言论自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。[18]", "102.　国家应确保不对人权维护者实施安全法律，作为阻止他们人权工作的工具。国家必须确保人权维护者可以有效监测安全法律的实施情况。如果某人被按安全法律逮捕和拘留，维护者至低限度应可定期探视被拘留者，并取得关于被拘留者被控罪名具体内容的基本资料。", "103.　国家必须确保法律与政策反映维护者取得资料和前往据控侵犯行为发生地点的权利，并确保相关当局受过培训，落实此项权利。", "104.　国家应确保非国家行为者、特别是私营公司所持有的、与公共利益有关的资料，向公众公开，国家应为此目的建立有效的、独立的机制。", "105.　国家应避免将行使言论自由定为罪行、加以限制或检查。除了国际人权法规定可以准许的合法限制外，任何这种措施应予废除。[19]", "106.　诽谤及类似不法行为应按民法处理，赔偿罚金应足以继续进行专业活动。对于有关他人名誉的不法行为、例如诬蔑和诽谤，应排除徒刑处罚。[20]", "107.　国家必须避免引进目的与诽谤法相同但使用不同法律术语、例如不实报导和传播假消息的新法律。批评国家、其标志、政府、其成员及其行动，绝不应视为不法行为。[21]", "抗议权利", "108.　国家应执行一项执法人员行为守则，特别是对群众控制和使用武力方面；并应确保法律框架规定对执法人员回应公众抗议的情况进行问责。", "109.　国家应采取一切必要措施，在抗议期间保护维护者，避免对抗议者过度使用武力，并于和平示威中逮捕人员时遵守国际人权规范。", "110.　国家必须确保反恐怖主义法律和措施不对人权维护者实施，以阻碍他们的人权工作。", "111.　应鼓励国家采取如下措施处理下列维护者的保护需要：", "(a) 妇女维护者：", "㈠ 调查和起诉示威期间对妇女维护者进行的基于性别的暴力行为案件；", "㈡ 培训和指示执法人员对陪同母亲参与示威的小孩应采的保护措施；", "(b) 致力于男女两性恋、双性恋和变性者权利的维护者：", "㈠ 对采取非法决定禁止示威的当局进行问责；", "㈡ 确保同性恋光荣游行参与者在游行前、游行期间和游行后都得到保护，不受反抗议者的攻击；", "㈢ 培训执法人员的适当行为，特别是在执行不歧视原则和尊重多样性方面；", "(c) 学生活动分子：", "采取步骤建立有利环境，让儿童和青少年可以互相结合，对影响到他们的事项以及更广泛的人权问题表示意见；", "(d) 工会分子：", "㈠ 确认工会分子为人权维护者，有权得到《关于人权维护者的宣言》规定的权利和保护；", "㈡ 审查限制罢工权利的法律，包括对基本服务作非常广泛定义的条款，这些条款限制或阻止很大部门公务员罢工；", "(e) 监测示威情况的维护者和新闻记者：", "容许人权维护者执行他们的监测任务，并准许媒体进入集会场所，促进独立报导。", "发展和讨论新思想的权利", "112.　国家应确认维护者有权促进和保护新的人权思想(或视为新的思想)并鼓吹接受这种思想。国家应公开确认维护者的活动合法，作为防止或减少他们受到侵犯的第一步。", "113.　国家必须采取必要措施建立一种多元、容忍和尊重的环境，让所有人权维护者都能进行他们的工作，而不蒙人身和精神安全方面的风险，或受到任何形式的限制、骚扰、威胁或迫害恐惧。", "114.　国家应采取额外措施确保有更大遭受某种形式暴力风险的维护者得到保护，因为他们被视为挑战公认的社会——文化规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用与地位的定型观念。", "有效补救权利", "115.　国家应确保对一切侵犯维护者的行为进行迅速、独立的调查、对涉嫌行为人进行起诉和施加适当惩罚。国家并应确保受害者能够诉诸司法和得到有效补救、包括适当补偿。", "116.　国家应确保通过适当的纪律、民事和刑事程度，使侵犯人权者、特别是侵犯人权维护者的人，承担责任。对不实起诉维护者，应考虑实施法律惩罚。", "117.　国家必须确保负责预防、调查和起诉侵犯维护者行为的公职人员和执法人员，受到关于《宣言》和维护者具体保护需要的适当培训。", "118.　国家必须对根据关于人权维护者的任务规定寄发的信中，及时地、全面地作出答复。答复的一个好做法是，对所采取的个别情况补救措施以及为防止同样情况再次发生所采取的倡议，提供资料说明。", "筹措资金权利", "119.　国家应以法律确保和便利为维护人权的目的取得资金、包括外国来源资金。", "120.　国家应避免限制资金用途，只要资金用途符合《宣言》明白规定的目的，即以和平手段促进和保护人权及基本自由。国家不应要求申请和收受外国资金须先经政府批准。", "121.　国家必须容许非政府组织在外国筹资，唯一的限制是必须透明和遵守一般适用的外汇和关税法。因此，国家应审查现行法律，以便利筹资活动。", "122.　国家应容许非政府组织根据对其他一般非赢利组织适用的条例，进行一切合法的筹资活动。", "123.　国家应禁止相关当局全面查税和滥用税务程序。", "[1] 《宣言》虽然是一个没有法律约束力的文书，但其中所载权利都是许多具有法律约束力的国际人权文书所已经承认的权利，包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》。《宣言》明确说明主要人权文书所载的权利如何适用于人权维护者及其工作。此外，《宣言》是由大会协商一致通过的，这代表各国强烈承诺加以执行。", "[2] 人权事务委员会关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第3条(男女权利一律平等)的第28号一般性评论，第5段。", "[3] Manfred Nowak,United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:CCPR Commentary, 2^(nd) revised ed.(N.P.Engel,2005),p.490,para.19。", "[4] 同上，第489页，第21和22段。", "[5] 参看人权事务委员会，关于乌兹别克斯坦的结论意见(CCPR/CO/83/UZB第19段，和人权事务委员会关于摩洛哥的结论意见(CCPR/CO/82/MAR，第18段(引述于“同国际机构联系的权利”，人权维护者说明文件系列(国际人权服务社，2009年)，第5和第6页)。", "[6] 并参看“同国际机构联系的权利”，人权维护者说明文件系列(国际人权服务社，2009年)，第5页。", "[7] 人权事务委员会，第28号一般性评论，第5段。", "[8] 人权事务委员会，关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条(意见自由)的第10号一般性评论，第1段。", "[9] 同上，第4段。", "[10] 同上，第4段。", "[11] 并参看“Protecting human rights defenders”，Human Rights First，available from www. humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders。", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren，The Evolution of International Human Rights:Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press,1998)，p. 282。", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant,p.505。", "[14] Bączkowski 等诉波兰(第1543/06号申诉)欧洲人权法院，2007年5月3日法庭判决。", "[15] 人权事务委员会，关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》缔约国应负的一般法律义务性质的第31号一般性评论。", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008,“Money watch for women's rights movements and organizations”,p.17　(Association for Women's Rights in Development,2008)。", "[17] 人权事务委员会关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第4条(紧急状态期间的克减)的第29号一般性评论。", "[18] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/14/23,第119段)。", "[19] 同上，第120段。", "[20] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/4/27,第81段)。", "[21] 同上，第82段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights defenders", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the present report, submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/163.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders", "Summary", "The present report maps out the rights provided for in the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and analyses what the different rights entail, as well as the various aspects necessary to ensure their implementation. The report also addresses the most common restrictions and violations faced by human rights defenders and provides recommendations to facilitate implementation by States of each right.", "The aim of the report is twofold: to increase the awareness of States of the rights provided for in the Declaration and to serve as a practical tool to defenders working to ensure respect for the rights to which they are entitled under this instrument.", "Despite efforts to implement the Declaration, human rights defenders continue to face numerous violations of their rights. It is hoped that the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Right 4 to be \nprotected III. Right 6 to freedom of \nassembly IV. Right 8 to freedom of \nassociation V. Right 9 to access and communicate with international \nbodies VI. Right 11 to freedom of opinion and \nexpression VII. Right 13 to \nprotest VIII. Right 14 to develop and discuss new human rights \nideas IX. Right 15 to an effective \nremedy X. Right 16 to access \nfunding XI.Permissible 17 derogations and the right to defend human \nrights XII.Conclusions 18 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the fourth submitted to the General Assembly by the present Special Rapporteur, and the eleventh report submitted by the mandate holder on human rights defenders to the Assembly since 2001. The report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/5 and Assembly resolution 64/163.", "2. The Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders) reaffirms rights that are instrumental to the defence of human rights, including freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to access funding and to develop and discuss new human rights ideas. Implementing the Declaration is a prerequisite for the creation of a conducive environment for human rights defenders to be able to carry out their work.", "3. Although some States have made efforts to guarantee that domestic legislation reflects the obligations of States that are contained in the Declaration and in other international human rights standards, the current trend in many countries is to pass laws and regulations restricting the space for human rights activities. Many national laws are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.", "4. Despite the fact that more than a decade has passed since the Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly, it is not an instrument that is sufficiently known, either to those who shoulder the main responsibility for its implementation, namely Governments, or to those whose rights it sets out to protect, human rights defenders. Accordingly, additional efforts are needed to improve understanding of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration.[1]", "5. The purpose of the present report is to fill this awareness gap by enhancing the understanding of States of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration, as well as increasing awareness of this instrument among relevant non‑State actors who can contribute to the development of a conducive environment for the work of defenders. Additionally, the report aims to build the capacity of human rights defenders to ensure respect for the rights that they are entitled to under the Declaration. The report is based mostly on the analysis of information received and reports developed by both mandate holders, the current Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, and her predecessor Hina Jilani.", "6. The report is divided into 10 sections, each addressing a discrete right provided for in the Declaration, namely: the right to be protected, the right to freedom of assembly, the right to freedom of association, the right to access and communicate with international bodies, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to protest, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, the right to an effective remedy and the right to access funding. A final section addresses permissible derogations to these rights. The Special Rapporteur then sets forth a series of recommendations regarding the implementation of each right.", "7. In accordance with the mandate of the Special Rapporteur to integrate a gender perspective throughout her work, the present report refers to the specificities of the situation of women human rights defenders and the particular challenges they face. Women defenders are more at risk of being subjected to certain forms of violence, prejudices, exclusion, repudiation and other violations, than their male counterparts. This is often due to the fact that women defenders are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society. The term “women human rights defenders” in the present report refers to women who, individually or in association with others, act to promote or protect human rights, including women’s rights. The term “women human rights defenders” can also refer to male human rights defenders working on women’s rights as well as on gender issues more generally.", "8. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/defenders/index.htm).", "II. Right to be protected", "9. The State’s duty to protect the rights of defenders from violations committed by States and non-State actors is derived from each State’s primary responsibility and duty to protect all human rights, as enshrined in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which establishes the obligation of States to guarantee all individuals within their territories and subject to their jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant without discrimination. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders establishes the State’s duty to protect human rights defenders in the preamble to the Declaration as well as in its articles 2, 9 and 12.", "10. The obligation of States to protect includes both negative and positive aspects. On the one hand, States must refrain from violating human rights. On the other hand, States should act with due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights enshrined in the Declaration. In other words, States should prevent violations of the rights of defenders under their jurisdiction by taking legal, judicial, administrative and all other measures to ensure the full enjoyment by defenders of their rights; investigating alleged violations; prosecuting alleged perpetrators; and providing defenders with remedies and reparation. To enhance the protection of defenders, States should also harmonize their domestic legal frameworks with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.", "11. The obligation to protect also involves ensuring that defenders do not suffer from violations of their rights at the hands of non-State actors. Failure to protect defenders could, in particular circumstances, engage the State’s responsibility. For instance, acts and omissions committed by non-State actors under the instructions, control or direction of the State can, under certain circumstances, give rise to State responsibility.", "12. The Declaration reaffirms the responsibility of everyone not to violate the rights of others, including the responsibility of non-State actors to respect the rights of human rights defenders (see arts. 10, 11, 12 (3) and 19). Accordingly, all non‑State actors, including armed groups, the media, faith-based groups, communities, private companies and individuals should refrain from taking any measures that would result in preventing defenders from exercising their rights.", "13. To ensure the personal safety of defenders at imminent risk, States have developed different measures and protection programmes. Many States use their witness protection programmes; others have put in place protection measures, including establishing specialized investigative units for crimes against human rights activists, setting up early warning systems, providing police protection and bodyguards, and establishing programmes for emergency placement of defenders in other regions or countries.", "14. Many of these measures, however, have received criticism with regard to their efficiency and sustainability. Witness protection programmes, for example, are not sufficient to provide for the safety of defenders since in most cases they have not been designed for that purpose and do not take their specific needs into account. In other instances, the outcome of risk assessments has failed to match the situation of vulnerability faced by defenders requesting protection. Further, protective measures have, on some occasions, failed to address the specificities of the profile of defenders pertaining to gender, ethnic affiliation, leadership position and place of residence. In other cases, bodyguards have transmitted information to intelligence agencies. Defenders have also raised concerns about the privatization of protection measures, which can place the responsibility for protection in the hands of private security companies. Defenders fear former paramilitaries could be employed by these companies.", "15. Concerning protection measures for women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, in the vast majority of cases there are no specific mechanisms in place or, where they do exist, they are often hindered by a lack of implementation, political will or gender specificity.", "16. Adequate protection requires a comprehensive policy from Governments establishing an adequate environment which is respectful of the work of defenders, where the legal framework is in line with the Declaration’s provisions, and those taking adverse actions against defenders are brought to justice. Addressing impunity, in line with article 12 of the Declaration, is a key step in ensuring a safe environment for defenders.", "17. In every region of the world, defenders — including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues — continue to face intimidation, threats, killings, disappearances, torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary detention, surveillance, administrative and judicial harassment and, more generally, stigmatization by both State and non-State actors. Violations faced by women defenders may take a gender-specific form, ranging from verbal abuse based on their sex, to sexual abuse and rape. Defenders also confront violations of the exercise of their rights to freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, access to funding, free movement and freedoms of association and peaceful assembly. In many countries, a climate of impunity for violations committed against defenders prevails.", "18. Specific situations impeding the work of human rights defenders and leading to a highly insecure environment include:", "(a) The stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, or working on behalf of foreign countries or their interests. Also, women defenders often face further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender-based rights they advocate;", "(b) Prosecution of defenders and criminalization of their activities. Defenders are arrested and prosecuted on false charges. Others are detained without charge, often without access to a lawyer, medical care or a judicial process, and without being informed of the reason for their arrest;", "(c) Attacks by non-State actors and a climate of impunity. Non-State actors have been increasingly involved in attacks on human rights defenders. Guerrillas, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have been implicated in violence against defenders, including beatings, killings and various acts of intimidation. Private companies have also been directly or indirectly involved in acts of violence against defenders.", "19. In addition, community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly resorting to the stigmatization of — and attacks against — defenders working on issues such as the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, violence against women and domestic violence. Also, women human rights defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by family members or threatened by the perpetrators to drop cases.", "20. In some parts of the world, the media has been involved in violations committed against human rights defenders, notably in relation to violations of their right to privacy. In certain States, defenders have been subjected to denigration campaigns in the press, although sometimes the perpetrators were State-owned outlets.", "III. Right to freedom of assembly", "21. In its articles 5 and 12, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognizes the right to freedom of assembly and the legitimacy of participation in peaceful activities to protest against violations of human rights. The right to peaceful assembly is essential for human rights defenders; without the guarantee of this right and the protection against its violation by State officials and non-State entities, the ability of defenders to fulfil their role in the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is severely restricted.", "22. The right to meet or assemble peacefully applies to every man and woman acting to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. As women’s inequality in the enjoyment of rights is rooted in “tradition, history and culture, including religious attitudes”,[2] States should ensure that these attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all rights,² including the right to freedom of assembly.", "23. The Declaration protects numerous forms of assembly, from meetings inside private residences to conferences in public places, demonstrations, vigils, marches, picket lines and other kinds of assemblies, with the aim of promoting and protecting human rights. Also, this right can be exercised individually and in association with others. Accordingly, it is not necessary for a non-governmental organization to have legal personality to participate in assemblies, including a demonstration.", "24. Human rights defenders must exercise these activities peacefully in order to be protected under the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about the frequent excessive use of force by State agents in responding to situations involving freedom of assembly, which in some instances has provoked violent reactions from otherwise peaceful assemblies. Such behaviour clearly contravenes the Declaration and makes the State accountable for provocations that result in violence. Under the Declaration defenders are entitled to effective protection under national law against actions committed by the State that result in human rights violations. The Declaration also provides defenders with protection when protesting against violent acts of other groups or individuals. Consequently, the protection afforded in the Declaration covers violations committed by both State and non-State actors.", "25. Concerning permissible restrictions, freedom of assembly can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights defines the necessary requirements for the limitations to be considered permissible. Firstly, restrictions must be in conformity with the law — that is, restrictions can be imposed not only by law but also through a more general statutory authorization, such as an executive order or a decree.[3] Secondly, restrictions must be necessary in a democratic society, which means that limitations must be proportional — States must first exhaust any alternatives that limit the right to a lesser degree — and must comply with minimum democratic principles.[4] Finally, the only grounds upon which an interference with the right to peaceful assembly is permitted are: national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "26. Restrictions imposed on the right to freedom of assembly have been broadly applied to prohibit or disrupt peaceful human rights assemblies, frequently on the pretext of the need to maintain public order and relying on counter-terrorism legislation, arguments and mechanisms. The mandate holder has identified the following trends as violations of the right to freedom of assembly: (a) use of excessive force against defenders during assemblies; (b) arrest and detention of defenders while exercising their right to assemble or to prevent them from taking part in demonstrations; (c) threats against defenders and members of their families prior to, during or after their participation in a peaceful assembly; (d) judicial harassment and prosecution of defenders; (e) travel restrictions imposed on defenders to prevent them from participating in assemblies outside their country of residence; and (f) restrictions imposed through legislative and administrative measures.", "27. Women defenders often face more risks than their male counterparts when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies, and they become targets of non-State actors. In some cases, retaliation against women defenders takes such forms as rape and sexual assault, which can have adverse social consequences in addition to causing physical and psychological harm.", "IV. Right to freedom of association", "28. The right to freedom of association is recognized in many international and regional instruments, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which provides in article 5 for the right of everyone, individually and in association with others, to form, join and participate in non-governmental organizations, associations or groups. The Declaration underscores that the promotion and protection of human rights is a legitimate purpose for an association to pursue.", "29. The right to freedom of association applies to every man and woman working to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence.", "30. The right of women to participate in public life, including through the promotion and protection of human rights, is contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in various international treaties. Under article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States agree to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, to ensure that women enjoy the right to, inter alia, participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country on equal terms with men.", "31. There are both negative and positive obligations on States arising from the right to freedom of association, including the obligation to prevent violations of this right, to protect those exercising this right and to investigate violations of this right. Given the importance of the role that human rights defenders play in democratic societies, the free and full exercise of this right places a duty on States to create legal and real conditions in which defenders can freely carry out their activities. Also, although associations are required to have some kind of institutional structure, they do not need to assume a legal personality to operate and de facto associations are equally protected under the Declaration.", "32. Concerning permissible restrictions, the right to freedom of association is not absolute and it can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 22) specifically details the requirements for such limitations to be admissible. For any restriction on the right to freedom of association to be valid, it must meet the following conditions:", "(a) It must be provided by law — that is through an act of Parliament or an equivalent unwritten norm of common law. Limitations are not permissible if introduced through Government decrees or other similar administrative orders;", "(b) It must be necessary in a democratic society. The State must demonstrate that the limitations are necessary to prevent a real threat to national security or the democratic order and that other less invasive measures are not adequate to achieve this purpose;", "(c) Such limitations may only be imposed in the interest of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "33. This provision, read together with articles 5 and 17 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, must be understood to involve the protection of human rights organizations that are critical of State policies, that publicize human rights violations perpetrated by authorities, or that question the existing legal and constitutional framework.", "34. The Special Rapporteur has observed that in many countries national laws that regulate the functioning of non-governmental organizations impose severe restrictions on their registration, funding, management and operation. In particular, domestic legislation has been used to interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations, including the placing of restrictions on the types of activities that civil society organizations are allowed to carry out without prior Government approval. The discretionary interpretation of existing laws has also permitted authorities to initiate legal proceedings against human rights organizations for minor infractions or to dissolve them without recourse to appropriate remedies or judicial supervision. In other instances, legislation seems to be in accordance with international standards, but registration procedures have been used arbitrarily to deny protection to human rights non-governmental organizations that are very critical of the Government.", "V. Right to access and communicate with international bodies", "35. The right to access and communicate with international bodies, as recognized in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is contained in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 11), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (art. 15), and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 13). The optional protocols include a specific provision asking States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that individuals under their jurisdiction are not subject to ill-treatment or intimidation, or prejudiced in any way, for having communicated with or provided information to the monitoring bodies of the respective instruments.", "36. This right is also protected under other relevant provisions such as the right to freedom of movement and the right to freedom of expression.[5] The Declaration recognizes the right to access and to communicate with international bodies under articles 5 (c) and 9 (4). By referring explicitly to this right under two separate provisions, the Declaration recognizes that accessing and communicating with international bodies are essential for human rights defenders to carry out their work and to alert the international community to human rights problems and bring key cases to the attention of regional and international human rights mechanisms.", "37. The Declaration protects a wide range of collaboration activities with international bodies and agencies, from the submission of information or complaints related to specific cases to the presentation of information on the internal human rights situation in a particular country at international human rights venues.[6] As regards the different bodies and mechanisms that defenders can engage with, the Declaration provides for the right to communicate with a wide range of institutions and mechanisms, including non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international bodies. These mechanisms can include United Nations bodies, including United Nations representatives and mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, special procedures, the universal periodic review mechanism and field presences of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other bodies outside the United Nations system.", "38. The mandate on human rights defenders has underscored how the United Nations human rights treaty bodies and the various special procedures of the Human Rights Council depend to a great extent on the information provided to them by human rights defenders. This can be used as a valuable early warning system to alert the international community to a developing or imminent threat to peace.", "39. In relation to the protection afforded to defenders that collaborate with international mechanisms, the Declaration specifies the obligation of States to take the necessary measures to protect defenders in the exercise of their rights (art. 12 (2)). Furthermore, non-State actors can be held accountable for violations of the rights of defenders amounting to offences or crimes under national law.", "40. The Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, have also addressed this issue through several resolutions and have requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to report on cases of individuals or groups who have been intimidated or suffered reprisals for having cooperated or attempted to cooperate with the United Nations, including its representatives and mechanisms, in the field of human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 12/2).", "41. Under the mandate, there have been interventions in cases where human rights activists have not been granted permission to leave their countries to participate in international human rights events, including the Human Rights Council, or have been harassed or subjected to serious reprisals upon return to their homes from these events. There have also been interventions in cases of individuals who have been targeted after they have submitted information or complaints to international human rights mechanisms, in particular under the mandate on human rights defenders and other special procedures of the Human Rights Council. The mandate holder remains extremely concerned about allegations received reporting acts of intimidation, threats, attacks, arbitrary arrests, ill-treatment, torture and killings of human rights defenders who collaborated with the United Nations or other international mechanisms.", "42. In addition to the cases reported directly to the mandate holder on the situation of human rights defenders, the reports of the Secretary-General related to cooperation with representatives or mechanisms of United Nations human rights bodies contain descriptions of situations in which persons have reportedly been intimidated or suffered reprisals by Governments and non-State actors for seeking to cooperate or having cooperated with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights, for having provided testimony or information to them; for having availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations; for having provided legal assistance for this purpose; for having submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments; or for being relatives of victims of human rights violations or for having provided legal or other assistance to victims. For example, the cases of reprisals described in the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights (A/HRC/14/19) include instances of attacks, threats, intimidation and harassment; detention, imprisonment and physical violence against defenders, including murder; and campaigns aimed at stigmatizing or delegitimizing the activities of human rights defenders. These acts are aimed at hampering or preventing individuals and groups from cooperating with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms (ibid.).", "VI. Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "43. The right to freedom of opinion and expression is of crucial importance to the work of human rights defenders. Without this right defenders would not be able to perform their monitoring and advocacy work to promote and protect human rights. This right applies to both men and women promoting and protecting human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non‑violence. In the case of women human rights defenders, States need to ensure that tradition, history, culture and religious attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to the equal enjoyment of all rights.[7]", "44. Article 6 of the Declaration recognizes three different aspects of the right to equality before the law and equal enjoyment of all rights: (a) the right to hold opinions without interference; (b) the right of access to information; and (c) the right to impart information and ideas of all kinds. With regard to the first aspect, the right to hold opinions, no restrictions are permitted.[8]", "45. Concerning the other two aspects, article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes that “the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted, which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole. However, when a State party imposes certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, these may not put in jeopardy the right itself.”[9] According to article 19 (3), restrictions must be “provided by law” and must be justified as being “necessary” for one of the following purposes: (a) respect of the rights or reputations of others; and (b) the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.[10]", "46. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that restrictions on the following dimensions of the right to freedom of expression are not permissible:", "(a) Discussion of Government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, Government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups;", "(b) The free flow of information and ideas, including practices such as the banning or closing of publications or other media and the abuse of administrative measures and censorship;", "(c) Access to or use of information and communications technologies, including radio, television and the Internet (see A/HRC/14/23, para. 81).", "47. The fulfilment of this right requires States to comply with both positive and negative obligations, including abstaining from interfering with the enjoyment of the right; protecting the right by working to prevent, punish, investigate and provide redress for harm caused by private persons or entities; and taking positive measures for the realization of the right (ibid., para. 25).", "48. Despite protection under international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, the right to freedom of expression has suffered the most adverse restrictions under national security or anti-terrorism laws. In many instances, these laws have been used to criminalize dissent and suppress the right to hold States accountable. Provisions of laws on internal security, official secrets and sedition, among others, have been used to deny freedom of information to defenders and to prosecute them for their efforts to seek and disseminate information on the observance of human rights standards.", "49. Other common restrictions and violations to the right to freedom of opinion and expression include: (a) the use of civil and criminal defamation and libel proceedings against defenders speaking out against human rights violations; (b) the adoption of laws restricting printing and publication; and (c) the censorship, suspension, closing or banning of media outlets.", "50. Additionally, defenders and journalists are often targeted for investigating human rights abuses. They are subjected to threats, attacks and intimidation, and some have been abducted and/or killed. They have also been arrested and detained following the publication of letters calling for the improvement of the human rights situation, for publishing articles online criticizing governmental policies and for denouncing human rights violations. Women journalists and media professionals are also exposed as a result of their work. This group includes women investigative journalists working on human rights-related issues, women columnists advocating human rights reform, women reporters monitoring and reporting violations of human rights, and women bloggers.", "VII. Right to protest", "51. The right to protest entails the enjoyment of a set of internationally recognized rights that are reiterated in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly and trade union rights such as the right to strike.", "52. The protection of the right to protest comprises both negative and positive obligations. The State has a negative obligation to abstain from interfering and a positive obligation to protect rights holders in the exercise of this right, particularly when persons protesting hold unpopular or controversial views, or belong to minorities or other groups exposed to higher risks of attack and other forms of intolerance. Additionally, respecting the right to protest involves the obligation of States to take concrete steps to build, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to the expression of dissent in society.", "53. The right to protest is an essential element of the right to participation in a democratic society and restrictions imposed on this right must be closely examined regarding their necessity and reasonableness. Restrictions may be imposed on public demonstrations, providing their purpose is to protect national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "54. Common restrictions and violations to the right to protest include: (a) bans and unjustified restrictions on demonstrations; (b) unnecessary requirements to obtain authorizations; (c) lack of remedies to appeal decisions denying the authorization to hold demonstrations; (d) legislation not complying with international human rights law; (e) legislation on counter-terrorism with definitions of “terrorism” that are so broad that they can jeopardize participation in public demonstrations; and (f) inadequacies in the legal framework on the right to strike, including the criminalization of the right to strike and the failure to incorporate the right to strike in domestic law.", "55. Violations suffered by defenders as a consequence of their participation in protests range from threats following demonstrations to arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, ill-treatment, torture and excessive use of force by authorities. A cause for concern is the number of peaceful protesters who have been injured or killed during violent crackdowns by the authorities. The mandate holder has also identified specific protection needs concerning some groups of protestors, including women defenders and defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights; student activists; trade unionists; and defenders monitoring and reporting on demonstrations. Defenders engaged in protests linked to demands for democratic reforms; the anti-globalization movement; election processes; peace demonstrations; and land rights, natural resources and environmental claims are often in need of specific protection.", "VIII. Right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas", "56. The right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is enshrined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders as an important provision for the ongoing development of human rights. This right may be seen as an elaboration of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to freedom of assembly and the right to freedom of association, which are protected under many regional and international instruments.[11] The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders affirms the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, and to advocate their acceptance in article 7.", "57. Many of the basic human rights that today we take for granted took years of struggle and deliberation before they took final shape and became widely accepted. A good example is the long struggle of women in many countries to gain the right to vote. Today, we see the case of defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights. In many countries around the world, these activists are targeted for their work, harassed, and sometimes killed, because of their work in defending a different idea of sexuality. Similarly, women human rights defenders are more at risk of suffering certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "58. Although the rights of women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues are not new human rights, in some contexts they may be perceived as new because they address issues that might challenge tradition and culture. Tradition and culture are not static, however, as the United Nations independent expert in the field of cultural rights has argued, saying that “cultures are constantly evolving, as are the concepts of human rights” (A/HRC/14/36, para. 34).", "59. It is because of the visions of courageous defenders that human rights have developed and transformed our societies. These visionaries have held “that women deserve the same rights as men, that empires are not inevitable, that indigenous peoples are human beings, or that torture and genocide are ethically reprehensive and need not be tolerated. Similarly, they ask people to imagine that international norms can be established and that nation States need not be allowed to claim that however they wish to behave and treat people is strictly their own business.”[12] However, these ideas often meet resistance, especially because they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo as well as sociocultural norms and traditions.", "60. Nonetheless, ideas that “offend, shock or disturb” are protected under the right of freedom of expression. This is a crucial part of what is required for a “democratic society” to exist.[13] Pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness are particularly important in a democratic society. Democracy does not simply mean that the views of the majority must always prevail: a balance must be achieved which ensures the fair and proper treatment of minorities and avoids any abuse of a dominant position. The State is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of pluralism, a role that entails positive obligations to secure the effective enjoyment of rights. These obligations are of particular importance for persons holding unpopular views or belonging to minorities, because they are more vulnerable to victimization.[14]", "61. In this context, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is an important provision to support and protect those defenders that advocate new visions and ideas of human rights.", "IX. Right to an effective remedy", "62. Article 9 of the Declaration provides for the right of everyone to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of a violation of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms. In the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide defenders with an effective remedy requires States to ensure a prompt and impartial investigation into the alleged human rights violations, the prosecution of the perpetrators, the provision of reparations, as well as the enforcement of decisions or judgements.", "63. The right to an effective remedy also entails effective access to justice, which can involve not only judicial but also administrative or quasi-judicial mechanisms. Impartial investigations and the prosecution of perpetrators require an effective and independent judiciary. In many instances, however, weaknesses in the judicial system and in the legal framework have prevented defenders from seeking and obtaining justice. States should take all necessary steps to ensure that violations against defenders are brought before tribunals or other complaints mechanisms, such as national human rights institutions or truth and reconciliation mechanisms.", "64. Reparations are also a fundamental aspect of the right to an effective remedy. The obligation to provide an effective remedy is not fulfilled without reparation to individuals whose rights have been violated. In addition to compensation, reparations can involve “restitution, rehabilitation and measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non‑repetition and changes in relevant laws and practices, as well as bringing to justice the perpetrators of human rights violations”.[15]", "65. Nevertheless, the information received by the mandate holder often illustrates the lack of effective response by authorities to defenders, which has resulted in impunity for those abusing their rights. Judicial authorities have shown an alarming lack of diligence in investigating cases of abuse against defenders and leniency towards suspected perpetrators, especially members of the security and armed forces. Similarly, defenders have raised impunity as one of the main concerns regarding violations committed by non-State actors. In many instances, complaints by defenders about violations of their rights are either never investigated or dismissed without justification.", "66. The mandate holder has also repeatedly received information about the situation of women defenders working on issues of impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims of human rights violations seeking redress, as well as the lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. This group appears to be particularly at risk in certain countries.", "67. The Special Rapporteur is greatly concerned by these trends, which reveal that impunity for human rights abuses against defenders remains unacceptably widespread. Ending impunity is a necessary condition to ensure the security of defenders.", "X. Right to access funding", "68. The right to access funding is an inherent element of the right to freedom of association, which is contained in major human rights instruments. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders explicitly recognizes the right to access funding as a self-standing substantive right under article 13. The wording of article 13 covers the different phases of the funding cycle. States are under an obligation to permit individuals and organizations to seek, receive and utilize funding. The Declaration requires States to adopt legislative, administrative or other measures to facilitate or, at a minimum, not to hinder the effective exercise of the right to access funding.", "69. Article 13 of the Declaration also specifies that the funds must be used “for the express purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means”. In addition, article 3 of the Declaration establishes that while domestic legislation is the proper legal framework to guarantee the enjoyment of the right to access funding, legislation must be consistent with international human rights norms and standards.", "70. Concerning the origin of the funds, the Declaration protects the right to receive funding from different sources, including foreign ones. Given the limited resources available for human rights organizations at the local level, restrictions on access to international funding can gravely affect the ability of defenders to carry out their work. In some cases, these limitations can threaten the very existence of organizations. Governments should allow access by human rights defenders, in particular non-governmental organizations, to foreign funding as a part of international cooperation, to which civil society is entitled to the same extent as Governments.", "71. Many countries have put in place legislation that significantly restricts the ability of human rights organizations to access funding, including restrictions on the origin of the funds and the requirement for prior State authorization for non‑governmental organizations to receive funds from foreign donors. Some Governments have introduced a complete prohibition on certain types of funding, for example funding coming from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other instances, organizations working in particular fields — such as governance issues — are prohibited from receiving foreign funding.", "72. Governments also place restrictions on how funds can be used and make use of tax laws and regulations to unduly hinder the work of human rights organizations. In particular, non-governmental organizations that are critical of their Governments often face extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.", "73. In addition to restrictive legislation and practices, the political environment in a given country can undermine access to funding, in particular for women’s groups. Women’s groups have indicated that patriarchal societies, sexism and authoritarian regimes are some of the most common structural challenges to accessing funding used to support their work.[16]", "XI. Permissible derogations and the right to defend human rights", "74. Article 4 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states: “In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.”", "75. Two fundamental conditions must be met before a State invokes article 4 of the Covenant: the situation must amount to a public emergency that threatens the life of the nation, and the State must have officially proclaimed a state of emergency. An additional fundamental requirement is that such measures must be limited to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. This relates to the duration, geographical coverage and material scope of the state of emergency and any measures of derogation adopted because of the emergency. Further, article 4 (1) requires that no measure derogating from the provisions of the Covenant can be inconsistent with the State’s other obligations under international law, particularly the rules of international humanitarian law, and that States parties may in no circumstances invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law.[17]", "76. The significance of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders lies in its provision of legitimacy and protection to certain activities that protect and promote universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The central focus of the Declaration is not the recognition of these rights, but their reiteration and the protection of activities for their promotion. The Declaration extends protection to persons only to the extent of their engagement in these activities. These are important distinctions to take into account when considering any arguments regarding derogations, limitations and restrictions on rights in the emergency or security context. Even if some rights or freedoms are restricted in a situation of emergency, or under security legislation, or because of any other requirements, any activity relating to the monitoring of these rights can be neither restricted nor suspended.", "77. In this context, derogations from and exceptions to applicable human rights standards, including the Declaration, should be required to meet a higher standard when they are applied to human rights defenders. At times of great risk to human rights, it is essential that there is some form of independent monitoring and accounting of these rights. It would be contrary to the spirit of international human rights standards to argue that at these moments of greater risk the right to defend human rights can be legally silenced.", "XII. Conclusions and recommendations", "78. The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that more than a decade after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, although some progress has been made, many countries continue to pass laws and regulations that restrict the space for human rights activities and that are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.", "79. The Declaration is an instrument that is not sufficiently known, either to Governments or to human rights defenders, and more needs to be done. The Special Rapporteur hopes that, by raising awareness about the Declaration, the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their legitimate work.", "80. After an analysis of the rights provided for in the Declaration, the necessary aspects to ensure their implementation and the main challenges faced by human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur would like to set forth the following recommendations:", "Right to be protected", "81. States should refrain from stigmatizing the work of human rights defenders and should recognize the role they play, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, as well as the legitimacy of their activities in public statements. Such recognition is a first step for preventing or reducing threats and risks against them.", "82. States should also ensure that violations against defenders, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, committed by State and non-State agents are promptly and impartially investigated and that those responsible are adequately punished.", "83. States should adopt national laws on the protection of defenders, with a specific reference to the work of women human rights defenders. These laws should be developed in consultation with civil society and with technical advice from relevant international agencies.", "84. States should refer to the minimum guidelines concerning protection programmes for human rights defenders that the Special Rapporteur issued in 2010 (A/HRC/13/22, para. 113).", "85. Non-State actors and private entities should abide by the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and refrain from endangering the safety of defenders and obstructing their work. In addition, national and transnational corporations should develop human rights policies in cooperation with defenders, including monitoring and accountability mechanisms related to violations of the rights of defenders.", "86. National human rights institutions are encouraged to prioritize the protection of defenders in their agenda and establish focal points for defenders. These institutions should investigate complaints made by defenders and disseminate the Declaration.", "87. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is encouraged to develop a comprehensive strategy to protect defenders, including against threats and reprisals by non-State actors.", "Right to freedom of assembly", "88. States should favour regimes of notification rather than authorization of assemblies and, when authorization is required, States should make sure that it is provided in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. In this connection, States must ensure that there are satisfactory review procedures for complaints of restrictions being imposed on assemblies.", "89. States should ensure that law enforcement officials are trained in international human rights standards and international standards for the policing of peaceful assemblies, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and other relevant treaties, declarations and guidelines.", "90. States should enforce a code of conduct for law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework contains effective provisions for the oversight and accountability of officials, especially with regard to their responses to public protest actions.", "91. All allegations of indiscriminate and/or excessive use of force by law enforcement officials should be properly investigated and appropriate action taken against the responsible officials.", "92. States must take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of assembly for all individuals without discrimination of any kind. In many countries, women defenders often face more risks when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies. Those working on women’s rights and gender issues also face more risks.", "93. States should review their legal framework to ensure that national legislation is in conformity with the Declaration and other international commitments and international standards relating to the right to freedom of assembly in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Declaration.", "Right to freedom of association", "94. States should take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of association for all individuals without discrimination of any kind.", "95. States should not interfere with the internal management or activities of non‑governmental organizations. Domestic laws should avoid containing lists of permitted or prohibited activities for civil society organizations and non‑governmental organizations should be able to carry out activities in defence of human rights.", "96. States must put in place a single, publicly accessible register for civil society organizations. Registration bodies should be independent from the Government and should include representatives of civil society.", "97. Regarding registration laws and procedures, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:", "(a) Non-governmental organizations be allowed to carry out collective activities without having to register and that States do not impose criminal sanctions for participating in unregistered entities;", "(b) Laws governing the creation, registration and functioning of civil society organizations be written and establish clear, consistent and simple criteria to be met in order to register. Non-governmental organizations that meet the prescribed criteria should be immediately able to register as legal entities;", "(c) States ensure that existing laws and regulations are applied in an independent and transparent manner. Laws should be clear about the status of organizations in the period between the request for registration and the final decision. Pending such a final decision, human rights organizations should be free to carry out their activities;", "(d) In the event of the adoption of a new law concerning civil society organizations, all previously registered non-governmental organizations be considered as continuing to operate legally and be provided with fast track procedures to update their registration. Unless a new law is adopted, existing laws governing the registration of civil society organizations should not require that organizations re-register periodically;", "(e) The registration process be prompt, accessible and inexpensive. States should not impose costs related to the registration process that make it difficult for non-governmental organizations to maintain their registration, nor should they place other unsustainable burdens upon them;", "(f) States guarantee the right to appeal against any denial of registration. States should also ensure an effective and prompt remedy against any rejection of application, as well as an independent judicial review of the decisions of the registration authority.", "Right to access and communicate with international bodies", "98. States should refrain from all acts of intimidation or reprisal against defenders who have sought to cooperate or have cooperated with United Nations human rights bodies, those who have availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations, those who have provided legal assistance to victims, those who have submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments, and those who are relatives of victims of human rights violations.", "99. States must protect individuals and members of groups who wish to cooperate with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms. States also have a duty to end impunity for perpetrators of violence against individuals who have sought to cooperate with the United Nations and to provide remedies for victims.", "100. States should refrain from imposing travel restrictions and guarantee defenders access to United Nations bodies and to have the possibility to present oral and written reports and to have those reports given due consideration.", "Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "101. States should take all the necessary steps to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression for all individuals and social sectors, without discrimination of any kind.[18]", "102. States should ensure that security legislation is not applied against human rights defenders as a means to prevent their human rights work. States must guarantee the possibility for human rights defenders to effectively monitor the application of security legislation. In the context of the arrest and detention of a person under security legislation, defenders should, at a minimum, have regular access to the detainee and to basic information on the substance of the charges on which the detainee is held.", "103. States must ensure that laws and policies reflect the right of defenders to access information and places of alleged violations and that the relevant authorities are trained to give effect to this right.", "104. States should also ensure that information held by non-State actors — in particular private companies — that is linked to public interest is made available to the public. States should establish an effective and independent mechanism for this purpose.", "105. States should refrain from criminalizing, limiting or censoring the exercise of freedom of expression. Except for the permissible and legitimate restrictions established in international human rights law, any measure of this kind should be abolished.[19]", "106. Defamation and similar offences should be dealt with under civil law and the fines to be paid as compensation should be sufficient to allow for the continuation of professional activities. Prison sentences should be excluded for offences regarding the reputation of others such as libel and defamation.[20]", "107. States must abstain from introducing new legislation with the same aim as defamation laws under different legal terminology such as disinformation and dissemination of false information. Criticism of the nation, its symbols, the Government, its members and their action should never be seen as an offence.[21]", "Right to protest", "108. States should enforce a code of conduct on law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework provides for the accountability of officials concerning their responses to public protests.", "109. States should take all necessary measures to protect defenders during protests, refrain from the use of excessive force against protesters and adhere to international human rights norms when arresting persons in the context of peaceful demonstrations.", "110. States must ensure that anti-terrorism legislation and measures are not applied against human rights defenders to hamper their human rights work.", "111. States are encouraged to take the following measures to address the protection needs of the following groups of defenders:", "(a) Women defenders:", "(i) Investigate and prosecute cases of gender-based violence against women defenders during demonstrations;", "(ii) Train and instruct law enforcement officials on protection measures to be taken with regard to children taking part in demonstrations with their mothers;", "(b) Defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights:", "(i) Hold accountable authorities taking unlawful decisions banning demonstrations;", "(ii) Ensure the protection of participants in gay pride parades before, during and after marches from violence by counter-protestors;", "(iii) Train law enforcement officials on appropriate conduct, particularly in relation to the implementation of the non-discrimination principle and respect for diversity;", "(c) Student activists:", "Take steps to create a conducive environment to allow children and young adults to associate and express views on matters affecting them as well as on broader human rights issues;", "(d) Trade unionists:", "(i) Acknowledge trade unionists as human rights defenders entitled to the rights and protection set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders;", "(ii) Review restrictive legislation on the right to strike, including provisions with very broad definitions of essential services that restrict or prevent strikes by large sectors of civil servants;", "(e) Defenders and journalists monitoring demonstrations:", "Allow human rights defenders to perform their monitoring role and grant media access to assemblies to facilitate independent coverage.", "Right to develop and discuss new ideas", "112. States should recognize a defender’s right to promote and protect new human rights ideas (or ideas that are perceived as new) and to advocate for their acceptance. States should publicly recognize the legitimacy of defenders’ activities as a first step to preventing or reducing violations against them.", "113. States must take necessary measures to create an environment of pluralism, tolerance and respect in which all human rights defenders can carry out their work without risk to their physical and psychological integrity or to any form of restriction, harassment, intimidation or fear of persecution.", "114. States should take additional measures to ensure the protection of defenders who are at greater risk of facing certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "Right to effective remedy", "115. States should ensure prompt and independent investigations of all violations against defenders, the prosecution of alleged perpetrators and the imposition of adequate penalties. States should also ensure that victims have access to justice and effective remedies, including appropriate compensation.", "116. States should ensure accountability of those who have committed human rights violations, especially against human rights defenders, by means of appropriate disciplinary, civil and criminal proceedings. The application of legal penalties for false prosecution of defenders should be considered.", "117. States must ensure that public officials and law enforcement officers who are responsible for the prevention, investigation and prosecution of violations against defenders receive adequate training on the Declaration and on the specific protection needs of defenders.", "118. States must respond to communications sent pursuant to the mandate on human rights defenders in a timely and comprehensive manner. A good practice for replies is to provide information on the measures taken to redress the individual situation, as well as on the initiatives taken to prevent the recurrence of similar situations.", "Right to access to funding", "119. States should ensure and facilitate by law access to funds, including from foreign sources, for the purpose of defending human rights.", "120. States should refrain from restricting the use of funds, providing they comply with the purposes expressly established in the Declaration of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means. States should not require prior governmental authorization to apply for or receive funding from abroad.", "121. States must allow access by non-governmental organizations to foreign funding and restrict such access only in the interest of transparency and in compliance with generally applicable foreign exchange and customs laws. States should therefore review existing laws to facilitate access to funding.", "122. States must allow non-governmental organizations to engage in all legally acceptable fund-raising activities under the same regulations that apply to other non‑profit organizations in general.", "123. States should prohibit extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.", "[1] Although not a legally binding instrument, the Declaration contains rights that are already recognized in many legally binding international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration specifies how the rights included in major human rights instruments apply to human rights defenders and their work. In addition, the Declaration was adopted by consensus by the General Assembly, which consequently represents States’ strong commitment towards its implementation.", "[2] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 concerning article 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (equality of rights between men and women), para. 5.", "[3] Manfred Nowak, United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised ed. (N.P. Engel, 2005), p. 490, para. 19.", "[4] Ibid., p. 489, paras. 21 and 22.", "[5] See Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Uzbekistan (CCPR/CO/83/UZB, para. 19) and Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Morocco (CCPR/CO/82/ MAR, para. 18), cited in “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), pp. 5 and 6.", "[6] See also “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), p. 5.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28, para. 5.", "[8] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 10 concerning article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (freedom of opinion), para. 1.", "[9] Ibid., para. 4.", "[10] Ibid., para. 4.", "[11] See also “Protecting human rights defenders”, Human Rights First, available from www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders.", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p. 282.", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant, p. 505.", "[14] Bączkowski and Others v. Poland (Application No. 1543/06), European Court of Human Rights, Chamber judgment of 3 May 2007.", "[15] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 31 concerning the nature of the general legal obligations imposed on States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para. 16.", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008, “Money watch for women’s rights movements and organizations”, p. 17 (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008).", "[17] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 29 concerning article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (derogations during a state of emergency).", "[18] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/14/23, para. 119).", "[19] Ibid., para. 120.", "[20] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/4/27, para. 81).", "[21] Ibid., para. 82." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights defenders", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/163.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders", "Summary", "The present report addresses the rights set out in the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and analyses the issues raised by the rights and the various aspects necessary to ensure their implementation. The report also discusses the most frequent restrictions and violations suffered by human rights defenders and makes a number of recommendations to promote the implementation by States of each right.", "The purpose of the present report is twofold: to increase State awareness of the rights set forth in the Declaration, while at the same time serving as a practical tool for human rights defenders to ensure that their rights under this instrument are respected.", "Despite efforts to implement the Declaration, the rights of human rights defenders continue to be violated in many ways. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more enabling environment for human rights defenders to carry out their work. A more comprehensive review of the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur on the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Contents", "The right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Introduction", "1. The present report is the fourth submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur and the eleventh submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders since 2001. The present report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/5 and General Assembly resolution 64/163.", "2. The Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Groups of Individuals and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Declaration on Human Rights Defenders) reaffirms the rights that human rights defenders must have, including freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to raise funds and to develop and discuss new human rights ideas. The implementation of the Declaration is a prerequisite for an enabling environment in which human rights defenders can carry out their work.", "3. While some States have made efforts to ensure that their domestic legislation reflects the obligations of States under the Declaration and other international human rights norms, the current trend in many States is to limit the space for human rights activities through laws and regulations. Many domestic laws violate international norms, in particular the Declaration. Even as efforts are made to develop laws that comply with international norms, the failure to implement them effectively often remains a problem.", "4. Although more than 10 years have elapsed since the adoption of the Declaration by the General Assembly, the instrument has not been fully recognized, either by those who bear the primary responsibility for its implementation, namely Governments, or by those whose rights are protected by the Declaration, namely human rights defenders. Special efforts must therefore be made to improve understanding of the rights and responsibilities enshrined in the Declaration. [1]", "5. The purpose of the present report is to remedy this lack of awareness, on the one hand, by raising the State ' s understanding of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration and, on the other hand, by raising awareness of the instrument among relevant non-State actors, which can help to develop an environment conducive to the work of human rights defenders. Furthermore, the purpose of the present report is to build the capacity of human rights defenders to ensure that the rights to which they are entitled under the Declaration are respected. This report is based primarily on an analysis of the information received and the reports prepared by the two successive Special Rapporteurs (the current Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders is Margaret Sekaggya and his predecessor Hina Jilani).", "6. The present report is divided into 10 sections, each of which deals with a separate right under the Declaration, namely: the right to protection; the right to freedom of assembly; the right to freedom of association; the right to communicate and communicate with international bodies; the right to freedom of opinion and expression; the right to protest; the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideologies; the right to an effective remedy; and the right to financing. The last section discusses permissible derogations from these rights. The Special Rapporteur then makes a series of recommendations on the implementation of each right.", "7. In accordance with the mandate of the Special Rapporteur, the work of the Special Rapporteur should integrate a gender perspective, and this report therefore refers to the characteristics of the situation of women human rights defenders and the particular challenges they face. Women human rights defenders are more vulnerable than men to certain forms of abuse, prejudice, exclusion, denial and other violations. This is often because women human rights defenders are seen as challenging accepted social-document norms, traditions, concepts and stereotypes about women, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society. In this report, the term “women human rights defenders” refers to women who, individually or in association with others, promote or protect human rights, including women's rights. The term “women human rights defenders” could also refer to male human rights defenders working on women's rights and gender equality in general.", "8. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more enabling environment for human rights defenders to carry out their work. A more comprehensive review of the Declaration is available on the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (www2.ohchr.org/English/issues/defenders/index.htm).", "II. Right to protection", "9. The obligation of the State to protect the rights of human rights defenders from violations by State and non-State actors derives from the primary responsibility and obligation of each State to protect all human rights, as set out in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which obliges the State to ensure that all persons within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction enjoy the rights recognized in the Covenant without discrimination. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders places an obligation on States to protect human rights defenders in the preamble and in articles 2, 9 and 12.", "10. The State ' s duty to protect encompasses both negative and positive aspects. On the one hand, States must avoid human rights violations. On the other hand, States should exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights set forth in the Declaration. In other words, the State should prevent violations of the rights of defenders under its jurisdiction, take legal, judicial, administrative and all other measures to ensure that defenders can fully enjoy their rights; investigate alleged violations; prosecute alleged perpetrators; and provide redress and compensation to defenders. To strengthen the protection of defenders, the State should harmonize its domestic legal framework with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.", "11. The duty to protect also includes ensuring that the rights of defenders are not violated by non-State actors. Failure to protect defenders may give rise to State responsibility in certain circumstances. For example, acts or omissions committed by non-State actors are carried out under the direction, supervision or direction of the State, which in certain circumstances may give rise to State responsibility.", "12. The Declaration reaffirms that everyone has the duty not to violate the rights of others, including non-State actors, to respect the rights of human rights defenders (see articles 10, 11, 12 (3) and 19). Therefore, all non-State actors, including armed groups, the media, faith-based groups, communities, private companies and individuals, should refrain from any measures that might impede defenders from exercising their rights.", "13. In order to ensure the safety of defenders at imminent risk, States have put in place various measures and protection programmes. Many States used their witness protection programmes; others developed protection measures, including the establishment of special investigation units specializing in the investigation of crimes committed by human rights violators; the establishment of an early warning system; the provision of police protection and bodyguards; and the establishment of emergency resettlement of defenders in other regions or national programmes.", "14. However, the effectiveness and sustainability of many of these measures have been criticized. Witness protection programmes, for example, are insufficient to ensure the safety of defenders, as in most cases they are not designed for this purpose and do not take into account their specific needs. In other cases, the results of the risk assessment do not match the vulnerability of defenders in need of protection. In addition, in some cases, protection measures fail to take into account the specific gender, ethnicity, leadership and place of residence of defenders. In other cases, bodyguards hand over information to intelligence agencies. Defenders also expressed concern about the privatization of protection measures, which could give the responsibility to protect to private security companies. Defenders fear that these companies may have employed former paramilitary personnel.", "15. With regard to protection measures for women defenders and those who promote women ' s rights or gender equality issues, in most cases, there are specialized agencies to deal with, but even when mechanisms exist, they are often hampered by weak implementation, lack of political will or gender-specific situations.", "16. Adequate protection requires a comprehensive government policy to establish an appropriate environment in which the work of defenders is respected, the legal framework is in line with the Declaration and those who act against them are brought to justice. Addressing impunity in accordance with article 12 of the Declaration is a key step in ensuring a secure environment for those who maintain it.", "In every region of the world, defenders — including women defenders and those working on women's rights or gender equality issues — continue to face intimidation, threats, murder, disappearances, torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary detention, surveillance, administrative and judicial harassment, particularly by State and non-State actors. The violations faced by women defenders can take a gender-specific form, including verbal insults, sexual harassment and rape. Defenders also face violations when exercising their rights to freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, financing, freedom of movement, association and peaceful assembly. Impunity for violations against defenders is widespread in many countries.", "18. Specific situations that hinder the work of human rights defenders and contribute to a high level of insecurity include:", "(a) In some cases, women and men defenders have been stigmatized, including accused of covering up guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists separatists, or working for foreign or foreign interests. In addition, women defenders are often further stigmatized because of their gender or because they advocate for the right to gender equality;", "(b) Defenders are prosecuted and their activities criminalized. Defenders are arrested and prosecuted on false charges. (b) Other defenders are detained without charge, often without access to a lawyer, medical treatment, access to justice and failure to be informed of the reasons for their arrest;", "(c) Attacks by non-State actors and a climate of impunity. Non-State actors are increasingly involved in attacks against human rights defenders. Guerrilla groups, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have all been involved in acts against defenders, including beatings, murders and various acts of intimidation. Private companies are also directly or indirectly involved in violations against defenders.", "19. In addition, community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly insulting and attacking defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights and violations of women ' s and domestic violence. At the same time, women human rights defenders working on domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by family members or threatened by perpetrators to withdraw cases.", "20. In some parts of the world, the media have been involved in violations against human rights defenders, particularly with regard to their right to privacy. In a number of countries, the media campaigned defamation campaigns against defenders, although sometimes they were State-owned.", "III. Right to freedom of assembly", "21. Articles 5 and 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognize the right to freedom of assembly and participation in peaceful activities to protest against human rights violations. The right of peaceful assembly is necessary for human rights defenders; failure to ensure this right and to protect it from violations by State officials and non-State entities severely limits their ability to fulfil their role in protecting and promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms.", "22. The right to a meeting or peaceful assembly applies to every man and woman engaged in the promotion and protection of human rights, but they must respect the principles of universality and non-violence. Because the root cause of women's unequal enjoyment of rights lies in “traditional, historical and cultural, including religious attitudes”,[2] States should ensure that these attitudes are not used to legitimize violations of women's rights to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all rights, including the right to freedom of assembly. Two.", "23. The Declaration protects the promotion and protection of human rights in many forms, including meetings in private residences and assemblies, demonstrations, sit-ins, marches, protests and other types of assemblies in public places. At the same time, this right may be exercised individually and in association with others. Therefore, an NGO is not required to have legal personality and may participate in assemblies, including demonstrations.", "24. Human rights defenders must carry out these activities peacefully in order to be protected by the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that State agents often resort to excessive use of force in situations involving freedom of assembly and sometimes provoke violent reactions to previously peaceful assemblies. Such acts are a clear violation of the Declaration and the State is responsible for provocations leading to violence. According to the Declaration, defenders are entitled to effective protection under domestic law for human rights violations resulting from State actions. The Declaration also protects defenders against violations committed by other groups or individuals. Thus, the protection provided by the Declaration covers violations committed by State and non-State actors.", "25. With regard to permissible restrictions, freedom of assembly may be restricted in accordance with applicable international obligations. Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights sets out the necessary conditions for permissible restrictions. First, restrictions must be in accordance with the law - that is, they may be imposed not only by law, but also by a more general statutory mandate, by an executive order or decree. Second, restrictions must be necessary in a democratic society, which means that restrictions must be proportional — the State must first exhaust other means that limit this right to a lesser extent — and must respect minimum democratic principles. [4] Finally, the only grounds for allowing interference with the right of peaceful assembly are national security or public safety, public order, maintenance of public health or decency, and protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "26. Restrictions on the right to freedom of assembly are widely applied to prohibit or harass peaceful human rights assemblies, often on the pretext of the need to maintain public order, while relying on anti-terrorism legislation, discourse and mechanisms. The Special Rapporteur has identified the following trends as violations of the right to freedom of assembly: (a) excessive use of force against defenders during assemblies; (b) arrest and detention of defenders exercising their right to assemble or preventing them from participating in demonstrations; (c) threats against defenders themselves and their families before, during or after their participation in peaceful assemblies; (d) judicial harassment and prosecution of defenders; (e) travel restrictions imposed on defenders to prevent their participation in assemblies outside their country of residence; and (f) restrictions imposed through legislative and administrative measures.", "27. Women defenders tend to be more at risk than male defenders when they participate in collective public action because of the concept of the traditional role of women in some societies, which is targeted by non-State actors. In some cases, reprisals against women defenders, rape and sexual assault took the form of negative social consequences in addition to physical and psychological damage.", "IV. Right to freedom of association", "28. The right to freedom of association is recognized in many international and regional instruments, including article 5 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which states that everyone has the right, individually and in association with others, to form, join and join non-governmental organizations, associations or groups. The Declaration emphasizes that the promotion and protection of human rights is a legitimate aim pursued by an association.", "29. The right to freedom of association applies to every woman and man committed to the promotion and protection of human rights, provided that they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence.", "Women's right to participate in public life — including through the promotion and protection of human rights — is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and numerous international treaties. In accordance with article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States agree to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country, in particular by ensuring women's participation, on equal terms with men, in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.", "31. State obligations arising from the right to freedom of association have both negative and positive aspects, including the obligation to prevent violations of this right, to protect persons exercising this right and to investigate violations of this right. Given the importance of the role of human rights defenders in a democratic society, the full exercise of this right imposes on the State the obligation to establish legal and practical conditions under which defenders can freely carry out their activities. Moreover, while associations must have some institutional structure, they cannot operate without acquiring legal personality, and de facto associations are also protected by the Declaration.", "32. With regard to permissible restrictions, the right to freedom of association is not absolute and may be restricted in accordance with applicable international obligations. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 22) sets out in detail the conditions necessary to permit such restrictions. Any restriction on the right to freedom of association may be effective only if:", "(a) By law — that is, through parliamentary legislation or equivalent unwritten norms of common law. Restrictions imposed by government decree or other similar administrative order are impermissible;", "(b) Must be necessary in a democratic society. States must demonstrate that such restrictions are necessary to prevent a real threat to national security or to the democratic order, and that other less intrusive measures are insufficient to achieve this;", "(c) These restrictions may be imposed only in the interests of national security or public safety; public order; the preservation of public health or decency; and the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "33. This provision, together with articles 5 and 17 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, must be understood as follows: These provisions include the protection of human rights organizations that criticize State policy, publicize human rights violations by authorities or challenge existing laws and constitutional frameworks.", "34. The Special Rapporteur notes that, in many countries, national laws regulating the operation of non-governmental organizations impose severe restrictions on their registration, financing, management and functioning. In particular, domestic legislation was used to interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations, including restrictions on certain types of activities that could be carried out by civil society organizations without prior government approval. The arbitrary interpretation of existing laws also allows the authorities to institute legal proceedings against human rights organizations for minor violations or dissolve them without recourse to appropriate remedies or judicial oversight. In other cases, the law appeared to be in line with international norms, but the registration procedure was used arbitrarily to deny protection to human rights NGOs that were critical of the Government.", "V. Right to communicate and communicate with international bodies", "35. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognizes the right to communicate and communicate with international bodies, as enshrined in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 11), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (art. 15) and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 13). These Optional Protocols contain a specific article requiring States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that individuals under their jurisdiction are not subjected to any ill-treatment, intimidation or injury as a result of contacting or providing information to the monitoring bodies of the respective Protocols.", "36. This right is also protected in other articles on the right to freedom of movement and the right to freedom of expression. [5] Articles 5 (c) and 9 (4) of the Declaration recognize the right to communicate and communicate with international bodies. The Declaration explicitly refers to this right in two separate articles, stating that it recognizes that communication and communication with international bodies are essential for the work of human rights defenders and for drawing the attention of the international community to human rights issues and bringing key cases to the attention of regional and international human rights mechanisms.", "37. The Declaration protects a wide range of cooperation activities with international bodies and organizations, including the provision of information or complaints on specific cases and the provision of information to international human rights bodies on the human rights situation in a given country. [6] With regard to the different bodies and mechanisms with which defenders can communicate, the Declaration provides for the right to communicate with a wide range of institutions and mechanisms, including non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international institutions. Such a mechanism could include United Nations bodies, including United Nations representatives and mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, special procedures, the universal periodic review mechanism and the presence of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as institutions outside the United Nations system.", "38. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders illustrates how the United Nations human rights treaty bodies and the special procedures of the Human Rights Council rely to a large extent on information provided to them by human rights defenders. This can be used as a valuable early warning system to alert the international community to possible or imminent threats to peace.", "39. With regard to the protection of defenders cooperating with international mechanisms, the Declaration specifies the obligation of States to take the necessary measures to protect defenders from the exercise of their rights (art. 12 (2)). In addition, non-State actors are responsible for violating the rights of defenders to the extent that they have committed wrongful acts or offences under domestic law.", "40. The Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, have also adopted numerous resolutions addressing this issue and have requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to report on individual cases of threats or reprisals against individuals or groups for having cooperated or attempted to cooperate with the United Nations, including its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 12/2).", "41. In accordance with his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has intervened in cases where human rights activists have not been allowed to leave the country to participate in international human rights activities, including the Human Rights Council, or have been subjected to harassment or serious reprisals upon their return to the country. Interventions have also been made in individual cases where individuals have been targeted after submitting information or complaints to international human rights mechanisms, in particular under the mandate on human rights defenders and other special procedures of the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur is extremely concerned about reports of intimidation, threats, attacks, arbitrary arrest, ill-treatment, torture and killings of human rights defenders who have received reports of cooperation with the United Nations or other international mechanisms.", "42. In addition to the individual cases reported directly to the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, the reports of the Secretary-General on cooperation with representatives or mechanisms of United Nations human rights bodies contain a description of situations in which individuals are reported to have been threatened or subjected to reprisals by Governments and non-State actors for acts such as seeking or having cooperated with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights; having provided testimony or information to them; having made use of procedures established by the United Nations; having provided legal assistance for that purpose; having submitted communications in accordance with procedures established by human rights instruments; and having been relatives of victims of human rights violations or having provided legal or other assistance to victims. For example, the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights (A/HRC/14/19) described a number of cases of reprisals, including attacks, threats, intimidation and harassment; detention, imprisonment and physical violence against defenders, including murder; and the stigmatization or unlawful dissemination of information by human rights defenders. The purpose of these acts is to prevent or prevent individuals and groups from cooperating with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms.", "VI. Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "43. The right to freedom of opinion and expression is essential to the work of human rights defenders. Without this right, defenders will not be able to monitor and advocate for the promotion and protection of human rights. This right applies to men and women who promote and protect human rights, provided that they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. In the case of women human rights defenders, States must ensure that traditional, historical, cultural and religious attitudes are not used to legitimize violations of women ' s de jure equality and equal enjoyment of all rights. [7]", "44. Article 6 of the Declaration recognizes three different aspects of equality before the law and equal enjoyment of all rights: (a) the right to hold opinions free from interference; (b) the right to information; and (c) the right to impart all kinds of information and ideas. No restrictions may be placed on the first aspect, the right to hold opinions. [8]", "With regard to the other two aspects, article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that the right to freedom of expression “with special duties and responsibilities may be subject to certain restrictions” provided that such restrictions relate to the interests of others or of society as a whole. However, when States parties impose certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, such restrictions must not jeopardize the right itself. [9] According to article 19 (3), restrictions must be “as prescribed by law” and must be “necessary” for one of the following purposes: (a) Respect for the rights or reputations of others; (b) protection of national security or of public order, or of public health or morals. [10]", "46. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that the right to freedom of expression may not be restricted by:", "(a) To discuss government policy and political debate; to report on human rights, government activities and government corruption; to participate in electoral campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including those that promote peace or democracy; and to express opinions and dissent on religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups;", "(b) The free flow of information and views, the prohibition or closure of publications or other media and the abuse of administrative measures and censorship;", "(c) Access to or use of information and communication technologies, including radio, television and the Internet (see A/HC/14/23, para. 8).", "47. The realization of this right requires that States comply with both positive and negative obligations, including by avoiding interference with the enjoyment of this right; by protecting this right, by working to prevent, punish, investigate and remedy damage caused by private persons or entities; and by taking positive measures to realize this right (ibid., para. 25).", "48. Despite the protection of freedom of expression under international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, freedom of expression is subject to the worst restrictions under national security or anti-terrorism laws. In many cases, these laws have been used to criminalize dissent and suppress the right to hold States accountable. Legal provisions on internal security, official secrecy and incitement to speech are used to prohibit the freedom of information of defenders and to prosecute their efforts to seek and disseminate information on compliance with human rights norms.", "49. Other common restrictions and violations of the right to freedom of opinion and expression include: (a) the use of civil and criminal defamation and defamation proceedings against defenders protesting human rights violations; (b) the adoption of legal restrictions on printing and publishing; and (c) censorship, suspension, closure or prohibition of media mechanisms.", "50. Moreover, defenders and journalists are often targeted for investigating human rights abuses. They were threatened, attacked and intimidated, and some were abducted and/or killed. They were also arrested and detained for: issuing letters calling for improvements in the human rights situation; and publishing articles online criticizing government policies and condemning human rights violations. Women journalists and media professionals have also been targeted for their work by women researchers, including those working on human rights-related issues; women columnists advocating human rights reform; women journalists monitoring and reporting on human rights violations; and women bloggers.", "VII. Right to protest", "51. The right to protest must be accompanied by a series of internationally recognized rights, reaffirmed in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly and trade union rights, such as the right to strike.", "52. Protection of the right to protest includes both negative and positive obligations. The negative obligation of the State is to avoid interference, and the positive obligation is to protect the exercise of this right by the rights-holders - Especially when protesters maintain unpopular or controversial opinions, or belong to minorities or other groups at high risk of attack and other forms of intolerance. In addition, respect for the right to protest requires States to take concrete steps to establish, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to dissent in society.", "53. The right to protest is an essential element of the right to participate in a democratic society, and restrictions on this right must be carefully considered with regard to its necessity and reasonableness. Restrictions may be imposed on public demonstrations, provided that their purpose is to protect national security or public safety, public order, public health or decency, or the rights and freedoms of others.", "Common restrictions and violations of the right to protest include: (a) the prohibition and unlawful restriction of demonstrations; (b) some unnecessary requirements for obtaining permits; (c) the lack of avenues of redress to apply for an appeal against decisions refusing to grant permission to hold demonstrations; (d) non-compliance of the law with international human rights law; (e) the broad definition of “terrorism” in the anti-terrorism law, which may prevent participation in public demonstrations; and (f) inadequate legal frameworks for the right to strike, including the criminalization of the right to strike and the failure to incorporate the right to strike into domestic law.", "55. Defenders have been subjected to violations as a result of their participation in demonstrations, including threats after demonstrations and arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, torture and excessive use of force by the authorities. It is a matter of concern that some peaceful demonstrators were injured or killed during violent repression by the authorities. The Special Rapporteur has also identified specific protections for some protest groups, including women defenders and defenders working on LGBT rights; student activists; trade unionists; and defenders monitoring and mentoring demonstrations. Defenders participating in protests, such as protests related to demands for democratic reform; anti-globalization campaigns; electoral processes; peaceful demonstrations; land rights, natural resources and environmental requirements, often require specific protection.", "VIII. Right to develop and discuss new human rights thinking", "56. The development and discussion of a new right to human rights thinking, as enshrined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is an important provision for the sustainable development of human rights. This right can be seen as an exercise of the rights to freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of association, which are protected in many regional and international instruments. [11] The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders affirms in article 7 the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas and to advocate for their acceptance.", "57. Many of the fundamental human rights that we believe to be natural today have been finalized and widely accepted after many years of struggle and discussion. A good example is the long struggle of women in many countries to win the vote. Today we see defenders committed to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. In many countries around the world, activists have been harassed and sometimes killed for their work, which is to uphold a different view of sexuality. Similarly, women human rights defenders are at greater risk of some form of violence, as they are seen as challenging accepted social, cultural norms, traditions, concepts and stereotypes about women, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "58. While the rights of women defenders and those working on women ' s rights or gender equality issues are not new human rights, in some cases they may be seen as new, as the issues they address may challenge traditions and cultures. However, as the United Nations independent expert in the field of cultural rights has stated, tradition and culture are not static, stating that “culture continues to evolve, like the concept of human rights” (A/HRC/14/36, para.", "59. Thanks to the vision of brave defenders, human rights have developed and transformed our societies. According to these visionaries: “Women should have the same rights as men; empires are not inevitable; indigenous peoples are human beings; torture and genocide are morally reprehensible and not to be tolerated. Likewise, they demand that the people imagine that international norms can be established and that the nation-states should not be allowed to claim that it is absolutely up to them to do what they want and what they want to do to people”. However, these ideas often encounter resistance, especially as they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo and social and cultural norms and traditions.", "However, the notion of “offer, shock or disrupt” is protected by the right to freedom of expression. This is a key element in the existence of a “democratic society”. [13] Pluralism, tolerance and generosity are particularly important in a democratic society. Democracy does not simply mean that the views of the majority must always prevail: a balance must be struck to ensure fair and appropriate treatment of minorities and to avoid abuse of hegemony. The State is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of pluralism, a role that creates a positive obligation to ensure the effective enjoyment of rights. These obligations are particularly important for persons who maintain unwelcome opinions or belong to minority groups, as they are the most vulnerable. [14]", "61. Against this background, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is an important provision that supports and protects defenders of new human rights visions and ideas.", "IX. Right to an effective remedy", "62. Article 9 of the Declaration provides that everyone has the right to an effective remedy and protection in case of violation of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms. Within the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide effective remedies to defenders requires States to ensure prompt and impartial investigations into alleged human rights violations, the prosecution of perpetrators, the provision of compensation and the enforcement of decisions or sentences.", "63. The right to an effective remedy also requires effective access to justice, involving not only judicial but also administrative or quasi-judicial mechanisms. The impartial investigation and prosecution of perpetrators requires an effective and independent judicial system. In many cases, however, weak judicial systems and legal frameworks prevent defenders from seeking and obtaining justice. States should take all necessary steps to ensure that violations against defenders are brought before courts or other complaint mechanisms, such as national human rights institutions or truth and reconciliation mechanisms.", "64. Reparation is also a fundamental aspect of the right to an effective remedy. The obligation to provide an effective remedy has not been fulfilled if compensation is not provided to individuals whose rights have been violated. In addition to compensation, compensation may include “restitution, rehabilitation and compensation measures such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non-repetition and amendments to relevant laws and practices, and bringing to justice perpetrators of human rights violations”. [15]", "65. However, information received by the Special Rapporteur often indicates that the authorities have not responded effectively to defenders, resulting in impunity for those who harm their rights. The judicial authorities were not careful enough to investigate cases of harm to defenders, and the degree of leniency of the suspects was alarming, particularly with regard to members of the security and armed forces. Similarly, defenders argue that impunity is one of the main concerns in relation to violations committed by non-State actors. In many cases, complaints by defenders of violations of their rights are either never investigated or dismissed without reasons.", "66. The Special Rapporteur has also often received information on the situation of women defenders working on the issue of impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims seeking redress for human rights violations, as well as lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. This group appears to be particularly dangerous in some countries.", "67. The Special Rapporteur is extremely concerned about these trends, which indicate that impunity for human rights abuses against defenders is unacceptable and widespread. Ending impunity is a necessary condition for ensuring the safety of defenders.", "X. Right to finance", "68. The right to finance is an inherent element of the right to freedom of association and is enshrined in the main human rights instruments. Article 13 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders explicitly recognizes the right to raise funds as an independent substantive right. The wording of article 13 covers different stages of the financing process. States have an obligation to allow individuals and organizations to seek, receive and use funds. The Declaration requires States to take legislative, administrative or other measures to promote or at least prevent the effective exercise of the right to raise funds.", "Article 13 of the Declaration also makes it clear that funds must be used “for the sole purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms by peaceful means”. Furthermore, article 3 of the Declaration provides that domestic legislation is the appropriate legal framework to ensure the enjoyment of the right to raise funds, and that it must be in conformity with international human rights norms and standards.", "70. With regard to sources of funding, the Declaration protects the right to receive funds from different sources, including foreign sources. Given the limited resources of human rights organizations at the local level, restrictions on international funding could seriously affect the ability of defenders to work. In some cases, these restrictions can threaten the existence of these organizations. Governments should allow human rights defenders, especially non-governmental organizations, to raise funds abroad as part of international cooperation — civil society having the same right as Governments to do so.", "71. Legislation in many countries places considerable restrictions on the ability of human rights organizations to raise funds, including restrictions on funding sources and the requirement that non-governmental organizations receive funds from foreign donors with prior State authorization. Some Governments completely prohibit certain types of funding, such as from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other cases, organizations working in specific areas, such as governance issues, are prohibited from receiving foreign funds.", "72. The Government has also imposed restrictions on the use of funds, using tax laws and regulations to unduly hinder the work of human rights organizations. In particular, NGOs critical of the Government are often subject to comprehensive tax checks and abuse of tax procedures by the relevant authorities.", "73. In addition to restrictive laws and practices, the political environment in a given country can undermine funding, especially for women ' s groups. Women ' s groups noted that patriarchal societies, sexism and authoritarian systems are some of the most common structural challenges that impede access to funds to support their work. [16]", "XI. Permissible derogations and rights to the defence of human rights", "Article 4 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that: “When a state of emergency is officially declared to endanger the country, a State Party to the present Covenant may, to the extent strictly necessary by the exigencies of the situation, take measures to relieve it of its obligations under the present Covenant, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with its other obligations under international law and do not entail discrimination solely on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social class”.", "75. Before a State invokes article 4 of the Covenant, two basic conditions must be met: the situation must be one that endangers the state of emergency in the country and the State must formally declare a state of emergency. Another basic requirement is that such measures be limited to the absolute necessity of a state of necessity. This relates to the duration, geographical and substantive scope of the state of emergency, as well as to any measures of derogation arising from the state of necessity. Furthermore, article 4 (1) requires that any measures derogating from the provisions of the Covenant shall not conflict with other obligations of States under international law, in particular international humanitarian law, and that States parties may in no circumstances invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acts contrary to humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law. [17]", "76. The importance of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders lies in providing legitimacy and protection to certain activities for the protection and promotion of universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The central focus of the Declaration is not on the recognition of those rights, but on its repeated reaffirmation and protection of activities to promote them. The protection of individuals under the Declaration is limited to their participation in these activities. This is an important distinction that must be taken into account when considering any arguments for derogation, qualification and limitation of rights under an emergency or security situation. Even if some rights or freedoms are restricted in a state of emergency, security laws or any other necessary circumstances, no activity related to the monitoring of these rights may be restricted or suspended.", "77. In this context, derogations and exceptions to applicable human rights norms, including the Declaration, must meet higher standards when applied to human rights defenders. When human rights are at great risk, it is absolutely essential that some form of independent mechanism be established to monitor and hold accountable these activities. If, at this time of great risk, the right to defend human rights can be legally suppressed, it is completely contrary to the spirit of international human rights norms.", "XII. Conclusions and recommendations", "78. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that, more than 10 years after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and despite some progress, many States continue to enact laws and regulations that limit the space for human rights activities in violation of international norms, in particular the Declaration. Even when efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international norms, their poor implementation is often problematic.", "79. With regard to the Declaration as an instrument, Governments and human rights defenders remain insufficiently aware of it and must do more. The Special Rapporteur hopes that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to carry out their legitimate work by raising awareness of the Declaration.", "80. Having analysed the rights set forth in the Declaration, the necessary aspects to ensure their implementation and the main challenges faced by human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur would like to make the following recommendations:", "Right to protection", "81. States should refrain from stigmatizing the work of human rights defenders and should make public statements recognizing the role of defenders, including women defenders and those working on women ' s issues or gender issues, and the legitimacy of their activities. Such recognition is the first step in preventing or reducing their exposure to threats and risks.", "82. States should also ensure that violations committed by State and non-State actors against defenders, including women defenders and those working on women ' s rights or gender equality issues, are promptly and impartially investigated and the perpetrators adequately punished.", "83. States should adopt domestic laws for the protection of defenders, in particular with regard to the protection of women human rights defenders. These laws should be drafted in consultation with civil society and with technical advice from relevant international bodies.", "84. States should refer to the minimum guidelines for protection programmes for human rights defenders issued by the Special Rapporteur in 2010 (A/HRC/13/22, para. 113).", "85. Non-State actors and private entities should comply with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and refrain from endangering the safety of defenders and impeding their work. In addition, national and transnational corporations should work with defenders to develop human rights policies, including monitoring and accountability mechanisms for violations of defenders ' rights.", "National human rights institutions should be encouraged to place the protection of defenders high on their agenda and to establish focal points for defenders. These bodies should investigate complaints from defenders and disseminate the Declaration.", "87. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights should be encouraged to develop comprehensive strategies to protect defenders, including from threats and reprisals by non-State actors.", "Right to freedom of assembly", "States should adopt a system of notification of assemblies rather than a system of authorization of assemblies; if permission is required, States should ensure that permits are granted in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. In this regard, States must ensure a satisfactory review process of allegations of restrictions on assemblies.", "89. States should ensure that law enforcement personnel are trained in international human rights norms and international norms for the monitoring of peaceful assemblies, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and other relevant treaties, declarations and guidelines.", "90. States should implement a code of conduct for law enforcement officials, in particular with regard to crowd control and the use of force; and should ensure that the legal framework contains effective provisions to monitor and hold officials accountable, in particular in response to public protests.", "91. All allegations of indiscriminate and/or excessive use of force by law enforcement officials should be properly investigated and appropriate action taken against those responsible.", "92. States must take the necessary steps to ensure that the right to freedom of assembly is effectively exercised by everyone without any kind of discrimination. In many countries, women defenders are often at greater risk of participating in collective public action because of the concept of women ' s traditional role in some societies. Defenders working on women ' s rights and gender equality are also at greater risk.", "93. States should review their legal framework to ensure that national legislation is in conformity with the Declaration and other international commitments and international norms on the right to freedom of assembly (in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Declaration).", "Right to freedom of association", "94. States should take the necessary steps to ensure that everyone can exercise his or her right to freedom of association without discrimination of any kind.", "95. States should not engage in the internal management or activities of NGOs. Domestic law should avoid listing activities authorized or prohibited by civil society organizations; NGOs should be able to carry out activities for the defence of human rights.", "96. States must establish a single, open register of civil society organizations. The registration body shall be an independent body not part of the Government and shall include representatives of civil society.", "97. With regard to registration laws and procedures, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:", "(a) NGOs should be allowed to carry out collective activities without registration, while States should refrain from imposing criminal sanctions for participation in unregistered entities;", "(b) The law on the establishment, registration and functioning of civil society organizations shall be statutory, providing for clear, consistent and simple criteria to be met for registration. NGOs that meet the required criteria should be able to register as legal entities without delay;", "(c) States should ensure that existing laws and regulations are implemented independently and transparently. The law should clearly define the status of the organization during the period between the application for registration and the final decision. Pending a final decision, human rights organizations should be free to carry out their activities;", "(d) With the adoption of a new law on civil society organizations, all previously registered non-governmental organizations should be considered to be able to continue to operate legally and be provided with fast track procedures to update their registration. Unless a new law is adopted, the existing law on the registration of civil society organizations should not require the organization to re-register regularly;", "(e) Registration procedures should be expeditious, easy and inexpensive. States should not charge fees for the registration process, making it difficult for non-governmental organizations to maintain their registration; nor should States place other unsupported burdens on those organizations;", "(f) States should ensure the right to appeal any refusal of registration. States should also ensure that any refusal to register is provided with an effective, prompt and remedy and that there is independent judicial review of the decisions of the registration authorities.", "Right to communicate and communicate with international bodies", "98. The international community should refrain from all threats or reprisals against defenders who have sought or cooperated with United Nations human rights bodies; defenders who have used procedures established by the United Nations; defenders who have provided legal assistance to victims; defenders who have submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments; and defenders who themselves are relatives of victims of human rights violations.", "99. States must protect individuals and members of groups who wish to cooperate with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms. States also have an obligation to end impunity for perpetrators of violations committed against persons seeking to cooperate with the United Nations and to provide redress to victims.", "100. States should refrain from imposing travel restrictions and ensure that defenders have access to United Nations bodies and to the possibility of submitting oral and written reports and that the reports are duly taken into account.", "Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "101. States should take all necessary steps to ensure that the right to freedom of opinion and expression is effectively exercised by everyone and by all sectors of society without discrimination of any kind. [18]", "102. States should ensure that security laws are not applied to human rights defenders as a tool to prevent their human rights work. States must ensure that human rights defenders can effectively monitor the implementation of security laws. If a person is arrested and detained in accordance with security law, the defender should have access to the detainee on a regular basis and obtain basic information on the specific content of the charges against the detainee.", "103. States must ensure that laws and policies reflect the rights of defenders to access information and to the places where alleged violations have occurred, and that relevant authorities are trained to implement this right.", "104. States should ensure that information held by non-State actors, in particular private companies, that is relevant to the public interest, is made available to the public and should establish effective and independent mechanisms for this purpose.", "105. States should refrain from criminalizing, restricting or censoring the exercise of freedom of expression. Any such measures should be abolished, with the exception of those lawful restrictions that are permissible under international human rights law. [19]", "Defamation and similar offences should be dealt with under civil law, and compensation fines should be sufficient to continue professional activities. Prison sentences shall be excluded for unlawful acts involving the honour of others, such as defamation and defamation. [20]", "107. States must refrain from introducing new laws with the same purpose as defamation laws but using different legal terms, such as false reporting and dissemination of false information. Criticism of the State, its symbols, the Government, its members and its actions should in no way be considered wrongful. [21]", "Right to protest", "108. States should implement a code of conduct for law enforcement officials, in particular with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and should ensure that the legal framework provides for accountability of law enforcement officials for responding to public protests.", "109. States should take all necessary measures to protect defenders during protests, avoid excessive use of force against protesters and comply with international human rights norms when arresting persons during peaceful demonstrations.", "110. States must ensure that anti-terrorism laws and measures are not applied to human rights defenders to impede their human rights work.", "111. States should be encouraged to address the protection needs of the following defenders:", "(a) Women defenders:", "(i) Investigate and prosecute cases of gender-based violence committed against women defenders during demonstrations;", "(ii) Training and instructing law enforcement officials on protective measures for children accompanying mothers during demonstrations;", "(b) Advocates working for the rights of men and women who are bisexual, transgender and bisexual:", "(i) Accountability of authorities that have taken illegal decisions to ban demonstrations;", "(ii) Ensure that participants in the gay and lesbian glorious march are protected from attacks by counter-protesters before, during and after the march;", "(iii) To train law enforcement officials in appropriate conduct, in particular in the implementation of the principle of non-discrimination and respect for diversity;", "(c) Student activists:", "(b) Take steps to create an enabling environment for children and adolescents to integrate with each other and to express their views on matters affecting them, as well as on broader human rights issues;", "(d) Trade unionists:", "(i) Recognize that trade unionists are human rights defenders and are entitled to the rights and protections set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders;", "(ii) Reviewing laws restricting the right to strike, including provisions with very broad definitions of basic services that restrict or prevent strikes by civil servants in large sectors;", "(e) Defenders and journalists monitoring demonstrations:", "(c) Allow human rights defenders to carry out their monitoring mandate and allow the media access to assembly sites to promote independent reporting.", "Right to develop and discuss new ideas", "112. States should recognize the right of defenders to promote and protect new human rights ideas (or to consider them as new ideas) and advocate for their acceptance. States should publicly recognize the legitimacy of defenders ' activities as a first step towards preventing or reducing their violations.", "113. States must take the necessary measures to create an environment of pluralism, tolerance and respect in which all human rights defenders can carry out their work without risk to their physical and mental security or under any form of restriction, harassment, threat or fear of persecution.", "The State should take additional measures to ensure the protection of defenders who are at greater risk of being subjected to some form of violence, as they are seen as challenging accepted social-cultural norms, traditions, concepts and stereotypes about women, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "Right to an effective remedy", "115. States should ensure that all violations against defenders are promptly and independently investigated, that the alleged perpetrators are prosecuted and that appropriate penalties are imposed. The State should also ensure that victims have access to justice and effective remedies, including appropriate compensation.", "116. States should ensure that perpetrators of human rights violations, in particular human rights defenders, are held accountable through appropriate disciplinary, civil and criminal levels. Legal penalties should be considered for false prosecution of defenders.", "117. States must ensure that public officials and law enforcement officials responsible for preventing, investigating and prosecuting violations against defenders are adequately trained in the specific protection needs of the Declaration and defenders.", "118. States must respond in a timely and comprehensive manner to communications sent under the mandate on human rights defenders. A good practice of responding is to provide information on the individual remedial measures taken and the initiatives taken to prevent a recurrence of the same situation.", "Right to raise funds", "119. States shall ensure and facilitate by law access to funds, including from foreign sources, for the purpose of defending human rights.", "120. States should refrain from restricting the use of funds, provided that they are used for the purposes specified in the Declaration, namely the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms by peaceful means. States should not require prior government approval for the application and receipt of foreign funds.", "121. The State must allow non-governmental organizations to raise funds abroad, the only limitation being the need for transparency and compliance with the generally applicable foreign exchange and customs laws. States should therefore review existing legislation to facilitate fund-raising activities.", "122. States should allow non-governmental organizations to carry out all legitimate fund-raising activities in accordance with the regulations applicable to other generally non-profit organizations.", "123. The State should prohibit the relevant authorities from carrying out comprehensive tax checks and abuse of tax procedures.", "[1] While the Declaration is a non-legally binding instrument, the rights contained therein are those already recognized in many legally binding international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration makes clear how the rights contained in the main human rights instruments apply to human rights defenders and their work. In addition, the Declaration was adopted by consensus by the General Assembly, which represents a strong commitment to its implementation.", "[2] Human Rights Committee general comment No. 28 on article 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (equality of rights between men and women), para.", "[3] Manfred Nowak, United Nations Commission on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2^ (nd) reviewed ed. (N.P. Engel, 2005), p. 490, para.", "[4] Ibid., p. 489, paras. 21 and 22.", "[5] See Human Rights Committee, concluding observations on Uzbekistan (CCPR/CO/83/UZB, para. 19) and Human Rights Committee concluding observations on Morocco (CCPR/CO/82/MAR, para. 18 (citing “Right to communicate with international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Note Series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), pp. 5 and 6).", "[6] See also “Right to communicate with international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Note Series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), p. 5.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28, para.", "[8] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 10 on article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (freedom of opinion), para.", "[9] Ibid., paragraph 4.", "[10] Ibid., para.", "[11] See also “Protecting human rights defenders”, Human Rights First, available from www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecing-human-rights-defenders.", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (United of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p. 282.", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Commission, p. 505.", "[14] Bączkowski et al. v. Poland (application No. 1543/06) European Court of Human Rights, judgement of 3 May 2007.", "[15] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31 on the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008, “Money Watch for women's rights movements and organizations”, p. 17 (Association for Women's Rights in Development, 2008).", "[17] General comment No. 29 of the Human Rights Committee on article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (derogations during a state of emergency).", "[18] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/14/23, para. 119).", "Ibid., para. 120.", "[20] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/4/27, para. 81).", "[21] Ibid., para." ]

[ "美利坚合众国：决议草案", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的各项相关决议，尤其是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议，", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整，", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对于伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会至关重要，", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续在全国加强民主和法治，改善安全和公共秩序，打击恐怖主义及派别暴力行为，重申支持伊拉克人民和政府在法治和尊重人权的基础上，努力建设一个安全、稳定、统一和民主的联邦国家，", "欣见通过在政治和安全方面做出协调一致的努力，伊拉克安全局势有所好转，强调伊拉克境内依然存在安全挑战，需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族和解使局势继续实现好转，", "强调伊拉克的所有社区都要参加有关政治进程，开展包容各方的政治对话，不说加剧紧张局势的话和不做加剧紧张局势的事，在资源分配问题上达成全面解决办法，保障稳定，针对有争议的国内分界线制订公平公正的解决办法，努力实现国家统一，", "重申，联合国、尤其是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)必须为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以便加强民主机构，推动包容各方的政治对话与民族和解，协助开展区域对话，制订伊拉克政府可以接受的程序来解决有争议的国内边界问题，帮助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体加强两性平等，促进对人权的保护，促进司法和法律改革，强调联合国、尤其是联伊援助团，必须优先为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以实现这些目标，", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权，并考虑另外采取步骤支持独立高级人权委员会，", "确认伊拉克政府为促进和保护妇女人权做出的努力，重申安理会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，重申需要让妇女全面、平等和有效地参与；重申妇女可在重建社会构架方面发挥重要作用，强调需要让她们参与制订国家战略，以便考虑到她们的意见，", "表示，处理伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题至关重要，强调需要继续采取协调对策和提供足够资源来处理这些问题，", "强调伊拉克政府的主权，重申所有各方都应继续采取一切可行步骤并制订方法，确保包括儿童、妇女及宗教团体和少数民族成员在内的受影响平民受到保护，并应为难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或让境内流离失所者融入当地社会创造有利条件，欣见伊拉克政府承诺救济境内流离失所者、难民和回返者并鼓励它继续努力救济他们，注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其授权发挥重要作用，在这些问题上与联伊援助团进行协调，继续向伊拉克政府提供咨询和支助，", "敦促所有有关各方，按照国际人道主义法，包括《日内瓦四公约》和《海牙章程》的规定，允许人道主义工作人员全面和不受阻碍地接触所有需要援助的人，尽可能为其行动提供一切必要的便利，并增进人道主义工作人员和联合国及其有关人员和资产的安全保障和行动自由，", "欣见伊拉克在重新享有它在第661(1990)号决议通过前所享有的国际地位方面取得重大进展，呼吁伊拉克政府继续它目前同科威特政府的合作，以解决未决问题，履行它尚未履行的安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章就伊拉克和科威特间局势通过的各项决议规定的义务，强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性，", "深切感谢在伊拉克的所有联合国工作人员，感谢他们不畏艰险，坚持不懈地开展工作，", "1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限延长12个月；", "2. 又决定，秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表和援助团应根据伊拉克政府的请求并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/2011/464，附件)，继续努力完成第1936(2010)号决议为其规定的任务；", "3. 确认联伊援助团要为伊拉克人民开展工作，联合国人员的安全就要得到保障，呼吁伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续为联合国在伊拉克的派驻提供安全和后勤支助；", "4. 欣见会员国提供捐助，为联伊援助团提供它执行任务所需要的财政、后勤和安全资源与支助，呼吁会员国继续向联伊援助团提供充足的资源和支助；", "5. 表示打算在满十二个月时审查联伊援助团的任务，如伊拉克政府要求，亦可提前审查；", "6. 请秘书长每隔四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况；", "7. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "United States of America: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,", "Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,", "Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,", "Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,", "Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,", "Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,", "Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;", "2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and", "7. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "United States of America: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009 and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue to strengthen democracy and the rule of law, improve security and public order and combat terrorism and sectarian violence throughout the country, and reiterating its support for the efforts of the Iraqi people and Government to build a secure, stable, united and democratic federal State based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming the improvement in the security situation in Iraq as a result of concerted political and security efforts, and stressing the continuing security challenges in Iraq and the need for continued improvement through meaningful political dialogue and national reconciliation,", "Emphasizing the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process, to engage in an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from statements and actions that exacerbate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the allocation of resources, to guarantee stability, to develop a fair and just solution to disputed internal boundaries and to work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the need for the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), to provide advice, support and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government in order to strengthen democratic institutions, promote inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop procedures acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, help vulnerable groups, including refugees and internally displaced persons, enhance gender equality, promote the protection of human rights and promote judicial and legal reform, and stressing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, giving priority to advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these objectives,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and to consider additional steps in support of the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq to promote and protect the human rights of women, reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, reaffirming the need for the full, equal and effective participation of women, reaffirming the important role that women can play in rebuilding the fabric of society, and stressing the need to involve them in the development of national strategies to take into account their views,", "Expressing the importance of addressing the humanitarian issues facing the Iraqi people, and stressing the need for a continued coordinated response and adequate resources to address these issues,", "Emphasizing the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and develop methods to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic communities, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration, welcoming the commitment and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in coordinating with UNAMI on these issues, consistent with its mandate, and continuing to provide advice and support to the Government of Iraq,", "Urging all parties concerned, in accordance with international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all those in need of assistance, to provide all necessary facilities to the fullest extent possible for their operations and to promote the safety, security and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and assets,", "Welcoming the significant progress made by Iraq in regaining its international status prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling upon the Government of Iraq to continue its current cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to resolve outstanding issues and to fulfil its outstanding obligations under the Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter with regard to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait, and stressing the importance of ratifying the Additional Protocol to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement,", "Expressing its deep appreciation to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless work,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for 12 months;", "2. Also decides that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and the Assistance Mission shall, at the request of the Government of Iraq and taking into account the letter from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2011/464, annex), continue their efforts to fulfil their mandate as set out in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that the safety and security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to work for the people of Iraq, and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support for the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States to provide UNAMI with the financial, logistical and security resources and support it needs to carry out its mandate, and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with adequate resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI ' s responsibilities;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由", "^(*) A/66/150。", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第65/221号决议重申各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的一切措施均符合根据国际法、特别是根据国际人权、难民和人道主义法承担的义务，敦促各国在反恐的同时充分履行国际法规定的义务，包括在一些具体方面的义务。本报告按照该决议提交。报告提及联合国系统内人权和反恐方面的最新动态，包括反恐执行工作队及其在反恐时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务规定和其他机制、人权条约机构和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动。此外，还报告联合国人权系统对涉及反恐怖主义问题的审议情况，包括反恐怖主义立法、政策和实践是否符合国际人权法。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.联合国内人权和反恐方面的最新发展 3\nA.联合国全球反恐战略和反恐执行工作队 3\nB.反恐怖主义委员会/反恐怖主义委员会执行局 5\nC.人权理事会 6\nD.人权条约机构 11\n3.联合国人权事务高级专员及人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 13\n4.结论 14", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在第65/221号决议中：(a) 表示严重关注在反恐过程中发生的侵犯人权和基本自由以及违反国际难民和人道主义法的行为；(b) 敦促各国在反恐的同时充分履行国际法义务，包括绝对禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的义务；确保所有被剥夺自由者受益于根据国际法有资格享受的保障，包括其羁押得到复核及享受其他基本司法保障；确保任何形式的剥夺自由措施都不得将被羁押者置于法律保护之外；确保正当法律程序义务和公平审判权利；保障隐私权；保护所有人权，包括经济、社会和文化权利；遵守不驱回义务；确保恐怖行为刑事定罪合法性；确保有效补救权；(c) 确认必须继续确保加强联合国与恐怖主义有关的制裁制度所规定的公平、明确的程序，以提高其效率和透明度；(d)敦促各国确保法治，包括并将适当的人权保障纳入国家程序；(e) 请联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)继续协助反恐执行工作队的工作，包括提高对在反恐时尊重人权和法治的必要性的认识；(f) 鼓励安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会加强与相关人权机构，特别是与人权高专办、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、人权理事会其他相关特别程序和机制以及相关条约机构的对话；(g) 吁请参与支持反恐努力的联合国各实体继续协助在反恐时促进和保护人权和基本自由以及适当程序和法治。", "2. 大会请我就65/221号决议的执行情况向其第六十六届会议提交一份报告。本报告也响应前人权事务委员会请高级专员就该委员会第2005/80号决议执行情况向大会报告的请求。报告提及联合国系统内人权和反恐方面的最新动态，包括反恐执行工作队及其在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务规定和其他机制、人权条约机构和人权高专办的活动。", "二. 联合国内人权和反恐方面的最新发展", "A. 联合国全球反恐战略和反恐执行工作队", "3. 反恐执行工作队继续发挥关键作用，协助并促进在国家、区域和全球各级协调一致地执行全球战略。人权高专办领导的在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组[1] 继续协助各国落实联合国全球反恐战略[2] 人权方面的工作，特别是第四支柱所载的题为“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为反恐斗争根本基础的各项措施”的部分。", "4. 各国在全球反恐战略和行动计划中决心，“尽一切努力发展和维持基于法治的有效的国家刑事司法制度，以便能够遵照(……)依照国际法承担的义务，在适当尊重人权和基本自由的情况下，确保根据引渡或起诉原则，将任何参与资助、策划、筹备、实施或支持恐怖主义行为的人绳之以法［……］。”² 目前，在反恐的同时保护人权问题工作组正在组办五个关于保护人权的系列区域专家讨论会，目的是在反恐过程中确保公平审判的基本原则，特别提到国际标准、判例和惯例。五个讨论会利用区域和国际专门知识，以区域为重点，根据国际标准审查具体专题、得出结论并提出建议。", "5. 所有专家讨论会都在区域一级轮流举行，以促进区域和国家有关专家和工作者有效参加，他们具体负责所审查的问题，能够就遇到的挑战和复杂情况提供重要的第一手实际知识，并推荐良好做法。讨论会的重点是在反恐中保护公平审判权的各个方面，包括与普遍性有关的问题及公平审判权不得克减方面；实施普通刑法审判恐怖主义嫌犯；遵守合法性原则；情报机构与执法机构之间的关系；因恐怖行为被拘者和(或)被审判者的权利；在涉及恐怖主义罪行的审判中，法庭的独立和公正问题；取缔组织的问题；国家一级定向制裁。", "6. 第一个区域专家讨论会已于2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行，东南亚区域(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)60人参加了讨论会，包括法官、检察官和司法部官员、辩护律师、国际法专家、民间社会代表和反恐执行工作队成员。与会者对根据国际法规定在反恐中落实公平审判权利的各项挑战进行了评估，查明了反恐中主要的保护公平审判权利，并交流了最佳做法。工作组在这次讨论会后印发了初步意见和最佳做法，为会员国提供指导。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，在反恐时保护人权工作组印发二项基本人权参考指南，内容涉及反恐中搜查人员和安全基础设施。[3] 目前正在制订另外三项指南，内容涉及反恐拘留、国家反恐立法中的合法性原则以及组织的取缔。这些指南旨在就如何在一些反恐领域采取尊重人权的措施，向国家机关、国家和国际非政府组织、法律工作者和联合国机构以及个人提供指导。", "8. 工作组一直与民间社会接触，探讨与落实全球战略中人权方面有关的问题。鉴于民间社会活动对提高对恐怖主义威胁的认识、有效处理这些威胁及确保尊重人权和法治至关重要，工作队同民间社会、非政府组织和人权维护者的接触对说明工作队及其各工作组提供的援助极其重要。", "9. 反恐执行工作队其他工作组[4] 也继续在工作中处理人权问题，包括支持和关注恐怖主义受害者工作组、新设立的与反恐怖主义有关的边境管理工作组、制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组和反恐综合援助倡议。预防和解决冲突工作组组织召开一系列会议，内容涉及中亚地区执行全球反恐战略的情况。第一个会议于2010年12月在布拉迪斯拉发举行，重点是全球反恐战略支柱一(“消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件的措施”)和四(“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为打击恐怖主义斗争的重要基础的措施”)，包括多个工作会议，主题是确保尊重人权和法治，包括善治，以处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。第二个会议于2011年3月在杜尚别举行，专门讨论该战略支柱二(“预防和打击恐怖主义”)。", "B. 反恐怖主义委员会/反恐怖主义委员会执行局", "10. 反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局在其以执行安全理事会第1373(2001)和第1624(2005)号决议为重点的工作方案中继续顾及相关的人权问题。安全理事会2010年12月20日通过的第1963(2010)号决议将反恐执行局的任期延至2013年12月31日。该决议提请会员国注意，有效的反恐措施与对人权的尊重相辅相成，是成功开展反恐工作不可或缺的，指出尊重法治对于有效反恐的重要意义。该决议鼓励反恐执行局进一步发展其在这领域的活动，以确保在其各项活动中一致和公平地处理所有与执行第1373(2001)号和第1624(2005)号决议有关的人权问题。在此方面，反恐执行局还继续积极参与反恐执行工作队在反恐时保护人权工作组的工作。", "11. 反恐执行局按照大会第65/221号决议规定的任务，继续与人权高专办、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员和其他人权实体联络。反恐执行局还继续就相关的人权问题与区域和次区域组织对话。2011年4月19日至21日，欧洲委员会主持召开关于“防止恐怖主义”主题的会议，国际、区域和次区域组织应邀参加会议。人权高专办和在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员参加了会议。", "12. 2010年11月，反恐执行局在印度尼西亚雅加达执法合作中心为南亚国家警察部队、检察官和反恐协调中心的代表举办一次区域讨论会。这次活动的重点是有效利用社区警务技术反恐，以及移动电话技术的最新动态，因为该技术与反恐有关。讨论会还详细探讨反恐协调员和协调中心在国内和国际上加强反恐合作的作用。人权高专办通过协助一名人权专家参加讨论会支持这次活动。", "13. 反恐执行局还于2011年5月在不丹廷布为南亚高级执法和检察官员和法官举办区域讨论会。会上，与会者讨论了警察和检察机关在反恐方面的作用，以及他们在牵头进行有效调查和起诉时面临的挑战。讨论会还提供机会，增进警察和检察机关对最新调查技术和技能的了解，并交流相关经验和最佳做法。人权高专办的一名代表为这次活动作出贡献，提请与会者注意在调查和起诉方面适用的国际人权标准。", "C. 人权理事会", "14. 在其第十五届会议上，人权理事会第15/15号决议决定将在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的任务期限延长三年，并请特别报告员查明、交流和推广在尊重人权和基本自由的前提下打击恐怖主义的最佳做法。[5]", "15. 在同届会议上，人权理事会关于任意拘留的第15/18号决议鼓励各国确保在行政拘留案件中，包括根据公共安全法律进行的行政拘留，同样尊重因逮捕或拘留而被剥夺自由的任何人向法院提起诉讼的权利，以便法院及时判定拘留是否合法，如拘留不合法则命令将其释放。此外，人权理事会通过了关于向索马里提供人权领域的援助的第15/28号决议，促请过渡联邦政府、会员国、利益攸关者和整个国际社会继续孤立其行动威胁索马里和本区域和平、安全或稳定的个人和实体，包括孤立从事恐怖主义行为的个人和实体，并对之采取一切必要措施，同时确保所采取的任何反恐措施都符合国际法。", "16. 2011年3月11日，人权理事会依照其第15/116号决议，在第十六届会议上召开一次小组讨论会，[6] 讨论采取行动处理恐怖分子劫持人质方面的人权问题，特别侧重于国家增进和保护其管辖范围内的所有人的人权的首要责任、加强防止和打击恐怖主义的国际合作以及保护一切所涉受恐怖主义之害的人的权利。召开小组讨论会是为了增进对恐怖活动中劫持人质方面的人权问题的认识和了解。", "17. 小组讨论会由人权理事会主席西哈萨克·庞凯考(泰国)主持，人权事务副高级专员康京和致开幕词。小组成员是：在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员马丁·谢宁、阿尔及利亚民主人民共和国总统顾问Kamel Rezzag Bara、菲律宾全国人权委员会专员Cecilia R.V.Quisumbing、马里地缘政治和安全局萨赫勒观测站站长Soumeylou Maiga和哥伦比亚法学家委员会诉讼和法律保护科副科长Federico Andreu-Guzmán。", "18. 在其第十六届会议上，人权理事会2011年3月25日第16/23号决议尤其谴责国家或公职人员在任何情况下，包括以国家安全为由或通过司法裁判，采取行动或试图采取行动，将酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚合法化，授权或默许实施此类行为，并敦促各国确保追究对所有此类行为的责任。该决议还提请各国注意，长期隔离羁押或秘密羁押可能助长酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的实施，其本身也可构成此种待遇中的一种，敦促各国尊重关于人身自由、安全和尊严的保障措施，确保取消秘密的羁押和审讯地点。", "19. 2011年6月1日，人权理事会依照其第16/116号决定，在理事会第十七届会议上举行一次小组讨论会，讨论恐怖主义受害者的人权问题，尤其考虑2008年9月9日在纽约举行的支持恐怖主义受害者秘书长专题讨论会提出的建议。小组讨论会的目的是增进对恐怖主义受害人的人权问题的了解、交流关于在国际、区域和国家各级所作相关努力的信息及交流最佳做法，着眼于增强各国能力，满足保护恐怖主义受害人及其家属权利的需要，同时考虑到他们的国际人权义务。", "20. 小组讨论会由人权理事会主席庞凯考先生(泰国)主持，联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱致开幕词。下列小组成员发了言：政治事务部反恐执行工作队政治事务干事Anne Wu、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员马丁·谢宁、西班牙恐怖主义受害人基金会Maite Pagazaurtundua、荷兰蒂尔堡大学蒂尔堡国际受害程度学学院国际法和受害程度学教授Rianne M. Letschert、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处预防恐怖主义特别股协调员Mauro Miedico和欧洲委员会防止酷刑委员会成员、前暴力侵害妇女行为问题特别报告员Yakin Erturk。人权高专办将按照人权理事会第16/116号决定的要求编写小组讨论会摘要，提交人权理事会第十九届会议。", "普遍定期审查", "21. 在普遍定期审查期间，人权理事会还审议了在反恐的同时保护人权和基本自由的问题。人权理事会一些最常见的建议呼吁使本国反恐法律符合国际人权标准和义务，[7] 特别指出应审查反恐法律框架。[8] 此外，还建议各国停止以反恐为借口，严重侵犯人权和人道主义法的行为。[9] 有人对在特别法庭或特别辖区起诉因恐怖罪行而被捕者表示关切，强调必须在合法建立的司法机构起诉这些人，使他们得到适当法律程序的保护。[10] 此外，鼓励会员国对反恐措施中酷刑的指控进行调查，公开调查结果，将实施者绳之以法，并向受害人提供赔偿。[11] 人权理事会还呼吁依照《禁止酷刑和其他残忍不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》制定立法，包括所谓“强化审讯手法”的行为。[12] 理事会还建议，根据中央情报局引渡方案，对飞越本国领土并降落的后果进行公开、透明的评估。[13] 此外，对恐怖罪行实行死刑令人关切。[14] 其他建议着重指出，应颁布禁律，避免对宗教和种族定性，同时防范恐怖主义。[15] 在此方面，还建议“改进安检程序”，避免歧视。[16] 此外，建议各国举办人权培训班，教育有关当局，以改进反恐措施。[17] 最后，吁请会员国响应在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的建议并就这些建议采取行动。[18]", "特别程序", "22. 在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员在其提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/51)中以立法模式汇编了十项最佳反恐做法。特别报告员在其六年工作的基础上进行分析，并与众多利益攸关方进行各种形式的互动，特别是各国政府的呈件(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)，最终形成这套汇编。汇编借鉴了国际条约、国际组织的决议及国际和地区法院的判例。特别报告员在报告中得出结论：除这些模式之外，还可提出其他形式的最佳做法 ，首先是制订国家反恐战略，这些战略必须符合全球反恐战略，超越健全法律，并采取植根于人权的综合方法，同时消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。示范条款涉及：反恐法符合人权法、人道主义法和难民法；反恐做法符合人权法、人道主义法和难民法；常态原则和特殊性原则；审查反恐法和反恐做法执行情况；对侵犯人权做出有效补救；赔偿和援助受害者；恐怖主义定义；典型煽动恐怖主义罪；开列恐怖主义实体名单的最佳做法核心内容；逮捕和审讯恐怖嫌犯的最佳做法核心内容。", "23. 应突尼斯政府的邀请，特别报告员于2010年1月22日至26日访问了突尼斯(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)。过渡政府邀请特别报告员于2011年5月22日至26日进行第二次访问。特别报告员在5月26日结束后续访问时发表的新闻谈话中强调指出，应依照国际人权法在反恐框架内进行必要改革。他呼吁采取措施杜绝有罪不罚现象，确保追究以反恐名义犯下罪行和侵犯人权的责任。这些措施包括继续依职权调查酷刑和非法拘留的指控，通常以打击恐怖主义为借口实施酷刑和非法拘留；追究应负责任者的责任，帮助在突尼斯重建人民与安全部队之间的信任。自2011年1月14日事件以来，基本上未使用违法的2003年反恐法。特别报告员认为，过渡政府通过了一项涵盖根据反恐法被定罪或被拘留者的特赦法，从而承认反恐法并没有为突尼斯人民提供更多安全，而是被用作镇压任何形式的政治或其他异见的工具。特别报告员主动提出协助以一个适当的立法框架取代2003年法，依照关于反恐的各项国际公约和议定书规范突尼斯的反恐努力，同时尊重人权和基本自由。特别报告员还提到他以前的报告(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)，其中对安全机构各实体的活动及其活动的秘密性和免罚性质表示关切。他赞扬过渡政府取缔国家安全局，据称该局应对酷刑及任意甚至秘密拘留的行径及“政治警察”的活动负责。法律中不存在“政治警察”这个措词，但该词用于描述安全机构中与内政部有关的人员，他们应对打击政治和人权活动分子和其他异见者负责。", "24. 特别报告员应秘鲁政府邀请，于2010年9月1日至8日访问秘鲁。特别报告员在其报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)中审查了秘鲁为支持在1980至2000年国内武装冲突期间国家安全部队的恐怖主义罪行和侵犯人权行为的受害者而采取的措施。他还分析了反恐立法框架及其实际适用和执行情况。特别报告员的结论是，在为国内武装冲突所造成的痛苦伸张正义和提供赔偿方面，秘鲁提供了重要的教益；可将设立真相与和解委员会视为一种最佳做法。秘鲁在履行国际人权标准规定的义务方面采取了重大步骤：对秘鲁前总统及其助手进行刑事审判并作出判决；对先前在不公正审判中被判犯下恐怖主义罪行者进行许多复审。但特别报告员关切的是，刑事立法中所载的恐怖主义定义很宽泛；在赔偿办法的实施方面进展缓慢；存在将人权维护者和社会抗议运动与恐怖主义相联系的趋势。他强调指出，诉诸紧急状态和部署军队不仅作为反恐措施，而且运用在大规模示威中，这有可能使不应动用武装部队解决的冲突军事化。特别报告员欢迎国会决定废除行政部门根据立法授权通过的第1097号法令，因为该法令本允许中止针对在国内武装冲突期间所犯侵犯人权行为的刑事诉讼，并似乎使《战争罪及危害人类罪不适用法定时效公约》涵盖的罪行适用法定时效。", "25. 特别报告员提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/65/258)谈到联合国在反恐时遵守人权标准的问题，回顾并评估了特别是大会、反恐执行工作队、人权理事会、安全理事会及其附属机构和联合国外地机构在反恐活动中促进和保护人权方面的作用和贡献。该报告所载主要建议是安全理事会应抓住即将来临的第1373(2001)号决议十周年的机会，由一项不根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的单一的决议取代第1373(2001)号、第1624(2005)号和1267(1999)号决议(经修订)，以使各国反恐措施系统化，并把各国的报告职责纳入一个框架之下。提出这项建议的动机是，特别报告员作出评估，认为第七章并没有为维持安全理事会具有准立法或准司法性质的各项强制性和永久性决议的现行框架提供适当的法律依据。报告还谈到改善联合国实地行动(包括在反恐中)的人权问责制，以及各行动体在执行2006年联合国全球反恐战略方面的贡献。", "26. 任意拘留问题工作组在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/47及Add.1-3和Corr.1)中强调指出，关于在反恐背景下与秘密拘留有关的全球做法的联合研究报告具有深远影响(见A/HRC/13/42和A/65/224，第13段)，特别是有关工作组任务规定和任意剥夺自由的内容。工作组关切地指出，在秘密拘留案件中，通常没有法律保障、人身保护令和公平审判。工作组重申，在有些案件中，政府模糊地泛泛提及恐怖主义并将其作为限制人权的正当理由，审理此类案件时应进行严格检查和严密审查。工作组提到三项意见，这些意见是在报告所述期间工作组个别投诉程序下通过的，直接涉及因恐怖主义指控而被拘留者的案件，其中都认为自由被任意剥夺(第22/2010号意见，见A/HRC/16/47/Add.1；第24/2010号意见和第32/2010号意见，见A/HRC/16/47，第9段，表1)。", "27. 酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员在其提交大会的报告(A/65/273)中表示关切的是，为了有效打击日渐增多的罪行、恐怖主义及其他形式的有组织犯罪，过多国家的政府似乎有意赋予其执法、情报机构和安全非常广泛的权力，从而限制某些人权。他认为，这导致助长破坏绝对禁止酷刑的环境。许多社会的残酷已经达到一种程度，在政府和广大民众看来，酷刑只不过是“较轻的罪恶”。特别报告员指出，这种趋势令人震惊。他强调，有必要开展全球提高认识运动，改变容忍执法人员过度使用武力的氛围。应提醒各国政府，酷刑并非打击犯罪的有效手段。相反，酷刑会使社会更加残忍，暴力不断增多，许多社会都深受其害。新任命的特别报告员在提交人权理事会的第一份报告(A/HRC/16/52)中指出，他打算确定和进一步发展法医学和其它科学之间的联系，不仅是为了杜绝酷刑和提供证实酷刑的证据，而且是为了向各国提供其他可信的法医学和其他科学办法，用于执法、反恐和有效进行刑事起诉。", "28. 法外处决、即决处决或任意处决问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/65/ 321，第11至16段)中谈到定点清除和问责制问题，包括在反恐的大背景下。他表示关切的是，自从他就定点清除问题向人权理事会第十四届会议提交报告(A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)以来，会员国未就其报告中提出的任何基本问题提供具体资料。", "29. 促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/17/27)中，对以反恐为由限制因特网表达自由权表示关切。他指出，现行刑法或专门按刑事罪论处因特网表达的新法通常以反恐概念为正当理由，但“实际上用于审查政府和其他权力实体不喜欢或不同意的内容。”特别报告员强调指出，不能以保护国家安全或反恐需要为由限制表达自由权，除非政府能够说明：(a) 表达是要煽动即将来临的暴力；(b) 有可能煽动此类暴力；(c) 表达与可能发生或发生此类暴力有直接联系。", "30. 人权维护者状况特别报告员在她提交大会的报告(A/65/223)中谈到非国家行为者诬蔑人权维护者的问题。特别报告员指出，在国内冲突中，准军事团体往往企图诬蔑人权维护者的工作，声称维权者与武装团体或“恐怖分子”有牵连，从而使暴力侵害人权维护者运动合理化。她说，在这种情况下，政府必须公开重申人权维护者工作的重要性，谴责任何企图污蔑或使他们的工作非法化的行为。特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/44，Add.1-2和Corr.1)中提出了女性人权维护者的工作被污蔑和被定罪的问题。她说，在一定背景下，对女性人权维护者及其男同事的“政治”污蔑包括指控他们为游击队运动、恐怖主义者、政治极端分子、分裂主义者、外国或外来利益集团作掩护。除此之外，女性人权维护者经常因其性别或所支持的基于性别或性取向的权利而面临进一步污蔑。", "31. 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/65/207，第39段)中表示关切的是，据报，在实行反恐措施中，穆斯林经常仅因为宗教的归属而受到个人资料检查、房屋搜查、审问和逮捕。特别报告员强调指出，基于族裔、民族血统和/或宗教的定性做法往往不符合采取适当反恐手段的要求，还会带来相当消极的后果，使这些措施在反恐中产生反效果。", "为审议可否拟订一项关于私营军事和安保公司活动的国际管制框架设立不限成员名额政府间工作组", "32. 依照2010年10月1日第15/26号决议，人权理事会设立不限成员名额政府间工作组，任务是审议可否拟订一项包括问责制在内的关于监管、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的国际管制框架，尤其是审议关于拟订一项具有法律约束力的文书的备选办法，同时考虑到以雇佣军为手段侵犯人权并阻挠行使民族自决权问题工作组提出的原则、主要内容和案文草案。理事会决定不限成员名额政府间工作组在两年期间每年举行一届为期5个工作日的会议，并向理事会第二十一届会议提出建议。依照该决议，工作组第一届会议于2011年5月23日至27日举行。", "D. 人权条约机构", "33. 人权事务委员会、禁止酷刑委员会、儿童权利委员会、经济、社会和文化权利委员会以及消除种族歧视委员会继续审查在打击恐怖主义方面、缔约国的立法和实践符合其各自人权条约义务的情况。", "34. 人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会所处理的问题主要涉及国家立法中对恐怖主义罪行的定义过于宽泛和不明确。[19] 此外，人权事务委员会关注缔约国打算在修订的反恐怖主义立法中允许严重拖延审判、拖延与律师的联系，以及可在例外和被拘留嫌疑人缺席的情况下决定延长拘留。[20] 委员会就此建议：任何以刑事指控被捕或拘留的人，包括涉嫌安全罪的人能够立即与律师联系，并能够即刻会见法官。²⁰ 另外，委员会特别提到法律准许法官可因安全考虑而决定不向被拘留者出示证据的问题，强调必须能够查阅一切证据，包括保密证据，并建议引进特别律师制度。²⁰ 此外，人权事务委员会着重关注国家安全法庭在组织上和职能上有限的独立性，以及总理有权将不危及国家安全问题的案件转交国家安全法庭审理。[21]", "35. 禁止酷刑委员会深为关注的是，人们指控警方、典狱官、安全部队以及军方针对所谓恐怖分子正常使用酷刑。[22] 另外，委员会指出，有可靠举报表明，此类行为往往是在警察局、拘留中心、监狱和军事基地以及非正式或秘密拘留地点的主管官员的参与、唆使或同意下发生的。²² 委员会因而敦促有关缔约国立即采取有效措施，调查、起诉和惩治所有酷刑行为。²² 有些立法规定不适当地限制了保护被怀疑或指控为恐怖分子或犯有相关罪行者免受酷刑和虐待的法律保障，同时却给予警方广泛权力，未经法院批准即可逮捕嫌疑人——这一点又令禁止酷刑委员会感到关注。[23] 至于被指控的恐怖分子拘留期间权利遭剥夺一事，委员会敦促各国允许被拘留者立即与律师联系、给予充分的时间来准备审判、独立体检(包括病人-医生保密)以及向家人通报拘留情况。[24] 委员会批评在未加记录的成人控罪前设施内拘留儿童的做法和虐待儿童的事件，以及在没有法律援助或成人或法定监护人在场的情况下进行的审问。[25] 委员会也注意到有报告称，行政部门频频干预司法进程，尤其是在刑事诉讼中，同时报告了法官遭骚扰、威胁、恐吓和解职的案例，只因这些法官抗拒政治压力以及(或)命令释放被控恐怖主义或国家罪行的被告。[26] 此外，委员会感到关切的是有刑讯逼供的案例，建议采取必要步骤，确保在法庭诉讼中，包括在反恐条例所涉案件中，实际上不采纳刑讯逼供获得的证据。[27]", "36. 条约机构关注的其他问题有：过度使用武力，在对恐怖威胁作出反应时，造成连带死亡；[28] 拆除恐怖嫌疑人家庭的财产和家园；[29] 被指控的恐怖嫌疑人遭绑架；[30] 在羁押场所限制被指控或判定实施恐怖犯罪者群体活动方面的某些特权；[31] 种族貌相做法成为国家安全措施的一部分，可能会增加某些群体的耻辱化；[32] 按照反恐规定对与武装团体有联系的儿童提起起诉；[33] 对宣布紧急情况和限于非常情形的条件缺乏严格、狭义的定义。[34] 紧急状态法方面特别令人关注的是：与儿童有关的虐待行为，如拘留一年多，不准有律师，[35] 军事法庭审判[36] 以及紧急情况条例对享受经济、社会和文化权利的影响。[37]", "三． 联合国人权事务高级专员及人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "37. 联合国人权事务高级专员在执行规定任务时，继续审查在反恐中保护人权和基本自由问题，并就各国在这方面的义务提出一般性建议。高级专员提交人权理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/50)继续深为关切在反恐政策与做法背景下对于公正审判权等适当程序的尊重有所减退。高级专员指出，虽然新规定的除名程序(包括设立监察员办公室，负责处理个人和实体要求从《综合名单》中除名的请求)向公平和明确的程序迈出了一大步，但强调，在1267制度和国际人权法有关适当程序的规定之间还存在鸿沟，还需要作出更全面的改革。[38]", "38. 高级专员因而敦请人权理事会继续探索一切可能的途径，以便确保对个人和实体实施的制裁有严格的程序保障，保证列入名单和从名单中除名的决定遵守最低限度适当程序标准。她进一步着重指出，这方面还应确保对新设立的监察员办公室给予全力支持，同时应制订补充机制，促进对列入名单和从名单中除名程序的适当程序保护。还应制订一个独立的准司法程序，负责对列入名单和除名的决定进行审查。[39]", "39. 高级专员在同一份报告中提到在反恐方面阻碍公正审判权的做法，如在刑事司法程序中利用情报的某些情形。[40] 她强调使用准确情报对防止恐怖行为、将涉嫌恐怖活动的个人付诸司法至关重要，然而，她着重指出，许多国家在反恐中越来越多地依赖情报资料，还出现了“以情报为导向的执法”，导致情报机关扩张，但常常没有充分考虑防止滥用所必须的适当程序保障。关于这一点，高级专员还强调，各国更多地依赖情报，导致人权方面的问题，包括在诉讼程序中滥用国家机密特权，在国内或国外的诉讼程序中使用以非法手段获取的证据，以及利用秘密证据等。同时，她吁请各国确保制定监管框架，以保证在其国内，以及通过与其他国家开展情报合作，遵守国际人权法。", "40. 人权事务高级专员办事处除了作为反恐执行工作队在反恐的同时保护人权工作组主席开展同全球反恐战略第四支柱部门有关的活动之外(见于本报告第二.A节)，还继续推进把人权办法并入有关全球反恐战略其他支柱部门的共同努力中。人权事务高级专员办事处就此参加了由联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年3月在维也纳组织的、题为“回顾和展望：处理与有关的犯罪活动之间的联系，加强对恐怖主义采取对策”的讨论会，并发言阐述如何通过技术援助和合作来支助会员国，在全面遵守法治和人权的情况下解决国家安全方面正当的关注。", "41. 人权事务高级专员还就恐怖主义受害者的人权问题启动了人权理事会的一次小组讨论(2011年6月举行)，[41] 而副高级专员则在人权理事会2011年3月关于在为打击恐怖主义劫持人质行为而采取对策范畴内的人权问题小组讨论上，作了开篇讲话。[42] 此外，副高级专员还启动了人权理事会第十六届会议关于恐怖主义受害者的人权专题的场外活动，人权事务高级专员办公室另一名代表作为小组讨论会成员参与。", "四. 结论", "42. 联合国人权事务高级专员、人权条约机构、人权理事会及其各种特殊程序继续对国内反恐法律框架和做法与国际人权标准之间存在着严重的不一致深表关切，这其中包括恐怖主义定义模糊和宽泛、缺乏有关适当程序和公平审判的法律保障、对恐怖嫌犯实施酷刑和虐待的做法。我再次吁请会员国全面实施全球反恐战略，确保尊重人权和法治，以此作为一切反恐措施的根本基础，敦请所有国家确保其反恐措施符合国际法所赋予的义务。", "43. 以尊重人权和法治为基础的有效的刑事司法制度，包括适当程序和公平审判保障，继续是有效反恐和确保问责制的最佳手段。我鼓励各国积极参与在“在反恐的同时保护人权工作组”的主持下举行的、关于“保护人权以便在反恐范畴内确保公平审判的基本原则”的区域专家讨论会；并利用在次进程中得出的意见和形成的良好做法。我还鼓励各国和其他利益攸关方利用本工作组指定的基本人权参考准则。", "44. 我鼓励反恐执行工作队、其各个工作组及实体，继续按照会员国在全球反恐战略中所规定的办法，采用人权办法开展工作，并处理工作中的人权问题和关注，确保反恐执行工作队所提供的反恐援助是有效、可持续和符合国际人权法的。在此范畴内，反恐执行工作队应当增加同民间社会的接触，充实工作队及其各工作小组所提供的援助。", "45. 我们鼓励反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局在安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议的基础上，继续作出努力，把尊重法治和人权放在其任务规定范畴内各领域反恐斗争的核心。关于这一点，应当对反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局让人权事务高级专员办事处参与其活动的努力提出表扬。", "[1] 其他成员包括在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、联合国秘书处毒品和犯罪问题办公室、反恐怖主义委员会执行局、法律事务厅、联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所、世界银行、国际海事组织和1267监察委员会。人道主义事务协调厅和国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)作为观察员参加。", "[2] 大会第60/288号决议。", "[3] 见A/65/224，第5至6段。", "[4] 反恐执行工作队所有工作组一览表见http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml。", "[5] 见本报告第22至25段。", "[6] 小组讨论会摘要见A/HRC/18/29。", "[7] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.58段；A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.139段。", "[8] A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.137和86.138段；另见A/HRC/18/4，第106.133段，内容涉及循证评价反恐立法。", "[9] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.217段。", "[10] 同上，第92.218段。", "[11] A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.136段。", "[12] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.66段。", "[13] A/HRC/18/4，第106.132段。", "[14] A/HRC/16/3和Add.1，第78.6、78.9和78.19段。", "[15] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.219段。", "[16] 同上，第92.220段。", "[17] A/HRC/17/7和Add.1，第89.98段。", "[18] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.90段。", "[19] CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5，第9段；CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第13段；CCPR/C/POL/CO/6，第4段；CCPR/C/　JOR/CO/4，第6段；CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5，第14段。", "[20] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第13段。", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4，第12段。", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第10段。", "[23] 同上，第14段。", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3，第11段。", "[25] 同上，第21段。", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第22段。", "[27] 同上，第31段。", "[28] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第10段。", "[29] 同上，第17段。", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第20段。", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3，第17段。", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17，第12段。", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1，第39段。", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4，第10段。", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO，第32段。", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1，第30段。", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4，第7段。", "[38] A/HRC/16/50，第16至21段。", "[39] 同上，第27和44段。", "[40] 同上，第33至40段。", "[41] 亦见本报告第19和20段。", "[42] 亦见本报告第16和17段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, in resolution 65/221, reaffirmed that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, and urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including in a number of specific areas. The present report is submitted pursuant to that resolution. It refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It reports on the consideration by the United Nations human rights system of issues relating to countering terrorism, including compliance of legislation, policies and practices for countering terrorism with international human rights law.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Recent 4 developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and \ncounter‑terrorism A.United 4 Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task \nForce B. Counter-Terrorism 6 Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive \nDirectorate C. Human 7 Rights \nCouncil D. Human 14 rights treaty \nbodies III. Activities 15 of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights \nIV.Conclusions 17", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly, inter alia, (a) expressed serious concern at the occurrence of violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as international refugee and humanitarian law, committed in the context of countering terrorism; (b) urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including with regard to the absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; ensure that all persons deprived of liberty benefit from the guarantees to which they are entitled under international law, including the review of the detention and other fundamental judicial guarantees; ensure that no form of deprivation of liberty places a detained person outside the protection of the law; ensure due process obligations and the right to a fair trial; safeguard the right to privacy; protect all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights; respect non-refoulement obligations; ensure legality in the criminalization of acts of terrorism; and ensure the right to an effective remedy; (c) recognized the need to continue ensuring that fair and clear procedures under the United Nations terrorism-related sanctions regime are strengthened to enhance their efficiency and transparency; (d) urged States to ensure the rule of law and to include adequate human rights guarantees in their national listing procedures; (e) requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to continue to contribute to the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, including by raising awareness of the need to protect human rights and the rule of law while countering terrorism; (f) encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council and relevant treaty bodies; and (g) called upon United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to facilitate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism.", "2. I was requested to submit a report on the implementation of resolution 65/221 to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report also responds to the request of the former Commission on Human Rights for the High Commissioner to report to the General Assembly on the implementation of Commission resolution 2005/80. The report refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and OHCHR.", "II. Recent developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and counter-terrorism", "A. United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force", "3. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force continues to play a crucial role in facilitating and promoting coordination and coherence in the implementation of the Global Strategy at the national, regional and global levels. In this connection, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism led by OHCHR[1] continues to assist States in implementing the human rights aspects of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,[2] in particular those contained in its fourth pillar, entitled “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”.", "4. In the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Plan of Action, States resolved to “make every effort to develop and maintain an effective and rule of law-based national criminal justice system that can ensure, in accordance with (…) obligations under international law, that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in support of terrorist acts is brought to justice, on the basis of the principle to extradite or prosecute, with due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms […].”² In this context, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism is organizing a series of five expert regional symposia, with State participation, on the protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, with particular reference to international standards, jurisprudence and practice. Through regional and international expertise, and a regional focus, the five symposia aim to examine specific thematic issues, draw conclusions and make recommendations based on international standards.", "5. All expert symposia are being held at the regional level on a rotating basis to facilitate meaningful participation of regional and national experts and practitioners who work specifically on the issues examined and can provide key first-hand practical knowledge of the challenges and complexities encountered, as well as good practices to be recommended. The symposia focus on various aspects of the protection of the right to a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, including issues linked to the universality and non-derogable aspects of the right to a fair trial; the use of ordinary criminal law to try persons suspected of terrorist acts; respect for the principle of legality; the relationship between intelligence and law enforcement agencies; the rights of persons detained and/or persons tried for acts of terrorism; the question of independence and impartiality of courts in the context of trials related to offences of terrorism; the issue of proscription of organisations; and targeted sanctions at the national level.", "6. The first regional expert symposium took place in Bangkok, on 17 and 18 February 2011, and was attended by 60 participants from the South-East Asia region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam), including judges, prosecutors and Ministry of Justice officials, defence lawyers, international law experts, civil society representatives, and members of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Participants assessed the challenges to implementing the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism as set out in international law, identified key rights to protecting the right to a fair trial in countering terrorism and shared good practices. As a result of this event, an initial set of observations and good practices will be issued by the Working Group to offer guidance to Member States.", "7. During the reporting period, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism issued two basic human rights reference guides on the stopping and searching of persons in the context of countering terrorism, and on security infrastructure.[3] Three more are being developed on detention in the context of counter-terrorism; the principle of legality in national counter-terrorism legislation; and the proscription of organizations. These guides aim to provide guidance to State authorities, national and international non-governmental organizations, legal practitioners, and United Nations agencies, as well as individuals, on how human rights-compliant measures may be adopted in a number of counter-terrorism areas.", "8. The Working Group has also continued to engage with civil society on issues related to the implementation of the human rights aspects of the Global Strategy. Given that the activities of civil society are vital to increasing awareness about the threats of terrorism, more effectively tackling these threats and for ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, the Task Force’s engagement with civil society, non-governmental organizations and human rights defenders is crucial to informing the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "9. Other working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force[4] also continue to address human rights issues in their work, including the Working Group on Supporting and Highlighting Victims of Terrorism, the newly established Working Group on Border Management Relating to Counter-Terrorism, the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorism Purposes, and the integrated assistance for countering terrorism initiative. The Working Group on Preventing and Resolving Conflicts has organized a series of meetings on the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the Central Asia region. The first of these meetings took place in December 2010 in Bratislava, and focused on pillars I (“Measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism”) and IV (“Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”) of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. It included working sessions on the topic of ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, including good governance, to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. A second meeting took place in Dushanbe, in March 2011, and was dedicated to pillar II (“Preventing and combating terrorism”) of the Strategy.", "B. Counter-Terrorism Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate", "10. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continue to take relevant human rights concerns into account in their work programmes focused on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005). Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), adopted on 20 December 2010, further extended the mandate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate until 31 December 2013. The resolution also reminded States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing, and are an essential part of a successful counter-terrorism effort. It also noted the importance of respect for the rule of law so as to effectively combat terrorism. The resolution encouraged the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to further develop its activities in this area, to ensure that all human rights issues relevant to the implementation of resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) are addressed consistently and even-handedly in all its activities. In this connection, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate also continued its active participation in the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism.", "11. In line with the mandate provided by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/221, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continued to liaise with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, and other human rights entities. The Executive Directorate also continued its dialogue on relevant human rights issues with regional and subregional organizations. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the Council of Europe hosted a meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the theme of “Prevention of Terrorism”, to which international, regional and subregional organizations were invited. Both OHCHR and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism participated.", "12. In November 2010, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for representatives of police forces, prosecutors and counter-terrorism focal points of South Asian countries at the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, in Indonesia. The event focused on the effective use of community policing techniques in countering terrorism and the latest developments in mobile-phone technology as it pertains to counter-terrorism. The workshop also addressed in detail the role of counter-terrorism coordinators and focal points in enhancing counter-terrorism cooperation in national and international contexts. OHCHR supported the event by facilitating the participation of a human rights expert.", "13. Furthermore, in May 2011, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for senior law enforcement and prosecution officials and judges in South Asia, in Thimphu, Bhutan. During the workshop, participants discussed the role of the police and prosecution services in combating terrorism and the challenges faced by those services in leading effective investigations and prosecutions. The workshop also provided an opportunity to raise the awareness of police and prosecution services regarding the latest available investigation technologies and techniques, and to share relevant experience and good practice. A representative of OHCHR contributed to the event, drawing the participants’ attention to applicable international human rights standards with regard to investigations and prosecutions.", "C. Human Rights Council", "14. At its fifteenth session, the Human Rights Council decided, in its resolution 15/15, to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years, and requested the Special Rapporteur, among other tasks, to identify, exchange and promote best practices on measures to counter terrorism that respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.[5]", "15. At the same session, the Human Rights Council, in resolution 15/18 on the issue of arbitrary detention, encouraged all States to ensure that the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before a court, so that it may decide without delay on the lawfulness of detention and order release if the detention is not lawful, is equally respected in cases of administrative detention, including those under public security legislation. Furthermore, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 15/28 on assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights and urged the Transitional Federal Government, Member States, stakeholders and the entire international community to continue to isolate and take all required measures against individuals and entities whose actions threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia and of the region, including those engaged in terrorist acts, while ensuring that any measure taken to counter terrorism complies with international law.", "16. On 11 March 2011, at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion[6] pursuant to its decision 15/116 on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, with a special focus on the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect human rights for all in their jurisdiction, the strengthening of international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism and the protection of the rights of all victims of terrorism involved. The panel discussion was intended to increase awareness and understanding of the human rights aspects of hostage-taking when committed in the context of terrorist activities.", "17. The panel discussion was moderated by Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kyung-wha Kang. The panellists were Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Kamel Rezzag-Bara, Adviser of the President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria; Commissioner Cecilia R.V. Quisumbing, National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, President of the Sahel Observatory of Geostrategy and Security of Mali; and Federico Andreu-Guzmán, Deputy Director of the Litigation and Legal Protection Section, Colombian Commission of Jurists.", "18. Also at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 16/23 of 25 March 2011, condemned, in particular, any action or attempt by States or public officials to legalize, authorize or acquiesce to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under any circumstances, including on grounds of national security or through judicial decisions, and urged States to ensure accountability for all such acts. It further reminded States that prolonged incommunicado detention or detention in secret places can facilitate the perpetration of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and can in itself constitute a form of such treatment, and urged all States to respect the safeguards concerning the liberty, the security and the dignity of the person and to ensure that secret places of detention and interrogation are abolished.", "19. On 1 June 2011, during its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, taking into account, inter alia, the recommendations of the Symposium on Supporting Victims of Terrorism, convened by the Secretary-General and held on 9 September 2008, pursuant to Council decision 16/116. The objective of the panel discussion was to enhance understanding of the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, exchange information on relevant efforts undertaken at international, regional and national levels, and share good practices with a view to increasing the capacity of States to respond to the needs for the protection of the rights of victims of terrorism and their families, while taking into account their international human rights obligations.", "20. The panel discussion was moderated by Mr. Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The following panellists made presentations: Anne Wu, Political Affairs Officer, Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, Department of Political Affairs; Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Victims of Terrorism Foundation of Spain; Rianne M. Letschert, Professor of International Law and Victimology and Deputy Director of the International Victimology Institute, Tilburg, University of Tilburg, the Netherlands; Mauro Miedico, Coordinator, Specialized Terrorism Prevention Unit, Terrorism Prevention Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; and Yakin Erturk, Member of the Committee on the Prevention of Torture of the Council of Europe and former Special Rapporteur on violence against women. As requested by the Human Rights Council in its decision 16/116, OHCHR will prepare a summary of the panel discussion to be submitted to the nineteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "Universal periodic review", "21. The Human Rights Council also considered the issue of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism under the universal periodic review. Some of the most prevalent recommendations of the Human Rights Council called for the alignment of domestic counter-terrorism laws with international human rights standards and obligations,[7] pointing particularly to the need for a review of the legislative framework to combat terrorism.[8] States were also recommended to halt serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed under the pretext of combating terrorism.[9] Concerns were raised about the prosecution of those arrested for terrorist crimes in exceptional tribunals or jurisdictions, highlighting that they must be brought before legally-established judicial bodies, with the protection of due process.[10] Furthermore, Member States were encouraged to investigate allegations of torture in the context of counter-terrorism measures, to give publicity to the findings, to bring perpetrators to justice and to provide reparation to the victims.[11] In addition, the Human Rights Council called for the enactment of legislation, consistent with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and encompassing acts described as “enhanced interrogation techniques”.[12] It also recommended an open and transparent assessment of the consequences of flights conducted over the respective State’s national territory and landings that took place in the context of the Central Intelligence Agency extradition programme.[13] Moreover, capital punishment sentences for terrorism convictions were raised as a concern.[14] Other recommendations highlighted the need to avoid religious and racial profiling, while defending against terrorism, through the promulgation of prohibitive legislation.[15] In this connection, it was also suggested to “smarten” security checks so as to avoid discrimination.[16] Furthermore, it was proposed that States organize human rights-based training sessions to educate relevant authorities, in order to improve counter-terrorism practices.[17] Finally, Member States were called upon to respond and act on recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism.[18]", "Special procedures", "22. In his report to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism presented a compilation of 10 best practices in countering terrorism in the form of legislative models. The compilation is the outcome of analysis undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the basis of his work conducted over six years and involving various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders, in particular written submissions from Governments (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). The compilation draws upon international treaties, resolutions of international organizations and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts. In his report, the Special Rapporteur concludes that, beyond such models, best practices could also be identified in other forms, above all in the adoption of national counter-terrorism strategies that need to go beyond good laws and require a comprehensive approach, rooted in human rights and addressing also conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, in line with the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The model provisions refer to: consistency of counter-terrorism law with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; consistency of counter-terrorism practices with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; the principles of normalcy and specificity; review of the operation of counter-terrorism law and practice; effective remedies for violations of human rights; reparations and assistance to victims; the definition of terrorism; a model offence of incitement to terrorism; core elements of best practice in the listing of terrorist entities; and core elements of best practice in arrest and interrogation of terrorist suspects.", "23. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Tunisia from 22 to 26 January 2010 (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2). The Transitional Government invited the Special Rapporteur for a second visit that took place from 22 to 26 May 2011. In his press statement of 26 May at the conclusion of his follow-up mission, the Special Rapporteur stressed the need to carry out necessary reforms within the counter-terrorism framework in compliance with international human rights law. He called for measures to combat impunity and secure accountability for crimes and human rights violations committed in the name of counter-terrorism. These measures include the continuation of ex officio investigations into allegations of torture and illegal detention, which were often conducted under the pretext of the fight against terrorism, and holding those responsible accountable to help rebuild trust between the population and the security forces in the country. The Special Rapporteur stated that the abusive anti-terrorism law of 2003 has largely not been used since the events of 14 January 2011. According to the Special Rapporteur, the Transitional Government had acknowledged, by adopting an amnesty law covering those who were convicted or held under the anti-terrorism law, that this law did not provide more security to the Tunisian people, but rather was used as a tool of oppression against any form of political or other dissent. The Special Rapporteur offered the assistance of his mandate to replace the 2003 law with a proper legislative framework that regulates Tunisia’s anti-terrorism efforts in line with international conventions and protocols on countering terrorism, while fully respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. Further referring to his previous report (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), in which he had expressed grave concern about the activities of various entities of the security apparatus and the secrecy and impunity in which they operated, the Special Rapporteur commended the abolishment by the Transitional Government of the Directorate for State Security as an entity, allegedly responsible for activities of torture and arbitrary and even secret detention, and of the “political police”, which had not existed in the law, but was used as a term to describe those elements in the security organs related to the Ministry of the Interior that had been responsible for cracking down on political and human rights activists and other dissent.", "24. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Peru from 1 to 8 September 2010. In his report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur examined measures taken by Peru to support victims of terrorist crimes and human rights violations committed by State security forces during the internal armed conflict between 1980 and 2000. He also analysed the legislative framework for countering terrorism and its application and implementation in practice. The Special Rapporteur concluded that Peru provides important lessons with regard to the provision of justice and compensation for the suffering caused by the internal armed conflict and that the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission can be considered as a best practice. The criminal trial and sentencing of the former President of Peru and his aides, and the numerous retrials of terrorism convicts previously convicted in unfair trials, constitute significant steps forward in the State’s compliance with its obligations under international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur was concerned, however, about the broad definition of terrorism contained in criminal legislation, the slow progress made in the implementation of the reparations scheme, and the tendency to associate human rights defenders and social protest movements with terrorism. He emphasized that resorting to states of emergency and the deployment of military forces not only as a counter-terrorism measure, but also in situations of mass demonstrations, poses a risk of militarization of conflicts that should not be resolved by the armed forces. The Special Rapporteur welcomed the decision of Congress to repeal Legislative Decree No. 1097 adopted by the executive branch pursuant to delegated legislative authority, as the Decree could have allowed for the discontinuation (sobreseimiento) of criminal proceedings for human rights violations committed during the internal armed conflict, and appeared to have subjected crimes covered by the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity to a statute of limitations.", "25. The report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/258) addressed the question of compliance with human rights standards by the United Nations when countering terrorism, taking stock of and assessing the role and contributions of, inter alia, the General Assembly, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Human Rights Council, the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies, and United Nations field presences in the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of their counter-terrorism activities. The main recommendation contained in the report was that the Security Council should seize the opportunity of the approaching tenth anniversary of its resolution 1373 (2001) to replace resolutions 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) and 1267 (1999) (as amended) with a single resolution, not adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in order to systematize States’ counter-terrorism measures and reporting duties of States under a single framework. This proposal was motivated by the assessment of the Special Rapporteur that Chapter VII of the Charter does not provide the proper legal basis for maintaining the current framework of mandatory and permanent Security Council resolutions of a quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial nature. The report also addressed ways and means of improving human rights accountability of the United Nations for its field operations, including in the context of countering terrorism, as well as the contributions of various actors towards the implementation of the 2006 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "26. In its report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/47 and Add. 1-3 and Corr.1), the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stressed the far-reaching impact of the joint study on global practices in relation to secret detention in the context of countering terrorism (see A/HRC/13/42 and A/65/224, para. 13), particularly in relation to its mandate and instances of arbitrary deprivation of liberty. It noted with concern that cases of secret detention are regularly accompanied by the absence of legal guarantees, habeas corpus and fair trial. The Working Group has reiterated the need for the application of a strict test and close scrutiny when considering cases containing general and vague references to terrorism by Governments as a justification for restricting human rights. The Working Group made reference to three Opinions adopted under its individual complaints procedure during the period under consideration that directly concerned cases of persons detained on terrorism-related charges, holding the deprivation of liberty to be arbitrary in all of them (Opinion No. 22/2010, see A/HRC/16/47/Add.1, and Opinions No. 24/2010 and 32/2010, see A/HRC/16/47, para. 9, Table 1).", "27. The then Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/273), expressed concern that in order to combat increasing levels of crime, terrorism and other forms of organized crime effectively, Governments in too many countries seemed willing to restrict certain human rights by granting their law enforcement and intelligence agencies and security forces very extensive powers. He argued that this leads to an environment conducive to undermining the absolute prohibition of torture. The brutalization of many societies has reached a level where torture is simply regarded by Governments and the population at large as the “lesser evil”. The Special Rapporteur noted that this trend is alarming. He emphasized that there was a need for a global awareness-raising campaign to change this climate of tolerance towards excessive use of force by law enforcement officials. Governments needed to be reminded that torture is not an effective means of combating crime. On the contrary, it contributed to the further brutalization of societies and the spiral of violence that many societies suffered from. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), the newly appointed Special Rapporteur indicated his intention to identify and further develop the linkages between forensic and other sciences, not only with a view to eradicating torture and providing corroborating evidence of torture, but also to offer States credible forensic and other scientific alternatives to employ in law enforcement, counter-terrorism and effective criminal prosecution.", "28. The former Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/321, paras. 11-16), addressed the question of targeted killings and accountability, including in the context of countering terrorism. He expressed concern that since the presentation of his report to the Human Rights Council at its fourteenth session on the issue of targeted killing (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), no concrete information had been provided by Member States in relation to any of the basic questions raised in the Special Rapporteur’s report.", "29. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression raised concerns regarding limitations imposed on the right to freedom of expression through the Internet on the grounds of countering terrorism (A/HRC/17/27). He noted that existing criminal laws, or new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression on the Internet, were often justified under the notion of countering terrorism, but “in practice are used to censor content that the Government and other powerful entities do not like or agree with.” The Special Rapporteur stressed that the protection of national security or the need to combat terrorism could not be used to justify restricting the right to freedom of expression, unless the Government could demonstrate that (a) the expression was intended to incite imminent violence; (b) it was likely to incite such violence; and (c) there was a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the likelihood or occurrence of such violence.", "30. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders addressed the issue of stigmatization of human rights defenders by non-State actors in her report to the General Assembly (A/65/223). The Special Rapporteur pointed to the fact that in the context of civil conflict paramilitaries often attempted to stigmatize the work of human rights defenders and legitimize campaigns of violence against them by alleging that they were associated with armed groups or “terrorists”. She stated that, in such instances, it was vital that Governments publicly reaffirmed the importance of the work carried out by human rights defenders and denounced any attempts at its delegitimization or stigmatization. In her report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/44, Add. 1-2 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of stigmatization and criminalization of the work of women human rights defenders. She stated that, aside from the “political” stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, foreign countries or interests, women human rights defenders often faced further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender- or sexuality-based rights they advocated.", "31. The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, in the report to the General Assembly (A/65/207, para. 39), voiced concerns about reports that Muslims were, in the context of counter-terrorism measures, regularly subjected to screening of their personal data, house searches, interrogation and arrest solely because of their religious affiliation. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that profiling practices based on ethnicity, national origin and/or religion regularly failed to meet the requirement of a proportionate means of countering terrorism and also entailed considerable negative consequences that may render these measures counterproductive in the fight against terrorism.", "Open-ended intergovernmental working group to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the activities of private military and security companies", "32. By resolution 15/26 of 1 October 2010, the Human Rights Council established an open-ended intergovernmental working group with the mandate to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework, including, inter alia, the option of elaborating a legally binding instrument on the regulation, the monitoring and the oversight of the activities of private military and security companies, including their accountability, taking into consideration the principles, main elements and draft text as proposed by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. The Council decided that the open-ended intergovernmental working group would hold a session of five working days a year for a period of two years and present its recommendations at the twenty-first session of the Human Rights Council. Pursuant to the resolution, the first session of the working group took place from 23 to 27 May 2011.", "D. Human rights treaty bodies", "33. The Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination continued to examine the compliance of State parties’ legislation and practices with their respective human rights treaty obligations in the context of countering terrorism.", "34. The issues addressed by the Human Right Committee and the Committee against Torture predominantly concerned overly broad and unclear definitions of terrorism offences in national legislation.[19] Furthermore, the Human Rights Committee expressed concern at State’s intentions to adopt anti-terrorism legislation allowing for significant delays before trial, before providing access to a lawyer and for decisions on the extension of detention to be taken, in exceptional circumstances, in the absence of a suspect.[20] In this connection, the Committee recommended that any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge, including persons suspected of security-related offences, had immediate access to a lawyers and immediate access to a judge.²⁰ It also highlighted the issue of legislation that permitted judges to withhold evidence from the detainee owing to security concerns, and underscored the importance of access to all evidence, including classified evidence, and suggested to possibly introduce a regime of special advocates.²⁰ Moreover, the Human Rights Committee emphasized its concern regarding the limited organizational and functional independence of State security courts and the power of the executive to refer cases that did not affect State security to these courts.[21]", "35. The Committee against Torture expressed deep concern at allegations of routine use of torture employed by police, prison officers, security forces and military personnel, against alleged terrorists.[22] Further, it pointed to credible reports indicating that these acts frequently occurred with the participation, at the instigation, or with the consent of, commanding officers in police stations, detention centres, prisons and military bases and in unofficial or secret places of detention.²² The Committee therefore urged the relevant State party to take immediate and effective measures to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture.²² Legislation unduly restricting legal safeguards against torture and ill treatment for persons suspected of, or charged with, a terrorist or related crime, while simultaneously providing the police with broad powers to arrest suspects without a court warrant, has given the Committee against Torture additional cause for concern.[23] Regarding the deprivation of rights for alleged terrorists in detention, the Committee has urged States to allow detainees immediate access to a lawyer, adequate time to prepare for trial, independent medical examination that includes patient–doctor confidentiality, and family notification of detention.[24] The Committee criticized practices of detention and incidents of ill treatment of children in unrecorded adult pre-charge facilities and interrogations without legal assistance or the presence of an adult or a legal guardian.[25] The Committee also noted reports about frequent interference by the executive branch with the judicial process, in particular in criminal proceedings, and reported cases of harassment, threats, intimidation, and dismissal of judges who have resisted political pressure and/or, ordered the release of defendants charged with terrorist or State crimes.[26] Furthermore, it expressed concern at the admission of evidence and confessions obtained through torture, and recommended that necessary steps be taken to ensure that, in practice, such confessions and evidence are not admitted in court proceedings, including in cases falling under counter-terrorism regulations.[27]", "36. Other issues of concern for treaty bodies included disproportionate use of force when responding to terrorist threats causing collateral deaths;[28] demolition of property and homes of families of terrorist suspects;[29] the abduction of alleged terrorist suspects;[30] the restriction in places of detention of certain privileges relating to group activities for persons accused of, or convicted for, terrorist offences;[31] practices of racial profiling as part of national security measures that may contribute to increased stigmatization of certain groups;[32] the prosecution of children for their association with armed groups under counter-terrorism provisions;[33] and the lack of a strict and narrow definition of conditions for declaring an emergency and limitation to exceptional circumstances.[34] Of particular concern with regard to emergency laws were child-related abuses such as detention for over a year, denial of a lawyer,[35] trials before military courts,[36] and the impact of emergency regulations on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[37]", "III. Activities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "37. In carrying out her mandate, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to examine the question of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and to make general recommendations about the obligations of States in this regard. In her report to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/50), the High Commissioner expressed her continued deep concern at the erosion of respect for due process, including the right to a fair trial, in the context of counter-terrorism policies and practices. While noting that the newly established de-listing procedures, including the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman to receive requests from individuals and entities seeking removal from the Consolidated List, represented an important step towards fair and clear procedures, the High Commissioner underlined the gulf between the 1267 regime and due process-related requirements in international human rights law and stressed that the need for more comprehensive reform remained.[38]", "38. The High Commissioner therefore urged the Human Rights Council to continue to explore every avenue possible in order to ensure that sanctions imposed against individuals and entities were accompanied by rigorous procedural safeguards, which guaranteed minimum due process standards, for both listing and de-listing decisions. She further underlined that this should include ensuring full support to the Office of the Ombudsperson, while developing additional mechanisms to enhance due process protections for listing and de-listing procedures. It should also include the establishment of an independent, quasi-judicial procedure for review of listing and de-listing decisions.[39]", "39. In the same report, the High Commissioner pointed to practices that impeded the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, such as certain uses of intelligence in criminal justice processes.[40] While highlighting that the use of accurate intelligence is indispensable to prevent terrorist acts and bring individuals suspected of terrorist activity to justice, she underscored that the increased reliance on intelligence for countering terrorism and the advent of “intelligence-led law enforcement” in many countries has led to the expansion of intelligence authority, often without adequate consideration for the due process safeguards necessary to protect against abuses. In this connection, the High Commissioner also emphasized the challenges to human rights posed by the increased reliance by States on intelligence, including the abuse of the State secrecy doctrine in the context of legal proceedings, the use in legal proceedings of evidence obtained by illegal means, whether at home or abroad, and the use of secret evidence. In the meantime, she called upon States to ensure that regulatory frameworks are in place to guarantee compliance with international human rights law, both domestically and through intelligence cooperation with other States.", "40. In addition to its activities as Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism in relation to pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, as reflected in section II.A of the present report, OHCHR has continued to strengthen the incorporation of a human rights approach into the common efforts regarding the other pillars of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In this connection, OHCHR participated in a symposium entitled “Taking Stock and Defining the Way Forward: Strengthening the Response to Terrorism by Addressing Connections with Related Criminal Activities”, organized by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in March 2011 in Vienna, with a presentation on how Member States could be supported, through technical assistance and cooperation, to respond to legitimate national security concerns in full compliance with the rule of law and human rights.", "41. The High Commissioner for Human Rights also opened a Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism that took place in June 2011,[41] while the Deputy High Commissioner delivered opening remarks for a Council panel on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking that was held in March 2011.[42] In addition, the Deputy High Commissioner opened a side event to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council on the topic of human rights of victims of terrorism, in which another OHCHR representative participated as a panellist.", "IV. Conclusions", "42. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and its various special procedures have continued to express deep concerns with regard to remaining significant inconsistencies between domestic counter-terrorism legal frameworks and practices and international human rights standards, including vague and broad definitions of terrorism, lack of legal safeguards related to due process and fair trial guarantees, and practices of torture and ill-treatment of terrorist suspects. Reiterating my call on Member States to fully implement the Global Strategy on Counter-Terrorism, and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of all counter-terrorism measures, I urge all States to ensure that their counter-terrorism measures comply with their obligations under international law.", "43. Effective criminal justice systems based on respect for human rights and the rule of law, including due process and fair trial guarantees, continue to be the best means for effectively countering terrorism and ensuring accountability. I encourage States to actively participate in the regional expert symposia on the theme “Protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism”, held under the auspices of the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, and to make use of the observations and good practices being developed in this process. I also encourage States and other stakeholders to take advantage of the basic human rights reference guides developed by this Working Group.", "44. I encourage the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Groups and entities to continue to incorporate a human rights approach to, and address human rights issues and concerns in, their work, in line with the approach mandated by Member States in the Global Strategy and to ensure that the assistance provided by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force to respond to terrorism is effective, sustainable and compliant with international human rights law. In this context, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force should increase its engagement with civil society to inform the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "45. Building on Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate are encouraged to continue their efforts to place respect for the rule of law and human rights at the core of the fight against terrorism in areas within the scope of their mandates. In this connection, efforts by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate to involve the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in their activities are to be commended.", "[1] Other members include the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the World Bank, the International Maritime Organization and the 1267 Monitoring Committee. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) participate as observers.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 60/288.", "[3] See A/65/224, paras. 5-6.", "[4] A list of all Working Groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force is available at: http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.", "[5] See paras. 22-25 of the present report.", "[6] A summary of the panel discussion is available in A/HRC/18/29.", "[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.", "[8] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras 86.137, 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, regarding an evidence-based evaluation of the anti-terrorism legislation.", "[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.", "[10] Ibid., para. 92.218.", "[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.", "[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.", "[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.", "[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras. 78.6, 78.9, 78.19.", "[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.219.", "[16] Ibid., para. 92.220.", "[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.", "[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.", "[19] See CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 9; CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 14.", "[20] See CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13.", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 12.", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 10.", "[23] Ibid., para. 14.", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 11.", "[25] Ibid., para. 21.", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 22.", "[27] Ibid., para. 31.", "[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, para. 10.", "[29] Ibid., para. 17.", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 20.", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 17.", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 12.", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para. 39.", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para. 10.", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para. 32.", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1, para. 30.", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 7.", "[38] See A/HRC/16/50, paras. 16-21.", "[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.", "[40] Ibid., paras. 33-40.", "[41] See also paras. 19-20 of the present report.", "[42] See also paras. 16-17 of the present report." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "A/66/150.", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly reaffirmed that States must ensure that all measures taken to combat terrorism comply with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, and urged States to comply fully with their obligations under international law, including in specific areas, while countering terrorism. The present report is submitted pursuant to that resolution. The report refers to recent developments in human rights and counter-terrorism within the United Nations system, including the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force and its Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council and its special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, human rights treaty bodies and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It also reports on the consideration of counter-terrorism-related issues by the United Nations human rights system, including the compatibility of counter-terrorism legislation, policies and practices with international human rights law.", "Contents", "2. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly: (a) expressed grave concern at violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as violations of international refugee and humanitarian law, occurring in the context of counter-terrorism; (b) urged States to comply fully with their obligations under international law, including the absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, while countering terrorism; (e) requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to continue to assist the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force in its work, including by raising awareness of the need to respect human rights and the rule of law while countering terrorism; (f) encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council and relevant treaty bodies; (g) called upon United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism.", "2. The General Assembly requested me to submit a report on the implementation of resolution 65/221 to it at its sixty-sixth session. The present report also responds to the request of the former Human Rights Committee to the High Commissioner to report to the General Assembly on the implementation of Commission resolution 2005/80. The report refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in the area of human rights and counter-terrorism, including the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force and its Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council and its special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, human rights treaty bodies and OHCHR.", "II. Recent developments in human rights and counter-terrorism in the United Nations", "The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force", "3. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force continues to play a key role in facilitating and facilitating the coordinated implementation of the Global Strategy at the national, regional and global levels. The Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, led by OHCHR,[1] continues to assist States in their efforts to implement the human rights aspects of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, in particular the section contained in pillar IV entitled “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”.", "In the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Plan of Action, States resolved to “make every effort to develop and maintain effective national criminal justice systems based on the rule of law so as to be able to ensure that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation, commission or support of terrorist acts is brought to justice in accordance with the obligations undertaken (...) under international law, with due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, in accordance with the principle aut dedere aut judicare [...]”. The Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism is currently organizing a series of five regional expert seminars on the protection of human rights with the aim of ensuring basic principles of fair trial in the fight against terrorism, with particular reference to international standards, jurisprudence and practice. The five seminars drew on regional and international expertise, with a regional focus, to examine specific topics, draw conclusions and make recommendations in accordance with international standards.", "5. All expert seminars are held on a rotational basis at the regional level to facilitate the effective participation of relevant regional and national experts and practitioners with specific responsibilities for the issues under review, who can provide important first-hand practical knowledge of the challenges and complexities encountered and recommend good practices. The seminar focused on various aspects of the protection of the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, including issues relating to universality and non-derogable aspects of the right to a fair trial; the application of ordinary criminal law to try terrorist suspects; observance of the principle of legality; the relationship between intelligence agencies and law enforcement agencies; the rights of detainees and/or persons tried for terrorist acts; the independence and impartiality of the courts in trials involving terrorist offences; the suppression of organizations; and targeted sanctions at the national level.", "6. The first regional expert seminar, held in Bangkok on 17 and 18 February 2011, was attended by 60 participants from the South-East Asian region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam), including judges, prosecutors and officials from the Ministry of Justice, defence counsel, international law experts, civil society representatives and members of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Participants assessed the challenges to the implementation of the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism under international law, identified key protections of fair trial rights in the context of counter-terrorism and shared best practices. Following the seminar, the Working Group issued preliminary observations and best practices to provide guidance to Member States.", "7. During the reporting period, the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism issued two basic human rights reference guides on the search for persons and security infrastructure while countering terrorism. [3] Three additional guidelines are being developed on counter-terrorism detention, the principle of legality in national counter-terrorism legislation and the suppression of organizations. These guidelines are intended to provide guidance to State organs, national and international non-governmental organizations, lawyers and United Nations agencies, as well as individuals, on how to take measures to respect human rights in some areas of counter-terrorism.", "8. The Working Group has been engaged with civil society on issues related to the implementation of human rights in the Global Strategy. Given the importance of civil society activities to raise awareness of terrorist threats, effectively address them and ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law, the engagement of the Task Force with civil society, non-governmental organizations and human rights defenders is crucial in clarifying the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "9. Other working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force[4] have also continued to address human rights issues in their work, including the Working Group on Support and Attention to Victims of Terrorism, the newly established Working Group on Border Management related to Counter-Terrorism, the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes and the Integrated Assistance Initiative against Terrorism. The Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution organized a series of meetings on the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in Central Asia. The first, held in Bratislava in December 2010, focused on pillars I (“Measures to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism”) and IV (“Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as an important basis for the fight against terrorism”), including working sessions on ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, including good governance, to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. The second meeting was held in Dushanbe in March 2011 and was devoted to pillar II of the Strategy (“Prevention and combating terrorism”).", "B. Counter-Terrorism Committee/ Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate", "10. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continue to take into account relevant human rights issues in their work programmes, focusing on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005). By its resolution 1963 (2010), adopted on 20 December 2010, the Security Council extended the mandate of CTED until 31 December 2013. The resolution drew the attention of Member States to the fact that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights were mutually reinforcing and indispensable to the success of counter-terrorism efforts, and noted the importance of respect for the rule of law for effective counter-terrorism. The resolution encourages CTED to further develop its activities in this area to ensure that all human rights issues related to the implementation of resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) are addressed in a consistent and equitable manner in its activities. In this regard, CTED also continues to participate actively in the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force working group on the protection of human rights while countering terrorism.", "11. As mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/221, CTED continued to liaise with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and other human rights entities. CTED also continued its dialogue with regional and subregional organizations on relevant human rights issues. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the Council of Europe hosted a meeting on the theme “Prevention of terrorism”, in which international, regional and subregional organizations were invited to participate. OHCHR and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism participated.", "12. In November 2010, CTED organized a regional seminar in Jakarta, Indonesia, for representatives of police forces, prosecutors and counter-terrorism focal points from South Asian countries. The event focused on the effective use of community policing techniques to counter terrorism, as well as on the latest developments in mobile phone technology as it relates to counter-terrorism. The seminar also explored in detail the role of counter-terrorism coordinators and focal points in enhancing counter-terrorism cooperation at the national and international levels. OHCHR supported the event by assisting a human rights expert to participate in the seminar.", "13. The Executive Directorate also organized a regional seminar for senior law enforcement and prosecutorial officials and judges from South Asia in Thimphu, Bhutan, in May 2011. At the meeting, participants discussed the role of police and prosecution services in countering terrorism and the challenges they faced in leading effective investigations and prosecutions. The seminar also provided an opportunity to increase the knowledge of the police and prosecution services about the latest investigative techniques and techniques and to share relevant experiences and best practices. A representative of OHCHR contributed to the event by drawing the attention of participants to international human rights standards applicable in investigations and prosecutions.", "C. Human Rights Council", "14. At its fifteenth session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 15/15, decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years and requested the Special Rapporteur to identify, exchange and promote best practices in combating terrorism with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. [5]", "15. At the same session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 15/18 on arbitrary detention, encouraged States to ensure that in cases of administrative detention, including under public security law, the right of any person deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to be brought before a court of law was equally respected, so that the court could decide promptly on the lawfulness of the detention and order his or her release if the detention was not lawful. In addition, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 15/28 on assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights, in which it urged the Transitional Federal Government, Member States, stakeholders and the international community as a whole to continue to isolate and take all necessary measures against individuals and entities, including those engaged in terrorist acts, whose actions threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia and the region, while ensuring that any counter-terrorism measures taken are in accordance with international law.", "16. On 11 March 2011, the Human Rights Council, pursuant to its resolution 15/116, convened a panel discussion at its sixteenth session on the human rights dimension of action to address terrorist hostage-taking, with a particular focus on the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect the human rights of all persons within their jurisdiction, to strengthen international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism and to protect the rights of all victims of terrorism. The panel discussion was convened to promote awareness and understanding of the human rights dimensions of hostage-taking in terrorist activities.", "17. The panel was moderated by Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kang Kyung-wha, made opening remarks. The panellists were Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Kamel Rezzag Bara, Adviser to the President of the People ' s Democratic Republic of Algeria; Cecilia R. V. Quisumbing, Commissioner of the National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, Director of the Sahel Observatory of the Bureau of Geopolitics and Security of Mali; and Federico Andrew-Guzmán, Deputy Head of the Litigation and Legal Protection Section of the Colombian Commission of Jurists.", "18. At its sixteenth session, in its resolution 16/23 of 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council, inter alia, condemned any action or attempt by States or public officials to legalize, authorize or acquiesce in torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under any circumstances, including on grounds of national security or through judicial decisions, and urged States to ensure accountability for all such acts. The resolution also reminded States that prolonged incommunicado detention or secret detention may facilitate the perpetration of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and could in itself constitute one of the forms of such treatment, and urged States to respect the safeguards concerning the liberty, security and dignity of the person and to ensure that secret places of detention and interrogation are removed.", "19. On 1 June 2011, pursuant to its decision 16/116, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion at its seventeenth session on the human rights of victims of terrorism, taking into account in particular the recommendations of the Secretary-General ' s Symposium on Supporting Victims of Terrorism, held in New York on 9 September 2008. The purpose of the panel discussion was to enhance understanding of the human rights aspects of victims of terrorism, to exchange information on relevant efforts undertaken at the international, regional and national levels and to share best practices, with a view to enhancing the capacity of States to address the need to protect the rights of victims of terrorism and their families, taking into account their international human rights obligations.", "20. The panel discussion was chaired by Mr. Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and was opened by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay. Presentations were made by the following panellists: Anne Wu, Political Affairs Officer, Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, Department of Political Affairs; Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Foundation for Victims of Terrorism, Spain; Ryan M. Letschert, Professor of International Law and Victimization, Tilburg Institute of International Victimology, University of Tyre, Netherlands; Mauro Miedico, Coordinator, Special Unit for the Prevention of Terrorism, Terrorism Prevention Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; and Yakin Erturk, former Special Rapporteur on violence against women, member of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Council of Europe. As requested by the Human Rights Council in its decision 16/116, OHCHR will prepare a summary of the panel discussion for submission to the Council at its nineteenth session.", "Universal periodic review", "21. The Human Rights Council also considered the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism during the universal periodic review. Some of the most common recommendations of the Human Rights Council call for national counter-terrorism laws to be brought into line with international human rights standards and obligations,[7] in particular noting that the legal framework against terrorism should be reviewed. [8] In addition, it is recommended that States cease serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law under the pretext of combating terrorism. [9] Concern was expressed about the prosecution of persons arrested for terrorist offences in special courts or in special jurisdictions, and the importance of prosecuting such persons before legally established judicial bodies so that they receive due legal process protection was stressed. [10] Member States are also encouraged to investigate allegations of torture in counter-terrorism measures, to make their findings public, to bring perpetrators to justice and to provide compensation to victims. The Human Rights Council also called for legislation in line with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, including the so-called “enhanced interrogation techniques”. [12] The Council also recommended that, under the CIA extradition programme, an open and transparent assessment of the consequences of overflight and landing on national territory be conducted. In addition, the imposition of the death penalty for terrorist offences is a matter of concern. Other recommendations highlighted the need to enact prohibitions to avoid religious and racial profiling while preventing terrorism. [15] In this regard, it is also recommended to “improve security procedures” to avoid discrimination. In addition, it is recommended that States organize human rights training courses to educate relevant authorities in order to improve counter-terrorism measures. Lastly, Member States are called upon to respond to and act on the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. [18]", "Special procedures", "22. In his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism compiled 10 best practices on counter-terrorism in legislative form. On the basis of his six years of work, the Special Rapporteur undertook an analysis and engaged in various forms of interaction with a wide range of stakeholders, in particular submissions from Governments (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.4), which culminated in the compilation. The compilation draws on international treaties, resolutions of international organizations and jurisprudence of international and regional courts. In his report, the Special Rapporteur concluded that, in addition to these models, other forms of best practice could be identified, beginning with the development of national counter-terrorism strategies, which must be consistent with global counter-terrorism strategies, go beyond sound laws and take a comprehensive approach rooted in human rights and address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. The model provisions relate to: the compatibility of counter-terrorism laws with human rights, humanitarian and refugee law; the compatibility of counter-terrorism practices with human rights, humanitarian and refugee law; the principles of normality and specificity; the review of the implementation of counter-terrorism laws and practices; effective remedies for violations of human rights; reparations and assistance to victims; the definition of terrorism; the typical offence of incitement to terrorism; the core elements of best practices in the listing of terrorist entities; and the core elements of best practices in the arrest and interrogation of terrorist suspects.", "23. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur visited Tunisia from 22 to 26 January 2010 (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2). The Transitional Government invited the Special Rapporteur to undertake a second visit from 22 to 26 May 2011. In a press statement issued at the end of his follow-up visit on 26 May, the Special Rapporteur stressed that the necessary reforms should be undertaken in the context of counter-terrorism, in accordance with international human rights law. He called for measures to end impunity and ensure accountability for crimes and human rights violations committed in the name of counter-terrorism. These include continuing to investigate, ex officio, allegations of torture and illegal detention, often under the pretext of combating terrorism, and holding accountable those responsible for helping to re-establish trust between the people and the security forces in Tunisia. Since the events of 14 January 2011, the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2003 has largely not been used. The Special Rapporteur believes that the Transitional Government has adopted an amnesty law covering persons convicted or detained under the anti-terrorism law, thereby recognizing that the anti-terrorism law does not provide more security for the Tunisian people but is used as a tool to suppress any form of political or other dissent. The Special Rapporteur offered to assist in replacing the 2003 Act with an appropriate legislative framework to regulate Tunisia ' s counter-terrorism efforts in accordance with the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, while respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Special Rapporteur also refers to his previous reports (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), in which he expressed concern about the clandestine and impunity nature of the activities of the entities of the security agencies and their activities. He commends the Transitional Government for the abolition of the National Security Service, which is allegedly responsible for acts of torture and arbitrary or even secret detentions and the activities of the “political police”. The term “political police” does not exist in the law, but it is used to describe persons associated with the Ministry of the Interior in security agencies who are responsible for combating political and human rights activists and other dissidents.", "24. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur visited Peru from 1 to 8 September 2010. In his report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur examined the measures taken by Peru to support victims of terrorist crimes and human rights violations committed by State security forces during the 1980-2000 internal armed conflict. He also analysed the legislative framework against terrorism and its practical application and implementation. The Special Rapporteur concludes that Peru has provided important lessons in providing justice and reparation for the suffering caused by the internal armed conflict; the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission could be considered a best practice. Peru has taken significant steps in fulfilling its obligations under international human rights standards: the criminal trial and sentencing of the former President of Peru and his assistant; and numerous reviews of persons previously convicted of terrorist crimes in unfair trials. However, the Special Rapporteur is concerned about the broad definition of terrorism contained in criminal legislation; the slow progress in the implementation of reparations; and the tendency to link human rights defenders and social protest movements to terrorism. He stressed that the resort to states of emergency and the deployment of military forces not only as counter-terrorism measures but also in large-scale demonstrations threatened to militarize conflicts that should not be resolved by armed forces. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the decision by Congress to repeal Act No. 1097, adopted by the executive branch in accordance with the legislative mandate, which would have permitted the suspension of criminal proceedings for human rights violations committed during the internal armed conflict and appeared to have made statutory limitations applicable to crimes covered by the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.", "25. The report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/258) addressed the issue of United Nations compliance with human rights standards in countering terrorism, recalling and assessing, inter alia, the role and contribution of the General Assembly, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Human Rights Council, the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies and United Nations field presences in the promotion and protection of human rights in counter-terrorism activities. The main recommendation contained in the report is that the Security Council should seize the opportunity of the upcoming tenth anniversary of resolution 1373 (2001), replacing resolutions 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) and 1267 (1999) (as amended) with a single resolution, not adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in order to systematize the counter-terrorism measures of States and to integrate their reporting responsibilities into a framework. This proposal is motivated by the assessment of the Special Rapporteur that Chapter VII does not provide an adequate legal basis for the maintenance of the current framework of mandatory and permanent Security Council resolutions of a quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial nature. The report also addresses the improvement of human rights accountability in United Nations field operations, including in the context of counter-terrorism, and the contribution of various actors to the implementation of the 2006 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "26. In its report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/47 and Add.1-3 and Corr.1), the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention highlighted the far-reaching implications of the joint study on global practices relating to secret detention in the context of counter-terrorism (see A/HRC/13/42 and A/65/224, para. 13), in particular with regard to its mandate and arbitrary deprivation of liberty. The Working Group notes with concern that legal safeguards, habeas corpus and fair trial are often absent in cases of secret detention. The Working Group reiterates that, in some cases, the Government has made vague and general references to terrorism as justification for restricting human rights and that such cases should be examined and scrutinized. The Working Group refers to three Opinions adopted under the individual complaints procedure of the Working Group during the period under review, which directly concern cases of detainees on terrorism charges, in which they consider that they have been arbitrarily deprived of their liberty (Views No. 22/2010, see A/HRC/16/47/Add.1; Opinion No. 24/2010 and Opinion No. 32/2010, see A/HRC/16/47, para. 9, table 1).", "27. In his report to the General Assembly (A/65/273), the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment expressed concern that, in order to effectively combat the growing number of crimes, terrorism and other forms of organized crime, too many Governments appeared to be interested in giving them very broad powers over law enforcement, intelligence agencies and security, thereby restricting certain human rights. In his view, this leads to an environment conducive to undermining the absolute prohibition of torture. The cruelty of many societies has reached a level where, in the view of Governments and the general public, torture is nothing more than a “light evil”. The Special Rapporteur notes that this trend is alarming. He stressed the need for a global awareness-raising campaign to change the climate of tolerance for excessive use of force by law enforcement officials. Governments should be reminded that torture was not an effective means of combating crime. On the contrary, torture increases the cruelty and violence of societies, many of which suffer. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), the newly appointed Special Rapporteur noted his intention to identify and further develop links between forensic science and other sciences, not only to eradicate torture and provide evidence to substantiate it, but also to provide States with other credible forensic and other scientific options for law enforcement, counter-terrorism and effective criminal prosecution.", "28. In his report to the General Assembly (A/65/321, paras. 11-16), the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions addressed the issue of targeted killings and accountability, including in the context of counter-terrorism. He expressed concern that since his report on targeted killings to the Human Rights Council at its fourteenth session (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), Member States had not provided specific information on any of the basic issues raised in his report.", "29. In his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/27), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression expressed concern about restrictions on the right to freedom of expression on the Internet on counter-terrorism grounds. He noted that existing criminal laws or new laws specifically criminalizing expression on the Internet were usually justified by the concept of counter-terrorism, but that “in practice they were used to examine what Governments and other power entities did not like or agree with”. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the right to freedom of expression cannot be restricted on the grounds of national security or counter-terrorism needs, unless the Government can state: (a) Expression is intended to incite imminent violence; (b) is likely to incite such violence; (c) expression is directly linked to the likelihood or occurrence of such violence.", "30. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders addressed the issue of stigmatization of human rights defenders by non-State actors in her report to the General Assembly (A/65/223). The Special Rapporteur notes that, in internal conflicts, paramilitary groups often attempt to stigmatize the work of human rights defenders, claiming that defenders are associated with armed groups or “terrorists”, thus rationalizing the campaign of violence against human rights defenders. In that context, she said, the Government must publicly reaffirm the importance of the work of human rights defenders and condemn any attempt to stigmatize or outlaw their work. In her report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/44, Add.1-2 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of the stigmatization and criminalization of the work of women human rights defenders. In some contexts, she said, the “political” stigmatization of women human rights defenders and their male colleagues included accusations of shielding guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, foreign or foreign interests. In addition, women human rights defenders often face further stigmatization because of their gender or the rights they support on the basis of gender or sexual orientation.", "31. The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/207, para. 39), expressed concern about reports that Muslims are frequently subjected to personal data checks, house searches, interrogations and arrests in the context of counter-terrorism measures based solely on their religious affiliation. The Special Rapporteur stresses that profiling on the basis of ethnicity, national origin and/or religion often does not meet the requirements for appropriate means of combating terrorism, and has considerable negative consequences, making these measures counterproductive in the fight against terrorism.", "Establishment of an open-ended intergovernmental working group to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the activities of private military and security companies", "32. Pursuant to its resolution 15/26 of 1 October 2010, the Human Rights Council established an open-ended intergovernmental working group with the mandate to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the regulation, monitoring and oversight of the activities of private military and security companies, including accountability, and, in particular, options for a legally binding instrument, taking into account the principles, main elements and draft text proposed by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. The Council decided that the open-ended intergovernmental working group would meet annually for a period of five working days during the biennium and make recommendations to the Council at its twenty-first session. Pursuant to that resolution, the first session of the Working Group was held from 23 to 27 May 2011.", "D. Human rights treaty bodies", "33. The Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination continue to examine the compatibility of the legislation and practice of States parties with their respective human rights treaty obligations in the fight against terrorism.", "34. The issues addressed by the Human Rights Committee and the Committee against Torture related mainly to the overly broad and unclear definition of terrorist offences in national legislation. In addition, the HR Committee was concerned about the State ' s intention to allow for serious delays in trials, delays in contact with lawyers and the possibility of extending detention in exceptional circumstances and in the absence of detained suspects in the revised anti-terrorism legislation. [20] In this regard, the Committee recommends that any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge, including those suspected of security offences, have immediate access to a lawyer and to a judge. Furthermore, the Committee referred in particular to the fact that the law allowed judges to decide not to present evidence to detainees because of security concerns, stressed the importance of access to all evidence, including confidential evidence, and recommended the introduction of a special lawyer system. In addition, the HR Committee focused on the limited organizational and functional independence of the State Security Court and the power of the Prime Minister to refer cases that do not endanger national security to the State Security Court. [21]", "35. CAT was deeply concerned about allegations that torture was routinely used by the police, prison officials, security forces and the military against alleged terrorists. Furthermore, the Committee notes credible reports that such acts often take place with the involvement, instigation or consent of competent officials in police stations, detention centres, prisons and military bases, as well as in informal or secret places of detention. The Committee therefore urges the State party concerned to take immediate and effective measures to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture. Some legislative provisions unduly restrict legal safeguards to protect persons suspected or accused of terrorist or related offences from torture and ill-treatment, while giving the police broad powers to arrest suspects without court authorization — This is also of concern to CAT. [23] As to the denial of rights during the detention of alleged terrorists, the Committee urges States to allow detainees immediate access to a lawyer, to allow adequate time for the preparation of a trial, to conduct an independent medical examination (including patient-doctor confidentiality) and to inform families of their detention. [24] The Committee criticizes the practice of detaining children in unrecorded pre-charge facilities for adults and the abuse of children, as well as the interrogations conducted without legal aid or in the presence of an adult or legal guardian. [25] The Committee also notes reports of frequent interference by the executive branch in the judicial process, in particular in criminal proceedings, as well as reports of cases of harassment, threats, intimidation and dismissal of judges who have resisted political pressure and/or ordered the release of defendants accused of terrorism or State crimes. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned about cases of torture to extract confessions and recommends that necessary steps be taken to ensure that evidence obtained under torture is not used in practice in court proceedings, including in cases covered by the anti-terrorism regulations. [27]", "36. Other issues of concern to treaty bodies include the excessive use of force, resulting in incidental deaths in response to terrorist threats; the demolition of the property and homes of families of suspected terrorists; the abduction of alleged terrorist suspects;[30] certain privileges in limiting the activities of groups of alleged or convicted perpetrators of terrorist acts in places of detention;[31] racial profiling as part of national security measures, which may increase stigmatization of certain groups;[32] the prosecution of children associated with armed groups in accordance with counter-terrorism provisions;[33] the lack of a strict and narrow definition of the conditions for declaring an emergency and limiting to exceptional circumstances. Of particular concern in the context of emergency law are child-related ill-treatment, such as detention for more than one year without access to a lawyer,[35] military court trials [36] and the impact of emergency regulations on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. [37]", "III. Activities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights", "37. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in discharging her mandated tasks, continued to examine the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and made general recommendations on the obligations of States in this regard. The report of the High Commissioner to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/50) continues to be deeply concerned about the erosion of respect for due process, including the right to a fair trial, in the context of counter-terrorism policies and practices. While noting that the newly established de-listing procedures, including the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsperson to deal with requests from individuals and entities for de-listing from the Consolidated List, represent a major step towards a fair and clear process, the High Commissioner stressed that there was a gap between the 1267 regime and the due process provisions of international human rights law and that more comprehensive reforms were needed. [38]", "38. The High Commissioner therefore urges the Human Rights Council to continue to explore all possible avenues to ensure that sanctions against individuals and entities are subject to strict procedural safeguards and that listing and delisting decisions comply with minimum due process standards. She further stressed that, in this regard, full support should also be ensured for the newly established Office of the Ombudsperson and that additional mechanisms should be developed to promote due process protection for listing and de-listing procedures. An independent quasi-judicial process should also be established to review listing and de-listing decisions. [39]", "39. In the same report, the High Commissioner referred to practices that impeded the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, such as certain situations in which intelligence was used in criminal justice proceedings. [40] While stressing that the use of accurate information is essential to prevent terrorist acts and bring individuals suspected of terrorist activities to justice, she stressed, however, that the increasing reliance of many States on intelligence information in the fight against terrorism and the emergence of “intelligence-oriented law enforcement” have led to the expansion of intelligence services, often without due consideration of the due process guarantees necessary to prevent abuse. In this regard, the High Commissioner also emphasizes that the increased reliance of States on intelligence leads to human rights issues, including the abuse of State secrecy in proceedings, the use of evidence obtained by unlawful means in proceedings at home or abroad, and the use of secret evidence. At the same time, she called on States to ensure that regulatory frameworks were in place to ensure compliance with international human rights law, both within their borders and through intelligence cooperation with other States.", "40. In addition to its activities related to pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (see sect. II.A of the present report), as Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to advance the integration of a human rights approach into the joint efforts of other pillars of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In this regard, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights participated in a seminar organized by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna in March 2010 entitled “Recalling and looking forward: addressing links with related criminal activities and strengthening responses to terrorism”, and made a presentation on how to support Member States, through technical assistance and cooperation, in addressing legitimate national security concerns with full respect for the rule of law and human rights.", "41. The High Commissioner for Human Rights also initiated a panel discussion of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of victims of terrorism (held in June 2011), while the Deputy High Commissioner made an opening statement at a panel discussion of the Human Rights Council in March 2011 on human rights in the context of responses to terrorist hostage-taking. In addition, the Deputy High Commissioner launched the side event on the theme of the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of victims of terrorism, with another representative of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights as a panellist.", "Conclusions", "42. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and its special procedures continue to express deep concern at the serious inconsistencies between the domestic legal framework and practice against terrorism and international human rights standards, including the vague and broad definition of terrorism, the lack of legal safeguards for due process and fair trial, and the practice of torture and ill-treatment of suspected terrorists. I reiterate my call to Member States to fully implement the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as a fundamental basis for all counter-terrorism measures and urge all States to ensure that their counter-terrorism measures comply with their obligations under international law.", "43. Effective criminal justice systems based on respect for human rights and the rule of law, including due process and fair trial guarantees, continue to be the best means of effectively combating terrorism and ensuring accountability. I encourage States to participate actively in the regional expert seminar on “Basic principles for the protection of human rights in order to ensure a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism”, held under the auspices of the Working Group on the Protection of Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, and to take advantage of the ideas and good practices emerging from the sub-process. I also encourage States and other stakeholders to make use of the basic human rights reference guidelines designated by this Working Group.", "44. I encourage the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its working groups and entities to continue to apply a human rights approach and address human rights issues and concerns in their work, in line with the approach set out by Member States in the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, and to ensure that counter-terrorism assistance provided by the Task Force is effective, sustainable and consistent with international human rights law. In that context, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force should increase its engagement with civil society and complement the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "45. We encourage the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to continue their efforts, on the basis of Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), to place respect for the rule of law and human rights at the heart of the fight against terrorism in areas falling within their mandates. In that connection, the efforts of the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate to involve the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in their activities should be commended.", "[1] Other members include the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, UNODC of the United Nations Secretariat, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the Office of Legal Affairs, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the World Bank, the International Maritime Organization and the 1267 Monitoring Committee. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) participated as observers.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 60/288.", "[3] See A/65/224, paras. 5-6.", "[4] A list of all working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force is available at http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.", "[5] See paragraphs 22 to 25 of the present report.", "[6] For a summary of the panel discussion, see A/HRC/18/29.", "[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.", "[8] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras. 86.137 and 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, on evidence-based evaluation of counter-terrorism legislation.", "[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.", "[10] Ibid., para.", "[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.", "[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.", "[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.", "[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras. 78.6, 78.9 and 78.19.", "[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.219.", "[16] Ibid., para.", "[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.", "[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.", "[19] CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 9; CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 14.", "[20] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para.", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para.", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 10.", "[23] Ibid., para.", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 11.", "[25] Ibid., para.", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para.", "[27] Ibid., para. 31.", "[28] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para.", "Ibid., para. 17.", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 20.", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para.", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 12.", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para.", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para.", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para.", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1, para. 30.", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para.", "[38] A/HRC/16/50, paras. 16-21.", "[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.", "[40] Ibid., paras. 33 to 40.", "[41] See also paragraphs 19 and 20 of the present report.", "[42] See also paragraphs 16 and 17 of the present report." ]

[ "第2001(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月28日第6594次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的各项相关决议，尤其是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议，", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整，", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对于伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会至关重要，", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续在全国加强民主和法治，改善安全和公共秩序，打击恐怖主义及派别暴力行为，重申支持伊拉克人民和政府在法治和尊重人权的基础上，努力建设一个安全、稳定、统一和民主的联邦国家，", "欣见通过在政治和安全方面做出协调一致的努力，伊拉克安全局势有所好转，强调伊拉克境内依然存在安全挑战，需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族和解使局势继续实现好转，", "强调伊拉克的所有社区都要参加有关政治进程，开展包容各方的政治对话，不说加剧紧张局势的话和不做加剧紧张局势的事，在资源分配问题上达成全面解决办法，保障稳定，针对有争议的国内分界线制订公平公正的解决办法，努力实现国家统一，", "重申，联合国、尤其是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)必须为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以便加强民主机构，推动包容各方的政治对话与民族和解，协助开展区域对话，制订伊拉克政府可以接受的程序来解决有争议的国内边界问题，帮助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体加强两性平等，促进对人权的保护，促进司法和法律改革，强调联合国、尤其是联伊援助团，必须优先为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以实现这些目标，", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权，并考虑另外采取步骤支持独立高级人权委员会，", "确认伊拉克政府为促进和保护妇女人权做出的努力，重申安理会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，重申需要让妇女全面、平等和有效地参与；重申妇女可在重建社会构架方面发挥重要作用，强调需要让她们参与制订国家战略，以便考虑到她们的意见，", "表示，处理伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题至关重要，强调需要继续采取协调对策和提供足够资源来处理这些问题，", "强调伊拉克政府的主权，重申所有各方都应继续采取一切可行步骤并制订方法，确保包括儿童、妇女及宗教团体和少数民族成员在内的受影响平民受到保护，并应为难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或让境内流离失所者融入当地社会创造有利条件，欣见伊拉克政府承诺救济境内流离失所者、难民和回返者并鼓励它继续努力救济他们，注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其授权发挥重要作用，在这些问题上与联伊援助团进行协调，继续向伊拉克政府提供咨询和支助，", "敦促所有有关各方，按照国际人道主义法，包括《日内瓦四公约》和《海牙章程》的规定，允许人道主义工作人员全面和不受阻碍地接触所有需要援助的人，尽可能为其行动提供一切必要的便利，并增进人道主义工作人员和联合国及其有关人员和资产的安全保障和行动自由，", "欣见伊拉克在重新享有它在第661(1990)号决议通过前所享有的国际地位方面取得重大进展，呼吁伊拉克政府继续它目前同科威特政府的合作，以解决未决问题，履行它尚未履行的安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章就伊拉克和科威特间局势通过的各项决议规定的义务，强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性，", "深切感谢在伊拉克的所有联合国工作人员，感谢他们不畏艰险，坚持不懈地开展工作，", "1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限延长12个月；", "2. 又决定，秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表和援助团应根据伊拉克政府的请求并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/2011/464，附件)，继续努力完成第1936(2010)号决议为其规定的任务；", "3. 确认联伊援助团要为伊拉克人民开展工作，联合国人员的安全就要得到保障，呼吁伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续为联合国在伊拉克的派驻提供安全和后勤支助；", "4. 欣见会员国提供捐助，为联伊援助团提供它执行任务所需要的财政、后勤和安全资源与支助，呼吁会员国继续向联伊援助团提供充足的资源和支助；", "5. 表示打算在满十二个月时审查联伊援助团的任务，如伊拉克政府要求，亦可提前审查；", "6. 请秘书长每隔四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况；", "7. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Resolution 2001 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6594th meeting, on 28 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,", "Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,", "Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,", "Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,", "Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,", "Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,", "Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;", "2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and", "7. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "Resolution 2001 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6594th meeting, on 28 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009 and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue to strengthen democracy and the rule of law, improve security and public order and combat terrorism and sectarian violence throughout the country, and reiterating its support for the efforts of the Iraqi people and Government to build a secure, stable, united and democratic federal State based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming the improvement in the security situation in Iraq as a result of concerted political and security efforts, and stressing the continuing security challenges in Iraq and the need for continued improvement through meaningful political dialogue and national reconciliation,", "Emphasizing the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process, to engage in an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from statements and actions that exacerbate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the allocation of resources, to guarantee stability, to develop a fair and just solution to disputed internal boundaries and to work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the need for the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), to provide advice, support and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government in order to strengthen democratic institutions, promote inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop procedures acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, help vulnerable groups, including refugees and internally displaced persons, enhance gender equality, promote the protection of human rights and promote judicial and legal reform, and stressing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, giving priority to advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these objectives,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and to consider additional steps in support of the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq to promote and protect the human rights of women, reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, reaffirming the need for the full, equal and effective participation of women, reaffirming the important role that women can play in rebuilding the fabric of society, and stressing the need to involve them in the development of national strategies to take into account their views,", "Expressing the importance of addressing the humanitarian issues facing the Iraqi people, and stressing the need for a continued coordinated response and adequate resources to address these issues,", "Emphasizing the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and develop methods to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic communities, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration, welcoming the commitment and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in coordinating with UNAMI on these issues, consistent with its mandate, and continuing to provide advice and support to the Government of Iraq,", "Urging all parties concerned, in accordance with international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all those in need of assistance, to provide all necessary facilities to the fullest extent possible for their operations and to promote the safety, security and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and assets,", "Welcoming the significant progress made by Iraq in regaining its international status prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling upon the Government of Iraq to continue its current cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to resolve outstanding issues and to fulfil its outstanding obligations under the Security Council resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter with regard to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait, and stressing the importance of ratifying the Additional Protocol to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement,", "Expressing its deep appreciation to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless work,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for 12 months;", "2. Also decides that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and the Assistance Mission shall, at the request of the Government of Iraq and taking into account the letter from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2011/464, annex), continue their efforts to fulfil their mandate as set out in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that the safety and security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to work for the people of Iraq, and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support for the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States to provide UNAMI with the financial, logistical and security resources and support it needs to carry out its mandate, and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with adequate resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI ' s responsibilities;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会第6594次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 有关伊拉克的局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告 (S/2011/435)。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6594th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6594th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)." ]

[ "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨转递对以色列敌军于2011年1月24日侵犯黎巴嫩领土的一封控诉信(见附件）。", "请将本函分发给安全理事会理事国，并将其作为中东局势项目下的安理会官方文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆(签名)", "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "2011年1月24日，一支由三名士兵组成的以色列敌军巡逻队越过技术围栏约20米，该围栏分隔了黎巴嫩坚持主权主张的被占领沙巴农场地区与克法尔舒巴镇郊区的解放区。该巡逻队在那里停留了一段时间之后撤回被占领的沙巴农场。这一行动公然侵犯了黎巴嫩主权，违反了安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议，并对国际和平与安全造成威胁。" ]

[ "Letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a complaint concerning a violation of Lebanese territory that Israeli enemy forces committed on 24 January 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter to Security Council members and have it issued as an official document of the Council under the item on the situation in the Middle East.", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On 24 January 2011, an Israeli enemy patrol comprising three soldiers crossed some 20 metres over the technical fence separating the area of the occupied Shab‘a Farms with regard to which Lebanon maintains a claim from the liberated area on the outskirts of the town of Kafr Shuba. It remained there for some time before withdrawing to the occupied Shab‘a Farms. This action is a flagrant violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), and a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "Letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a letter of complaint concerning violations of Lebanese territory committed by the Israeli enemy on 24 January 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated to the members of the Security Council and have it circulated as an official document of the Council under the item on the situation in the Middle East.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Permanent Representative", "On 24 January 2011, an Israeli enemy patrol consisting of three soldiers crossed the technical fence some 20 metres from the liberated area of the occupied Shab ' a Farms area, which Lebanon maintains its claim to sovereignty, and the outskirts of the town of Kafr Shuba. After staying there for some time, the patrol withdrew into the occupied Shab`a Farms. This action constitutes a flagrant violation of Lebanese sovereignty, Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) and a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨转递2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席让·平先生的信，其中请求转递2011年7月19日非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第286次会议公报(见附件)。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意本函及其附件为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "附件", "2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月19日非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第286次会议通过的公报(见附文)。会议审查了达尔富尔局势及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的行动。", "正如公报所指出的，和平与安全理事会根据达尔富尔混合行动的混合特点，对混合行动于7月31日结束的当前一年的任务规定进行了审查，并促请联合国安全理事会在即将于2011年7月22日举行的会议上采取同样行动。这一点非常重要，因为在保护达尔富尔平民等问题上达尔富尔混合行动继续发挥关键作用，而且有关方面期待混合行动在今后几个月作出更大贡献，特别是在多哈进程取得令人鼓舞的成果的基础上继续努力，执行《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，力求使该文件更具包容性，启动达尔富尔政治进程，实现尽早复苏及其他相关任务。在达尔富尔人继续努力实现该地区和平的同时，我们两个组织必须继续与他们站在一起，支持他们的努力，特别是通过达尔富尔混合行动的继续留驻提供支持。", "谨借此机会寻求你和安全理事会的支持，以便促使有效启动达尔富尔政治进程，这是非洲联盟达尔富尔问题高级别小组提出的一项关键建议。达尔富尔政治进程得到非洲联盟最高级别，包括最近在马拉博举行的国家元首和政府首脑大会第十七届常会的核准。我们认为，该政治进程提供了绝佳的机会，可借此巩固迄今取得的成果，确保苏丹人自主解决自身问题，支持各利益攸关方，找到全面、综合的解决办法，解决达尔富尔相互关联的和平、公正与和解问题。和平与安全理事会在这一公报中以及作为非洲联盟早前关于达尔富尔政治进程公告的后续行动，强烈呼吁安全理事会及其成员国共同支持将由非洲联盟高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动在实地实施这一举措。", "虽然我们应继续促请包括苏丹政府在内的所有利益攸关方竭尽所能，为这一举措的成功创造有利环境，但同样重要的是必须铭记，若将启动达尔富尔政治进程与满足某些先决条件挂钩，会不利于我们的联合行动。实际上此类先决条件可能会给破坏分子可乘之机，阻碍对和平的追求，破坏苏丹利益攸关方拥有自主权的原则并使其无法抓住出现的机会，推动在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解。", "请在安全理事会召开会议之前将和平与安全理事会公报紧急分发给安全理事会成员，使他们在审议延长达尔富尔混合行动任务期限问题时能考虑并反映非洲联盟的立场和意见。", "谨借此机会再次重申，非洲联盟感谢联合国及你本人继续致力于促进在非洲实现持久和平、安全与稳定。", "让·平(签名)", "附文", "和平与安全理事会第286次会议公报", "2011年7月19日非洲联盟(非盟)和平与安全理事会第286次会议审查了达尔富尔局势和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动开展的各项活动，并通过决定如下：", "理事会，", "1. 注意到委员会主席关于达尔富尔局势的报告[PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)]及达尔富尔混合行动非盟-联合国联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授和苏丹政府代表发表的声明；", "2. 回顾其以往关于达尔富尔局势的决定和公报；", "3. 满意地注意到在部署达尔富尔混合行动的军事和警察构成部分以及民事构成部分方面取得的进展，部署的军事和警察构成部分人数现已分别达到18 002人和2 751人，即达到核定总人数的92%和73%，部署的民事构成部分人数为4 466人，即达到核定人数的81%。理事会又注意到混合行动在执行任务方面实行了新的强有力政策，并对迄今取得的积极成果表示满意；", "4. 表示关切达尔富尔一些地区普遍存在不安全情况，造成了人员死亡和平民流离失所，随之对人道主义局势产生了负面影响。理事会呼吁有关各方紧急力行克制，避免采取可能会导致实地安全局势恶化的任何行动；", "5. 强烈谴责最近对达尔富尔混合行动人员以及对在达尔富尔开展行动的人道主义机构人员的袭击，包括2011年6月30日发生的身份不明分子伏击未遂事件，造成一名埃塞俄比亚维持和平人员死亡。理事会呼吁苏丹政府间竭尽全力找出这些犯罪行为的行为人，并将他们绳之以法；", "6. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动非盟-联合国联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授所做努力及其他继续发挥专注、敬业的领导作用，赞扬特派团人员的奉献精神及为促进在达尔富尔实现持久和平、安全与和解做出的贡献，包括第一次举办了达尔富尔水事国际会议及启动“春篮行动”；", "7. 强调实现达尔富尔和平的紧迫性，认识到达尔富尔人民期盼和平已久。在此方面，理事会满意地注意到多哈政治会谈结束，特别是苏丹政府和解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日签署了《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，认为这是一项积极进展，将极大促进达尔富尔的和平与安全。理事会赞扬苏丹政府和解放与正义运动重视并首先考虑达尔富尔人民的利益。理事会还赞扬前联合首席调解人，贾布里勒·巴索莱先生以及卡塔尔政府，特别是外交大臣艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德所作的不懈努力；", "8. 呼吁其他武装运动加入和平进程并遵守《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》。在此方面，理事会鼓励非洲联盟和联合国努力促使尚未加入和平进程的武装运动加入进来。理事会欢迎最近任命易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授为临时联合首席调解人并期待尽早落实这一任命；", "9. 重申非洲联盟之前所有的决定和公告，包括2011年6月30日至7月1日在马拉博举行的非洲联盟大会第十七届常会通过的关于和平与安全理事会关于其活动和非洲和平与安全状况的报告的决定中与达尔富尔政治进程有关的相关段落。理事会再次强调有必要在多哈进程积极成果的基础上完全启动达尔富尔政治进程，作为维持迄今取得的进展，确保达尔富尔人能够真正自主掌握该地区和平、公正与和解诉求的一个途径；", "10. 请非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动加大努力，启动达尔富尔政治进程，包括筹备工作以及与苏丹政府及其他利益攸关方磋商，确保创造有利环境，使各方能够自由参与这一进程。理事会强调苏丹政府负有主要责任，欢迎其表示致力于在此方面竭尽所能，包括尽早取消达尔富尔的紧急状态，并促请其为非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动提供一切必要合作；", "11. 重申国家元首和政府首脑大会第十七届常会呼吁非洲联盟伙伴方，特别是联合国安全理事会及其成员充分支持非洲联盟最高层核准的达尔富尔政治进程，并采取有关方面期待其采取的步骤，推动非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动在此方面的工作。理事会认识到有必要为达尔富尔政治进程的成功创造有利的环境。同时强烈促请国际社会所有成员充分支持达尔富尔政治进程，使启动达尔富尔政治进程无需与满足任何先决条件挂钩，因为此类先决条件可能会给破坏分子可乘之机，阻碍对和平的追求，破坏苏丹利益攸关方拥有自主权的原则并使其无法抓住机会，推动在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的事业。理事会强调启动达尔富尔政治进程将赋予苏丹利益攸关方能力，使其能够创建苏丹人民期盼已久的和平环境；", "12. 决定根据和平与安全理事会2007年6月22日第79次会议公报PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX)和联合国安全理事会2007年7月31日第1769(2007)号决议的规定，将达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月。理事会请联合国安全理事会也同样延长混合行动的任务期限，铭记达尔富尔混合行动在实地发挥的核心作用，特别是在保护达尔富尔平民方面，而且有关方面期待混合行动将为推动在达尔富尔实现持久和平作出更大贡献，在实地已经取得的令人鼓舞的成果基础上，支持落实《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，启动达尔富尔和平进程，实现尽早复苏，推动境内流离失所者和难民返回家园，重新融入社会等；", "13. 请委员会积极跟踪这一决定的执行情况并在此方面动员各方提供必要支持。理事会还请委员会和达尔富尔混合行动定期报告取得的进展，包括《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的执行情况，达尔富尔和平进程的有效启动情况，在此方面可能遇到的各种挑战，国际伙伴方提供的支持程度以及2011年7月31日之后的12个月期间达尔富尔混合行动的任务规定执行情况；", "14. 决定继续积极处理此案。" ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit a letter, dated 20 July 2011, from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Mr. Jean Ping, requesting the transmission of the communiqué of the 286th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council, which took place on 19 July 2011 (see annex).", "I would be grateful if you could bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to forward, herewith, the communiqué adopted by the 286th meeting of the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC), which took place on 19 July 2011, to review the situation in Darfur and the operations of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (see enclosure).", "As you will observe in the communiqué, the Peace and Security Council, in renewing the mandate of UNAMID for one year at the end of its current term, on 31 July, in line with the hybrid nature of the Operation, also urged the United Nations Security Council to take similar action at its forthcoming meeting on 22 July 2011. This is all the more important given the critical role that UNAMID continues to play, including regarding the protection of civilians in Darfur, and the increasing contribution expected from the mission in the coming months, particularly with respect to the implementation of the Doha document for peace in Darfur and efforts to make it more inclusive, the launching of the Darfur political process, building on the encouraging outcome of the Doha process, early recovery and other related tasks. As Darfurians continue to strive for the achievement of peace in their region, it is critical that our two organizations continue to stand by them and support their efforts, in particular through the continued presence of UNAMID.", "I would like to seize this opportunity to seek your support and that of the Security Council, in order to facilitate the effective launching of the Darfur political process, which was one of the key recommendations of the African Union High‑level Panel on Darfur. The Darfur political process, which was endorsed at the highest level by the African Union, including at the 17th ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held recently in Malabo, provides, in our view, the best opportunity to consolidate the gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur, in its communiqué, and as a follow-up to earlier pronouncements of the African Union on the Darfur political process, the Peace and Security Council strongly appealed to the Security Council and its members to rally behind this initiative, which will be implemented on the ground by the AU High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID.", "While we should continue to urge all stakeholders, including the Government of the Sudan, to do everything in their power to create a conducive environment for the success of this initiative, it is equally important to bear in mind that making the launching of the Doha political process contingent upon the fulfilment of certain preconditions will be counter-productive to our joint efforts. Indeed, such preconditions have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, to defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders and to make it impossible to grasp opportunities, as they arise, to advance peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "I would be most grateful if you could urgently circulate the Peace and Security Council communiqué to the members of the Security Council before their impending meeting so that they can take it into consideration and reflect the African Union’s position and views when considering the renewal of UNAMID’s mandate.", "Let me seize this opportunity to, once again, reiterate the appreciation of the African Union to the United Nations and to you, personally, for your continued commitment to the promotion of lasting peace, security and stability on our continent.", "(Signed) Jean Ping", "Enclosure", "Communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council", "The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 286th meeting, held on 19 July 2011, considered the situation in Darfur and the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), and adopted the following decision:", "The Council,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the situation in Darfur [PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)], and the statements made by the Joint AU-UN Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and the representative of the Government of the Sudan;", "2. Recalls its previous decisions and communiqués on the situation in Darfur;", "3. Notes with satisfaction the progress made in the deployment of UNAMID military and police components, which have now reached 18,002 and 2,751, that is 92% and 73%, respectively, of the total authorized strength, as well as the civilian component, which has reached 4,466, representing 82% of the authorized strength. The Council also takes note of the new robust policy of UNAMID in implementing its mandate, and expresses satisfaction with the positive results thus far achieved;", "4. Expresses concern at the prevailing insecurity in some parts of Darfur, leading to the loss of human lives and the displacement of civilian populations, with the attendant negative impact on the humanitarian situation. The Council appeals to all parties concerned to urgently exercise maximum restraint and refrain from any action likely to aggravate the security situation on the ground;", "5. Strongly condemns the recent attacks on the personnel of UNAMID and that against humanitarian agencies operating in Darfur, including the attempted ambush by unknown elements, on 30 June 2011, which resulted in the death of an Ethiopian peacekeeper. The Council calls on the Government of the Sudan to spare no efforts to identify the perpetrators of these criminal acts and bring them to justice;", "6. Commends the efforts of the AU-UN Joint Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and his continued focused and dedicated leadership, as well as those of the personnel of the Mission, for their dedication and contribution to the promotion of lasting peace, security and reconciliation in Darfur, including through the holding of the first-ever International Water Conference on Darfur and the launching of “Operation Spring Basket”;", "7. Stresses that achieving peace in Darfur is a matter of urgency, recognizing that the people of Darfur have been waiting for peace for too long. In this respect, the Council notes with satisfaction the conclusion of the Doha political talks, in particular the signing of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, on 14 July 2011, as a positive development that will greatly contribute to the promotion of peace and security in Darfur. The Council commends both the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for their commitment and for putting the interests of the Darfurian people above any other consideration. The Council also commends the former Joint Chief Mediator, Mr. Djibril Bassole, as well as the Government of Qatar, in particular Mr. Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al‑Mahmoud, State Minister for Foreign Affairs, for their tireless efforts;", "8. Appeals to the other armed movements to join the peace process and adhere to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. In this respect, the Council encourages the African Union and the United Nations to pursue their efforts aimed at bringing on board the armed movements that have not yet joined the peace process. The Council welcomes the recent appointment of Professor Ibrahim Gambari as the Joint Chief Mediator ad interim, and looks forward to the early formalization of this appointment;", "9. Reiterates all earlier African Union decisions and pronouncements, including the relevant paragraph of the decision on the Report of the Peace and Security Council on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa, adopted by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, held in Malabo, from 30 June to 1 July 2011, relating to the Darfur Political Process (DPP). The Council, once again, stresses the need to fully launch the DPP, building on the positive outcome of the Doha process, as a way of sustaining the progress made so far and ensuring that the Darfuris truly own the quest for peace, justice and reconciliation in their region;", "10. Requests the AU High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) on the Sudan and UNAMID to intensify their efforts for the launching of the DPP, including the preparatory work and the consultations with the Government of the Sudan and other stakeholders, to ensure the creation of an environment that will enable all constituents to freely participate in the process. The Council stresses the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan, welcomes its expressed commitment to spare no efforts in this regard, including the early lifting of the state of emergency in Darfur, and urges it to extend all necessary cooperation to the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID;", "11. Reiterates the call made by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government to the AU partners, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members, to fully support the DPP, which has been endorsed at the highest level by the AU, and to take the steps expected of them to facilitate the work of the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID in this respect. While recognizing the need to create a conducive environment for the success of the DPP, the Council strongly urges all members of the international community to fully support the DPP, without making its launching contingent upon the fulfilment of preconditions that have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders, and make it impossible to grasp opportunities to advance the cause of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. The Council stresses that the launching of the DPP will empower the Sudanese stakeholders and make it possible to create the peaceful environment the people of Darfur are yearning for;", "12. Decides to extend, for a further period of 12 months, the mandate of UNAMID, as defined by communiqué PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX) of the 79th meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 22 June 2007, and United Nations Security Council resolution 1769 (2007) of 31 July 2007. The Council requests the United Nations Security Council to do the same, bearing in mind the central role that UNAMID plays on the ground, particularly with respect to the protection of civilians, and the increasing contribution expected from the Mission to advance the search for lasting peace in Darfur, including support for the implementation of the DPDD, the launching of the DPP, early recovery and facilitation of the return and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees, building on the encouraging trend already observed on the ground;", "13. Requests the Commission to actively follow up on the implementation of this decision and to mobilize all necessary support in this respect. The Council further requests the Commission and UNAMID to report to it regularly on progress made, including the implementation of the DDPD, the effective launching of the DPP, challenges that may be encountered in this respect and the extent of support received from international partners, as well as the implementation of UNAMID mandate for the next 12 months, starting from 31 July 2011;", "14. Decides to remain actively seized of this matter." ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit a letter dated 20 July 2011 from Mr. Jean Ping, Chairperson of the African Union Commission, requesting the transmittal of the communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union, held on 19 July 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the communiqué adopted by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union at its 286th meeting, held on 19 July 2011 (see enclosure). The meeting reviewed the situation in Darfur and the operations of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur.", "As noted in the communiqué, the Peace and Security Council reviewed the mandate of UNAMID for the current year, which ended on 31 July, in the light of the hybrid character of UNAMID, and urged the United Nations Security Council to do likewise at its forthcoming meeting on 22 July 2011. This is important because UNAMID continues to play a key role on issues such as the protection of civilians in Darfur, and it is expected to make a greater contribution in the coming months, in particular by building on the encouraging results of the Doha process to implement the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, seeking to make it more inclusive, launching the political process in Darfur and achieving early recovery and other related tasks. As the people of Darfur continue their efforts to achieve peace in the region, our two organizations must continue to stand by them in support of their efforts, in particular through the continued presence of UNAMID.", "I would like to take this opportunity to seek your support and that of the Security Council in order to facilitate the effective launching of the political process in Darfur, a key recommendation of the African Union High-level Panel on Darfur. The political process in Darfur was endorsed at the highest level by the African Union, including the recent seventeenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Malabo. We believe that the political process provides an excellent opportunity to consolidate the gains made so far, to ensure that the Sudanese have the autonomy to resolve their own problems, to support the stakeholders and to find a comprehensive and integrated solution to the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. In this communiqué, and as a follow-up to the earlier African Union communiqué on the political process in Darfur, the Peace and Security Council strongly called on the Security Council and its member States to join in supporting the implementation of this initiative on the ground by the African Union High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID.", "While we should continue to urge all stakeholders, including the Government of the Sudan, to do their utmost to create an enabling environment for the success of this initiative, it is equally important to bear in mind that linking the launch of the Darfur political process to the fulfilment of certain preconditions would be detrimental to our joint action. Indeed, such preconditions may give spoilers an opportunity to hinder the pursuit of peace, undermine the principle of ownership by Sudanese stakeholders and prevent them from seizing the opportunities that have emerged, and promote peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "Requests that the Peace and Security Council communiqué be urgently circulated to the members of the Security Council prior to the meeting of the Security Council to enable them to take into account and reflect the position and views of the African Union when considering the extension of the mandate of UNAMID.", "I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate once again the appreciation of the African Union for the continued commitment of the United Nations and yourself to the promotion of lasting peace, security and stability in Africa.", "(Signed) Jean Ping", "Enclosure", "Communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council", "At its 286th meeting, held on 19 July 2011, the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU) reviewed the situation in Darfur and the activities of UNAMID and adopted the following decision:", "Governing Council,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Chairman of the Committee on the situation in Darfur [PSC/PR/2 (CCLXXXVI)] and of the statements made by Professor Ibrahim Gambari, Joint African Union-United Nations Special Representative of UNAMID, and the representative of the Government of the Sudan;", "2. Recalls its previous decisions and communiqués on the situation in Darfur;", "3. Notes with satisfaction the progress achieved in the deployment of the military and police components of UNAMID and the civilian component, which now number 18,002 and 2,751, respectively, representing 92 and 73 per cent of the total authorized strength and 4,466 or 81 per cent of the authorized strength. The Council also notes the new and robust policy of UNAMID in implementing its mandate and expresses its satisfaction with the positive results achieved so far;", "4. Expresses its concern at the prevailing insecurity in some parts of Darfur, which has resulted in deaths and displacement of civilians and has subsequently had a negative impact on the humanitarian situation. The Council calls upon all parties concerned to exercise urgent restraint and to refrain from any action that could lead to a deterioration of the security situation on the ground;", "5. Strongly condemns the recent attacks on UNAMID personnel and personnel of humanitarian agencies operating in Darfur, including the attempted ambush by unidentified elements on 30 June 2011, which resulted in the death of an Ethiopian peacekeeper. The Council calls upon the Sudanese Government to make every effort to identify the perpetrators of these criminal acts and to bring them to justice;", "Commends the efforts of the Joint African Union-United Nations Special Representative of UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and other continued dedicated and dedicated leadership, as well as the dedication and contribution of its personnel to the promotion of durable peace, security and reconciliation in Darfur, including the first international conference on water in Darfur and the launch of Operation Spring Basket;", "7. To stress the urgency of achieving peace in Darfur, recognizing that the people of Darfur have long awaited peace. In this regard, the Council notes with satisfaction the conclusion of the Doha political talks, in particular the signing of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 2011, as a positive development that will greatly contribute to peace and security in Darfur. The Council commended the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for the importance and priority they attach to the interests of the people of Darfur. The Council also commended the former Joint Chief Mediator, Mr. Djibril Bassolé, and the Government of Qatar, in particular the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al Mahmoud, for their tireless efforts;", "8. Calls upon other armed movements to join the peace process and to abide by the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. In this regard, the Council encourages the efforts of the African Union and the United Nations to involve armed movements that have not yet joined the peace process. The Council welcomes the recent appointment of Professor Ibrahim Gambari as Joint Chief Mediator ad interim and looks forward to the early implementation of this appointment;", "9. Reaffirms all previous decisions and pronouncements of the African Union, including those adopted by the Assembly of the African Union at its seventeenth ordinary session, held in Malabo from 30 June to 1 July 2011, relevant paragraphs of the report of the Peace and Security Council on its activities and the state of peace and security in Africa relevant to the political process in Darfur. The Council re-emphasizes the need for the full launching of the political process in Darfur on the basis of the positive outcome of the Doha process as a way to sustain the progress achieved so far and to ensure that the people of Darfur have genuine ownership of the peace, justice and reconciliation claims in the region;", "10. Requests the African Union High-level Implementation Panel on the Sudan and UNAMID to intensify their efforts to launch the Darfur political process, including preparations and consultations with the Government of the Sudan and other stakeholders, to ensure an environment conducive to free participation by the parties in the process. Council stresses the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and welcomes its expressed commitment to do all it can in this regard, including by lifting the state of emergency in Darfur as soon as possible, and urges it to provide all necessary cooperation to the African Union High Level Implementation Panel on the Sudan and UNAMID;", "11. Reiterates the call made by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government to African Union partners, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members, to fully support the Darfur political process endorsed by the African Union at the highest level and to take the steps expected of them to advance the work of the African Union High Level Implementation Panel on the Sudan and UNAMID in this regard. The Council recognizes the need to create an enabling environment for the success of the political process in Darfur. At the same time, all members of the international community are strongly urged to fully support the political process in Darfur so that the launching of the political process in Darfur does not have to be linked to the fulfilment of any preconditions that might give spoilers an opportunity to hinder the pursuit of peace, undermine the principle of ownership by Sudanese stakeholders and prevent them from seizing opportunities to advance the cause of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. Council stresses that the launching of the Darfur political process will empower Sudanese stakeholders to create the peaceful environment to which the people of the Sudan have long aspired;", "Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID for a further period of 12 months in accordance with the provisions of communiqué PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX) of the 79th meeting of the Peace and Security Council on 22 June 2007 and United Nations Security Council resolution 1769 (2007) of 31 July 2007. The Council requested the United Nations Security Council to extend the mandate of UNAMID similarly, bearing in mind the central role played by UNAMID on the ground, in particular with regard to the protection of civilians in Darfur, and the expectation that UNAMID would make a greater contribution to the promotion of lasting peace in Darfur, support the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, initiate the Darfur peace process, achieve early recovery and facilitate the return and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees;", "13. The Commission is invited to follow up the implementation of this decision and to mobilize the necessary support in this regard. The Council also requested the Commission and UNAMID to report at regular intervals on progress made, including on the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, on the effective start-up of the Darfur peace process, on possible challenges in this regard, on the level of support provided by international partners and on the implementation of the mandate of UNAMID for the 12-month period following 31 July 2011;", "14. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会第6595次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时14分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 利比亚局势。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6595th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10.14 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Libya." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6595th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10.14 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Libya." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(a)", "经济和环境问题：可持续发展", "审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助", "决议草案E/2011/L.52所涉方案预算问题", "秘书长根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第31条提出的说明", "一. 决议草案的规定", "1. 根据决议草案执行部分第1段的规定，经济及社会理事会将请发展政策委员会于其2013年实质性会议之前在现有资源范围内向理事会提交一份报告，提供委员会关于如何充分有效执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的独立意见和观点，其中包括：", "(a) 把努力的重点重新放在注重成果的方式上；", "(b) 审议可能需要改进和补充何种措施才能更有效地应对小岛屿发展中国家特有和特别的脆弱性和发展需要。", "2. 此外，根据决议草案执行部分第2段的规定，可将执行部分第1段所要求提供的报告视为对大会第65/2号决议第33段所启动的现行审查进程的贡献。应指出，所要求的报告不是秘书长根据大会第65/2号决议第33段规定将于大会第六十六届会议期间提交大会的报告，而是单独的一份报告。", "二. 为执行该拟议决定而将开展的各项活动", "3. 要求发展政策委员会提交的报告将在2013年实质性会议之前编写完毕。这将需要额外资源，以支付顾问费以及顾问和委员会有关成员及一批专家参加专家组会议的差旅费。该会议将于2013年1月在联合国总部举行。", "4. 拟聘请的顾问将编写两份背景研究论文，以便委员会成员在与各利益攸关方和专家咨商的基础上，对有关问题进行有意义的审查和评估。顾问有必要前往参加将于2013年1月在纽约举行的为期两天的专家组会议，以提供秘书处不具备的专门知识。", "5. 此外，为了编制所要求的报告，也将需要举行上述专家组会议，以便在参考顾问编写的背景研究所载资料基础上，拟定适当的政策建议。专家组会议将有委员会有关成员和其他专家参与。", "6. 所要求的报告将纳入发展政策委员会第十五届会议的报告，提交经社理事会，而不是作为一份单独文件印发(这将导致额外的编辑、翻译和印刷费用)。", "三. 该建议对2012-2013两年期的经费影响", "7. 该建议所产生的额外所需资源包括：", "(a) 顾问费(20 000美元)——2个工作月，用于编写两份背景研究论文；", "(b) 两名顾问的差旅费(6 200美元)——出席在纽约举行的专家组会议，以提供专门知识；", "(c) 委员会成员(6人)和其他专家(3人)的差旅费(53 800美元)——出席在纽约举行的为期两天的专家组会议，委员会分组成员(欧洲：3名成员；北美/加勒比：1名成员；亚洲：2名成员)增加一天时间，以提出所要求的报告。之后将作为发展政策委员会第十五届会议的报告一部分提交经社理事会。", "8. 上述额外所需资源都是2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中没有编列的新的所需资源。", "9. 总之，若经济及社会理事会通过该决议草案，则2012-2013两年期所需追加的差旅费、每日生活津贴、终点站费用和顾问费用估计为80 000美元，详情见下表。", "所需追加资源", "(美元)", "非员额所需资源 2012-2013两年期费用总额", "顾问 20 000", "顾问差旅(机票、每日生活津贴和终点站费用) 6 200", "专家差旅(机票、每日生活津贴和终点站费用)", "发展政策委员会成员 36 400", "专家 17 400", "共计 80 000", "四. 2012-2013两年期期间匀支的可能性和所需资源估计数", "10. 鉴于行政和预算问题咨询委员会目前正在审查秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算，经社理事会应注意，通过决议草案E/201l/L.52将产生80 000美元的所需资源净额估计数，可能会影响2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算所需的资源数额。", "11. 因此，若经社理事会通过该决议草案，则需在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提议的资源基础上共增批80 000美元。", "五. 应急基金", "12. 应回顾，根据大会1986年12月19日第41/213号和1987年12月21日第42/211号决议所制订的程序，每个两年期均编列一笔应急基金，用于支付方案预算未开列经费但经立法授权而需追加的开支。根据这一程序，如果拟议的追加经费超出应急基金现有资源，那么有关活动只能通过从低优先领域调拨资源的办法，或通过改动现有活动的办法，才可执行。否则，这些追加活动将不得不推迟到下一个两年期。", "六. 结论", "13. 若经社理事会通过决议草案E/201l/L.52，则将在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第9款(经济和社会事务)下产生估计为80 000美元的相关所需资源总额。按照既定程序，将在秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于经济及社会理事会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数年度报告中告知大会，上述所需资源可否在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的经费内提供。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (a)", "Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development", "Review of United Nations support for small island developing States", "Programme budget implications of draft resolution E/2011/L.52", "Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council", "I. Terms of the draft resolution", "1. Under the terms of operative paragraph 1 of the draft resolution, the Committee for Development Policy would be requested to submit to the Economic and Social Council, prior to its substantive session of 2013, a report providing the independent views and perspectives of the Committee on how to further the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy of Implementation including through:", "(a) Refocusing efforts towards a result-oriented approach;", "(b) Considering what improved and additional measures might be needed to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of Small Island Developing States.", "2. Further, under the terms of operative paragraph 2 of the draft resolution, the report requested in operative paragraph 1 may be considered as a contribution to the ongoing review process initiated under paragraph 33 of General Assembly resolution 65/2. It should be noted that the requested report is separate from and in addition to the report of the Secretary-General which is to be submitted to the General Assembly during its sixty-sixth session pursuant to paragraph 33 of Assembly resolution 65/2.", "II. Activities by which the proposed decision would be carried out", "3. The requested report of the Committee for Development Policy would be prepared prior to the substantive session of 2013. This will require additional resources to provide for consultants and the travel costs of the consultants, relevant members of the Committee and a body of experts to attend an expert group meeting. The meeting will be held at United Nations Headquarters in January 2013.", "4. The proposed consultants would undertake the preparation of two background study papers to allow a meaningful examination and assessment of issues by the Committee members, in consultation with stakeholders and experts. The travel of consultants to the expert group meeting to be held in New York in January 2013, for two days, would be necessary to secure specialized expertise not available in the Secretariat.", "5. Further, the preparation of the requested report would entail the holding of the aforementioned expert group meeting to allow the formulation of proper policy recommendations, on the basis of the information contained in the background studies prepared by the consultants. The expert group meeting would involve the participation of the relevant members of the Committee and the additional experts.", "6. The requested report will be incorporated in the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Economic and Social Council, as opposed to being issued as a separate document (which would incur additional costs for editing, translation and printing).", "III. Financial implications of the proposal for the biennium 2012-2013", "7. The additional resource requirements arising from the proposal comprise:", "(a) Consultants ($20,000) — for 2 work months for the preparation of two background study papers;", "(b) Travel of two consultants ($6,200) — to attend the expert group meeting in New York in order to provide specialized expertise;", "(c) Travel of the Committee members (6) and additional experts (3) ($53,800) — to attend the two-day expert group meeting in New York, and one additional day for the Committee subgroup members (Europe: 3 members; North America/Caribbean: 1 member; Asia: 2 members) to produce the requested report, which will subsequently be submitted to the Council as an integral part of the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Council.", "8. The additional resource requirements described above are new and have not been included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "9. In summary, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, the additional requirements for travel, daily subsistence allowance, terminal expenses and consultancy costs are estimated at $80,000 for the biennium 2012-2013, as enumerated in the table below.", "Additional requirements", "(United States dollars)", "Non-post requirements Total cost for the biennium 2012-2013", "Consultants 20 000", "Travel of consultants (airfare, daily 6 200 subsistence allowance and terminal expenses)", "Travel of experts (airfare, daily subsistence allowance and terminal expenses", "Members of Committee for Development Policy 36 400", "Experts 17 400", "Total 80 000", "IV. Potential for absorption and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "10. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions is currently reviewing the Secretary-General’s proposals for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the attention of the Council is called to the fact that the estimated net resource requirements of $80,000 that would arise from the adoption of draft resolution E/201l/L.52 may impact the level of resources that would be required under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "11. Consequently, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, an additional appropriation in the total amount of $80,000 may be required over and above the resources proposed under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "V. Contingency fund", "12. It will be recalled that, under the procedures established by the General Assembly in its resolutions 41/213 of 19 December 1986 and 42/211 of 21 December 1987, a contingency fund is established for each biennium to accommodate additional expenditure derived from legislative mandates not provided for in the programme budget. Under this procedure, if additional expenditure is proposed that exceeds the resources available from the contingency fund, the activities concerned would be implemented only through the redeployment of resources from low-priority areas or the modification of existing activities. Otherwise, such additional activities would have to be deferred to a later biennium.", "VI. Conclusion", "13. Should the Council adopt draft resolution E/2011/L.52, related total resource requirements estimated at $80,000 would arise under section 9, Economic and social affairs, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. the General Assembly will, in accordance with established procedures, be informed whether the requirements could be met from within the provisions of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, in the presentation of the Secretary-General’s annual report on the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, to be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (a)", "Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development", "Review of United Nations support for small island developing States", "Programme budget implications of draft resolution E/2011/L.52", "Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council", "Provisions of the draft resolution", "1. Under the terms of operative paragraph 1 of the draft resolution, the Economic and Social Council would request the Committee for Development Policy to submit to the Council, within existing resources, before its substantive session of 2013, a report containing its independent views and views on the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, including:", "(a) Refocusing efforts on results-based approaches;", "(b) Consider what measures may need to be improved and supplemented to respond more effectively to the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States.", "2. In addition, under operative paragraph 2 of the draft resolution, the report requested in operative paragraph 1 could be considered as a contribution to the ongoing review process initiated by the General Assembly in paragraph 33 of its resolution 65/2. It should be noted that the report requested is not a separate report of the Secretary-General to be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, pursuant to paragraph 33 of Assembly resolution 65/2.", "Activities by which the proposed decision would be implemented", "3. The report requested of the Committee for Development Policy will be prepared by the substantive session of 2013. This would require additional resources to cover the costs of consultants and travel of consultants and relevant members of the Commission and a group of experts to participate in expert group meetings. The meeting will be held at United Nations Headquarters in January 2013.", "4. The consultant to be engaged will prepare two background research papers for a meaningful review and assessment of the issues by the members of the Commission, in consultation with stakeholders and experts. It will be necessary for consultants to travel to a two-day expert group meeting to be held in New York in January 2013 to provide expertise not available in the Secretariat.", "5. In addition, in order to prepare the requested report, the above-mentioned expert group meeting will also be required to develop appropriate policy recommendations based on information contained in background studies prepared by consultants. The expert group meeting will involve interested members of the Commission and other experts.", "6. The requested report will be included in the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session and submitted to the Council as a separate document (which will result in additional costs for editing, translation and printing).", "III. Financial implications of the recommendation for the biennium 2012-2013", "7. The additional requirements arising from this recommendation include:", "(a) Consultants ($20,000); two work-months for the preparation of two background research papers;", "(b) Travel of two consultants ($6,200) to attend expert group meetings in New York to provide expertise;", "(c) Travel of members of the Commission (6) and other experts (3) ($53,800) to attend a two-day expert group meeting in New York, with an additional day for the members of the subgroup of the Commission (Europe: 3 members; North America/Caribbean: 1 member; Asia: 2 members) to present the requested report. It will then be submitted to the Council as part of the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session.", "8. The above additional requirements are new requirements not included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "9. In summary, should the draft resolution be adopted by the Economic and Social Council, additional requirements for travel, daily subsistence allowance, terminal expenses and consultants would be estimated at $80,000 for the biennium 2012-2013, as detailed in the table below.", "Additional resource requirements", "(United States dollars)", "Total non-post requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "Consultants", "Travel of consultants (air travel, daily subsistence allowance and terminal expenses) 6,200", "Travel of experts (airfare, daily subsistence allowance and terminal expenses)", "Membership of the Committee for Development Policy 36 400", "Experts 17 400", "Total", "IV. Potential for absorption and estimated resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "10. In view of the ongoing review by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions of the Secretary-General ' s proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Council should note that the adoption of draft resolution E/201l/L.52 would give rise to a net estimate of $80,000, which could affect the level of resources required in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "11. Accordingly, should the draft resolution be adopted by the Council, a total additional appropriation of $80,000 would be required over and above the resources proposed in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Contingency fund", "It will be recalled that, under the procedures established by the General Assembly in its resolutions 41/213 of 19 December 1986 and 42/211 of 21 December 1987, a contingency fund is established for each biennium to accommodate additional expenditures derived from legislative mandates not provided for in the programme budget. Under this procedure, if additional appropriations are proposed that exceed the resources available from the contingency fund, the activities concerned can be implemented only through the redeployment of resources from low-priority areas or the modification of existing activities. Otherwise, such additional activities would have to be deferred to a later biennium.", "Conclusion", "13. Should the Council adopt draft resolution E/201l/L.52, the total related requirements estimated at $80,000 would arise under section 9, Economic and social affairs, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In accordance with established procedures, the General Assembly will be informed, in the context of the annual report of the Secretary-General to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, whether the above requirements could be met within the provisions of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目22(b)", "处境特殊的各国家组：与内陆发展中国家的特殊 需要和问题有关的具体行动：内陆和过境发展中 国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输 合作问题国际部长级会议的成果", "《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/172号决议提交的，其中大会请秘书长就《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》和中期审查阿拉木图宣言的执行进展情况向大会第六十六届会议提出分析报告。报告提出了内陆国家经济发展伙伴在执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》方面所取得最新进展，并介绍了联合国和其他国际组织所作各项努力。报告提出了加快实施《纲领》所面临的主要困难并提出了建议。", "^(*) A/65/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》于2003年获得通过，这是联合国针对国际社会逐步看到31个内陆发展中国家的特别发展需要和困难所提出的对策。领土不通海洋，远离世界市场并与之隔绝等因素使内陆发展中国家推动和维持经济发展以及实现千年发展目标的努力受到严重制约。", "二. 内陆发展中国家经济及社会状况概览", "2. 由于全球金融和经济危机，内陆发展中国家作为一个国家群体的经济增长从2008年的5.8%下降到2009年的3.6%(见附件表1)。根据2011年世界经济形势与展望，秘书处经济和社会事务部估计，这一群体在2010年的经济增长为5.8%左右，表明内陆发展中国家各经济体正在迈上复苏之路。", "3. 在2008年经历了高通货膨胀率之后，由于国内需求疲软以及特别是能源和食品方面的商品价格下跌，多数内陆发展中国家总体通货膨胀于2009年有所下降。在非洲和南亚的多数内陆发展中国家2010年通货膨胀率维持在较低水平，甚是有所下降。", "4. 2009年，由于全球金融和经济危机的影响，所有内陆发展中国家的进出口均有所下降。内陆发展中国家作为一个整体于2009年经历了外国直接投资数额的减少。传统捐助国对内陆发展中国家的官方发展援助资金转移净数额依然在上升，从2008年的226亿美元到2009年增长到248亿美元。外债占国民总收入的百分比从2008年为43%，增加到2009年的48%。", "5. 汇款于2009年下跌。这在某些内陆发展中国家是主要资本来源，尤其是在吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、尼泊尔和塔吉克斯坦都占国内生产总值的20%以上。", "6. 在金融和经济危机之前，内陆发展中国家在社会发展的某些方面取得一些进展；在25个具备统计数字的内陆发展中国家中，有一半国家在2002-2008年期间将生活在赤贫中的人口数字减少20%以上(见附件表8)。由于危机导致就业机会和收入的下降，在主要出口行业尤为如此，陷入赤贫的人数有所上升。在内陆发展中国家，青年人失业也是一个重大问题。必须采取各项政策，促进创造就业机会并充分调动资源，建立有效的社会保障系统。", "7. 内陆发展中国家生活在饥饿之中的人口比例依然相对较高：其中有一半国家在2005-2007年有20%以上的人口营养不良。内陆发展中国家所处的地理位置使得他们因运输成本较高，更易于受到粮食价格攀升的影响。根据联合国粮食和农业组织，因与粮食安全有关的重大问题而需要外部援助的29个国家当中，有12个是内陆发展中国家。", "8. 在2000年至2010年之间，内陆发展中国家有一半经历了森林砍伐，其中五个国家的森林覆盖面减少15%以上。气候变化依然是一个重大问题，并且加剧了森林砍伐、沙漠化和生物多样性的丧失，并且对交通运输基础设施造成不利影响。内陆发展中国家还易于受到自然灾害的影响。例如，蒙古经济在2009-2010年受到严冬灾害影响，损失了1 000万头家畜。2010年，包括马里、布基那法索、乍得、尼日尔和埃塞俄比亚在内的萨赫勒区域遭受了一场干旱。", "9. 总体而言，在实施《阿拉木图行动纲领》八年之后，内陆发展中国家在实现千年发展目标方面取得一些进展，特别是小学入学率、小学教育中的男女比例和国家议会中的妇女代表权；然而，实现粮食保障、消除贫困并降低婴儿和孕妇死亡率等依然是主要的社会发展挑战。同时有必要消除由于城乡的位置、收入和性别等因素而造成的差异。全球金融和经济危机造成了严重的衰退。通过官方发展援助加强对内陆发展中国家的国际支持是为实现各项目标而进一步作出努力的关键因素。", "10. 由于领土不通海洋，远离主要市场，过境设施不健全，海关和边境手续繁杂，以及其他服务和业务费用昂贵等因素，内陆发展中国家在参与国际贸易方面受到制约。", "11. 为确定内陆发展中国家在何种程度上受到运输和贸易成本的影响，最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处努力根据国际货币基金组织国际收支数据，来估算这方面费用。办事处计算了国际收支中的运费总额(其中包括向海外企业支付以及由本国企业从国外收到的所有进口和出口运费)在进出口总值中所占比例(见附件表4)。数据显示，由于2009年进出口总额中运费比例较高，对非洲内陆国而言尤为如此，在某个非洲国家更是高达21.4。内陆非洲国家作为一个整体，运输费用在进出口总额中占比例较高：与过境发展中国家相比高出45%。这明显表明，内陆发展中国家支付的运输和贸易成本较高——这一资源本可用于其生产能力建设。", "12. 数据还与世界银行公布的2011年《世界营商报告》所载信息相吻合，信息表明除排名100以外的十个国家以外(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、博茨瓦纳、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、摩尔多瓦共和国、卢旺达、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和赞比亚)，在世界上总共183个国家当中，有20个内陆发展中国家的数据由于进出口方面成本较高，排在104至183位。", "三. 重点领域", "A. 最基本的过境政策议题", "13. 国际公约与条约[1] 提供了同意和简化过境手续和程序的框架，而有效实施这些公约和条约则会极大推动内陆发展中国家打开通往海洋的道路。这些公约的核准进程十分缓慢(见下文表1)。自《阿拉木图行动纲领》的中期审评以来，少数几个内陆发展中国家批准和加入了国际运输协定，这其中有哈萨克斯坦、布基那法索、摩尔多瓦共和国和老挝人民民主共和国。", "表1 内陆发展中国家加入联合国运输公约的情况^(a)", "公约 内陆发展中国家成为公约缔约方的数字 (总数为31个国家)", "道路交通公约(1968年) 13", "路标和信号公约(1968年) 8", "关于国际公路货运通行证制度下国际货运海关公约(1975年) 11", "关于商用公路车辆临时进口的海关公约(1956年) 5", "集装箱关务公约(1972年) 6", "协调统一货物边境管制国际公约(1982年) 10", "国际货物公路运输合同公约(1956年) 10", "资料来源：www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html。", "^(a) 亚太经社会1992年第48/11号决议建议，本地区各国应考虑加入表中所列七项公约。", "14. 在区域和次区域两级，内陆发展中国家及其邻国正在努力与过境国家统一运输和过境政策、法律、程序和做法，并且在制定协议方面取得重大进展。亚洲在制定和实施政府间亚洲公路网协定和政府间泛亚铁路网协定方面取得很大进展。亚洲已经达成若干区域和次区域协定。", "15. 非洲正在就横贯非洲公路制定区域一级统一规范和标准的框架方面取得进展。在次区域一级，区域性经济共同体各成员国达成关于促进运输、过境和贸易政策的各种协定。区域共同体通过达成共同安排在统一标准和政策方面也取得进展。例如，东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体所建立的三方工作队统一了他们的运输、能源和水等方面的政策与规定，以及实际基础设施的发展。在西部非洲，西非国家经济共同体和西非经济和货币联盟也正在统一其过境便利化方案。", "16. 南美的内陆发展中国家在南方共同市场和安第斯共同体及其关于过境运输和贸易协定中占有一席之地。", "17. 在制定区域和次区域协定作为简化和统一手续和程序的基础方面虽然取得一些进展，许多协定未能得以充分执行。其有效执行对于内陆发展中国家十分重要，因为改进过境措施可以使这些国家受益。", "18. 部分内陆发展中国家在国家一级增强了促进贸易和运输便利化、基础设施发展和维护方面的国家政策。这些国家还通过各项举措，加强和制定了国家过境运输便利化的协调体制机制。例如，东南亚国家联盟(东盟)和大湄公河次区域的成员国，作为区域协定的一项义务或一项自发措施，设立了国家贸易和运输便利化机构。这些机构推动了主管国际贸易和运输便利化的所有相关机构的有效协调与合作。这些机构在有效运作方面遇到的问题包括财务资源不足、其作用和职能未得到充分承认以及关键利益攸关方没有代表。", "19. 在精简行政程序和简化边境检察措施方面正在取得持续进展。东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和最近的西非国家经济共同体等次区域的运输走廊沿线若干边境站均已设立一站式边境管制。2009年12月在赞比亚和津巴布韦边境设立的第一个一站式边境检查站推动了边检手续的简化，并将商业卡车在边境逗留时间从5天减少到不满24小时。", "20. 在南美洲，加入关于综合控制的累西腓协定的南方共同市场各国商定，在16个边检点采用综合控制措施。巴拉圭在其与巴西的边境建立了一个综合控制，而与多民族玻利维亚国之间边境站的建造工作目前进度已过半。", "21. 在东南亚，大湄公河次区域跨界运输协定包括实施一站式检查和建立单一窗口检查点，以及在边境工作中发挥最大效力。联合处理举措也是由亚洲开发银行管理的多方捐助者中亚区域经济合作方案的一部分。一站式边境站使得内陆发展中国家受益，并且是应当推广的有效举措。", "22. 就非洲而言，东非和南部非洲共同市场次区域设立了一个黄卡制度，这是一个在所有参与国都有效的汽车保险计划，同时促进了东非和南部非洲共同市场成员国之间的汽车跨界通行。卡片制度能有助于减少在边境单个的时间，因为运输者和驾车人不必在每个边境站都购买保险。", "B. 基础设施发展和维护", "23. 道路是大多数内陆发展中国家的重要交通形式，尤其在非洲，道路交通在非洲内部贸易中占90%。然而，铺设道路的比例依然很低，仅有九个内陆发展中国家铺设道路都在一半以上，都是有八个国家为20至49%之间(见附件表5)。有些国家在道路使用者收费、燃料税或预算拨款的基础上设立了国家一级道路维修都独立经费。总共有27个非洲国家设立了道路基金。其他区域的一些内陆发展中国家拥有可用于道路维修的职能基金。例如，摩尔多瓦共和国最近对其1996年2月的道路基金法做了修订，并增加了道路保养和维修经费。", "24. 有些国家设立了独立于主管部委的道路机构，其主要职责是分配公共工程活动的外包合同。世界银行的一个研究表明，设有道路基金和燃料税较高的国家会将较大比例的开支用于维修，而且与借助于传统预算拨款的国家相比，部门开支的起伏波动较小。[2]", "25. 在区域一级，亚洲在改造升级亚洲公路网22 263公里(15.8%)的道路方面取得进展，其中包括：(a) 阿塞拜疆境重建了亚洲公路AH5号线(巴库-阿拉特-哈萨克-红桥)；(b) 蒙古正在建设AH3号、AH4号和AH32号公路并进一步计划将AH3号线路提升至一级公路标准；(c) 老挝人民民主共和国和泰国之间沿AH3号公路江港-会晒和AH15号公路他曲-那空帕侬路段沿线两座桥梁的建造；(d) 在亚美尼亚计划重建AH82号线路(埃里温-阿什塔拉克路段)；(e) 重建从伊朗伊斯兰共和国到亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚边境的AH82号公路。根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会以及亚洲成员国2006年所作估算，25个成员国的121个优先投资项目整合清单表明，为修建亚洲公路路段所作出或承诺作出的投资为250亿美元，而亚洲公路网26 000公里的改造升级和改进工作所需资金尚有180亿美元的短缺。", "26. 南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议协调了该地区的交通、能源和通信基础设施的发展。根据这一倡议，正在实施总共524个项目，总投资额为546.1亿美元。[3] 到2010年中期，根据倡议执行了44%的基础设施项目。", "27. 2010年，非洲联盟启动了非洲基础设施发展方案，其宗旨是由非洲开发银行牵头，将有关道路和铁路运输、信通技术和能源方面的各区域和各洲的基础设施举措综合到一起。这一方案的主要目标是协调基础设施发展方面的各项努力和资源的使用。横贯非洲公路在非洲内陆国家发挥着维持经济的重要作用，而目前却依然有着缺失路段，需要大量资源才能得以填补。非洲的一些国家和不同区域经济共同体正在执行着改善公路网络的若干主要项目。", "28. 虽然在发展和维护道路基础设施方面取得一些进展，尚待解决的问题包括道路基金资源不足，车辆超载和道路基础设施发展资金短缺。", "29. 在内陆发展中国家，铁路依然是未能得以充分利用的运输形式，只有九个内陆发展中国家拥有可供货运服务的铁路超过1 000公里以上。全长114 000公里的泛亚铁路网有8 000公里的缺失路段(7%)。阿塞拜疆、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古和乌兹别克斯坦均在规划和建设缺失路段方面取得一些进展。", "30. 74 775公里长的非洲铁路网密度非常低，而且主要集中在北非和南部非洲。 基础设施发展的重大研究。非洲发展新伙伴关系和非洲联盟于2006年进行了一项基础设施发展研究，估计缺失路段为26 362公里。在这一分部门所取得的进展不大，但是非洲可能会恢复西部、中部、东部和南部的一些铁路项目。", "31. 南美洲的铁路一体化在取得进展。2010年5月，巴西和巴拉圭正式展开一个由巴西开发银行提供资金的项目，将巴拉圭的铁路系统与从巴西巴拉那瓜到智利安托法加斯塔城的铁路连接起来，从而形成一条洋际铁路走廊。", "32. 发展铁路网络所面临的主要问题包括投资于缺失路段的资源有限以及铁路轨距的差异，后者导致货物不时地搬上卸下，从而增加了拖延时间和运输成本。", "33. 兴建陆港的工作取得一些进展。陆港发挥着与海港类似的功能，推动了多式联运走廊的发展。例如在亚洲，蒙古计划沿泛亚铁路修建四个陆港，尼泊尔则已经修建四个陆港，包括哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦在内的其他国家都计划修建陆港。在非洲，布基那法索、埃塞俄比亚、尼日尔和乌干达都修建陆港。而在南美洲，巴拉圭修建了一个陆港。", "34. 内陆发展中国家在改进通信基础设施，尤其是移动电话和互联网连通性方面取得了大幅度进展。作为一个整体，他们从2008年到2009年在移动电话和互联网使用方面所占份额从25%上升到37%(见附件表6)。只有通过实现通信部门自由化以及随后增加对私营部门投资才有了这种可能性。", "35. 能源基础设施在降低内陆发展中国家货运过境的拖延方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这一基础设施依然不够健全，不够完善，例如在作为能源净进口国的五个内陆发展中国家就是如此。国家和区域两级的能源基础设施的资金需求量相对较大，需要国内、双边、区域和多边的所有方面投入资源，而且必须加强与私营部门的伙伴关系。", "36. 世界银行所做研究[4] 显示，在运输基础设施方面的困难不仅限于基础设施硬件的匮乏，而且还包括基础设施软件不完善，主要是指为改进运输和过境走廊沿线服务所需的物流服务市场。许多内陆发展中国家采取各项举措，为指导和协助发展有竞争力的货运和多式联运及物流服务而制定各项政策。然而在许多国家，货运和物流服务供应商规模很小，整个行业都很分散。", "37. 私营部门的参与程度在各个分部门参差不齐：在移动电话领域的参与程度最高，接下来是运输业，私营部门可以承包道路保养并获得集装箱终端和铁路的经营特许。在能源部门，虽然对于发电和配电方面私有化兴趣较大，但公用事业依然普遍是国营的。内陆发展中国家应当考虑通过打造有力的政策环境，推动与私营部门的积极有效合作。", "C. 国际贸易和贸易便利化", "38. 尽管在推动内陆发展中国家融入全球贸易体系方面取得一些进展，在31个内陆发展中国家当中，只有22个成为世界贸易组织(世贸组织)成员。除一个国家之外，其他所有国家均为世贸组织的观察员、并正在进行入世谈判。除国内的机构改革之外，还应在多边一级为协助和促进内陆发展中国家加入世贸组织努力提供有利于发展的条件。", "39. 内陆发展中国家整体的出口有所增长，出口商品的面值从2003年的330亿美元增至2008年的1 530亿美元。但其出口却从2008年到2009年下跌42%(见附件，表4)。内陆发展中国家在全球商品出口额中所占比例保持在1%之下。虽然他们在世界出口中所占的份额从2003年的0.45%，升到2008年的0.96%，但在2009年则跌到0.75%。与此相反，过境发展中国家所占比例从2003年的13%增长到2009年的18%。", "40. 由于全球金融和经济危机，内陆发展中国家的商品进口于2009年下跌16.5%。国际货币基金组织的估计数字显示，21个内陆发展中国家于2010年恢复其进口水平。内陆发展中国家已经签署越来越多的区域优惠贸易协定，从而通过单边措施和执行区域一体化议定书降低了平均关税。非洲有着13个次区域集团的贸易协定。其中东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体等三个区域经济共同体正在为实现一个共同市场而努力。欧洲联盟与非洲区域经济共同体之间的经济合作伙伴协定谈判正在取得缓慢的进展。南美洲目前正在通过建立南美洲国家联盟进一步实现区域一体化，这是一个将该区域的区域协定(南方共同市场和安第斯国家共同体)结合在一起的政府间联盟。", "41. 然而，虽然有着众多区域特惠贸易协定，区域内贸易却没有迅速增长。2009年，南方共同市场内和安第斯国家共同体内的出口分别占区域总出口额的8%和15%。而在非洲，南部非洲发展共同体内和西非国家经济共同体内的平均出口额在2000年至2007年之间分别为12%、9%和13%。[5] 为增进区域内贸易，必须改善区域基础设施-运输、能源和通信；切实执行区域贸易协定；增强区域监管框架的协调一致以推动私营部门活动；并提高贸易和过境便利化以降低物流成本。", "42. 内陆发展中国家在继续采取贸易便利化举措。然而，与沿海国家相比，内陆发展中国家的物流绩效指数较低(见下文表2)。物流绩效指数较低表明，在其国内经济与世界市场相联系的过程中存在着重大障碍，包括清关时间较长，贸易和运输方面的基础设施质量较差，物流服务部效率没有竞争力，过界海关手续繁杂，跟踪和查看货物困难，而且交货时间不确定。必须继续努力提高贸易便利化。", "表2 物流绩效指数方面业绩欠佳的内陆发展中国家所在区域", "撒哈拉以南非洲地区 南亚\n 背景资料 内陆 沿海 内陆 沿海", "整体物流绩效指数 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64", "物流绩效指数的选定项目", "物流能力 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "基础设施 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41", "海关和贸易程序 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "物流绩效指数输入数据", "清关(天数) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "实物检查(%)(越高越差) 62 42 56 27", "资料来源：Jean-Francois Arvis等人，位处内陆的代价(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2010年)。", "43. 世贸组织关于贸易便利化的谈判，旨在加快包括过境货物在内的货物流动、放行和清关，加强贸易便利化的技术援助和协助能力建设。根据世贸组织贸易便利化谈判小组2011年4月的综合谈判案文草稿，[6] 谈判力图改进关于过境自由的第五条、关于费用和手续的第八条以及关于1994年关税与贸易总协定贸易法规的出版和管理的第十条的有关问题和特殊和差别待遇的有关问题。", "D. 国际支助措施", "44. 自从通过《阿拉木图行动纲领》，传统捐助方所提供的官方发展援助从2003年的120亿美元增长到2007年的189亿美元，而到2009年则达到248亿美元。这样自2003年以来相当于每年增长10%以上。但是受援国主要是两个国家：阿富汗和埃塞俄比亚，2009年分别占总受援额的24%和15%。官方发展援助依然是外来资金的主要渠道，在2009年九个内陆发展中国家国民总收入当中占10%(见附件，表2)。", "45. 运输、储存和通信方面的官方发展援助在2003-2009年期间从7.75亿美元增长到18亿美元，援助的主要部分(40%)给了阿富汗和其他三个国家。", "46. 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体的外国直接投资总额在2009年减少17%，跌至2 190万美元(见附件，表7)。虽然这一数字下降，但内陆发展中国家在全球外国直接投资额中所占比例在从2008年的1.5%上升到2009年的2%。[7] 外国直接投资的地理分布依然不均衡。这一投资主要集中在少数资源丰富的国家。仅哈萨克斯坦便在2009年的内陆发展中国家得到外国投资总额中占58%，25个非洲内陆发展中国家则仅得到40亿美元。", "47. 由于商品价格的反弹和经济与金融环境的改善，预期内向外国直接投资尤其是对资源丰富的国家将进一步增长。例如，与2009年第一季度相比，对哈萨克斯坦的外国直接投资额在2010年同期上升16%。对蒙古的外国直接投资额于2010年超过10亿美元，与2009年相比上升25%，[8] 而对赞比亚的外国直接投资额于2010年也超过10亿美元。尽管如此，多数内陆发展中国家作为外国直接投资接受国业绩不佳，主要原因在于其经济表现继续受到自身地理条件恶劣的影响，再加上基础设施落后、物流系统乏力以及机构能力较弱等因素。", "48. 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体从2003年至2009年大幅度提高了其债务与国民总收入的比例和债务清偿率(见下文，图一)。然而，这两项比率在2009年均有所上升。与过境发展中国家相比，内陆发展中国家的债务总额和债务清偿率还是偏高。债务总额对国民总收入比率超过100的内陆发展中国家从2003年的六个降低到2009年的一个，而这一比率在74到100之间的国家从2003年的11个下降到2009年的两个(见附件，表3)。这一进展在一定程度上是由于重债穷国债务倡议和多边减债动议，这两项举措帮助了13个内陆发展中国家。目前必须向尚未受益于这些举措的其他内陆发展中国家提供类似形式的债务减免援助。", "图一 内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家", "外债和偿债", "[]", "资料来源：世界银行，2011年世界发展指标(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2011年)。", "49. 世界贸易组织多边贸易体制多哈回合谈判进展缓慢。国际社会必须加紧努力，就符合内陆发展中国家的贸易、发展和金融方面需要的条款完成贸易谈判。", "50. 发达国家所提供使内陆发展中国家受益的关税特惠计划取得一定发展(见下文图二)。关税优惠使内陆发展中国家的产品在发达国家市场上得到极为需要的价格优势。不过，由于缺乏多样性、申请手续繁琐、原产地规则不统一、运输成本较高以及其他供应方面的局限性，优惠关税的利用依然还是十分有限。", "图二 发达市场经济体对内陆发展中国家所有产品类别平均征收的关税", "[]", "资料来源：国际贸易中心数据库。", "51. 向内陆发展中国家提供的贸易援助持续增长，从2008年的47亿美元增加到2009年的60亿美元。有五个内陆发展中国家(阿富汗、乌干达、埃塞俄比亚、马里和布基那法索)排在2009年得到贸易援助最多的20个国家之内。在全球范围，贸易援助总额有一大部分用在了生产能力建设，[9] 接下来是基础设施发展投资[10] 和制定贸易战略的能力建设援助以及谈判、政策管理和贸易方面的调整费用(见图三)。", "图三 全球贸易援助总额的使用类别", "[]", "资料来源：经合组织/发援会数据库。", "52. 还有一些发展中国家日益成为向内陆发展中国家提供外来资金的重要来源，特别是在重要基础设施的恢复和发展方面，例如道路和发电。发展中国家的跨国公司，特别是中国、印度和南非的跨国公司在2009年是内陆发展中国家获得外国直接投资的主要来源。", "E. 执行和审查", "53. 最不发达等国家高代办的任务是增强与联合国系统和其他利益攸关方的合作与协调，以确保行动纲领的有效实施。行动纲领的实施分为国家、次区域、区域和全球等层次(另见下文第四节)。", "54. 就监督和审查而言，各成员国编写了关于执行阿拉木图行动纲领的报告，是对中期审查的贡献以及秘书长就这一问题编写年度报告的投入。在全球一级，内陆发展中国家每年在大会会议前后举行一次部长级会议。", "55. 各区域委员会在区域一级协调区域审查。亚太经社会与蒙古政府合作于2011年4月在乌兰巴托举办了一个《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行工作及内陆发展中国家面对的其他发展差距问题高级别亚太政策对话会议。非洲经济委员会贸易、区域合作及一体化委员会于2011年6月举行其第七次会议，审查了该区域在执行阿拉木图行动纲领中期审查会议成果方面所取得进展。", "56. 大会关于行动纲领中期审查的第63/2号决议第32段邀请大会在适当时候考虑对《行动纲领》的执行情况进行全面审查。由于行动纲领第一个十年将在2013年结束，审议筹备工作应该开始。", "57. 应该进一步努力制订监测指标，以及通过降低运输和其他成本，衡量在执行《行动纲领》方面所取得进展情况。目前不同的国际组织正在制定衡量走廊监测指标的不同办法，例如在走廊方面的时间-成本-距离模式，物流成本与可靠性办法以及时间-成本办法。将这些指标综合起来，就可以对贸易走廊进行跨国和跨区域的监测。", "58. 最近的全球金融和经济危机、食品与能源价格变化以及气候变化的影响都显示出内陆发展中国家在社会、经济和环境方面的脆弱性。因此，必须针对内陆发展中国家易于受到外界影响的问题进行研究，制定一系列脆弱性指数，以便由内陆发展中国家用来做早期预警之用。", "四. 联合国系统和其他国际和区域组织为执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》所采取的行动", "59. 最不发达等国家高代办通过调动国际上和联合国整个系统的支持和提高认识，继续对内陆发展中国家提供援助。为加强发展中国家的分析和谈判能力，高代办支持在乌兰巴托设立一个内陆发展中国家国际智囊团，并与法律事务办公室合作起草了一份内陆发展中国家国际智囊团多边协定，这一协定于2010年9月在纽约举行的内陆发展中国家部长级会议上获得核可。协定目前已在联合国开放供内陆发展中国家签字。高代办继续在利用内陆发展中国家的主要经济、社会和运输基础设施指数方面的最新资料，编制年度统计。高代办与经社部合作，发行了2010年世界统计袖珍手册：内陆发展中国家。", "60. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行和最不发达等国家高代办继续合作，通过进行各项研究推动发展法律框架，从而制定一项作为横贯非洲公路网基础的政府间协定。", "61. 各区域委员会通过能力建设方案、咨询服务、协助发展运输基础设施和推动贸易和运输便利化方面的法律文书，协助各成员国执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》。实质性贡献包括非洲经济委员会2010年出版的“非洲区域一体化第四次评估：促进非洲内部贸易”，其中有一章专门论述非洲内陆发展中国家发展贸易过境走廊。欧洲经济委员会和欧洲安全与合作组织将于2011年发行“边境最佳做法手册”，而且非洲经济委员会、世界银行和非洲联盟委员会将出版一本关于运输和贸易便利化方面法律文书的汇编。", "62. 非洲经济委员会在主要过境港口为内陆发展中国家举办了贸易便利化讲习班和考察，并协助设立了非洲电子商务联盟，一个交流贸易便利化方面信息和经验的框架，并主办了其第一次技术讲习班和第二次大会。同样，由亚太经社会和欧洲经济委员会所设立的联合国亚太区域无纸贸易专家网以作为亚太发展中国家和过境经济体专家的知识和实践社区，协助国家、次区域和州际的单一窗口和无纸贸易举措。", "63. 欧洲经济委员会支持根据跨欧洲高速公路和跨欧洲铁路项目发展运输基础设施，并与亚太经社会一道在欧亚运输通道项目中促进了对运输投资的洲际协调工作。亚太经社会还继续努力促进各成员国、国际融资机构和其他利益攸关方之间的协同效应，以期在亚洲公路和泛亚铁路沿线的重点基础设施项目中寻求筹措资金的机会。2010年10月，拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)为拉丁美洲各国举办了一场关于可持续运输政策的国际研讨会。拉加经委会目前在对多民族玻利维亚国的物流成本及其对该国经济发展的影响进行分析。欧洲经济委员会管理着运输领域的57个国际协定和公约，提供了发展国际道路、铁路、内陆河道和综合运输的法律及技术框架。", "64. 在贸易援助领域，非洲经济委员会与非洲开发银行、世贸组织和西非经共体对西非国家的贸易援助进行了审查，非洲经济委员会还与中非区域经济共同体协作，举办了一次贸易援助审查筹备讲习班，结果提出一个路线图，作为中非成员国和区域组织在重点跨界基础设施方案调动资源的捐助国圆桌会议上的指南。", "65. 联合国开发计划署完成了对哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的贸易援助需求评估，并且开始了对阿塞拜疆和土库曼斯坦的评估。2010年3月，开发计划署发表了题为“如何在转型期国家进行贸易援助需求评估”的指南。开发计划署还在协助蒙古政府进行内陆国智囊团的启动活动。", "66. 联合国贸易和发展会议在其联合国贸发会议2010年世界投资报告中利用一节专门分析了对内陆发展中国家所作外国直接投资的最新趋势，并在贸易和运输便利化方面提供了能力建设和技术援助。", "67. 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)与非洲经济委员会、粮农组织、农发基金、非洲开发银行和非洲联盟委员会合作制定的一项农业、农商和农工发展举措，其重点是发展农村基础设施、技术、土地管理和水技术系统，并强调了在农民和农商方面增强私营公共部门投资与合作伙伴关系的重要性。工发组织还在区域和次区域两级进行了贸易能力建设。", "68. 世界银行通过国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会的贷款技术援助和知识产品推动《阿拉木图行动纲领》的执行。2010年，在海关改革、道路和铁路走廊及航空项目或针对其他有关内陆环境的具体制约因素项目方面向内陆发展中国家或过境国提供了相当于9.88亿美元的贷款。贸易便利化贷款机制是2009年成立的4 000万美元多方捐助信托基金，其宗旨是在低收入国家通过能力建设加快实施贸易和运输便利化项目和改革，尤其针对的是内陆发展中国家的需要。正在执行的项目包括对非洲和亚洲的走廊国家的支助。世界银行还执行了一系列知识产品，包括“作为内陆国的代价：供应链的可靠性和物流的成本”，以及“将内陆国与市场将连通：21世纪的贸易走廊”。", "69. 世贸组织秘书处与其他国际组织合作，根据要求就世贸组织成员国和观察员的贸易便利化需要和优先事项做出评估。截至2010年10月，有19个内陆发展中国家进行了此类评估。", "70. 世界海关组织尤其通过其哥伦布方案继续进行着海关能力建设活动，方案的宗旨是充分执行《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》以及海关管理领域的其他国际最佳做法。国际海关组织于2010年为非洲、亚洲和欧洲的内陆发展中国家举办了区域讲习班和国家讲习班及特派团。", "71. 国际贸易中心制定和实施了促进贸易和能力建设的项目，诸如乍得的综合框架实施方面的国家能力建设，和马拉维的南部非洲共同体供应链和物流方案。已经实施的若干多国方案重点都是在一个或多个与贸易有关的领域，例如“非洲企业界妇女参与国际贸易的机会”方案，为消除非洲企业界妇女所面临的具体障碍，向他们提供了一整套贸易辅助服务的计划。所有联合国会员国都可以得到关于贸易和出口竞争力的信息和通信基础资料。", "72. 2010年，欧洲安全与合作组织举办了欧安组织经济和环境论坛第十八次会议，其主题是“促进欧安组织区域内过境点的良好治理，改善陆路运输的安全，使区域内的公路和铁路国际运输更为便利”。作为一项直接后续行动，而且为了提高对目前在过境点打击贪污工具的认识并为有机会提出具体国家后续行动，欧安组织与世界海关组织和阿斯塔拉的欧安组织中心合作，举办了关于促进海关和边境廉正服务的区域研讨会。设在杜尚别的欧安组织边境管理人员学院继续举办有关边境管理各种问题的培训活动。", "73. 国际公路运输联盟在欧亚道路运输新举措框架内实施了阿富汗过境项目，其宗旨是通过吸引对辅助基础设施的国际投资和实施统一海关程序，发展从欧洲和中国到阿富汗的公路运输。欧洲经济委员会和国际公路运输联盟合作制定了适用于在中亚执行《关于国际公路货运通行证制度下国际货运海关公约》的最佳做法，并将这些做法纳入了更新的《国际公路货运公约手册》。国际公路运输联盟与贸发会议与2010年4月签署了一项谅解备忘录，以最新的国际公路货运风险管理工具更新海关数据自动化系统，之后由海关数据自动化系统的过境模块采用最新工具，推动和确保公约的执行。", "74. 国际电信联盟通过了一项尤其侧重于内陆发展中国家优先事项的方案，其中涉及到协助各国从公用电话交换网转换为因特网，建立多功能电信服务中心并引进宽带技术。其他项目则侧重于在许多内陆发展中国家推动广泛电子应用和服务，以及这些国家能将信通技术用作为贸易的催化剂。", "75. 亚洲、南美和非洲的区域银行与区域经济共同体在调整和协助各区域基础设施方案的执行方面发挥了主导作用。亚行实施了各种技术援助投资项目：在南盟方案之下，亚行到目前已经在交通和贸易便利化部门投资40亿美元，并在能源部门投资10亿美元。在非洲，非洲开发银行在调动和支持非洲基础设施发展方案方面发挥了积极作用。在南美，美洲开发银行、世界银行和中美洲经济一体化银行都在配合南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议。", "76. 东非和南部非洲共同市场为协助内陆发展中国家推动区域通信和贸易，进行研究、提出方案并作出区域一体化安排。比如，为评估各项走廊的情况，对北方和中部走廊进行了一项东非走廊诊断性研究，以及制定一项消除运输物流方面障碍的行动计划。过境数字转移模块是用于协助海关管理部门相互交换过境申报和过境担保信息的工具，在津巴布韦的奇龙杜边检站和刚果民主共和国的Kasumalesa边检站进行试用。区域关税转口担保制度是根据过境贸易和设施议定书制定一项推动东非和南部非洲共同市场区域一体化的有益工具。2008年在北部走廊国家进行了一次试点计划，由于结果比较理想，所以在2010年和2011年提出了推广举措。", "五. 结论和建议", "77. 处于内陆位置对于经济增长和实现发展目标都是一个重大制约。内陆发展中国家的经济体一直十分脆弱，由于出口多样化方面的局限性、生产能力的局限性、出口竞争力较差而运输和过境成本较高，这些国家十分容易受到外界冲击的影响。", "78. 国际社会应当及时向内陆发展中国家提供更多可持续的财政支助，帮助它们加快实现各项千年发展目标，和加强它们减轻及适应气候变化的能力。", "79. 内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家应当通过制定和统一相关政策，确定在过境运输基础设施的保养和恢复方面资源分配的轻重缓急，加强有效合作。对于实践证明成功的举措，应当予以推广并提供充分资金，诸如一站式边境站、陆港、清关的黄卡和信通技术的使用。", "80. 内陆和过境发展中国家批准和有效执行关于运输和贸易便利化方面的国际公约和协定，以及区域和次区域协定。", "81. 国际社会应当加强对内陆和过境发展中国家在过境运输基础设施、能源和信息技术基础设施以及贸易便利化等项目的财政援助，以加强区域内连通性，完全修复缺失路段，从而确保海洋战略通道的正常运作。", "82. 目前必须建立一个网络机制，其宗旨是推动经验交流并向所有相关利益攸关方传播信息。", "83. 国际社会应当进一步支持内陆发展中国家加强其分析能力，以及制定和执行协调与全面的运输政策，从而推动贸易便利化所需的过境走廊，并加强其有效参与国际贸易的谈判技巧。", "84. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、世界银行、非洲开发银行和高级代表办事处应当加强它们的支助努力，协助拟订和缔结关于横贯非洲公路的政府间协定。", "85. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、世界银行、非洲开发银行和高级代表办事处应当加强它们的支助努力，协助拟订和缔结关于横贯非洲公路的政府间协定。", "86. 世贸组织关于贸易便利化的谈判对于内陆发展中国家的国际贸易意义重大。国际社会应当予以支持，加强内陆发展中国家在贸易便利化方面的谈判能力。", "87. 请发达国家考虑向内陆发展中国家所生产的货物提供更宽的市场准入，并加强技术转让以减轻其地理不利条件所造成的高昂贸易交易成本。", "88. 国际社会应当进一步支持贸易援助措施，因为这是对协助内陆发展中国家实施国际协定、从战略上加强其生产能力、发展基础设施和提高在全球市场竞争力的一种至关重要的援助。", "89. 鼓励资本输出国采取各种政策和刺激措施推动对内陆发展中国家的外国直接投资。内陆发展中国家应当促进吸引外国直接投资和私营部门参与的有利环境。", "90. 谨邀请捐助国及国际金融和发展机构向为了推动落实在阿拉木图举行的内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的成果和采取后续行动而设立的信托基金作出自愿捐助。", "91. 根据大会第63/2号决议的要求，大会应当考虑举行一次《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行情况十年全面审查会议。", "附件^(*)", "表1 2000年至2009年国内生产总值", "按1990年不变价格计算的估计数 人均国内总产值 平均年增长率(%) (百万美元) (现值美元)\n 内陆发展中国家 2000 2008 2009 2009 2000-2003 2008 2009", "阿富汗 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "亚美尼亚 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2", "阿塞拜疆 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "不丹 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "多民族玻利维亚国 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4", "博茨瓦纳 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7", "布基纳法索 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "布隆迪 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "中非共和国 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7", "乍得 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6", "埃塞俄比亚 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "哈萨克斯坦 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "老挝人民民主共和国 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5", "莱索托 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "马拉维 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "马里 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "蒙古 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6", "尼泊尔 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "尼日尔 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9", "巴拉圭 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 -4.5", "摩尔多瓦共和国 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5", "卢旺达 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "斯威士兰 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "塔吉克斯坦 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7", "土库曼斯坦 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "乌干达 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "乌兹别克斯坦 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "赞比亚 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "津巴布韦 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 -5.8 -14.5 4.0", "内陆发展中国家 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6", "过境发展中国家 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.0 6.1 4.3 400 363", "来源：联合国统计司，见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/introduction.asp(2011年3月24日查得的数据)。", "^(*) 关于表中所用过境发展中国家清单和发达区域及发展中区域的构成，见www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/。", "表2 收到的官方发展援助和捐助者提供给运输、储存和通信的援助", "收到的官方发展援助净值 官方发展援助/国民总收入(%) 捐助者提供给运输、 贸易援助支付额 (百万现值美元)^(a) 储存和通信的援助 (不变价值百万美元)^(c) (百万现值美元)^(b)\n 内陆发展中国家 2005 2008 2009 2009 2003 2009 2007 2008", "阿富汗 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711", "亚美尼亚 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "阿塞拜疆 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118", "不丹 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "多民族玻利维亚国 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221", "博茨瓦纳 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "布基纳法索 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "布隆迪 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "中非共和国 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "乍得 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "埃塞俄比亚 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "哈萨克斯坦 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "老挝人民民主共和国 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106", "莱索托 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "马拉维 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "马里 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "蒙古 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "尼泊尔 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53", "尼日尔 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "巴拉圭 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "摩尔多瓦共和国 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "卢旺达 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "斯威士兰 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "塔吉克斯坦 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75", "土库曼斯坦 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 1 3", "乌干达 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "乌兹别克斯坦 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "赞比亚 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "津巴布韦 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50", "内陆发展中国家 14 999 22 624 24 831 .. 775 1 862 4 159 6 021", "来源：经济合作与发展组织发展合作局，《2011年发展合作报告统计附件》。经济合作与发展组织“贸易援助一览表：显示成果”(COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN，2011年6月)。", "^(a) 包括来自发展援助委员会国家、多边组织和非发展援助委员会成员国家的官方发展援助净流入额。", "^(b) 经合组织发展援助委员会和多边组织捐助者。", "^(c) 不包括多国方案和活动。", "表3 外债、还本付息和重债穷国倡议与多边减债倡议下的债务减免", "[TABLE]", "来源：世界银行《2010年世界发展指标》。", "表4 国际商品贸易，出口和进口，以及国际货运费用", "商品(百万现值美元) 国际收支中运费占贸易%^(a) 运输设备\n 出口总额 进口总额 占总进口额%", "内陆发展中国家 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2003 2008 2009", "阿富汗 .. 540 403 .. 3 020 3 336 .. .. 16 16", "亚美尼亚 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "阿塞拜疆 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "不丹 .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10", "多民族玻利维亚国 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13", "博茨瓦纳 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "布基纳法索 314 .. 796 786 .. 1 870 9.7 11 .. 8", "布隆迪 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "中非共和国 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7", "乍得 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "埃塞俄比亚 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "哈萨克斯坦 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "莱索托 479 .. .. 1 115 .. .. 2.7 5 .. ..", "马拉维 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 .. 12 16 10", "马里 1 007 1 918 .. 1 271 3 339 .. 11.9 11 7 ..", "蒙古 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5.3 11 .. ..", "尼泊尔 653 .. 886 1 802 .. 3 754 .. 6 .. 8", "尼日尔 259 503 .. 566 1 247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..", "巴拉圭 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "摩尔多瓦共和国 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5", "卢旺达 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "斯威士兰 1 655 .. .. 1 457 .. .. 0.6 8 .. ..", "塔吉克斯坦 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 .. .. ..", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 1 367 .. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7", "乌干达 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "乌兹别克斯坦 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "赞比亚 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "津巴布韦 .. 1 694 2 269 .. 2 832 3 527 .. .. 16 15", "内陆发展中国家 33 368 154 492 89 635 38 984 117 139 97 796 5.2 10 11 10", "过境发展中国家 933 854 2 647 218 2 173 883 2 495 852 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 467 065 021", "来源：http://comtrade.un.org；www.infstatistics.org/bop。", "^(a) 在国际收支中的货运费用包括向境外企业支付或由本国企业从国外获得的所有进出口货运费用，除以所有进出口总值，乘以100。不包括国内企业之间支付的货运费用。", "表5 部分运输指标", "公路 铁路 航道 管道 空运起飞次数\n 公里 铺筑路面(%) 公里 公里 公里 (千次)", "内陆发展中国家 2000/2008年 2000/2008年 2000/2009年 2007/2011年 2006年 2000年 2009年", "阿富汗 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4 ..", "亚美尼亚 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7.6", "阿塞拜疆 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3", "不丹 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1.1 2.7", "多民族玻利维亚国 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19", "博茨瓦纳 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6.7 6.1", "布基纳法索 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3.4 1.4", "布隆迪 12 322 10 .. 坦噶尼客湖 .. .. ..", "中非共和国 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1.5 ..", "乍得 40 000 1 .. 季节性 250 1.5 ..", "埃塞俄比亚 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26.6 44.2", "哈萨克斯坦 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5", "老挝人民民主共和国 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8", "莱索托 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..", "马拉维 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4.8 4.4", "马里 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1.5 ..", "蒙古 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6.2 4.8 (季节性)", "尼泊尔 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12.1 6.8", "尼日尔 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (季节性)", "巴拉圭 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7.6 9.8", "摩尔多瓦共和国 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "卢旺达 14 008 19 .. 基伍湖 .. .. .. (浅水)", "斯威士兰 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2.6 ..", "塔吉克斯坦 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8.0 1.4", "土库曼斯坦 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "乌干达 70 746 23 261 湖泊 .. 0.3 0.4", "乌兹别克斯坦 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "赞比亚 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..", "津巴布韦 97 267 19 2 583 卡里巴湖 270 13.6 5.9", "内陆发展中国家 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 002 221.6 212.2", "来源：《2011年世界发展指标》，世界银行和美国中央情报局，《世界实况资料》。", "表6 部分电信指标", "每100人拥有的电话线和手机用户 每100人中的因特网用户\n 电话主线 手机", "内陆发展中国家 2000 2009 2000 2009 2009", "阿富汗 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "亚美尼亚 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "阿塞拜疆 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "不丹 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "多民族玻利维亚国 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2", "博茨瓦纳 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "布基纳法索 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "布隆迪 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9", "中非共和国 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5", "乍得 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "埃塞俄比亚 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5", "哈萨克斯坦 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "老挝人民民主共和国 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0", "莱索托 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "马拉维 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "马里 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "蒙古 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "尼泊尔 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "尼日尔 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "巴拉圭 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "摩尔多瓦共和国 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0", "卢旺达 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5", "斯威士兰 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "塔吉克斯坦 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8", "土库曼斯坦 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "乌干达 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "乌兹别克斯坦 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "赞比亚 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "津巴布韦 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "内陆发展中国家 2.8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1", "发展中区域 8.0 12.2 5.5 58.3 18.1", "来源：国际电信联盟；见www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/。", "表7 外国直接投资，净流入额", "(百万美元)", "外国直接投资净流入额\n 内陆发展中国家 2000 2008 2009", "阿富汗 0 300 185", "亚美尼亚 104 1 132 838", "阿塞拜疆 130 14 473", "不丹 0 30 36", "多民族玻利维亚国 736 513 423", "博茨瓦纳 57 521 234", "布基纳法索 23 137 171", "布隆迪 12 14 10", "中非共和国 1 117 42", "乍得 115 234 462", "埃塞俄比亚 135 109 94", "哈萨克斯坦 1 284 15 775 12 649", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 (2) 265 60", "老挝人民民主共和国 34 228 157", "莱索托 32 56 48", "马拉维 40 170 60", "马里 82 180 109", "蒙古 54 683 437", "尼泊尔 (0) 1 39", "尼日尔 8 566 739", "巴拉圭 100 109 184", "摩尔多瓦共和国 128 708 86", "卢旺达 8 103 119", "斯威士兰 106 106 66", "塔吉克斯坦 24 376 8", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 215 587 248", "土库曼斯坦 131 820 1 355", "乌干达 181 787 799", "乌兹别克斯坦 75 711 750", "赞比亚 122 939 959", "津巴布韦 23 52 60", "内陆发展中国家 3 956 26 340 21 900", "来源：联合国贸易和发展会议，见unctadstat.unctad.org。", "表8 部分千年发展目标指标", "赤贫：收入低于每天1.25美元的人口(%) 营养不良 小学入学 性别差 产妇死亡率 森林覆盖面积 人口 比例 异指数 (每10万活产) (占土地比例)\n 内陆发展中国家 2003-2008 2005-2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010", "阿富汗 .. .. .. 0.67 1 400 2 2", "亚美尼亚 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "阿塞拜疆 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "不丹 26.2 .. 88 1.01 200 67 69", "多民族玻利维亚国 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53", "博茨瓦纳 .. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20", "布基纳法索 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "布隆迪 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "中非共和国 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36", "乍得 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1 200 10 9", "埃塞俄比亚 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "哈萨克斯坦 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "老挝人民民主共和国 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68", "莱索托 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "马拉维 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "马里 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "蒙古 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "尼泊尔 55.1 16 .. .. 380 27 25", "尼日尔 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "巴拉圭 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "摩尔多瓦共和国 1.9 .. 90 0.98 32 10 12", "卢旺达 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "斯威士兰 .. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33", "塔吉克斯坦 21.5 30 98 .. 64 3 3", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39", "土库曼斯坦 .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9", "乌干达 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "乌兹别克斯坦 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "赞比亚 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "津巴布韦 .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40", "内陆发展中国家 81 0.92 .. 18 17", "来源：世界银行，2011年世界发展指标；粮农组织，世界粮食不安全状况；教科文组织，见http://stats.uis. unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx；联合国，2010年千年发展目标报告；和粮农组织，“2011世界森林状况”。", "^(a) 在某些情况下，如果无法提出2009年的估计数字，可能会提出2007年或2008年的数据。", "[1] 在欧洲经济委员会之下，有57项国际公约、协定和议定书，为统一和简化国际运输和过境方面的手续和程序提供了框架。", "[2] Ken Gwilliam等人，维护的负担：非洲撒哈拉以南地区的道路(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2008年)。", "[3] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济体系，在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区有形基础设施的一体化(2011年)。", "[4] Jean-Francois Arvis等人，连接内陆发展中国家与市场：在21世纪的贸易走廊(世界银行，2011年)。", "[5] 非洲经委会，“非洲内部贸易的发展”(亚的斯亚贝巴，2011年)。", "[6] 参见http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm。", "[7] 《2010年世界投资报》，投资于一个加勒比经济体(联合国出版物，销售编号。E.10.II.D.2)。", "[8] 由蒙古政府提供的内容。", "[9] 例如，业务发展，对银行和金融服务业、农业、林业、渔业、工业、矿产资源和采矿业及旅游业的援助。", "[10] 修建有形基础设施，如公路、铁路、港口和电信。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 22 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries: outcome of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation", "Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/172, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit to the sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and the Almaty Declaration on the midterm review. The report provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action by the landlocked countries and their development partners and showcases the efforts being made by the United Nations system and other international organizations. The report identifies the major challenges encountered and suggests recommendations to accelerate implementation of the Programme.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries was adopted in 2003 as the United Nations response to the growing recognition by the international community of the special development needs and challenges faced by the 31 landlocked developing countries. Lack of territorial access to the sea and their remoteness and isolation from world markets hinders the efforts of landlocked developing countries to generate and sustain economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "II. Overview of economic and social conditions in the landlocked developing countries", "2. The landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in economic growth from 5.8 per cent in 2008 to 3.6 per cent in 2009 (see annex, table 1) owing to the global financial and economic crisis. According to the World Economic Situation and Prospects, 2011, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat estimates that economic growth for the group was around 5.8 in 2010, indicating that the economies of the landlocked developing countries are on their way to recovery.", "3. After experiencing high inflation rates in 2008, inflation decelerated in 2009 across most of the landlocked developing countries owing to weakened domestic demand and reduced commodity prices especially for energy and food. Inflation rates stayed at low levels or decelerated in 2010 in most of the African and South Asian landlocked developing countries.", "4. In 2009, exports and imports decreased in all the landlocked developing countries owing to the global financial and economic crisis. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in inflows of foreign direct investment in 2009. Net transfers of official development assistance flows from traditional donors to landlocked developing countries remained positive, increasing from $22.6 billion in 2008 to $24.8 billion in 2009. External debt as a percentage of the gross national income rose from 43 per cent in 2008, to 48 per cent in 2009.", "5. Remittances fell in 2009. Remittances are a major source of capital in some landlocked developing countries, notably, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Nepal and Tajikistan, where they account for over 20 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).", "6. Prior to the financial and economic crisis, landlocked developing countries had made progress on some aspects of social development: half of the 25 landlocked developing countries for which data exists had reduced the population living in extreme poverty by more than 20 per cent over the period 2002-2008 (see annex, table 8). The crisis increased the number of people in extreme poverty since it led to job and income losses, especially in key export industries. Joblessness among youth is also a major challenge in landlocked developing countries. It is important that they adopt policies to foster employment generation and allocate adequate resources for building effective social protection systems.", "7. The percentage of the population that lives in hunger in landlocked developing countries is still relatively high: in half of them more than 20 per cent of the population was undernourished during the period 2005-2007. The geography of landlocked developing countries makes them more vulnerable to rising food prices because of high transport charges. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in March 2011, of the 29 countries requiring external assistance owing to critical problems related to food insecurity, 12 were landlocked developing countries.", "8. Half of the landlocked developing countries experienced deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with five countries experiencing a decrease in their forest coverage of more than 15 per cent. Climate change continues to be a major challenge and has exacerbated deforestation, desertification and loss of biodiversity and has had a negative impact on the transport infrastructure. Landlocked developing countries are also vulnerable to natural disasters. For example, the Mongolian economy was affected by zud (severe winter) during 2009-2010, resulting in the loss of over 10 million heads of domestic animals. In 2010, the Sahel region, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger and Ethiopia, was affected by a drought.", "9. Overall, after eight years of implementing the Almaty Programme of Action, landlocked developing countries have made some progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially primary school enrolment, gender parity in primary education and women’s representation in national parliaments; however, achieving food security, eradicating poverty and reducing child and maternal mortality remain major social development challenges. There is also a need to address the disparities caused by rural and urban location, income and gender. The global financial and economic crisis caused serious setbacks. Strengthened international support to landlocked developing countries through official development assistance is critical for enabling stepped-up efforts to achieve the Goals.", "10. Landlocked developing countries continue to face constraints in participating in international trade owing to lack of access to the sea and remoteness from major markets, inadequate transit facilities, cumbersome customs and border crossing procedures, costly bank transactions and other costly services and operations. Such constraints result in high transport and trade transaction costs.", "11. In order to determine the extent to which landlocked developing countries are affected by transport and trade transaction costs, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States made an attempt to estimate those costs based on the balance of payments data of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Office calculated the total freight charges in the balance of payments (which comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad) as a ratio of the total value of imports and exports (see annex, table 4). The data shows that landlocked developing countries in fact face high costs since the rate of freight charges to total value of exports and imports in 2009 was high, in particular for landlocked Africa where it was as high as 21.4 in one country. Landlocked developing countries as a group have a higher proportion of freight charges to total value of exports and imports: 45 per cent more than the group rate for transit developing countries. This clearly shows that landlocked developing countries are paying higher transport and trade costs — resources that could be invested in building their productive capacities.", "12. The data is further supported by information contained in the World Bank report Doing Business 2011, which indicates that apart from 10 countries ranking below 100 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Zambia), 20 of the landlocked developing countries for which there is data rank 104 and 183, out of a total of 183 countries in the world, partly because of the high costs related to importing and exporting.", "III. Priorities", "A. Fundamental transit policy issues", "13. International conventions and agreements[1] provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of transit formalities and procedures, and their effective implementation can significantly support access by landlocked developing countries to the sea. Ratification of the conventions has been slow (see table 1 below). Since the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action, very few landlocked developing countries, namely, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Moldova and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, have ratified and acceded to international transport agreements.", "Table 1 Status of accession by landlocked developing countries to the United Nations conventions on transport^(a)", "Convention Number of landlocked developing countries that are a contracting party to the convention (out of a total of 31)", "Convention on Road Traffic (1968) 13", "Convention on Road Signs and 8 Signals (1968)", "Customs Convention on the 11 International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (1975)", "Customs Convention on the Temporary 5 Importation of Commercial Road Vehicles (1956)", "Customs Convention on Containers 6 (1972)", "International Convention on the 10 Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (1982)", "Convention on the Contract for the 10 International Carriage of Goods by Road (1956)", "Source: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html.", "^(a) In its resolution 48/11 of 1992, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific recommended that countries in the region consider acceding to the seven conventions included in the table.", "14. At the regional and subregional levels, substantial progress has been made in developing agreements where landlocked developing countries and their neighbouring countries are pursuing harmonization of transport and transit policies, laws, procedures and practices with transit countries. Asia has made substantial progress in developing and implementing the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network. A number of regional as well as subregional agreements have been reached in Asia.", "15. In Africa, progress is being made towards developing a framework for harmonizing the norms and standards of the trans-African highway network at the regional level. At the subregional level, member States of the regional economic communities have entered into various agreements that promote supportive transport, transit and trade policies. The communities have also made progress in harmonizing standards and policies by entering into common arrangements. For example, the tripartite taskforce established between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC) and the South African Development Community (SADC) has led to the harmonization of their transport, energy, information and communications technology, and water policies and regulation, as well as physical infrastructure development. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) are also harmonizing their transit facilitation programmes.", "16. In South America, the landlocked developing countries are part of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Andean Community and their related agreements on transit transport and trade.", "17. While there is some progress in the establishment of regional and subregional agreements that could provide a basis for simplification and harmonization of formalities and procedures, many agreements are not being fully implemented. Their effective implementation is important for landlocked developing countries, which would benefit from improved transit measures.", "18. At the national level, some landlocked developing countries have strengthened their national policies to promote trade and transport facilitation, infrastructure development and maintenance. They have also undertaken initiatives to strengthen and establish institutional mechanisms for coordinating work on national transit transport facilitation. For example, the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Greater Mekong subregion have established national trade and transport facilitation bodies as part of the obligations under regional agreements or independently on their own. These bodies have promoted effective coordination and cooperation among all the relevant agencies responsible for international trade and transport facilitation. Challenges to their effective functioning include insufficient financial resources, inadequate recognition of their roles and functions, and incomplete representation of key stakeholders.", "19. Continued progress is being made in streamlining administrative procedures and simplifying border control procedures. One-stop border controls have been established on several adjacent border posts along the transport corridors in the COMESA, EAC and, most recently, ECOWAS subregions. The first one-stop border post established on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border in December 2009 helped to simplify border control and procedures and to reduce the time at the border for commercial trucks, from 5 days to less than 24 hours.", "20. In South America, the MERCOSUR countries in the Recife Agreement on integrated controls agreed to apply integrated controls on 16 border points. Paraguay has established an integrated control at its border with Brazil, while work on the border post with the Plurinational State of Bolivia is now at an advanced stage.", "21. In South-East Asia, the Greater Mekong Subregional Cross-Border Transport Agreement includes implementation of single-stop inspection and single-window inspection points that aim to produce maximum efficiencies at the border. Joint processing initiatives also form part of the multi-donor Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) programme managed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). One-stop border posts have brought benefits to landlocked developing countries and are an effective initiative that should be replicated.", "22. In Africa, the COMESA subregion has established a yellow card system, which is a motor vehicle insurance scheme that is valid in all participating countries and also facilitates the cross-border movement of vehicles between COMESA member countries. The card has helped to reduce delays at the border since transporters and motorists do not have to buy insurance coverage at each border post.", "B. Infrastructure development and maintenance", "23. Roads are the leading mode of transport for most landlocked developing countries, especially in Africa, where they account for about 90 per cent of intra‑African trade. However, the percentage of paved roads remains low, with only nine landlocked developing countries having over 50 per cent of their roads paved and eight countries having between 20 and 49 per cent (see annex, table 5). At the national level, some countries have set up independent sources of funding for road maintenance, based on road-user charges, fuel levies or budget allocations. A total of 27 African countries have established road funds. Some landlocked developing countries in other regions have functional road funds supporting road maintenance. For example, the Republic of Moldova recently made amendments to its Road Fund Law of February 1996 in order to increase funding for the maintenance and restoration of roads.", "24. Some countries have created road agencies, independent from line ministries, with the prime responsibility for assigning outside contracts for public works activities. A World Bank study found that countries with a road fund and higher fuel levies devoted a greater share of their spending to maintenance and had experienced reduced volatility of sector spending relative to traditional budget allocations.[2]", "25. At the regional level, progress in Asia has been made in upgrading 22,263 km (15.8 per cent) of the Asian highway road network, including: (a) reconstruction of AH5 (Baku-Alat-Kazak-Red Bridge), and AH8 (Baku-Guba-Samur and Alat-Astara) in Azerbaijan; (b) construction of AH3, AH4 and AH32 and a further plan to upgrade AH3 to class I standards in Mongolia; (c) progress in the construction of two bridges along the AH3 in Chiang Kong-Houayxay, and along the AH15 in Thakhek-Nakhon Phanom, between the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand; (d) planned reconstruction of AH82 (Yerevan-Ashtarak section) in Armenia; and (e) reconstruction of AH82 from the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Armenian and Georgian border. According to estimates done by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and Asian member States in 2006, a consolidated list of 121 priority investment projects in 25 member States indicated that about $25 billion was being invested or committed for the development of various sections of Asian highway routes and that there had been a shortfall of $18 billion in the funds required to upgrade and improve about 26,000 kms of the Asian highway network.", "26. The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America has coordinated the development of transport, energy and telecommunications infrastructure in the region. The Initiative has been in the process of implementing a total of 524 projects requiring a total investment of $54.61 billion.[3] By mid-2010, the Initiative had implemented 44 per cent of its infrastructure projects.", "27. The African Union launched the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa in 2010, which aims to bring together various regional and continental infrastructure initiatives on road and railway transport, information and communications technology and energy and which is led by the African Development Bank (AfDB). The main objective of the programme is to coordinate the efforts and use of resources for infrastructure development. The trans-African highway that plays a crucial role in maintaining the economies of the landlocked countries of Africa still has missing links that require substantial resources for their completion. Major projects to improve the road network are ongoing in a number of countries and different regional economic communities in Africa.", "28. Although some progress is being made in developing and maintaining road infrastructure, outstanding challenges include inadequate resources for road funds, overloading of vehicles and resource gaps for road infrastructure development.", "29. Railways remain underutilized forms of transport for landlocked developing countries, with only nine landlocked developing countries having 1,000 or more kms of railways for freight service. The total length of the trans-Asian railway network of 114,000 kms has about 8,000 kms of missing links (7 per cent). Some progress has been made in the planning and construction of missing links in Azerbaijan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan.", "30. In Africa, the railway network of 74,775 kms has very low density and is mostly in northern Africa and southern Africa. An infrastructure development study undertaken by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and the African Union in 2006 estimated 26,362 kms of missing links. Not much progress has been recorded in that subsector but some rail projects are likely to be revitalized in western, central, eastern and southern Africa.", "31. Progress has been made in respect of railway integration in South America. In May 2010, Brazil and Paraguay formalized a project funded by the Brazilian Development Bank to link Paraguay’s railway system with the railroad linking Paranagua, Brazil, and the Antofagasta, Chile, in effect creating an inter-oceanic railway corridor.", "32. The major challenges facing development of the railway networks include limited resources to invest in the missing links and differences in railway gauges, resulting in frequent loading and off-loading of goods and increased delays and transport costs.", "33. There has been progress in the establishment of dry ports. Dry ports provide similar functions to those of sea ports and support the development of intermodal corridors. In Asia, for example, Mongolia plans to develop four dry ports along the trans-Asian railway, Nepal has four dry ports, and there are plans to develop dry ports in other countries, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In Africa, dry ports have been established in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger and Uganda, and in South America, a dry port was established in Paraguay.", "34. Landlocked developing countries have made remarkable progress in improving telecommunication infrastructure, particularly cellular phones and Internet connectivity. As a group, they recorded an increase of 25 and 37 per cent in cellular phones and Internet usage, respectively, from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 6). This has been made possible through liberalization of the telecommunication sector and the resulting increased private sector investment.", "35. Energy infrastructure is vital for reducing delays in transit time for landlocked developing country consignments. However, it is still insufficient and unreliable, for example, in the five landlocked developing countries that are net importers of energy. Energy infrastructure financing needs at the national and regional levels are relatively high, requiring the input of all sources of resources, including domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral, and increased partnership with the private sector.", "36. Research by the World Bank[4] indicates that challenges with regard to transport infrastructure are not only limited to physical deficits in infrastructure but also to a lack of adequate soft infrastructure, mainly the logistics services markets needed to improve services along transport and transit corridors. Many landlocked developing countries have undertaken initiatives to put in place policies to guide and support the development of competitive freight forwarding and multimodal transport and logistics services. However, in many countries, freight forwarders and logistics services providers are small in size and the industry is fragmented.", "37. Participation of the private sector varies enormously across the subsectors: it is highest in mobile telephony, followed by transport, with the contracting of road maintenance and concessions in container terminals and railroads. In the energy sector, State-owned utilities are still prevalent although there is interest in privatization of power generation and distribution. Landlocked developing countries should consider promoting active and effective cooperation with the private sector through fostering an enabling policy environment.", "C. International trade and trade facilitation", "38. Despite some progress made in enhanced integration of landlocked developing countries into the global trading system, only 22 of the 31 landlocked developing countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). All other countries, except one, are WTO observers and are in the process of accession negotiation. Along with domestic institutional reform, efforts are needed at the multilateral level to support and facilitate development-friendly conditions for their accession.", "39. Although the group of landlocked developing countries had experienced enhanced export performance, with the value of merchandise exports growing in nominal terms from $33 billion in 2003 to $153 billion in 2008, their exports fell by 42 per cent from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 4). The proportion of merchandise exports of landlocked developing countries to the total world exports has remained below 1 per cent. Although their share of world exports increased from 0.45 per cent in 2003 to 0.96 per cent in 2008, it fell to 0.75 in 2009. On the contrary, the share of transit developing countries has increased consistently, from 13 per cent in 2003 to 18 per cent in 2009.", "40. In 2009, the merchandise imports of landlocked developing countries decreased by 16.5 per cent as a result of the global financial and economic crisis. IMF estimates show that in 2010 imports had recovered in 21 of the landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries have increasingly been entering into regional preferential trade agreements resulting in reduced average tariffs achieved through unilateral measures and implementation of regional integration protocols. Eleven Asian landlocked developing countries are party to more than 40 trade arrangements in force and are engaged in negotiating further agreements at the regional level. In Africa, trade agreements exist for 13 subregional groupings. Three regional economic communities, COMESA, SADC and EAC are moving towards achieving a common-market status. Economic partnership agreements negotiations between the European Union and the African regional economic communities are progressing slowly. In South America, regional integration has been further deepened through the establishment of the Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental union integrating the regional agreements in the region (MERCOSUR and the Andean Community of Nations).", "41. However, despite numerous preferential trade agreements at the regional level, intraregional trade is not growing fast. In 2009, intra-MERCOSUR and intra‑Andean Community of Nations exports were 8 per cent and 15 per cent of the total exports for the region, respectively. In Africa, intra-SADC, intra-COMESA, and intra-ECOWAS average exports between 2000 and 2007 were 12 per cent, 9 per cent and 13 per cent respectively.[5] In order to increase intraregional trade, it is essential to improve the regional infrastructure — transport, power and communication; effectively implement regional trade agreements; enhance harmonization of the regional regulatory framework in order to boost private sector activity; and improve trade and transit facilitation in order to reduce logistics costs.", "42. Landlocked developing countries have continued to undertake trade facilitation initiatives. However, when compared to coastal countries, landlocked developing countries have a lower Logistics Performance Index (see table 2 below). Low Logistics Performance Index indicates significant hindrances to connecting their domestic economies into global markets due to longer time for customs clearance, low-quality trade- and transport-related infrastructure, inefficient and uncompetitive logistics services, cumbersome border crossing and customs procedures, difficulty in tracking and tracing consignment and unpredictable delivery time. It is important that continued work be done to improve trade facilitation.", "Table 2 Regions with poorly performing landlocked developing countries based on Logistics Performance Index", "Sub-Saharan South Asia Africa\n Background data Landlocked Coastal Landlocked Coastal", "Overall Logistics Performance 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64 Index", "Selected Logistics Performance Index components", "Logistics competence 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "Infrastructure 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41", "Customs and trade processes 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "Logistics Performance Index input data", "Customs clearance (days) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "Physical inspection (per cent) 62 42 56 27 (higher is worse)", "Source: Jean-François Arvis and others, The Cost of Being Landlocked (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2010).", "43. The WTO negotiations on trade facilitation aim to expedite the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, enhance technical assistance and support for capacity-building on trade facilitation. According to the April 2011 draft consolidated negotiating text of the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation,[6] the negotiations seek to improve relevant aspects of article V on freedom of transit, article VIII on fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation, and article X on publication and administration of trade regulations of the GATT 1994 and aspects related to Special and Differential Treatment.", "D. International support measures", "44. Since the adoption of the Almaty Programme, flows of official development assistance from traditional donors have increased from about $12 billion in 2003 to $18.9 billion in 2007 and to $24.8 billion in 2009. This reflects an increase of more than 10 per cent annually since 2003. However, two countries dominate the receipts: Afghanistan and Ethiopia, which accounted for 24 per cent and 15 per cent of total receipts in 2009, respectively. Official development assistance remains the main source of external finance, accounting for 10 per cent or more of gross national income in 2009 in nine landlocked developing countries (see annex, table 2).", "45. Official development assistance for transport, storage and communications increased from $775 million to $1.8 billion in the period 2003-2009, with the bulk (40 per cent) of aid going to Afghanistan, and three other countries.", "46. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced an aggregate decrease of 17 per cent in foreign direct investment inflows to $21.9 million in 2009 (see annex, table 7). Despite this contraction, their share of global foreign direct investment inflows increased to 2 per cent in 2009, from 1.5 per cent in 2008.[7] The geographic distribution of foreign direct investment remains uneven. Investment has been heavily concentrated in a few resource-rich countries. Kazakhstan alone accounted for 58 per cent of the total foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries in 2009, while 15 African landlocked developing countries only received $4 billion.", "47. Inward foreign direct investment is expected to further increase especially in resource-rich countries due to the rebound in commodity prices and improving economic and financial conditions. For example, foreign direct investment inflows to Kazakhstan in the first quarter of 2010 were 16 per cent higher than during the same period in 2009. Foreign direct investment inflows for Mongolia surpassed $1 billion in 2010, a 25 per cent increase as compared with 2009,[8] and foreign direct investment inflows also surpassed $1 billion in Zambia in 2010. Nevertheless, most landlocked developing countries perform poorly as foreign direct investment destinations, mainly because their economic performance continues to be hampered by inherent geographical disadvantages that are compounded by poor infrastructure, inefficient logistics systems and weak institutional capacities.", "48. Landlocked developing countries as a group greatly improved their debt to the gross national income ratio and debt servicing ratio from 2003 to 2009 (see figure I below). However, both ratios increased in 2009. When compared with transit developing countries, landlocked developing countries still have a higher total debt and debt servicing ratio. The number of landlocked developing countries that used to have a total debt to the gross national income ratio of more than 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 6 to only 1 in 2009, and those that had a ratio of 74 to 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 11 to 2 in 2009 (see annex, table 3). The progress is partly due to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, which have supported 13 landlocked developing countries. It is important that similar forms of debt relief support are extended to the other landlocked developing countries that do not benefit from the initiatives.", "Figure I", "Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries external debt and debt service", "[]", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "49. Slow progress has been made in the negotiations of the WTO Doha round of multilateral trading system. It is important for the international community to intensify efforts to conclude the trade negotiations with provisions that are consistent with the trade, development and financial needs of landlocked developing countries.", "50. There has been some progress on preferential tariff schemes from developed economies that has benefited landlocked developing countries (see figure II below). Preferential tariffs provide a much-needed price advantage for the products of landlocked developing countries in the markets of developed countries. However, their utilization has often remained limited owing to lack of diversification, the application of burdensome and non-harmonized rules of origin, high transport costs and other supply side constraints.", "Figure II", "Average tariffs imposed by developed market economies on all product categories from landlocked developing countries", "[]", "Source: International Trade Centre database.", "51. There has been a continued increase in aid for trade disbursements to landlocked developing countries, which increased from $4.7 billion in 2008 to $6 billion in 2009. Five landlocked developing countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali and Burkina Faso) are among the top 20 recipients of aid for trade in 2009. Globally, the bulk of the total aid for trade went into building productive capacity,[9] followed by investment into infrastructure development[10] and assistance towards capacity-building in developing trade strategies and negotiations, policy regulations and trade-related adjustment costs (see figure III).", "Figure III", "Use of total global aid for trade by category", "[]", "Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Development Assistance Committee database.", "52. A number of other developing countries are becoming increasingly important sources of external financial support for the landlocked developing countries, particularly for the rehabilitation and development of critical infrastructure, such as roads and power. Transnational corporations from developing countries, in particular China, India and South Africa, were the main sources of foreign direct investment in the landlocked developing countries in 2009.", "E. Implementation and review", "53. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States was mandated to enhance its cooperation and coordination with the United Nations system and other stakeholders in order to ensure effective implementation of the Programme of Action. Implementation of the Programme has been undertaken at national, subregional, regional and global levels (see also sect. IV below).", "54. On monitoring and review, Member States have prepared reports on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action as contributions to the midterm review and as input for the preparation of the annual reports of the Secretary-General on the issue. At the global level, the landlocked developing countries meet annually for a ministerial conference in the margins of the sessions of the General Assembly.", "55. At the regional level, the regional commissions have coordinated regional reviews. ESCAP, in collaboration with the Government of Mongolia, organized a high-level Asia-Pacific policy dialogue on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and other development gaps faced by the landlocked developing countries, which was held in April 2011 in Ulaanbaatar. The Committee on Trade, Regional Cooperation and Integration of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), held its seventh session in June 2011, where it reviewed the progress that the region had made in implementing the outcomes of the midterm review meeting on the Almaty Programme of Action.", "56. In paragraph 32 of its resolution 63/2, on the midterm review of the Programme of Action, the General Assembly is invited to consider, at the appropriate time, conducting a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Programme of Action. Since the end of the first 10 years of the Programme of Action is in 2013, preparatory work for the review needs to commence.", "57. Further work is required to develop indicators that can be used to measure the progress achieved in implementing the Programme of Action through reduction of transport and other trade costs. There are currently different approaches being developed by different international organizations in measuring corridor monitoring indicators, for example the time-cost-distance model, the logistical costs and reliability methodology and time-cost methodology in the corridors. Harmonization of such indicators would allow for cross-country and cross-regional monitoring of trade corridors.", "58. The recent global financial and economic crisis, changes in food and energy prices and the impact of climate change have revealed the social, economic and environmental vulnerability of landlocked developing countries. It is important therefore to undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks, through the development of a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used by the landlocked developing countries for early warning purposes.", "IV. The actions taken by the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations in implementing the Almaty Programme of Action", "59. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to assist the landlocked developing countries through mobilization of international and United Nations system-wide support and awareness-raising. In order to strengthen the analytical and negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries, the Office supported an international think tank for landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar and drafted, in cooperation with the Office of Legal Affairs, a multilateral agreement on the establishment of the think tank, which was endorsed at the Ministerial Meeting of Landlocked Developing Countries, held in New York in September 2010. The agreement is now open for signature by the landlocked developing countries at the United Nations. The Office continues to compile annual statistics with the latest available data on key economic, social and transport infrastructure indicators for landlocked developing countries. In cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office issued the World Statistics Pocketbook 2010: Landlocked Developing Countries.", "60. ECA, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to cooperate towards the creation of an intergovernmental agreement to underpin the trans-African highway network by undertaking studies to help to develop the legal framework.", "61. The regional commissions assisted Member States in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, through, inter alia, capacity-building programmes, advisory services, support towards transport infrastructure development and the promotion of legal instruments related to trade and transport facilitation. Substantive contributions include the ECA 2010 publication Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, which devoted a chapter to the development of trade transit corridors in Africa’s landlocked countries. The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) will launch the Handbook of Best Practices at Borders in 2011, and ECA, the World Bank and the African Union Commission will publish a compendium of all legal instruments pertaining to transport and trade facilitation.", "62. ECA organized workshops on trade facilitation and study tours in key transit ports for landlocked countries and supported the creation of the African Alliance for E-commerce, a framework for the exchange of trade facilitation information and experiences, sponsoring its first technical workshop and second General Assembly. Similarly, the United Nations network for experts for paperless trade in Asia and the Pacific, established by ESCAP and ECE as a community of knowledge and practice for experts from developing countries and transition economies from Asia and the Pacific, supported national, subregional and transcontinental single window and paperless trade initiatives.", "63. ECE supported the development of transport infrastructure in the context of trans-European motorway and trans-European railway projects and together with ESCAP promoted harmonization of transport investments in the context of the Euro‑Asian transport linkages project. ESCAP also continued to work on fostering synergies among member States, international financing institutions and other stakeholders to explore financing opportunities in priority infrastructure projects along the Asian highway and trans-Asian railway. In October 2010, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) organized an international seminar on sustainable transport policies for countries in Latin America. ECLAC is currently analysing logistics costs and their impact on economic development in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. ECE administers 57 international agreements and conventions in the area of transport, providing the legal and technical framework for developing international road, rail, inland waterway and combined transport.", "64. In the area of aid for trade, ECA, together with AfDB, WTO and ECOWAS, organized an aid for trade review for West African States. ECA also collaborated with Central African regional economic communities to organize a preparatory review workshop on aid for trade, which resulted in a road map to guide Central African member States and regional organizations in a donor round table geared towards mobilizing resources for priority transboundary infrastructure programmes.", "65. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) completed aid for trade needs assessments in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and initiated assessments in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. In March 2011, UNDP published the guide entitled How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries. UNDP also provided ongoing support to the Government of Mongolia in relation to start-up activities for the landlocked developing countries think tank.", "66. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) dedicated a section to the analysis of recent trends in foreign direct investment in landlocked developing countries in its UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010 and provided capacity-building and technical assistance on trade and transport facilitation.", "67. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in cooperation with ECA, FAO, IFAD, AfDB and the African Union Commission, developed an agriculture, agribusiness and agro-industries development initiative, which focuses on the development of rural infrastructure, technology, land management and water technology systems and emphasizes the importance of increased private public sector investments and partnerships among farmers and agribusiness in a value-chain approach. UNIDO is also undertaking trade capacity-building at the regional and subregional levels.", "68. The World Bank contributes to the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-International Development Association, lending technical assistance and knowledge products. In 2010, loans in the amount of $988 million were extended to finance projects in landlocked developing or transit countries in the area of customs reforms, road or rail corridor and aviation projects, or projects addressing other specific capacity constraints related to landlocked situations. The Trade Facilitation Facility — a $40 million multi-donor trust fund created in 2009 — has been designed to build capacities to speed up the implementation of trade and transport facilitation projects and reforms in low-income countries, especially targeting the needs of landlocked developing countries. Ongoing projects include support for corridor countries in Africa and Asia. The World Bank has also implemented a series of knowledge products, including “The cost of being landlocked: supply chain reliability and logistics costs” and Connecting Landlocked Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century.", "69. The WTO secretariat, in cooperation with other international organizations, provides technical assistance to WTO members and observers, upon request, to assess their trade facilitation needs and priorities. As of October 2010, 19 landlocked developing countries had conducted such assessments.", "70. The World Customs Organization continued its customs capacity-building activities, in particular through the organization’s Columbus programme, which aims at the full implementation of the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade as well as other international best practices in the area of customs administration. World Customs Organization organized regional workshops and national workshops and missions in 2010, benefiting landlocked developing countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.", "71. The International Trade Center developed and implemented trade promotion and capacity-building projects, such as national capacity-building in the implementation of the integrated framework in Chad, or the SADC supply chain and logistics programme in Malawi. Several multi-country programmes with a focus on one or more trade-related disciplines were implemented, for instance the programme “ACCESS for African Businesswomen in International Trade”, which addressed the particular constraints of African businesswomen by means of enhancing their access to a package of trade support services. Information and communications technology information on trade and export competitiveness was made available to all States Members of the United Nations.", "72. In 2010, OSCE organized the eighteenth OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum on the theme “Promoting good governance at border crossings, improving the security of land transportation and facilitating international transport by road and rail in the OSCE region”. As a direct follow-up, and in order to raise awareness on the existing tools to fight corruption at border crossings and to offer the opportunity to identify concrete national follow-up activities, OSCE, in cooperation with the World Customs Organization and the OSCE Center in Astana, organized a regional seminar on promoting integrity in customs and border services. Additionally, the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe continued to organize training events covering a wide range of issues related to border management.", "73. The Afghan-transit project of the International Road Union, undertaken in the framework of the new Euro-Asian road transport initiative, aims at developing road transport haulage from Europe and China to Afghanistan by attracting international investments into ancillary infrastructures and through implementation of harmonized customs procedures. ECE and the Union cooperated to develop best practices applicable for the implementation of the Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention) in the Central-Asian region and introduced them into an updated TIR handbook. The Union and UNCTAD signed a memorandum of understanding in April 2010 to upgrade the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) World with the most updated information technology/TIR risk management tools, further to which the transit module of ASYCUDA World now incorporates the latest tools to facilitate and secure the implementation of the Convention.", "74. The International Telecommunications Union adopted a programme focusing specifically on the priorities of landlocked developing countries, which entailed assisting countries, inter alia, in migrating from public switched telephone networks to Internet Protocol-based networks, in establishing multi-telecentres, and in introducing broadband technology. Other projects focused on promoting universal access to e-applications and services as well as implementation of e-commerce and e-government projects in many landlocked developing countries in order to enable them to use information and communications technology as a catalyst in trade.", "75. The regional banks and regional economic communities in Asia, South America and Africa have taken leading roles in marshalling and supporting implementation of regional infrastructure programmes. ADB implemented various technical assistance and investment projects: under the CAREC programme, ADB has invested around $4 billion so far in the transport and trade facilitation sectors and about $1 billion in the energy sector. In Africa, the African Development Bank is leading resource mobilization and support to the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa. In South America, the Inter American Development Bank, the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration are supporting the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America.", "76. COMESA undertook studies, programmes and regional integration arrangements to assist its landlocked members in promoting regional communications and trade. For instance, an East Africa corridor diagnostic study for northern and central corridors was undertaken to assess the performance of the corridors in order to prepare an action plan for removal of identified transport logistics impediments. The transit data transfer module — a tool developed to facilitate the exchange of transit declarations and transit guarantee information between/among customs administrations — is being piloted at the Chirundu, Zambia, border post and at the Kasumalesa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, border post. The Regional Customs Transit Guarantee — an instrument that has been developed under the auspices of the Protocol on Transit Trade and Transit Facilities has been useful in furthering COMESA regional integration. A pilot test of the scheme was conducted in 2008 in northern corridor countries, and the positive results lead to the roll-out of the initiative in 2010 and 2011.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. Being landlocked imposes a major constraint to economic growth and the attainment of development objectives. The economies of landlocked developing countries remain fragile because of their vulnerability to external shocks, owing to limited export diversification, limited productive capacities, lack of export competitiveness and high transport and transit costs.", "78. The international community should support the landlocked developing countries through increased, timely and sustainable financial support in order to help them to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and strengthen their capacity for climate change mitigation and adaptation.", "79. Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries should strengthen effective cooperation through developing and harmonizing relevant policies and prioritizing resource allocations for the maintenance and rehabilitation of transit transport infrastructure. Initiatives that have proved successful, such as the one-stop border post, dry ports, the yellow card and use of information and communications technologies for customs clearance, should be replicated and fully funded.", "80. Landlocked and transit developing countries are invited to ratify and effectively implement international conventions and agreements, and regional and subregional agreements on transport and trade facilitation.", "81. The international community should increase financial support to transit transport infrastructure, energy and information and communications technology infrastructure and trade facilitation projects in landlocked and transit developing countries so as to enhance intraregional connectivity, complete missing links and ensure the proper functioning of strategic sea corridors.", "82. There is a need to develop a networking mechanism aimed at promoting the exchange of experiences and dissemination of information to all relevant stakeholders.", "83. The international community should further support landlocked developing countries in strengthening their analytical capacities to develop and implement coherent and comprehensive transport policies that support the transit corridors needed to facilitate trade and in sharpening their negotiation skills for effective participation in international trade.", "84. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States are encouraged to further their support efforts to elaborate and conclude an intergovernmental agreement on the trans-African highway.", "85. International organizations and other research institutions should undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks and develop a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used for early warning purposes.", "86. The World Trade Organization negotiations on trade facilitation are very important for landlocked developing countries in international trade. The international community should provide support to strengthen the negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries on trade facilitation.", "87. Developed countries are invited to consider providing greater market access for goods originating from landlocked developing countries and improve the transfer of technologies to help to mitigate the high transaction costs stemming from their geographical disadvantages.", "88. The international community should increase their support towards the Aid for Trade Initiative since it is providing crucial support to help landlocked developing countries in implementing international agreements, strategically strengthening their productive capacities, developing their infrastructure and enhancing competitiveness in the global markets.", "89. The capital exporting countries are encouraged to adopt policies and incentives that encourage foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries should promote an enabling environment to attract foreign direct investment and private sector involvement.", "90. Donor countries and the international financial and development institutions are invited to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established to facilitate the implementation of and follow-up to the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation, held in Almaty.", "91. As called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/2, the Assembly should consider convening a comprehensive 10-year review of the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action.", "Annex*", "Table 1 Gross domestic product, 2000-2009", "Gross domestic product\n Estimates at Per capita Average annual constant 2005 (current rate of growth prices United (percentage) (millions of States United States dollars) dollars)", "Landlocked 2000 2008 2009   2009   2000-2003 2008 2009 developing countries", "Afghanistan 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2", "Azerbaijan 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "Bhutan 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "Bolivia 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7", "Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "Central African 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7 Republic", "Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6", "Ethiopia 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "Kazakhstan 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "Kyrgyzstan 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "Lao People’s 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "Mali 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6", "Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "Niger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9", "Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 -4.5", "Republic of Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5", "Rwanda 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "Swaziland 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "Tajikistan 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "The former Yugoslav 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "Uzbekistan 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705   324   -5.8 -14.5 4.0", "Landlocked 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6 developing countries", "Transit developing 4 937 668 8 433 8 793   2 808   5.0 6.1 4.3 countries 400 363", "Source: United Nations Statistics Division; see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp. Accessed 24 March 2011.", "* For the list of transit developing countries and the composition of developed and developing regions as used in the tables, see www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.", "Table 2 Official development assistance receipts and donor assistance for transport, storage and communications", "Official Donor assistance Aid for trade development for transport, disbursements assistance/ storage and (millions of gross national communications United States income (millions of dollars, (percentage) United States constant dollars, current prices)^(c) prices)^(b)", "Net official development assistance receipts (millions of United States dollars, current prices)^(a)", "Landlocked developing 2005   2008   2009   2009   2003   2009   2007 2009 countries", "Afghanistan 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711", "Armenia 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "Azerbaijan 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118", "Bhutan 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "Bolivia (Plurinational State 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221 of)", "Botswana 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "Burundi 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "Central African Republic 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "Chad 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "Ethiopia 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "Kazakhstan 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "Kyrgyzstan 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "Lao People’s Democratic 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106 Republic", "Lesotho 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "Malawi 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "Mali 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "Mongolia 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "Nepal 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53", "Niger 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "Paraguay 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "Republic of Moldova 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "Rwanda 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "Swaziland 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "Tajikistan 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "The former Yugoslav Republic 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75 of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 1 3", "Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "Uzbekistan 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "Zimbabwe 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50", "Landlocked developing 14 999   22 624   24 831   ..   775   1 862   4 159 6 021 countries", "Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Cooperation Directorate, Development Cooperation Report 2011. OECD “Aid for trade at a glance: Showing results” (COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN, June 2011).", "^(a) Comprises net official development assistance flows from Development Assistance Committee countries, multilateral organizations and non-Development Assistance Committee countries.", "^(b) OECD Development Assistance Committee and multilateral organization donors.", "^(c) Excludes multi-country programmes and activities.", "Table 3 External debt, debt service and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative", "Total Total debt Total debt external debt service, relief (percentage percentage (millions of of goods and of gross services and United national income States income) abroad dollars)", "Landlocked developing 2003   2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 Heavily   Multilateral countries Indebted Debt Relief Poor Initiative Countries", "Afghanistan ..   20   ..   ..   0.2   0.4   654   20", "Armenia 64 28 55 10.8 13.3 20.9 .. ..", "Azerbaijan 25 12 12 6.7 0.9 1.7 .. ..", "Bhutan 82 57 58 5.1 21.3 11.4 .. ..", "Bolivia (Plurinational 75 34 35 21.3 13.0 14.4 1 967 1 953 State of)", "Botswana 7 3 14 1.2 1.1 1.2 .. ..", "Burkina Faso 41 21 23 .. .. .. 812 764", "Burundi 230 24 39 63.5 13.3 .. 1 009 58", "Central African 92 49 20 .. .. .. 675 435 Republic", "Chad 67 26 29 6.0 3.2 2.8 241 ..", "Ethiopia 86 11 18 7.2 3.1 3.1 2735 1 862", "Kazakhstan 78 94 113 34.9 42.0 80.2 .. ..", "Kyrgyzstan 109 49 66 21.6 11.8 14.0 .. ..", "Lao People’s 114 94 96 21.8 .. .. .. .. Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 56 34 33 8.1 2.5 3.0 .. ..", "Malawi 130 59 60 .. .. .. 1 379 898", "Mali 74 24 30 6.5 2.6 .. 792 1 308", "Mongolia 103 36 56 33.9 2.7 4.8 .. 651", "Nepal 50 29 29 10.1 8.3 10.4 .. ..", "Niger 78 17 19 8.6 2.5 4.5 947 283", "Paraguay 58 25 30 12.3 5.0 6.1 .. ..", "Republic of Moldova 88 52 60 11.4 14.8 14.9 .. ..", "Rwanda 88 15 15 15.1 3.6 4.7 956 234", "Swaziland 21 13 15 1.3 .. 2.1 .. ..", "Tajikistan 79 46 51 8.3 7.1 38.4 .. ..", "The former Yugoslav 41 50 62 13.5 9.1 14.8 .. .. Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 30 4 3 .. .. .. .. ..", "Uganda 79 16 16 9.8 2.1 2.0 1 509 2245", "Uzbekistan 49 14 12 .. .. .. .. ..", "Zambia 161 22 27 43.5 3.1 3.8 3 697 1962", "Zimbabwe 62   ..   ..    ..   ..   ..   ..   ..", "Landlocked developing 66   43   48   22.8   21.9   37.1   11 709   12 673 countries", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011.", "Table 4 International merchandise trade, exports and imports, and international freight charges", "Merchandise Balance of Transport (millions of payments equipment United States freight as dollars)\n Total exports Total percentage Percentage imports of trade^(a) of total imports", "Landlocked 2003 2008 2009   2003 2008 2009   2009   2003 2008 2009 developing countries", "Afghanistan .. 540 403 .. 3 020 3 336 .. .. 16 16", "Armenia 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "Azerbaijan 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "Bhutan .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10", "Bolivia 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "Burkina Faso 314 .. 796 786 .. 1 870 9.7 11 .. 8", "Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "Central African 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7 Republic", "Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "Ethiopia 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "Kazakhstan 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10", "Kyrgyzstan 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "Lesotho 479 .. .. 1 115 .. .. 2.7 5 .. ..", "Malawi 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 .. 12 16 10", "Mali 1 007 1 918 .. 1 271 3 339 .. 11.9 11 7 ..", "Mongolia 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5.3 11 .. ..", "Nepal 653 .. 886 1 802 .. 3 754 .. 6 .. 8", "Niger 259 503 .. 566 1 247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..", "Paraguay 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "Republic of 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5 Moldova", "Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "Swaziland 1 655 .. .. 1 457 .. .. 0.6 8 .. ..", "Tajikistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 .. .. ..", "The former 1 367 .. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Uganda 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "Zambia 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "Zimbabwe .. 1 694 2 269 .. 2 832 3 527 .. .. 16 15", "Landlocked 33 368 154 89 635 38 984 117 97 796 5.2 10 11 10 developing 492 139 countries", "Transit 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 developing 218 467 852 021 countries", "Source: http://comtrade.un.org; www.infstatistics.org/bop.", "^(a) Freight charges in the balance of payments comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad divided by the total value of imports and exports multiplied by 100. Payments between domestic enterprises for freight are not included.", "Table 5 Selected transport indicators", "Roads Railways Waterways Pipelines Air transport departures (thousands)", "Kilometres Percentage Kilometres Kilometres Kilometres paved", "Landlocked developing 2000/2008   2000/2008   2000/2009   2007/2011   2006   2000   2009 countries", "Afghanistan 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4 ..", "Armenia 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7.6", "Azerbaijan 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3", "Bhutan 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1.1 2.7", "Bolivia 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19", "Botswana 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6.7 6.1", "Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3.4 1.4", "Burundi 12 322 10 .. Lake .. .. .. Tanganyika", "Central African 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1.5 .. Republic", "Chad 40 000 1 .. seasonal 250 1.5 ..", "Ethiopia 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26.6 44.2", "Kazakhstan 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "Kyrgyzstan 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5", "Lao People’s 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..", "Malawi 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4.8 4.4", "Mali 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1.5 ..", "Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6.2 4.8 (seasonal)", "Nepal 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12.1 6.8", "Niger 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (seasonal)", "Paraguay 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7.6 9.8", "Republic of Moldova 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "Rwanda 14 008 19 .. Lac Kivu .. .. .. (shallow)", "Swaziland 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2.6 ..", "Tajikistan 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8", "The former Yugoslav 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8.0 1.4 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "Uganda 70 746 23 261 lakes .. 0.3 0.4", "Uzbekistan 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..", "Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lake Kariba 270 13.6 5.9", "Landlocked developing 1 141 059   36   34 192       63 002   221.6   212.2 countries", "Source: World Development Indicators 2011 World Bank and United States Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook.", "Table 6 Selected telecommunication indicators", "Telephone Internet lines and users per cellular 100 subscribers population per 100 population", "Main Cellular lines", "Landlocked developing 2000   2009   2000   2009   2009 countries", "Afghanistan 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "Armenia 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "Azerbaijan 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "Bhutan 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "Bolivia (Plurinational 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2 State of)", "Botswana 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "Burkina Faso 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "Burundi 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9", "Central African 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5 Republic", "Chad 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "Ethiopia 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5", "Kazakhstan 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2", "Kyrgyzstan 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "Lao People’s Democratic 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0 Republic", "Lesotho 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "Malawi 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "Mali 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "Mongolia 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "Nepal 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "Niger 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "Paraguay 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "Republic of Moldova 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0", "Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5", "Swaziland 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "Tajikistan 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "The former Yugoslav 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "Uganda 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "Uzbekistan 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "Zambia 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "Zimbabwe 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "Landlocked developing 2.8   3.9   1.1   34.7   7.1 countries", "Developing regions 8.0   12.2   5.5   58.3   18.1", "Source: International Telecommunication Union; see www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.", "Table 7 Foreign direct investment net inflows", "(millions of United States dollars)", "Foreign direct investment net inflows", "Landlocked developing countries 2000 2008 2009", "Afghanistan 0 300 185", "Armenia 104 1 132 838", "Azerbaijan 130 14 473", "Bhutan 0 30 36", "Bolivia (Plurinational State 736 513 423 of)", "Botswana 57 521 234", "Burkina Faso 23 137 171", "Burundi 12 14 10", "Central African Republic 1 117 42", "Chad 115 234 462", "Ethiopia 135 109 94", "Kazakhstan 1 284 15 775 12 649", "Kyrgyzstan (2) 265 60", "Lao People’s Democratic 34 228 157 Republic", "Lesotho 32 56 48", "Malawi 40 170 60", "Mali 82 180 109", "Mongolia 54 683 437", "Nepal (0) 1 39", "Niger 8 566 739", "Paraguay 100 109 184", "Republic of Moldova 128 708 86", "Rwanda 8 103 119", "Swaziland 106 106 66", "Tajikistan 24 376 8", "The former Yugoslav Republic of 215 587 248 Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 131 820 1 355", "Uganda 181 787 799", "Uzbekistan 75 711 750", "Zambia 122 939 959", "Zimbabwe 23 52 60", "Landlocked developing countries 3 956 26 340 21 900", "Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development see unctadstat.unctad.org.", "Table 8 Selected Millennium Development Goals indicators", "Extreme Population Primary net Gender Maternal Forest cover poverty: undernourished enrolment parity mortality (percentage population (percentage) ratio index ratio (per of land area) under $1.25 100 000 per person/day live (percentage) births)\n Landlocked 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010 developing countries", "Afghanistan .. .. .. 0.67 1400 2 2", "Armenia 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "Azerbaijan 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "Bhutan 26.2 .. 88 1.01 200 67 69", "Bolivia 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana .. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20", "Burkina Faso 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "Burundi 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "Central African 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36 Republic", "Chad 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1200 10 9", "Ethiopia 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "Kazakhstan 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "Kyrgyzstan 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "Lao People’s 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "Malawi 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "Mali 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "Mongolia 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "Nepal 55.1 16 .. .. 380 27 25", "Niger 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "Paraguay 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "Republic of Moldova 1.9 .. 90 0.98 32 10 12", "Rwanda 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "Swaziland .. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33", "Tajikistan 21.5 30 98 .. 64 3 3", "The former Yugoslav 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9", "Uganda 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "Uzbekistan 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "Zambia 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "Zimbabwe .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40", "Landlocked     81 0.92 … 18 17 developing countries", "Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators 2011; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The State of Food Insecurity in the World; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; United Nations The Millennium Development Goal Report 2010 and FAO State of the World’s Forests 2011.", "^(a) In some cases data from 2007 or 2008 may be shown where 2009 estimates are not available.", "[1] Under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe, there are 57 international conventions, agreements and protocols that provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of the formalities and procedures of international transport and transit.", "[2] Ken Gwilliam and others, The Burden of Maintenance: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2008).", "[3] Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, Physical Infrastructure for Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011).", "[4] Jean-François Arvis and others, Connecting Landlocked Developing Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (World Bank, 2011).", "[5] ECA, “Progress in intra-African trade” (Addis Ababa, 2011).", "[6] See http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.", "[7] World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.2).", "[8] Input provided by the Government of Mongolia.", "[9] For example, business development, assistance to banking and financial services, agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, mineral resources and mining and tourism.", "[10] Building of physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and telecommunication." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 22 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries: International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation", "Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/172, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session an analysis of the progress made in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and the Almaty Declaration on the midterm review. It provides an update on the progress made by the economic development partners of landlocked countries in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and describes the efforts of the United Nations and other international organizations. The report identifies the main difficulties faced in accelerating the implementation of the Programme and makes recommendations.", "A/65/150.", "Introduction", "1. The Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries was adopted in 2003 as the response of the United Nations to the international community ' s evolving vision of the special development needs and difficulties of the 31 landlocked developing countries. The lack of territorial access to the sea, remoteness from and isolation from world markets, among other factors, severely constrained the efforts of landlocked developing countries to promote and sustain economic development and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "Overview of the economic and social situation of landlocked developing countries", "2. As a result of the global financial and economic crisis, the economic growth of landlocked developing countries as a group of countries declined from 5.8 per cent in 2008 to 3.6 per cent in 2009 (see annex, table 1). Based on the world economic situation and outlook for 2011, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat estimates that the economic growth of this group in 2010 was about 5.8 per cent, indicating that the economies of landlocked developing countries are on the path to recovery.", "3. After experiencing high inflation in 2008, overall inflation declined in most landlocked developing countries in 2009 owing to weak domestic demand and falling commodity prices, particularly in energy and food. Most of the landlocked developing countries in Africa and South Asia maintained low and even declined inflation in 2010.", "4. In 2009, all landlocked developing countries experienced a decline in their exports and imports as a result of the impact of the global financial and economic crisis. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decline in the volume of FDI in 2009. The net transfer of official development assistance from traditional donor countries to landlocked developing countries continues to rise, from $22.6 billion in 2008 to $24.8 billion in 2009. External debt as a percentage of GNI increased from 43 per cent in 2008 to 48 per cent in 2009.", "Remittances fell in 2009. This is a major source of capital in some landlocked developing countries, especially Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Nepal and Tajikistan, which account for more than 20 per cent of GDP.", "6. Prior to the financial and economic crisis, landlocked developing countries had made some progress in some aspects of social development; half of the 25 landlocked developing countries for which statistics were available had reduced the number of people living in extreme poverty by more than 20 per cent between 2002 and 2008 (see annex, table 8). As a result of the crisis, employment opportunities and incomes have declined, especially in the main export sectors, the number of people in extreme poverty has risen. Youth unemployment is also a major problem in landlocked developing countries. Policies must be adopted to promote job creation and adequate mobilization of resources to establish effective social security systems.", "7. The proportion of people living in hunger in landlocked developing countries remains relatively high: more than 20 per cent of the population in half of those countries was undernourished between 2005 and 2007. The geographical location of landlocked developing countries makes them more vulnerable to rising food prices because of higher transport costs. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 12 of the 29 countries requiring external assistance due to major issues related to food security are landlocked developing countries.", "8. Half of the landlocked developing countries experienced deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with five of them having lost more than 15 per cent of their forest cover. Climate change remains a major problem and has exacerbated deforestation, desertification and loss of biodiversity, with adverse impacts on transport infrastructure. Landlocked developing countries are also vulnerable to natural disasters. For example, Mongolia ' s economy was affected by a severe winter disaster in 2009-2010, which resulted in the loss of 10 million heads of livestock. In 2010, the Sahel region, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, the Niger and Ethiopia, suffered a drought.", "9. Overall, eight years after the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, landlocked developing countries have made some progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, in particular in primary school enrolment, gender representation in primary education and representation of women in national parliaments; however, achieving food security, eradicating poverty and reducing infant and maternal mortality remain major social development challenges. There is also a need to eliminate disparities based on factors such as rural/urban location, income and gender. The global financial and economic crisis has caused a severe recession. Strengthening international support for landlocked developing countries through official development assistance is a key element in further efforts to achieve the Goals.", "10. Landlocked developing countries are constrained in their participation in international trade by, inter alia, the lack of territorial access to the sea, remoteness from major markets, inadequate transit facilities, cumbersome customs and border procedures and the high cost of other services and operating costs.", "11. In order to determine the extent to which landlocked developing countries are affected by transport and trade costs, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States has made efforts to estimate these costs on the basis of International Monetary Fund balance of payments data. The Office calculated the total freight costs in the balance of payments (including payments to overseas enterprises and all import and export freight received by domestic enterprises from abroad) as a percentage of the total value of imports and exports (see annex, table 4). The data show that, because of the high proportion of freight costs in total imports and exports in 2009, this is particularly true for landlocked African countries, and up to 21.4 in one African country. Landlocked African countries as a group account for a higher share of total exports and imports: 45 per cent higher than transit developing countries. This is a clear indication of the high transport and trade costs incurred by landlocked developing countries — a resource that could have been used for their productive capacity-building.", "12. The data are also in line with the information contained in the World Business Report 2011, published by the World Bank, which indicates that, with the exception of 10 countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, the Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Zambia) with a ranking of 100 countries, 20 landlocked developing countries in the world ranked 104 to 183 because of high import and export costs.", "III. Focus areas", "Basic transit policy issues", "13. International conventions and treaties [1] provide a framework for consent and simplification of transit procedures and procedures, and the effective implementation of those conventions and treaties will greatly facilitate the road to the oceans for landlocked developing countries. The ratification process of these conventions has been slow (see table 1 below). Since the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action, a few landlocked developing countries have ratified and acceded to international transport agreements, including Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, the Republic of Moldova and the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic.", "Table 1 Accession of landlocked developing countries to United Nations transport conventions ^ (a)", "Number of landlocked developing countries that have become parties to the Convention", "Convention on Road Traffic (1968) 13", "Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968) 8", "Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets (1975) 11", "Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Commercial Road Vehicles (1956) 5", "Container Customs Convention (1972) 6", "International Convention on the Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (1982)", "Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (1956) 10", "Source: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalist.html.", "(a) ESCAP resolution 48/11 of 1992 recommended that countries in the region consider becoming parties to the seven conventions listed in the table.", "14. At the regional and subregional levels, landlocked developing countries and their neighbours are working to harmonize transport and transit policies, laws, procedures and practices with transit countries and have made significant progress in developing agreements. Asia has made considerable progress in the development and implementation of the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network. Asia has concluded a number of regional and subregional agreements.", "15. Africa is making progress in developing a framework for harmonizing norms and standards at the regional level on the Trans-African Highway. At the subregional level, the States members of the regional economic communities have concluded various agreements on the promotion of transport, transit and trade policies. The regional community has also made progress in harmonizing standards and policies through common arrangements. For example, the Tripartite Task Force established by the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community has harmonized their policies and regulations in transport, energy and water, as well as physical infrastructure development. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States and the West African Economic and Monetary Union are also harmonizing their transit facilitation programmes.", "Landlocked developing countries in South America have a place in MERCOSUR and the Andean Community and their transit transport and trade agreements.", "17. While some progress has been made in developing regional and subregional agreements as a basis for simplification and harmonization of procedures and procedures, many have not been fully implemented. Its effective implementation was important for landlocked developing countries, which could benefit from improved transit measures.", "18. Some landlocked developing countries have strengthened national policies at the national level for trade and transport facilitation, infrastructure development and maintenance. These countries have also strengthened and developed national coordination institutional mechanisms for transit transport facilitation through initiatives. For example, member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Greater Mekong Subregion have established national trade and transport facilitation bodies as an obligation of regional agreements or as a voluntary measure. These institutions have promoted effective coordination and cooperation among all relevant agencies responsible for international trade and transport facilitation. Problems encountered in the effective functioning of these institutions include inadequate financial resources, inadequate recognition of their role and functions and the lack of representation of key stakeholders.", "19. Sustained progress is being made in streamlining administrative procedures and simplifying border control measures. A number of border posts along transport corridors in subregions such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and, more recently, the Economic Community of West African States have established one-stop border controls. The establishment of the first one-stop border checkpoint on the Zambia and Zimbabwe border in December 2009 facilitated the simplification of border procedures and reduced the stay of commercial trucks at the border from five days to less than 24 hours.", "20. In South America, the MERCOSUR countries that are parties to the Recife Agreement on Integrated Control agreed to adopt integrated control measures at 16 border points. Paraguay has established a comprehensive control along its border with Brazil, while the construction of the border post with the Plurinational State of Bolivia is now at a halfway point.", "21. In South-East Asia, the Greater Mekong Subregion Transboundary Transport Agreement includes the implementation of one-stop inspections and the establishment of single window checkpoints, as well as maximum effectiveness in border work. The joint processing initiative is also part of the Multi-Donor Regional Economic Cooperation Programme for Central Asia, managed by the Asian Development Bank. One-stop border posts benefited landlocked developing countries and were an effective initiative that should be replicated.", "In the case of Africa, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) subregion has established a yellow card system, a vehicle insurance scheme that is effective in all participating countries, while facilitating the cross-border movement of vehicles among COMESA member countries. The card system can help to reduce the amount of time taken individually at the border, as transporters and drivers do not have to buy insurance at each border post.", "B. Infrastructure development and maintenance", "23. Roads are an important form of transport for most landlocked developing countries, particularly in Africa, where road traffic accounts for 90 per cent of intra-African trade. However, the proportion of paved roads remains low, with only nine landlocked developing countries having more than half of them paved, ranging from 20 to 49 per cent in eight countries (see annex, table 5). Some countries have established independent funding for road maintenance at the national level based on user fees, fuel taxes or budgetary allocations. A total of 27 African countries have established road funds. Some landlocked developing countries in other regions have functional funds for road maintenance. For example, the Republic of Moldova recently amended its law of February 1996 on road funds and increased funds for road maintenance and repair.", "24. Some countries have established road agencies that are independent of the competent ministries and whose main function is to allocate outsourcing contracts for public works activities. A study by the World Bank shows that countries with high road funds and fuel taxes spend a larger proportion of their expenditure on maintenance and that sectoral expenditure fluctuates less sharply than in countries with traditional budget allocations. [2]", "25. At the regional level, progress has been made in Asia in upgrading 22,263 kilometres (15.8 per cent) of the Asian Highway network, including: (a) the reconstruction of the Asian Highway AH5 (Baku-Alat-Khasak-Red Bridge) in Azerbaijan; (b) the construction of roads AH3, AH4 and AH32 in Mongolia and further plans to upgrade the AH3 to the first level of road standards; (c) the construction of two bridges along the AH3 riverports along the AH3 road between the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic and Thailand - the sun and the Tatra-Naspanon section of AH15; (d) the planned reconstruction of AH82 in Armenia (Erevin-Ashtrak sector); and (e) the reconstruction of the AH82 road from the Islamic Republic of Iran to Armenia and Georgia. According to estimates made by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and Asian member States in 2006, the consolidated list of 121 priority investment projects in 25 member countries shows that investments made or committed for the construction of sections of the Asian Highway amount to $25 billion, while there is a shortfall of $18 billion for upgrading and upgrading 26,000 km of the Asian Highway network.", "26. The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America coordinated the development of transport, energy and communications infrastructure in the region. Under this initiative, a total of 524 projects with a total investment of $54.61 billion are being implemented. [3] By mid-2010, 44 per cent of infrastructure projects had been implemented under the Initiative.", "27. In 2010, the African Union launched the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa, the purpose of which is to integrate regional and continental infrastructure initiatives on road and rail transport, ICT and energy, led by the African Development Bank. The main objective of the programme is to coordinate efforts and the use of resources for infrastructure development. While the Trans-African Highway plays an important role in sustaining the economy in the landlocked countries of Africa, it still has missing links that require considerable resources to be filled. A number of major projects to improve road networks are being implemented in a number of African countries and different regional economic communities.", "28. While some progress has been made in the development and maintenance of road infrastructure, the outstanding issues include inadequate resources for road funds, overloading of vehicles and a shortage of funds for road infrastructure development.", "29. In landlocked developing countries, railways continue to be an underutilized form of transport, with only nine landlocked developing countries having more than 1,000 kilometres of railways available for freight transport. The entire 114,000 km Trans-Asian Railway network has 8,000 km (7 per cent) of missing links. Azerbaijan, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan have all made some progress in the planning and construction of missing links.", "30. The African railway network, 74,775 kilometres long, is very low in density and is concentrated in North and Southern Africa. Major research on infrastructure development. The New Partnership for Africa ' s Development and the African Union conducted an infrastructure development study in 2006, which estimated the missing links at 26,362 kilometres. Little progress has been made in this subsector, but Africa may resume some railway projects in the west, centre, east and south.", "31. Railway integration in South America is progressing. In May 2010, Brazil and Paraguay formally launched a project, funded by the Brazilian Development Bank, to link Paraguay ' s railway system to the railway from Paranagua, Brazil, to the city of Antofagasta, Chile, thus creating an inter-ocean railway corridor.", "32. The main problems facing the development of the railway network include limited resources to invest in missing sections and differences in rail tracks, which lead to the removal of goods from time to time, thus increasing delays and transport costs.", "33. Some progress has been made in the construction of dry ports. Dry ports perform functions similar to seaports and contribute to the development of intermodal corridors. In Asia, for example, Mongolia plans to construct four dry ports along the Trans-Asian Railway, while Nepal has already constructed four dry ports, with other countries, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, planning to build them. In Africa, dry ports have been built in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger and Uganda. In South America, a dry port was built in Paraguay.", "34. Landlocked developing countries have made significant progress in improving their communications infrastructure, in particular mobile phone and Internet connectivity. As a whole, their share in mobile phone and Internet use increased from 25 per cent to 37 per cent between 2008 and 2009 (see annex, table 6). This possibility can be achieved only through the liberalization of the communications sector and the subsequent increase in private sector investment.", "35. Energy infrastructure plays a crucial role in reducing delays in the transit of goods for landlocked developing countries. However, this infrastructure remains inadequate and inadequate, as in the case of the five landlocked developing countries that are net importers of energy. Energy infrastructure needs are relatively high at the national and regional levels, requiring domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral investment of resources and strengthening partnerships with the private sector.", "36. Research undertaken by the World Bank [4] has shown that difficulties in transport infrastructure are not limited to the lack of infrastructure hardware, but also include inadequate infrastructure software, mainly for the logistics services market needed to improve services along transport and transit corridors. Many landlocked developing countries have taken initiatives to develop policies to guide and assist in the development of competitive freight and multimodal transport and logistics services. However, in many countries, freight and logistics service providers are small and the whole industry is fragmented.", "The level of private sector participation varies across subsectors: the highest level of participation is in mobile phones, followed by transport, where the private sector can contract road maintenance and obtain a container terminal and railway concession. In the energy sector, while there is greater interest in privatization of electricity generation and distribution, public utilities are still generally State-owned. Landlocked developing countries should consider promoting active and effective cooperation with the private sector by creating an enabling policy environment.", "C. International trade and trade facilitation", "38. Despite some progress in integrating landlocked developing countries into the global trading system, only 22 of the 31 landlocked developing countries have become members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). All but one are WTO observers and accession negotiations are under way. In addition to domestic institutional reforms, development-friendly conditions should be provided at the multilateral level to assist and facilitate the accession of landlocked developing countries to WTO.", "39. Exports of landlocked developing countries as a group increased, with the nominal value of exports rising from $33 billion in 2003 to $153 billion in 2008. However, exports fell by 42 per cent from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 4). The share of landlocked developing countries in global merchandise exports remained below 1 per cent. While their share of world exports rose from 0.45 per cent in 2003 to 0.96 per cent in 2008, it fell to 0.75 per cent in 2009. In contrast, the share of transit developing countries increased from 13 per cent in 2003 to 18 per cent in 2009.", "40. As a result of the global financial and economic crisis, merchandise imports from landlocked developing countries fell by 16.5 per cent in 2009. Estimates by the International Monetary Fund indicate that 21 landlocked developing countries resumed their import levels in 2010. Landlocked developing countries have signed a growing number of preferential regional trade agreements, thus reducing average tariffs through unilateral measures and the implementation of regional integration protocols. Africa has trade agreements with 13 subregional groupings. Three of them, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community, are working towards a common market. Economic partnership agreement negotiations between the European Union and the African regional economic communities are making slow progress. South America is now moving further towards regional integration through the establishment of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), an intergovernmental alliance that combines regional agreements in the region (MERCOSUR and the Andean Community of Nations).", "However, despite numerous regional preferential trade agreements, intraregional trade has not grown rapidly. In 2009, exports within MERCOSUR and the Andean Community accounted for 8 per cent and 15 per cent of total regional exports, respectively. In Africa, the average exports within the Southern African Development Community and the Economic Community of West African States were 12 per cent, 9 per cent and 13 per cent, respectively, between 2000 and 2007. [5] In order to enhance intraregional trade, it is important to improve regional infrastructure - transport, energy and communications; effectively implement regional trade agreements; enhance coherence in regional regulatory frameworks to promote private sector activities; and improve trade and transit facilitation to reduce logistics costs.", "42. Landlocked developing countries continue their trade facilitation initiatives. However, the logistics performance index of landlocked developing countries is lower than that of coastal countries (see table 2 below). The low logistics performance index indicates significant obstacles in the process of linking their domestic economies to world markets, including longer clearance times, poor quality of trade and transport infrastructure, non-competitive efficiency of the Logistics Services Department, cumbersome customs procedures, difficulties in tracking and viewing goods and uncertain delivery times. Efforts to improve trade facilitation must continue.", "Table 2", "Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Background information", "Overall logistics performance index", "Selected projects for the Logistics Performance Index", "Logistics capacity 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "Infrastructure", "Customs and trade procedures 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "Logistics Performance Index input data", "Customs clearance (days) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "Physical inspection (%) (higher and worse)", "Source: Jean-François Arvis et al., Cost of being landlocked (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010).", "43. WTO negotiations on trade facilitation aim at accelerating the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, enhancing technical assistance and capacity-building for trade facilitation. Based on the April 2011 draft consolidated negotiating text of the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, [6] the negotiations seek to improve issues related to Article V on freedom of transit, Article VIII on costs and formalities, and Article X on publication and regulation of trade legislation of the 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and issues related to special and differential treatment.", "D. International support measures", "44. Since the adoption of the Almaty Programme of Action, official development assistance from traditional donors has increased from $12 billion in 2003 to $18.9 billion in 2007 and $24.8 billion in 2009. This represents an annual increase of more than 10 per cent since 2003. However, recipient countries are mainly two countries: Afghanistan and Ethiopia, which accounted for 24 per cent and 15 per cent of total assistance in 2009, respectively. ODA remains the main channel of external financing, accounting for 10 per cent of the gross national income of nine landlocked developing countries in 2009 (see annex, table 2).", "45. Official development assistance (ODA) for transport, storage and communications increased from $775 million to $1.8 billion in the period 2003-2009, with the bulk of aid (40 per cent) going to Afghanistan and three other countries.", "46. Total FDI in landlocked developing countries as a group declined by 17 per cent in 2009, to $21.9 million (see annex, table 7). Despite this decline, the share of landlocked developing countries in global FDI increased from 1.5 per cent in 2008 to 2 per cent in 2009. [7] The geographical distribution of FDI remains uneven. This investment is concentrated in a few resource-rich countries. Kazakhstan alone accounted for 58 per cent of total foreign investment to landlocked developing countries in 2009, while 25 African landlocked developing countries received only $4 billion.", "47. As a result of the rebound in commodity prices and the improved economic and financial environment, inward FDI is expected to grow further, particularly in resource-rich countries. For example, compared with the first quarter of 2009, foreign direct investment flows to Kazakhstan increased by 16 per cent over the same period in 2010. Foreign direct investment to Mongolia exceeded $1 billion in 2010, an increase of 25 per cent compared to 2009, while [8] foreign direct investment to Zambia also exceeded $1 billion in 2010. Despite this, the poor performance of most landlocked developing countries as recipients of foreign direct investment is largely due to their continued exposure to poor geographical conditions, combined with poor infrastructure, weak logistics systems and weak institutional capacity.", "48. Landlocked developing countries as a group significantly increased their debt-to-GNI ratio and debt-servicing rates from 2003 to 2009 (see figure I below). However, both rates increased in 2009. Compared to transit developing countries, the total debt stock and debt service ratios of landlocked developing countries remain high. The number of landlocked developing countries with total debt-to-GNI ratios in excess of 100 declined from six in 2003 to one in 2009, while the number of countries with ratios between 74 and 100 fell from 11 in 2003 to two in 2009 (see annex, table 3). This progress is due in part to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, which have helped 13 landlocked developing countries. Similar forms of debt relief must now be provided to other landlocked developing countries that have not yet benefited from these initiatives.", "Figure I Landlocked and transit developing countries", "External debt and debt servicing", "[Chuckles]", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2011).", "49. The Doha Round of World Trade Organization negotiations on the multilateral trading system has been slow. The international community must intensify its efforts to conclude trade negotiations on provisions that meet the trade, development and financial needs of landlocked developing countries.", "50. There has been some development of tariff preference schemes provided by developed countries that benefit landlocked developing countries (see figure II below). Tariff preferences give products from landlocked developing countries much-needed price advantages in developed country markets. However, the utilization of preferential tariffs remains limited owing to lack of diversification, cumbersome application procedures, inconsistent rules of origin, high transport costs and other supply-side constraints.", "Figure II Average tariffs imposed by developed market economies on all product categories of landlocked developing countries", "[Chuckles]", "Source: International Trade Centre database.", "51. Aid for trade for landlocked developing countries continued to grow, from $4.7 billion in 2008 to $6 billion in 2009. Five landlocked developing countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali and Burkina Faso) were among the top 20 recipients of Aid for Trade in 2009. Globally, a large portion of total Aid for Trade was used for productive capacity-building,[9] followed by investment in infrastructure development and capacity-building assistance for trade strategy development, as well as adjustment costs for negotiations, policy management and trade (see figure III).", "Figure III Types of use of total global aid for trade", "[Chuckles]", "Source: OECD/DAC database.", "52. A number of other developing countries are increasingly becoming important sources of external financing for landlocked developing countries, particularly for the rehabilitation and development of critical infrastructure, such as roads and power generation. TNCs from developing countries, particularly from China, India and South Africa, were the main sources of FDI to landlocked developing countries in 2009.", "E. Implementation and review", "53. The mission of OHRLLS is to enhance cooperation and coordination with the United Nations system and other stakeholders to ensure the effective implementation of the Programme of Action. Implementation of the Programme of Action is divided into national, subregional, regional and global levels (see also sect. IV below).", "54. With regard to monitoring and review, member States had prepared reports on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, as a contribution to the midterm review and as an input to the annual report of the Secretary-General on the subject. At the global level, landlocked developing countries hold an annual ministerial meeting before and after the General Assembly.", "55. The regional commissions coordinate regional reviews at the regional level. ESCAP, in cooperation with the Government of Mongolia, organized a high-level Asia-Pacific policy dialogue on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and other development gaps facing landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar in April 2011. The seventh meeting of the Economic Commission for Africa Committee on Trade, Regional Cooperation and Integration, held in June 2011, reviewed the progress made in the region in implementing the outcome of the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action.", "56. In paragraph 32 of its resolution 63/2, on the midterm review of the Programme of Action, the General Assembly invited the Assembly to consider, in due course, a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Programme of Action. As the first decade of the Programme of Action would end in 2013, preparations for the review should begin.", "57. Further efforts should be made to develop monitoring indicators and to measure progress in the implementation of the Programme of Action by reducing transport and other costs. Different international organizations are currently developing different approaches to measuring corridor monitoring indicators, such as the time-cost-distance model for corridors, the logistics cost and reliability approach and the time-cost approach. The combination of these indicators allows for cross-border and cross-regional monitoring of trade corridors.", "58. The recent global financial and economic crisis, changes in food and energy prices and the impact of climate change have demonstrated the social, economic and environmental vulnerability of landlocked developing countries. It is therefore important to conduct research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external influences and to develop a set of vulnerability indices for use by landlocked developing countries in early warning.", "IV. Actions taken by the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations to implement the Almaty Programme of Action", "59. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to assist landlocked developing countries by mobilizing international and United Nations system-wide support and awareness. To strengthen the analytical and negotiating capacities of developing countries, the Office supported the establishment of an international think tank for landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar and, in cooperation with the Office of Legal Affairs, drafted a multilateral agreement for an international think tank for landlocked developing countries, which was endorsed at the ministerial meeting of landlocked developing countries held in New York in September 2010. The Agreement is now open for signature by landlocked developing countries at the United Nations. The Office continues to produce annual statistics using up-to-date information on key economic, social and transport infrastructure indicators in landlocked developing countries. In collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office launched the 2010 World Statistics Pocketbook: Landlocked Developing Countries.", "60. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to cooperate in the development of a legal framework through studies leading to the development of an intergovernmental agreement on the basis of the Trans-African Highway Network.", "61. The regional commissions assisted member States in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through capacity-building programmes, advisory services, assistance in the development of transport infrastructure and the promotion of legal instruments in trade and transport facilitation. Substantive contributions included the fourth assessment of regional integration in Africa: promoting intra-African trade, published by the Economic Commission for Africa in 2010, which included a chapter on the development of trade transit corridors for African landlocked developing countries. The Economic Commission for Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe will issue a Handbook of Best Practices on Borders in 2011 and the Economic Commission for Africa, the World Bank and the African Union Commission will publish a compilation of legal instruments on transport and trade facilitation.", "62. The Economic Commission for Africa organized trade facilitation workshops and study tours for landlocked developing countries at major transit ports and assisted in the establishment of the African Electronic Commerce Alliance, a framework for the exchange of information and experience in trade facilitation, and hosted its first technical workshop and second congress. Similarly, the United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific, established by ESCAP and the Economic Commission for Europe, serves as a community of knowledge and practice for experts from developing countries and transit economies in Asia and the Pacific and assists in national, subregional and inter-state single window and paperless trade initiatives.", "63. The Economic Commission for Europe supported the development of transport infrastructure under the Trans-European Highway and Trans-European Railway project and, together with ESCAP, promoted intercontinental coordination of transport investment in the Euro-Asian Transport Corridor project. ESCAP has also continued its efforts to promote synergies among member States, international financing institutions and other stakeholders with a view to seeking financing opportunities for priority infrastructure projects along the Asian Highway and Trans-Asian Railway. In October 2010, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) organized an international seminar for Latin American countries on sustainable transport policies. ECLAC is currently analysing logistics costs in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and their impact on the country ' s economic development. The Economic Commission for Europe manages 57 international agreements and conventions in the field of transport and provides a legal and technical framework for the development of international roads, railways, inland waterways and integrated transport.", "64. In the area of aid for trade, the Economic Commission for Africa, in collaboration with the African Development Bank, WTO and ECOWAS, conducted a review of aid for trade in West African countries. The Economic Commission for Africa, in collaboration with the regional economic communities of Central Africa, organized a preparatory workshop for the review of aid for trade, which resulted in a road map that served as a guide for the donor round table of Central African member States and regional organizations on resource mobilization for priority transboundary infrastructure programmes.", "65. The United Nations Development Programme completed needs assessments on aid for trade in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and initiated assessments in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. In March 2010, UNDP published a guide entitled “How to conduct Aid for Trade needs assessments in countries in transition”. UNDP is also assisting the Government of Mongolia with the launch of a think tank for landlocked countries.", "66. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in its World Investment Report 2010, devoted a section to the analysis of recent trends in FDI to landlocked developing countries and provided capacity-building and technical assistance in trade and transport facilitation.", "67. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in collaboration with the Economic Commission for Africa, FAO, IFAD, the African Development Bank and the African Union Commission, developed an agriculture, agribusiness and agro-industrial development initiative, which focuses on the development of rural infrastructure, technology, land management and water technology systems, and emphasizes the importance of enhancing private public sector investment and partnerships with farmers and farmers. UNIDO has also undertaken trade capacity-building at the regional and subregional levels.", "68. The World Bank contributed to the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through loan technical assistance and knowledge products from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. In 2010, loans equivalent to $988 million were provided to landlocked developing countries or transit countries in the areas of customs reform, road and rail corridors and aviation projects or projects addressing specific constraints in other landlocked environments. The Trade Facilitation Facility, a $40 million multi-donor trust fund established in 2009, aims at accelerating trade and transport facilitation projects and reforms in low-income countries through capacity-building, particularly for the needs of landlocked developing countries. Ongoing projects include support to corridor countries in Africa and Asia. The World Bank has also implemented a range of knowledge products, including “The cost of being a landlocked country: the reliability of supply chains and the cost of logistics”, and “Linking landlocked countries to markets: trade corridors in the twenty-first century”.", "69. The WTO secretariat, in cooperation with other international organizations, assesses trade facilitation needs and priorities of WTO members and observers, as requested. As of October 2010, 19 landlocked developing countries had conducted such assessments.", "The World Customs Organization (WCO), in particular through its Columbus Programme, continued its customs capacity-building activities aimed at the full implementation of the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and other international best practices in the area of customs administration. In 2010, WCO organized regional and national workshops and missions for landlocked developing countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.", "71. ITC has developed and implemented trade promotion and capacity-building projects, such as national capacity-building for the implementation of the Integrated Framework in Chad and the SADC supply chain and logistics programme in Malawi. Several of the multi-country programmes that have been implemented have focused on one or more trade-related areas, such as the “Opportunities for Business Women in Africa in International Trade” programme, which provides them with a package of trade-supporting services to address the specific obstacles faced by business women in Africa. All United Nations Member States have access to basic information and communication materials on trade and export competitiveness.", "In 2010, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe organized the eighteenth meeting of the OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum on the theme “Promoting good governance of border crossings in the OSCE region, improving the security of land transport and facilitating international transport by road and rail in the region”. As a direct follow-up, and in order to raise awareness of current tools to combat corruption at border crossings and to provide opportunities for country-specific follow-up, OSCE, in cooperation with the World Customs Organization and the OSCE Centre in Astara, organized regional seminars on the promotion of customs and border integrity services. Training activities on various issues related to border management continued at the OSCE Border Management College in Dushanbe.", "73. The International Road Transport Union implemented the Afghan Transit Project within the framework of the new Euro-Asian Road Transport Initiative, which aims to develop road transport from Europe and China to Afghanistan by attracting international investment in supporting infrastructure and implementing harmonized customs procedures. The Economic Commission for Europe and the International Road Transport Union have worked together to develop best practices for the implementation of the Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods under Cover of TIR Carnets in Central Asia and have incorporated them into the updated TIR Manual. A memorandum of understanding between the International Road Transport Union and UNCTAD was signed in April 2010 to update ASYCUDA with the latest TIR risk management tool, followed by the use of the latest tools by the ASYCUDA transit module to promote and ensure the implementation of the Convention.", "74. The International Telecommunication Union had adopted a programme focusing in particular on the priorities of landlocked developing countries, which involved assisting countries in the transition from a public telephone exchange network to the Internet, the establishment of multifunctional telecommunications service centres and the introduction of broadband technology. Other projects have focused on promoting a wide range of e-applications and services in many landlocked developing countries and the use of ICT as a catalyst for trade in those countries.", "75. Regional banks and regional economic communities in Asia, South America and Africa have played a leading role in aligning and facilitating the implementation of regional infrastructure programmes. ADB has implemented various technical assistance investment projects: under the SAARC programme, ADB has so far invested $4 billion in the transport and trade facilitation sector and $1 billion in the energy sector. In Africa, the African Development Bank has played an active role in mobilizing and supporting infrastructure development programmes in Africa. In South America, the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration are collaborating with the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America.", "76. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) undertakes research, programmes and regional integration arrangements to assist landlocked developing countries in promoting regional communication and trade. For example, in order to assess the corridor situation, an East African corridor diagnostic study was conducted in the Northern and Central Corridors and an action plan was developed to remove obstacles to transport logistics. The transit digital transfer module was used as a tool to assist customs administrations in the exchange of transit declarations and transit guarantee information, and was piloted at the Chirondu border post in Zimbabwe and the Kasumalesa border post in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The regional tariff trans-shipment guarantee system has developed a useful tool for promoting the regional integration of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) under the Transit Trade and Facilities Protocol. A pilot project was conducted in 2008 in the Northern Corridor countries and, as the results were ideal, outreach initiatives were launched in 2010 and 2011.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. Being landlocked is a major constraint to economic growth and the achievement of development goals. The economies of landlocked developing countries, which have been very vulnerable to external shocks, are vulnerable to constraints in export diversification, limitations in productive capacity, poor export competitiveness and higher transport and transit costs.", "78. The international community should provide timely and sustainable financial support to landlocked developing countries to help them accelerate the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and strengthen their capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change.", "79. Landlocked and transit developing countries should enhance effective cooperation through the development and harmonization of policies to prioritize resource allocation for the maintenance and rehabilitation of transit transport infrastructure. Initiatives that have proven successful should be replicated and adequately funded, such as one-stop border posts, dry ports, clearance yellow cards and the use of ICT.", "80. Ratification and effective implementation by landlocked and transit developing countries of international conventions and agreements on transport and trade facilitation, as well as regional and subregional agreements.", "81. The international community should strengthen its financial assistance to landlocked and transit developing countries for projects such as transit transport infrastructure, energy and information technology infrastructure, and trade facilitation in order to enhance intraregional connectivity and fully repair missing links, thus ensuring the proper functioning of strategic maritime corridors.", "82. It is now necessary to establish a network mechanism aimed at facilitating the exchange of experiences and disseminating information to all relevant stakeholders.", "83. The international community should further support landlocked developing countries in strengthening their analytical capacity and in developing and implementing coordinated and comprehensive transport policies to facilitate transit corridors needed for trade facilitation and to strengthen their negotiating skills for effective participation in international trade.", "84. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative should strengthen their support efforts to assist in the elaboration and conclusion of an intergovernmental agreement on the Trans-African Highway.", "85. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative should strengthen their support efforts to assist in the elaboration and conclusion of an intergovernmental agreement on the Trans-African Highway.", "86. WTO negotiations on trade facilitation are of great importance for the international trade of landlocked developing countries. The international community should support the strengthening of the negotiating capacity of landlocked developing countries in trade facilitation.", "87. Developed countries are invited to consider providing greater market access for goods produced by landlocked developing countries and to enhance technology transfer to mitigate the high trade transaction costs of their geographical disadvantages.", "88. The international community should further support the Aid for Trade initiative as a vital assistance to assist landlocked developing countries in implementing international agreements, strategically strengthening their productive capacities, developing infrastructure and improving competitiveness in global markets.", "89. Countries of origin are encouraged to adopt policies and incentives to promote foreign direct investment in landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries should promote an enabling environment for attracting foreign direct investment and private sector participation.", "90. Donor countries and international financial and development institutions are invited to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established to promote the implementation of and follow-up to the outcome of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation, held in Almaty.", "91. As requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/2, the Assembly should consider holding a comprehensive 10-year review conference on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action.", "Annex **", "Table 1 Gross domestic product, 2000-2009", "Average annual growth rate of GDP per capita (in millions of United States dollars)", "Afghanistan 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 - 14.2", "Azerbaijan 7,040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "Bhutan 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4", "Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 - 3.7", "Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "Central African Republic 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7", "Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 - 1.6", "Ethiopia 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "Kazakhstan 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "Kyrgyzstan 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5", "Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "Mali 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9-1.6", "Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "Niger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 - 0.9", "Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 - 4.5", "Republic of Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1,500 6.9 7.8 - 6.5", "Rwanda 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "Swaziland 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "Tajikistan 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 - 0.3 5.0 - 0.7", "Turkmenistan 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "Uzbekistan 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 - 5.8 - 14.5 4.0", "Landlocked developing countries 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6", "Transit developing countries 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.0 6.1 4.3 400 363", "Source: United Nations Statistics Division, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/international.asp (data found on 24 March 2011).", "^(*) For the list of transit developing countries used in the tables and the composition of the developed and developing regions, see www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.", "Table 2", "Net ODA received ODA/GNI (%) Donor disbursements for transport, aid for trade (millions of current United States dollars) ^ (a) assistance for storage and communications (millions of constant United States dollars)^ (c) (millions of current United States dollars)^ (b) Landlocked developing countries", "Afghanistan 2 818 4 865 6 070 . 94 764 984 1 711", "Armenia 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "Azerbaijan 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118", "Bhutan 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221", "Botswana 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "Burundi 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "Central African Republic 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "Chad 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "Ethiopia 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "Kazakhstan 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "Kyrgyzstan 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106", "Lesotho 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "Malawi 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "Mali 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "Mongolia 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "Nepal 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44", "Niger 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "Paraguay 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "Republic of Moldova 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "Rwanda 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "Swaziland 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "Tajikistan 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "Uzbekistan 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "Zimbabwe 373 612 737 1 0 19 50", "Landlocked developing countries", "Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Directorate for Development Cooperation, Statistical Annex to Development Cooperation Report 2011. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Aid for Trade List: Showing Results (COM/CDD/TAD (2011)/3/ANN, June 2011).", "(a) Includes net ODA flows from Development Assistance Committee countries, multilateral organizations and non-Development Assistance Committee countries.", "(b) OECD Development Assistance Committee and multilateral organization donors.", "(c) Excluding multi-country programmes and activities.", "Table 3 External debt, debt service and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative", "[TABLE]", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2010.", "Table 4 International merchandise trade, exports and imports, and international freight costs", "Goods (millions of current United States dollars) Freight in balance of payments in trade ^ (a) Total exports of transport equipment Total imports %", "Landlocked developing countries", "Afghanistan 540 403 3 020 336 16 16", "Armenia 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "Azerbaijan 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "Bhutan 521 496 543 529 9 10", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13", "Botswana 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "Burkina Faso 314 796 786 1 870 9.7 11 8", "Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "Central African Republic 66 114 81 100 185 212 9 9 7", "Chad", "Ethiopia 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "Kazakhstan 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10", "Kyrgyzstan 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "Lesotho 479 . . . . . . 1 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ", "Malawi 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 12 16 10", "Mali 1 007 1 918 1 271 3 339 11.9 11 7", "Mongolia 616 801 5.3 11", "Nepal 653 886 1 802 3 754 6 8", "Niger 259 503 566 1 247 16.5 7 6", "Paraguay 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "Republic of Moldova 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5", "Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "Swaziland 1,655 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ", "Tajikistan 3.8 ..", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 1 367 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7", "Uganda 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "Uzbekistan", "Zambia 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "Zimbabwe 1 694 2 269 2 832 3 527 16 15", "Landlocked developing countries 33 368 154 492 89 635 38 984 117 139 97 796 5.2 10 11 10", "Transit developing countries 933 854 2 647 218 2 173 883 2 495 852 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 467 065 021", "Source: http://comtrade.un.org; www.ifstatistics.org/pop.", "(a) Freight costs in the balance of payments include all import and export freight costs paid to, or received from, an offshore enterprise, divided by the total value of all imports and exports, multiplied by 100. Does not include freight costs paid between domestic enterprises.", "Table 5 Selected transport indicators", "Roads, railways, routes, pipelines, number of take-off flights, kilometres, paved surfaces (%, km, km, km) (thousands)", "Landlocked developing countries", "Afghanistan 42 150 29 1,200 466 3.4 ..", "Armenia 7 515 90 845 2 233 4 7.6", "Azerbaijan 59 141 49 2 099 4 785 4.4 10.3", "Bhutan 8,050 62 1.1 2.7", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana 25 798 33 888 6.7 6.1", "Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 3.4 1.4", "Burundi 12,322 10 Lake Tanganyi ...", "Central African Republic", "Chad 40,000 1 Season 250 1.5 ..", "Ethiopia 42 429 13 26.6 44.2", "Kazakhstan 93 123 90 14 205 4,000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "Kyrgyzstan 34 000 91 417,600 270 6.1 5.5", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 29 811 13 4 600 540 6.4 9.8", "Lesotho 5,940 18", "Malawi 15 451 45 797,700 . 4.8 4.4", "Mali 18 709 18 734 1 800 1.5 ..", "Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 6.2 4.8 (seasonal)", "Nepal 17 280 57 59 12.1 6.8", "Niger 18 951 21 300 1.5 (seasonal)", "Paraguay 29 500 51 36^ (a) 3 100 7.6 9.8", "Republic of Moldova 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "Rwanda 14,00819 Lake Kivu (Landwater)", "Swaziland 3 594 30 300 2.6 ..", "Tajikistan 27 767 616 200 587 4.0 9.8", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 13 840 699 388 8.0 1.4", "Turkmenistan 24 000 81 3 181 1,300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "Uganda 70 746 23 261 Lakes 0.3 0.4", "Uzbekistan 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..", "Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lake Kariba", "Landlocked developing countries", "Source: World Development Indicators 2011, World Bank and United States Central Intelligence Agency, World Fact Sheet.", "Table 6 Selected telecommunications indicators", "Telephone lines and cell phone subscribers per 100 population Internet users per 100 population, telephone main lines, mobile phones", "Landlocked developing countries", "Afghanistan 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "Armenia 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "Azerbaijan 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "Bhutan 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2", "Botswana 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "Burkina Faso 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "Burundi 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9", "Central African Republic 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5", "Chad 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "Ethiopia 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5", "Kazakhstan 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2", "Kyrgyzstan 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0", "Lesotho 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "Malawi 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "Mali 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "Mongolia 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "Nepal 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "Niger 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "Paraguay 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "Republic of Moldova 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0", "Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5", "Swaziland 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "Tajikistan 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "Uganda 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "Uzbekistan 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "Zambia 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "Zimbabwe 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "Landlocked developing countries 2.8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1", "Developing regions 8.0 12.2 5.5 58.3 18.1", "Source: International Telecommunication Union; see www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.", "Table 7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Net FDI inflows to landlocked developing countries", "Afghanistan 0 300 185", "Armenia 104 1 132 838", "Azerbaijan 130 14 473", "Bhutan 0 30 36", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 736 513 423", "Botswana 57 521 234", "Burkina Faso 23 137 171", "Burundi 12 14 10", "Central African Republic 1 117 42", "Chad 115 234 462", "Ethiopia 135 109 94", "Kazakhstan 1 284 15 775 12 649", "Kyrgyzstan (2) 265 60", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 34 228 157", "Lesotho 32 56 48", "Malawi 40 170 60", "Mali 82 180 109", "Mongolia 54 683 437", "Nepal (0) 1 39", "Niger 8 566 739", "Paraguay 100 109 184", "Republic of Moldova 128 708 86", "Rwanda 8 103 119", "Swaziland 106 106 66", "Tajikistan 24 376 8", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 215 587 248", "Turkmenistan 131 820 1 355", "Uganda 181 787 799", "Uzbekistan 75 711 750", "Zambia 122 939 959", "Zimbabwe 23 52 60", "Landlocked developing countries 3 956 26 340 21 900", "Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, see unctadstat.unctad.org.", "Table 8 Selected Millennium Development Goal indicators", "Extreme poverty: Population with incomes below $1.25 per day (%) Malnutrition Primary school enrolment Gender disparity Maternal mortality rate Forest cover Population variation index (per 100,000 live births)", "Afghanistan 0.67 1,400 2", "Armenia 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "Azerbaijan 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "Bhutan 26.2 88 1.01 200 67 69", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 14 27 95 0.99 180 55", "Botswana 25 87 0.97 190 22 20", "Burkina Faso 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "Burundi 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "Central African Republic 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36", "Chad 61.9 37 0.70 1 200 10 9", "Ethiopia 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "Kazakhstan 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "Kyrgyzstan 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "Lao People ' s Democratic Republic 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68", "Lesotho 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "Malawi 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "Mali 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "Mongolia 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "Nepal 55.1 16 380 27 25", "Niger 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "Paraguay 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "Republic of Moldova 1.9 90 0.98 32 10 12", "Rwanda 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "Swaziland 18 83 0.93 420 30 33", "Tajikistan 21.5 30 98 . 64 3 3", "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.3 93 1.01 9 36 39", "Turkmenistan 6 77 9", "Uganda 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "Uzbekistan 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "Zambia 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "Zimbabwe 30 790 49 40", "Landlocked developing countries 81 0.92 18 17", "Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011; FAO, State of Food Insecurity in the World; UNESCO, see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; United Nations, Millennium Development Goals Report 2010; and FAO, State of the World's Forests 2011.", "(a) In some cases, if estimates for 2009 are not available, data for 2007 or 2008 may be available.", "[1] Under the Economic Commission for Europe, 57 international conventions, agreements and protocols provide a framework for harmonizing and simplifying procedures and procedures for international transport and transit.", "[2] Ken Gwilliam et al., Maintenance Burden: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008).", "[3] Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, Integration of Physical Infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011).", "[4] Jean-François Arvis et al., Linking LLDCs to markets: trade corridors in the twenty-first century (World Bank, 2011).", "[5] ECA, “Development of intra-African trade” (Addis Ababa, 2011).", "[6] See http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.", "[7] World Investment Report 2010, Investing in a Caribbean Economy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.2.", "[8] Information provided by the Government of Mongolia.", "[9] For example, business development, assistance to banking and financial services, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, industry, mineral resources and mining and tourism.", "[10] Construction of physical infrastructure, such as roads, railways, ports and telecommunications." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目23(c)", "消除贫穷和其他发展问题", "人力资源开发", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会关于人力资源开发的第64/218号决议提交的。报告概述全球金融和经济危机对人力资源开发的影响，并总结从各国预防和克服危机负面影响的做法中吸取的经验教训。报告还探讨各国人力资源开发面临的新挑战和新机遇。报告选列了若干国家在国家一级运用新型战略维持和开发人力资源的范例。报告重点指出包括联合国系统和各国政府在内的国际社会以及私营部门等其他实体在促进人力资源开发方面的作用，并就今后采取的步骤提出建议。最后，报告以各国成功实施的干预措施为基础，提出各项建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在第64/218号决议中审查了各国执行人力资源开发战略的经验，审视了执行进展情况、迄今遇到的挑战和今后的前景。大会请秘书长提交报告，探讨从全球金融和经济危机中吸取的关于人力资源开发方面需求的经验教训，以协助各国预防和克服危机的不利影响，并在较可持续的发展道路上取得进展。", "2. 大会在同一项决议中确认，对于实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，以及为所有人民特别是社会的最弱势群体和个人增加机会，人力资源开发十分重要。大会还确认，各国的人力资源开发必须以国家发展目标为基础，采用较为全面、一致和跨部门的做法和机制。", "3. 虽然许多国家、特别是发展中国家做出了相当大的努力，但是仍需克服挑战，以发展能够满足本国发展需求的足够的人力资源。此外，发展中国家由于缺乏资源和能力，往往难以拟订和执行有效的人力资源开发战略。", "4. 就在各国需要增加人力资源投资以克服此次全球金融和经济危机不利影响之际，这次危机却进一步减弱了各国应对人力资源开发领域各项挑战的能力。最近，经济复苏缓慢而且不平衡，失业率上升，能源和粮食价格居高不下而且剧烈波动，这些情况使本已困难的局面雪上加霜。", "5. 本报告概述全球金融和经济危机的主要特征及其与人力资源开发的相互关系。报告分析全球化以及能源和食品价格居高不下而且剧烈波动对各国人力资源开发工作的影响，并确认在广泛领域中开展可持续人力资源开发的切实战略。报告是在同下列组织协商后编写的，但是考虑到篇幅和其他因素，没有完全采纳它们的所有贡献：各区域委员会，特别是欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)和西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)，国际原子能机构(原子能机构)，国际农业发展基金(农发基金)，国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，国际海事组织(海事组织)，国际电信联盟(国际电联)，联合国开发计划署(开发署)，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)，世界卫生组织(世卫组织)，世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)以及世界银行。最后，报告就今后的行动提出具体建议。", "二. 全球金融和经济危机对各国人力资源开发的影响", "A. 金融和经济危机的主要特征", "6. 虽然全球金融和经济危机最严重阶段似乎已经过去，但世界各地各国家仍感受到这场全球危机的冲击。并且在危机后的近两年里，全球经济复苏缓慢而且不平衡，现已开始减速，并预计将在2011年下半年和2012年继续减速，人们担心出现进一步下滑的风险。[1]", "7. 先进经济体失业率居高不下，特别是青年失业率居高不下，这继续威胁世界稳定。发展中国家、特别是新兴经济体继续恢复，但速度参差不齐。", "8. 此外，许多国家政府抛弃了危机初期采取的反周期措施，而代之以财政紧缩措施。面对财政赤字不断扩大，公共债务不断增加，许多国家政府以整顿财政为由逐步取消经济刺激措施。这种情况正在危害许多国家政府领导的复苏，增加了长期失业的风险，并进一步减缓了全球复苏的步伐。许多国家政府正在削减特别是教育和医疗卫生领域所需要的社会支出，从而对长期人力资源开发造成了不利影响。", "9. 平均月工资增长减缓，从2007年的2.8%降至2008年的1.5%和2009年的1.6%。[2] 甚至早在危机发生前就出现了工资增速减缓和不平等现象与日俱增的趋势。实际工资下跌，冲击工人特别是低薪工人及其家庭的购买力和福利。但是下跌趋势因区域而异。在亚洲，全球危机对2008年(7.8%)和2009年(8.0%)实际工资增长率影响微弱。在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，由于劳动力需求增大、就业率上升、技术工人暂时短缺和劳动生产率提高，2010/11年实际工资保持着持续增长的势头。", "10. 另一方面，低收入发展中国家和中等收入小国预计将继续承受全球危机的不利影响。主要原因是，虽然官方发展援助的流动在2010仍积极增长，但迫于先进经济体的复苏缓慢，很可能将在近期减速。此外，发展中国家和经济转型国家的外债增多。还有许多发展中国家的初级商品价格剧烈波动，特别是石油和粮食价格在2011年上半年飙升。", "11. 许多国家还面临“低就业”复苏带来的新挑战，失业率和就业不足率居高不下。劳工组织的统计数据显示，2010年失业人口高达2.05亿，比危机前增多了2 760万。2010年全球失业率升至6.2%，高于2007年的5.6%。[3] 自2007年至2009年底，全世界丧失了近3 000万个工作岗位，需要创造至少2 200万个新的就业机会，才能使全球就业率恢复到危机前水平。", "12. 就业市场复苏总体落后于经济复苏。1997/98年亚洲金融危机后，就业市场复苏大概花了三年时间。还有证据显示，就业市场恢复到衰退前水平的所需时间只会一次比一次更久。由于此次全球危机造成的失业率上升比以往更为迅猛，就业复苏将更为漫长。此外，由于失业工人必须学习快速发展的新部门所需技能以保证就业，危机中损失的就业机会可能一去不复返。", "13. 虽然发展中国家的就业增长有所回升，失业率也在2010年底前回落到危机前水平，它们仍不能保证本国就业市场迅速复苏。原因至少有二：其一，全球每年有4 700万新工人进入劳动力市场，而大多数人在发展中国家寻找工作；其二，经济复苏必须由生产部门驱动，才能维持经济增长。然而，流失的许多就业机会出现在充满活力的出口部门，这说明需要广泛进行结构调整。[4]", "14. 此外，就业质量和工人的脆弱性仍倍受关注。许多国家为应对不断上升的失业率，增加了劳动力市场的灵活性。然而，在缺少强大劳动管理机构情况下，放松对劳动力市场的管制往往导致工资水平下降，就业条件恶化。这种重视劳动力市场灵活性的做法也可能使工人陷入低收入/低生产率的怪圈，从而损害长期的增长潜力。在灵活性较大的劳动力市场中，工人的更替率高，使其不愿接受培训以提高劳动生产率。", "B. 全球危机对各国人力资源开发的影响", "15. 全球金融和经济危机继续对几乎所有国家的人力资源开发造成重大不利影响。它主要在两个方面影响先进经济体：增加失业率和减少政府用于教育和培训方案的预算资源。", "16. 许多发展中国家、特别是中等收入国家表面上安然度过了全球金融危机。然而鉴于低就业经济复苏、高青年失业率以及粮食和能源价格剧烈波动等状况，既存的社会经济挑战将会对长期的人力资源开发产生不利影响。", "对人力资源开发的财政投资减少", "17. 危机导致先进经济体的财政状况严重恶化。主要由于财政收入减少和存在大笔无准备金的负债，先进经济体的主权债务可能在今后几年中激增。许多发达国家政府为了管理债务，在越来越大的压力下削减中期社会开支。在一些国家，紧缩政策所需的削减资金措施已经生效，冲击了许多支助人力资源开发的社会方案。", "18. 例如，拉脱维亚大量削减了医疗卫生资金，并将投入教育的公共资金减至2008年的一半。爱尔兰提高了处方药、医院和疗养院的收费，削减了多项教育资金，并减少了对职业培训方案的支助。丹麦拟议大量减少学生补助金。美利坚合众国的大部分学区削减了教育方案，并对教师进行减员降薪。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国拟议在2010年将大学预算削减14%，并将大学费用增加一倍。希腊和意大利冻结了教育和医疗卫生等公共部门工作者的薪资。法国宣布，将仅填补半数退休人员的职位，从而取消了10万个公共部门工作岗位，其中许多是教育和医疗卫生领域的岗位，并将降低公共部门薪资。", "19. 虽然大多数发展中国家设法维持了社会部门预算，但一些国家的财政紧缩政策导致冻结开支或削减教育、医疗卫生和其他人力资源开发的开支。[5] 教育资金日益减少，迫使一些国家暂缓或递延教育(例如幼儿教育和扫盲教育)拨款，或在入学人数增加的情况下依然抑制教育支出增长，并削减高等教育支出。", "20. 官方发展援助减少，也可能对发展中国家人力资源开发产生不利影响。有明显迹象显示，由于捐助方提供的资金减少等原因，非洲国家缩减了医疗卫生预算。[6] 这将导致严重的后果，因为许多非洲国家的医疗卫生开支有很大比例来自外部供资。2008年，23国得到的外部供资占本国医疗卫生资金总数的比例在20.3%和63.5%之间。此外，自2002年以来，外部援助占基础教育资金的比例保持不变，但2007至2008年间撒哈拉以南非洲地区的这项比例减少了6%。[7]", "21. 资源枯竭不仅对人力资源开发造成长期后果，也对培训和技能发展造成短期影响。由失业和未充分就业青年组成的剩余劳动力已使多数劳动力市场不堪重负，部分原因在于市场所需技能和工人所学技能不匹配。因此，对失业和未充分就业人口的技能进行调整、培训和改进是十分必要的。除加强就业政策和劳动力市场管理机构外，还必须通过提高教育成果、进行职业和在职培训以及获取新技术等途径提升技能，这变得越来越重要。", "粮食和能源价格居高不下，波动不定", "22. 最近粮食和能源价格居高不下，给许多发展中国家的人力资源开发带来了压力。低收入缺粮国遭受的打击最大。虽然高粮价可能会使生产者受益，却损害了粮食净购买者(指不能生产足够粮食满足自身粮食需求的人)。国际市场价格升高并未诱使发展中国家农民做出积极的供应反应。", "23. 在社区和家庭层面，粮食和能源价格居高不下往往导致改变消费形态。获得粮食日益困难，这可能催生冒险的应对战略，包括困难情况下急售资产、让孩子辍学、削减保健费用以及降低饮食和摄入食物的品质。最直接的结果就是营养不良和长期饥饿，在身心方面影响人们的工作能力，而这又导致生产力和收入减少。高能源成本使贫困家庭的生活条件恶化，尤其是使那些用电本来就很少的家庭的生活条件恶化，他们在做饭时只能越来越依赖生物能源。石油价格升高，增加了农民的生产成本以及农产品加工和分销成本，因而进一步推高了粮食价格。", "降低就业能力", "24. 全球危机减弱了许多初始职级工人的长期就业能力。当前青年人的失业几率是其他人的近3倍，并且在多数区域，青年从事易受伤害工作的可能性较大。[8] 在发达国家和发展中国家，青年失业率和就业不足率高得惊人。2010年年底，估计有7 770万青年人失业，[9] 比2009年的7 960万略有下降，但是仍然远高于2007年的7 350万。2010年全球青年人的失业率为12.6%。³", "25. 即使在危机爆发前，由于经济增长低于其自身潜力，劳动力市场体制运作不善，以及/或劳动力的技能和劳动力市场需求错配，现有的人力资源没有得到充分利用。然而，失业人口、尤其是青年失业人口再度激增，势必对各国人力资源开发产生长期影响，这不仅仅是因为他们的投入无法得到有效利用，也因为他们未来的生产力将受到限制。", "26. 另外，全球危机加剧性别不平等，从而增加了风险，尤其是青年妇女的风险。危机和其他因素削弱青年妇女的能力，降低她们的社会和经济地位，这将加剧长期存在的贫穷问题，包括增加将贫穷传递给下一代的可能性。", "27. 无法获得工作的人的经济能力逐渐下降，因为经济复苏时他们较可能准备不足。失业率上升也减少通常用于食物、保健和教育的收入来源，因此削弱劳动力的总体能力和福祉。这对青年人产生的不利影响尤其深刻，因为他们正处在形成技能的能力通常比较旺盛的年龄段。不过，一些青年人可能因为找不到工作而继续接受教育。例如，一些拉丁美洲国家发现青年劳动力减少了，原因是危机爆发后他们延长了留在教育体制中的时间。", "28. 技能培训也有助于人们延迟进入劳动力市场。然而，此类培训的设计应当是在职培训、协助寻找工作、职业指导和辅导相结合，创造就业和创收机会。技术与职业教育培训制度不仅创造了一条从学校通往需要熟练技能的工作岗位的初始职级途径，而且培养工人获得新的技能，提高其就业能力。越来越多的国家认识到自身具备满足青年人和雇主需求的潜力，正在专心完善此类制度，将其作为一项重要的政策议程。[10] 一些政府与企业界、立法机构和学术界合作，为青年人制订了“重塑战略”，目的是确认在不久的将来可能出现的技能差距和短缺。", "三. 各国人力资源开发的挑战和机遇", "29. 全球化为人力资源开发带来了机遇和挑战。信息和通信技术以及其他创新技术减少了职能、等级和地理障碍，并极大地改变了劳动力市场的运作方式。私营和公共机构现在能够以具有成本效益的方式联络最有才干的工人，这为有才干的人和拥有高技能劳动力的国家创造了机会。另一方面，这也可能导致发展中国家人才外流，与此同时，由于移民工人进入劳动力市场或工作外包到其他国家，发达国家非熟练工人的工作可能更加没有保障。", "30. 因此，必须持续投资人力资源开发，维持能够适应竞争日趋激烈的全球市场需求的技术工人队伍，这一点至关重要。建立有能力的人力资源基础可提高所有部门的生产力和经济增长率。然而，仅仅提高个人的技能、知识和能力可能还不够，因为国家经济竞争力不仅要看一国劳动力队伍的总体技能，还要看劳动力队伍是否具有灵活性，是否能够快速和有效地适应日益变化的需求。", "31. 不同的发展水平需要不同的技能。例如，要提高劳动生产力，就必须不断提高互动、适应、分析和认知技能。在不断变化的劳动力市场，工人需要交替使用不同类型的技能，因此需要培养“软技能”，即除职业技能外，还需要有适应能力和灵活性。即使在公共部门，在有效沟通、吸收和管理知识、战略规划以及协调公共、私营和民间社会机构各利益攸关方的能力等领域也需要新技能和能力。在向绿色经济转变过程中，也需要一方面顾及创造绿色工作的需求，另一方面顾及其他经济部门需要进行的调整。", "32. 人们越来越认识到，许多教育和培训体制并不能使人力资源充分满足不断变化的需求，从而导致供需错配。尽管许多发展中国家认识到这一问题，却仍未将新技能需求融入学校课程、正式教育或培训项目。", "A. 人力资源开发与未充分利用的亚群体", "33. 非洲和中东新求职者中“青年暴增”，欧洲、中亚和东亚劳动力因生育率低和人口老化而减少，这些以及其他人口趋势不仅产生创造新就业机会的挑战，而且还产生另一类挑战。", "34. 使妇女、青年人、少数民族、残疾人或土著人民等弱势群体融入劳动力市场仍然是一个挑战。低人力资源利用率意味着在生产力产出、社会保障、所得税缴纳和通过减少福利金增加节余方面错失机会。提高边缘群体教育成就和在劳动力市场上的表现不仅将提高国家总体人力资源能力，还将为国家经济做出积极贡献。", "35. 要最充分地利用劳动力资源，就必须制定政策，减少在教育、培训和就业方面存在的性别障碍。在各个区域，妇女的经济活动比率往往低于男人。她们通常集中在非正规经济部门，从事数量较少并且往往收入较低的职业。由于非全职工作在妇女中较为普及，因此其有酬工作的时间较少，并且由于肩负家庭责任，其职业中断次数较多。劳动力市场上这种性别隔离是教育中的定型观念和社会中盛行的性别角色的反映。[11] 可通过增加妇女在正规部门各行各业的就业人数，促进有效地利用女性劳动力。", "36. 一般而言，农业部门深受人力资源能力低、性别不平等以及对新技术和基础设施缺乏投资之害。在许多发展中国家，妇女在农业领域发挥关键作用，[12] 因此提高妇女的生产力将增加粮食供应，提高农业生产力。根据粮农组织近期的估计，如果妇女获得同男人一样的生产资源，她们能将农业产量提高20%至30%。这将使得发展中国家农业总产出提高2.5%至4%，而这反过来又会使世界饥饿人口减少12%至17%。", "37. 在许多区域司空见惯的童工现象剥夺了儿童和青少年获取技能和教育的机会，这往往永久性地毁坏他们的前程。低教育程度产生低技能工人，他们工资低，工作没有保障。必须制止和消除童工现象，让所有儿童获得教育和培训，这将增加他们在成为青年人和成年人后获得有酬工作和较高收入的可能性。", "B. 移民与人力资源开发", "38. 随着失业率攀升，许多东道国加紧了移民管制，对移民工人提出了更严苛的要求。而且在经济放缓时期，移民经常作为恶化经济形势的表面原因而被攻击，因此在国家政策或公众压力下，他们往往比其他工人更快失去工作。移民通过一些传输机制对人力资源开发产生重要影响。移民工人向原籍国汇款，增加原籍国的家庭收入，提高教育和卫生水平。移民工人带回信息、知识和技能，促进母国的创新和创业。同时，技术工人移民会导致原籍国技能短缺，而高失业率则对技术工人造成向外移民的压力。必须从多种角度进一步审查与移民相关问题的复杂性和这些问题对人力资源开发的影响。", "39. 2010年，移民至其他国家的工人从2005年的1.95亿增至约2.14亿，其中女性占总人数的49%；尽管经济危机使得移民增速放缓，但是移民总人数仍在继续增加。[13] 今天，每10个国际移民中就有6人(1.28亿人)居住在发达国家，而其中大多数国际移民(7 400万人)都来自发展中国家(见A/65/203)。", "40. 在大多数人社会经济状况较差的国家，全球化是一种“吸引”因素，有可能带来较好的工作和较高的薪酬。与此同时，低工资以及令人不满和往往充满危险的工作环境是“推斥”因素，推动向外移民。因此，一些发展中国家面临人才外流的问题，失去其花费多年开发的高技能人力资源。", "41. 失业率高或职位供应不足导致技术工人向外移民，这可视为人才流失。在许多向外移民率高的国家，失业是一个长期问题。然而，将促进移民作为解决失业问题的一项战略可能导致当地所需技术劳动力流失，如果移民海外的机会集中在某几种专业，这个问题就更加严重。例如，在太平洋区域，技术工人移民较多，一部分原因是，主要目的国的政策偏向某些专业的技术工人。高移民率最终可能导致技术工人大量外流，尤其是导致卫生和教育领域技术工人大量外流。", "42. 根据《2006年世界卫生报告》，每年有大批卫生人员暂时或永久离开母国。⁶ 2010年5月，世界卫生大会认识到与卫生人员流动相关的复杂问题，通过了《全球卫生人员国际招聘行为守则》。[14]", "43. 其他移民工人在其移民国获得知识和技能。这些技能可最终提高其母国劳动力的素质。因此，一些国家采取的对应办法是，一方面开展创造国内就业机会的方案，另一方面推出协助回国移民重新融入社区的激励措施。然而，低技术工人通常在目的国参与低技术活动，几乎没有机会获得或提高技能。需要针对出国和回国的低技术移民工人进行人力资源开发战略规划，这将促进最大限度地发挥移民工人对发展的作用。", "C. 汇款", "44. 2009年，流向中低收入国家的汇款额为3 160亿美元，低于2008年的3 360亿美元(见A/65/203)。总汇款额减少是因为来自欧洲汇款大国、美国和俄罗斯联邦的汇款额急剧下降。东欧和中亚许多国家严重依赖汇款，其汇款额下降了近21%。北非也受到了富油国高失业率的严重影响。然而，总体而言，汇款额抵御了经济衰退的影响并已显著反弹，不过还未回升至危机前水平。", "45. 汇款在促进原籍国人力资源开发方面日益发挥关键作用，因为有很大一部分汇款用于教育和卫生支出。户口调查审查显示，一旦基本消费需求得到满足，汇款将更多地用于投资商业以及教育。巴基斯坦、菲律宾和太平洋岛屿国家的证据显示，有汇款的家庭能延长子女在校学习的时间，并能负担通常被认为质量较好的私立教育。", "四. 可持续人力资源开发的实用战略：从各国经验中获得的经验", "46. 为应对全球金融和经济危机的影响，许多国家实施了多种临时、中期和长期措施，以保持、支持和调整本国的人力资源，并设法满足在诸如信息和通信技术、绿色经济、知识产权、设计有效社会保护方案、减少教育和卫生服务的城乡差距以及高产农业和农村发展领域的长期人力资源需要。", "为应对全球金融和经济危机而采取的措施", "47. 在低就业复苏期，一些先进国家选择削减职工总数或冻结就业，其它先进国家则选择与工会协商，通过减少工作时间和(或)工资遏制失业。其它国家在危机过程中实施了积极的劳工市场政策，将失业人员融入到劳动人口中或鼓励雇主保持人力资源。这些措施包括保持职位补贴和招聘奖励、分享职位补贴、减少因雇佣失业人员而产生的非工资劳动力成本、求职协助和职位匹配、启动企业补贴、工作经验方案、培训方案以及为管理人力资源信息和进程而投资信息技术。", "48. 一些国家还采取措施，通过改善教师培训、课程和职业培训，提高人力资源开发的成本效益。采用良好做法可节约大量资源。", "49. 欧洲联盟在2007年设立了欧洲全球化调整基金，每年提供5亿欧元，帮助失业工人获得新技能或自主创业。这一方案在2008年修订，以帮助受金融危机影响的工人。此外，2008年发起了“新技能、新工作”的倡议，以提高技能水平、改善未来职位需求预测以及增进企业界与教育提供者间的对话。", "通过社会保护方案投资人力资源", "50. 即使在全球危机到来之前，越来越多的国家已设计了全面战略，以加强人力资源开发和提高贫困家庭收入。这些全面社会保护方案常与减少贫困和社会包容战略相结合，已证明即可有效缓和直接经济冲击，又可促进人力资源开发。", "51. 已有文件充分记录有条件和无条件现金转移、社会养恤金以及就业保障计划等成功社会保护方案(见E/CN.5/2011/2)。典型的有条件现金转移方案针对的是有儿童的贫困家庭，包括小额现金补助和实物转移，以儿童上学和定期进行健康检查为条件。这些方案通过补偿教育和医疗保健开支，提高在学率和就学率，预防疾病和营养不良，进而促进提高劳动人口的教育程度和健康水平。这些方案还为家庭提供保护，抵御由失业、疾病、残疾、老龄和自然灾害带来的各种风险。", "52. 巴西的家庭补助金方案是最大的有条件现金转移方案，以在学以及接受产前和产后护理为条件，每月为超过1 200万贫困家庭提供补贴。墨西哥的机会方案以在某些情况下进行有针对性的收入转移取代使用实物(一揽子健康、营养和教育补贴)和价格折扣等孤立的收入转移。这项方案在2007年覆盖了500万个家庭(国家人口的25%)，预算为33亿美元。其它方案，比如阿根廷的失业户主计划，以在学和接受免疫接种为条件，同时也为参与者提供培训，以培养新的职业技能。", "53. 多种社会保护倡议在亚洲兴起。中国的最低生活保障标准计划定期为贫困家庭提供现金和(或)实物支持，在2008年覆盖了6 600万个家庭(国家人口的近5%)。巴基斯坦的贝娜齐尔收入支助方案旨在增加经济弱势家庭的购买力。菲律宾的Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino方案是一个全面的国家减少贫困和社会发展战略，通过补偿医疗保健和教育开支，使贫困家庭可投资人力资源。[15]", "54. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，社会保护方案主要针对最弱势人群，并经常将现金转移与提供服务相结合。埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案正在逐步减少分发援助紧急食品的工作，截至2008年年底，已向800万缺乏食品安全保障的家庭转移食品。这项方案提供以工作换取现金转移和(或)食品的机会，为无劳动力或其他支撑的家庭提供直接支持。在肯尼亚，一项针对孤儿和弱势儿童的现金转移项目覆盖了10万家庭以及23万孤儿和弱势儿童，该项目将接受医疗保健和在学作为对赤贫家庭转移现金的条件。", "55. 各国实施多种有创意的举措，以改善弱势群体的就业能力，为他们创造短期和长期就业机会。这样的活动包括小规模劳力密集型公共工程、支持雇用边缘群体成员的有针对性计划和鼓励中小型企业雇用求职青年的工资补贴计划。社会保护方案通过担保的公共工程机会，鼓励在中、低收入国家参与劳动力市场。[16]", "56. 印度的全国农村就业保障计划是世界上最大规模的该类计划，该计划的基础是一项法定权利，即每年至少有100个领取最低工资的工作日。在2007和2008年，这项计划以牺牲国内生产总值的0.3%为代价，为近3 400万个农村家庭提供了工作。超过半数的受益人是无技能的农工。该计划使家庭可获取家畜等资产，增加粮食和非粮食物品支出。南非的公共工程扩大方案(该方案的第二阶段在2009年展开)通过增加工作机会(100天至24个月)，创造短期和中期就业，与此同时，还提供读写能力、计算能力以及职业和商业培训。", "57. 为发展健康的劳动人口而进行的干预也许需要数年才能看到成果，但是，这些投资可得到可观的回报。在过去20年里，巴西在偏远和农村地区培训和雇佣了超过25 000个家庭保健队，覆盖了总人口的约60%。自2005年以来，埃塞俄比亚培训了32 000名保健推广员，为偏远地区卫生站配置人员。泰国采用了一项名为“本地培训，家乡安置”的统筹办法，雇佣有农村背景的学生，将他们培训为临近社区的护士和医生。这些努力缩小了城乡差距，改善了保健状况。", "新兴领域的人力资源开发", "58. “绿色增长”已成为亚洲及太平洋区域实现可持续发展的区域战略之一。该区域已为政府官员、决策者和实践者举办了一系列区域绿色增长政策对话、“训练培训员”培训、讨论会和国家讲习班，以加强其发展和实施绿色增长政策、战略和路线图的能力。", "59. 例如，柬埔寨建立了国家绿色增长秘书处，其部际绿色增长工作组制订了国家绿色增长路线图。哈萨克斯坦进行了一项有关在战略管理和计划中应用绿色增长政策工具的国家研究。2010年，第六届亚洲及太平洋环境和发展部长级会议核可了促进欧洲、亚洲和太平洋区域绿色增长伙伴关系的“阿斯塔纳绿色桥梁倡议”。萨摩亚发起了基于供应可再生(沼气)能源、清洁饮水和环卫设施且有利于贫民的绿色商业倡议，并得到了斐济、瓦努阿图和其它太平洋小岛屿发展中国家其他社区的效仿。", "60. 在几乎所有国家中，信息和通信技术均已成为关乎社会经济发展的重要因素，因此，对信息和通信技术系统能力的需求增加了。虽然近来遭遇经济衰退，但使用信息和通信技术服务的情形却持续增长。2009年年底，全球约有46亿移动电话用户。发展中国家超过半数的人口可使用移动电话服务，世界人口的约26%可使用因特网(发达国家为64%，发展中国家为18%(不包括中国则为14%))。[17] 根据世界银行提供的数据，非洲的电话用户、特别是移动电话用户从1998年的200万递增到2010年的4亿多。过去十年间，非洲实现了显著增长，其主要原因是引入了移动技术，在1998年至2008年期间，该地区吸引了超过560亿美元的私营部门投资。", "61. 然而，若要增加因特网接入，就必须解决普及宽带上网的挑战。如今，宽带已如运输网、供水网和能源网一样，被视为国家基础设施的重要组成部分。建立和使用宽带基础设施后，各国政府便可转变提供服务的方式，促进商业、创新和竞争。然而，若要充分发掘宽带经济的潜在利益，就必须在整个社会不同阶层中发展广泛的新知识和新技能，包括制订和实施信息和通信技术。[18]", "62. 为促进采取“宽带友好型”做法和政策，国际电联和教科文组织建立了宽带委员会，以促进人人享受宽带的好处。宽带在人力资源开发和教育中的作用是该委员会的一项重要主题，有关该问题的行动组已建立。", "63. 一些国家在教育领域投入了大量信息和通信技术资源。新加坡第三个教育领域信息和通信技术总计划(2009-2014年)的宗旨是，通过使用信息和通信技术，加强深入学习的能力，鼓励创造知识。被视为区域技术中心的约旦正在建造其信息和通信技术基础设施，并提倡信息和通信技术，将其作为改善人力资源和促进经济发展的工具。从2003年起，约旦政府特别强调信息和通信技术的应用，并通过其国家教育战略，投资大量预算资源，目的是将因特网覆盖率增至50%，以增加信息和通信技术收入和就业。", "64. 技术在飞速变化，因特网协议系统错综复杂，这给各国国家机构带来了挑战。私营部门、政府和研究机构日益需要获取受保护的知识产权。因此，各国、特别是发展中国家迫切需要提高评估和管理知识产权政策的技能。", "五. 国际社会在制定和实施国家人力资源开发战略方面的作用", "A. 国际社会的作用", "65. 在发生全球金融和经济危机后，主权债务增加，发达国家持续采取财政紧缩政策，因此，预计官方发展援助将减少。国际社会可保持一定程度的协作，通过采取针对性较强和成本效益较高的做法，支持发展中国家加强人力资源。此外，还应调整重点，重视人力资源开发需求最大的最不发达国家和小经济体国家。", "66. 联合国各组织一直在绿色经济、信息和通信技术、知识产权、国际海运规则和标准以及核科学与核技术的和平应用等新兴领域支持人力资源开发。此外，社会保护方案开始采取较全面和较具综合效力的做法，以创造农业和农村就业，处理医疗卫生和教育方面存在的城乡差别。", "67. 教科文组织对50个发展中国家的教育预算进行了初步探索性调查，⁵ 详细审查了12个国家的经济增长、收入和教育预算，[19] 并进行了其他研究，以评估危机对学校日常活动影响的规模和性质，从而监测危机对成员国教育部门造成的影响。", "68. 粮农组织最近制定了一项组织能力发展战略，一改培训个人的传统做法，努力加强各国管理农业和农村发展长期变化的能力。2010年，世卫组织发出了全球政策建议，处理保健工作者城乡分布不均的现象。世卫组织正在与各伙伴合作，支持各国努力实施这些准则。", "69. 世界银行一直在协助发展中国家在信息和通信技术基础设施方面进行投资，建设这些基础设施可以创造就业，扩大生产、服务和贸易。东非区域通信基础设施方案就是这样一项举措。国际电联开展了一系列能力建设活动，通过学术和学习活动，培养熟练的互联网和“新宽带经济”专业人员。", "70. 联合国公共行政网[20] 提供关于治理和公共行政创新做法的各种免费在线培训工具和学习资源。其国家研究报告[21] 可促进各国政府和国际、区域和国家机构相互学习，促进公共部门的能力建设。", "71. 知识产权组织为发展中国家提供全面的能力发展机会，其中包括世界学院、电子学习、关于在线检索(PATENTSCOPE)研究和专利信息的培训、技术和创新支持中心和可免费获取知识产权立法的知识产权组织法律数据库。[22]", "72. 发展中国家缺少合格和有经验的人力资源，为此，海事组织实施了综合技术合作方案，以提高个人和机构实施海事组织规则和标准的能力。国际原子能机构支持建设和平利用和运用核能的能力。它在区域间、区域和国家各级提供下述培训：核能法、能源系统分析和规划、核安全保障以及核科学技术在粮食和农业、保健、水资源管理以及海洋和陆地环境监测和保护等关键领域的应用。", "73. 亚太经社会支持各项能力建设倡议，例如，“政府领导人信息和通信技术基础学院”培训方案、在线绿色增长培训员培训方案、决策人员区域网络绿色增长门户网站、亚太贸易研究和培训网络和联合国无纸贸易专家网络。", "B. 私营部门的作用", "74. 私营部门在推动发展中国家经济增长方面具有关键作用。公私伙伴关系已成为开发和维护宽带等大规模公共基础设施或提高基本服务效率的一种重要办法。经过精心设计的公私伙伴关系可成为进一步加强人力资源开发的可行办法，在主要捐助国采取紧缩措施之际，这种办法尤其可行。", "75. 开发署公私合作提供服务方案[23] 努力推动地方政府、企业和社区建立包括各方的伙伴关系，以增加穷人获得水、清除废物、能源、教育和保健等基本服务的机会。保健部门其他成功的公私伙伴关系包括全球疫苗和免疫联盟和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金。", "76. 此外，让私营部门参与制定人力资源开发战略还有助于确认未来的经济增长行业和需要的新技能。而且，还可在技能发展、在职培训以及招聘和留住青年工人方面与私营部门合作。", "C. 各国政府和发展伙伴的作用", "77. 各国政府负有开发人力资源的首要责任。他们的视野和政治意愿极为重要。最近发生的金融和经济危机给各国政府提出了挑战，但同时也带来了机遇。如果各国政府已经制定全面和协调一致的战略，就能从战略角度培植其人力资源，确保他们适应未来劳动力市场的需求，能够利用新技术和创新带来的机会。此外，各国政府必须以可持续方式进行长期的人力资源开发投资，这是必不可少的。", "78. 除制定全面的人力资源开发战略外，部门政策和战略也需要纳入人力资源层面。捐助国或许可以重新审视其发展援助政策，考虑将部分官方发展援助用于加强发展中国家、特别是最不发达国家的人力资源开发。或许还可以审查官方发展援助，研究对各部门的官方发展援助对人力资源开发有哪些助益。", "六. 结论和建议", "结论", "79. 人力资源开发是经济、社会和环境发展的核心。一支掌握了新兴领域知识、有熟练技能、受过良好教育、健康、精干、高效和灵活的劳动力队伍是各国实现可持续经济增长和社会进步的基础。因此，每一个国家，无论经济状况如何，都需要根据国家发展战略，进行人力资源开发。", "80. 许多发展中国家仍然无法开发足够的人力资源，以满足国民经济和社会需要。此外，由于缺乏资源和能力，发展中国家往往在制定和实施有效人力资源开发战略方面落后。", "81. 必须将未充分利用的人力资源充分纳入劳动力市场。有效利用信息和通信技术也是成功开发人力资源的关键。由于食品和能源费用持续走高并且大幅波动，威胁粮食和能源保障，特别是在农村地区造成这种威胁，必须加强满足食品和能源需求的能力。最后，全面社会保障方案是顺利实施人力资源开发战略的关键。", "建议", "82. 应考虑以下建议：", "国家一级", "(a) 各国政府应该将人力资源开发作为经济和社会发展的核心，进行有效干预，以加强人力资源开发，并迅速和大幅度地降低从事低生产率工作人口的比例；", "(b) 必须提高人民的技能，因为今后创造的多数就业机会很可能出现在“绿色经济”等新兴和创新部门；", "(c) 经济发达国家除从长期着眼，努力减少预算赤字外，还应继续实施或加强措施，推动创造大量就业的复苏，例如，采取政策和奖励措施，提高劳动生产率和刺激私人投资；", "(d) 各国政府应加强社会保障系统，促进人力资源开发；", "(e) 各国政府应调整教育和培训系统，使其较好地适应劳动力市场的需求。必须与雇主密切协商，定期更新学校课程和技能培训方案；", "(f) 各国政府应加强劳动体制和法规，及时应对经济衰退，保护就业和保护处于弱势岗位的工人；", "(g) 加强人力资源开发的战略应包括努力在新兴行业投资，特别是在信息通信技术和改善环境领域投资；", "(h) 应采取措施，包括实施奖励办法，促进招人、留人和改造人，协助找工，将就业机会与技能匹配，进行职业培训和在职培训，促进青年创业，以减少青年男女失业和就业不足的情况，在缺少就业机会的复苏中，他们受到的影响超出了他们在人口中的比例；", "(i) 应努力减少就业障碍，尤其是性别障碍；", "(j) 应采取创新措施，最大限度地发掘移徙带来的益处，同时尽量减少其不利影响。应从宏观经济和劳动力市场的角度较全面地分析移徙模式和移徙影响，促进各国家人力资源开发；", "(k) 应该更好地理解和解决人力资源开发、能源、粮食保障、农业和农村发展之间的相互联系；", "国际一级", "(l) 双边和多边捐助者应支持发展中国家加强国家人力资源开发，以配合各国的国家战略。南北、南南和三角合作可促进发展中国家的人力资源开发；", "(m) 联合国相关实体和包括私营部门在内的民间社会行动者应该改变培训个人的做法，采取建设体制能力的做法，解决长期的国家人力资源开发需要；", "(n) 捐助者应考虑将较多的官方发展援助用于人力资源开发，并研究如何发挥对各部门的援助的杠杆作用，更好地支持人力资源开发；", "(o) 应研究在发展中国家扩大公私伙伴关系的可行性，尤其是扩大创造就业和促进青年就业的公私伙伴关系的可行性；", "(p) 应当努力降低汇款成本，以最大限度地发掘移徙对人力资源开发的益处；", "(q) 各国政府、捐助方和联合国各组织应支持社会保护最低标准倡议。[24]", "[1] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.2.)。", "[2] 国际劳工组织，《2010/11全球工资报告：危机时期的工资政策》(日内瓦，2010年)。", "[3] 劳工组织，《2011年全球就业趋势：工作复苏的挑战》(日内瓦，2011年)。", "[4] 《2011年世界社会状况报告：全球社会危机》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.IV.12)。", "[5] 教科文组织，《危机对公共教育开支的影响：教科文组织快速调查的结果》，全球金融和经济危机对教育部门影响的系列文件第1份文件(巴黎，2009年)。", "[6] 世卫组织，《2006年世界卫生报告：通力合作，增进健康》(日内瓦，2006年)。", "[7] 教科文组织，《2011年全民教育全球监测报告——隐藏的危机：武装冲突与教育》(巴黎，2011年)。", "[8] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会/劳工组织，《拉丁美洲和加勒比的就业形势》，第五号公报，2011年6月。", "[9] 定义为15至24岁年龄段的人。", "[10] 劳工组织，《提高弱势青年人的就业能力：应对金融和经济危机的影响》，指导说明，(日内瓦，2010年)。", "[11] 在欧洲经委会区域，绝大多数(四分之三)学习卫生和福利相关课程的高校学生为女性，但是只有少数(四分之一)学习工程、制造和建筑的高校学生为女性。", "[12] 粮农组织，《2010-11年粮食及农业状况：农业中的妇女：填平性别鸿沟，促进农业发展》(罗马，2011年)。", "[13] 经济和社会事务部人口司，《国际移民人数趋势》：2008年订正版(联合国数据库，POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008)。", "[14] 世卫组织，第六十三届世界卫生大会，日内瓦，2010年5月17日至21日，决议和决定，附件(WHA63/2010/REC/1)。", "[15] 亚太经社会，《保护承诺：亚洲及太平洋社会保护和发展》(2011年，曼谷)。", "[16] 儿基会，社会保护：加快公平实现千年发展目标，社会和经济工作简报(2010年，纽约)。", "[17] 国际电联，《衡量信息社会》(2010年，日内瓦)。", "[18] 国际电联，最不发达国家中信息和通信技术在促进增长方面所扮演的角色：2011年的趋势，挑战和机遇(2011年，日内瓦)。", "[19] 见教科文组织，第184 EX/10号文件。", "[20] 见www.unpan.org。", "[21] 见www.unpan.org/unpacs。", "[22] 见www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/。", "[23] 见www.undp.org/pppsd。", "[24] 见www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI/Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 23 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues", "Human resources development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/218 on human resources development. It provides an overview of the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on human resources development and lessons learned from national experiences to prevent and overcome negative effects of the crisis. It also addresses emerging national challenges and opportunities in human resources development. Selected examples of innovative strategies for sustaining and developing human resources at the national level are provided. The report highlights the role of the international community, including the United Nations system and national Governments, and others, such as the private sector, in promoting human resources development, and includes recommendations for future steps. The report concludes with recommendations building on successful national interventions.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/218, reviewed the experience of countries in implementing human resources development strategies, examining progress and challenges to date and prospects for the future. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report reviewing lessons learned from the global financial and economic crisis on the requirements for human resources development to help countries prevent and overcome the negative effects of crises and to progress towards a more sustainable path of development.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly acknowledged the importance of human resources development for achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for expanding opportunities for all people, particularly the most vulnerable groups and individuals in society. It also recognized the need for more comprehensive, coherent and cross-sectoral approaches and mechanisms for human resources development premised on national development objectives.", "3. While considerable effort has been made, many countries, particularly developing countries, continue to face challenges in developing sufficient human resources capable of meeting national development needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often face difficulties in the formulation and implementation of effective human resources development strategies.", "4. The recent global financial and economic crisis further weakened countries’ capacity to address challenges in the area of human resources development at the very moment that increased investment in human resources was required to overcome the negative effects of the crisis. This difficulty has been compounded more recently by slow and uneven recovery, the growth in unemployment and high and volatile energy and food prices.", "5. The present report provides an overview of the main characteristics of the global financial and economic crisis and their interrelationship with human resources development. The implications of globalization, as well as high and volatile food and energy prices, for national human resources development efforts are analysed, and practical strategies for sustainable human resources development in a wide range of areas are identified. The report was prepared in consultation with the following organizations, although not all of their contributions have been fully incorporated owing to space and other considerations: the regional commissions, particularly the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Bank. The report concludes with specific recommendations for future action.", "II. Implications of the global financial and economic crisis for national human resources development", "A. Major characteristics of the financial and economic crisis", "6. Although its most acute phase appears to have passed, the effects of the global financial and economic crisis continue to be felt by countries in all regions. Moreover, after almost two years of fragile and uneven recovery, global economic recovery has started to decelerate and is expected to continue slowing down in the latter half of 2011 and in 2012, raising concerns of further downside risks.[1]", "7. High unemployment levels in advanced economies, especially for youth, continue to pose risks for world stability. Developing countries, especially in emerging economies, continue to recover, even though the pace varies across countries.", "8. Furthermore, the countercyclical measures taken by many Governments in the early stage of the global crisis have been abandoned in favour of fiscal austerity. Faced with widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt, many Governments have been phasing out stimulus measures, ostensibly for fiscal consolidation. This is jeopardizing Government-led recovery in many countries, increasing the risk of longer-term unemployment and further decelerating global recovery. Many Governments are cutting needed social expenditures, particularly in the areas of education and health, thus adversely affecting long-term human resources development.", "9. The growth of average monthly wages has slowed, from 2.8 per cent in 2007 to 1.5 per cent in 2008 and 1.6 per cent in 2009.[2] Wage growth has moderated and there was growing inequality, even prior to the crisis. Real wage declines have adversely affected the purchasing power and well-being of workers and their families, especially those in low-paid jobs. This trend, however, varies across regions. Asia has seen little adverse impact of the global crisis on real wage growth in 2008 (7.8 per cent) and 2009 (8.0 per cent). Latin America and the Caribbean observed continued growth in real wages in 2010/11 as a result of higher labour demand, increasing employment, the temporary shortage of skilled workers and increased labour productivity.", "10. Low-income developing countries and small middle-income countries, on the other hand, are expected to continue to experience negative effects of the global crisis. This is mainly because the flows of official development assistance (ODA), while still positive in 2010, are most likely to slow down in the near future owing to slow economic recovery in advanced economies. In addition, the external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased. Furthermore, many developing countries now face volatile primary commodity prices, particularly for oil and food, which soared during the first half of 2011.", "11. Many countries are also facing the emerging challenge of a “job-poor” recovery, with unemployment and underemployment remaining high. According to ILO, the number of unemployed was 205 million in 2010, 27.6 million higher than the pre-crisis level. The global unemployment rate stood at 6.2 per cent in 2010, up from 5.6 per cent in 2007.[3] Nearly 30 million jobs were lost worldwide between 2007 and the end of 2009, and at least 22 million new jobs need to be created to return to the pre-crisis level of global employment.", "12. Employment recovery generally lags behind economic recovery. Employment recovery is estimated to have taken three years following the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis, and the evidence shows that the recovery time to pre-recession employment levels has become successively longer. Since the recent global crisis caused a faster and steeper rise in unemployment, it is expected to take even longer for employment to recover. Furthermore, the job losses during the crisis risk becoming permanent, with unemployed workers needing to acquire different skills in new and growing sectors to secure jobs.", "13. Although job growth had rebounded and unemployment rates had fallen to pre‑crisis levels by the end of 2010, quick employment recovery is not guaranteed in developing countries for at least two reasons. First, most of the 47 million new workers worldwide entering labour markets each year are searching for jobs in developing countries. Second, economic recovery has to be driven by the productive sectors in order to sustain economic growth. However, many job losses have occurred in the dynamic export sectors, suggesting the need for widespread structural change.[4]", "14. In addition, there remain acute concerns about job quality and worker vulnerability. In response to rising unemployment levels, many countries have enhanced labour market flexibility. However, in the absence of strong labour institutions, labour market deregulation has often lowered wages and employment conditions. This focus on labour market flexibility also risks impairing long-term growth potential, with workers stuck in a low pay/low productivity trap. A high turnover of workers, owing to greater labour market flexibility, discourages workers from acquiring training that would enhance labour productivity.", "B. Impact of global crises on national human resources development", "15. The global financial and economic crisis continues to have significant negative implications for human resources development in almost all countries. In advanced economies, the impact has been mainly through two channels: the increase in unemployment and a decrease in budgetary resources devoted to government education and training programmes.", "16. Many developing countries, particularly middle-income countries, appear to have weathered the global financial crisis well. However, pre-existing socio-economic challenges are expected to adversely affect long-term human resources development in view of, inter alia, the job-poor economic recovery, high youth unemployment and volatile food and energy prices.", "Reduced fiscal investment in human resources development", "17. The fiscal positions of the advanced economies have deteriorated substantially as a result of the crisis. The sovereign debt of advanced economies is likely to increase drastically over the next few years, owing mainly to reduced revenues and large unfunded liabilities. To manage debt, many governments in developed countries are facing increasing pressures to reduce social expenditure in the medium term. In some countries, austerity-induced funding cuts have already taken effect, adversely affecting numerous social programmes supporting human resources development.", "18. For example, Latvia has made significant cuts in health and reduced public funding in education by half from the 2008 level. Ireland has raised prescription, hospital and nursing home payments, made numerous cuts in education and reduced support for job training programmes. Denmark has proposed to significantly reduce student grants. In the United States of America, most school districts have implemented cuts in education programmes, reducing the number of teachers and their salaries. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has proposed nearly doubling university fees after a 14 per cent cut in university budgets in 2010. Greece and Italy have implemented pay freezes on public sector workers, including those in education and health care. France has announced the elimination of 100,000 public sector jobs, many in education and health care, by replacing only half of those retiring and reducing public sector pay.", "19. While the majority of developing countries have managed to sustain social sector budgets, tightening fiscal policies have resulted in spending freezes or cuts in education, health and other human resources development expenditures in some countries.[5] The shrinking pool of financial resources for education is forcing some countries to delay or defer funds for education (e.g. early childhood education and literacy programmes) or withhold increases in education expenditure despite increasing enrolment, as well as cut spending for higher education.", "20. The decline in ODA flows may also adversely affect human resources development in developing countries. There are clear indications that health budgets have tightened in African countries as a result of reduced funding by donors, among other reasons.[6] This will have serious consequences, as many African countries rely on external funding for a substantial proportion of their health expenditure. In 2008, 23 countries received between 20.3 and 63.5 per cent of their total health funding from external sources. Also, the share of external assistance to basic education has been static since 2002, and decreased by 6 per cent between 2007 and 2008 in sub‑Saharan Africa.[7]", "21. In addition to having long-term consequences on human resources development, the depletion of resources also has a short-term effect on training and skills development. Most labour markets are already burdened by a surplus of unemployed and underemployed youth, due in part to mismatches between skills in demand and skills acquired. As such, it has become necessary to “retool”, retrain and to upgrade the skills of the unemployed and underemployed. In addition to strengthening employment policies and labour market institutions, upgrading skills through improved educational outcomes, vocational and on-the-job training and the acquisition of new technologies has become increasingly critical.", "High and volatile food and energy prices", "22. Recent high food and energy prices have put pressure on human resources development in many developing countries. Low-income food-deficit countries have been hit the hardest. While high food prices can potentially benefit producers, they harm net food buyers (those who do not produce enough to cover their food needs). Higher prices in international markets have not triggered positive supply responses by farmers in developing countries.", "23. At the community and household levels, high food and energy prices often lead to changes in consumption patterns. Growing difficulties in access to food may lead to risky coping strategies, including distress asset sales, the withdrawal of children from school, cutbacks of health-care expenses and worsening of diets and food intake. Nutritional deficiencies and chronic hunger are the most immediate consequences affecting people’s mental and physical abilities to work, which in turn lead to losses in productivity and income. The high cost of energy exacerbates the living conditions of poor households, especially those with already limited access to electricity, increasing their reliance on biomass for cooking. Higher oil prices increase farmers’ production costs and the processing and distribution of agricultural commodities, thus further increasing food prices.", "Reducing employability", "24. The global crisis has diminished the long-term employability of many entry-level workers. Young people are currently nearly three times more likely to be unemployed and are more likely to be in vulnerable jobs in most regions.[8] In both developed and developing countries, youth unemployment and underemployment rates have reached alarming levels. At the end of 2010, there were an estimated 77.7 million unemployed young people,[9] marginally down from 79.6 million in 2009, but still far more than the 73.5 million total in 2007. The rate of global youth unemployment stood at 12.6 per cent in 2010.³", "25. Even before the crisis, existing human resources were not fully utilized as a result of below-potential economic growth, poorly functioning labour market institutions and/or the mismatch between the skills of workforces and labour market demand. However, a new surge in the unemployed, especially among young people, will have long-term implications for national human resources development, not only because their inputs are not efficiently utilized, but also because their future productivity will be constrained.", "26. In addition, gender inequality is exacerbated by the global crisis, increasing risks, particularly for young women. When crises and other factors weaken young women’s capacity and undermine their social and economic advancement, it exacerbates chronic poverty, including by increasing the likelihood of transmitting poverty to the next generation.", "27. The economic capacity of those who are unable to get jobs declines over time, as they are more likely to be ill-equipped when the economy recovers. Higher unemployment also reduces the sources of income normally spent on food, health care and education, and thus reduces the overall capacity and well-being of the workforce. This has an especially negative impact on young people, as they are at the age when skills formation is normally high. Some youth, however, may pursue additional education because of the lack of available jobs. For example, several Latin American countries observed a fall in the labour supply among young people because they remained in the educational system longer after the crisis hit.", "28. Skills training can also help to delay entry into the labour market. Such training should, however, be designed to lead to employment and income-generating opportunities, through combination with on-the-job training, job search assistance, career guidance and counselling. Technical vocational education and training systems not only create an entry-level pathway from school to a skilled job, but also retool workers to improve their employability. Recognizing their potential to meet the needs of both youth and employers, an increasing number of countries are focusing on such systems as an important policy agenda.[10] Some Governments, in collaboration with the business community, legislatures and academia, have developed “retooling strategies” for youth that aim to identify likely skill gaps and shortages in the near future.", "III. Challenges and opportunities in national human resources development", "29. Globalization has created opportunities and challenges for human resources development. Information and communications technologies and other innovative technologies have lowered functional, hierarchical and geographical barriers and drastically changed how labour markets operate. Private and public institutions are now able to reach out to the most talented workers in a cost-effective manner, which has created opportunities for talented individuals and countries with skilled workforces. On the other hand, this may also lead to brain drains for developing countries, while unskilled workers in developed countries may face greater job insecurity as migrant workers enter labour markets or jobs are outsourced to other countries.", "30. Continuous investment in human resources development for sustaining skilled workforces attuned to the demands of increasingly competitive global markets is therefore critical. A competent human resources base enhances productivity and economic growth in all sectors. However, simply enhancing the skills, knowledge and abilities of individuals may not be sufficient, as national economic competitiveness is measured not only by the aggregate skills of a country’s workforce, but also by the flexibility and capacity of the workforce to adjust to changing needs with speed and efficiency.", "31. Different types of skills are required at different levels of development. For example, increasingly interactive, adaptable, analytical and cognitive skills are necessary to achieve higher levels of labour productivity. As workers shift from one type of skill to another in a fluid labour market, there is a need to build “soft skills”, involving adaptability and flexibility, beyond occupational skills. Even for the public sector, new types of skills and capacity are required in such areas as effective communication, knowledge assimilation and management, strategic planning and the ability to coordinate a wide range of stakeholders in public, private and civil society institutions. A shift towards a green economy also requires reconciling the need for creating green jobs with adjustments needed in other economic sectors.", "32. There is a growing recognition that many educational and training systems are not adequately preparing human resources for changing needs, thus creating a mismatch between demand and supply. Although recognizing the problem, many developing countries have not yet been able to integrate emerging skill needs into the school curricula, formal education or training programmes.", "A. Human resources development and underutilized subgroups", "33. Demographic trends, including the “youth bulge” of new job seekers in Africa and the Middle East and the shrinking labour forces in Europe and in Central and East Asia owing to low fertility rates and ageing populations, pose another set of challenges beyond creating new jobs.", "34. Integrating disadvantaged groups, such as women, youth, minorities, persons with disabilities, or indigenous peoples, into the labour market remains a challenge. The low utilization of human resources means lost opportunities in terms of productive output, social security, income tax contribution and savings through lower welfare payments. Improving the educational achievement and labour market performance of marginalized groups will not only enhance overall national human resources capacity, but also positively contribute to the national economy.", "35. Maximizing the use of labour resources requires policies that reduce gender-based barriers to education, training and employment. Across regions, women tend to have lower economic activity rates than men. They are concentrated in fewer, often low-paid occupations in the informal sector. Women work fewer hours in paid employment (owing to the higher prevalence of part-time work) and have more career interruptions due to family responsibilities. This gender segregation in the labour market reflects stereotypes in education and the gender roles prevailing in society.[11] The efficient use of the female labour force can be promoted by increasing women’s participation in a wide range of occupations in formal employment.", "36. In general, the agriculture sector suffers from low human resources capacity, gender inequality and a lack of investment in new technologies and infrastructure. In many developing countries, where women play a key role in agriculture,[12] improving women’s productivity will result in increased food availability and agricultural productivity. According to recent estimates of FAO, if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4.0 per cent, which would in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent.", "37. Child labour, common in many regions, deprives children and adolescents of the chance to acquire skills and education, often permanently compromising their prospects. Decreased education leads to low-skilled workforces with exposure to low wages and vulnerable jobs. The prevention and elimination of child labour, allowing all children to benefit from education and training, would increase the likelihood of their obtaining gainful jobs and better incomes as youth and adults.", "B. Migration and human resources development", "38. With rising unemployment, many host countries have tightened immigration controls and introduced tougher requirements for migrant workers. Also, migrant workers tend to lose their jobs more quickly than other workers as a consequence of national policies or public pressures, during periods of economic slowdown when immigrants are often targeted for ostensibly making the situation more difficult. Migration has a significant impact on human resources development through a number of transmission mechanisms. The remittances of migrant workers increase household incomes and improve education and health outcomes in the countries of origin. Information, knowledge and skills brought back by migrant workers help innovation and entrepreneurship in their home countries. At the same time, the migration of skilled workers can lead to shortages of skills in the countries of origin, while high unemployment rates create outmigration pressure for skilled workers. The complexity of issues related to migration and their implications for human resources development need to be further examined from multiple points of view.", "39. In 2010, an estimated 214 million workers migrated to other countries, of whom 49 per cent were female, up from 195 million in 2005; despite a slowdown because of the economic crisis, the number continues to increase.[13] Six out of every ten international migrants (128 million) reside in developed countries today, while the majority of international migrants (74 million) originated in developing countries (see A/65/203).", "40. In countries where the majority live in poor socio-economic conditions, globalization acts as a “pull” factor, with the promise of better jobs and higher pay. At the same time, low wages, combined with unsatisfactory and often hazardous working conditions, act as “push” factors for outmigration. As a result, some developing countries face the problem of brain drain, losing their highly skilled human resources developed over many years.", "41. The outmigration of skilled workers, owing to high unemployment or an inadequate job supply, can be regarded as a brain drain. In many countries with high outmigration, unemployment is a chronic problem. Promoting migration as a strategy for solving unemployment, however, could lead to a loss of skilled labour needed locally, especially when opportunities to migrate abroad are concentrated in certain professions. For example, migration in the Pacific region is more skewed towards the skilled, partly because of the policies of the main destination countries, which favour skilled workers in certain professions. High migration rates can eventually lead to high outflows of skilled workers, especially in health and education.", "42. According to the World Health Report 2006, a substantial number of health workers leave their home countries each year, either temporarily or permanently.⁶ The World Health Assembly, acknowledging the complex issues surrounding the mobility of health workers, adopted the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010.[14]", "43. Other migrant workers acquire knowledge and skills in the countries to which they migrate. These skills can ultimately improve the quality of the workforce in their home countries. As a result, several countries have reacted with domestic job creation programmes combined with incentives to assist returning migrants to reintegrate into communities. However, low-skilled workers usually engage in low-skill activities in destination countries, which provide little chance for acquiring or upgrading skills. Strategic human resources development planning for outgoing and returning low-skill migrant workers will help to maximize the development benefits gained by migrant workers.", "C. Remittances", "44. Remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries amounted to $316 billion in 2009, down from $336 billion in 2008 (see A/65/203). The decline in overall flows was due to a steep decline in remittances from the top remitting countries in Europe, the United States and the Russian Federation. Many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which rely heavily on remittances, experienced as much as a 21 per cent fall in remittances. North Africa has also been severely affected by high unemployment in oil-rich countries. However, remittances overall remained resilient against the economic downturn and have rebounded significantly, although not back to pre-crisis levels.", "45. Remittances are increasingly playing a key role in enhancing human resources development in countries of origin, as a substantial amount of this income is used to finance education and health expenditures. Reviews of household surveys show that once basic consumption needs are met, remittances are increasingly spent for investing in businesses as well as for education. Evidence from Pakistan, the Philippines and the Pacific island countries shows that remittance-receiving households can afford to keep their children in school longer and can afford private education, usually perceived as being of higher quality.", "IV. Practical strategies for sustainable human resources development: lessons learned from national experiences", "46. In response to the effects of the global financial and economic crisis, many countries have implemented various temporary, medium- and long-term measures to retain, support and retool their human resources. Longer-term human resources needs in such areas as information and communications technology, green economy, intellectual property, the design of effective social protection programmes, the reduction of urban/rural gaps in education and health services and productive agriculture and rural development have also been addressed.", "Measures taken to respond to the global financial and economic crisis", "47. In a job-poor recovery, some advanced countries have opted to reduce workforces or freeze employment, while others have chosen to negotiate with labour unions to reduce working hours and/or wages to contain job losses. Other countries have implemented active labour market policies to integrate the unemployed into the workforce or to encourage employers to retain human resources during the crisis. Examples of such measures include job-retention subsidies and recruitment incentives, subsidies for job-sharing programmes, reductions in non-wage labour costs for hiring the unemployed, job search assistance and matching, business start-up incentives, work experience programmes, training programmes and investment in information technology for managing human resources information and processes.", "48. Measures have also been taken to make human resources development more cost-effective by improving teacher training, curricula and vocational training. Adoption of good practices could save considerable resources.", "49. The European Union created a European Globalization Adjustment Fund in 2007 providing €500 million annually to help unemployed workers obtain new skills or start up their own businesses. The programme was amended in 2008 to help workers affected by the financial crisis. In addition, a “New skills for new jobs” initiative was launched in 2008 to upgrade skill levels, improve forecasts of future job needs and increase dialogue between the business community and education providers.", "Investing in human resources through social protection programmes", "50. Even before the global crisis, a growing number of countries had devised comprehensive strategies to enhance the human resources development and income of poor households. Often combined with poverty reduction and social inclusion strategies, such comprehensive social protection programmes have proven effective in both mitigating immediate economic shocks and contributing to human resources development.", "51. Successful social protection programmes, including conditional and non‑conditional cash transfers, social pensions and employment guarantee schemes, are well documented (see E/CN.5/2011/2). Typical conditional cash transfer programmes target poor families with children, and consist of small cash grants and transfers in kind conditional on children’s school attendance and regular health check-ups. By offsetting the costs of education and health care, such programmes are designed to increase school attendance and retention and prevent disease and malnutrition, thus contributing to a better-educated and healthier workforce. They also safeguard families from various risks caused by unemployment, sickness, disability, old age and natural disasters.", "52. The Bolsa Familia programme of Brazil, the largest conditional cash transfer programme, provides monthly subsidies to more than 12 million poor families, conditional on school attendance and antenatal and post-natal care. The Oportunidades programme of Mexico substitutes isolated income transfers, such as in kind services (a package of health, nutritional and educational benefits) and price discounts, with targeted income transfers under certain conditions. The programme covers 5 million families, or 25 per cent of the population, with a budget of $3.3 billion in 2007. Other programmes, such as Argentina’s Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados, conditional on school attendance and immunization, also offer training for participants to develop new vocational skills.", "53. A variety of social protection initiatives are emerging in Asia. China’s minimum living standards guarantee schemes provides regular cash and/or in kind support to poor households, covering 66 million, or nearly 5 per cent, of the population in 2008. The Benazir Income Support programme in Pakistan aims to increase the purchasing power of economically vulnerable families. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino programme of the Philippines is a comprehensive national poverty reduction and social development strategy, enabling poor families to invest in human resources by offsetting the costs of both health care and education.[15]", "54. In sub-Saharan Africa, social protection programmes target mainly the most vulnerable and often integrate cash transfers with service provisions. The Productive Safety Net programme of Ethiopia was shifting away from emergency food aid distribution, providing transfers to 8 million food-insecure households by the end of 2008. The programme provides transfers in cash and/or food in return for work and direct support to households with no labour or other means of support. In Kenya, a cash transfer programme for orphans and vulnerable children, covering 100,000 households and 230,000 orphans and vulnerable children, combines transfers to households in extreme poverty with conditionality on health care and school attendance.", "55. Various innovative initiatives are being implemented to improve employability and generate short- and long-term employment opportunities for vulnerable communities. Activities include small-scale labour-intensive public works, targeted schemes to support the employment of individuals belonging to marginalized groups and wage subsidy schemes for encouraging small- and medium-sized enterprises to hire job-seeking youth. Social protection programmes encourage labour market participation in low- and middle-income countries through guaranteed public work opportunities.[16]", "56. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of India, the largest of its kind in the world, is based on a statutory right to 100 days of work annually at the minimum wage. In 2007-2008, it provided jobs for almost 34 million rural households at a cost of 0.3 per cent of gross domestic product. More than half the beneficiaries were agricultural and unskilled workers. The scheme enables families to acquire assets, such as livestock, and to increase spending on food and non-food items. The Expanded Public Works programme of South Africa (the second phase of which was launched in 2009) generates short- and medium-term employment by providing additional work opportunities (between 100 days and 24 months), combined with training in literacy, numeracy and vocational and business skills.", "57. Interventions to develop a healthy workforce may take years before results are observed; however, returns from such investments can be significant. Over the past 20 years, Brazil has trained and recruited more than 25,000 family health teams in remote and rural areas, covering approximately 60 per cent of the population. Ethiopia has trained 32,000 health extension workers since 2005 for deployment in remote health posts. Thailand introduced an integrated approach, called “local training and hometown placement”, which recruits students with a rural background to be trained as nurses and doctors in nearby communities. These efforts have reduced urban/rural gaps and improved health outcomes.", "Human resources development in emerging areas", "58. “Green growth” has been adopted as one of the regional strategies for achieving sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. A series of regional green growth policy dialogues, training-of-trainers sessions, seminars and national workshops have been conducted for government officials, policymakers and practitioners to strengthen their capacity to develop and implement green growth policies, strategies and road maps.", "59. For example, Cambodia has established a national green growth secretariat, and its interministerial green growth working group has developed a national green growth road map. Kazakhstan has conducted a national study on the application of green growth policy tools in strategic management and planning. The Astana Green Bridge Initiative for the Europe-Asia-Pacific Partnership for Green Growth was endorsed at the sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific in 2010. A pro-poor green business initiative based on the provision of renewable (biogas) energy, clean water and sanitation facilities has been developed in Samoa and replicated by other communities in Fiji, Vanuatu and other Pacific small island developing States.", "60. The need for information and communications technology (ICT) system capacity has increased, as ICT has become vital for socio-economic development in almost all countries. The use of ICT services has continued to grow despite the recent economic downturn. At the end of 2009, there were an estimated 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscribers globally. More than half of the total population in developing countries had access to mobile cellular services, and approximately 26 per cent of the world’s population had access to the Internet (64 per cent in developed countries and 18 per cent in developing countries or 14 per cent excluding China).[17] According to the World Bank, in Africa, access to telephone services, particularly mobile phones, escalated from 2 million users in 1998 to more than 400 million in 2010. The remarkable growth in Africa in the past decade, which attracted over $56 billion in private sector investment between 1998 and 2008, is due largely to the influx of mobile technologies.", "61. However, increasing Internet access requires addressing the challenge of providing universal access to broadband networks. Broadband is now seen as an essential element of national infrastructure, like transport, water and energy networks. The availability and use of broadband infrastructure enables Governments to transform service delivery and promote business, innovation and competitiveness. However, fully exploiting the potential benefits of a broadband economy requires the development of a broad range of new expertise and skills at different levels across societies, including formulating and implementing ICT policies.[18]", "62. To promote the adoption of broadband-friendly practices and policies, the Broadband Commission was established by ITU and UNESCO so that all people could take advantage of its benefits. The role of broadband for human resources development and education is a key topic for the Commission, and a working group on the issue has been established.", "63. Some countries have invested significant ICT resources in education. In Singapore, the third master plan for ICT in education (2009-2014) aims to strengthen competencies for deeper learning and to encourage knowledge creation through ICT use. Jordan, recognized as a regional technology hub, has been building its ICT infrastructure and promoting ICT as a tool to improve human resources and foster economic development. Since 2003, the Government has put strong emphasis on the application of ICT and invested significant budgetary resources through its national education strategies to improve Internet penetration to 50 per cent to increase ICT revenues and employment.", "64. Rapidly changing technologies and the complexity of Internet protocol systems pose challenges for national institutions. Access to protected intellectual property is increasingly necessary for the private sector, Governments and research institutions. As a result, the need to enhance skills for intellectual property policy evaluation and management has become acute, particularly in developing countries.", "V. Role of the international community in formulating and implementing national human resources development strategies", "A. Role of the international community", "65. ODA flows are expected to decline with continued fiscal austerity in developed countries owing to greater sovereign debt following the global financial and economic crisis. The international community can sustain a level of engagement and support developing countries in strengthening their human resources through more targeted and cost-effective approaches. Renewed focus should also be placed on the least developed countries and countries with small economies where human resources development needs are the greatest.", "66. United Nations organizations have supported human resources development in emerging areas, such as the green economy, ICT, intellectual property, international maritime rules and standards and the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology. In addition, more comprehensive and integrated approaches have emerged in social protection programmes, creating agricultural and rural employment and addressing urban/rural gaps in health and education.", "67. UNESCO has monitored the impact of the crisis on the education sector in its member States through an initial exploratory survey examining education budgets in 50 developing countries,⁵ a more detailed examination of economic growth, revenues and education budgets in 12 countries,[19] and other studies to assess the magnitude and nature of the impact of the crisis on day-to-day school activities.", "68. FAO has recently adopted a corporate strategy on capacity development, clearly shifting from its traditional approach of providing training for individuals to enhancing national capacity for managing long-term change in agriculture and rural development. In 2010, WHO issued global policy recommendations to address the rural/urban maldistribution of health workers. WHO is working with partners to support national efforts in implementing those guidelines.", "69. The World Bank has been assisting developing countries in investing in the ICT infrastructure necessary for creating jobs and expanding production, services and trade. The Regional Communications Infrastructure programme in East Africa is one such initiative. ITU extended a series of capacity-building activities to develop skilled Internet and “new broadband economy” professionals through its academic and learning events.", "70. The United Nations Public Administration Network[20] offers various free online training tools and learning resources on innovative practices in governance and public administration. Its country studies[21] facilitate mutual learning among Governments and international, regional and national institutions for capacity development in the public sector.", "71. WIPO provides comprehensive capacity-development opportunities for developing countries, including through its worldwide Academy, e-learning, training on PATENTSCOPE research and patent information, technology and innovation support centres and WIPO Lex,[22] a database that provides free access to intellectual property legislation.", "72. To respond to the shortage of qualified and experienced human resources in developing countries, the Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme of IMO aims to enhance human and institutional capacities in implementing IMO rules and standards. The International Atomic Energy Agency supported capacity-building in the peaceful use and application of nuclear energy. It provides training, at the interregional, regional and national levels, on nuclear law, energy system analysis and planning, nuclear safety and security and the application of nuclear science and technology in key areas such as food and agriculture, health, water resources management and monitoring and protection of marine and terrestrial environments.", "73. Examples of capacity-building initiatives supported by ESCAP include the “Academy of ICT Essentials for Government Leaders” training programme, online green growth training-of-trainers programmes, the green growth portal of the regional network of policymakers, the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade and the United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade.", "B. Role of the private sector", "74. The private sector has a critical role in driving economic growth in developing countries. Public-private partnerships have emerged as a major option for developing and maintaining large-scale public infrastructure, including broadband, or in making basic service delivery more efficient. While careful design is needed, public-private partnerships could offer viable options for further enhancing human resources development, particularly when austerity measures are being undertaken by major donor countries.", "75. The UNDP Public-Private Partnerships for Service Delivery programme[23] seeks to increase access by the poor to basic services such as water, waste removal, energy, education and health by promoting inclusive partnerships among local governments, businesses and communities. Other successful public-private partnerships in the health sector include the GAVI Alliance and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "76. In addition, inclusion of the private sector in the formulation of human resources development strategies can be beneficial in identifying future growth sectors and the new skills required. Collaboration with the private sector can be also sought in skills development, on-the-job training and the recruitment and retention of young workers.", "C. Role of national Governments and development partners", "77. National Governments have primary responsibility for human resources development. Their vision and political will make a great difference. The recent financial and economic crisis has posed challenges to Governments, but has also brought opportunities. The existence of a comprehensive and coherent strategy enables Governments to strategically prepare their human resources, ensuring that they are attuned to future labour market needs and ready to take advantage of opportunities brought about by new technologies and innovation. Furthermore, sustainable long-term investment by Governments in human resources development is indispensable.", "78. In addition to comprehensive human resources development strategies, sectoral polices and strategies need to incorporate human resources dimensions. Donor countries may revisit their development aid policies and consider allocating ODA to strengthen human resources development in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. A review of ODA to examine the extent to which human resources development is supported through sectoral flows of ODA may also be helpful.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. Human resources development lies at the heart of economic, social and environmental development. A skilled, educated, healthy, capable, productive and flexible workforce, equipped with knowledge of newly emerging areas, is the foundation for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and social progress. As such, every country, regardless of economic status, needs to align human resources development with national development strategies.", "80. Many developing countries continue to face challenges in developing human resources sufficient to meet national economic and social needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often lag behind in formulating and implementing effective human resources development strategies.", "81. Underutilized human resources need to be fully integrated into labour markets. Effective use of ICT is also key to successful human resources development. As high and volatile food and energy costs continue to threaten food and energy security, particularly in rural areas, capacity to meet food and energy needs must be strengthened. Finally, comprehensive social protection programmes are integral to successful human resources development strategies.", "Recommendations", "82. The following recommendations should be considered:", "National level", "(a) Governments should place human resources development at the core of economic and social development and intervene effectively to enhance such development and to quickly and greatly reduce the share of the population in low-productivity jobs;", "(b) Upgrading human skills is necessary, as most jobs to be created are likely to be in new and innovative sectors, including in the “green economy”;", "(c) Countries with advanced economies should maintain or enhance measures to boost job-rich recovery, such as policies and incentives to enhance labour productivity and stimulate private investment, besides efforts to reduce budget deficits in the long term;", "(d) Governments should strengthen social protection systems to enhance human resources development;", "(e) Governments should better align education and training systems and labour market needs. School curricula and skills training programmes must be updated regularly in close consultation with employers;", "(f) Governments should strengthen labour institutions and regulations to respond in a timely manner to economic downturns by preserving jobs and protecting workers in vulnerable jobs;", "(g) Strategies to strengthen human resources development should incorporate efforts to invest in emerging sectors, particularly ICT and environmental enhancement;", "(h) Measures should be devised to reduce unemployment and underemployment among young men and women, who have been disproportionately affected by the job-poor recovery, including by providing incentives for recruiting, retaining and retooling, assistance in searching for jobs and matching jobs to skills, technical, vocational and on-the-job training and promoting youth entrepreneurship;", "(i) Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to employment, particularly gender barriers;", "(j) Innovative measures should be taken to maximize the benefits of migration while minimizing the negative effects. More integrated analysis should be carried out on migration patterns and the impact of migration from macroeconomic and labour market perspectives with a view to national human resources development;", "(k) Interlinkages among human resources development, energy, food security, agriculture and rural development should be better understood and addressed;", "International level", "(l) To align with national strategies, bilateral and multilateral donors should support developing countries in enhancing national human resources development. North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation should contribute to human resources development in developing countries;", "(m) Relevant United Nations entities and civil society actors, including the private sector, should shift their approach from training individuals to building institutional capacity to address long-term national human resources development needs;", "(n) Donors should consider dedicating more ODA to human resources development and study how sectoral aid could better support such development;", "(o) The feasibility of expanding public-private partnerships in developing countries should be examined, particularly for job creation and youth employment;", "(p) Efforts should be undertaken to lower remittance costs to maximize the benefits of migration for human resources development;", "(q) Governments, donors and United Nations organizations should support the Social Protection Floor initiative.[24]", "[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2).", "[2] International Labour Organization, Global Wage Report 2010/11: Wage Policies in Times of Crisis (Geneva, 2010).", "[3] ILO, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Jobs Recovery (Geneva, 2011).", "[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.12).", "[5] UNESCO, “The impact of the crisis on public expenditure on education: findings from the UNESCO quick survey”, Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector, No. 1 (Paris, 2009).", "[6] WHO, World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health (Geneva, 2006).", "[7] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011: The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011).", "[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ILO, The Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 5, June 2011.", "[9] Defined as those 15-24 years of age.", "[10] ILO, Increasing the Employability of Disadvantaged Youth: Responding to the Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis, Guidance Note (Geneva, 2010).", "[11] In the ECE region, women represent the large majority (three quarters) of tertiary students in health- and welfare-related subjects, but are a minority (one quarter) in engineering, manufacturing and construction.", "[12] FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2011).", "[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).", "[14] WHO, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1).", "[15] ESCAP, The Promise of Protection: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2011).", "[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating the MDGs with Equity, Social and Economic Policy Working Brief (New York, 2010).", "[17] ITU, Measuring the Information Society (Geneva, 2010).", "[18] ITU, The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011 (Geneva, 2011).", "[19] See UNESCO, document 184 EX/10.", "[20] See www.unpan.org.", "[21] See www.unpan.org/unpacs.", "[22] See www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.", "[23] See www.undp.org/pppsd.", "[24] See www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "A/66/150.", "Item 23 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues", "Human resources development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/218 on human resources development. The report outlines the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on human resources development and summarizes lessons learned from national approaches to preventing and overcoming the negative impacts of the crisis. It also examines new challenges and opportunities for human resources development in countries. Examples of new strategies for human resources maintenance and development at the national level in several countries were selected. The report highlights the role of the international community, including the United Nations system and Governments, as well as other entities, such as the private sector, in promoting human resources development and recommends future steps. Finally, the report makes recommendations based on interventions that countries have successfully implemented.", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/218, the General Assembly reviewed national experiences in implementing human resources development strategies and reviewed progress in implementation, challenges to date and prospects for the future. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on lessons learned from the global financial and economic crisis on human resources development needs in order to assist countries in preventing and overcoming the adverse effects of the crisis and to make progress on a more sustainable development path.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly recognized the importance of human resources development for the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for increasing opportunities for all people, especially the most vulnerable groups and individuals in society. The Assembly also recognized the need for more comprehensive, coherent and cross-sectoral approaches and mechanisms for human resources development in all countries, based on national development goals.", "3. Despite considerable efforts by many countries, particularly developing countries, challenges still need to be overcome to develop sufficient human resources to meet their development needs. Moreover, the lack of resources and capacity in developing countries often makes it difficult to design and implement effective human resources development strategies.", "4. At a time when countries needed to invest more in human resources to overcome the adverse effects of the global financial and economic crisis, the crisis had further reduced their capacity to meet the challenges in the area of human resources development. Recent slow and uneven economic recovery, rising unemployment and high and volatile energy and food prices have compounded an already difficult situation.", "5. The present report outlines the main features of the global financial and economic crisis and its interrelationship with human resources development. The report analyses the impact of globalization and high and volatile energy and food prices on national human resources development efforts and identifies practical strategies for sustainable human resources development in a wide range of areas. The report has been prepared in consultation with the following organizations, but not fully incorporating all of their contributions, taking into account space and other factors: the regional commissions, in particular the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Bank. Finally, the report makes specific recommendations for future action.", "II. Impact of the global financial and economic crisis on national human resources development", "A. Key features of the financial and economic crisis", "6. While the worst phase of the global financial and economic crisis appears to have passed, the impact of the global crisis is still felt by countries around the world. Moreover, in the almost two years since the crisis, the global economic recovery has been slow and uneven and has begun to decelerate and is expected to continue in the second half of 2011 and 2012, with fears of further downside risks. [1]", "7. High unemployment rates in the advanced economies, especially among youth, continue to threaten world stability. Developing countries, especially emerging economies, continued to recover at an uneven pace.", "8. In addition, many Governments abandoned countercyclical measures adopted in the early stages of the crisis and replaced them with fiscal austerity measures. In the face of widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt, many Governments have phased out economic stimulus measures on the grounds of fiscal consolidation. This is jeopardizing recovery led by many Governments, increasing the risk of long-term unemployment and further slowing the pace of global recovery. Many Governments are reducing social spending, particularly in the areas of education and health, which has a negative impact on long-term human resources development.", "9. Average monthly wage growth slowed from 2.8 per cent in 2007 to 1.5 per cent in 2008 and 1.6 per cent in 2009. [2] Even before the crisis, there was a trend towards slower wage growth and rising inequality. Real wages fell, affecting the purchasing power and well-being of workers, especially low-paid workers and their families. However, the downward trend varies from region to region. In Asia, the impact of the global crisis on real wage growth rates in 2008 (7.8 per cent) and 2009 (8.0 per cent) was weak. In Latin America and the Caribbean, real wages continued to grow in 2010/11 owing to increased labour demand, rising employment rates, temporary shortages of skilled workers and increased labour productivity.", "On the other hand, low-income developing countries and small middle-income countries are expected to continue to suffer the adverse effects of the global crisis. The main reason for this is that, while official development assistance (ODA) flows continued to grow positively in 2010, the slow recovery in the advanced economies is likely to slow in the near future. In addition, the external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased. In many other developing countries, commodity prices fluctuated sharply, especially oil and food prices, which surged in the first half of 2011.", "Many countries also face new challenges from the recovery of “low employment”, with high unemployment and underemployment rates. ILO statistics show that the number of unemployed in 2010 reached 205 million, an increase of 27.6 million over the pre-crisis period. The global unemployment rate rose to 6.2 per cent in 2010, up from 5.6 per cent in 2007. [3] From 2007 to the end of 2009, nearly 30 million jobs were lost worldwide and at least 22 million new jobs needed to be created to restore global employment to pre-crisis levels.", "12. The job market recovery generally lags behind the economic recovery. After the Asian financial crisis of 1997/98, the job market recovery took about three years. There is also evidence that it will take only one more time to restore the job market to pre-recession levels. With unemployment rising more rapidly than ever before as a result of the global crisis, employment recovery will be longer. In addition, as unemployed workers have to learn the skills needed to secure employment in new and rapidly developing sectors, the jobs lost in the crisis may never be returned.", "13. Despite the recovery in employment growth in developing countries and the return of unemployment to pre-crisis levels by the end of 2010, they were unable to ensure a rapid recovery in their employment markets. There are at least two reasons for this: first, there are 47 million new workers entering the labour market globally each year, most of them seeking work in developing countries; and second, economic recovery must be driven by the productive sector in order to sustain economic growth. However, the loss of many jobs in a dynamic export sector points to the need for extensive restructuring. [4]", "14. In addition, the quality of employment and the vulnerability of workers remain of great concern. Many countries have increased labour market flexibility in response to rising unemployment. However, in the absence of a strong labour administration, the deregulation of the labour market often leads to a decline in wages and a deterioration in employment conditions. This focus on labour market flexibility may also place workers in a low-income/low-productivity circle, thus undermining long-term growth potential. The high turnover of workers in the more flexible labour market discourages them from training to increase labour productivity.", "B. Impact of the global crisis on human resources development in countries", "15. The global financial and economic crisis continues to have a significant negative impact on human resources development in almost all countries. It affects the advanced economies mainly in two ways: by increasing unemployment and reducing government budgetary resources for education and training programmes.", "16. Many developing countries, especially middle-income countries, have apparently survived the global financial crisis. However, given the low-employment economic recovery, the high youth unemployment rate and the high volatility of food and energy prices, existing socio-economic challenges will have a negative impact on long-term human resources development.", "Reduced financial investment in human resources development", "17. The crisis has led to a serious deterioration in the fiscal position of advanced economies. The sovereign debt of advanced economies is likely to surge in the coming years, largely as a result of reduced fiscal revenues and large unfunded liabilities. Many developed country Governments have reduced medium-term social spending under increasing pressure to manage their debt. In some countries, the financial cuts required by austerity policies have come into effect, affecting many social programmes that support human resources development.", "18. Latvia, for example, has significantly reduced funding for health care and reduced public funding for education to half in 2008. Ireland has increased fees for prescription drugs, hospitals and sanatoriums, reduced many education funds and reduced support for vocational training programmes. Denmark proposes a substantial reduction in student grants. Most school districts in the United States of America have cut education programmes and reduced salaries for teachers. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland proposes to reduce the University ' s budget by 14 per cent in 2010 and to double university fees. Greece and Italy have frozen salaries for public sector workers such as education and health. France announced that only half of the jobs for retirees would be filled, thus eliminating 100,000 public sector jobs, many of which were in the areas of education and health, and reducing public sector salaries.", "19. While most developing countries have managed to maintain their social sector budgets, fiscal austerity policies in some countries have led to the freezing or reduction of expenditures on education, health and other human resources development. [5] Declining funding for education has forced some countries to suspend or defer allocations for education (e.g., early childhood education and literacy education) or to keep growth in expenditure on education as enrolment increases and to reduce expenditure on higher education.", "20. Declining ODA could also have a negative impact on human resources development in developing countries. There are clear indications that African countries have reduced their health budgets, for example, as a result of reduced donor funding. [6] This will have serious consequences, as many African countries spend a large proportion of their health expenditures on external funding. In 2008, 23 countries received external funding as a percentage of their total health funding, ranging from 20.3 per cent to 63.5 per cent. In addition, the share of external assistance in basic education funding has remained constant since 2002, but in sub-Saharan Africa it decreased by 6 per cent between 2007 and 2008. [7]", "Resource depletion has long-term consequences not only for human resources development but also for training and skills development. The remaining labour force, consisting of unemployed and underemployed youth, has overburdened most labour markets, in part because of the mismatch between the skills required in the market and those learned by workers. It is therefore necessary to adjust, train and improve the skills of the unemployed and underemployed. In addition to strengthening employment policies and labour market management institutions, it is becoming increasingly important to upgrade skills through improved educational outcomes, vocational and in-service training and access to new technologies.", "High and volatile food and energy prices", "22. The recent high food and energy prices have put pressure on human resources development in many developing countries. Low-income food-deficit countries were hardest hit. While high food prices may benefit producers, they harm net food buyers (i.e. those who cannot produce enough food to meet their own food needs). Higher prices on international markets did not induce a positive supply response from farmers in developing countries.", "23. At the community and household levels, high food and energy prices often lead to changes in consumption patterns. Access to food is becoming increasingly difficult, which may lead to risk-taking coping strategies, including the sale of assets in difficult circumstances, the drop-out of children, the reduction of health-care costs and the reduction of the quality of diet and food intake. The most immediate result is malnutrition and chronic hunger, which affect people ' s ability to work physically and mentally, which in turn results in reduced productivity and income. High energy costs exacerbate the living conditions of poor families, especially those with minimal electricity, who are increasingly dependent on bioenergy for cooking. Higher oil prices, which increase farmers ' production costs and the cost of processing and distributing agricultural products, further push food prices.", "Reducing employability", "24. The global crisis has weakened the long-term employability of many entry-level workers. Youth are currently nearly three times more likely to be unemployed than others, and in most regions they are more likely to be in vulnerable jobs. [8] Youth unemployment and underemployment rates are alarmingly high in both developed and developing countries. At the end of 2010, an estimated 77.7 million young people were unemployed,[9] down slightly from 79.6 million in 2009, but still well above 73.5 million in 2007. The global youth unemployment rate in 2010 was 12.6 per cent. 3", "25. Even before the crisis, existing human resources were underutilized because economic growth was below their potential, labour market institutions were not functioning well, and/or labour-force skills and labour-market demand were mismatched. However, the resurgence of unemployment, especially among young people, is bound to have a long-term impact on the development of national human resources, not only because their inputs cannot be used effectively, but also because their future productivity will be limited.", "26. In addition, the global crisis has exacerbated gender inequality, thereby increasing risks, especially for young women. Crises and other factors undermine the capacity of young women and reduce their social and economic status, which will exacerbate chronic poverty, including increasing the likelihood of poverty being passed on to the next generation.", "27. The economic capacity of people without access to work is declining, as they are more likely to be less prepared when the economy recovers. Rising unemployment also reduces the sources of income that are usually used for food, health and education, thus undermining the overall capacity and well-being of the labour force. This has a particularly negative impact on young people, who are in age groups where skills formation is often more dynamic. However, some young people may continue their education because they are unable to find work. For example, in some Latin American countries, a decrease in the youth labour force was observed as a result of the prolonged stay in the education system following the crisis.", "28. Skills training also contributes to delayed entry into the labour market. However, such training should be designed to combine on-the-job training, assistance in job search, career guidance and counselling, and create employment and income-generating opportunities. The technical and vocational education and training system not only creates an initial step from school to a job in need of skilled skills, but also trains workers to acquire new skills and improve their employability. A growing number of countries, recognizing their potential to meet the needs of young people and employers, are focusing on refining such systems as an important policy agenda. [10] A number of Governments, in collaboration with the business community, legislative bodies and academia, have developed “remodelling strategies” for young people in order to identify possible skills gaps and shortages in the near future.", "III. Challenges and opportunities for human resources development in countries", "Globalization presents opportunities and challenges for human resources development. ICT and other innovative technologies reduce functional, hierarchical and geographical barriers and significantly change the way labour markets operate. Private and public institutions are now able to reach out to the most talented workers in a cost-effective manner, creating opportunities for talented people and countries with highly skilled labour. On the other hand, it may also lead to brain drain from developing countries, while the employment of unskilled workers in developed countries may be more insecure as migrant workers enter the labour market or are outsourced to other countries.", "30. It is therefore essential to sustain investment in human resources development and to maintain a skilled workforce able to adapt to the demands of increasingly competitive global markets. Building a capable human resource base increases productivity and economic growth in all sectors. However, improving individual skills, knowledge and capabilities may not be sufficient, as the economic competitiveness of a country depends not only on the overall skills of its workforce, but also on its flexibility and ability to adapt quickly and effectively to changing needs.", "Different levels of development require different skills. Increasing labour productivity, for example, requires continuous improvement in interaction, adaptation, analysis and cognitive skills. In a changing labour market, workers need to use different types of skills alternately, and therefore need to develop “soft skills”, i.e. adaptive capacity and flexibility in addition to vocational skills. Even in the public sector, new skills and capacities are needed in the areas of effective communication, absorption and management of knowledge, strategic planning and coordination of the capacities of stakeholders in public, private and civil society institutions. In moving towards a green economy, there is also a need to take into account, on the one hand, the need to create green jobs and, on the other, the need for adjustments in other economic sectors.", "32. It is increasingly recognized that many education and training systems do not adequately match human resources to changing needs, leading to a mismatch between supply and demand. While many developing countries are aware of this problem, new skills needs are still not integrated into school curricula, formal education or training programmes.", "A. Human resources development and underutilized sub-groups", "The “youth surge” among new job-seekers in Africa and the Middle East, and the decline in the labour force in Europe, Central Asia and East Asia due to low fertility and population ageing, as well as other demographic trends, present not only the challenge of creating new jobs, but also another type of challenge.", "34. The integration of vulnerable groups such as women, young people, minorities, persons with disabilities or indigenous peoples into the labour market remains a challenge. Low human resources utilization means missed opportunities in productivity output, social security, income tax payments and increased savings through reduced benefits. Improving the educational achievements of marginalized groups and their performance in the labour market will not only improve the overall human resource capacity of the country, but will also make a positive contribution to the national economy.", "35. Maximizing the use of labour resources requires policies to reduce gender barriers to education, training and employment. In all regions, women tend to have lower rates of economic activity than men. They tend to be concentrated in the informal sector and in fewer and often lower-paid occupations. Since part-time work is more common among women, they have fewer hours of paid work and more career breaks due to family responsibilities. This gender segregation in the labour market is a reflection of stereotypes in education and the prevailing gender roles in society. [11] The effective use of the female labour force can be promoted by increasing the number of women employed in all sectors of the formal sector.", "36. In general, the agricultural sector suffers from low human resource capacity, gender inequality and lack of investment in new technologies and infrastructure. In many developing countries, women play a key role in agriculture,[12] so that increasing women ' s productivity will increase food availability and agricultural productivity. According to recent FAO estimates, if women were given the same productive resources as men, they could increase agricultural production by 20 to 30 per cent. This will result in a 2.5 to 4 per cent increase in total agricultural output in developing countries, which in turn will reduce world hunger by 12 to 17 per cent.", "37. Child labour, which is common in many regions, deprives children and adolescents of skills and education, often permanently destroying their future. Low-education results in low-skilled workers with low wages and job insecurity. It is important to stop and eliminate child labour and to provide all children with access to education and training, which will increase their chances of gainful employment and higher incomes as young people and adults.", "Migration and human resources development", "38. As unemployment rates rose, many host countries tightened immigration controls and imposed more stringent requirements on migrant workers. Moreover, during periods of economic slowdown, migrants were often attacked as a apparent cause of the deterioration of the economic situation, so that they often lost their jobs faster than other workers under national policies or public pressure. Migrants have an important impact on human resources development through a number of transmission mechanisms. Migrant workers send remittances to their countries of origin, increase household income in the countries of origin and improve education and health. Migrant workers bring back information, knowledge and skills to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in their home countries. At the same time, the migration of skilled workers leads to a shortage of skills in the country of origin, while high unemployment places pressure on skilled workers to emigrate. The complexity of migration-related issues and their impact on human resources development must be further examined from a variety of perspectives.", "39. In 2010, the number of workers migrating to other countries had increased from 195 million in 2005 to about 214 million, of whom 49 per cent were women; despite the economic crisis, the overall number of migrants continued to increase. [13] Today, 6 out of every 10 international migrants (128 million) live in developed countries, the majority of whom (74 million) are from developing countries (see A/65/203).", "In countries where the socio-economic situation of the majority of the population is poor, globalization is a “attractive” factor that has the potential to generate better jobs and higher wages. At the same time, low wages and unsatisfactory and often dangerous working conditions are factors that drive emigration. As a result, some developing countries face brain drain and lose their highly skilled human resources, which have been developed over the years.", "41. High unemployment rates or inadequate job availability, leading to emigration of skilled workers, can be considered as brain drain. In many countries with high rates of outward migration, unemployment is a chronic problem. However, the promotion of migration as a strategy to address unemployment could lead to the loss of skilled labour for local needs, which could be exacerbated by the concentration of migrant opportunities abroad in certain professions. For example, in the Pacific region, skilled workers migrate more often, partly because of the policies of major destination countries favouring skilled workers in certain professions. High migration rates may eventually lead to large outflows of skilled workers, especially in the areas of health and education.", "42. According to the World Health Report 2006, every year a significant number of health personnel leave their home countries temporarily or permanently. 6 In May 2010, the World Health Assembly, recognizing the complexities associated with the movement of health personnel, adopted the Global Code of Conduct for the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. [14]", "43. Other migrant workers acquire knowledge and skills in their countries of immigration. These skills can ultimately improve the quality of the workforce in their home countries. As a result, some countries have responded with programmes to create domestic employment on the one hand, and with incentives to facilitate the reintegration of returning migrants into their communities on the other. However, low-skilled workers are often involved in low-skilled activities in destination countries, with few opportunities to acquire or upgrade skills. Strategic human resources development planning is needed for low-skilled migrant workers who leave and return home, which will contribute to maximizing the development impact of migrant workers.", "C. Transfers", "44. In 2009, remittances to low- and middle-income countries amounted to $316 billion, down from $336 billion in 2008 (see A/65/203). The decrease in total remittances was due to a sharp decline in remittances from large European remittance countries, the United States and the Russian Federation. Many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia rely heavily on remittances, which have fallen by almost 21 per cent. North Africa has also been severely affected by high unemployment in oil-rich countries. Overall, however, remittances have resisted the effects of the recession and have rebounded significantly, although they have not yet recovered to pre-crisis levels.", "45. Remittances increasingly play a key role in promoting human resources development in countries of origin, as a significant proportion of remittances are spent on education and health. Household survey reviews show that remittances will be used more to invest in business and education once basic consumption needs are met. Evidence from Pakistan, the Philippines and Pacific island countries shows that families with remittances can increase the time spent by their children in school and can afford private education, which is usually considered to be of better quality.", "IV. Operational strategies for sustainable human resources development: lessons learned from national experiences", "46. In response to the impact of the global financial and economic crisis, many countries have implemented a wide range of temporary, medium- and long-term measures to maintain, support and adjust their human resources and to address long-term human resource needs in areas such as information and communications technology, the green economy, intellectual property rights, the design of effective social protection programmes, the reduction of rural-urban disparities in education and health services, and high-yield agriculture and rural development.", "Measures taken in response to the global financial and economic crisis", "47. In the low-employment recovery period, some advanced countries chose to reduce the total number of workers or freeze employment, while others chose to negotiate with trade unions to curb unemployment by reducing working hours and/or wages. Other countries have implemented active labour market policies during the crisis process, integrating unemployed persons into the working population or encouraging employers to maintain human resources. These measures include job retention subsidies and recruitment incentives, job sharing subsidies, reduction of non-wage labour costs arising from the employment of unemployed persons, job search assistance and job matching, start-up of business subsidies, work experience programmes, training programmes and investment in information technology for the management of human resources information and processes.", "48. Some countries have also taken measures to improve the cost-effectiveness of human resources development by improving teacher training, curricula and vocational training. The adoption of good practices could save significant resources.", "49. In 2007, the European Union established the European Globalization Adjustment Fund, which provides 500 million euros per year to help unemployed workers acquire new skills or start their own businesses. This programme was revised in 2008 to assist workers affected by the financial crisis. In addition, the “New Skills, New Jobs” initiative was launched in 2008 to improve the level of skills, to improve future job demand forecasting and to enhance dialogue between business and education providers.", "Investing in human resources through social protection programmes", "50. Even before the onset of the global crisis, a growing number of countries had devised comprehensive strategies to strengthen human resources development and raise the incomes of poor households. These comprehensive social protection programmes, often combined with poverty reduction and social inclusion strategies, have proven effective in mitigating direct economic shocks and in promoting human resources development.", "51. Successful social protection programmes such as conditional and unconditional cash transfers, social pensions and employment guarantee schemes are well documented (see E/CN.5/2011/2). Typical conditional cash transfer programmes target poor families with children, including small cash benefits and in-kind transfers, conditional on children attending school and regular health check-ups. These programmes contribute to improving the educational and health status of the working population by compensating for expenditure on education and health care, increasing school retention and attendance, and preventing disease and malnutrition. These programmes also provide protection for families against the risks posed by unemployment, disease, disability, old age and natural disasters.", "52. The Family Grant Programme in Brazil is the largest conditional cash transfer programme, which provides monthly subsidies to more than 12 million poor families, subject to school attendance and pre- and post-natal care. Mexico ' s opportunity programme replaced the use of isolated income transfers in kind (a package of health, nutrition and education subsidies) and price discounts with targeted income transfers in some cases. The programme reached 5 million families (25 per cent of the national population) in 2007, with a budget of $3.3 billion. Other programmes, such as the Argentine programme for unemployed heads of household, were conditional on school attendance and immunization, while training was provided to participants to develop new vocational skills.", "53. Various social protection initiatives have emerged in Asia. China ' s Minimum Living Standard Scheme regularly provides cash and/or in-kind support to poor families, covering 66 million families in 2008 (approximately 5 per cent of the national population). The Benazir Income Support Programme in Pakistan aims to increase the purchasing power of economically disadvantaged families. The Pantawid Pamilyang Piliipino programme in the Philippines is a comprehensive national poverty reduction and social development strategy that enables poor families to invest in human resources by compensating for health and education expenditures. [15]", "54. In sub-Saharan Africa, social protection programmes target the most vulnerable and often combine cash transfers with service delivery. Ethiopia ' s Productive Safety Net Programme is gradually reducing the distribution of emergency food aid, which has been transferred to 8 million families without food security by the end of 2008. The programme provides opportunities for cash transfers and/or food in exchange for work, providing direct support to households without labour or other support. In Kenya, a cash transfer project for orphans and vulnerable children, which covered 100,000 families and 230,000 orphans and vulnerable children, provided access to health care and schooling as a condition for cash transfers to extremely poor families.", "55. Countries have implemented a variety of innovative initiatives to improve the employability of vulnerable groups and to create short- and long-term employment opportunities for them. Such activities include small-scale labour-intensive public works, targeted schemes to support the employment of members of marginalized groups and wage subsidy schemes to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to employ young job-seekers. Social protection programmes encourage labour market participation in low- and middle-income countries through guaranteed public works opportunities. [16]", "56. India ' s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, the largest of its kind in the world, is based on a statutory right to at least 100 minimum wage working days per year. In 2007 and 2008, the programme provided jobs to nearly 34 million rural families at the expense of 0.3 per cent of GDP. More than half of the beneficiaries are unskilled agricultural workers. The scheme enables households to acquire assets such as livestock and to increase expenditure on food and non-food items. The Public Works Extension Programme in South Africa, the second phase of which began in 2009, creates short- and medium-term employment through increased job opportunities (100 days to 24 months), while providing literacy, numeracy and vocational and business training.", "57. Interventions to develop a healthy working population may take years to see results, but these investments can yield considerable returns. Over the past 20 years, Brazil has trained and employed over 25,000 family health teams in remote and rural areas, covering about 60 per cent of the total population. Since 2005, Ethiopia has trained 32,000 health extension workers to staff health posts in remote areas. Thailand has adopted an integrated approach called “Local Training, Home Placement”, which employs students from rural backgrounds and trains them as nurses and doctors in neighbouring communities. These efforts have reduced the urban-rural gap and improved the health situation.", "Human resources development in emerging areas", "“Green growth” has become one of the regional strategies for achieving sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. The region has organized a series of regional green growth policy dialogues, “training of trainers” training, seminars and national workshops for government officials, policymakers and practitioners to strengthen their capacity to develop and implement green growth policies, strategies and road maps.", "59. Cambodia, for example, established a national secretariat for green growth, and its inter-ministerial Green Growth Working Group developed a national green growth road map. Kazakhstan conducted a national study on the application of green growth policy tools in strategic management and planning. In 2010, the Sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific endorsed the Astana Green Bridge Initiative to promote green growth partnerships in Europe, Asia and the Pacific. Samoa has launched a green business initiative based on the supply of renewable (biogas) energy, clean water and sanitation and pro-poor, which has been replicated by other communities in Fiji, Vanuatu and other Pacific small island developing States.", "60. In almost all countries, ICT has become an important factor in socio-economic development and, as a result, demand for ICT system capacity has increased. Despite the recent economic downturn, the use of ICT services has continued to grow. At the end of 2009, there were approximately 4.6 billion mobile phone subscribers globally. More than half of the population of developing countries has access to mobile telephone services and about 26 per cent of the world ' s population has access to the Internet (64 per cent in developed countries and 18 per cent in developing countries (compared with 14 per cent excluding China)). [17] According to data provided by the World Bank, the number of telephone users in Africa, especially mobile phone subscribers, increased from 2 million in 1998 to over 400 million in 2010. Africa has registered significant growth over the past decade, mainly as a result of the introduction of mobile technologies, which attracted over $56 billion in private sector investment between 1998 and 2008.", "61. However, to increase Internet access, the challenge of universal broadband access must be addressed. Today, broadband, like transport, water and energy networks, is seen as an important component of national infrastructure. Once broadband infrastructure is established and used, Governments can shift the way in which services are provided to promote business, innovation and competition. However, the full realization of the potential benefits of the broadband economy requires the development of a wide range of new knowledge and skills, including the development and implementation of information and communication technologies, at different levels of society as a whole. [18]", "To promote the adoption of “broadband-friendly” practices and policies, ITU and UNESCO established the Broadband Commission to promote broadband benefits for all. The role of broadband in human resources development and education was an important theme for the Commission, and action groups on that issue had been established.", "63. Some countries have invested significant ICT resources in the field of education. Singapore ' s third master plan for information and communication technology in the field of education (2009-2014) aims to strengthen the capacity for in-depth learning through the use of information and communication technologies and to encourage knowledge creation. Jordan, which was considered a regional technology centre, was building its ICT infrastructure and promoting ICT as a tool for improving human resources and promoting economic development. Since 2003, his Government had placed special emphasis on the use of information and communication technologies and, through its national education strategy, had invested substantial budgetary resources aimed at increasing Internet coverage to 50 per cent in order to increase ICT income and employment.", "64. Rapid technological changes and the complexity of Internet protocol systems pose challenges to national institutions. There is an increasing need for the private sector, Governments and research institutions to access protected intellectual property rights. There is therefore an urgent need to improve the skills of countries, particularly developing countries, to assess and manage intellectual property policies.", "The role of the international community in developing and implementing national human resources development strategies", "A. Role of the international community", "65. Official development assistance (ODA) is expected to decline as a result of the increase in sovereign debt following the global financial and economic crisis and continued fiscal austerity in developed countries. The international community could maintain a degree of collaboration to support developing countries in strengthening human resources through a more targeted and cost-effective approach. In addition, the focus should be refocused to focus on least developed countries and countries with small economies with the greatest human resources development needs.", "66. United Nations organizations have been supporting human resources development in emerging areas such as the green economy, information and communications technology, intellectual property rights, international maritime transport rules and standards and the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology. In addition, social protection programmes have begun to adopt a more comprehensive and integrated approach to creating agricultural and rural employment and addressing rural-urban disparities in health and education.", "67. UNESCO conducted a preliminary exploratory survey of education budgets in 50 developing countries5 and conducted a detailed review of economic growth, income and education budgets in 12 countries,[19] and other studies to assess the scale and nature of the impact of the crisis on the day-to-day activities of schools in order to monitor the impact of the crisis on the education sector in member countries.", "68. FAO has recently developed an organizational capacity development strategy, which aims to strengthen national capacities to manage long-term changes in agriculture and rural development through a change in traditional practice of training individuals. In 2010, WHO issued global policy recommendations to address rural-urban disparities in health workers. WHO is working with partners to support national efforts to implement the guidelines.", "69. The World Bank has been assisting developing countries in investing in ICT infrastructure, which can create jobs and expand production, services and trade. The East African Regional Communications Infrastructure Programme is one such initiative. ITU has undertaken a series of capacity-building activities to develop skilled Internet and “new broadband economy” professionals through academic and learning activities.", "70. The United Nations Public Administration Network [20] provides free online training tools and learning resources on innovative practices in governance and public administration. Its country studies [21] could facilitate mutual learning between Governments and international, regional and national institutions and contribute to public sector capacity-building.", "71. WIPO offers comprehensive capacity development opportunities for developing countries, including the World College, e-learning, training on online access to PATENTSCOPE research and patent information, the Technology and Innovation Support Centre and the WIPO Legal Database on Free Access to Intellectual Property Legislation. [22]", "72. In response to the lack of qualified and experienced human resources in developing countries, IMO has implemented an integrated technical cooperation programme to enhance the capacity of individuals and institutions to implement IMO rules and standards. The International Atomic Energy Agency supports the building of a peaceful capacity for the use and application of nuclear energy. It provides training at the interregional, regional and national levels on nuclear energy law, energy system analysis and planning, nuclear safety and security and the application of nuclear science and technology in key areas such as food and agriculture, health, water resources management and marine and terrestrial environmental monitoring and protection.", "ESCAP supported capacity-building initiatives, such as the training programme of the Basic Academy for Information and Communication Technology for Government Leaders, the online Green Growth Training of Trainers Programme, the Green Growth Portal of the Regional Network of Policymakers, the Asia-Pacific Network for Trade Research and Training and the United Nations Network of Paperless Trade Experts.", "Role of the private sector", "74. The private sector plays a key role in driving economic growth in developing countries. Public-private partnerships have become an important means of developing and maintaining large-scale public infrastructure, such as broadband, or improving the efficiency of basic services. Well-designed public-private partnerships can be a viable means of further strengthening human resources development, especially when austerity measures are adopted by major donor countries.", "75. The UNDP public-private partnership service delivery programme [23] works to promote inclusive partnerships among local governments, businesses and communities to increase access to basic services such as water, waste removal, energy, education and health for the poor. Other successful public-private partnerships in the health sector include the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "76. In addition, the involvement of the private sector in the development of human resources development strategies can help identify future economic growth industries and new skills that are needed. It could also work with the private sector in skills development, in-service training and the recruitment and retention of young workers.", "C. Role of Governments and development partners", "77. Governments have the primary responsibility for developing human resources. Their vision and political will are crucial. The recent financial and economic crisis had challenged Governments, but at the same time presented opportunities. If Governments already have comprehensive and coherent strategies in place, they can strategically nurture their human resources to ensure that they are adapted to future labour market needs and are able to take advantage of the opportunities offered by new technologies and innovation. Moreover, long-term investment in human resources development by Governments must be sustainable and essential.", "78. In addition to developing comprehensive human resources development strategies, sectoral policies and strategies need to integrate the human resources dimension. Donor countries may wish to revisit their development assistance policies and consider allocating part of ODA to strengthening human resources development in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. It might also be useful to review official development assistance (ODA) and examine how ODA in all sectors could contribute to human resources development.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. Human resources development is at the core of economic, social and environmental development. A skilled, well-educated, healthy, lean, efficient and flexible workforce with knowledge in new and emerging fields is the basis for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and social progress. Each country, regardless of its economic situation, therefore needs to develop human resources in accordance with its national development strategy.", "80. Many developing countries remain unable to develop sufficient human resources to meet their national economic and social needs. In addition, developing countries often lag behind in the formulation and implementation of effective human resources development strategies owing to lack of resources and capacity.", "81. Underutilized human resources must be fully integrated into the labour market. The effective use of ICT was also key to the successful development of human resources. As food and energy costs continue to rise and fluctuate significantly, threatening food and energy security, especially in rural areas, the capacity to meet food and energy needs must be strengthened. Finally, comprehensive social security programmes are key to the successful implementation of human resources development strategies.", "Recommendations", "82. The following recommendations should be considered:", "National level", "(a) Governments should place human resources development at the centre of economic and social development, intervene effectively to strengthen human resources development and reduce rapidly and significantly the proportion of the population engaged in low-productivity work;", "(b) People's skills must be improved, as most of the jobs that will be created in the future are likely to occur in new and innovative sectors such as the “green economy”;", "(c) In addition to long-term efforts to reduce budget deficits, economically developed countries should continue to implement or strengthen measures to promote a job-rich recovery, such as policies and incentives to increase labour productivity and stimulate private investment;", "(d) Governments should strengthen social security systems and promote human resources development;", "(e) Governments should adapt their education and training systems to the needs of the labour market. School curricula and skills training programmes must be regularly updated in close consultation with employers;", "(f) Governments should strengthen labour systems and regulations to respond in a timely manner to economic downturns, protect employment and protect workers in vulnerable positions;", "(g) Strategies to enhance human resources development should include efforts to invest in new and emerging sectors, particularly in information and communication technology and environmental improvement;", "(h) Measures should be taken, including incentives, to promote recruitment, retention and rehabilitation, assistance in finding work, matching employment opportunities and skills, vocational and in-service training and youth entrepreneurship, in order to reduce unemployment and underemployment among young women and men, who are affected more than their proportion in the population in the recovery from lack of employment opportunities;", "(i) Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to employment, especially gender barriers;", "(j) Innovative measures should be taken to maximize the benefits of migration while minimizing its adverse effects. A more comprehensive analysis of migration patterns and the impact of migration should be carried out from a macroeconomic and labour market perspective, promoting human resources development in countries;", "(k) The interlinkages between human resources development, energy, food security, agriculture and rural development should be better understood and addressed;", "International level", "(l) Bilateral and multilateral donors should support developing countries in strengthening national human resources development in line with national strategies. North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation can facilitate human resources development in developing countries;", "(m) Relevant United Nations entities and civil society actors, including the private sector, should change their approaches to training individuals and to building institutional capacity to address long-term national human resources development needs;", "(n) Donors should consider devoting more official development assistance to human resources development and examine how to leverage aid to all sectors to better support human resources development;", "(o) The feasibility of expanding public-private partnerships in developing countries, in particular those that generate employment and promote youth employment, should be studied;", "(p) Efforts should be made to reduce the cost of remittances in order to maximize the benefits of migration for human resources development;", "(q) Governments, donors and United Nations organizations should support the Social Protection Floor Initiative. [24]", "[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[2] International Labour Organization, Global Wages Report 2010/11: Wages Policies in Crises (Geneva, 2010).", "[3] ILO, Global Employment Trends 2011: Challenges for Work Recovery (Geneva, 2011).", "[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[5] UNESCO, The Impact of the Crisis on Public Education Expenditures: Results of the UNESCO Rapid Survey, Series No. 1 on the Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector (Paris, 2009).", "[6] WHO, World Health Report 2006: Working together for Health (Geneva, 2006).", "[7] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011 - Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011).", "[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ILO, Employment in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 5, June 2011.", "[9] Defined as persons aged 15-24.", "[10] ILO, Enhancing the employability of vulnerable young people: Responding to the impact of the financial and economic crisis, Guidance Note (Geneva, 2010).", "[11] In the ECE region, the vast majority (three quarters) of tertiary students studying health and welfare-related courses are women, but only a few (one quarter) are women.", "[12] FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Bridging the Gender Gap for Agricultural Development (Rome, 2011).", "[13] Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Trends in International Migration: 2008 Revision (United Nations Database, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).", "[14] WHO, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, resolutions and decisions, annex (WHA63/2010/REC/1).", "[15] ESCAP, Protection Commitments: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, 2011.", "[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating Equity to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, Social and Economic Work Brief (New York, 2010).", "[17] ITU, Measuring the Information Society (Geneva, 2010).", "[18] ITU, the role of ICT in promoting growth in LDCs: Trends, challenges and opportunities for 2011 (Geneva, 2011).", "[19] See UNESCO, document 184 EX/10.", "[20] See www.unpan.org.", "[21] See www.unpan.org/unpacs.", "[22] See www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.", "[23] See www.undp.org/pppsd.", "[24] See www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPF/Brocure_Jun10_Eng.pdf." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目4", "联合国项目事务厅", "2010年联合国系统采购活动年度统计报告：货物和服务、国际项目人员、联合国志愿人员和研究金", "摘要 项目厅执行主任依照执行局第2007/38号决定向执行局提交关于联合国系统采购数据的本报告。以原文印发的报告全文可通过联合国全球采购网向执行局秘书处索取。本报告按供应国分列提供了联合国系统采购的详细情况。 2010年期间联合国系统各种资金来源项下的采购总额为145亿美元，比上年增加7.47亿美元。在发展中国家采购的份额增加了2.9个百分点，增至57.7%。 2010年的完整报告包括： (a) 关于联合国在发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购趋势分析的执行摘要； (b) 对与《联合国全球契约》签署公司签订的联合国合同的分析； (c) 按供应国开列的联合国系统联合采购表格； (d) 按单个联合国组织和按供应国开列的采购表格； (e) 从经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会成员国进行采购的总表； (f) 获采购最多的前20个发展中国家和经济转型国家总表； (g) 联合国系统采购最多的10种货物和服务； (h) 联合国各机构所采购货物和服务种类的机构份额比较分析； (i) 一个列述联合国系统采购的主要货物和服务(3万美元以上)的章节； (j) 按国籍开列的项目人员总表； (k)一份补编，其专题重点是采购及其对千年发展目标的贡献，其中概述了国际上对该主题的辩论情况、案例研究及业者和专家的意见。 \n决定所含要素：执行局不妨注意到联合国系统各组织采购活动年度统计报告(DP/OPS/2011/4)并欢迎其中所载数据列报和分析以及专题补编的关联性。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.联合国系统业务活动的货物和服务采购总额 5\n3.2010年联合国系统的10大供应国 6\n4.联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况 8\n5.向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 9\n6.按区域开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 10\n7.按联合国10大组织开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 12\n8.2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家 13", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)很乐意接受负责代表联合国收集和汇编联合国全系统采购数据的任务。", "2. 为响应大会2003年1月关于采购改革的第57/279号决议的要求，2010年的报告分析了在发展中国家和经济转型国家进行采购的情况，并审查了联合国系统的业绩。该决议鼓励联合国各组织增加从发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商采购的机会。在实现该目标方面已取得长足进展(见下文图3至8)。", "3. 此外，2010年的报告审视了联合国各组织向支持《全球契约》的供应商采购的情况。《契约》衡量联合国系统与认真履行企业社会责任的公司互动协作的情况，这是全球采购中日益重要的一个考量。虽然联合国各组织对《契约》签署方并无任何优待，但2006-2009年期间向《全球契约》注册供应商采购的数量显示了5%的增幅。", "4. 2010年的统计报告汇编了联合国36个组织提交的资料。欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)和维持和平行动部(维和部)等3个机构通过联合国日内瓦办事处(日内瓦办事处)和联合国采购司提交了它们的数据。项目厅完全依赖各报告实体的合作。总体而言，回复率令人满意，由于改进了报告工具，数据质量也有所提高。", "5. 货物数据按供应国报告，服务数据则按合同商总部所在地报告。采购订单和服务合同均按订约数额而不按所产生的支出进行报告。联合国大多数实体目前都无法根据货物原产国或根据实际支出报告数据。", "6. 2010年统计报告还有一份以采购方面当前问题为重点的年度专题补编。2010年补编的重点是采购及其对千年发展目标的贡献。这份补编概述了国际上对该主题的辩论情况，以及案例研究及业者和专家的意见。", "图1 2006-2010年货物和服务采购总额", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "二. 联合国系统业务活动的货物和服务采购总额", "7. 联合国各组织的采购总量(包括货物和服务)从2009年的138亿美元增至2010年期间的145亿美元，增幅为5.4个百分点。货物采购总量增加了6.81亿美元，增幅为10.7个百分点，而服务采购增加了6 600万美元，增幅为0.9个百分点。2006年至2010年，联合国的采购量从94亿美元增至145亿美元，主要原因是这一期间的货物采购增长了24亿美元，服务采购增长了27亿美元。", "8. 2006年至2010年，联合国系统的服务采购在采购总量中的份额增加，2006年首次略微超过货物的采购份额。2010年，服务份额仍然超出货物，尽管超出份额仅为2.8%，而2009年是7.3%。", "图2 2006-2010年采购货物和服务的比例", "[]", "三. 2010年联合国系统的10大供应国", "9. 2004年至2006年，联合国系统10大供应国在采购货物和服务总额中所占百分比份额呈现出有希望的减少趋势，从而意味着拓宽了联合国采购的地理分布。在2006年至2009年期间这一减少趋势出现逆转(见图3)，从而增加了联合国10大供应国在采购中所占百分比份额。在此期间，该百分比份额增加了12%；不过，2010年的百分比下降了0.9%。", "图3 联合国系统10大供应国在采购总量中所占百分比份额", "[]", "10. 联合国组织2010年的10个主要供应国(见表1)包括4个发展中国家，即阿富汗、苏丹、印度和巴基斯坦，它们占10个主要供应国中采购总量的34.8%。", "11. 阿富汗连续第二年名列联合国10个主要供应国，2010年，该国占联合国采购总量份额的百分比增加1.4个百分点。从阿富汗采购的主要是联合国开发计划署(开发署)和项目厅通过该国承包商实施的建筑、运输和排雷服务。", "12. 苏丹也是第二次榜上有名，保住了联合国第四大供应国的地位，尽管其在联合国采购总量中所占份额下降0.6个百分点。从苏丹采购的也是建筑和运输服务以及联合国采购司和世界粮食计划署(粮食署)采购的燃料油。", "13. 印度自2000年以来就榜上有名，2010年为联合国系统第五大供应国，在联合国采购总量中所占份额为3.9%，比2009年下降1个百分点。向印度的采购包括主要是儿基会购买的疫苗、药品和医疗设备。", "14. 巴基斯坦是第一次上榜，占总采购量的3.2%。从巴基斯坦采购的主要有粮食供应、住所、帐篷和野外设备、化肥和种子。这些物品分别由粮食署、联合国难民事务高级专员(难民高专)和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)采购。", "表1 2010年联合国业务10大供应国", "(单位：百万美元)", "国家 货物 服务 共计 占总数的 百分比", "美利坚合众国 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4", "瑞士 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8", "阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "俄罗斯联邦 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8", "联合王国 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4", "丹麦 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "法国 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1", "前10个国家共计 3 128.1 3 495.1 6 623.1 45.5", "总计 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0", "四. 联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况", "15. 下表列出了2009年和2010年联合国各组织的采购量。数据按照向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的百分比份额开列，这一比例2009年至2010年增加了2.8%。2009年至2010年采购总量增加7.47亿美元，因为联合国36个提出报告的组织中，有18个的采购量都比上一年有所增加。泛美卫生组织、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、粮食署和项目厅采购量的增幅最大。", "表2 联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "2009年 2010年\n 机构 货物 服务 共计 (%) 货物 服务 共计 (%)", "亚太经社会 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08", "西亚经社会 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88", "拉加经委会 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "粮农组织 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "原子能机构 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "农发基金 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "劳工组织 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23", "提高妇女地位研训所 未提交数据 0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29", "国贸中心 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62", "国际电联 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "禁止化学武器组织 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23", "泛美卫生组织 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30", "开发署 610.02 2 000.91 2 610.93 79.89 649.08 2 279.37 2 928.44 79.47", "非洲经委会 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86", "教科文组织 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "人口基金 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "难民署 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32", "儿基会 1 829.12 0.00 1 829.12 40.46 1 823.74 0.00 1 823.74 40.89", "工发组织 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "联合国/采购司 1 076.38 2 412.04 3 488.42 28.71 977.40 2 167.12 3 144.52 36.14", "日内瓦办事处 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "内罗毕办事处 12.54 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89", "项目厅 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1 015.52 79.62", "维也纳办事处 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "近东救济工程处 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "联合国大学 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18", "联合国志愿人员组织 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97", "万国邮联 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57", "粮食署 1 180.01 1 388.61 2 568.62 78.34 1 451.75 1 265.28 2 717.03 75.80", "世卫组织 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78", "知识产权组织 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "气象组织 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "世贸组织 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "共计 6 394.14 7 403.04 13 54.91 7 075.49 7 468.70 14 57.77 797.17 544.20", "五. 向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "16. 大会关于采购改革的第57/279号决议(特别是第6段)鼓励联合国各组织增加向发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商采购的机会。大会第61/246号决议(特别是第24段)重申了这一要求。作为回应，联合国各组织向这些国家的供应商发出了更多订单。2006年至2010年期间，这类订单稳定增长(见图4)，增加了62.6%。", "图4 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "17. 向发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购在2007年至2008年增加15亿美元和2008年至2009年增加6亿美元的基础上更上层楼，2010年又比2009年增加了近8.26亿美元。从发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购在联合国采购总量中所占份额从2009年的54.9%增至2010年的57.7%，而从工业化国家的采购从2009年的43.9%降至2010年的41.7%。从不明国别来源的采购从2009年的1.51亿美元减至2010年的7 950万美元。当有关组织的管理信息系统无法确定供应商原籍时，就不会列明国别。在过去3个提交报告的年度中，这方面一直呈下降趋势，这表明各机构报告机制的准确性有了进一步提高。", "图5 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(占联合国采购总量的百分比)", "[]", "[]", "六. 按区域开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "18. 2010年，所有区域的发展中国家和经济转型国家在联合国组织采购中所占份额都有所增加。较明显的是，亚太国家及拉丁美洲和加勒比国家在采购量中所占数量分别增加3.95亿美元和3.34亿美元。2006年至2010年，阿拉伯、非洲以及欧洲和独立国家联合体(独联体)等区域都享受了稳步的增长。", "图6 按区域开列2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "19. 来自发展中国家和经济转型国家的区域数据显示，除了阿拉伯和欧洲以及独联体外，所有区域的采购业务都呈上扬趋势。2009年至2010年，这些区域在联合国采购中所占的份额分别下降0.5和0.3个百分点。拉丁美洲和加勒比国家采购的百分比份额在2007年至2009年减少了，但2010年恢复了1.8个百分点。", "图7 按区域开列2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(占联合国采购总量的百分比)", "[]", "七. 按联合国10大组织开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "20. 图8以百分比形式说明联合国采购量最大的10个组织(占采购总额93%)2010年向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况，以及与2009年相比的百分比变化。图8右栏以降序详细列出了各组织的总量。", "图8 按联合国10大组织开列2009-2010年向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的百分比", "[]", "八. 2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家", "21. 总体而言，从前20个发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的货物和服务占联合国采购总量的36.6%，比2009年增加了2.8个百分点。关于在表3所列各国的采购量趋势、所采购货物和服务的类别以及联合国各组织所采购份额的详细概述，请查阅《2010年联合国采购年度统计报告》第40页及以后各页提供的关于这些国家的采购简介。", "表3 2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家", "(单位：百万美元)", "国家 货物 服务 共计 占总数百分比", "阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "阿根廷 248.1 96.4 344.5 2.4", "肯尼亚 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "秘鲁 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8", "埃塞俄比亚 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "巴西 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "南非 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4", "乌克兰 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "刚果民主共和国 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1", "约旦 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "中国 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0", "巴拿马 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0", "乌干达 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9", "海地 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9", "印度尼西亚 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "黎巴嫩 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7", "前20个国家 2 538.1 2 810.2 5 348.3 36.8", "总计 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 4 of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "Annual statistical report on the procurement activities of the United Nations system, 2010", "Goods and services, international project personnel, United Nations volunteers, and fellowships", "Contents", "I. Introduction 3", "II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system 4", "III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010 5", "IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 7", "V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 8", "VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region 9", "VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations 10", "VIII. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 11", "I. Introduction", "1. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is pleased to be tasked with the responsibility to collect and compile system-wide procurement data on behalf of the United Nations.", "2. The 2010 report analyses procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and examines United Nations system performance, in response to General Assembly resolution 57/279 of January 2003 on procurement reform. This resolution encouraged United Nations organizations to increase opportunities for vendors in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Significant progress has been made towards achieving that objective (see Figures 3-8 below).", "3. In addition, the 2010 report looks at procurement by United Nations organizations from vendors that support the “Global Compact”. The Compact measures engagement by the United Nations system with companies that take corporate social responsibility seriously, an increasingly important consideration in the global marketplace. While United Nations organizations give no preferential treatment to Compact signatories, the volume of procurement with registered Global Compact vendors shows an increase of 5 per cent over the period 2006-2009.", "4. The 2010 statistical report compiles information supplied by 36 United Nations organizations. Three agencies – the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) – submitted their data via the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD). UNOPS relies entirely on the cooperation of the reporting entities. In general, response rates were satisfactory, and data quality has improved due to better reporting tools.", "5. Data are reported on goods, based on country of supplier, and on services, depending on the location of contractors’ head offices. Procurement orders and service contracts are reported by contract amount rather than by expenditures incurred. Most United Nations entities are unable at present to report data based on the country of origin of goods, or on actual expenditures.", "6. The 2010 statistical report features an annual thematic supplement that focuses on current issues in procurement. For 2010, the focus of the supplement is on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The supplement provides an overview of the international debate on the subject, as well as case studies and contributions from practitioners and experts.", "Figure 1. Total procurement of goods and services, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "[]", "II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system", "7. The overall procurement volume (goods and services combined) of United Nations organizations during 2010 increased to $14.5 billion, from $13.8 billion in 2009 – a gain of 5.4 per cent. The total procurement of goods increased $681 million, an increase of 10.7 per cent, while procurement of services grew by $66 million, an increase of 0.9 per cent. Between 2006 and 2010, United Nations procurement volume increased from $9.4 billion to $14.5 billion, attributable to a $2.4 billion growth in the procurement of goods and a $2.7 billion growth in the procurement of services for the same period.", "8. From 2006 to 2010, the procurement of services by the United Nations system rose as a share of total procurement, slightly overtaking the procurement share of goods for the first time in 2006. In 2010, the share of services still exceeds that of goods albeit only by a margin of 2.8 per cent compared to 7.3 per cent in 2009.", "Figure 2. Proportion of goods and services procured, 2006-2010", "[]", "III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010", "9. The percentage share of total goods and services procured from the top 10 major countries of supply showed a promising decreasing trend between 2004 and 2006, denoting a broadening of the geographical spread of United Nations procurement. Between 2006 and 2009 (see Figure 3) this downward trend has reversed thereby increasing the procurement share of the top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations. During this period the percentage share has increased by 12 per cent; however, it declined by 0.9 per cent in 2010", "Figure 3. Percentage share of total procurement volume of the top 10 countries to supply the United Nations system", "[]", "10. The 10 major countries to supply United Nations organizations in 2010 (see Table 1) included four developing countries, with Afghanistan, Sudan, India and Pakistan accounting for 34.8 per cent of the total procurement volume of the top 10 countries of supply.", "11. Afghanistan is among the 10 major countries to supply the United Nations for the second year running, and increased its share of total United Nations procurement volume by 1.4 percentage points in 2010. Procurement from Afghanistan consisted primarily of construction, transport and demining services executed with national contractors by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNOPS.", "12. Sudan, also in its second year in this list, retained its position as the United Nations’ fourth largest supplier, despite a 0.6 percentage point drop in its share of total United Nations procurement volume. Procurement from Sudan also consisted of construction and transport services as well as fuel oils procured by the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD) and the World Food Programme (WFP).", "13. India has featured in this list since 2000, and in 2010 was the fifth largest supplier to the United Nations system, with a 3.9 per cent share of total United Nations procurement volume. This represented a decrease of 1 percentage point from 2009. Procurement from India included vaccines, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment procured primarily by UNICEF.", "14. Pakistan is on this list for the first time with a 3.2 per cent share of total procurement volume. Procurement from Pakistan consisted primarily of food supplies, shelter, tents and field equipment, fertilizers and seeds. These were procured by WFP, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) respectively.", "Table 1. Top 10 countries supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)", "Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n USA 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4", "Switzerland 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8", "Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Russian 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8 Federation", "United Kingdom 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4", "Denmark 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "France 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1", "Top 10 Total 3,128.1 3,495.1 6,623.1 45.5", "Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0", "IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010", "15. The following table lists the procurement volume of individual United Nations organizations in 2009 and 2010. Data are presented by the percentage share from developing countries and those with economies in transition, which has increased by 2.8 percentage points from 2009 to 2010. Total procurement volume from 2009 to 2010 has increased by $747 million, as 18 of the 36 reporting United Nations organizations increased their procurement volume over the previous year. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), WFP and UNOPS recorded the largest volume increases.", "Table 2. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "2009 2010\n AGENCY GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%) GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%)", "ESCAP 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08", "ESCWA 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88", "ECLAC 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "FAO 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "IAEA 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "IFAD 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "ILO 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23", "INSTRAW Data not   0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29 submitted", "ITC 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62", "ITU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "OPCW 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23", "PAHO 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30", "UNDP 610.02 2,000.91 2,610.93 79.89 649.08 2,279.37 2,928.44 79.47", "UNECA 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86", "UNESCO 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "UNFPA 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "UNHCR 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32", "UNICEF 1,829.12 0.00 1,829.12 40.46 1,823.74 0.00 1,823.74 40.89", "UNIDO 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "UN/PD 1,076.38 2,412.04 3,488.42 28.71 977.40 2,167.12 3,144.52 36.14", "UNOG 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "UNON 12.54 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89", "UNOPS 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1,015.52 79.62", "UNOV 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "UNRWA 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "UNU 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18", "UNV 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97", "UPU 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57", "WFP 1,180.01 1,388.61 2,568.62 78.34 1,451.75 1,265.28 2,717.03 75.80", "WHO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78", "WIPO 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "WMO 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "WTO 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "TOTAL 6,394.14 7,403.04 13,797.17 54.91 7,075.49 7,468.70 14,544.20 57.77", "V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition", "16. General Assembly resolution 57/279 on procurement reform (specifically paragraph 6), encourages United Nations organizations to increase sourcing opportunities for suppliers from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. General Assembly resolution 61/246 (specifically paragraph 24), reiterates the request. In response, United Nations organizations have placed more orders with suppliers from these countries. The growth of such orders has steadily grown over the 2006 to 2010 period (as shown in Figure 4), representing an increase of 62.6 per cent for the same period.", "Figure 4. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "[]", "17. In 2010, procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased by $826 million over 2009, further building upon the $600 million increase from 2008 to 2009 and the $1.5 billion increase from 2007 to 2008. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased from 54.9 per cent in 2009 to 57.7 per cent of total United Nations procurement volume in 2010, while procurement from industrialized countries decreased from 43.9 per cent in 2009 to 41.7 per cent in 2010. Procurement from unspecified countries decreased from $151 million to $79.5 million in 2010. Countries are unspecified when organizations cannot attribute the origin of the supplier in their management information systems. This has been a decreasing trend over the last three reporting years, indicating further improvements in the accuracy of agencies’ reporting mechanisms.", "Figure 5. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[][]", "VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region", "18. Developing countries and countries with economies in transition in all regions experienced growth in their share of procurement from the United Nations organizations in 2010. Notably, the Asia and Pacific States and the Latin America and Caribbean States have increased their shares of procurement by $395 million and $334 million respectively. The Arab, Africa and Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regions enjoyed continued steady growth in the period from 2006 to 2010.", "[]Figure 6. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "19. Regional data from developing countries and countries with economies in transition show that all regions except the Arab and the European and CIS regions have seen an upward trend in procurement business. The percentage share of United Nations procurement from these regions decreased from 2009 to 2010 by 0.5 and 0.3 per cent respectively. The Latin American and Caribbean States experienced a decrease in procurement share from 2007 to 2009, but recovered by 1.8 per cent in 2010.", "Figure 7. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[]", "VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations", "20. Figure 8 represents percentage of procurement volume for the 10 largest United Nations organizations (accounting for 93 per cent of total procurement), from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in 2010, as well as the percentage change compared with 2009. Organizations are listed in descending order by total volume, detailed in the section to the right in Figure 8.", "Figure 8. Top 10 United Nations organization percentage of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 2009-2010", "[]", "VIII. 20 developing countries and countries with economies transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010", "21. In total, procurement of goods and services from the top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition represents 36.8 per cent of overall United Nations procurement volume, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2009. For a detailed overview of procurement volume trends, categories of goods and services procured, and United Nations organizations shares for each of the countries listed in Table 3, please refer to the procurement profiles of these countries available in the 2010 Annual Statistical Report, page 40 and onwards.", "Table 3. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)", "Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "Argentina 248.1 96.4 344.5 2.4", "Kenya 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "Peru 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8", "Ethiopia 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "Brazil 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "South Africa 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4", "Ukraine 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4", "United Arab Emirates 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "Congo, Dem. Rep. 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1", "Jordan 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "China 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0", "Panama 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0", "Uganda 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9", "Haiti 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9", "Indonesia 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "Lebanon 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7", "Top 20 2,538.1 2,810.2 5,348.3 36.8", "Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 4 of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "Annual statistical report on United Nations system procurement activities, 2010: goods and services, international project personnel, United Nations Volunteers and fellowships", "The Executive Director of UNOPS submits the present report on procurement data for the United Nations system to the Executive Board in accordance with Executive Board decision 2007/38. The full text of the report in its original language is available through the United Nations Global Marketplace to the Executive Board secretariat. Details of United Nations system procurement by country of supply are provided in the present report. Total procurement under various sources of funding of the United Nations system during 2010 was $14.5 billion, an increase of $747 million over the previous year. The share of procurement from developing countries increased by 2.9 percentage points to 57.7 per cent. The full report for 2010 includes: (a) an executive summary of the analysis of United Nations procurement trends in developing countries and countries with economies in transition; (b) an analysis of United Nations contracts with United Nations Global Compact signatories; (c) a joint United Nations system procurement form by supplier country; (d) a procurement table by individual United Nations organizations and by supplier country; (e) a summary of procurement from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; (f) a summary of the top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition that have received the most procurement; (g) a comparative analysis of the agency share of the types of goods and services procured by the United Nations system; (i) a section outlining major goods and services procured by the United Nations system (over $30,000); (j) a summary of project personnel by nationality; and (k) a supplement, with a thematic focus on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals, outlining the international debate on the subject, case studies and the views of practitioners and experts. Elements contained in the decision: The Executive Board may wish to take note of the annual statistical report on the procurement activities of United Nations system organizations (DP/OPS/2011/4) and welcome the data presentation and analysis contained therein, as well as the relevance of the thematic supplement.", "Contents", "Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is pleased to be mandated to collect and compile United Nations system-wide procurement data on behalf of the United Nations.", "2. In response to General Assembly resolution 57/279 of January 2003 on procurement reform, the 2010 report analysed procurement in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and reviewed the performance of the United Nations system. The resolution encouraged United Nations organizations to increase procurement opportunities for vendors from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Considerable progress has been made towards that goal (see figures 3 to 8 below).", "3. In addition, the 2010 report examined procurement by United Nations organizations from vendors supporting the Global Compact. The Compact measures the engagement of the United Nations system with companies that take corporate social responsibility seriously, an increasingly important consideration in global procurement. While United Nations organizations do not give any preferential treatment to Compact signatories, the volume of procurement from registered Global Compact vendors during the period 2006-2009 shows a 5 per cent increase.", "4. The 2010 statistical report compiled information submitted by 36 United Nations organizations. Three agencies, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), submitted their data through the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the United Nations Procurement Division. UNOPS relies entirely on the cooperation of reporting entities. Overall, the response rate was satisfactory and data quality improved as a result of improved reporting tools.", "5. Goods data are reported by country of supply and service data by location of contractor ' s headquarters. Purchase orders and service contracts are reported on a contractual basis rather than as expenditure incurred. Most United Nations entities are currently unable to report data based on the country of origin of the goods or on actual expenditure.", "6. The 2010 statistical report also includes an annual thematic supplement focusing on current issues in procurement. The 2010 Supplement focuses on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The supplement provides an overview of the international debate on the subject, as well as case studies and contributions from practitioners and experts.", "Figure 1 Total procurement of goods and services, 2006-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system", "7. Total procurement by United Nations organizations (including goods and services) increased from $13.8 billion in 2009 to $14.5 billion during 2010, an increase of 5.4 percentage points. Total procurement of goods increased by $681 million, or 10.7 percentage points, while procurement of services increased by $66 million, or 0.9 percentage points. The volume of United Nations procurement increased from $9.4 billion to $14.5 billion between 2006 and 2010, owing mainly to an increase of $2.4 billion in the procurement of goods and $2.7 billion in the procurement of services during the period.", "8. Between 2006 and 2010, the United Nations system increased its share of procurement of services in total procurement, slightly exceeding, for the first time, its share of procurement of goods in 2006. In 2010, the share of services continued to exceed goods, although only 2.8 per cent, compared to 7.3 per cent in 2009.", "Figure 2 Proportion of goods and services procured, 2006-2010", "[Chuckles]", "III. Top 10 providers of the United Nations system in 2010", "9. Between 2004 and 2006, the 10 major suppliers of the United Nations system showed a promising downward trend in their share of total procurement of goods and services, implying a wider geographical distribution of United Nations procurement. This downward trend reversed between 2006 and 2009 (see figure 3), thus increasing the percentage share of procurement among the top 10 United Nations suppliers. During this period, the share increased by 12 per cent; however, in 2010 it decreased by 0.9 per cent.", "Figure 3 Percentage share of total procurement by top 10 suppliers in the United Nations system", "[Chuckles]", "10. The 10 major suppliers to United Nations organizations in 2010 (see table 1) included four developing countries, namely Afghanistan, the Sudan, India and Pakistan, which accounted for 34.8 per cent of total procurement from the 10 major suppliers.", "11. For the second consecutive year, Afghanistan was ranked among the 10 major suppliers to the United Nations, and its share of total United Nations procurement increased by 1.4 percentage points in 2010. Construction, transport and demining services from Afghanistan were procured mainly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNOPS through national contractors.", "12. The Sudan was also on the second list, retaining its status as the fourth largest supplier to the United Nations, although its share of total United Nations procurement had declined by 0.6 percentage points. Construction and transportation services were also procured from the Sudan and fuel oil from the United Nations Procurement Division and the World Food Programme (WFP).", "13. India had been on the list since 2000, with the fifth largest supplier to the United Nations system in 2010, representing 3.9 per cent of total United Nations procurement, a decrease of 1 percentage point from 2009. Procurement from India included vaccines, medicines and medical equipment purchased mainly by UNICEF.", "14. Pakistan had been the first to do so, accounting for 3.2 per cent of total procurement. The main items procured from Pakistan were food supplies, shelter, tents and field equipment, fertilizers and seeds. These items were procured by WFP, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "Table 1 Top 10 providers of United Nations operations, 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "% of total", "United States of America", "Switzerland 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8", "Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Russian Federation 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8", "United Kingdom 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4", "Denmark 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "France", "Total of top 10 countries", "Total 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0", "Procurement by United Nations organizations, 2009-2010", "15. The following table shows the procurement volume of United Nations organizations in 2009 and 2010. Data are based on the percentage share of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, which increased by 2.8 per cent between 2009 and 2010. Total procurement increased by $747 million from 2009 to 2010, as the volume of procurement increased from the previous year in 18 of the 36 United Nations reporting organizations. PAHO, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), WFP and UNOPS registered the largest increases in procurement volume.", "Table 2 Procurement by United Nations organizations, 2009-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Total (%)", "ESCAP 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08", "Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "ECLAC 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "FAO 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "IAEA 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "IFAD 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "ILO 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.4 89.51 98.93 40.23", "INSTRAW data not submitted", "ITC 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62", "ITU 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "OPCW 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23", "Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)", "UNDP 610.02 2 000.91 2 610.93 79.89 649.08 2 279.37 2 928.44 79.47", "ECA 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 8.26 69.86", "UNESCO 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "UNFPA 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "UNHCR 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.431.78.38 422.81 69.32", "UNICEF 1 829.12 0.00 1 829.12 40.46 1 823.74 0.00 1 823.74 40.89", "UNIDO 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "United Nations/Procurement Division", "UNOG 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "UNON 1254 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89", "UNOPS", "UNOV 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "UNRWA 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "United Nations University", "United Nations Volunteers", "UPU 0.37 0.00 0.37 56 58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57", "WFP", "WHO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78", "WIPO 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "WMO 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "WTO 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "Total 6 394.14 7 403.04 13 54.91 7 075.49 7 468.70 14 57.77 797.17 544.20", "Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition", "16. General Assembly resolution 57/279 on procurement reform (in particular paragraph 6) encouraged United Nations organizations to increase procurement opportunities for vendors from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. That request was reiterated by the General Assembly in its resolution 61/246, in particular paragraph 24. In response, United Nations organizations placed additional orders with suppliers in those countries. Between 2006 and 2010, such orders increased steadily (see figure 4), by 62.6 per cent.", "Figure 4 United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "17. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition went up from $1.5 billion from 2007 to 2008 and $600 million from 2008 to 2009, an increase of nearly $826 million in 2010 over 2009. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition as a share of total United Nations procurement increased from 54.9 per cent in 2009 to 57.7 per cent in 2010, while procurement from industrialized countries decreased from 43.9 per cent in 2009 to 41.7 per cent in 2010. Procurement from unknown country sources decreased from $151 million in 2009 to $79.5 million in 2010. When the organization ' s management information system was unable to determine the origin of the supplier, the country would not be identified. This trend has been declining over the last three reporting years, which indicates further improvement in the accuracy of the reporting mechanisms of the agencies.", "Figure 5 United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010", "(Percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[Chuckles]", "[Chuckles]", "Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region", "18. In 2010, the share of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in United Nations procurement increased in all regions. More notably, Asia-Pacific and Latin American and Caribbean countries increased their share of procurement by $395 million and $334 million, respectively. Between 2006 and 2010, the Arab, African and European and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regions enjoyed steady growth.", "Figure 6 United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "19. Regional data from developing countries and countries with economies in transition show an upward trend in procurement operations in all regions except for Arab and European countries and CIS. The share of these regions in United Nations procurement decreased by 0.5 and 0.3 percentage points, respectively, between 2009 and 2010. The percentage share of procurement from Latin American and Caribbean countries decreased from 2007 to 2009, but recovered by 1.8 percentage points in 2010.", "Figure 7 United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010", "(Percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[Chuckles]", "Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by the top 10 United Nations organizations", "20. Figure 8 provides a percentage view of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in 2010 by the top 10 United Nations organizations (93 per cent of total procurement) and a percentage change compared with 2009. The totals of the organizations are detailed in descending order in the right-hand column of figure 8.", "Figure 8 Percentage of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by 10 major United Nations organizations, 2009-2010", "[Chuckles]", "VIII. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010", "21. Overall, the procurement of goods and services from the top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition accounted for 36.6 per cent of total United Nations procurement, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2009. For a detailed overview of the trends in procurement volume in the countries listed in table 3, the types of goods and services procured and the share procured by United Nations organizations, please refer to the procurement profiles for those countries provided on page 40 of the 2010 annual statistical report on United Nations procurement and later pages.", "Table 3 Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations, 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Total (percentage)", "Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "Argentina", "Kenya 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "Peru 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8", "Ethiopia 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "Brazil 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "South Africa", "Ukraine 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4", "United Arab Emirates 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Jordan 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "China", "Panama", "Uganda 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9", "Haiti 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9", "Indonesia 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "Lebanon", "Top 20 countries 2 538.1 2 810.2 5 348.3 36.8", "Total 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大韩民国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会致意，谨向其转递大韩民国关于第1970(2011)号决议第25段的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "大韩民国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段执行情况的报告", "大韩民国政府承诺忠实执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议，根据决议第9、10、15和17段已采取以下措施。", "武器禁运", "大韩民国政府根据《对外贸易法》修订了其《关于为促进国际和平与安全而实行的贸易限制的公告》，按照安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段的规定禁止向利比亚销售、供应或转让以及从其购买武器和相关物资。经修订的《公告》于2011年5月2日生效。对于第1970(2011)号决议第9段所列豁免物项，可考虑经知识经济部批准而向利比亚出口。", "大韩民国政府还通知我国工业的相关部门，使其了解联合国安全理事会对利比亚的制裁，并敦促它们在与利比亚做生意时保持警惕。", "2011年3月以来，没有提出过任何与武器有关的进出口申报，也没有发现任何可疑物品。大韩民国政府将继续按照第1970(2011)号决议的规定，对出口到利比亚和从利比亚进口的货物执行严格的海关清关程序。", "旅行禁令", "大韩民国政府将第1970(2011)号决议附件一所列个人的名字列入《韩国移民管制法》的禁止入境名单。第1970(2011)号决议附件一所指认的个人后来也曾列入禁止入境名单。", "资产冻结", "大韩民国政府依照《外汇交易法》执行《履行义务维持国际和平与安全的收支准则》（《准则》），有能力执行第1970(2011)号决议关于资产冻结的规定。截至2011年3月22日和2011年4月15日第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列的个人和实体已经分别列为按照《准则》应受到金融制裁的对象。", "我国已将制裁名单通知包括韩国银行、金融监督局及所有外汇银行在内的相关机关和机构，并敦促它们采取一切必要的措施加以实施。这一信息还刊登在政府的《官方日刊》上，以便防止韩国国民、公司和金融机构同被指认的个人和实体进行商业交易。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to forward to the latter the report of the Republic of Korea regarding paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Korea on the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is committed to faithfully implementing Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and has taken the following measures with regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "Arms embargo", "The Government of the Republic of Korea revised its Public Notice on Trade Restrictions for International Peace and Security under the Foreign Trade Act to prohibit the sale, supply or transfer to and procurement from Libya of arms and related materials, as provided in paragraphs 9 and 10 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). The revised Public Notice took effect as of 2 May 2011. The exempted items in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) can be considered for export to Libya upon the grant of permission by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy.", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has also notified relevant sectors of our industry about the United Nations Security Council sanctions against Libya and urged them to exercise vigilance when doing business with Libya.", "No arms-related export or import declarations have been submitted and no suspicious goods have been found since March 2011. The Government of the Republic of Korea will continue to enforce strict customs clearance procedures for export and import of goods to and from Libya in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).", "Travel ban", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has listed the individuals named in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) on our entry prohibition list under the Korea Immigration Control Act. The individuals designated in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) were added to the entry prohibition list subsequently.", "Asset freeze", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is able to implement the asset freeze segment of resolution 1970 (2011) through the enforcement of its Guidelines on Payment and Receipt for Implementation of Duty to Keep International Peace and Security (the Guidelines) under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act. The individuals and entities in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) were listed as subject to financial sanctions under the Guidelines as of 22 March 2011 and 15 April 2011, respectively.", "Relevant authorities and agencies, including the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service and all foreign exchange banks have been informed of the sanctions list and urged to take all necessary measures for its implementation. The information has also been published in the Official Journal of the Government in order to prevent Korean nationals, companies and financial institutions from engaging in business transactions with the designated individuals and entities." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Republic of Korea on paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Korea on the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is committed to the faithful implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and has taken the following measures in accordance with paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "Arms embargo", "In accordance with the Foreign Trade Act, the Government of the Republic of Korea amended its Proclamation on Trade Restrictions for the Promotion of International Peace and Security to prohibit the sale, supply or transfer of arms and related materiel to and from Libya, in accordance with paragraphs 9 and 10 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). The revised Proclamation entered into force on 2 May 2011. The export of the exempted items listed in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) to Libya may be considered with the approval of the Ministry of the Knowledge Economy.", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has also informed the relevant sectors of our industry of the sanctions imposed on Libya by the United Nations Security Council and has urged them to remain vigilant when doing business with Libya.", "Since March 2011, no weapons-related import or export declarations have been made and no suspicious items have been found. The Government of the Republic of Korea will continue to implement strict customs clearance procedures for goods exported to and imported from Libya, in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).", "Travel ban", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has included the names of the individuals listed in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) on the entry ban list of the Korea Immigration Control Act. Individuals designated in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) have since been added to the stop list.", "Assets freeze", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is in a position to implement the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the asset freeze by implementing the Income and Expenditure Guidelines for the Implementation of Obligations to Maintain International Peace and Security (the Guidelines) in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act. Individuals and entities listed in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) as at 22 March 2011 and 15 April 2011 have been listed as subject to financial sanctions under the Guidelines, respectively.", "We have informed the relevant bodies and agencies, including the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Authority and all foreign exchange banks, of the sanctions list and have urged them to take all necessary measures to implement them. This information is also published in the Government ' s Official Journal to prevent commercial transactions between Korean nationals, companies and financial institutions and designated individuals and entities." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21(c)", "全球化和相互依存：科学和 技术促进发展", "科学和技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第64/212号决议提交的，它介绍了关于科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术和环境管理等领域的工作情况。报告还提供了资料，说明联合国贸易与发展会议(贸发会议)和其他有关组织在协助发展中国家努力把科学技术和创新政策纳入各自国家发展计划和战略方面开展的活动。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第64/212号决议重申承诺加强和增进现有机制，支持促进研究和开发的举措，包括通过公私部门之间自愿建立伙伴关系，满足发展中国家在卫生、农业、养护、可持续利用自然资源和环境管理、能源、林业和气候变化的影响等方面的特殊需要。就此，大会还重申承诺支持若干与科技相关问题的举措，包括转让和推广技术；促进和制订国家人力资源及科学和技术战略；开发可再生能源；执行政策，吸引本国和外国的公共和私营部门投资，以增强知识、按照相互商定的条件转让技术和提高生产力；利用农业新技术，以便通过环境可持续方式提高农业生产力。", "2. 在同一决议中，大会请科学和技术促进发展委员会继续协助经济及社会理事会在全系统落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果，并满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。大会鼓励贸发会议与相关伙伴协作，继续进行科学、技术和创新政策审查，以协助发展中国家和经济转型国家确定将科学、技术和创新政策纳入国家发展战略所需的措施。", "3. 本报告就是根据该决议第10段规定编制的，在第10段中，大会请秘书长就决议执行情况和未来后续行动建议，包括在将科学、技术和创新政策纳入国家发展战略方面的经验教训，向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "二. 科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的工作", "4. 科学和技术促进发展委员会重申其作为联合国系统内审查科学和技术问题、提高对科技政策促进发展的认识并就科学技术事项拟定建议和准则的一个政府间全球论坛的独特作用。此外，委员会继续履行为其规定的任务，协助经济及社会理事会落实信息社会世界首脑会议的成果[1] 并履行在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件第60段中所作的承诺(见大会第60/1号决议)。", "5. 科学和技术促进发展委员会秘书处通过委员会会议和贸发会议开展的项目采取了一些举措，满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。", "A. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十三届会议", "6. 委员会2010年5月17日至21日在日内瓦举行的第十三届会议对区域和国际层面贯彻落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果取得的进展情况进行了五年期审查，还审议了“现有筹资机制的完善和创新”和“新技术和新兴技术”这两个优先主题。", "7. 与会者指出，虽然在全球一级改善获得信息和通信技术方面取得了快速进展，但在各经济体和社会内部还存在的巨大差距影响了信息和通信技术的需求和使用能力。与会者说明了发展中国家获取新技术方面的主要障碍，包括资源、基础设施、教育、能力、投资和连通性以及技术所有权、标准和流动等方面存在不足。与会者呼吁所有利益攸关方为发展中国家、特别是最不发达国家提供足够的资源，并支持能力建设和技术转让方面的努力。", "8. 与会者关注宽带连通性方面的差距日益扩大，使穷人、农村社区以及妇女、残疾人和老年人等其他弱势群体进一步被边缘化。与会者赞扬旨在实现快速铺建宽带的举措，并强调需要在国家和区域发展战略内把创新方法置于优先地位。与会者还重申信息和通信技术指标的重要性，认为它们是衡量国家之间和社会内部数字鸿沟的监测和评估工具，让决策者能够在制定政策及社会、文化和经济发展战略时掌握情况。与会者强调，标准化及统一可靠和定期更新的指标至关重要，有助于掌握业绩、效率、负担能力以及货物和服务质量方面的情况。", "9. 在探讨有关新技术和新兴技术的优先专题时，讨论集中于可再生能源技术。会议确认，如果要实现能源安全、减缓气候变化和更便于取得能源，则这种技术必须成为能源组合的一部分。会议还确认，技术转让是在发展中国家利用可再生能源技术的一个重要方面。除了硬件的转让外，还必须转让技能和专门知识，以便操作这类硬件，并对其加以变通改造，使之适合当地条件。可能的话，应当选择能够最大限度地利用现有当地能力的技术方案。此外，通过培训中心和知识网络扩大现有的当地创新能力并建设新的创新能力，对于有效和可持续地利用可再生能源技术也很重要。与会者指出，由于所涉成本较高，投资者、项目开发人员和消费者都不愿意支持可再生能源技术。政府政策可在很大程度上纠正这种情况。特别是，诸如补贴计划、发电上网电价和降低进口税等机制，可有助于将可再生能源技术投入市场。但必须先培育市场，以确保这些技术在各财政机制逐步取消后的可持续性。由于并没有一个万能的政策办法，有人认为，对各种低碳技术转让和可再生能源技术使用办法进行系统审查非常重要。", "10. 与会者呼吁各国政府提供一个有利的环境，鼓励私人和公共部门采取举措利用新技术和新兴技术以及发展和传播可再生能源技术。他们建议各国政府考虑若干政策措施，以促进当地的创新能力，即：向专门从事可再生能源技术研究的大学和公共研究中心提供支持；支持社区参与决策；确保社区有必要的能力，管理各自所在地区采用的低碳技术；激励研发和实际利用；建立商业园区和创新集群。与会者敦促各国政府采取监管和采购政策，促进竞争和私营部门的发展，吸引国内和外国直接投资。与会者请政府考虑采用适当的政策工具，例如补贴办法、发电上网电价、税收减免、财政担保和减少进口税，以支持这种技术在利基市场的应用，鼓励可再生能源技术制造和使用领域的合资企业及外国直接投资。与会者还呼吁科学和技术促进发展委员会继续作为一个平台，交流良好做法的范例，并促进南北和南南伙伴关系的发展，特别是在新技术和新兴技术以及可再生能源技术转让和应用方面。", "B. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十四届会议", "11. 委员会2011年5月23日至27日在日内瓦举行的第十四届会议审议了“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”以及“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”这两个优先主题。[2] 此外，还举行了两次部长级圆桌会议，一次是审查信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况，另一次是审议利用科学和技术促进发展。届会期间，还召集了讨论电子科学、电子工程、电子教育的小组讨论会。", "12. 与会者强调了在提供信息和通信技术获取渠道方面取得的显著进展，最明显的就是移动电话和因特网方面的进展。但是，会议指出，发达国家和发展中国家在宽带接入方面的差距扩大了。在过去数年间，用户生成的内容增加了，但内容并不一定有所有语文版本，也不一定可供世界所有地区的所有群体使用。因此，数字鸿沟出现了新的层面，体现在用户可接入、获得信息和技能的质量及他们从中可以得到的价值，与会者表示关切的是，信息和通信技术及其应用对大多数人来说仍然负担不起，对那些在农村地区生活的人来说尤其如此。", "13. 在审查自2005年以来信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况时，与会者指出，私营部门在促进信息和通信技术发展和建设相关的基础设施方面所发挥的重要作用得到了下列因素的支持：政府、包括独立监管机构所建立的有利环境；尊重法治；保护和强制执行知识产权；鼓励竞争的法律、政策和监管框架；独立的法院；以及促进创业精神的政策。与会者还强调了一些需得到政策关注的新的和新兴的领域，即信息和通信技术在应对气候变化方面的潜力、社交网络、隐私保护及网络剥削和滥用。", "14. 针对优先主题“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”，与会者呼吁衡量信息和通信技术促进发展伙伴关系，通过拟订切实可行的导则、方法和指标进一步推动特别是在发展中国家衡量此类技术影响方面的工作。与会者鼓励各国政府收集有关数据，分享国别案例研究成果，并在能力建设方面进行合作。他们还鼓励联合国有关实体和其他机构促进评估信息和通信技术对贫穷的影响以及在关键领域里的影响，以确定加大影响所需的知识和技能。此外，他们呼吁国际发展伙伴向能力建设工作提供财政支持。", "15. 在讨论关于“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”的优先主题时，讨论集中在发展中国家小农所面临的挑战上。有人指出，有将近十亿人营养不足，鉴于全球金融危机、居高不下的失业率、食物价格波动加剧、食物短缺以及预测旱灾和水灾会进一步扩大，这个数字甚至还会进一步增加。幸运的是，农业流程各个阶段现有的一系列科学技术的应用和耕作方式可以大大提高生产率。与会者认识到，需要从传统的单一作物转向可持续再生系统。还认识到，小农应处于政策和技术决策的中心位置。小农耕作一般都是劳动密集型的，并不严重依赖外部投入，而是更加仰赖当地的环境。将现代科学技术引入小农耕作应该考虑到这些特点，并且立足于农作知识网、比较完善的基础设施以及一种将作物轮作、综合作物和原料生产结合起来的系统途径。在小农中，应更强调妇女，因为她们在农业领域发挥着关键作用，却因得不到关键资源而在力图跨出糊口农作方面经常遇到挑战。与会者呼吁委员会促进交流、传播和推广在农业科学、技术及创新领域和关于国家之间合作的最佳做法范例。", "16. 委员会在同届会议上注意到2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果文件，赞赏土耳其政府提出的设立专门针对最不发达国家的国际科学、技术及创新中心的倡议，该中心还将作为技术库，帮助最不发达国家利用至关重要的技术。在第十四届会议之后，委员会、贸发会议及土耳其科学和技术研究理事会就落实会议成果的方式方法进行了协商。", "C. 信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行情况五年审查", "17. 2010年11月，科学和技术促进发展委员会主席就信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况举行了公开的多利益攸关方磋商。向联合国所有会员国、联合国系统区域和国际实体、信息和通信技术部门的协会和机构、私营部门以及民间社会行为者散发了一份调查问卷。审查的目的在于查明进展最为明显的领域，遇到哪些障碍和限制，以及克服这类障碍和限制的创新措施。根据经济及社会理事会第2006/46号决议，该项审查还审议了信息和通信技术领域的变化可如何要求增加或减少对某些领域的关注。", "18. 磋商结果构成了委员会第十四届会议期间发布的题为“执行信息社会世界首脑会议成果：迄今的经验和未来展望”的报告[3] 的基础。报告指出，自2005年以来，为普及和普遍采用基本电信取得了实质性进展，特别值得一提的是移动电话的扩展。报告指出，为实现首脑会议10个目标取得的大部分进展是确保人人都可方便地获取信息和通信技术，并且使农村地区能够获得这种技术。在每个行动路线专题领域也取得了进展。然而，尽管语音电话和基本的因特网接入方面的数字鸿沟缩小了，但人们日益关切的是，通信手段、包括因特网的利用质量以及利用后得到的价值方面仍存在差异，这种差异也许甚至在扩大。一些制约因素抑制了落实首脑会议成果，其中包括缺乏负担得起的基础设施、投资和通信监管方面的问题还在持续。用户要充分利用信息和通信技术的潜力，则必须能够利用通信服务和查找相关内容。政策方针的制订需要植根于更全面地了解社会、经济和文化在地方、国家和国际层面的变化。衡量信通技术促进发展伙伴关系确定了2015年全面审查前应该有助于提高我们衡量进展能力的指标。报告建议对2015年审查提供具有潜在价值的投入，如全面调查私营部门和民间社会组织在落实世界首脑会议成果方面的工作，透彻分析国际社会更为广泛的社会经济发展情况以及这些事态发展与信息和通信技术之间的关系。", "三. 联合国贸易和发展会议在科学、技术和创新领域的工作", "A. 科学、技术和革新促进可持续发展方面的研究和能力建设", "19. 《技术和创新报告》是贸发会议印发的一个新的主要系列研究报告，其中提请注意技术和创新促进国家经济发展的重要性。该系列旨在全面探讨令人关注并对发展中国家十分重要的科学、技术和创新领域中的问题，其重点是与政策有关的分析和结论。", "20. 该系列的第一份报告[4] 审视了所知的农业创新体系可如何扭转非洲国家农业生产力不断下降的当前趋势。该报告确认，非洲农业中的小型农场面临的风险既来自外部影响(例如世界贸易组织的讨论、国际种子公司以及农业知识的不断私有化)，又来自营养不良、饥饿和贫穷等内部压力。该报告称非洲停滞不前的农业生产力已成为非洲的一个主要发展挑战，并呼吁建立一个农业创新体系，该体系将通过促进采用现有技术和开发适合非洲需求的新技术的有利框架，扭转下降的农业生产力。在此过程中，将侧重于占非洲农民大多数的小农。", "21.即将印发的该系列第二份报告侧重于在发展中国家更多地使用可再生能源，并努力加入当前有关在全球促进低碳技术使用必要性的国际讨论。该报告分析科学、技术和创新在更广泛使用和接受可再生能源、尤其是在发展中国家更广泛使用和接受可再生能源方面的重要作用。", "22. 该报告称，那种通过减贫使所有人的生活水平不断提高的经济持续增长取决于所有人都能获得能源。此种全球性议程要求，通过提供更新或更具成本效益的能源解决方案侧重于能源效率，而能源效率又能促进所有国家的能源灵活性。它还要求，对在促进所有人获得能源方面可以补充常规能源的较新的能源来源给予更认真的考虑。同时，这种解决方案需要考虑人类今天所面临的巨大环境挑战，即限制经济活动对地球环境造成的损害。该报告同意在这一领域开展工作的联合国其他机构的意见，提出要以相互兼容的方式应对减少能源贫困和推广有助于应对气候变化的解决方案这一双重挑战，就需要一个新的能源范式。新能源范式将使可再生能源技术发挥补充常规能源的作用，以消除能源贫困。", "23. 2010年，贸发会议推出了一个新的报告系列，涉及当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究，[5] 该系列试图研究与科学、技术和创新促进发展有关的重要专题。该系列中的第一份报告[6] 概述了与使用可再生能源技术使农村地区人民获得更多现代能源服务有关的一些问题。该报告列举了阿根廷、中国、厄立特里亚、危地马拉、老挝人民民主共和国、纳米比亚和尼泊尔的例子，得出结论认为，这些技术的设计和可负担性、安装费用、对其的认识不足以及缺少来自政府的适当政策支持是有效应用这些技术的一些主要障碍。政府面临的挑战是如何确保将可再生能源技术的应用纳入更广泛的农村发展战略，以满足当地的需求和优先事项。例如，国家政策可支持提供补贴和开展研究项目、开展提高公众认识的运动、方案制定和实施和法规。该研究报告强调，一方面需要技术转让，另一方面需要建设当地的能力。", "24. 该系列的第四份报告[7] 研究了与在气候变化背景下农业用水管理有关的挑战、对粮食生产和环境可持续性的更多需求，并审视了技术在水的生产力、农业用水管理的弹性和可持续生计方面的潜在作用。该报告审视了大量适当技术和相关管理做法，包括传统做法(如雨水集蓄和储存)以及新技术和新兴技术(例如地理信息系统),并讨论了为加速推广和采用这些技术和做法需要采取进一步行动的关键领域。", "25. 贸发会议将于2011年下半年发布一份关于用性别视角审视科学、技术和创新的报告。该研究报告指出，尽管人们越来越认识到，科学、技术和创新可以对促进发展产生重大影响，相关政策往往缺少一种性别视角，因此无法充分处理所有发展问题。该报告称，鉴于妇女在经济和社会中的作用，在考虑男子的境况、需求和关切事项的同时考虑到妇女的境况、需求和关切事项，将提高科学、技术和创新政策促进发展的效率。该研究报告强调，需要将性别观点纳入到从诊断到政策设计到执行、监测和开展后续工作的政策制定程序的整个过程。该报告建议，对科学、技术和创新政策和方案进行一次性别影响评估，以确保这些政策和方案对男子和妇女提供平等的机会。该研究报告是与科学和技术促进发展委员会性别咨询委员会合作编制的，它确定了三个在科学、技术和创新政策中运用性别视角的切入点，即：", "(a) 科学为妇女所利用：发展支持妇女发展和生计活动的科学和技术；", "(b) 妇女与科学：促进在科学和技术教育、职业和领导能力方面的性别平等；", "(c) 鼓励和支持妇女在国家和基层的创新体系中发挥作用。", "B. 关于企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新领域能力建设的专家会议", "26. 贸发会议于2010年1月20日至22日在日内瓦召开了关于企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新领域能力建设的第二次专家会议。该会议侧重于设计、监测和评估可能支持和推动经济发展战略的创业和科学、技术和创新政策。与会者强调，科学、技术和创新是知识性经济体和可持续发展的主要驱动力，并指出制定协调一致的适应发展中国家现实情况和机会的科学、技术和创新政策十分重要。与会者鼓励贸发会议进一步对科学、技术和创新问题进行研究和政策分析，继续充当科学、技术和创新政策对话的论坛，并继续在发展中国家执行科学、技术和创新政策审查。专家们指出了有关在设计和评价循证政策中使用科学、技术和创新指标的一些关键问题，其中包括：", "(a) 科学、技术和创新指标需要具有相关性并适应发展中国家的具体国情，因为发展中国家无法依赖直接根据发达国家经验制定的指标；", "(b) 在国际上具有可比性的科学、技术和创新指标有限，这是政策制定的一个问题；", "(c) 发展中国家分析科学、技术和创新数据以及制定循证政策方面的能力有限；", "(d) 需要促进相关的科学、技术和创新的发展，以进行政策设计、执行和评价。在此方面，讨论了确定一个适应发展中国家现实情况的科学、技术和创新指标通用清单的可能性。", "27. 贸发会议于2011年1月19日至21日在日内瓦召开了关于科学、技术和创新领域的企业发展政策及能力建设的第三次专家会议。与会者指出，影响发展中国家利用科学、技术和创新能力的与教育和研究机构有关的若干共同限制因素。一个因素是缺少有关能力建设的国家战略，这导致教育基础设施薄弱、教育系统在建设科学、技术和创新能力方面成绩不佳以及学术界、研究机构和私营部门之间的联系薄弱。确定的其他限制因素包括：缺乏知识产权政策，没有专门负责技术转让的办公室和具有相关技能和经验的工作人员；在研究人员中缺乏创业文化；缺少对科学、技术和创新促进发展的重要性的了解以及该问题在国家发展议程中的边缘化；公司的技术能力以及与科学、技术和创新有关的基础设施薄弱。", "28. 与会者强调，需要发展强有力的创新能力，以及强有力的科学和技术吸收能力。科学、技术和创新政策应为教育和研究机构提供激励，以制定更为满足国内企业和地方社区要求的议程。在此方面，需要确保科学、技术和创新政策将教育和研究机构视为国家创新体系的核心因素，在该体系中应建立学术界和企业之间的强有力的合作关系。", "29. 此种合作的一个主要重点，应当是在重要关注领域培训科学家和工程师，以实现发展中国家的技术提升。与会者认为，设立和加强愿意参与此种工作的科学和技术英才中心网络，可能会大大有助于提高能力建设在科学、技术和创新中的推广和效率。与会者鼓励贸发会议继续在此领域开展工作。", "C. 关于绿色可再生能源技术作为推动农村发展的能源解决办法的专家会议", "30. 贸发会议于2010年2月9日至11日在日内瓦召开了关于绿色可再生能源技术作为推动农村发展的能源解决办法的专家会议。该会议的目的是讨论应对在使用可再生能源技术推动农村发展方面挑战的战略。约130人参加了该会议，他们代表着53个以上的国家和31个政府间组织和非政府组织。", "31. 会议认为，可再生能源技术可以在国家减贫战略、加强能源保障、获得负担得起的能源和减缓气候变化方面发挥重要作用。与会者认为，在农村地区扩大采用可再生能源技术可以显著加强农业供应能力(在数量和质量这两方面)，支持个体商业的发展，加强出口竞争力，为南南合作以及更多的贸易和投资提供新的机会。与会者强调，需要将采用可再生能源技术纳入农村发展和减贫战略中。他们强调技术转让和进行地方能力建设的重要性。与会者呼吁贸发会议除其他外，开展关于可再生能源技术综合办法作为扶贫发展工具的研究，推动国家和社区交流经验和最佳做法，并在可再生能源技术促进农村发展、包括贸易和技术转让方面促进南南合作。", "D. 英才中心网络", "32. 科学和技术促进发展委员会继续与贸发会议就英才中心网络项目进行合作。[8] 该项目是通过一些发展中国家的科学和技术机构执行的，这些机构是因其能力、先进的设备以及承诺加强发展中国家科学界的内部联系和流动性而被选定的。", "33. 该网络为来自发展中国家、尤其是非洲国家的科学家和工程师举办有关科学和技术应用的培训课程和讲习班。这些课程使科学家和工程师能够在一个现代的科学环境中更新他们的专业知识，并加强科学界内部的专业联系，促进科学和技术专业人员的流动。", "34.该网络是2005年在一个由意大利政府供资的项目下推出的。此后，来自25个非洲国家的120多名科学家、工程师和学者从在中国、埃及、印度、南非、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国举办的11个培训课程中受益。培训活动包含的专题为：生物安全和转基因生物的检测；分子标记技术和指纹识别；高级分子生物学；非洲的农业信息技术；生物信息学；与疟疾有关的研究和培训，动物生物技术；与传染病有关的实验室高级培训；分子医学和网络安全。", "35. 2010年11月，贸发会议在该网络框架内，与突尼斯国家计算机安全局合作，在突尼斯哈马马特组织了一个网络安全培训班。多名参加者为目前在若干非洲国家设立的新的国家计算机应急小组的成员。来自11个非洲国家、包括8个最不发达国家的12名参加者从该课程中受益。", "E. 科学、技术和创新政策审查", "36. 经济及社会理事会在其第2009/8号决议中，赞赏贸发会议进行科学、技术和创新政策审查，鼓励贸发会议在此方面继续提供专门知识和分析方法。经社理事会在其第2010/3号决议中，鼓励贸发会议针对成员国的高需求，为协助发展中国家加强其科学、技术与工业系统，与其他有关国际组织密切协作，特别是与联合国教育、科学及文化组织，科学和技术促进发展委员会和各区域委员会以及包括世界银行及其他国际和区域开发银行在内的其他适当的利益攸关方的协作，加紧努力进行科技创新政策审查。", "37. 贸发会议在此领域的技术合作工作的主要侧重点一直是应发展中国家的请求进行科学、技术和创新政策审查。此种审查的主要目的是协助各国政府确保它们的科学、技术和创新政策和方案有利于国家创新体系的产生和发展，从而支持国家发展议程。此种体系有助于提高国家生产部门在以知识为基础的全球经济中的竞争力，从而刺激经济增长，有助于应对主要发展挑战。贸发会议已完成了对安哥拉、哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、牙买加、莱索托、毛里塔尼亚和秘鲁的政策审查。贸发会议与联合国开发计划署(开发署)合作对安哥拉进行了政策审查；与世界银行合作对加纳进行了政策审查；与开发署和教科文组织合作对莱索托进行了政策审查；与教科文组织合作对毛里坦尼亚进行了政策审查；与拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)合作对秘鲁进行了政策审查。将于2011年完成的对萨尔瓦多和多米尼加共和国的政策审查也是与拉加经委会合作进行的。", "38. 从对非洲国家进行的一系列科学、技术和创新政策审查中汲取的经验教训已经被应用到最近对拉丁美洲和加勒比国家进行的系列政策审查中。这些经验教训包括国家对应部门具有重要作用和必须使利益攸关者参与到该进程中。当审查的时间和安排方式使审查结果可以提供给当地驱动的进程中时，对政策能够产生最大的影响。最后，最高层的政治意愿和领导能力对于成功至关重要，尤其是在难以实现紧密的部际合作的情况下。", "39. 为将学术思维和其他观点纳入科学、技术和创新政策审查方案中，贸发会议于2010年举办了两次专家会议。在这些会议上的讨论涉及与评估发展中国家的科学、技术和创新政策有关的概念和方法问题。这两次会议的成果将反映在将于2011年发布的一套政策审查执行准则中。这一准则旨在加强政策审查结果的有效性和一致性，从而有助于形成一个与发展中国家的科学、技术和创新政策有关的最佳做法库。该准则应为感兴趣的发展中国家提供有关该进程的目的和执行模式的更为准确的资料；预计这将提高科学、技术和创新政策审查的国家自主权，并有助于执行此种审查产生的建议。该准则还将推动与有关捐助国的讨论和与活跃在科学、技术和创新领域的其他国际机构的合作。", "40. 第一次专家会议讨论了很多用户国家的科学、技术和创新指标和缺少最新的相关数据的问题。该会议研究的其他相关问题包括可用性与相关性、国际可比性以及指标在政策制定方面的重要性问题。所面临的挑战是设计科学、技术和创新调查，以此制定政策和措施，而这些政策和措施又将加强创新，尤其是在科学、技术和创新是一个相对较新的概念的国家中。例如，可以扩大指标,以顾及影响和反映非正规部门和非科技部门的创新。更为具体的是，可以更加重视人力资源指标。讨论的另一个问题是如何评估国家创新体系中行为体之间的联系，尤其是私营部门和政府在研究和发展领域之间的联系。", "41. 第二次专家会议集中讨论了政策审查的概念框架、专题范围和内容以及编制进程。与会者普遍认为，包括部门创新系统分析在内的国家创新体系为审查提供了一个有用的框架。贸发会议的审查一般包括对在国家的发展目标和优先事项至关重要的部门的分析。鉴于各国发展的不同程度和国家优先事项和条件大相径庭，与会者认为可能没有一个放之四海而皆准的政策审查模板。然而，与会者确认了政策审查需要包含的若干问题，包括教育、知识生产者和使用者之间的联系、知识产权制度，产业政策和有关技术转让的做法。", "42. 科学、技术和创新政策审查方案的方式是基于对创新在经济发展进程中的核心作用及其系统性的认识。在此方面，技术创新被理解为一个广泛的概念，不仅仅包括公司推出的对于世界、市场和公司都是全新的产品、市场营销方法或生产程序。因此，创新不仅可以在推迫知识前沿后退时产生，还可以(在发展中国家这是最常见的一种情况)在公司学习实施和运用在其他地方已经存在的技术时发生。对于发展中国家，技术获取、模仿和改造可能是与研究和开发同等重要的关键创新进程。", "43. 进行创新的系统方式提供了编制科学、技术和创新政策审查的基本概念框架。国家创新体系的概念跨越很多体制的界限，涉及很多行为体内部和之间的多种联系。因此，该体系一定是复杂的，难以通过评估其是否符合任何特定模式而确定其特性。在发展中国家更为如此，因为溶入对国家创新体系的理想描述的、见于根据更为先进国家的经验编制的资料中的因素要么不成熟，要么不存在。因此，在科学、技术和创新政策审查中使用标准国家创新体系框架时需要对其进行改造。", "44. 对于处在发展初级阶段的国家，形成获得、使用和推广外国技术的能力比建立一个完全成熟的国家创新体系更为重要。用于技术吸收和改造的新兴创新体系的需求与创新前沿的需求的不同。因此，政策审查报告分析的重点放在创新的发展上，而不是仅仅加强研究和开发工作或特定的技术能力。该报告中的讨论还需要避免不必要的技术或学术分析或抽象的语言，而应侧重于确认关键政策问题和提出切实的政策建议。", "45. 大多数发展中国家的核心关切事项是国家创新体系如何实现、特别是通过国际一级的技术转让实现现有技术的采用、改造和推广，以及新技术的开发和使用。国家创新体系框架应帮助政策制定者了解应对系统失灵的政策(协调和建立联系问题、基础设施不足、规则和条例、激励措施和抑制措施)和各行为体的能力如何能加强技术吸收。如果经济要得益于更多地接触从可能通过贸易、投资或其他机制获得的国际知识和技术流动，建立公司一级和整个国家创新体系的吸收能力就是至关重要的。此种吸收能力被界定为拥有各种技能和专业知识以及物质和非物质的基础设施。其目的是发展各种能力，从而不仅能使用和维护更为先进的设备和技术，并能积极将其改造，使其适应新的进程或具体需求。", "46. 科学、技术和创新政策制定的很多其他方面在发展背景下具有不同的重要性，并相应地反映在为政策审查采用的做法中。这些包括，优化与国外技术来源的贸易和投资联系以及这些联系与创造内在技术能力之间的关系；更为重视加速农业创新；在知识产权制度提供的创新激励政策和抑制政策方面的不同平衡；了解和应对非正规部门的创新进程的重要性；需要考虑技术赶超和创新带来的快速结构性变化的社会后果。", "47. 一个重要的结论是科学、技术和创新政策审查的成功在很大程度上取决于是否有强有力的、可信的、高水平的对应方和对应方是否参与该进程。应寻求国家学术中心参与开展审查。还可以在审查开始和(或)结束时邀请立法机构成员参加全国讲习班。", "[1] 例如，见A/66/64和Implementing WSIS Outcomes：Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3)，日内瓦，2011年5月。", "[2] 见E/CN.16/2011/2、E/CN.16/2011/3和Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No.4(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3；可见于www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf。", "[4] 《2010年技术和创新报告：通过科学、技术和创新加强粮食安全》,联合国出版物，出售品编号 E.09.II.D.22(UNCTAD/TIR/2009)。", "[5] 可在www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1上查阅。", "[6] 《可再生能源技术促进农村发展》，贸发会议当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究报告，第1号 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4)。", "[7] 《粮食用水：创新用水管理技术促进粮食生产和减贫》，贸发会议当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究报告，第4号(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[8] 见www.unctad.org/noce。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: science and technology for development", "* A/66/150.", "Science and technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 64/212, provides information on the work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. It also provides information on the activities carried out by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other relevant organizations to assist developing countries in their efforts to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their respective national development plans and strategies.", "I. Introduction", "1. In resolution 64/212, the General Assembly reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen and enhance existing mechanisms and to support initiatives for research and development, including through voluntary partnerships between the public and private sectors, to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of health, agriculture, conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and environmental management, energy, forestry and the impact of climate change. In this context, the Assembly also reaffirmed its commitment to support initiatives for a number of science and technology-related issues, including the transfer and diffusion of technologies; the promotion and development of national strategies for human resources and science and technology; the development of renewable sources of energy; the implementation of policies to attract both public and private investment, domestic and foreign, that enhances knowledge, transfers technology on mutually agreed terms and raises productivity; and the harnessing of new agricultural technologies with a view to increasing agricultural productivity through environmentally sustainable means.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to assist the Economic and Social Council in the system-wide follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and to address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. The Assembly encouraged UNCTAD, in collaboration with relevant partners, to continue to undertake science, technology and innovation policy reviews, with a view to assisting developing countries and countries with economies in transition in identifying the measures needed to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their national development strategies.", "3. The present report has been prepared in response to paragraph 10 of the resolution, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution and recommendations for future follow-up, including lessons learned in integrating science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.", "II. Work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management", "4. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development reasserted its unique role as an intergovernmental global forum for the examination of science and technology questions, the improvement of understanding of science and technology policies for development, and the formulation of recommendations and guidelines on science and technology matters within the United Nations system. In addition, the Commission continued to fulfil its mandate of assisting the Economic and Social Council in the follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society[1] and the commitment set out in paragraph 60 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1).", "5. The secretariat of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development has, through the sessions of the Commission and the projects undertaken by UNCTAD, undertaken a number of initiatives which address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management.", "A. Thirteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "6. At its thirteenth session, held in Geneva from 17 to 21 May 2010, the Commission carried out a five-year review of the progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society at the regional and international levels, and considered two priority themes, “Improvements and innovations in existing financial mechanisms” and “New and emerging technologies”.", "7. Participants noted that while rapid progress had been achieved in improving access to information and communications technologies at the global level, the significant gaps remaining within economies and societies affected the demand for and the ability to use such technologies. Participants identified some of the main impediments faced by developing countries in accessing the new technologies, including insufficient resources, infrastructure, education, capacity, investment and connectivity, as well as technology ownership, standards and flows. They called upon all stakeholders to provide adequate resources and to support efforts aimed at capacity-building and the transfer of technology to developing countries, particularly the least developed countries.", "8. Participants expressed their concern at the widening gap in broadband connectivity, which further marginalized the poor, rural communities and other disadvantaged groups, such as women, the disabled and the elderly. They commended initiatives aimed at achieving rapid broadband deployment and underscored the need to prioritize innovative approaches within national and regional development strategies. Also reiterated was the importance of indicators for information and communications technology as a monitoring and evaluation tool for measuring the digital divide among countries and within societies and for informing decision makers in the formulation of policies and strategies for social, cultural and economic development. Participants highlighted the importance of standardization and harmonization of reliable and regularly updated indicators which would capture the performance, efficiency, affordability and quality of goods and services.", "9. In addressing the priority theme on new and emerging technologies, the discussion focused on renewable energy technologies. It was recognized that such technologies must be part of the mix if energy security, climate change mitigation and increased energy access were to be achieved. It was also recognized that technology transfer was an important facet in the deployment of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. The transfer of the hardware must be complemented by the transfer of the skills and expertise to operate it and to adapt and modify it to local conditions. Where possible, technology options that maximize the use of existing local capabilities should be chosen. In addition, efforts to expand existing — and build new — local innovative capabilities by means of training centres and knowledge networks were viewed as important for the effective and sustainable deployment of renewable energy technologies. Participants noted that investors, project developers and consumers were disinclined to support renewable energy technologies because of the costs involved. Government policy could do much to rectify this. In particular, mechanisms such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs and the reduction of import duties could help to bring such technologies to the market. Importantly, the market must be nurtured to ensure its sustainability once financial mechanisms had been phased out. Given that there was no one-policy-fits-all approach, it was considered that a systemic review of a variety of approaches to the transfer of low-carbon technologies and the deployment of renewable energy technologies would be valuable.", "10. Participants called upon Governments to provide an enabling environment which would encourage the adoption of private and public sector initiatives in new and emerging technologies and in the generation and dissemination of renewable energy technologies. They recommended for consideration by national governments a number of policy measures to promote local innovative capabilities, namely: provision of support to universities and public research centres dedicated to renewable energy technologies; provision of support to community participation in decision-making; ensuring that communities have the requisite capabilities to manage the low-carbon technologies deployed in their area; provision of incentives for research, development and deployment; and establishment of business parks and innovation clusters. Governments were urged to adopt regulatory and procurement policies to foster competition and private sector development and to attract domestic and foreign direct investment. They were invited to consider the use of appropriate policy instruments, such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, financial guarantees and the reduction of import duties to support technology deployment in niche markets and encourage joint ventures and foreign direct investment in the manufacture and use of renewable energy technologies. Participants also called upon the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to serve as a platform for sharing examples of good practice and promoting North-South and South-South partnerships, especially in regard to new and emerging technologies and the transfer and deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "B. Fourteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "11. At its fourteenth session, held in Geneva from 23 to 27 May 2011, the Commission considered two priority themes, “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development” and “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”.[2] In addition, two ministerial round tables were held, one to review the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes and another to consider the harnessing of science and technology for development. During the session, a panel meeting was convened to discuss e-science, e-engineering and e-education.", "12. Participants highlighted the significant progress achieved in providing access to information and communications technologies, most notably mobile telephony and the Internet. It was, however, noted that the gap between developed and developing countries in regard to broadband access had widened. User-generated content has increased in the past few years but content was not necessarily available in all languages and for all groups in all parts of the world. The digital divide had therefore taken on new dimensions as regards the quality of access, information and skills that users could obtain and the value to be derived. Participants expressed concern that information and communications technologies and their applications were still unaffordable for most people, particularly those living in rural areas.", "13. In reviewing the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes since 2005, participants observed that the important role of the private sector in driving the development of information and communications technologies and in building the related infrastructure had been supported by an enabling environment, created by Governments, which encompassed independent regulators; respect for the rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks that encouraged competition; independent courts; and policies that promoted entrepreneurship. Participants highlighted a number of new and emerging areas which deserved policy attention, namely, the potential role of information and communications technologies in combating climate change; social networking; privacy protection; and cyber exploitation and abuse.", "14. In addressing the priority theme “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development”, participants called on the Partnership on Measuring Information and Communication Technologies for Development to further its work on measuring the impact of such technologies, particularly in developing countries, by establishing practical guidelines, methodologies and indicators. Participants encouraged national governments to collect relevant data, share country case studies and cooperate in regard to capacity-building. Participants encouraged the relevant United Nations entities and other agencies to promote assessments of the impact of information and communications technologies on poverty and in key sectors in order to identify the knowledge and skills needed to boost their impact. In addition, participants called upon international development partners to financially support capacity-building efforts.", "15. In addressing the priority theme “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”, the discussion focused on the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries. It was noted that nearly 1 billion people were undernourished and that their number might further increase as a result of the global financial crisis, sustained high levels of unemployment, increased food price volatility and food shortages, and the predicted further widespread droughts and floods. Fortunately, a range of existing science and technology applications and farming practices at all stages of the agricultural process can significantly increase productivity. There was recognition that a shift was needed from conventional mono-crops to sustainable regenerative systems. It was also recognized that smallholders should be at the centre of policy and technology decisions. Smallholder farming was generally labour-intensive, did not rely heavily on external inputs and was more dependent on the local environment; the introduction of modern science and technology to smallholder farming should take these characteristics into account and be based on farmer knowledge networks, better infrastructure, and a system approach which involved crop rotation and integrated crop and feedstock production. Among smallholder farmers, greater emphasis should be placed on women who play a key role in agriculture but often face challenges in moving beyond subsistence farming as they lack access to key resources. Participants called upon the Commission to facilitate the exchange, dissemination and diffusion of examples of best practice in the area of agricultural science, technology and innovation and in regard to cooperation between countries.", "16. At the same session, the Commission took note of the outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, and extended its appreciation to the Turkish Government for its initiative in setting up an international science, technology and innovation centre dedicated to the least developed countries, which would serve also as a technology bank that would help them to utilize critical technologies. The Commission, UNCTAD and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey have since engaged in consultations on ways and means to implement the outcome of the Conference.", "C. Five-year review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society", "17. In November 2010, the Chair of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development launched an open, multi-stakeholder consultation on the progress made in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A questionnaire was sent to all Member States, regional and international entities of the United Nations system, associations and agencies in the information and communications technology sector, and private sector and civil society actors. The purpose of the review was to identify the areas which had registered the most progress, and those in which obstacles and constraints had been encountered and innovative measures to overcome them. In line with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/46, the review also considered how changes in the information and communications technology landscape might call for increased or reduced attention to certain areas.", "18. The outcome of the consultation formed the basis of the report entitled Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future,[3] which was released during the fourteenth session of the Commission. The report observes that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the universal availability and use of basic telecommunications since 2005, and that the expansion of mobile telephony was particularly noteworthy. It notes that most of the progress achieved towards the 10 targets of the Summit was in ensuring that everyone has access to the information and communications technologies within their reach, and enabling access to such technologies in rural areas. Progress was also made in each of the action line thematic areas. However, while the digital divide in both voice telephony and basic Internet access had narrowed, there was increasing concern about the continuing, and perhaps even growing, divergence in the quality of access to communications, including the Internet, and the value derived from such access. A number of constraints had inhibited the achievement of the Summit outcomes, including the lack of affordable infrastructure and continuing weaknesses in investment and communications regulation. Users must be able to make use of communications services and to access relevant content in order to take full advantage of the potential of information and communications technologies. Policy approaches need to be rooted in a more holistic understanding of the changes taking place in society, the economy and the culture at the local, national and international levels. The Partnership on Measuring Information and Communications Technologies for Development has identified indicators which should improve our ability to measure progress prior to the comprehensive review to be undertaken in 2015. The report proposed undertaking potentially valuable inputs to the 2015 review, such as a comprehensive survey of the work of private sector and civil society organizations in the implementation of the World Summit outcomes, as well as a thorough analysis of wider social and economic developments in world society and the relationship between those developments and information and communications technologies.", "III. Work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in the area of science, technology and innovation", "A. Research and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development", "19. The Technology and Innovation Report is a new flagship series of studies issued by UNCTAD, drawing attention to the importance of technology and innovation for the economic development of countries. The series seeks to address in a comprehensive way issues in science, technology and innovation that are both topical and important for developing countries, with an emphasis on policy-relevant analysis and conclusions.", "20. The first report in the series[4] looked at how the current trend towards declining agricultural productivity in African countries can be reversed by what are known as agricultural innovation systems. The report identified risks to smallholder farms in African agriculture as both a result of external influences (e.g., World Trade Organization discussions, international seed companies and the growing privatization of agricultural knowledge) and internal pressures, such as malnutrition, hunger and poverty. Arguing that stagnant agricultural productivity in Africa has become a major development challenge for Africa, the report called for the building of agricultural innovation systems that would reverse declining agricultural productivity through an enabling framework not only for the adoption of existing technologies but the development of new ones suited for Africa’s needs. In this process, attention would be focused on the smallholders who represent the bulk of the continent’s farmers.", "21. The forthcoming second report in the series focuses on the greater use of renewable energies in developing countries, and seeks to join the ongoing international discourse on the need to promote the use of low-carbon technologies globally. The report analyses the important role of science, technology and innovation in the expanded application and wider acceptance of renewable energies, particularly in the context of developing countries.", "22. The report argues that sustained economic growth of the kind that leads to a continued improvement in the living standards of all people through poverty reduction rests on energy access for all. Such a global agenda requires a focus on energy efficiency that would also promote energy flexibility for all countries through the provision of newer or more cost-effective energy solutions. It also requires that more serious consideration be given to newer energy sources which could complement conventional sources in the quest to promote energy access for all. At the same time, such solutions need to take on board the overwhelming environmental challenge that mankind faces today, which is to limit the damage that economic activity inflicts on the planet’s environment. Joining with other United Nations agencies working in this area, the report submits that a mutually compatible response to the dual challenge of reducing energy poverty and promoting climate change-friendly solutions calls for a new energy paradigm. The new energy paradigm will have renewable energy technologies play a complementary role along with conventional energy sources with a view towards the eradication of energy poverty.", "23. In 2010, UNCTAD launched a new series, Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation,[5] which seeks to examine salient topics related to science, technology and innovation for development. The first in the series[6] provides an overview of some of the issues surrounding the use of renewable energy technologies to increase access to modern energy services in rural areas. Drawing on examples from Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Namibia and Nepal, the study concludes that the design and affordability of these technologies, the installation cost, lack of awareness, and lack of appropriate policy support from government represent some of the main barriers to their effective deployment. The challenge for Governments is to ensure that the deployment of renewable energy technologies is integrated into wider rural development strategies in order to meet local needs and priorities. National policies, for example, can support the provision of subsidies and the development and implementation of research projects, public awareness campaigns, programmes and regulations. The study underscores the need for technology transfer on the one hand, and the building of local capabilities on the other.", "24. The fourth study in the series,[7] examines the challenges related to agricultural water management in the context of climate change, increased demand for food production and environmental sustainability, and reviews the potential role of technologies in regard to water productivity, resilience in agricultural water management and sustainable livelihoods. It reviews a host of appropriate technologies and associated management practices, including traditional practices (such as water harvesting and storage) and new and emerging ones (such as geographical information systems), and discusses key areas for future action to accelerate the diffusion and adoption of those technologies and practices.", "25. In the latter part of 2011, UNCTAD will release a study on applying a gender lens to science, technology and innovation. The study notes that, although there is growing recognition that science, technology and innovation can have a significant impact on promoting development, the associated policies generally lack a gender perspective and therefore do not adequately address all development concerns. It argues that, given the role of women in the economy and society, taking into account the situations, needs and concerns of women as well as of men will enhance the efficiency of science, technology and innovation policies for development. The study highlights the need to integrate a gender perspective throughout the policymaking process, from diagnosis through policy design to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. It recommends that science, technology and innovation policies and programmes undergo a gender impact assessment to ensure that they deliver equality of opportunities to men and women. Prepared in collaboration with the Gender Advisory Board of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the study identifies three entry points for applying a gender lens in science, technology and innovation policy, namely:", "(a) Science for women: developing science and technology which support women’s development and livelihood activities;", "(b) Women in science: promoting gender equality in science and technology education, careers and leadership;", "(c) Encouraging and supporting the role of women in innovation systems at the national and grass-roots levels.", "B. Expert meetings on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation", "26. The second expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 20 to 22 January 2010. The meeting focused on the design, monitoring, and assessment of entrepreneurship and science, technology and innovation policies that could support and drive economic development strategies. Participants stressed that science, technology and innovation was a major driver of knowledge-based economies and sustainable economic development and noted the value of developing coherent science, technology and innovation policies that are adapted to the realities and opportunities of developing countries. They encouraged UNCTAD to further develop its research and policy analysis on science, technology and innovation issues, to continue to serve as a forum for science, technology and innovation policy dialogue, and to continue to implement science, technology and innovation policy reviews in developing countries. Some of the key issues noted by experts regarding the use of science, technology and innovation indicators in the design and evaluation of evidence-based policies include:", "(a) Science, technology and innovation indicators need to be relevant and be adapted to the specific context of developing countries which cannot rely on indicators directly taken from the experience of developed countries;", "(b) The limited availability of internationally comparable science, technology and innovation indicators represents a problem for policymaking;", "(c) Developing countries have limited capacities to analyse science, technology and innovation data and to formulate evidence-based policies;", "(d) There is a need to promote the development of relevant science, technology and innovation for the purposes of policy design, implementation and evaluation. In that regard, the possibility of identifying a common list of science, technology and innovation indicators adapted to the realities of developing countries was discussed.", "27. The third expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 19 to 21 January 2011. Participants noted several common constraints related to educational and research institutions that affected the ability of developing countries to harness science, technology and innovation. One was the lack of national strategies on capacity-building, which led to weak educational infrastructure, a poor performance by educational systems in building science, technology and innovation capacity, and weak linkages among academia, research institutes and the private sector. Other constraints identified included: inadequate intellectual property policies and the absence of offices dedicated to technology transfer and of staff with the relevant skills and experience; a lack of entrepreneurial culture among researchers; a lack of understanding of the importance of science, technology and innovation for development and marginalization of the issue in national development agendas; and weaknesses in the technological capabilities of firms and in the infrastructure related to science, technology and innovation.", "28. Participants underlined the need to develop strong innovative capabilities, in combination with strong scientific and technological absorptive capabilities. Science, technology and innovation policy should provide the incentives for educational and research institutions to develop agendas that match more closely the requirements of domestic enterprises and local communities. In that regard, there was a need to ensure that science, technology and innovation policy considered educational and research institutions as central elements of national innovation systems, within which strong collaborative linkages should be established between academia and enterprises.", "29. Training scientists and engineers in key areas of interest with a view to the technological upgrading of developing countries should be a major focus of such collaboration. It was considered that the establishment and reinforcement of networks of centres of scientific and technological excellence willing to engage in such efforts could greatly contribute to increasing the outreach and effectiveness of capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. UNCTAD was encouraged to continue its work in this field.", "C. Expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development", "30. An expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 9 to 11 February 2010. The aim of the meeting was on strategies to overcome challenges in using renewable energy technologies to catalyse rural development. Some 130 persons attended the meeting, representing over 53 countries and 31 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.", "31. The meeting concluded that renewable energy technologies could play a significant role in national poverty reduction strategies, enhanced energy security and access to affordable energy, as well as climate change mitigation. It was considered that scaled-up deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas could, notably, enhance agricultural supply capacity (both in quantitative and qualitative terms), support the development of artisanal business, strengthen export competitiveness, and open new opportunities for South-South cooperation and increased trade and investment. Participants emphasized the need to integrate deployment of renewable energy technologies into strategies for rural development and poverty reduction. They highlighted the importance of technology transfer and building local capabilities. Participants called upon UNCTAD to, inter alia, carry out research on integrated approaches to renewable energy technologies as a tool for pro-poor development, facilitate the exchange between countries and communities of experiences and best practices, and promote South-South cooperation in the area of renewable energy technologies for rural development, including trade and technology transfer aspects.", "D. Network of Centres of Excellence", "32. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development continued to collaborate with UNCTAD on the Network of Centres of Excellence project.[8] The project is executed through a group of scientific and technological institutions in developing countries, which are selected for their competence, state-of-the-art facilities’ and commitment to strengthen links and increase mobility within the scientific communities of developing countries.", "33. The Network organizes training courses and workshops on science and technology applications for scientists and engineers from developing countries, in particular African countries. The courses enable the scientists and engineers to update their professional expertise in a modern scientific environment. They also strengthen professional linkages within the scientific community and facilitate the mobility of science and technology professionals.", "34. The Network was launched in 2005, under a project funded by the Government of Italy. Since then, more than 120 scientists, engineers and academics from 25 African countries have benefited from the 11 training courses organized in China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. Topics covered in the training activities are: biosafety and the detection of genetically modified organisms; molecular marker techniques and fingerprinting; advanced molecular biology; information technology in agriculture for Africa; bioinformatics; malaria-related research and training; animal biotechnology; advanced laboratory training in regard to infectious disease; molecular medicine; and cybersecurity.", "35. In November 2010, within the framework of the Network and in collaboration with the National Agency for Computer Security of Tunisia, UNCTAD organized a training session on cybersecurity in Hammamet, Tunisia. Several of the participants are members of the new national computer emergency teams currently being established in several African countries. Twelve participants from 11 African countries, including 8 least developed countries, benefited from the course.", "E. Science, technology and innovation policy reviews", "36. In its resolution 2009/8, the Economic and Social Council, in extending its appreciation to UNCTAD for undertaking science, technology and innovation policy reviews, encouraged it to continue to provide its expertise and analytical skills in that regard. In its resolution 2010/3, the Council encouraged UNCTAD to increase significantly its efforts to conduct such reviews in response to a high demand from member countries, in close collaboration with other relevant international organizations, particularly the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and with the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the regional commissions and other appropriate stakeholders, including the World Bank and other international and regional development banks, with a view to assisting developing countries in strengthening their science, technology and innovation systems.", "37. The main focus of UNCTAD in its technical cooperation work in this area has been the implementation of science, technology and innovation policy reviews at the request of developing countries. The main objective of such reviews is to help Governments to ensure that their science, technology and innovation policies and programmes support national development agendas by enabling the emergence and development of national innovation systems. Such systems help national productive sectors become more competitive in a knowledge-based, global economy and therefore stimulate economic growth and help meet major development challenges. Policy reviews have been completed for Angola, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ghana, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania and Peru. UNCTAD undertook the policy review of Angola in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); of Ghana with the World Bank; of Lesotho with UNDP and UNESCO; of Mauritania with UNESCO; and of Peru with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The policy reviews of El Salvador and the Dominican Republic, which will be finalized in 2011, have also been undertaken in collaboration with ECLAC.", "38. Lessons drawn from the African series of science, technology and innovation policy reviews have been applied to the more recent Latin American and the Caribbean series. Among these lessons are the critical role of the national counterpart and the importance of involving stakeholders in the process. The impact on policy is maximized when the review can be timed and orchestrated in such a way that it feeds into locally driven processes. Finally, political will and leadership at the highest levels are crucial for success, especially where cohesive inter‑ministerial cooperation is difficult to achieve.", "39. With a view to consolidating academic thinking and other viewpoints into the science, technology and innovation policy review programme, UNCTAD organized two expert meetings in 2010. The discussions at those meetings concerned conceptual and methodological issues relevant to the assessment of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The outcome of the two meetings will be reflected in a set of guidelines for the implementation of the policy reviews, which will be released in 2011. Such guidelines are intended to enhance the effectiveness and consistency of the outcome of the policy reviews and should therefore facilitate the development of a repository of best practice in regard to science, technology and innovation policy in developing countries. The guidelines should give interested developing countries more precise information about the purposes of the process and the modalities for its implementation; this is expected to improve national ownership of the science, technology and innovation policy review and assist in the implementation of the recommendations arising from such reviews. The guidelines will also facilitate discussions with interested donor countries and cooperation with other international agencies active in the field of science, technology and innovation.", "40. The first expert meeting addressed the issue of science, technology and innovation indicators and the lack of up-to-date and relevant data in many client countries. Other related problems examined at the meeting included the issue of availability versus relevance, international comparability, and the importance of indicators in policy formulation. The challenge has been to design science, technology and innovation surveys that will lead to policies and measures that would in turn underpin innovation, particularly in countries for which science, technology and innovation is a relatively new concept. Indicators could, for example, be broadened to take impact into account and to capture innovation in the informal sector as well as in non-technology sectors. More specifically, human resource indicators could be given more emphasis. Another issue discussed was how to assess linkages among actors in national systems of innovation, particularly those between the private sector and government in the area of research and development.", "41. The second expert meeting focused on the conceptual framework, the thematic scope and content of and the production process for the policy reviews. It was generally agreed that national systems of innovation, including sectoral innovation systems analysis, provided a useful framework for the reviews. The UNCTAD reviews generally included an analysis of sectors critical in national development objectives and priorities. Given the varying degrees of development and the wide variance in national priorities and conditions, it was considered that there could be no one-size-fits-all template for the policy reviews. However, a number of issues that needed to be covered were identified, including education, linkages between knowledge producers and users, intellectual property regimes, industrial policies and practices in relation to the transfer of technology.", "42. The approach of the science, technology and innovation policy review programme is based on recognition of the central role of innovation in the process of economic development and of its essentially systemic nature. In this context, technological innovation is understood as a broad notion which includes not only the introduction by firms of products, marketing methods or productive processes that are not only new to the world, but new also to the market or the firm. Innovation can thus take place not only by pushing back the frontiers of knowledge, but also (and this is most frequently the case in developing countries) when firms learn to implement and use technologies that are already available elsewhere. For developing countries, technology acquisition, imitation and adaptation are key innovative processes which can be as important as research and development.", "43. The systems approach to innovation provides the basic conceptual framework for the production of science, technology and innovation policy reviews. The concept of the national system of innovation cuts across many institutional boundaries and involves a variety of links within and among many actors. The system is therefore necessarily complex and difficult to characterize by assessing its conformity with any particular model. This is all the more so in the case of developing countries in which the elements that integrate the ideal description of a national system of innovation and are found in the literature based on the experience of more advanced countries are either immature or non-existent. Therefore some adaptation to the standard national system of innovation framework is needed when it is applied in the context of a science, technology and innovation policy review.", "44. For countries at an early stage of development, generating the ability to access, use and diffuse foreign technologies is more important than putting in place a fully fledged national system of innovation. The needs of emerging innovation systems for absorption and adaptation are not the same as those needed at the frontier of innovation. Accordingly, the emphasis in the analysis of the policy review report is placed on the development of innovation, as opposed to merely strengthening research and development or particular technical capabilities. The discussion in the report also needs to avoid unnecessary technical or academic analysis or abstract language and instead concentrate on identifying the key policy issues and generating practical policy recommendations.", "45. A central concern in the context of most developing countries is how national systems of innovation enable the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of existing technologies, in particular through the transfer of technology at the international level, and the development of new technologies and their application. The national system of innovation framework should help policymakers to understand how policy that addresses systemic failures (coordination and networking problems, infrastructural deficiencies, rules and regulations, incentives and disincentives) and the capabilities of the various players can enhance technology absorption. The creation of absorptive capacity at the level of the firms, but also that of the national innovation system as a whole, is critical if the economy is to benefit from any increased exposure to the international knowledge and technology flows that may be gained through trade, investment or other mechanisms. Such absorptive capacity is defined by the availability of a wide range of skills and expertise and of material and non-material infrastructure. The aim is to develop capabilities to not only use and maintain more advanced equipment and techniques but also to dynamically adapt them to new processes or specific needs.", "46. Many other aspects of science, technology and innovation policymaking take on a different importance in a development context and are accordingly reflected in the approach adopted for the policy reviews. These include, for example, the optimization of trade and investment links with foreign sources of technology and the relationship between these links and the generation of endogenous technological capacities; the much greater importance of accelerating innovation in agriculture; a different balance with regard to the incentives and disincentives to innovation provided by the intellectual property regime; the importance of understanding and addressing innovation processes in the informal sector; and the need to consider the social consequences of rapid structural change induced by technological catch-up and innovation.", "47. A key conclusion is that the success of a science, technology and innovation policy review depends critically on the availability and involvement of a strong, credible, high-level counterpart in the process. The involvement of national academic centres in carrying out the review should be solicited. Members of legislative bodies could also be invited to take part in national workshops at the beginning and/or at the end of the review.", "[1] See, for example, A/66/64, and Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Geneva, May 2011.", "[2] See E/CN.16/2011/2, E/CN.16/2011/3 and Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf.", "[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security in Africa through Science, Technology and Innovation, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).", "[5] Available from www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1.", "[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4).", "[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/ STICT/2011/2).", "[8] See www.unctad.org/noce." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: science and technology for development", "Science and technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/212, provides information on the work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in the areas of agriculture, rural development, information and communications technology and environmental management. It also provides information on activities undertaken by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other relevant organizations in assisting developing countries in their efforts to integrate STI policies into their national development plans and strategies.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/212, the General Assembly reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen and enhance existing mechanisms and to support initiatives to promote research and development, including through voluntary partnerships between the public and private sectors, to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of health, agriculture, conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and environmental management, energy, forestry and the impact of climate change. In this regard, the Assembly also reaffirmed its commitment to support a number of initiatives related to science and technology, including the transfer and diffusion of technology; the promotion and development of national human resources and science and technology strategies; the development of renewable energy sources; the implementation of policies to attract public and private investment, both domestic and foreign, to enhance knowledge, transfer technology on mutually agreed terms and enhance productivity; and the use of new agricultural technologies to increase agricultural productivity in an environmentally sustainable manner.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to assist the Economic and Social Council in the system-wide implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of agriculture, rural development, information and communication technologies and environmental management. The Conference encourages UNCTAD, in collaboration with relevant partners, to continue to undertake science, technology and innovation policy reviews to assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in identifying the measures needed to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.", "3. The present report has been prepared pursuant to paragraph 10 of the resolution, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution and recommendations for future follow-up, including lessons learned in integrating science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.", "II. Work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in the areas of agriculture, rural development, information and communications technology and environmental management", "4. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development reaffirmed its unique role as an intergovernmental global forum within the United Nations system to examine science and technology issues, raise awareness of science and technology policies for development and formulate recommendations and guidelines on science and technology matters. In addition, the Commission has continued to fulfil its mandate to assist the Economic and Social Council in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and the commitments made in paragraph 60 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1).", "5. The secretariat of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development has taken a number of initiatives to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of agriculture, rural development, information and communications technology and environmental management through the Commission ' s sessions and UNCTAD ' s projects.", "A. Thirteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "At its thirteenth session, held in Geneva from 17 to 21 May 2010, the Commission undertook a five-year review of progress made in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society at the regional and international levels. It also considered the priority themes “Improvement and innovation of existing financing mechanisms” and “New and emerging technologies”.", "7. It was noted that, while rapid progress had been made at the global level in improving access to ICT, large disparities within economies and societies affected the demand for and ability to use ICT. Participants described the main obstacles to developing countries ' access to new technologies, including shortfalls in resources, infrastructure, education, capacity, investment and connectivity, and technology ownership, standards and flows. Participants called upon all stakeholders to provide adequate resources to developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, and to support capacity-building and technology transfer efforts.", "8. Participants expressed concern that the widening gap in broadband connectivity further marginalized the poor, rural communities and other vulnerable groups, such as women, persons with disabilities and older persons. Participants commended initiatives aimed at achieving rapid broadbanding and stressed the need to prioritize innovative approaches within national and regional development strategies. Participants also reaffirmed the importance of ICT indicators as a monitoring and evaluation tool for measuring the digital divide between countries and within societies, enabling policymakers to inform policy formulation and social, cultural and economic development strategies. It was emphasized that standardization and the harmonization of reliable and regularly updated indicators were essential for capturing performance, efficiency, affordability and quality of goods and services.", "9. In exploring priority topics related to new and emerging technologies, discussions focused on renewable energy technologies. It was recognized that such technologies must be part of the energy mix if energy security, climate change mitigation and improved access to energy were to be achieved. It also recognized that technology transfer was an important aspect of the use of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. In addition to the transfer of hardware, it is necessary to transfer skills and know-how in order to operate such hardware and adapt it to local conditions. Where possible, technical options should be selected that maximize the use of existing local capacities. In addition, expanding existing local innovative capacities and building new ones through training centres and knowledge networks are important for the effective and sustainable use of renewable energy technologies. It was noted that because of the high costs involved, investors, project developers and consumers were reluctant to support renewable energy technologies. Government policy can remedy this to a large extent. In particular, mechanisms such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs for power generation and lower import tariffs could help to market renewable energy technologies. Markets must, however, be nurtured to ensure the sustainability of these technologies following the phasing out of financial mechanisms. Since there was no one-size-fits-all policy approach, a systematic review of low-carbon technology transfer and the use of renewable energy technologies was considered important.", "Governments were called upon to provide an enabling environment to encourage private and public sector initiatives to take advantage of new and emerging technologies and to develop and disseminate renewable energy technologies. They recommended that Governments consider a number of policy measures to promote local capacity for innovation, namely: support for universities and public research centres specializing in renewable energy technologies; support for community participation in decision-making; ensuring the necessary capacity of communities to manage low-carbon technologies used in their respective regions; stimulating research and development and practical use; and the establishment of business parks and innovation clusters. Governments were urged to adopt regulatory and procurement policies to promote competition and private sector development and attract domestic and foreign direct investment. Governments were invited to consider appropriate policy instruments, such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, fiscal guarantees and reduced import duties, to support the application of such technologies in niche markets and to encourage joint ventures and foreign direct investment in the manufacturing and use of renewable energy technologies. Participants also called upon the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to serve as a platform for the exchange of examples of good practices and for the development of North-South and South-South partnerships, in particular with regard to new and emerging technologies and the transfer and application of renewable energy technologies.", "B. Fourteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "At its fourteenth session, held in Geneva from 23 to 27 May 2011, the Commission considered the priority themes “Measuring the impact of information and communication technologies for development” and “Technology to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”. In addition, two ministerial round tables were held, one to review progress in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and the other to consider the use of science and technology for development. Panels on e-science, e-engineering and e-education were also convened during the session.", "Participants highlighted the significant progress made in providing access to information and communication technologies, most notably in mobile phones and the Internet. However, it was noted that the gap between developed and developing countries in terms of broadband access had widened. Over the past few years, user-generated content has increased, but content is not necessarily available in all languages and may not be available to all groups in all regions of the world. As a result, the digital divide had taken on a new dimension, reflected in the quality of access, access to information and skills and the value they could derive from them, and concern was expressed that information and communication technologies and their applications remained unaffordable for most people, especially those living in rural areas.", "13. In reviewing progress made in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society since 2005, participants noted that the important role of the private sector in promoting ICT development and building related infrastructure was supported by the following factors: an enabling environment for Governments, including independent regulatory bodies; respect for the rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; legal, policy and regulatory frameworks that encourage competition; independent courts; and policies to promote entrepreneurship. Participants also highlighted a number of new and emerging areas requiring policy attention, namely, the potential of information and communication technologies to address climate change, social networking, privacy protection and cyberexploitation and misuse.", "In response to the priority theme “Measuring the impact of information and communication technologies for development”, participants called for the Partnership on Measuring Information and Communication Technologies for Development to further advance work on measuring the impact of such technologies, particularly in developing countries, through the development of practical guidelines, methodologies and indicators. Governments were encouraged to collect relevant data, share the results of country case studies and cooperate in capacity-building. They also encouraged relevant United Nations entities and other agencies to contribute to the assessment of the impact of ICT on poverty and in key areas to identify the knowledge and skills needed to increase impact. In addition, they called on international development partners to provide financial support for capacity-building efforts.", "In the discussion on the priority theme “Technology to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”, the discussion focused on the challenges faced by small farmers in developing countries. It was pointed out that nearly a billion people were undernourished, and that figure could even increase further in the light of the global financial crisis, high unemployment rates, increased food price volatility, food shortages and the forecast of further droughts and floods. Fortunately, the range of science and technology applications and farming practices available at all stages of the agricultural process can significantly increase productivity. It was recognized that there was a need to move from traditional monocultures to sustainable regeneration systems. It was also recognized that small farmers should be at the centre of policy and technical decision-making. Small-scale farmers are generally labour-intensive and do not rely heavily on external inputs, but are more dependent on the local environment. The introduction of modern science and technology into smallholder farming should take these characteristics into account and be based on agricultural knowledge networks, better infrastructure and a systematic approach that combines crop rotation, integrated crop and raw material production. Among small-scale farmers, greater emphasis should be placed on women, who play a key role in agriculture but often face challenges in trying to move beyond subsistence farming because of lack of access to critical resources. Participants called upon the Commission to promote the exchange, dissemination and dissemination of best practice examples in the areas of agricultural science, technology and innovation and on cooperation between countries.", "16. At the same session, the Committee took note of the outcome document of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, and expressed its appreciation for the initiative of the Government of Turkey to establish an international centre for science, technology and innovation for least developed countries, which would also serve as a technology bank to help least developed countries to access critical technologies. Following the fourteenth session, the Commission, UNCTAD and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey held consultations on ways and means of implementing the outcome of the Conference.", "C. Five-year review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society", "17. In November 2010, the Chair of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development held an open multi-stakeholder consultation on progress in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A questionnaire was distributed to all States Members of the United Nations, regional and international entities of the United Nations system, associations and institutions of the ICT sector, the private sector and civil society actors. The objective of the review was to identify the areas where progress had been most visible, the obstacles and constraints encountered and innovative measures to overcome them. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/46, the review also considered how changes in the field of information and communication technologies could require increased or reduced attention to certain areas.", "The results of the consultations formed the basis for the report entitled “Implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society: experiences to date and prospects for the future”, issued during the fourteenth session of the Commission. The report notes that, since 2005, substantial progress has been made towards universal access to basic telecommunications, notably the expansion of mobile phones. The report notes that much of the progress made towards the 10 Summit goals has been to ensure that information and communication technologies are easily accessible to all and to rural areas. Progress has also been made in each of the action line thematic areas. However, while the digital divide in voice telephony and basic Internet access has narrowed, there is growing concern that differences in the quality of access to means of communication, including the Internet, as well as in the value of such access, may even widen. The implementation of the Summit outcomes has been hampered by a number of constraints, including the lack of affordable infrastructure, investment and regulatory aspects of communications. To take full advantage of the potential of ICT, users must have access to communication services and relevant content. Policy approaches need to be based on a more comprehensive understanding of social, economic and cultural changes at the local, national and international levels. The Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development identified indicators that should contribute to our ability to measure progress prior to the comprehensive review in 2015. The report recommends potentially valuable inputs to the 2015 review, such as a comprehensive survey of the work of private sector and civil society organizations in the implementation of the World Summit outcomes, a thorough analysis of the broader socio-economic development of the international community and the relationship between these developments and information and communication technologies.", "III. Work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in the area of science, technology and innovation", "A. Research and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development", "19. The Technology and Innovation Report is a new major series of studies issued by UNCTAD that draws attention to the importance of technology and innovation for national economic development. The series aims at a comprehensive exploration of issues of interest and importance to developing countries in the area of science, technology and innovation, with a focus on policy-relevant analyses and findings.", "20. The first report in this series[4] examines how an agricultural innovation system is known to reverse the current trend of declining agricultural productivity in African countries. The report recognizes that the risks faced by small-scale farms in African agriculture stem from both external influences (e.g., World Trade Organization discussions, international seed companies and increasing privatization of agricultural knowledge) and from internal pressures such as malnutrition, hunger and poverty. The report states that stagnant agricultural productivity in Africa has become a major development challenge for Africa and calls for an agricultural innovation system that will reverse declining agricultural productivity through a favourable framework that promotes the adoption of existing technologies and the development of new technologies suited to Africa ' s needs. In doing so, the focus will be on smallholder farmers, who make up the majority of African farmers.", "21. The forthcoming second report in the series focuses on increasing the use of renewable energy in developing countries and seeks to join the ongoing international discussions on the need to promote the use of low-carbon technologies globally. The report analyses the important role of science, technology and innovation in the wider use and acceptance of renewable energy, particularly in developing countries.", "22. According to the report, the sustained economic growth that has led to a rising standard of living for all through poverty reduction depends on access to energy for all. Such a global agenda requires a focus on energy efficiency by providing newer or more cost-effective energy solutions, which in turn promotes energy flexibility for all countries. It also requires that more serious consideration be given to newer sources of energy that can complement conventional energy in promoting energy access for all. At the same time, such a solution would need to take into account the enormous environmental challenge facing humanity today, namely, to limit the damage to the Earth ' s environment caused by economic activity. The report agrees with other United Nations agencies working in this area that a new energy paradigm is needed to address the twin challenges of reducing energy poverty and promoting solutions that help to address climate change in a mutually compatible manner. The new energy paradigm will enable renewable energy technologies to complement conventional energy sources in order to eradicate energy poverty.", "23. In 2010, UNCTAD launched a new series of reports on current research on science, technology and innovation,[5] which seeks to address important topics related to science, technology and innovation for development. The first report in the series[6] outlines a number of issues related to the use of renewable energy technologies to increase access to modern energy services for people in rural areas. Citing the examples of Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Namibia and Nepal, the report concluded that the design and affordability of these technologies, the cost of their installation, insufficient awareness of them and the lack of appropriate policy support from Governments were some of the main obstacles to their effective application. The challenge for Governments is to ensure that the application of renewable energy technologies is integrated into broader rural development strategies to meet local needs and priorities. For example, national policies could support subsidies and research projects, public awareness campaigns, programme development and implementation, and legislation. The study emphasized the need for technology transfer on the one hand and local capacity-building on the other.", "24. The fourth report in this series[7] examines the challenges related to water management in agriculture in the context of climate change, the increased demand for food production and environmental sustainability, and the potential role of technology in water productivity, agricultural water management resilience and sustainable livelihoods. The report examines a wide range of appropriate technologies and related management practices, including traditional practices (such as rainwater harvesting and storage) and new and emerging technologies (such as geographic information systems), and discusses key areas where further action is needed to accelerate their diffusion and adoption.", "25. In the second half of 2011, UNCTAD will publish a report on a gender perspective in science, technology and innovation. The study noted that, while it was increasingly recognized that science, technology and innovation could have a significant impact on development, policies often lacked a gender perspective and therefore could not adequately address all development issues. The report states that, given the role of women in the economy and society, science, technology and innovation policies will be more effective for development, taking into account the situation, needs and concerns of men and women. The study highlighted the need to integrate a gender perspective throughout the policy development process, from diagnosis to policy design to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. The report recommends that a gender impact assessment of science, technology and innovation policies and programmes be undertaken to ensure that they provide equal opportunities for men and women. The study, prepared in collaboration with the Gender Advisory Board of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, identified three entry points for applying a gender perspective in science, technology and innovation policies, namely:", "(a) Science for women: developing science and technology to support women ' s development and livelihood activities;", "(b) Women and science: promoting gender equality in science and technology education, careers and leadership;", "(c) Encourage and support the role of women in innovation systems at the national and grass-roots levels.", "Expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation", "26. UNCTAD convened the second Expert Meeting on Enterprise Development Policies and Capacity-building in Science, Technology and Innovation in Geneva from 20 to 22 January 2010. The meeting focused on the design, monitoring and evaluation of entrepreneurship and science, technology and innovation policies that could support and promote economic development strategies. Participants emphasized that science, technology and innovation were major drivers of knowledge-based economies and sustainable development, and noted the importance of developing coherent science, technology and innovation policies that were adapted to the realities and opportunities of developing countries. UNCTAD was encouraged to further its research and policy analysis on STI issues, to continue to serve as a forum for policy dialogue on STI and to continue to implement STI policy reviews in developing countries. Experts identified a number of key issues related to the use of STI indicators in the design and evaluation of evidence-based policies, including:", "(a) Science, technology and innovation indicators need to be relevant and adapted to the specific circumstances of developing countries, which cannot rely on indicators that are based directly on the experience of developed countries;", "(b) The limited availability of internationally comparable science, technology and innovation indicators is an issue for policy formulation;", "(c) The limited capacity of developing countries to analyse science, technology and innovation data and to develop evidence-based policies;", "(d) The need to promote relevant science, technology and innovation development for policy design, implementation and evaluation. In this regard, the possibility of establishing a common list of science, technology and innovation indicators adapted to the realities of developing countries was discussed.", "27. UNCTAD convened the third Expert Meeting on Enterprise Development Policies and Capacity-building in the Area of Science, Technology and Innovation in Geneva from 19 to 21 January 2011. Participants noted a number of common constraints related to education and research institutions that affect the ability of developing countries to utilize science, technology and innovation. One factor is the lack of a national strategy for capacity-building, which leads to weak education infrastructure, poor performance of education systems in building STI capacity and weak linkages between academia, research institutions and the private sector. Other constraints identified included the lack of intellectual property policies, offices dedicated to technology transfer and staff with relevant skills and experience; the lack of an entrepreneurial culture among researchers; the lack of understanding of the importance of science, technology and innovation for development and the marginalization of the issue in national development agendas; and the weak technical capacity of companies and infrastructure related to science, technology and innovation.", "28. Participants stressed the need to develop strong innovation capabilities, as well as strong science and technology absorptive capacities. Science, technology and innovation policies should provide incentives for educational and research institutions to develop agendas that are more responsive to the demands of domestic enterprises and local communities. In this regard, there is a need to ensure that science, technology and innovation policies see education and research institutions as central elements of national innovation systems, where strong partnerships between academia and business should be built.", "29. A major focus of such cooperation should be the training of scientists and engineers in critical areas of concern to achieve technological upgrading in developing countries. It was suggested that the establishment and strengthening of a network of science and technology centres of excellence willing to participate in such efforts could contribute significantly to enhancing the diffusion and efficiency of capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. UNCTAD was encouraged to continue its work in this area.", "C. Expert Meeting on Green and Renewable Energy Technologies as Energy Solutions for Rural Development", "30. UNCTAD convened an Expert Meeting on Green and Renewable Energy Technologies as Energy Solutions for Rural Development in Geneva from 9 to 11 February 2010. The objective of the meeting was to discuss strategies to address the challenges of using renewable energy technologies for rural development. Some 130 participants, representing more than 53 countries and 31 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, attended the meeting.", "31. It was recognized that renewable energy technologies could play an important role in national poverty reduction strategies, enhancing energy security, access to affordable energy and mitigating climate change. The view was expressed that expanding the use of renewable energy technologies in rural areas could significantly enhance agricultural supply capacity (both in terms of quantity and quality), support the development of individual businesses, enhance export competitiveness and provide new opportunities for South-South cooperation and more trade and investment. Participants stressed the need to integrate the use of renewable energy technologies into rural development and poverty reduction strategies. They stressed the importance of technology transfer and local capacity-building. Participants called upon UNCTAD, inter alia, to undertake research on an integrated approach to renewable energy technologies as a tool for pro-poor development, to facilitate the exchange of national and community experiences and best practices, and to promote South-South cooperation in renewable energy technologies for rural development, including trade and technology transfer.", "Network of centres of excellence", "32. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development continued its collaboration with UNCTAD on the Network of Centres of Excellence project. [8] The project was implemented through scientific and technological institutions in a number of developing countries selected for their capacity, advanced equipment and commitment to strengthen the in-house linkages and mobility of the scientific community in developing countries.", "33. The Network organizes training courses and workshops on science and technology applications for scientists and engineers from developing countries, particularly from Africa. These courses have enabled scientists and engineers to update their expertise in a modern scientific environment and to strengthen professional contacts within the scientific community to facilitate the movement of science and technology professionals.", "34. The Network was launched in 2005 under a project funded by the Government of Italy. Since then, more than 120 scientists, engineers and scholars from 25 African countries have benefited from 11 training courses in China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The training activities covered topics such as biosafety and detection of genetically modified organisms; molecular marking techniques and fingerprinting; advanced molecular biology; agricultural information technology in Africa; bioinformatics; malaria-related research and training; animal biotechnology; advanced laboratory training related to infectious diseases; molecular medicine; and cybersecurity.", "35. In November 2010, within the framework of the Network, UNCTAD organized a training course on cybersecurity in Hammamet, Tunisia, in cooperation with the Tunisian National Computer Security Agency. Several participants were members of the new national computer emergency response teams currently established in several African countries. Twelve participants from 11 African countries, including eight least developed countries, benefited from the course.", "E. Science, technology and innovation policy reviews", "36. In its resolution 2009/8, the Economic and Social Council expressed its appreciation to UNCTAD for its science, technology and innovation policy reviews and encouraged it to continue to provide expertise and analytical methods in this regard. In its resolution 2010/3, the Economic and Social Council encouraged UNCTAD to intensify its efforts to conduct science, technology and innovation policy reviews, in response to the high needs of member States, in order to assist developing countries in strengthening their scientific, technological and industrial systems, in close collaboration with other relevant international organizations, in particular the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the Commission on Science and Technology for Development and the regional commissions, as well as other appropriate stakeholders, including the World Bank and other international and regional development banks.", "37. The main focus of UNCTAD ' s technical cooperation work in this area has been on science, technology and innovation policy reviews at the request of developing countries. The main objective of such reviews is to assist Governments in supporting national development agendas by ensuring that their science, technology and innovation policies and programmes are conducive to the generation and development of national innovation systems. Such a system would help to enhance the competitiveness of national productive sectors in a knowledge-based global economy, thereby stimulating economic growth and helping to address key development challenges. UNCTAD has completed policy reviews in Angola, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania and Peru. UNCTAD collaborated with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on the policy review of Angola; with the World Bank on Ghana; with UNDP and UNESCO on Lesotho; with UNESCO on Mauritania; and with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) on Peru. Policy reviews for El Salvador and the Dominican Republic, to be completed in 2011, were also carried out in cooperation with ECLAC.", "38. Lessons learned from the series of STIP reviews of African countries have been applied to the recent series of policy reviews of Latin American and Caribbean countries. These include the important role of national counterparts and the need to involve stakeholders in the process. The policy can be maximized when the reviews are timed and organized in such a way that they are available for locally driven processes. Finally, political will and leadership at the highest level are essential for success, especially when close inter-ministerial cooperation is difficult.", "39. To integrate academic thinking and other perspectives into the STIP Review programme, UNCTAD organized two expert meetings in 2010. Discussions at those meetings addressed conceptual and methodological issues related to the assessment of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The outcomes of these two meetings will be reflected in a set of guidelines for the implementation of the policy review to be issued in 2011. The guidelines aim to enhance the effectiveness and coherence of policy reviews and thus contribute to the development of a database of best practices related to science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The guidelines should provide interested developing countries with more accurate information on the objectives and implementation modalities of the process; it is expected that this will enhance national ownership of STIP reviews and contribute to the implementation of the recommendations resulting from such reviews. The guidelines will also facilitate discussions with interested donor countries and cooperation with other international institutions active in the field of science, technology and innovation.", "40. The first expert meeting addressed science, technology and innovation indicators and the lack of up-to-date relevant data in many user countries. Other relevant issues addressed at the meeting included availability and relevance, international comparability and the importance of indicators in policy formulation. The challenge is to design science, technology and innovation surveys as a way to formulate policies and measures that in turn will strengthen innovation, especially in countries where science, technology and innovation are relatively new concepts. For example, indicators could be expanded to take into account the impact and reflection of innovation in the informal and non-scientific sectors. More specifically, more attention could be given to human resources indicators. Another issue discussed was how to assess the linkages between actors in national innovation systems, particularly between the private sector and Governments in the area of research and development.", "41. The second expert meeting focused on the conceptual framework, the scope and content of the policy review and the preparation process. There was general agreement that national innovation systems, including sectoral innovation systems analysis, provided a useful framework for the review. The UNCTAD review generally includes an analysis of sectors that are critical to national development objectives and priorities. Given the different levels of development of countries and the great diversity of national priorities and conditions, it was suggested that there might not be a single one-size-fits-all policy review template. However, participants identified a number of issues that need to be included in policy reviews, including education, linkages between knowledge producers and users, intellectual property systems, industrial policies and practices related to technology transfer.", "42. The approach of the STIP Review Programme is based on an understanding of the central role of innovation in the economic development process and its systemic nature. In this regard, technological innovation is understood as a broad concept that goes beyond the introduction of new products, marketing methods or production processes for the world, markets and companies. Thus, innovation can take place not only when pushing back the frontiers of knowledge, but also (which is the most common case in developing countries) when companies learn to implement and apply technologies that already exist elsewhere. For developing countries, technology acquisition, imitation and adaptation may be a key innovation process as important as research and development.", "43. The systemic approach to innovation provides the basic conceptual framework for the preparation of STIP reviews. The concept of national innovation systems cuts across many institutional boundaries and involves multiple linkages within and among many actors. The system must therefore be complex and difficult to determine by assessing whether it meets any particular model. This is even more so in developing countries, where the elements that are embedded in the ideal description of the national innovation system and are found in information based on the experience of more advanced countries are either premature or non-existent. Therefore, the use of standard national innovation system frameworks in STIP reviews needs to be adapted.", "44. For countries at an early stage of development, capacity to acquire, use and promote foreign technology is more important than a fully developed national innovation system. The demand for new and emerging innovation systems for technology absorption and adaptation differs from the demand for the innovation frontier. Thus, the PRR analysis focuses on the development of innovation rather than simply strengthening research and development or specific technical capacities. The discussions in the report also need to avoid unnecessary technical or academic analysis or abstract language, focusing instead on identifying key policy issues and making practical policy recommendations.", "45. The central concern of most developing countries is how national innovation systems can be achieved, in particular through technology transfer at the international level, the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of existing technologies, as well as the development and use of new technologies. The NIS framework should help policymakers understand how policies to address systemic failures (coordination and networking issues, inadequate infrastructure, rules and regulations, incentives and disincentives) and the capacity of various actors can enhance technology uptake. Building absorptive capacity at the corporate level and across national innovation systems is essential if the economy is to benefit from increased access to international flows of knowledge and technology that may be obtained through trade, investment or other mechanisms. Such absorptive capacity is defined as the availability of skills and expertise, as well as physical and non-material infrastructure. The aim is to develop capacities that not only use and maintain more advanced equipment and technologies, but also actively adapt them to new processes or specific needs.", "46. Many other aspects of STI policymaking are of different importance in the development context and are reflected accordingly in the approach adopted for policy reviews. These include optimizing trade and investment linkages with foreign sources of technology and the relationship between those linkages and the creation of endogenous technological capabilities; placing greater emphasis on accelerating agricultural innovation; different balances in innovation incentives and disincentives provided by intellectual property systems; understanding and addressing the importance of innovation processes in the informal sector; and the need to consider the social consequences of rapid structural changes brought about by technological catch-up and innovation.", "47. An important conclusion is that the success of STIP reviews depends to a large extent on the participation of strong, credible and high-level counterparts and counterparts in the process. The involvement of national academic centres in conducting the review should be sought. Members of the legislature could also be invited to national workshops at the beginning and/or end of the review.", "[1] See, for example, A/66/64 and Impressing WSIS Outcomes: Access to Date and Products for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Geneva, May 2011.", "[2] See E/CN.16/2011/2, E/CN.16/2011/3 and Water for Food: Innovated Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Management, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstic2011d3_en.pdf.", "[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security through Science, Technology and Innovation, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).", "[5] Available at www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1.", "[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD ' s Current Study on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STI/2009/4).", "[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food Production and Poverty Reduction, UNCTAD ' s Current Study on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STI/2011/2).", "[8] See www.unctad.org/noce." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函附上按照第1970(2011)号决议提交的报告，说明联合王国为执行该决议第25段规定采取的步骤(见附件)。", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "制裁的执行情况", "1. 安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段要求所有会员国向联合国报告它们为执行武器禁运、冻结资产和旅行禁令的措施已采取的步骤。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国根据第25段所采取的步骤概述如下。", "武器禁运", "出口背景情况", "2. 禁止从联合王国出口所有军火及相关材料，并禁止在某些情况下由联合王国海外国民从第三国供应所有军火及相关材料，除非这种出口或供应获得商业、创新和技术大臣批准的许可证加以授权。发放许可证的有关禁令和规定载于2008年的《出口管制法令》。只有根据相关标准，尤其是包括联合王国按照联合国实施的制裁所承担的义务仔细评估后才发放许可证。同样，联合王国政府向另一国政府或海外最终用户赠送的可发放许可证的出口货物的礼物，通常是按照有关标准，尤其是包括联合王国按照联合国实施的制裁所承担的义务，按个案加以评估，而且，不会在违反联合国实施的制裁情况下赠送礼物。因此，联合王国将不会发放向利比亚出口军火和有关材料的许可证，或批准一项由联合王国政府赠送的礼物，除非这项出口符合第1970(2011)号决议规定的条件，或者是保护在利比亚攻击威胁下的平民和平民聚居地区所必需的。", "3. 欧洲联盟已进一步采取必要措施实施武器禁运，这些措施载于欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定和经修订的(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例。这些文书对所有成员国直接有效，而且禁止直接或间接地向利比亚销售、供应、转让或出口一批可用于内部镇压的设备，并禁止直接或间接地向利比亚提供可用于内部镇压的技术或财政援助，或提供有关武器或设备的中介服务。这些措施适用于欧盟范围内在某成员国司法管辖下的任何船只或飞机上对法人、在欧盟设立的团体或实体，或对无论在何处的各成员国国民作出的行为。理事会(欧盟)第204/2011号条例要求成员国规定对违反该条例所载的各项措施的处罚。在联合王国，这些刑罚载于2011年《出口(利比亚)管制法令》。", "禁运的实施", "4. 第1970(2011)号决议实施的武器禁运是根据枢密院制定的《2011年利比亚(限制措施)(海外属地)法令》在联合王国的海外领土(立法独立的直布罗陀除外)加以执行。联合王国属地已单独立法：它们已各自实施国内措施，执行第1970(2011)号和1973年(2011)号决议。", "5. 联合王国税务及海关总署继续实施对军用品出口的现有控制，并实施联合王国对目的地为利比亚的军事物资和技术出口的许可证制度，其中包括在联合王国过境或中转的货物。联合王国税务及海关总署和联合王国边境管理局也注意监测受控制的货物出口到已知可能转移到其他地方的目的地，并根据可靠信息，检查和酌情扣留或没收可能非法转移到阿拉伯利比亚民众国的货物。", "6. 作为执法职责的一部分，联合王国税务及海关总署和联合王国边境管理局也继续实施最终用途管制。凡怀疑是需要从商业、创新和技术部出口许可证的货物，均需对运输的货物进行检查，并根据具体情况加以拘留。如发现有违反管制的企图，可采取执法行动，其中可能包括扣押和刑事调查。", "7. 对于在联合王国境内或由联合王国国民在世界任何地方，或由代表他们的个人或在他们的指示下，或由他们拥有或控制的实体开展的贸易活动，联合王国税务及海关总署还强制执行与来自或运往阿拉伯利比亚民众国的军用物资有关的贩运和中介管制禁令。", "8. 联合王国属地和海外领土由它们的有关当局执行武器禁运。", "冻结资产", "9. 联合王国财政部负责在联合王国实施金融制裁。第1970(2011)号决议实施的金融制裁，是根据《2011年利比亚(金融制裁)法令》(《联合王国法令》)，并根据(欧盟)第204/2011号理事会条例(即《欧盟条例》)在联合王国加以执行。这两项法律在联合王国具有直接的法律效力。联合王国根据《2011年利比亚(欧洲共同体金融制裁)法令》的规定实施《欧盟条例》。安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定，应对该决议附件二所列或由制裁委员会指定的个人和实体实施冻结资产措施。这些个人和实体应受到《联合王国法令》和《欧盟条例》规定的限制，这两项文书规定对安理会或制裁委员会根据第1970(2011)号决议第24段规定列出的个人和实体采取冻结资金和其他金融资产及经济资源的措施。", "10. 《联合王国法令》和《欧盟条例》规定：", "(a) 关于联合王国公民和法人机构处理根据第1970(2011)号决议应冻结其资产者的资金，或向其提供资金的禁令，如有任何违反行为，则可处以刑事惩罚；", "(b) 联合王国财政部作为联合王国主管当局，可根据第1970(2011)号决议和《欧盟条例》的免除管制规定发放许可证，以允许处理或提供资金、其他金融资产或经济资源。", "11. 联合王国财政部在其网站上公布金融制裁的资料，并通过警示系统向约8 000名用户提供最新资料。这有助于金融机构和其他机构冻结列入名单的个人和实体的资金和经济资源，以确保遵守第1970(2011)号决议所规定的义务。", "12. 联合王国金融服务管理局监管联合王国境内金融服务行业，并积极确保各公司建立各种制度和管制措施，遵守第1970(2011)号决议的规定。", "13. 联合王国海外领土是根据《2011年利比亚(限制措施)(海外领土)法令》执行第1970(2011)号决议关于冻结资产的规定(立法独立的直布罗陀除外)。联合王国属地单独实施冻结资产的规定。", "旅行禁令", "14. 联合王国遵守安全理事会实施旅行禁令规定的各项决议，将这些规定纳入《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》。该法令根据(经修订的)1971年《移民法》第8 B款拟订，并于2000年10月10日生效。将旅行禁令纳入2000年《法令》的结果是，被《法令》所指定禁令点名或述及的人即成为应拒绝入境人员，不得任由其进入联合王国或在联合王国停留，包括在联合王国过境，除非可对其适用2000年《法令》第3条的豁免规定。《法令》还规定自动取消已有的在联合王国停留的许可，并停止任何移民管制(如对外交官)的豁免。", "15. 联合王国属地和海外领土独立实施这项决议的旅行禁令规定。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15段的执行情况", "16. 第1970(2011)号决议第15段要求所有会员国采取必要措施，防止附件1所列16个人和随后由制裁委员会指定的任何个人进入其境内或过境。", "17. 联合王国通过《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》(修正案)(2011年第547号法定文书)实施这项规定。这项《法令》于2011年2月27日拟订，并于2011年2月28日生效。该《法令》可查阅：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/ 47/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf.《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》可查阅：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to transmit herewith its report pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the steps taken to implement paragraph 25 of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Implementation of sanctions", "1. Paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to report to the United Nations on the steps they have taken to implement the arms embargo, asset freeze and travel ban measures. The steps taken by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to paragraph 25 are outlined below.", "Arms embargo", "Export background", "2. The export from the United Kingdom, and in some circumstances the supply from third countries by United Kingdom nationals overseas, of all arms and related materiel is prohibited unless the export or supply has been authorized by a licence granted by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. The relevant prohibitions and provisions for licensing are set out in the Export Control Order 2008. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations. Likewise, gifts of export licensable goods made by the Government of the United Kingdom to another Government or overseas end-users are usually assessed on a case-by-case basis against the relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under United Nations-imposed sanctions, and gifts will not be made in breach of the United Nations-imposed sanctions. As a result, the United Kingdom will not issue licences for export of arms and related materiel to Libya, or approve a gift by the Government of the United Kingdom, unless the export meets the conditions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) or is necessary to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya.", "3. Further measures necessary to implement the arms embargo have been taken by the European Union and are set out in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, as amended. These instruments have direct effect in all member States and prohibit the sale, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, to Libya of a list of equipment that could be used for internal repression and the provision, directly or indirectly, of technical or financial assistance or of brokering services related to arms or to equipment that could be used for internal repression. These measures apply to acts done within the European Union, on board any vessel or aircraft under the jurisdiction of a member State, to legal persons, bodies or entities established in the European Union, and to nationals of member States wherever they are located. Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 requires member States to lay down penalties for infringements of the measures contained in the Regulation. In the United Kingdom these penalties are set out in the Export Control (Libya) Order 2011.", "Enforcement", "4. The arms embargo in resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom’s overseas territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011, made by the Privy Council (except as regards Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). Separate legislation has been made in the Crown Dependencies: they have each brought into force domestic measures to implement resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).", "5. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs continues to enforce existing controls on the export of military items and enforce the United Kingdom’s export licensing system on military goods and technology destined for Libya. This includes goods that are in transit or being trans-shipped through the United Kingdom. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency are also alert to the risk of controlled goods being exported to known diversionary destinations and, on the basis of good quality information, will examine and, where appropriate, detain and seize goods that are likely to be illegally diverted to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "6. As part of their enforcement responsibilities, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency also continue to enforce end-use controls. Where goods are suspected of requiring export licences from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the consignment will be examined, and depending on the circumstances of the case, detained. If it is identified that an attempt has been made to breach controls, enforcement action may be taken which may include seizure and criminal investigation, where appropriate.", "7. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs also enforces the prohibition on trafficking and brokering controls in relation to military goods both originating in, and destined for, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, where the trade activity is undertaken within the United Kingdom or by a United Kingdom national anywhere in the world, or by individuals acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.", "8. The arms embargo is enforced in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories by their relevant authorities.", "Asset freeze", "9. Her Majesty’s Treasury is responsible for implementing financial sanctions within the United Kingdom. The financial sanctions element of resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom under the Libya (Financial Sanctions) Order 2011 (the “United Kingdom Order”) and under Council Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 (the “European Union Regulation”), which has direct legal effect in the United Kingdom. Enforcement of the European Union Regulation is provided in the United Kingdom by the Libya (European Community Financial Sanctions) Regulations 2011 (the “United Kingdom Regulations”). The Security Council decided in resolution 1970 (2011) that asset-freezing measures should apply to various individuals and entities listed in annex II to that resolution or designated by the Sanctions Committee. Such individuals and entities are subject to the United Kingdom Order and the European Union Regulation, which provide for the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of those individuals and entities listed by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "10. The United Kingdom Order and the United Kingdom Regulations provide for:", "(a) Criminal penalties, including for any breaches of prohibitions on dealing with the funds of, or making funds available to, persons subject to asset freezes in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) by United Kingdom citizens and legal bodies;", "(b) Licences to be granted by Her Majesty’s Treasury as the United Kingdom’s competent authority to allow funds, other financial assets or economic resources to be dealt with or made available, consistent with the exemptions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) and the European Union Regulation.", "11. Her Majesty’s Treasury publicizes information on financial sanctions on its website and through an alert system that updates approximately 8,000 subscribers. This assists financial institutions and others in freezing the funds and economic resources of listed persons and entities to ensure compliance with the obligations set out in resolution 1970 (2011).", "12. The Financial Services Authority regulates the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and takes an active approach to ensuring that firms have systems and controls in place to comply with resolution 1970 (2011).", "13. The asset-freeze provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) are implemented in the Overseas Territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011 (except for Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). The asset-freeze provisions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies.", "Travel ban", "14. The United Kingdom complies with the travel ban provisions in the Security Council resolutions by including them in the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 (“the 2000 Order”). This Order is made under section 8B of the Immigration Act 1971 (as amended) and came into force on 10 October 2000. The effect of including travel bans in the 2000 Order is that, unless subject to one of the exemptions set out in article 3 of the 2000 Order, a person named by or described in a designated travel ban is an excluded person and must be refused leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom, including transit through the United Kingdom. Any existing leave is automatically cancelled and any exemption from immigration control e.g. as a diplomat, ceases.", "15. The travel-ban provisions of the resolutions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories.", "Implementation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "16. Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the 16 individuals listed in annex I and of any individuals designated subsequently by the Sanctions Committee.", "17. The United Kingdom implemented this requirement by means of the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2011 (Statutory Instrument 2011 No. 547). This Order was made on 27 February 2011 and came into force on 28 February 2011. The Order may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf. The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith a report pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the steps taken by the United Kingdom to implement the provisions of paragraph 25 of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Implementation of the sanctions", "1. In paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council requested all Member States to report to the United Nations on the steps they had taken to implement the arms embargo, assets freeze and travel ban. The steps taken by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to paragraph 25 are outlined below.", "Arms embargo", "Export background", "2. It is prohibited to export all arms and related materiel from the United Kingdom and, in certain circumstances, to supply all arms and related materiel from third countries by United Kingdom nationals overseas, unless such export or supply is authorized by a licence granted by the Secretary of State for Commerce, Innovation and Technology. The prohibitions and provisions relating to licensing are contained in the Export Control Act 2008. Licences are issued only after careful assessment based on relevant criteria, including in particular the United Kingdom ' s obligations under United Nations-imposed sanctions. Similarly, gifts of licensed export goods from the Government of the United Kingdom to another Government or to end-users overseas are usually assessed on a case-by-case basis in accordance with relevant criteria, including, in particular, the United Kingdom ' s obligations under United Nations-imposed sanctions, and are not given in violation of United Nations-imposed sanctions. Therefore, the United Kingdom will not issue a licence for the export of arms and related materiel to Libya or approve a gift from the Government of the United Kingdom unless the export meets the conditions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) or is necessary to protect civilians and areas populated by civilians under threat of attack in Libya.", "3. The European Union has taken further necessary measures to implement the arms embargo, as contained in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, as amended. These instruments are directly in force for all Member States and prohibit the direct or indirect sale, supply, transfer or export to Libya of a shipment of equipment that could be used for internal repression, as well as the direct or indirect provision to Libya of technical or financial assistance that could be used for internal repression or the provision of brokering services for arms or equipment. These measures apply to acts committed against legal persons, groups or entities established in the European Union, or against nationals of member States, wherever they may be, on board any vessel or aircraft within the jurisdiction of a member State within the European Union. Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 requires member States to impose penalties for violations of the measures contained in that Regulation. In the United Kingdom, these penalties are contained in the Export Control (Libya) Order 2011.", "Implementation of the embargo", "4. The arms embargo imposed by resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom ' s Overseas Territories (with the exception of Gibraltar, which is legislatively independent) under the Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Dependencies) Order 2011, which was enacted by the Privy Council. The United Kingdom dependencies have separate legislation: they have implemented their own domestic measures to implement resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).", "5. The United Kingdom ' s Revenue and Customs Administration continues to implement existing controls over the export of military supplies and the United Kingdom ' s licensing system for the export of military goods and technology destined for Libya, including goods in transit or transit through the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom Revenue and Customs Administration and the United Kingdom Border Administration have also paid attention to monitoring the export of controlled goods to destinations known to be likely to be relocated elsewhere and, based on reliable information, to inspect and, where appropriate, seize or confiscate goods that may be illegally transferred to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "6. The United Kingdom Revenue and Customs Administration and the United Kingdom Border Service also continue to implement end-use controls as part of their enforcement responsibilities. Any cargo suspected of requiring a licence to export from the Ministry of Commerce, Innovation and Technology must be inspected and detained on a case-by-case basis. In the event of an attempted violation of control, enforcement action may be taken, which may include seizure and criminal investigation.", "7. The United Kingdom Tax and Customs Administration also enforces a ban on trafficking and brokering in relation to military materiel coming from or destined for the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the United Kingdom or by United Kingdom nationals in any part of the world, or by individuals acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.", "8. The United Kingdom dependencies and Overseas Territories are subject to arms embargoes by their respective authorities.", "Assets freeze", "9. The United Kingdom Treasury is responsible for financial sanctions in the United Kingdom. The financial sanctions imposed by resolution 1970 (2011) are implemented in the United Kingdom under the Libya (Financial Sanctions) Order 2011 (United Kingdom Act) and Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 (EU Regulation). Both laws have direct legal effect in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom implements the EU Regulations under the Libya (European Community Financial Sanctions) Act 2011. By resolution 1970 (2011), the Council imposed assets freeze measures on individuals and entities listed in annex II to that resolution or designated by the Sanctions Committee. These individuals and entities shall be subject to the restrictions imposed by the United Kingdom Ordinance and the EU Regulation, which provide for the freezing of funds and other financial assets and economic resources against persons and entities listed by the Council or the Sanctions Committee pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "10. The UK Act and the EU Regulation provide that:", "(a) The ban on United Kingdom citizens and corporate bodies dealing with or providing funds to persons whose assets should be frozen in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) is punishable by criminal penalties in case of any violation;", "(b) The United Kingdom Treasury, as the United Kingdom ' s competent authority, may issue licences to permit the handling or provision of funds, other financial assets or economic resources, in accordance with the exemption provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) and the EU Regulation.", "11. The United Kingdom Treasury publishes information on financial sanctions on its website and provides up-to-date information to approximately 8,000 users through the alert system. This helps financial institutions and others to freeze funds and economic resources of listed individuals and entities to ensure compliance with their obligations under resolution 1970 (2011).", "12. The United Kingdom Financial Services Authority regulates the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and is active in ensuring that companies have systems and controls in place to comply with the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011).", "13. The United Kingdom Overseas Territories implement the asset freeze provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) under the Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011 (except for Gibraltar, which is independent of legislation). The assets freeze is implemented separately by the Crown Dependencies.", "Travel ban", "14. The United Kingdom complies with Security Council resolutions imposing travel ban provisions by incorporating them into the Immigration (Designation of Travel Ban) Act 2000. The Act was drafted under section 8B of the Immigration Act 1971 (as amended) and entered into force on 10 October 2000. As a result of the inclusion of the travel ban in the 2000 Act, a person designated or referred to as a prohibited person under the Act becomes a person to be refused entry into the United Kingdom and may not be allowed to enter or remain in the United Kingdom, including through the United Kingdom, unless an exemption under section 3 of the 2000 Act can be applied to him. The Ordinance also provides for the automatic revocation of existing permits to stay in the United Kingdom and the suspension of any immunity from immigration control (e.g. for diplomats).", "15. The travel ban provisions of the resolution are implemented independently by the United Kingdom dependencies and the Overseas Territories.", "Implementation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "16. Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the 16 individuals listed in annex 1 and of any individuals subsequently designated by the Sanctions Committee.", "17. This provision is implemented by the Immigration (Designation of Travel Ban) (Amendment) Act 2000 (Statutory Instrument 547 of 2011). The Act was drafted on 27 February 2011 and entered into force on 28 February 2011. The Ordinance is available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/47/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf. The Immigration (Designation of Travel Ban) Order 2000 is available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨此转递伊拉克政府关于为执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的报告", "伊拉克共和国内政部已向各有关主管部门发出指示，防止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议关于“旅行禁令”的附件中列名人员入境，无论是进入伊拉克领土，还是在伊拉克过境前往其他国家。", "伊拉克中央银行已向各银行和汇款公司发出指示，冻结属于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议关于“资产冻结”的附件中列名人员、应予冻结资产的任何账户或存款。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Iraq on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Iraq instructed all authorities concerned to prevent the entry of the persons listed in the “travel ban”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), to enter Iraqi territories or transit through Iraq into other countries.", "The Central Bank of Iraq instructed all banks and money-transferring companies to freeze any accounts or deposits, which are subject to the freezing of assets, belonging to the persons listed in the “assets freeze”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Iraq on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Iraq has issued instructions to the relevant authorities to prevent the entry into their territories of persons listed in the annex to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the “travel ban”, whether they enter Iraqi territory or transit through Iraq to other countries.", "The Central Bank of Iraq has issued instructions to banks and money remittance companies to freeze any accounts or deposits that belong to persons listed in the annex to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the “freeze freeze” and that should be frozen." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚 民众国的第1970(2011)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议以及你2011年6月21日的来信，我谨提供相关信息如下。你在信中提醒联合国会员国向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报他们为切实执行上述决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施。", "为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议，土耳其共和国部长理事会于2011年6月21日通过了一项共同决定(2011/2001)，其中对第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段、第1973(2011)号决议第6、7、8、9、11(禁飞区)、第13-16条(实施武器禁运)、第17、18(禁止飞行)和第19-21段(资产冻结)规定的义务做了仔细说明。", "根据上面提到的部长理事会的决定，安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的所有义务都已并入土耳其立法中，对国内各部委、机关和机构以及个人立即生效。", "此外，根据部长理事会的决定，授权外交部负责协调全面、有效和及时地执行该决定。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 5 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "In accordance with Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and with reference to your letter dated 21 June 2011, in which States Members of the United Nations are reminded to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution cited above, I have the pleasure to provide you with the information below.", "The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey, with a view to implementing Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), has adopted a common decision (2011/2001) on 21 June 2011, in which all the obligations stemming from articles 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (no fly zone), 13-16 (enforcement of arms embargo), 17, 18 (ban on flights) and 19-21 (asset freeze) of resolution 1973 (2011) have been scrupulously depicted.", "With the decision of the Council of Ministers referred to above, all the obligations stipulated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) have been incorporated into Turkish legislation and thus have immediate binding effect upon all domestic ministries, agencies and institutes, as well as with individuals.", "Furthermore, in accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been accorded the authority to coordinate the full, effective and timely implementation of the decision." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 5 July 2011 from the Chargé d ' affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and your letter of 21 June 2011, I have the honour to provide the following relevant information. In that letter, you reminded Member States of the United Nations of the measures they had taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "In implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey, on 21 June 2011, adopted a joint decision (2011/2001), in which it elaborated on its obligations under paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011), paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (no-fly zones), 13-16 (enforcement of the arms embargo), 17, 18 (no flights) and 19-21 (freeze freeze) of resolution 1973 (2011).", "In accordance with the decisions of the Council of Ministers referred to above, all obligations under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) have been incorporated into Turkish legislation, with immediate effect on the country ' s ministries, bodies and agencies and individuals.", "Furthermore, pursuant to a decision of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is mandated to coordinate the full, effective and timely implementation of that decision." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 秘书长谨按照大会议事规则第14条，请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措”的补充项目。", "2. 鉴于项目的性质，秘书长请求将此项目分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国南苏丹援助团经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 秘书长谨按照大会议事规则第14条，请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“联合国南苏丹援助团经费的筹措”的补充项目。", "2. 鉴于此项目的性质，秘书长请求将其分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Assistance Mission in South Sudan", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Assistance Mission in South Sudan”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "2011年7月28日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月26日的信(S/2011/　468)。你在信中表示拟任命阿尔贝特·赫拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)担任秘书长科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)负责人。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 28 July 2011 from President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/468) concerning your intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as your Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention contained in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 28 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/468) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. In that letter, you indicated your intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Côte d ' Ivoire and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI). They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "(Signed) Peter Wittig" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及根据安全理事会第1524(2004)号决议于2004年4月4日设立并最近一次由安全理事会第1981(2011)号决议将任务期延长至2011年7月31日的联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命阿尔贝特·赫拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)担任秘书长科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联科行动负责人。肯德尔斯先生将接替2011年8月31日任满的崔英镇(大韩民国)。我愿借此机会感谢崔先生在一个非常具有挑战性的时期的奉献精神和他对联科行动的有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), established on 4 April 2004 pursuant to resolution 1524 (2004) and recently extended by the Security Council in resolution 1981 (2011) until 31 July 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as my Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of UNOCI. Mr. Koenders will replace Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea), who will complete his assignment on 31 August 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Choi for his dedication during a very challenging period and for his effective leadership of UNOCI.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI), established on 4 April 2004 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1524 (2004) and most recently extended until 31 July 2011 by Security Council resolution 1981 (2011).", "Following the usual consultations, I wish to inform you that I intend to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as my Special Representative for Côte d ' Ivoire and Head of UNOCI. Mr. Koenders will replace Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea), who will complete his assignment on 31 August 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Choi for his dedication and effective leadership of UNOCI during a very challenging period.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "谨随函附上关于波兰共和国为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议规定的措施已采取的步骤的报告(见附件)。", "如经委员会请求，我国政府愿意提供更多资料，并协助评估该决议的执行情况。", "常驻代表", "大使", "维托尔德·索布科(签名)", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "关于执行安全理事会2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议规定的对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的限制性措施的报告", "波兰共和国根据第1970(2011)号决议第25段的规定，提交关于为有效执行上述决议已采取的所有措施的报告。", "保护国家边界和确保航运安全", "波兰政府已通知各海事办公室主管关于安全理事会通过第1970(2011)号决议的情况，并告知它们需要将在波兰海域的船舶涉嫌违反第9和第10条(禁止进出口武器)规定的案件告知基础设施部船舶安全司。迄今为止，尚未发现这种案件。", "国家边防警卫局总部保证执行第1970(2011年)号决议，尤其是第15段的规定(对该决议附件一所列人员的旅行禁令)。这16名利比亚公民的个人资料已放在一个数据库中，协助国家边防警卫局防止他们进入波兰境内或在波兰过境。", "金融事项", "作为欧洲联盟(欧盟)的成员国，波兰通过直接实施2011年3月2日《(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例》关于利比亚局势的限制性措施的规定，以及后来修订有关实体名单的条例，来执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施的限制性措施。上述《条例》是根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定通过的，为该问题提供了一项共同解决方法，以确保所有有关各方统一执行这些措施。", "如《条例》第5条明确规定，各机构必须冻结附件二和附件三所列的个人、实体和机构所属的、拥有的、持有的或控制的资产。附件二包括安全理事会或制裁委员会按照第1970(2011)号决议第22段指定的自然人或法人、实体和机构，而附件三包括附件二没有涵盖的自然人或法人、实体和机构，欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定已确定这些个人和实体在利比亚参与严重侵犯人权的罪行。该《条例》还根据上述决议第18至20条的规定载有关于豁免的规定。", "还应当指出，2000年11月16日通过的《关于查禁洗钱和资助恐怖主义的法令》规定了在国家一级的程序，允许主管当局在列举的情况下释放冻结资产，并提出侵犯冻结资产义务的处罚规定。如上所述，各机构必须根据法律履行《条例》所规定的冻结资产义务，并向主管当局提交所有有关冻结资产的资料。", "军火出口", "在军火出口领域，安保部门的有关单位与各机构之间密切合作。自上述决议生效以来，尚未有关于从波兰向利比亚转让设备、武器或弹药的通知。此外，经济部已审查所有批准将军火转让到国外的仍然有效的许可证，并取消了其中一个将武器转让到利比亚的出口许可证。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "I have the honour to submit herewith the report on the steps taken by the Republic of Poland on the implementation of the measures imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "If requested by the Committee, my Government stands ready to provide further information and to assist in the assessment of the implementation of the resolution.", "(Signed) Witold Sobków Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) adopted by the Security Council on 26 February 2011, concerning restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "The Republic of Poland, in accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), would like to submit all measures which have been taken to implement effectively the above-mentioned resolution.", "Protection of the national border and securing the safety of shipping", "The Directors of the Maritime Offices were notified about the adoption of resolution 1970 (2011) and about the need to inform the Shipping Safety Department in the Ministry of Infrastructure of every case where a breach of paragraphs 9 and 10 (prohibition of the import and export of arms) is suspected on the part of a ship in the Polish maritime areas. So far no such cases have been noted.", "The National Border Guard Headquarters assured the correct implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), especially where paragraph 15 is concerned (the travel ban on persons listed in annex I to the resolution). The personal data of 16 citizens of Libya was placed in a database, which helps the National Border Guard to prevent their entry to or transit through Polish territory.", "Financial affairs", "Poland, as a member of the European Union, implements the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) by direct application of the provisions set forth in Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya and following regulations amending the list of entities concerned. The aforesaid Regulation was adopted in line with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, providing a common approach to the issue and with a view to ensuring uniform application of the measures by all concerned.", "As explicitly stipulated in article 5 of the Regulation, it is mandatory for institutions to freeze assets belonging to, owned, held or controlled by the persons, entities and bodies listed in annexes II and III. Annex II includes the natural or legal persons, entities and bodies designated by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011), whereas annex III consists of natural or legal persons, entities and bodies not covered by annex II which, in accordance with article 6(l) of Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, have been identified by the Council of the European Union as being persons and entities involved in serious human rights abuses in Libya. The Regulation also provides for relevant exemptions laid down in line with articles 18 to 20 of the aforementioned resolution.", "It should also be noted that the Act of 16 November 2000 on counteracting money-laundering and financing of terrorism provides, at the national level, a procedure enabling the competent authority to release under enumerated circumstances frozen assets, and sets forth penalties for infringement of the obligation to freeze assets. As stated above, each institution is required by virtue of law to fulfil the obligation to freeze assets arising from the Regulation and to submit all the data pertinent to the freeze to the said authority.", "Arms export", "In the field of arms export, there is close cooperation between the appropriate services and institutions in the security sector. Since the entry into force of the resolution, there has been no notification about the transfer of equipment, armaments or ammunition to Libya from Poland. Furthermore, the Ministry of Economy had reviewed all permissions for the transfer of armaments abroad that were still valid and cancelled one of them, which related to the export of arms to Libya." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the steps taken by the Republic of Poland to implement the measures imposed by Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "As requested by the Committee, my Government is ready to provide additional information and to assist in assessing the implementation of the resolution.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Vitold Sobko Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011", "Pursuant to paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Republic of Poland submits a report on all measures taken for the effective implementation of the above-mentioned resolution.", "Protecting national borders and ensuring the safety of shipping", "The Government of Poland has informed the heads of maritime offices of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and of the need to inform the Department of Ship Safety of the Ministry of Infrastructure of cases of suspected violations of articles 9 and 10 (prohibiting the import and export of weapons) by ships in Polish waters. To date, no such cases have been identified.", "The headquarters of the State Border Guard Service guarantees the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), in particular paragraph 15 (travel ban for persons listed in annex I to the resolution). The personal data of the 16 Libyan citizens have been placed in a database to assist the State Border Guard in preventing their entry into or transit through Poland.", "Financial matters", "As a member State of the European Union (EU), Poland implements the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) through the direct application of the restrictive measures imposed by Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 on the situation in Libya, as well as subsequent amendments to the regulations governing the list of entities. The above-mentioned Regulations were adopted pursuant to Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and provide a common solution to the problem to ensure the uniform implementation of these measures by all parties concerned.", "As specified in article 5 of the Regulations, agencies are required to freeze assets belonging to, owned, held or controlled by the individuals, entities and agencies listed in annexes II and III. Annex II includes natural or legal persons, entities and bodies designated by the Security Council or the Sanctions Committee pursuant to paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011), while annex III includes natural or legal persons, entities and institutions not covered by annex II. These individuals and entities have been identified in Council decision 2011/137/CFSP as being involved in serious human rights violations in Libya. The Regulations also contain provisions on exemptions pursuant to articles 18 to 20 of the above-mentioned resolution.", "It should also be noted that the Act on the Suppression of Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, adopted on 16 November 2000, establishes procedures at the national level that allow the competent authorities to release the assets freeze in the enumerated cases and to propose penalties for violations of the obligation to freeze assets. As mentioned above, institutions are required by law to comply with their obligations to freeze assets under the Regulations and to submit all relevant information on freezing assets to the competent authorities.", "Arms exports", "In the area of arms exports, the relevant units of the security services work closely with various agencies. There have been no notifications of transfers of equipment, weapons or ammunition from Poland to Libya since the above-mentioned resolutions entered into force. In addition, the Ministry of Economy has reviewed all valid licences authorizing the transfer of arms abroad and cancelled one of the licences for the transfer of arms to Libya." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 孙晓波先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "下午5时30分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/470，其中载有法国、加蓬、德国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案的案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/433，其中载有2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信，信中转递了索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组的报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2002(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安全理事会将继续处理此案。", "下午5时35分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Sun Xiaobo \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The meeting was called to order at 5.30 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/470, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France, Gabon, Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/433, which contains a letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992)", "and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting the Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2002 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 5.35 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Wittig (Germany) Members: Bosnia and Herzegovina Mr. Vukasinović Mr. Brazil Mrs. Dunlop China Mr. Sun Xiaobo Colombia Mr. Alsait France Mr. Bone Gabon Mr. Mesoni India Mr. Mangiv Singh Puri Lebanon Mr. Ramadan Nigeria Mr. Amieofoli Portugal Mr. Cabral Capral Russian Federation Mr. Pankin South Africa Sir Mark Lyall Grant United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mrs. DiCarlo United States of America", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The meeting was called to order at 5.30 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/470, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France, Gabon, Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I should like to draw the attention of the members of the Council to document S/2011/433, which contains the text of a letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting the report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2002 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 5.35 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "下午6时开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/471，其中载有大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/422，其中载有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。我现在把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "没有人反对，就这样决定。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2003(2011)号决议。", "我现在请希望在决议通过后发言的安理会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在达尔富尔的存在是至关重要的，因为除其他外，它的任务包括帮助推动达尔富尔和平进程和保护平民。在这方面，南非向达尔富尔混合行动派遣了部队和警察，并将继续支持该特派团。南非将通过非洲联盟(非盟)和双边努力，进一步协助实现达尔富尔的持久和平。正是出于这一原因，我国代表团对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，把达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月。", "本月发生了苏丹、乃至整个非洲大陆历史上的重大事件。一个新国家、南苏丹成立了，标志着《全面和平协议》执行工作中的又一个里程碑。苏丹人民根据该《协议》致力于解决长达数十年的冲突。在我们庆祝这一成就之际，我们仍然希望冲突各方将签署关于实现达尔富尔和平的多哈文件，以使达尔富尔人民能够扩大这一积极势头并迅速走向和平。", "必须作出一切努力，确保推动达尔富尔的和平与稳定。南非欢迎多哈和平进程的完成。这确实是朝着实现达尔富尔和平迈出的重大一步。", "非洲联盟最近在马拉博举行最高级会议，核可早日启动达尔富尔政治进程，认为该进程提供了", "“最好机会以巩固迄今取得的成果、确保苏丹人自主解决自己的问题和赋予各利益攸关者权利，以及实现包容性和全面的解决，以处理达尔富尔相互关联的和平、正义及和解问题”。", "在这方面，南非对非洲联盟高级别执行小组在达尔富尔混合行动的支助下，为尽快启动达尔富尔政治进程所作的努力表示充分和明确的支持。", "我们尽管认识到各方应当竭尽全力创造有利的环境，但是并不认为创造这样的环境是启动达尔富尔政治进程的先决条件。这样做实际上把否决权拱手给该进程的任何潜在破坏者。有鉴于此，非盟和平与安全理事会呼吁安全理事会支持启动达尔富尔政治进程。这样做是为了让安理会在审议延长达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限时，能够考虑并反映非盟的立场。", "我们要提醒安理会，达尔富尔混合行动是联合国和非洲联盟共同创建的一个混合行动。鉴于达尔富尔混合行动的这一重要特征和特点，两个组织珍视彼此对特派团的成功和实现达尔富尔持久和平与稳定所作的贡献，是极为重要的。因此，我们对于非盟有关启动达尔富尔政治进程的请求仅得到胆小、有条件的支持感到失望。", "由于非洲人邻近并持续参与解决达尔富尔的冲突，国际社会最好响应非洲的呼吁并支持非洲联盟关于达尔富尔政治进程的努力。我们重申，非洲在解决非洲问题方面发挥领导作用至关重要。毕竟，这符合《联合国宪章》第八章的规定。不及时执行达尔富尔和平进程将产生破坏性影响，进一步拖延和平，使达尔富尔人民遭受巨大痛苦。", "南非对联合特别代表甘巴里和姆贝基前总统领导的非盟高级别执行小组在苏丹和国际社会利益攸关者的支持下所作的努力感到满意。我们相信，他们的继续努力，将大大有助于为达尔富尔人民实现和平、稳定及和解。安理会不应当动摇其对达富尔人民的支持。我们不能辜负他们。", "阿米耶奥弗利先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：尼日利亚对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，因为我们相信非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在实现达尔富尔持久和平与稳定以及苏丹全面和平的努力中不可或缺的作用。我们仍然坚信，联合国同非洲联盟(非盟)在达尔富尔的持久伙伴关系，是维护国际和平与安全的坚实基础。", "本次这一伙伴精神，我们曾希望非盟第17次首脑会议的决定和2011年7月19日非盟和平与安全理事会的公报会得到考虑，(其中强调，达尔富尔政治进程应当成为达尔富尔新路线图的优先事项，并应当在多哈进程取得积极成果之后马上充分启动。", "我们相信，决议第7段所规定的必须满足的复杂的有利条件，将限制达尔富尔政治进程的启动。实际上，为启动达尔富尔政治进程规定某些必须满足的先决条件，将适得其反。这可能让破坏者获得阻碍实现全面和平的手段。这也可能损害该进程的国家自主权。", "尼日利亚一向认为，一个内部政治进程对于达尔富尔社区间关系中的包容性和达成共识，是至关重要的。正如秘书长在最近关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告中(S/2011/422)指出的那样，达尔富尔和平进程也可能受益于达尔富尔内部的对话和协商，这会建立对地方自主权的民意支持，并加强新路线图中的多哈谈判的成果。", "第7段所列的各项内容是目标，而不是先决条件。我们认为，如果我们真想跨出关键的第一步，为达尔富尔政治进程创造有利环境，那么我们就应当要求采取显然可行、并能够容易落实的行动。这将是安理会和国际社会更加合适的重点。", "我们认为，正如联合特别代表指出的那样，解除达尔富尔的紧急法，将大大推动达尔富尔政治进程。这将成为一个关键的建立信任措施，并足以快速启动该进程。", "最后，我们认为，达尔富尔混合行动可发挥关键作用，确保达尔富尔政治进程的成功，并同苏丹政府密切合作，取消紧急状态。因此，我们不鼓励旨在缩小达尔富尔混合行动的作用或实际上把它排除在达尔富尔政治进程之外的举措。", "梅索尼先生(加蓬)(以法语发言)：我们仍在不安地注视着南苏丹国家最初迈出的步伐。达尔富尔和平问题是令我们对此感到关切的一个原因。谋求实现达尔富尔和平与安全，仍然是加蓬持续关切的问题。", "在这方面，我们赞扬非洲联盟和平与安全理事会于7月19日通过一项公报；它在该公报中请安全理事会着手延长非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的任务期限。达尔富尔混合行动在多哈谈判中发挥了关键作用。它还改进了它在保护平民方面的工作成效。", "加蓬刚才对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，因为该决议照顾到了加蓬的关切，那就是，它希望看到达尔富尔混合行动继续在恢复达尔富尔和平与稳定方面发挥重要作用。尽管在实现苏丹这个地区的和平方面取得了进展，但达尔富尔的安全和人道主义局势仍然脆弱，并且威胁到多哈进程所取得的成就。", "因此，马拉博非洲联盟首脑会议呼吁启动达尔富尔和平进程。我们欢迎这项决定。我们坚信，由姆贝基前总统担任主席的非洲联盟高级别执行小组提出、然后由马拉博首脑会议核可的达尔富尔政治进程，将是强化多哈进程取得的积极结果的途径。此外，这两个相互补充的进程最终必须使达尔富尔人自己能够真正主导恢复本地区和平、正义、和解与发展的进程。", "在这方面，加蓬确认需要营造一个有利的安全、人道主义和政治环境，同时坚信，达尔富尔和平进程的启动与成功结果不应当由于可能危害争取实现达尔富尔和平、正义与和解的努力的先决条件而受阻。", "我们刚才通过的案文中考虑到安理会的共识目标。当然，它距离马拉博非洲联盟首脑会议所提出的要求仍然相去甚远，但它表明了致力于达尔富尔和平进程的意愿。", "迪卡洛女士(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：美国支持非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的维和人员继续在达尔富尔人民的安全保障方面发挥至关重要的作用。", "我们对达尔富尔实地局势极感关切。鉴于局势危险，我们感到高兴的是，安理会已经确认，启动达尔富尔政治进程所需的有利环境尚不具备。任何进程要想实现达尔富尔持久和平，都必须保障参与者能够在不担心受到伤害或报复的情况下表达其自由意愿。然而，在达尔富尔，表明意愿的人通常会遭到逮捕、折磨或杀害。", "创造这种有利条件首先是苏丹政府的责任。我们强烈要求冲突各方同意立即停火，并进行直接谈判。", "达尔富尔混合行动在给达尔富尔带来和平方面所发挥的作用至关重要。该特派团的最高优先事项莫过于保护平民和确保数百万弱势民众得到人道主义援助。我们感到高兴的是，第2003(2011)号决议申明了这一点。根据来自实地的报告，包括达尔富尔混合行动关于政治权利、公民权利和人权的报告，安全理事会将在顾及非洲联盟看法的情况下确定让达尔富尔混合行动参与与达尔富尔政治进程有关的进一步努力所需的有利条件是否具备。", "由于平民继续遭到袭击，炸弹继续落入达尔富尔，美国欢迎达尔富尔混合行动注重保护平民并确保人道主义工作人员有提供救命援助所需的进出通道。我们呼吁冲突各方再次承诺进行认真和全面的政治谈判，以制止这种暴行。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票。我们认为，非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合(达尔富尔混合行动)在苏丹这个地区发挥着重要的稳定作用。俄罗斯联邦认为，达尔富尔混合行动是达尔富尔问题解决办法的组成部分。", "非常重要的是，达尔富尔混合行动的任务授权应包括一系列涉及和平进程以及非洲联盟和联合国调解努力的广泛政治支助任务。这些任务包括支助并监测达尔富尔和平协议的执行，以及协助达尔富尔人之间的对话与协商的筹备和进行。", "7月14日，苏丹政府与正义与平等运动签署了促进达尔富尔和平的多哈文件。我们将这视为是朝着解决达尔富尔问题方向迈出的非常重要的一步。在该文件第7章中，双方同意参与达尔富尔人之间的对话，并规定对话应在达尔富尔混合行动、非洲联盟和卡塔尔政府协助下进行。政治进程的目的是在达尔富尔搭建一个广泛的民间社会平台，以便执行有关协议。", "非洲联盟和平与安全理事会于7月19日通过的一项决议确认启动达尔富尔政治进程的必要性。俄罗斯全力支持这一立场。我们认为，达尔富尔人之间的对话是第2003(2011)号决议所要求的关于和平解决达尔富尔问题的新路线图的一项核心内容。", "我们高度珍视达尔富尔混合行动所开展的活动及其负责人、联合特别代表甘巴里为推动解决达尔富尔问题所作的努力。我们认为，在达尔富尔当前的艰难条件下，维和人员正在尽其最大努力执行安全理事会所赋予他们的任务。我们呼吁达尔富尔各方支持达尔富尔混合行动所开展的各项活动。", "王民先生(中国)：中国代表团欢迎安理会刚刚通过的第2003(2011)号决议。中方对该决议投了赞成票。", "中方一贯支持苏丹达尔富尔和平进程，希望达尔富尔早日实现和平、繁荣与发展。中方主张达尔富尔问题应坚持维持部署与政治进程并重的“双轨战略”，支持联非达团延期，继续履行安理会的授权。", "非盟是联合国处理苏丹相关问题的重要伙伴，非盟关于达尔富尔政治进程的立场值得高度重视。中方支持联非达团在支持达区政治进程问题上发挥重要作用。", "马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士(联合王国)(以英语发言)：在支持将非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)任务期限延长12个月的第2003(2011)号决议时，联合王国意识到，达尔富尔正进入一个关键时期，该地区人民现在比以往任何时候都更需要联合国和非洲联盟支助。", "因此，我们欢迎达尔富尔混合行动正在做重要的工作，以保护平民并为达尔富尔地区人道主义救援提供安全保障。鉴于安全局势恶化及其对平民的影响，我们鼓励特派团保持和强化执行这些核心任务的强有力办法。", "我们也确认，努力实现达尔富尔全面和平至关重要。我们欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动于7月14日签署了关于通过实现达尔富尔和平的多哈文件的协议。我们敦促苏丹政府和各武装运动立即、无条件地接触，尽一切努力在多哈文件的基础上达成永久停火，并达成一项全面和平解决方案。", "此外，我们认识到，在达尔富尔开展一个政治进程具有让所有利益攸关方参与富有建设性的公开对话的潜在辅助作用。但我们注意到，现在还不具备联合国安全理事会和非洲联盟和平与安全理事会5月21日联合公报中指出的在达尔富尔展开这样一个进程所需要的必要有利环境。我们注意到，秘书长在其报告(S/2011/422)中明确指出，这种有利环境至关重要。", "正如第2003(2011)号决议表明的那样，秘书长和安全理事会将十分密切地监测事态发展，以便能作出适当评估，并使安全理事会能够作出有关达尔富尔政治进程和达尔富尔混合行动参与该进程的必要决定。", "我们感谢联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里和达尔富尔混合行动人员为支持达尔富尔和平与安全所做的工作。", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安理会将继续处理此案。", "下午6时25分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The meeting was called to order at 6 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/471, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422).", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "There being no objection, it is so decided.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2003 (2011).", "I now give the floor to those members of the Council who wish to make statements following the adoption of the resolution.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): The presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in Darfur is crucial, given that its mandate includes, among other things, contributing to the facilitation of the Darfur peace process and the protection of civilians. In that regard, South Africa has contributed troops and police to UNAMID and will continue to support the mission. South Africa will further assist in the search for lasting peace in Darfur through the African Union (AU) and bilaterally. It was for that reason that my delegation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of UNAMID for a further 12 months.", "This month has seen momentous events in the history of the Sudan and, indeed, of the entire continent. A new State, South Sudan, was established, marking another milestone in the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, through which the people of the Sudan committed themselves to resolving their decades-long conflict. As we celebrate this achievement, we remain hopefully that the Doha document for peace in Darfur will be signed by all parties to the conflict so that the people of Darfur are able to build on this positive momentum and move rapidly towards peace.", "Every effort must be employed to ensure that peace and stability are advanced in Darfur. South Africa welcomes the conclusion of the Doha peace process. It is indeed a significant step in building peace in Darfur.", "The African Union, meeting at its highest level in Malabo recently, endorsed the early launching of the Darfur political process as a process which provides", "“the best opportunity to consolidate gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur”.", "In this regard, South Africa expresses its full and unequivocal support for the efforts of the AU High-level Implementation Panel, with the support of UNAMID, to launch the Darfur political process as soon as possible.", "While acknowledging that the parties should do everything in their power to create an enabling environment, we do not view the creation of such an environment as a precondition to launching the Darfur political process. To do so would essentially hand a veto to any potential spoilers to the process. With this in view, the AU Peace and Security Council appealed to the Security Council to lend its support to the launching of the Darfur political process. This was done so that this Council could take into consideration and reflect the AU’s position in considering the mandate renewal of UNAMID.", "We wish to remind the Council that UNAMID was created as a hybrid operation in a partnership between the United Nations and the African Union. Given this important character and feature of UNAMID, it is critically important that both organizations value each others’ contribution to the success of the mission and to the attainment of enduring peace and stability in Darfur. We are therefore disappointed by the timid and qualified support for the AU’s request for the commencement of a Darfur-based political process.", "Given the proximity to and sustained involvement of Africans in resolving the conflict in Darfur, the international community would do well to heed Africa’s call and support the efforts of the African Union on the Darfur political process. We reiterate the importance and pre-eminence of Africa’s leadership in solving African problems. After all, that is in line with the provisions of the United Nations Charter as expressed in its Chapter VIII. Failure to implement the Darfur peace process in a timely manner would have a devastating effect by delaying peace further, condemning the people of Darfur to untold suffering.", "South Africa is satisfied with the commendable efforts deployed by Joint Special Representative Gambari and the AU High-level Implementation Panel under the leadership of former President Mbeki, with the support of stakeholders in the Sudan and the international community. We are convinced that their continued efforts will contribute significantly to bringing peace, stability and reconciliation to the people of Darfur. The Council should not waiver in its support to the people of Darfur. We dare not fail them.", "Mr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria): Nigeria voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011) because we believe in the indispensable role of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the efforts to bring lasting peace and stability to Darfur and overall peace to the Sudan. We remain resolute in our conviction that the enduring partnership between the United Nations and the African Union (AU) in Darfur remains a solid foundation for preserving international peace and security.", "In the spirit of this partnership, we had hoped that the decision of the seventeenth AU Summit and the communiqué of the AU Peace and Security Council of 19 Judy 2011, stressing that the Darfur political process should constitute a priority in the new road map for Darfur and should be fully launched upon the positive outcome of the Doha process, would have been given due consideration.", "We are convinced that paragraph 7 of the resolution, specifying complicated enabling conditions that must be met, will constrain the inauguration of the Darfur political process. Indeed, making the launching of the Darfur political process contingent on the fulfilment of certain preconditions would be counterproductive. It could equip spoilers with the means to undermine the search for a comprehensive peace. It could also undermine the national ownership of the process.", "Nigeria’s view has consistently been that an internal political process is vital to inclusiveness and consensus-building in intercommunal relations in Darfur. As the Secretary- General notes in his latest report on UNAMID (S/2011/422), a Darfur peace process could also benefit from a Darfur-based internal dialogue and consultations that build popular support for local ownership and enhance the outcome of the Doha negotiation in the new road map.", "The elements that are enumerated in paragraph 7 are goals and not prerequisites. In our view, if we are serious about taking the critical first steps towards creating an enabling environment for the Darfur political process, then we should call for actions that are clearly feasible and can be easily implemented. That would be a more appropriate focus for the Council and the international community.", "We believe that the lifting of the emergency law in Darfur will greatly enhance the Darfur political process, as observed by the Joint Special Representative. It will serve as a critical confidence-building measure and be sufficient to kick-start the process.", "Finally, we believe that UNAMID has a critical role to play in ensuring a successful Darfur political process and in working closely with the Government of the Sudan to lift the state of emergency. We therefore discourage efforts to minimize its role or indeed to exclude UNAMID from the Darfur political process.", "Mr. Messone (Gabon) (spoke in French): We are still following, not without unease, the first steps of the State of South Sudan. The issue of peace in Darfur is one reason for that concern. The pursuit of peace and security in Darfur remains an ongoing concern of Gabon.", "In that regard, we commend the adoption by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union on 19 July of a communiqué in which it requests the Security Council to proceed to renew the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UNAMID played an essential role in the Doha negotiations. It also improved its performance in the area of the protection of civilians.", "Resolution 2003 (2011), for which Gabon has just voted, meets its concern over seeing UNAMID continue to play a major role in restoring peace and stability in Darfur. Despite the progress made in the pursuit of peace in that region of the Sudan, the security and humanitarian situations in Darfur remain fragile and threaten the gains of the Doha process.", "Therefore, the Malabo African Union summit called for the launch of the Darfur peace process. We welcome that decision. We firmly believe that the Darfur political process, proposed by the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel, chaired by President Mbeki, then endorsed by the Malabo summit, would be the way to strengthen the positive results of the Doha process. Moreover, those two complementary processes must ultimately enable the Darfurians themselves to take true ownership of the restoration of peace, justice, reconciliation and development in their region.", "In that regard, while acknowledging the need to create a favourable security, humanitarian and political environment, Gabon is convinced that the launch and successful outcome of the Darfur peace process should not falter over preconditions that threaten to undermine even the pursuit of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "The text that we have just adopted takes up consensus goals of the Council. Of course, it is still far from what was called for by the Malebo African Union summit, but it records the will to commit to the Darfur peace process.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): The United States supports the peacekeepers of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), who continue to play a critical role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur.", "We are extremely concerned by the situation on the ground in Darfur. In the light of the dangerous situation, we are pleased that the Council has recognized that the enabling environment necessary for a Darfur-based political process does not yet exist. For any process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur, the ability of the participants to express their free will, without fear of harm or retribution, must be guaranteed. In Darfur, however, those who speak out are regularly arrested, tortured or killed.", "It is first and foremost the responsibility of the Government of the Sudan to create such enabling conditions. We strongly demand that all parties to the conflict agree to an immediate ceasefire and engage in direct negotiation.", "UNAMID’s role in bringing peace to Darfur is critical. The Mission has no higher priority than to protect civilians and to secure humanitarian access for millions of vulnerable people. We are pleased that resolution 2003 (2011) affirms that. Based on reporting from the field, including UNAMID’s reporting on political, civil and human rights, the Security Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, will determine whether the enabling conditions necessary for UNAMID to engage in further efforts related to the Darfur-based political process have been met.", "As civilians continue to be targeted and bombs continue to be dropped in Darfur, the United States welcomes UNAMID’s focus on protecting civilians and ensuring that humanitarians have the access that they need to provide lifesaving assistance. We call on the parties to the conflict to recommit themselves to serious and comprehensive political negotiations to bring an end to such atrocities.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011). We believe that the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) plays an important stabilizing role in that region of the Sudan. The Russian Federation views UNAMID as an integral component of a Darfur settlement.", "Significantly, the Mission’s mandate includes a broad set of political support tasks pertaining to the peace process and to the mediation efforts of the African Union and the United Nations. These include support for and monitoring of the implementation of the Darfur peace agreements, and assistance in the preparation and conduct of inter-Darfurian dialogue and consultations.", "On 14 July, the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement signed the Doha document for peace in Darfur, which we see as a very important step towards a Darfur settlement. In chapter 7 of that document, the parties agreed to engage in inter-Darfurian dialogue and stipulated that it should be undertaken with the assistance of UNAMID, the African Union and the Government of Qatar. The political process is designed to build a broad platform of civil society in Darfur for the implementation of the agreements.", "The need to launch the Darfur political process is recognized in a resolution adopted by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July. Russia fully supports that position. We believe that inter-Darfurian dialogue is a core element of the new road map for a peaceful settlement in Darfur, as called for in resolution 2003 (2011).", "We highly value UNAMID’s activities and the efforts of its head, Joint Special Representative Gambari, to promote a settlement in Darfur. We believe that, in the difficult conditions prevailing in Darfur, the peacekeepers are doing their utmost to undertake the tasks assigned to them by the Security Council. We call on all parties in Darfur to support UNAMID’s activities.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): The Chinese delegation welcomes resolution 2003 (2011), just adopted by the Council. China voted in favour of the resolution.", "China has consistently supported the peace process in Darfur, the Sudan, and we hope for an early attainment of peace, prosperity and development in Darfur. China maintains that the issue of Darfur should be addressed through the dual-track strategy, with equal emphasis on peacekeeping deployment and the political process. We support the renewal of the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in order to continue to implement the Security Council mandate.", "The African Union (AU) is an important partner of the United Nations in addressing questions related to the Sudan. The AU’s position on the Darfur political process merits close attention. China supports UNAMID playing an important role in supporting the political process in Darfur.", "Sir Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom): In supporting resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for 12 months, the United Kingdom is conscious that Darfur is entering a critical period in which its people need the support of both the United Nations and the African Union more than ever.", "We therefore welcome the essential work that UNAMID is doing to protect civilians and to provide security for humanitarian access in Darfur. Given the deterioration in the security situation and its impact on civilians, we encourage the Mission to maintain and enhance its robust approach to the delivery of these core tasks.", "We also recognize the vital importance of working towards a comprehensive peace for Darfur. We welcome the signature on 14 July by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement of the agreement on the adoption of the Doha document for peace in Darfur. We urge the Government of the Sudan and all the armed movements to engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha document.", "Further, we recognize the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based political process in engaging all Darfur stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue. However, we note that the elements of the necessary enabling environment for such a Darfur process, as identified by the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council in their joint communiqué of 21 May, are not yet in place. We note that the Secretary-General made clear in his report (S/2011/422) that this enabling environment was paramount.", "As resolution 2003 (2011) makes clear, the Secretary-General and the Security Council will monitor developments very closely so that the proper assessments can be made and so that the Security Council can take the necessary decisions regarding the Darfur political process and UNAMID’s participation in it.", "We thank Joint Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari and the personnel of UNAMID for their work in support of peace and security in Darfur.", "The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 6.25 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Vitihi (Germany) member: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Vakahinoović, Mrs. Dunlop, China, Mr. Alberto France Alberto Msolini, India, Mr. Manjif Singh Puri, Lebanon, Mr. Amiravanad, Nigeria", "Agenda", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (Samp422)", "The meeting was called to order at 6 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (Samp422)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document Sole471, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document Sole422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "There being no objection, it is so decided.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution was adopted unanimously as resolution 2003 (2011).", "I now give the floor to members of the Council who wish to make statements following the adoption of the resolution.", "Mr. Sangko (South Africa): The presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in Darfur is crucial because, inter alia, its mandate includes helping to advance the Darfur peace process and protect civilians. In that regard, South Africa has dispatched troops and police to UNAMID and will continue to support the Mission. South Africa will further contribute to the achievement of lasting peace in Darfur through the African Union (AU) and bilateral efforts. It is for that reason that my delegation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011) and extended the mandate of UNAMID for a further 12 months.", "In this month, significant events occurred in the history of the Sudan and the continent as a whole. The establishment of a new country and South Sudan marked another milestone in the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The people of the Sudan are committed to resolving decades of conflict in accordance with the Agreement. As we celebrate this achievement, we continue to hope that the parties to the conflict will sign the Doha document on the achievement of peace in Darfur so that the people of Darfur can expand this positive momentum and move forward quickly towards peace.", "Every effort must be made to ensure peace and stability in Darfur. South Africa welcomes the completion of the Doha peace process. This is indeed a major step towards achieving peace in Darfur.", "The African Union recently held its most senior meeting in Malabo and endorsed the early launch of the political process in Darfur, which was considered to be providing.", "“The best opportunity to consolidate the results achieved thus far, to ensure that the Sudan is self-governing in its own problems and the empowerment of stakeholders, as well as to achieve inclusive and comprehensive solutions to the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur”.", "In this regard, South Africa expresses its full and clear support for the efforts of the African Union High-level Implementation Group, with the support of UNAMID, to launch the political process in Darfur as soon as possible.", "While recognizing that all parties should do everything possible to create an enabling environment, we do not believe that creating such an environment is a prerequisite for initiating the political process in Darfur. In practice, the veto was given to any potential spoilers of the process. In this context, the AU Peace and Security Council calls upon the Security Council to support the launch of the political process in Darfur. This is to allow the Council to consider and reflect the AU's position when considering the extension of the mandate of UNAMID.", "We would like to remind the Council that UNAMID is a hybrid operation jointly established by the United Nations and the African Union. Given the important characteristics and characteristics of UNAMID, the two organizations cherish each other's contribution to the success of the Mission and to the achievement of lasting peace and stability in Darfur. We are therefore disappointed that the AU's request for the launch of the political process in Darfur has received only minimal and conditional support.", "As Africans are neighbouring and continuing to participate in the resolution of conflicts in Darfur, the international community would best respond to Africa's call and support the African Union's efforts in the political process in Darfur. We reiterate that Africa's leadership in addressing Africa is essential. After all, this is in line with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations. The failure to implement the Darfur peace process in a timely manner will have devastating consequences and further delays in peace and inflict great suffering on the people of Darfur.", "South Africa is satisfied with the efforts of the AU High-level Implementation Team led by the Joint Special Representative, Gambari and former President Mbeki, with the support of the Sudanese and international stakeholders. We are convinced that their continued efforts will contribute significantly to peace, stability and reconciliation for the people of Darfur. The Council should not slacken its support for the people of Dafur. We cannot live up to them.", "Mr. Amiréafari (Nigeria): Nigeria voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), as we are convinced of the indispensable role of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the efforts to achieve lasting peace and stability in Darfur and comprehensive peace in the Sudan. We remain convinced that the sustained partnership between the United Nations and the African Union (AU) in Darfur is a solid foundation for the maintenance of international peace and security.", "In this spirit of partnership, we have hoped that the decisions of the 17th Summit of the AU and the communiqué of the Peace and Security Council of 19 July 2011 will be taken into account, which emphasizes that the political process in Darfur should be a priority for the new road map in Darfur and should be fully launched in the aftermath of the positive outcome of the Doha process.", "We are convinced that the complex conditions that must be met under paragraph 7 of the resolution will limit the start of the political process in Darfur. Indeed, it would be counterproductive to set certain preconditions that must be met in order to trigger the political process in Darfur. This may allow the spoilers to access the means that impedes the achievement of a comprehensive peace. This could also undermine national ownership of the process.", "Nigeria has always been of the view that an internal political process is essential for inclusiveness and consensus-building in relations among Darfur. As noted in the Secretary-General's recent report on UNAMID (Suff422), the Darfur peace process could also benefit from dialogue and consultation within Darfur, which would build popular support for local ownership and strengthen the outcome of the Doha negotiations in the new road map.", "The elements listed in paragraph 7 are objectives rather than preconditions. We believe that if we really want to cross a key first step and create an enabling environment for the political process in Darfur, we should call for actions that are clearly feasible and easily implemented. This will be the more appropriate focus of the Council and the international community.", "We believe that, as the Joint Special Representative has pointed out, the lifting of the emergency law in Darfur will contribute significantly to the political process in Darfur. This would be a key confidence-building measure and would be sufficient to launch the process expeditiously.", "Finally, we believe that UNAMID can play a key role in ensuring the success of the political process in Darfur and working closely with the Government of the Sudan to lift the state of emergency. Therefore, we do not encourage initiatives aimed at narrowing the role of UNAMID or actually excluding it from the Darfur political process.", "Mr. Msolini (Gabon) (spoke in French): We are still disturbing to note the initial pace of the South Sudan country. Peace in Darfur is a cause of concern to us. The pursuit of peace and security in Darfur remains a continuing concern for Gabon.", "In that regard, we commend the African Union Peace and Security Council for adopting a communiqué on 19 July, in which it requested the Security Council to proceed with the extension of the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UNAMID played a key role in the Doha negotiations. It also improved its effectiveness in the protection of civilians.", "Gabon had just voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), which took into account the concerns of Gabon that it would like to see UNAMID continue to play an important role in restoring peace and stability in Darfur. Despite progress towards peace in the Sudan, the security and humanitarian situation in Darfur remains fragile and threatens the achievements of the Doha process.", "The Marbo African Union summit therefore called for the launch of the Darfur peace process. We welcome that decision. We firmly believe that the political process in Darfur, which was presented by the African Union High-level Implementation Group chaired by President Mbeki and then endorsed by the Marbo summit, will be a way to strengthen the positive outcome of the Doha process. Moreover, the two complementary processes must ultimately lead the people of Darfur themselves to the process of restoring peace, justice, reconciliation and development in the region.", "In this regard, Gabon recognizes the need for a conducive security, humanitarian and political environment, while firmly convinced that the start-up and successful outcome of the peace process in Darfur should not be hampered by the preconditions that could jeopardize efforts to achieve peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "The consensus goals of the Council are taken into account in the text we have just adopted. Of course, it is still far from the request made by the Marabo African Union Summit, but it demonstrates its willingness to commit to the Darfur peace process.", "Ms. DiCarlo (United States of America): The United States supports African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) peacekeepers to continue to play a crucial role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur.", "We are very concerned about the situation on the ground in Darfur. Given the danger of the situation, we are pleased that the Council has confirmed that the necessary enabling environment for the commencement of the political process in Darfur is not yet available. Any process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur must guarantee the free will of the participants without fear of harm or reprisal. In Darfur, however, those who demonstrate their will often be arrested, tortured or killed.", "The creation of such favourable conditions is, above all, the responsibility of the Government of the Sudan. We strongly call on all parties to the conflict to agree on an immediate ceasefire and to engage in direct negotiations.", "The role of UNAMID in bringing peace to Darfur is crucial. The highest priority for the Mission is to protect civilians and ensure that millions of vulnerable people receive humanitarian assistance. We are pleased that resolution 2003 (2011) affirms this. In accordance with reports from the field, including the report of UNAMID on political rights, civil rights and human rights, the Security Council will determine, taking into account the views of the African Union, whether the conditions conducive to engaging UNAMID in further efforts related to the political process in Darfur are in place.", "As civilians continue to be attacked, the bomb continues to fall into Darfur, and the United States welcomes UNAMID's focus on protecting civilians and ensuring that humanitarian workers have access routes necessary to deliver life-saving assistance. We call upon all parties to the conflict to renew their commitment to serious and comprehensive political negotiations to put an end to such atrocities.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011). We believe that the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) plays an important stabilizing role in the region of the Sudan. The Russian Federation believes that UNAMID is an integral part of the solution to the problem in Darfur.", "It is very important that the mandate of UNAMID should include a wide range of political support tasks involving peace processes and mediation efforts by the African Union and the United Nations. These tasks include supporting and monitoring the implementation of the Darfur Peace Agreement and facilitating the preparation and conduct of dialogue and consultation among the Darfurers.", "On 14 July, the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement signed the Doha document for peace in Darfur. We will see this as a very important step towards resolving the problems in Darfur. In chapter 7 of the document, the parties agreed to participate in the dialogue between Darfurans and provided that the dialogue should be conducted with the assistance of UNAMID, the African Union and the Government of Qatar. The political process is aimed at establishing a broad civil society platform in Darfur to implement the relevant agreements.", "A resolution adopted by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July confirmed the need to launch the political process in Darfur. Russia fully supports this position. We believe that the dialogue among Darfur is a core element of the new road map called for in resolution 2003 (2011) for the peaceful settlement of the question of Darfur.", "We attach great value to the activities carried out by UNAMID and its heads, the Joint Special Representative, Gambari, in order to contribute to efforts to address the problems in Darfur. We believe that, under the current difficult conditions in Darfur, peacekeepers are doing their utmost to implement the Security Council's mandate. We call on all parties in Darfur to support UNAMID activities.", "Mr. Wang (China) (spoke in Chinese): The Chinese delegation welcomes resolution 2003 (2011), just adopted by the Council. China voted in favour of the resolution.", "China has consistently supported the Darfur peace process in the Sudan and hopes that peace, prosperity and development will be achieved in Darfur. China advocates that the issue of Darfur should uphold the two-track strategy for deployment and political process, and support the extension of UNMIN and continue to carry out its mandate.", "The AU's position on the political process in Darfur deserves great attention as an important partner of the United Nations in dealing with issues related to the Sudan. China supports the important role played by UNPOS in supporting the political process in the Dada region.", "Sir Marc Leel Granert (United Kingdom): In supporting the extension of resolution 2003 (2011) for the 12-month period of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Kingdom is aware that Darfur is entering a critical period, the people of the region need more than ever for United Nations and African Union support.", "We therefore welcome the important work being done by UNAMID to protect civilians and provide security for humanitarian assistance in Darfur. Given the deterioration of the security situation and its impact on civilians, we encourage the Mission to maintain and strengthen a robust approach to the implementation of these core tasks.", "We also recognize that efforts to achieve full peace in Darfur are essential. We welcome the signing on 14 July by the Government of the Sudan and the Movement for the Liberation and Justice of the Doha document on the adoption of peace in Darfur. We urge the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements to engage immediately and unconditionally and to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire based on the Doha document and to reach a comprehensive peace settlement programme.", "Moreover, we recognize the potential complementary role of a political process in Darfur to engage all stakeholders in a constructive and open dialogue. However, we note that there is no necessary enabling environment for such a process in Darfur, as noted in the joint communiqué of the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council of 21 May. We note that the Secretary-General has made clear in his report (Sentinel 422) that such an enabling environment is essential.", "As indicated in resolution 2003 (2011), the Secretary-General and the Security Council will closely monitor developments in order to enable an appropriate assessment and enable the Security Council to take the necessary decisions on the political process in Darfur and UNAMID's participation in the process.", "We thank the Joint Special Representative, Ibrahim Gambari and UNAMID personnel for their work in support of peace and security in Darfur.", "The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 6.25 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席麦克唐纳先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午11时05分开会。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "路易斯·布兰科先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：我谨感谢戴斯主席召开今天的会议，以便对裁军谈判会议和多边裁军谈判问题进行思考，使我们能够——而且也一直在——交换意见，探讨各种挑战和机遇，以及裁谈会如何能够恢复其作为唯一裁军谈判机构的作用，使我们能够朝着全人类所期盼的全面和彻底裁军目标迈进。", "致力于裁军与核不扩散是我国外交政策的原则之一，因此，我们一直力促在多边论坛中寻求达成共识，以推动实现这些目标，突出强调这些问题对国际和平与安全的重要性。", "哥伦比亚认为，在联合国的机制和机构范围内就这些问题进行谈判是非常重要的。因此，我们非常重视裁军谈判会议。然而，我们同国际社会一样，对它陷于停顿状态感到沮丧。我们认为，这种局面不能继续下去，需要立即采取纠正措施。如果所有国家作出真正的政治承诺，就能克服这种局面。政治承诺应当被理解为灵活性和创造性——灵活性指的是在国家立场上作一点小小的让步，使各方能够实现共赢，创造性指的是推动寻找新的努力方向。", "哥伦比亚在5月30日至6月24日担任裁军谈判会议主席期间，注重对裁谈会目前状况和加强其运作的行动方针进行一系列反思。然而，尽管轮值主席哥伦比亚及其前任作了种种努力，该论坛仍然陷于瘫痪。", "在文件CD/1913中，哥伦比亚以本国名义指出了裁军谈判会议陷于僵局的原因，以及各种不同因素如何限制了它取得进展的能力。但是，这种瘫痪显然是没有正当理由的。我们认为，一个论坛在十多年中未取得任何具体成果，甚至未在深入讨论有关各项议题以查明在哪些问题上存在分歧方面取得进展，这是不正常的。", "至于工作方案，我们回顾，它只不过是协助裁军谈判会议活动的一个工具。就工作方案达成协议，并不能确保裁谈会将开始取得进展。2009年的经验就是这方面的证明。工作方案的问题不在于它的起草，而在于我们谋求作出的承诺。", "此外还有另外两个障碍：为达成有关工作方案的共识所采取的方法，因为这项任务专门留给轮值主席去执行，以及对它的基本性质的误解，因为一些方面坚持认为，工作方案应当包含任务授权。为此原因，哥伦比亚目前提倡按照议事规则中所预见的那样，制定一项简化的工作方案。", "至于裁谈会的议程和有待谈判的问题，我国认为，下一个合理的步骤是谈判一项“裂变材料禁产条约”(禁产条约)。哥伦比亚支持就“禁产条约”开始谈判，但有一项谅解，即：裂变材料储存应当是这个进程的一个组成部分。然而，我们认为，其他问题——例如消极安全保证——同“禁产条约”一样适时，并将使我们能够促进裁军与不扩散。在目前阶段，同时采取多项步骤也许是有道理的。", "至于可能的行动方针，我谨强调裁军谈判会议一些成员提出的下列建议，我们认为它们是可行和有用的。", "首先，我们应当任命一位关于裁军谈判会议效率和工作方法问题的特别协调员，负责分析裁谈会的程序并向其成员国提出建议。", "第二，我们应当考虑精简裁谈会每年届会的会议，目的是只在必要时召开全体会议，并且在任何时候都有正在进行的活动。", "第三，我们应当思考使裁谈会开支合理化的必要性。", "第四，我们应当设立关于各议程项目的专家小组，以便建立信任并对启动有意义的谈判进程作出贡献。", "第五，我们应当探讨增加裁谈会成员数目和促进同民间社会扩大互动协作的可能性。", "第六，也是最后一点，我们应继续在大会框架内讨论加强裁军谈判会议和振兴裁军机制的问题，以研究其它可能的行动方案。", "此外，鉴于在裁军问题上陷于全面瘫痪，哥伦比亚重申，它支持迅速召开大会专门讨论裁军问题的第四届特别会议，该会议将包括全面审查联合国系统各主管机构，并作出必要决定以振兴这些机构。", "科尔切克先生(斯洛伐克)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我表示，斯洛伐克完全赞同欧洲联盟所作的发言以及荷兰以42个会员国组成的跨区域小组名义所作的发言。我国代表团还愿在本次重要会议上发表几点本国意见。", "我们和许多代表团一样，对裁军谈判会议当前的状况感到沮丧和不满，此种状况给这个多边论坛处理我们各国当前安全需求的公信力和现实作用造成严重后果。现在已经到了振兴和加强多边努力，以便采取共同和团结一致的全球解决办法来应对当今安全挑战的时候了。", "斯洛伐克共和国仍然认为裁军谈判会议是裁军问题上唯一的多边谈判论坛。我们认为，该机构是整个裁军机制中的一个重要组成部分。我们需要的是振兴它并激活它的潜力。裁军谈判会议极其重要，我们不能让它继续无所作为和陷于僵局。我们明白需要有耐心，但我们也相信，在僵局持续10多年后，必须采取行动。", "裁军谈判会议有责任开展多边裁军谈判。这一责任主要应由裁谈会的成员国承担。斯洛伐克随时准备做出努力，以打破裁谈会的僵局，并推进多边裁军谈判。", "我们赞同这样的观点，即：如果裁军谈判会议不能启动实质性工作，我们就需寻求其它办法并制定步骤，以打破这种僵局。", "斯洛伐克与其他各方一道，向大会主席和秘书长发出呼吁，请他们举办一次关于高级别会议后续行动的大会全体辩论会，我们认为，这为处理裁军机制的紧迫问题提供了机会。我们想要处理的核心问题是裁军谈判会议如何能够恢复其职能，并发挥其潜力，不辜负广大国际社会的期望。", "斯洛伐克支持立即开始就处理裂变材料禁产问题的条约进行谈判。事实上，我们认为，这样一项条约是实现我们的最终目标——一个没有核武器的世界——所不可或缺的一步。", "在建设我们全球未来安全环境的过程中，我们的眼光需超越单个步骤，而侧重于最终目标。我们认为，我们能够通过一个由彼此加强、有所保障的文书组成的框架来实现该目标。这种做法将使我们能够全面了解多边裁军谈判，并进而在这些谈判中取得进展。", "如果我们自己仅局限于采取不容许任何灵活度的某种单一做法，那么即使制定了高标准，该做法也不会推动我们向前迈进。一刀切式的统一的工作方案不大可能帮助我们朝着核裁军目标迈进。", "我们需要采取一种开放的心态和一种强调并注重最终目标的做法。它还应确保在制定适当的相关文书框架以实现该目标方面取得进展。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰)(以英语发言)：新西兰赞同荷兰早些时候以若干国家名义所做的发言，并重申新西兰坚定致力于多边裁军事业。我们始终积极和坚定地参与裁军谈判会议内和其它多边场合对这些问题的讨论，因为我们认为，找到有效和平衡的多边办法来解决裁军挑战对于我们的集体安全至关重要。", "对所有同样抱有这些关切的人来说，裁军谈判会议当前所处的僵局当然令人严重关切。自裁谈会作为联合国裁军谈判机构上一次完成其任务以来，15年时间已经过去。在这一期间，裁谈会一直未能达成任何实质性成果，然而与此同时，在裁谈会以外，裁军问题却并未停滞不前。", "这种局面是不可持续的。我们一方面继续将裁军谈判会议描述成主要的多边裁军谈判论坛，另一方面，过去15年来的每一项重要裁军谈判不是在裁谈会内触礁，就是完全绕过它进行的，这一现象是不可持续的。", "指望那些坚定致力于多边裁军的国家继续允许它们至为紧迫的目标与优先事项——其中包括对于有效执行去年不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会《行动计划》至关重要的步骤——无限期受制于裁军谈判会议程序中的缺陷，这是不可持续的。指望各国继续在一个年复一年一再甚至连其年度工作方案都无法商定的机构上投入时间、精力和资源，这也是不可持续的。", "必须认清的一点是，裁军谈判会议面临着严重危机。它的公信力，也许连它的继续存在都危在旦夕。当前的僵局有可能使裁谈会在多边裁军领域的作用沦为指责、嘲笑的对象，并最终失去现实意义。要想避免这一点，就必须改变一些根本性的东西。", "在铭记这些关切的同时，我们欢迎秘书长决定去年9月在纽约这里召开高级别会议。我们也欢迎我们日内瓦的同事努力分析造成僵局的根源并考虑可能的解决办法。他们的努力值得赞扬，但是他们尚未就一项可行的行动方案达成协议，甚至尚未就达成此种协议的可能性达成一致。", "我们听到有关各方在过去2天中提出了一系列旨在打破这种僵局的可能选择。新西兰和其它代表团一样，将欢迎着手在现有架构和程序框架内商定一项平衡而且具有实际意义的工作方案的决定。尽管存在各种挑战，我们仍希望一些国家会采取更加灵活和务实的做法，使这一点能够办到。特别是，我们强调，因程序性问题而捆住我们自己的手脚，将工作方案看作仿佛是为裁军谈判会议的工作制定了压倒一切的任务授权，这样的做法是不会有未来的。工作方案并不为裁军谈判会议的工作制定任务授权，但有人却如此看待它，这已成为裁谈会无法履行其任务授权的一个重要因素。", "但是，我们却几乎看不到有迹象显示近期可能取得突破。对那些呼吁保持耐心、声称国际环境仍不利于取得进展的人，我只想问一句：我们指望它什么时候会变得更好？我们准备把裁军优先目标搁置多长时间，等待天上的星星如天方夜谭一样排成一列？", "鉴于在确定今后方针方面没有取得进展，甚至看不到取得进展的前景，我们必须扪心自问，更加灵活的工作方式和议事规则是否有可能更好地服务于我们的集体利益？我们也无法回避关于裁军谈判会议——其本身并不是目的——作用与角色的问题，以及关于推进裁军优先目标可能备选道路的问题。", "我希望大家现在——此时此刻——可以明显看出，我国代表团对多边裁军事项的态度中存在相当严重的沮丧，甚至有一点绝望。我们已经没有借口和时间哪怕是使自己相信、更不用提使国际社会相信，裁军谈判会议仍可为国际裁军谈判发挥有益作用。", "在如何最妥善地启动实质性裁军谈判方面，无论是通过现有安排、微调裁军谈判会议的工作方式，还是探索实现裁军优先目标的备选道路，新西兰都保持着开放的心态。但是，这种对话必须现在就开始，而且必须抱着诚意。", "接下来的6个月对于联合国裁军机制长期的公信力、现实性及效力而言，可能是很关键的。在过去一年里，有关各方在这个问题上付出了大量精力并给予了紧急关注，因此，如果明年1月我们回到裁军谈判会议的时候仍发现没有取得任何进展，也没有表现出打破当前僵局的意愿，那将令人大失所望。像过去一样，新西兰将与各代表团一道，力求摸索出一条道路，打破目前的僵局，我们希望今天的讨论能代表着这样一个进程的开始。", "Srivali先生(泰国)(以英语发言)：首先，泰国愿赞赏戴斯主席及秘书长召开本次重要的全体会议。", "泰国赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义以及葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议非正式观察员国小组名义所作的发言。", "裁军是一个包含复杂政治因素和不同安全关切的错综复杂的问题。因此，实现裁军要求各国表现出坚定的政治意愿、持续下定决心、展现灵活度并做出协调一致的努力与承诺。", "裁军是一个引起国际关切的问题，有鉴于此成立了裁军谈判会议，作为谈判多边裁军条约的一个主要论坛。然而，令人遗憾的是，自1996年结束关于《全面禁止核试验条约》的谈判以来，裁谈会的实质性工作未取得任何进展，其议程上的实质性工作与重要问题仍悬而未决。裁谈会的工作持续缺乏进展，引发了对它是否仍适合处理当今快速变化的安全挑战的置疑。", "各方为打破裁军谈判会议的僵局做出了种种努力，最值得注意的是去年9月召开了关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议。在该会议上，联合国各会员国无论是不是裁谈会的成员国，都表现出了对推进多边裁军谈判的有力政治承诺。然而，在裁谈会结束其2011年第二期全会时，仍未能通过一项工作方案。因此，我们今天汇聚于此，以发出一个明确而有力的信息：绝不能允许这种停滞状况继续存在下去。", "要想使裁谈会保持其作为唯一多边裁军谈判机构的权威地位，国际社会要想指靠裁谈会处理全球安全挑战，那么裁谈会成员国就应将该论坛从旷日持久的无所作为状况中激活，为启动它在核心问题上的实质性工作而努力。同时，我们还希望裁谈会加紧努力，平等处理其成员的各种关切，以便最终打破当前的僵局，并就其工作方案达成共识。", "尽管裁军谈判会议的工作缺乏进展，但是其核心问题仍对国际安全格局具有现实意义。在这一背景下，泰国希望更多参与裁谈会的工作。我们渴望与其成员国合作，为其活动做出贡献，并协助振兴我们在裁军领域的集体努力。", "鉴于裁军事关各国的安全，因此各国应有权在平等基础上全体参与讨论和谈判进程。因此，泰国重申非正式观察员国小组的呼吁，呼吁裁谈会处理增加其成员数目的问题，主席在总结高级别会议时已对此作了明确表述。", "与此同时，我们愿重申，呼吁讨论增加成员数目的问题不应被误解为转移裁军谈判会议对其实质性工作的注意力。我们支持增加成员数目，是为了提高裁谈会工作的效力，而不只是为了增加成员。我们相信，可以在开展裁谈会的实质性工作时，同步处理扩大的问题，因此，它是振兴裁军谈判会议工作的一项可能事务。", "马斯先生(卢森堡)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我愿通过你感谢大会主席召开本次会议，就去年９月召开的振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议采取后续行动。", "卢森堡赞同２天前以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言，并认可荷兰代表所作的合并发言。请允许我以我国代表身份发表几点意见。", "卢森堡高度重视裁军领域的多边工作，并一贯支持旨在限制核武器、降低核扩散风险的各种努力。我们赞扬秘书长将裁军问题作为其优先事项之一，并亲自参与辩论会。", "我们在座的各位都了解过去２年来在裁军和不扩散领域取得的进展，例如不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会取得圆满成功，安全理事会通过了关于核不扩散与裁军的第1887(2009)号决议，缔结了新的《裁武条约》，以及在华盛顿特区召开了核安全首脑会议。", "尽管这些重大事件和去年9月份启动的政治举措带来了势头，但是，国际社会的这个唯一多边论坛自2009年通过裁军谈判会议工作方案以来一直未取得任何进展。我们必须重拾这一势头，从空谈转入采取具体步骤，以打破10多年来使裁谈会陷于瘫痪的僵局。", "以严肃认真态度看待国际裁军进展的人再也无法接受裁军谈判会议不能进行实质性谈判的局面。在日内瓦和纽约，许多国家都表现出它们打破国际裁军机制僵局的政治意愿。我们所有人都必须承担起我们对国际安全肩负的责任，回到谈判桌前，落实2009年通过的工作方案。", "我们认为，首要的优先事项仍是立即启动就一项国际性、多边、非歧视和可核查的裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判。如秘书长去年9月呼吁的那样，在该问题上存在广泛一致。我们与其他各方一道，郑重呼吁达成共识。成立一个科学专家小组来负责审查禁产条约的技术层面，有可能成为促进启动谈判的一项建立信任措施。卢森堡还高度重视提高民间社会在裁军谈判会议中的参与度。", "除这些短期措施以外，还需更深刻地审查裁军谈判会议的工作方式。必须重新诠释协商一致规则，同时，调整议事规则也将有助于加强其运作。", "我们希望将尽快审议本次辩论会提出的打破裁军谈判会议僵局的各种可能办法，使日内瓦的讨论富于实质性和成果。重要的是，要铭记我们的最终目标，并继续保持雄心壮志。我们都想拥有一个更加安全的世界，为此，我们必须加倍努力，为实现一个没有核武器的世界而努力。", "丘布里洛女士(塞尔维亚)(以英语发言)：塞尔维亚赞同欧洲联盟观察员的发言以及葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。不过，我要从我国的角度就这个问题补充谈几点意见。", "塞尔维亚联署了关于“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”的第65/93号决议，也是发起本次大会全体辩论以讨论这些重要问题的国家之一，因为我们认为，本次会议将为打破裁军谈判会议的长期僵局提供重要的进一步的动力。", "军备控制、不扩散和裁军领域富有成效的多边主义不仅是必要的，而且，如果我们都本着合作、妥协和灵活的精神并带着战略远见开展工作，这个目标也是可以实现的。政治意愿是第一步，但是必须把它化作具体行动。我们坚信，在一个相互依存度和复杂性与日俱增，而且需要共同办法来解决共同挑战的世界中，这是向前迈进的唯一办法。", "塞尔维亚认为，重新确认裁军谈判会议作为多边裁军机制不可或缺部分重要性的最恰当方式是提高其效率和效力。必须加强努力，以便克服现有的分歧，使裁谈会能够恢复其作为世界上唯一多边裁军谈判机构的最初职能。塞尔维亚期望裁谈会所有成员国展示明确的政治意愿，认真和毫不拖延地就裁谈会议程上的核心问题进行实质性讨论，以便为国际和平与安全作出可信的贡献。", "我们承认，成员国的具体国家安全利益常常体现在裁谈会的工作中，但是，我们期望所有成员国为找到折衷解决办法而努力，这种办法在不损害这些利益的同时，将使裁谈会有可能克服目前的僵局，并且创造必要的条件，给裁谈会工作带来必要活力。", "塞尔维亚保证支持本次辩论，我们的指导思想是，必须就裁谈会观察国的地位作出规定，并且就不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会所通过行动计划中述及的问题开始谈判。裁谈会的工作持续处于僵局，严重阻碍执行行动计划规定的各项措施。不过，去年高级别会议的成功要求我们作出新的努力，以便实现这项计划的目标。", "在裁军谈判会议取得的成果具有普遍重要性，作为裁军谈判会议观察员国，塞尔维亚一直坚定支持裁军谈判会议。因此，至关重要的是应确保裁谈会的工作体现联合国所有会员国在不断变化的国际安全环境中所面临风险和挑战的复杂性。考虑到这一点，如果不解决增加裁谈会成员问题，就不可能振兴它的工作。对塞尔维亚来说，这个问题至关重要，特别是考虑到我们多次表示有兴趣成为裁谈会的成员。", "大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩散的风险是当今国际和平与安全面临的最大挑战。裁军谈判会议面临着它必须履行的众多义务。如果裁军谈判会议作为裁军领域的唯一多边谈判论坛，能够开始有效履行这些义务，它将能够实现它的目标。无疑，裁谈会工作目前所处的僵局如果持续下去，只会使人们更强烈地要求紧急找到恰当解决办法。", "最后，请允许我指出，塞尔维亚认为，本次辩论将是在振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和增加其成员方面向前迈出的重要一步。", "Adejola先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：尼日利亚欢迎召开关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的本次后续辩论。", "首先，我赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和荷兰代表以另外40个跨区域成员国的名义所作的发言。不过，我还要以本国代表的名义作以下发言。", "尼日利亚赞扬主席召开本次辩论，这为我们提供了一个机会，评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展，并且不再拖延地从空谈走向行动。", "令人遗憾的是，10多年来，多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议没有达到国际社会的期望，这些期望体现在1978年第一届裁军特别联大的成果文件(第S-10/2号决议)、载于多项决议中的决定和建议以及不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会的成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))中。尼日利亚注意到，裁谈会没有利用有效的多边军备控制、裁军和防扩散文书，履行其应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战的使命。", "本次全体会议的召开表明，我们有共同决心来实现一个无核武器世界的愿景，建立一个把原先用于发展、生产和拥有核武器和类似大规模毁灭性武器的大量资源用来促进全球公益、增长和发展的全球社会。这是我们对后世子孙和全人类负有的责任。", "在联合国裁军审议委员会2011年实质性会议的间隙，尼日利亚与40多个志同道合的联合国会员国一道，共同呼吁召开今天的会议。促使我们这样做的道义因素是：我们必须表明，我们今天如果不采取行动，就意味明天会面临危险，包括造成我们难以说服后世子孙相信裁军的必要性。因此，我们必须抓住本次高级别会议提供给我们的势头和机会，以进一步重申我们致力于在裁军和防扩散谈判中促进多边主义精神。", "尼日利亚坚信，行之有效的多边安全体制是全球安全的重要组成部分，我们认为，裁军谈判会议目前的僵局是不可接受的。在缔结新的多边裁军文书方面几年来缺乏进展，这无疑影响了我们在21世纪的共同安全，也削弱了多边裁军机制。", "尼日利亚也注意到，各会员国对于裁谈会的日内瓦谈判令人失望，表达了许多关切。大会当然会记得，一些会员国对它们认为是蓄意减慢该进程的做法日益感到不安。戴斯主席2011年3月在访问日内瓦时，以及秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员均表达了这一看法，并得到了详细记录。", "作为该问题的延伸，裁审会也未能推动采取建议，推动这项工作朝着设想的目标前进。尽管会员国最初在4月份时似乎抱有良好的意图，但尼日利亚注意到，三个小组费尽努力，仍未能在所审议的问题上拿出具体建议以及/或者达成具有标志性意义的共识。我们认为，这种失败明确地提醒我们，我们在更大范围的多边裁军机制领域共同面临着巨大挑战。", "尼日利亚要求核武器国家最优先考虑根据有关多边法律义务彻底销毁其核武器库的问题。如能这样做，人们将认为它们愿意履行在2000年和2010年不扩散条约审议大会作出的彻底销毁核武器的明确承诺。", "我们未能克服这场危机，致使我们丧失了宝贵时间。在2012年临近之际，我们应当不遗余力地打破僵局。尼日利亚支持裁军谈判会议，认为它是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。我们也相信联合国裁军审议委员会具有现实意义，认为它是联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门议事机构。我们希望裁军谈判会议能够推进核裁军议程，其中包括谈判一项核武器公约、消极安全保证和期待之中的裂变材料禁产条约。", "在这方面，我们的审议应当为我们提供一个适当的平台，以透明和包容的方式讨论所有可能的未来做法，从而以切实有效的方式并本着注重成果的精神，推进多边裁军谈判。", "最后，尼日利亚将继续以建设性态度调动会员国参与这项努力，以便协助大会主席和秘书长实现多边裁军谈判的崇高目标。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言)：我国代表团抱着确实非常关心的态度参加本次重要的辩论会。我们赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "摩洛哥王国深信，建立无核武器世界必定要求联合国裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议作出切实努力。我们感到难以接受的是，虽然多边倡议在裁军谈判会议的外围获得成功，但成员国就连裁谈会的工作方案都没能达成一致。这种不合时宜的状况必须消除。因此，我愿向大会谈谈以下几点看法。", "第一，让裁军谈判会议的讨论不断地回到起始点，这令人沮丧，而且会适得其反。该论坛历经30多年的讨论和谈判，已积累了有可能推动其实现工作目标的大量提议和设想。", "第二，同样不能接受的是，有人说裁军谈判会议是孤立运作的。我们要明确表示——在缺乏真正的政治意愿和有利国际环境的情况下，没有什么机构或文书能够保证裁军取得切实进展。", "第三，采取协商一致规则是为了使每个会员国能够影响决策过程，从而调动各国对决定的最大支持。然而，必须强调的是，协商一致不应被用作实施阻挠的工具。我们尊重会员国接受或反对拟议决定的正当主权，但它们必须拿出证明，表明自己的态度是灵活和负责任的。", "第四，过去已证明是行之有效的裁军谈判会议仍是推进裁军谈判的合适框架。为此，我们呼吁该机构采取全面、综合和务实做法。在全球化时代，一个国家或地区的安全与世界其它国家的安全愈发紧密地联系在一起。同样，不考虑国家或地区正当的安全考量，就不可能维护或加强国际安全。因此，必须采取考虑到国家、地区和全球安全的做法。", "第五也是最后一点，我国重申对联合国裁军机制的承诺。为此，我们要求谨慎提防在裁军谈判会议和其它多边论坛之外启动谈判的诱惑。此举虽会加快谈判进度，但有可能造成所取得的成果不为某些国家接受、国际社会对裁军和不扩散问题的分歧出现加剧的局面，而这些问题反而需要尽可能广泛的共识。", "我现在要谈谈这一共识的基本内容，我国代表团愿谈谈以下几点。这一共识的第一项内容是责任，这种责任既是共同的也是有区别的。摩洛哥认为核武器国家在核裁军和不扩散方面负有特殊责任。有必要采取实际步骤，为多边核裁军努力带来新的动力。这从根本上说会涉及两个行动。第一，将吁请核武器国家接受建立长期框架，从而保证对这项工作具有信心。第二，我们必须启动1995年中东问题决议的执行进程。在这方面，必须确保2012年中东问题国际会议圆满成功。该会议的基础必须是不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会通过的行动计划。", "这一共识的第二项内容是，要就核武器用裂变材料禁产条约和消极安全保证文书同步开展谈判，这将是一项重大进展和推动核裁军工作的一项建立信任措施。", "第三项内容是，重建和保持裁军谈判会议作为裁军问题唯一多边谈判机构的首要作用。", "第四项内容是加强核不扩散以及安保和安全，严格遵守国际主管机构所确立的规范，而这些机构可以获益于区域和国际倡议的支持和专长。应当针对新的全球挑战来制定这些标准。至关重要的是，要为国际原子能机构提供资源，使之能够充分履行授权。", "这一共识的第五也是最后一项内容是，通过加强技术合作，促进和平利用核能。技术合作的资金来源不应该再是自愿性质的。", "我国代表团饶有兴趣地注意到在今天辩论会上以及在2010年9月24日会议上就振兴核裁军工作提出了某些建议。我国代表团随时准备本着灵活、妥协和承诺的精神来审查那些建议。", "通过裁军实现和平将令全人类受益。我们应不遗余力地实现一个没有核武器的世界，一个不那么热衷于为进行军备竞赛而损害到消除贫困、防治流行病和应对环境恶化需求的世界。", "普罗亚尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：厄瓜多尔代表团愿首先申明它赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动国家名义所作的发言。", "裁军谈判会议的当前状况自然引起了各国的关切。在这方面，将需要作出大胆努力，以找到解决办法。有必要铭记，在开展这些努力时尤其必须以包容性和多边主义原则为指导，改变该局面的任何其它办法都必须来自各国间的讨论与谈判。", "在这一背景下，我国代表团不明白为什么不对裁军谈判会议工作方案中的所有要素都表现出同样的关切与兴趣，似乎只有其中一个要素受到了重视。对厄瓜多尔来说，“裂变材料禁产条约”与就核武器或消极安全保证达成协议同等重要。这是一个不拥有核武器国家的合理立场，因为它认为，核武器是可怕的，与绝大多数国家一样，它主张建设一个没有核武器的世界。但是，迄今为止，国际社会未能制定任何文书，使核国家作出保证，在完成彻底消除核武器进程的同时，不会对没有核武器的国家使用这些武器。这种一贯拒绝的态度表明，有关国家缺乏履行其核裁军与不扩散领域承诺与义务的政治意愿。", "在这方面，裁军谈判会议工作陷入停滞状态，也反映了缺乏政治意愿的情况。除了核裁军与核不扩散进程落实工作所牵涉的法律问题之外，必须将两者视为是彼此关联的。然而，在裁军谈判会议内部，似乎唯一的兴趣与关切是在核不扩散问题上取得进展，从而降低甚至忽视在核裁军方面取得进展的可能性。", "解决裁军谈判会议所面临停滞状况的办法似乎并非源自其架构或其程序。各国将发现，任何其它采取新架构或新程序的论坛都将面临同样处境，因为原因是政治性的。因此，在我发言一开始提及的那些努力必须侧重于采取明确透明、并反映各方愿意开始会谈以启动关于所有未决问题的谈判的沟通办法，拉近裁军谈判会议内部各方的立场。这些未决问题包括：一项关于核武器的协议，消极安全保证，防止外层空间的军备竞赛以及裂变材料禁产条约。我国代表团认为，该条约必须触及现有和未来的储存。厄瓜多尔认为，召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议是适当和有必要的。", "最后，有必要分析放弃共识会在何种程度上帮助达成预期的普遍协议，因为对谈判结果的作用与影响的不同看法，有可能会导致一些有关行为体无法参与和加入。这将严重削弱范围如此广泛、内容如此敏感和重要的协议所需具有的效力。", "米库列斯库夫人(罗马尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿像其他发言者一样，赞扬秘书长和大会主席召开本次专门讨论振兴裁军谈判会议的辩论会。也请允许我表示我国代表团赞赏裁军事项咨询委员会应秘书长的请求，在日内瓦开会深入分析裁军谈判会议当前的僵局。", "罗马尼亚支持欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长所作的发言。由于罗马尼亚是请求召开本次全体会议的信函(A/65/836，附件)的签署国之一，我们也支持荷兰代表以签署国名义所做的发言。我还要荣幸地以本国代表的身份发表一些简短意见。", "签署请求召开本次辩论会的信函并在此出席会议，显然表明我国重视推进多边裁军议程。罗马尼亚赞同这样的信念，即在当今世界上，必须从全球的视角来处理和平与安全问题。裁军和军备控制是任何全球安全架构的基石。然而，一个高效率的多边安全体系和有成效的多边裁军机制必须建立在合作以及对我们全球挑战和威胁的共同理解之上。", "自2010年初以来，我们看到全球多边议程出现了积极前景。《第二阶段裁武条约》的签署以及在华盛顿特区召开的第一次核安全首脑会议都使我们对有可能实现全面消除核裁军的愿景充满希望。不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会的成功及其《最后文件》呼吁国际裁军和不扩散制度包括日内瓦裁军界加紧行动。", "我们和国际社会抱有同样的期望，期待去年在纽约这里举行的高级别会议能推动裁军谈判会议在日内瓦取得具体和重要的进展，从而与当前的国际环境保持同步。迄今为止，裁军谈判会议尚未达到我们的期望，但是我们必须携手努力，进一步采取步骤，使我们沿此方向向前迈进。", "罗马尼亚大力支持裁军谈判会议作为核问题的一个主要框架，同时承认它对国际和平及加强世界安全具有的价值。它的谈判作用必须得到维护和加强。我们抱有同样的信念，即裁谈会应向前推进，并恢复它作为谈判论坛的作用。旷日持久的僵局造成了严重问题，必须结束这种僵局。", "多年来，我们看到各方为打破僵局做出了持续努力。我们现在需要处理这个问题。我们知道，在一个由65个成员组成，并且通过协商一致作出决定的对话和谈判论坛中，得到普遍支持是困难的。但是，至少商定一项工作方案并不是不可能的。尽管不应当夸大目前的僵局，但我们必须认识到，各国有可能转而利用在裁谈会之外进行国际裁军协定谈判的其它办法和途径。罗马尼亚已经多次指出，这种可能出现的情况对任何人都没有好处。", "正如奥地利代表6月9日在日内瓦所说的那样——罗马尼亚代表团支持那次发言——我们的手中并没有太多选择。一方面，我们必须审查裁军谈判会议的工作方法，包括其程序和运作原则。另一方面，我们也必须寻找能帮助我们克服裁谈会内已持续太长时间的僵局的其它措施。", "罗马尼亚致力于认真参与裁谈会的工作，力求使其恢复履行作为一个谈判机构的任务授权，并且在2009年5月以协商一致方式获得通过的工作方案(CD/1864号文件)基础上更进一步。我们认为，对于不可逆转的核裁军进程来说很关键的问题之一是裁军谈判会议中有关裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。必须通过谈判进程解决各方的安全关切。这是多边外交的实质和价值所在。裁军谈判会议所有成员参加谈判对裁军议程至关重要。", "最后，请允许我重申，罗马尼亚仍然坚信，2010年9月24日给予裁军谈判会议的政治支持以及我们在本次辩论中作出的宝贵贡献能够推动裁军谈判会议恢复其作为谈判论坛的作用。罗马尼亚真诚希望，我们将最终找到最佳办法，以便在不远的将来使多边裁军工作得到重振。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了有关这个议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目162的审议。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "代理主席(以英语发言)：大会将恢复其对议程项目13的审议，以便讨论与在千年发展目标背景下实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战。成员们记得，大会在7月27日第114次全体会议上曾就这些挑战进行过讨论，但其发言名单上的人尚未全部发言。", "佩拉尔塔先生(巴拉圭)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我们祝贺我们的兄弟国家多民族玻利维亚国的总统胡安·埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生，他倡议举行本次会议，并且对突出强调享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的重要性起到了极大帮助。", "国际社会每一个成员都有义务和责任通过可持续经济增长和尊重我们的自然资源，把它们作为生命之源，在我们各国人民的发展之间求得公正平衡，以便在各个领域改善民生。现在距离千年发展目标确定的把无法获得饮用水或者基本卫生设施所需物力和财力人口比例减半的最后期限还剩不到四年时间，我们关切地注意到，进展依然缓慢和不充分。目前，全世界近三分之一人口得不到必要的卫生设施，约有七分之一的人得不到或者负担不起安全饮用水，而享有安全饮用水本是一项至关重要的人权。在这一背景下，150多万名五岁以下儿童由于无法获得饮用水而死亡，这是一个残酷和令人无法接受的现实。", "巴拉圭完全支持这样一项原则，即：获得和提供饮用水及基本卫生设施对于充分享受人权来说，是固有的要素和绝对不可或缺的条件。因此，我国政府继续投入所有必要资源，以确保尽快为全国人口充分提供这些服务。同样，我们敦促整个国际社会在这方面加倍努力，特别是目前我们继续面临全球经济危机影响和各种自然灾害破坏性后果的时候。", "因此，我们坚信，国际社会现在正处于决定自己命运的历史关口。我们认为，2012年纪念里约会议二十周年的可持续发展大会应当给我们一个无以伦比的机会，无比坚定地重申我们在这方面的承诺和努力，以确保后世子孙能够生活在一个人类发展与自然资源的使用达到更和谐平衡的世界中。", "Tsiskarashvili先生(格鲁吉亚)(以英语发言)：作为第64/292号决议提案国之一，我谨借此机会对通过这项决议表示欢迎，这项决议确认，享有饮水和卫生设施是充分享受生活和所有人权所必不可少的一项权利。我要感谢玻利维亚总统莫拉莱斯两天前参加会议并且作了颇有见地的发言，并要赞扬玻利维亚代表团作为该决议起草者发挥的领导作用。", "安全的饮用水和卫生设施对于维护人的健康，特别是儿童的健康至关重要。每年有几百万儿童因为得不到饮用水而死亡，另外有26亿人，包括10亿儿童无法获得基本卫生设施。国际社会不能无视这些令人触目惊心的数字。", "多年来，我国政府的努力以改善城市和农村供水及卫生设施为重点。我们的经验突出表明，政府与捐助方共同努力至关重要。我要在这里举一些体现此类协作的生动事例。", "一年多以前，在我国62个市级供水企业的基础上成立了格鲁吉亚联合供水公司。该公司在供水领域与两个主要捐助方，特别是千年挑战公司，成功进行了协作。一年前，我们在水管理领域与亚洲开发银行签署了一项协议，包括为格鲁吉亚的六个城市中心全面修复供水和环卫系统。去年与欧洲投资银行签署了另外一项协定。为了执行这些协议，目前正在格鲁吉亚28个城市进行施工。一个重要步骤是绘制了全国供水系统的电子地图。这个系统的作用是监测和发布损失预警，从而减少浪费和财政费用。目前正在采取特别措施，控制河水流域的污染。在格鲁吉亚东南部最近修建了一座新的生物废料处理站，以确保保护河流和附近居民。", "我们注意到这一略微进展，但同时认识到，我们仍然面临挑战。在国家和国际层面都必须做更多工作。在这方面，我们支持联合国大家庭作出的努力，并且期待着进一步讨论实现享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权及其对实现千年发展目标的影响的问题。", "斯坦卡内利先生(阿根廷)(以西班牙语发言)：我们谨感谢大会主席召开本次全体会议，也感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下提出享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的主张。", "阿根廷支持不断发展国际人权法，并要回顾，在阿根廷于1994年修订国家宪法之后，有关公民和政治权利以及经济、社会和文化权利的主要国际人权条约已成为其法律制度的基石。", "在这一背景下，获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施对于保护人的健康和环境的重要性得到若干获得阿根廷支持的国际文件的确认。阿根廷还认为，确保人民享有饮用水的权利是各国的主要责任，这是确保生命权和享有适当生活水准的权利的前提。", "根据这一立场，阿根廷在大会第六十四届会议上对有关享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议投了赞成票。不过，阿根廷当时重申，享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是各国必须确保其管辖下所有人都能享有的一项人权，与其他国家无关。", "这一立场符合有关各国对其自然资源拥有永久主权的第1803(XVII)号决议，而且，在我们这个区域，符合今年4月29日在拉丁美洲和加勒比环境部长会议上通过的关于环境问题的加拉加斯宣言第33段，该段指出享有安全饮水和卫生设施是充分享受生活和所有人权必不可少的一项人权，而且，本区域各国将根据各自的国家法律框架确保其管辖下的所有人享有这项权利，准许对它们的自然资源行使主权。", "普罗亚尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团欣见多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席周三的会议，并且感谢他在通过关于享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议一年之后强调这一至关重要的问题。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》确认，享有饮用水的人权是一项基本和永久权利，而作为供公众使用的战略性国家资产，水对生命来说是不可剥夺、永恒、不可或缺和必不可少的。我国《宪法》第411条确保水资源和环境的养护、恢复和全面管理。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》第71条和第74条确认了自然的权利，并且确定，个人、社区以及各民族有权要求公共机关充分尊重他们的生命周期的存在、保持和再生、组织结构、作用以及演变进程。通过这样做，《宪法》寻求确保个人、社区以及各民族能够充分享受水的益处，从而很好地生活。", "厄瓜多尔政府通过这种办法推动各种政策，以便实现庄严载于我们的大宪章之中的享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，并且满足保护用于人类可持续发展的资源以及获取生命不可或缺的要素，例如水这一生命液体的需要。厄瓜多尔通过的这些宪法原则体现出对水的适当理解，超越了把水视为使用和消费商品的物质主义观。采纳把享有饮用水作为人权的理念，这无疑是在厄瓜多尔公共政策中向前迈出的重要一步。我们的挑战是确保把水和生物多样性作为战略性资产来对待。", "通过全面和综合办法管理水资源来确保人民能够获得饮水——这是所有人都享有的权利——是地方政府和全社会已经充分承担的重要责任，并且要求它们作出联合努力。", "水是各国人民和各个国家的传统和生活、他们的活动以及他们与环境的关系中的一个特殊要素。水、领土和土地是文化得以存在和生生不息的基本物品，保护多种多样的特点依靠这些要素，并且鼓励人类与自然和谐共处。因此至关重要的是，各国应当确保饮水和卫生设施的质量。", "尽管在厄瓜多尔取得了历史性的进展，但仍有许多工作要做，以便把这些原则付诸实施，造福我们的国家。此外，厄瓜多尔希望，所有国家都将确认和实现这些权利，特别是考虑到人类面临丧失其自然淡水储备资源的危险。", "最后，我国代表团重申，厄瓜多尔致力于这个十分重要的问题，我们决心继续执行载于第64/292号决议中的各项建议。我们要强调，必须进一步利用国际合作，支持各国作出努力。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：葡萄牙赞同欧洲联盟观察员先前在本次辩论中表达的看法。", "我们认为，实现把无法可持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的目标，是重中之重。近10亿人仍然得不到安全饮用水，约25亿人无法获得卫生设施，这对人、经济和发展有巨大影响。获得饮水和卫生设施是妥善落实享有健康、食物和教育等人权以及儿童权利的一个必要的先决条件。归根结底，它对于实现人类尊严的根本原则至关重要。因此，不能脱离人权视角来考量获取饮水和卫生设施的问题。因此，葡萄牙欣见最近在第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议中承认享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "当我们谈论该领域的人权时，关键的不同在于我们从仅仅是慈善之举变成负有法律义务，从仅仅是渴望拥有变为有责任确保所有人都可以平等获取安全、负担得起并可为所有人利用的饮水和卫生设施，同时各国都有责任确保在其可利用资源的范围内持续努力，以实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "在葡萄牙，我们坚定致力于落实饮水和卫生设施的人权。我国为使更多人享有这项人权付出了巨大努力。数字本身就说明了问题。为最终用户提供饮用水和废水处理服务还被依法列入基本公共服务的范畴，并依据特别规定加以管理，以保护用户免受提供商可能的违规做法之害。", "我国的饮水和废物处理服务规定在确保普遍享有饮水和卫生设施方面发挥了关键作用，并促进了在落实饮水和卫生设施人权方面的最佳做法，以控制饮水和卫生设施价格低廉。这些措施的目的在于满足可用性、可获得性、质量、安全、承受能力、可接受性、非歧视、参与、问责、影响以及可持续性等标准，这些正是特别报告员制定的充分享受该人权所具有的基本层面。遵照这些标准也是我国水源供给和废水服务战略规划的一个指导原则。", "最后，请允许我借此机会，感谢享有饮水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员出席本次会议的开始部分。葡萄牙欢迎人权理事会第六次会议一致授权延长她的任务期限，我们也欢迎她所做的贴切工作，包括她在收集最佳做法信息方面取得进展，她还就其专题报告并在其国家访问期间与来自各区域感兴趣的有关行为体进行全面透明和包容各方的磋商。", "Sydykov先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以俄语发言)：我愿热烈欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生，并感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士信息详实的发言。", "自大会通过关于饮水和卫生设施人权的第64/292号决议已过去一年时间。作为一个发展中国家，我们支持该决议呼吁各国及国际组织通过国际合作与援助，特别是向发展中国家的援助，来分享财政资源、建设其能力并向其转让技术，以加强为所有人提供安全、清洁和可获取的饮用水与卫生服务的工作。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦严格履行千年发展目标，包括到2015年将缺乏获取饮用水和卫生服务渠道的人口比例减少一半的目标。我们赞同各国的观点，认为享有安全饮用水和卫生服务与享有《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》中所载的体面生活水平权不可分割。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦90%以上是由山地组成的，其中包括为其人民、牲畜和农作物提供水源的冰川。根据专家的计算，吉尔吉斯斯坦冰川的淡水供应量达到约6 500亿立方米。在过去40多年中，由于全球气候变化，我国冰川面积缩减了20%，再过20年，它还可能再缩减30%或40%。按照这个速度，到2100年，吉尔吉斯斯坦的冰川有可能完全消失，整个区域的居民将会有面临淡水灾难性短缺的风险。除全球变暖以外，影响中亚水资源安全的另一个因素是该区域有90多个铀尾矿池。许多尾矿池位于地震活动频繁的地区或流入中亚区域广大水源盆地的河岸两侧，这一事实令情况更趋复杂。一旦有毒材料进入地下水或河流，区域的饮用和灌溉水供给将面临灭顶之灾。", "今天，在捐助国和包括联合国开发计划署在内的各国际组织的积极合作下，吉尔吉斯斯坦正在实施大量旨在为其公民提供清洁饮用水的项目，其中最大的一个项目是在世界银行和亚洲开发银行支助下实施并定于2013年完成的“清洁水源”项目。由于有了这个项目，吉尔吉斯斯坦约有550个村庄已用上管道水，传染病的患病率有所下降，我国的卫生基础设施得到改善。我国对饮用水问题的关注还可以从颁布特别的制定标准的法律，如饮用水法和吉尔吉斯共和国水法中得到进一步证实。就在最近，即5月30日，议会借助饮用水安全法实行了一项技术规定，旨在保护人民的健康和生命不受水源中污染物的有害影响。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦支持在统筹利用中亚水电资源方面合理利用水源并进行合作开发，包括在国家和区域等级推行水资源统筹管理的原则。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：请允许我首先表示斯洛文尼亚赞同以欧洲联盟的名义所做的发言。", "毫无疑问，水是21世纪的一个全球性挑战。预测数据显示，到2025年，由于气候变化、环境恶化以及人口增加的共同影响，将有18亿人生活在水源严重紧张的地区。因此，提供安全水源和充足的卫生设施将成为许多国家面临的一个更加严峻的挑战。", "千年发展目标要求到2015年将不能持续获取安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半。水源管理和提供水资源、服务以及卫生设施是处理所有千年发展目标成本效益最高的途径之一。获取饮水和卫生设施的问题与贫困问题紧密相联。缺乏饮水和卫生设施剥夺了几十亿人特别是妇女和女童的机会、尊严、安全与福祉。此外，获取安全饮用水还会降低孕产妇及儿童死亡率，防止疾病的发生与扩散。", "要缓解用水紧张状况，实现与用水有关的千年目标，就必须加强水资源管理。水资源管理首先是要以环境可持续方式利用水资源。然而，它不仅涉及到技术措施，而且从本质上说涉及到政治决策、该过程的包容性以及所有利益攸关方的参与问题。社会包容、尊重少数族裔和促进男女平等，对于确保公平用水和享有卫生服务是不可缺少的。高效利用包括水资源在内的自然资源，也是绿色经济的核心内容和2012年联合国可持续发展问题会议的优先议题。", "在2010年期间，大会承认了享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。斯洛文尼亚承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，这项人权源自享有适当生活水准的权利，并受到《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十一条、《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的保护。", "享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，与享有尽可能高水平的身心健康以及生命权和人类尊严权密不可分。它要求人人都能用得上、用得起饮用水和卫生设施，而且用得方便、质量要高。享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利也与享有其它人权，包括教育权、工作权、健康权、住房权和食物权密切相关。", "水是维持生命以及保持人类健康和福祉所必需的。它对于社会经济发展和保护自然生态系统具有核心意义。它是重要的能源，为农业和很多工业流程所必需。也正是因为这个原因，重点在于可持续水资源管理的保护环境工作是斯洛文尼亚发展合作的一个优先主题。斯洛文尼亚还一贯支持国际上关于享有饮用水和卫生设施权的各项倡议，并大力支持享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作。她于2010年5月访问了斯洛文尼亚，并将于9月份向人权理事会就此行提交报告。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：哥伦比亚感谢大会主席提出值得欢迎的倡议，召开本次重要会议，纪念享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利获得承认。", "哥伦比亚认为，提供安全饮用水和卫生设施是一个国家应当提供的社会服务的一部分。哥伦比亚法律规定，国家有义务确保向境内所有人切实有效地提供公共服务，铭记此类服务要遵守既定法律制度，可由国家直接或间接、由社区组织或个人提供。在所有情况下，都由国家规范、控制和监测此种服务。", "在哥伦比亚，享有适合人类使用的水源的权利，对于充分享有适当生活水准权和健康权具有重要意义。有鉴于此，我们不遗余力地扩大了提供最高质量服务的覆盖面。哥伦比亚正通过国家水资源计划，落实全面的水资源管理政策。该政策分为三个阶段——至2014年的短期阶段；至2018年的中期阶段；以及至2022年的长期阶段——并考虑到了我国各个地区所特有的不同和问题。", "哥伦比亚通过这项政策确定了若干目标，其中包括：养护对于水供应具有关键意义的至少80%的生态系统；测量并记录60%的用水量；使至少55%水源的质量指数保持在好或可接受的级别；在水资源极为匮乏或者受厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象影响和气候变化影响的所有地区加强供应措施；以及将需要获得合法权利的用户人数减少一半。", "国家政策的第一阶段，即2010-2014年，确定了10个优先方案，其中包括国家控制污染和高效利用水资源方案、防止与水资源供应有关的风险的方案，以及用水者合法化问题国家方案。哥伦比亚在国家和地区层面制定了五项战略政策计划，为可再生自然资源的管理和以环保方式利用土地制定了规划概要，为人类住区以及社会、经济和服务活动实现环保发展制定了指导方针。", "关于水资源风险管理，考虑到最近的厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象的影响，我们正在一些领域的风险管理方面取得进展。这些领域是：供人类在涉及供应和获取水资源等生产活动中使用的水源短缺；干旱，通过养护同雨水减少有关的生态系统；洪水以及与水量过剩有关的民众流动，它们可能对人口和基础设施造成影响；以及与人口和基础设施有关的海洋和沿海风险管理。", "国民政府还制定了城市径流水管理国家计划，确定了一些至关重要的排水区域。这些区域消耗了排水能力，影响到了各种用途的用水质量，同时危害到公众健康、农业产量、包括发电在内的工业活动，以及更大范围的整体经济和社会发展。该计划的目的在于增加处理过的城市用水量，从而在中短期提高水资源质量。", "哥伦比亚政府对于扩大提供安全饮用水和卫生设施的覆盖面作出了明确承诺，因此，我们认为在本次全体会议上突出该问题十分有价值。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰)(以英语发言)：新西兰高兴地在今天重要的辩论会上发言。", "很少有国家会否认难以获取安全饮用水和卫生设施所造成的严重后果。新西兰认为，我们所能做的最好的事情就是，采取实际步骤使人们用上安全、清洁的饮用水和卫生设施。实际上，能够以更加可持续的方式获取安全饮用水和卫生设施，对于实现千年发展目标(千年目标)至关重要。", "今天上午，我愿简要重点谈谈我国所在的太平洋地区的情况。最近的一份关于太平洋岛国实现千年目标情况的报告指出，从家庭来看，多数太平洋岛国家庭在日常生活中面临的最迫切环境问题就是获取安全水源和改进卫生服务状况。气候变化及其造成的影响加剧了这种状况。比如，海平面上升会影响到环礁上的水源供应，而极端天候有可能毁坏饮用水和卫生基础设施，除非基础设施的建设标准可以承受此类事件。环礁国家特别容易受到气候变化的影响。", "此外，城镇中心地区人口不断增加，也对淡水供应造成压力，更需高效采集雨水。然而，在这些环境下必须特别谨慎对待污水处理和其它污染源问题。这些生态系统较为脆弱。", "在边远地区，财力有限以及获取技能的手段有限，给建设、经营和维护有关设施带来挑战。在各城镇，快速的城市化与非正规住宅开发正给各种设施带来压力。", "新西兰了解获取安全清洁饮用水和个人卫生设施的重要性。我们正与我们的太平洋邻邦共同努力，支持它们在此领域的努力。例如，在库克群岛，我们提倡在偏远社区收集雨水，并支持改进卫生设施。我们还在努力改进托克劳群岛、瓦努阿图和基里巴斯的水源供给。", "最近，新西兰与太平洋共同体秘书处一道，完成了两个旨在提高水源质量的项目。澳大利亚、新西兰、世界银行以及亚洲开发银行还合作建立了一个太平洋区域基础设施融资机制，以帮助太平洋岛屿国家处理基础设施方面的需求。这些项目侧重于在维持和管理基础设施、包括在水源和卫生部门方面所面临的长期挑战。", "新西兰承认需要在这个关键领域持续努力并开展合作。我们将继续努力，帮助应对这些挑战，并采取切实步骤，以提供安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢主席组织今天的辩论会。", "我愿首先与其他代表一道，感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下主持我们关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权的辩论会。", "获取安全和充足的饮用水及卫生设施是保障我们各国人民福祉的关键之一。实际上，将无法可持续获取饮用水和卫生设施的人口比例减少一半已被认定为到2015年实现的千年发展目标之一。", "卫生设施不仅与个人卫生而且也与人类尊严和福祉、公共健康、营养乃至教育有着紧密关联。圣雄甘地曾说过“卫生比独立更加重要。”他使清洁卫生成为甘地式生活方式中不可分割的一部分。他的梦想是所有人都享有完善的卫生条件。", "据估计，仍有26亿人缺乏获取基本卫生设施的渠道，其中包括10亿儿童，他们缺乏获取有效卫生设施的渠道，这导致本来可以避免的婴儿死亡。我们还面临着我们人口中约有12%的人仍缺乏安全饮用水的挑战。鉴于卫生与人类发展关系密切，这种局面对实现我们的发展目标构成了严峻挑战。因此，在印度，我国政府将该问题作为一个优先事项。", "2008年11月在第三届南亚卫生大会上通过的《德里宣言》承认，享有卫生设施和安全饮用水是一项基本权利。在过去5年中，我们对郊区卫生设施的投资增加了多达6倍。根据我们的全面卫生方案，政府调整了其做法，将重点放在需求方面，通过动员当地社区的领导将需求作为变革的驱动力。", "为进一步加强基层的方案工作，我们在当地机构中推行了一项名为“清洁村庄奖”的激励性计划，它促使社区领导行动起来，把实现我们村庄的彻底清洁卫生作为优先事项。村庄中的本地机构为赢得该奖项而展开了竞争。该方案还导致从私营部门和民间社会组织中调集了大量资源，投入该项工作。", "与此同时，政府还特别注重扩大获取饮用水的渠道，这是政府“建设印度”旗舰方案中的6个核心要素之一。根据该方案，每天有将近300个村庄被纳入饮用水供给网络。", "因此，我们高兴地说，尽管面临巨大和多样性挑战，印度仍在实现千年发展目标7下制定的各项指标方面取得稳步进展。", "在我们的各项发展政策中，都需要优先考虑卫生问题。印度的经验表明，社区领导在实现全面清洁卫生方面发挥作用将是至关重要的。还必须将卫生纳入公共健康政策的综合框架，以确保卫生活动确实得到充分的资金。提供安全的饮用水还非常有助于遏制许多水传播疾病的发生。", "与此同时，我们还需为不同的生态系统开发负担得起和可持续的卫生技术，这是一个我们必须利用现代科学与传统智慧和知识来努力应对的技术挑战。", "尽管对卫生一词没有国际公认的定义，但是各国确实有义务通过收集分类信息、制定国家行动计划、提供预算支助、承认人权义务、提高公众认识并以非歧视的方式实现享有卫生设施的人权义务，同时特别关注弱势群体和男女平等，从而营造一个有利环境。", "我们与其它国家一道，支持玻利维亚去年提出的承认享有清洁饮水和卫生设施是一项对于充分享有生命权至关重要的人权的决议(第64/292号决议)。现在，我们必须进一步加强当前在日内瓦人权理事会就此问题展开的讨论。", "缺乏获取卫生设施的渠道是对人类尊严的侮辱。我国总理曾恰如其分地指出，享有良好的卫生设施应是一个与生俱来的基本权利。确保享有该权利是我们的责任。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我愿感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次辩论会的开始部分，也感谢他在该问题上发挥的领导作用。", "我们还要感谢主席召开本次重要和及时的讨论会，以便在第64/292号决议通过一年后，就与实现享有清洁和安全饮用水与卫生设施人权有关的主要挑战及其对千年发展目标的影响开展对话。", "从人权角度来看待饮用水和卫生设施问题是该决议也是日内瓦人权理事会多项决议乃至世界卫生组织的主题，世卫组织于5月24日通过了一项题为“饮用水、卫生与健康”的决议。", "智利表示它愿意与其伙伴就该问题进行合作，以实现人人享有饮用水，而不是8.84亿人无法获取饮用水。国际社会面临着为日益增多的人口提供饮用水的挑战。每天，诸如气候变化和经济发展需求等因素都在进一步阻碍水源的供给。", "智利承认饮用水和卫生设施对于人类尊严具有重要意义，并强调第64/292号决议获得通过十分重要，它是实现千年发展目标的一个重要工具。这是在根据各国行政体系促进人民获得这些至关重要资源方面向前迈出的重要一步。因此，智利除投票支持第64/292号决议外，还在人权理事会联署了有关享有饮水和卫生设施权利的各项决议，最近一项决议是今年3月以协商一致方式通过的第16/2号决议。", "我强调，第16/2号决议同第64/292号决议和在2006年11月26日至30日举行的首届非洲-南美领导人会议上签署的《阿布贾宣言》一样，对国际合作予以强调。《宣言》特别强调在水资源领域通过促进两个区域之间的信息和经验交流来开展南南合作，以便实现千年发展目标。《宣言》还确认，作为一种国家自然资源和生命不可或缺的要素，水十分重要，在社会经济和环境方面举足轻重，而且必须促进为农业和工业发展可持续利用水资源。", "人权理事会第16/2号决议除延长与享有安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的任务期限外，还要求该独立专家拟定有关千年发展目标进程结束之后工作的建议，特别提及充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。决议还要求独立专家拟定更多建议，以帮助实现千年发展目标，特别是确保环境可持续性的目标7。", "各国之间的合作与对话对于应对实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面的挑战至关重要。应当在从家庭到社区到国际各个层面上进行此类对话与合作。国际议程上没有一个问题是国家能够对其单独采取行动或者解决的。", "阿斯洛夫先生(塔吉克斯坦)(以俄语发言)：今天，我们正在讨论一个对我们所有人来说都是优先重点的问题，因为水是不可替代和不可或缺的资源，是可持续发展和保护地球上生命以及确保世界人民健康和福祉的基础所在。考虑到气候变化对干旱地区，特别是世界上易遭受旱灾区域的影响，为人民提供用水的问题正在变得日益严重。", "在这一背景下，我国代表团感谢玻利维亚代表倡议举行一次大会会议，讨论享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的落实情况。我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会。", "水常常导致各国之间的政治紧张。国际社会在水资源管理方面的一项关键任务应是通过现有的用水方面的合作机制来预防冲突。在这方面，我们认为，根据塔吉克斯坦的建议，在本届会议上通过宣布2013年为国际水合作年的第65/154号决议是非常及时的。这种合作提供了一个独特机会，以便建立用水和卫生设施领域的伙伴关系。这种伙伴合作提供了某些可能性，尽管这一关键领域的进展仍然各不相同、参差不齐。", "我们认为，在塔吉克斯坦倡议下以协商一致方式通过的宣布2003年为国际淡水年的第55/196号和宣布2005-2015“生命之水”国际行动十年的第58/217号决议，在提高对于为实现可持续发展开发和合理使用淡水资源的认识和理解以及承认其重要性方面发挥了重要作用。", "2010年3月22日，在“世界水日”之际，应塔吉克斯坦的倡议并根据第64/189号决议，在纽约举行了一次高级别对话，讨论国际十年的执行情况。这一举措是一个起点，之后在2010年6月8日和9日在塔吉克斯坦杜尚别举行的“生命之水”国际十年执行情况中期全面审查国际会议进行了进一步讨论。我们认为，这两次会议的影响加强了我们的信念，相信水的问题应当在联合国议程上得到更多关注。", "最近几十年来，全世界，特别是中亚区域的淡水储备由于气候变化已经减少，导致水资源急剧减少。显然，只有考虑水与能源资源、粮食安全以及气候变化之间的联系，才能解决水的问题。把目前和今后全球和区域水问题的这些主要方面纳入考虑是成功解决这些问题的关键所在。就中亚而言，发展水电显然能帮助解决该区域目前和今后的问题。", "众所周知，中亚区域在二十世纪下半叶面临严重的环境危机：咸海干涸。由于新增灌溉低地大规模增加，面积从400万公顷迅速增加到800多万公顷，来自该区域两大水源——阿姆河和锡尔河——的汇水面积增加了一倍。这导致咸海面积锐减，迄今为止水量已减少90%以上，面积也减少了80%。", "今天，对于中亚地区的国家而言，它们必须更加高效地利用水资源。遗憾的是，并非所有人都认识到，目前的环境不再能够维持大面积种植棉花等高耗水作物。塔吉克斯坦呼吁在该区域应当谨慎利用水资源，并且修复过时的灌溉系统，因为中亚50%的供水用于灌溉。在采取切实措施之前，该区域的环境状况将不会改善。", "考虑到中亚区域各国人口迅速增长、全球气候变化以及区域水资源退化的影响，对中亚各国来说只有一个解决办法，即，在合理和综合利用水资源和能源资源方面建立常规性多边互利互惠合作。我们必须具体方面解决各个国家的社会经济问题，整体上恢复区域环境。", "我们认为，水的问题在有关气候变化的全球协定中应当得到适当体现，气候变化已经对淡水资源产生严重影响。在这方面，水资源综合管理必须是适应气候变化影响的一个关键手段。在可用水资源方面存在问题的国家和区域应当在这一努力中发挥领导作用。必须在联合国内部设立区域和国际应急基金，以便消除获得清洁用水和卫生设施方面的障碍和困难。在这方面，塔吉克斯坦认为，在明年联合国可持续发展大会上必须适当关注确保享有用水和卫生设施的人权的问题。", "贝克夫人(所罗门群岛)(以英语发言)：我感谢主席召开本次重要会议，在第64/292号决议和全球努力实现千年发展目标的背景下，讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。所罗门群岛是第64/292号决议提案国。", "我国代表团感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下发挥了领导作用，他强调我们国际社会需要承认并采取具体努力，以确保享有饮水和卫生设施的基本人权被充分纳入促进实现千年发展目标的各项可持续发展方案。我们还感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的发言，她突出强调了我们在饮水和卫生设施方面面临的诸多挑战。", "水对于生命至关重要，而享有清洁安全的饮用水和基本卫生设施是有尊严地生活的关键。过去２天来，我们就享有饮水和卫生设施的人权进行的辩论，还必须处理环境生态系统可持续的问题，因为这些系统保障了饮水的供给以过上体面生活。", "对于最不发达国家中的许多人来说，仅仅是获取清洁安全的饮用水和较好的卫生设施是一种生存挑战，妇女和儿童尤其如此，他们不得不长途跋涉去取水。对我们许多小岛屿发展中国家的人来说，我们的水源正变得带有咸味，这是因为海平面上升，导致盐水侵入地下水。", "我们必须借助切实的方案和资源，找到持久解决缺水问题的办法，使最不发达国家和发展中世界的数百万人实现其享有清洁安全饮用水和卫生设施的基本权利。主动积极的管理以及水和水资源的可持续利用，必须成为各级总体发展框架的一部分。", "我们的重点应放在确保及时有效落实对千年发展目标所做的承诺，并将其转化为到2015年消除贫困的实地具体活动。我们今天知道，许多最不发达国家无法如期实现它们根据千年发展目标制定的目标，特别是缺乏获取清洁安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的渠道，导致其人民继续受到许多健康不佳问题的困扰。", "由于海平面上升、海岸遭到侵蚀、水源盐渍化、旱灾、水灾以及巨浪，所罗门群岛和许多小岛屿发展中国家水资源的持续活力继续受到气候变化后果的威胁。流域和集水区的可持续管理，是我国处理气候变化对我们脆弱生态系统和生计影响的努力的组成部分。无论我们怎样看待气候变化，它都是一个使威胁倍增因素，削弱了为人类生存提供水源的流域和集水生态系统的可持续性。", "处理气候变化问题的根源就是实现大幅减少排入全球大气层的温室气体。目前关于温室气体排放的承诺无法将全球气温的上升控制在1.5摄氏度以下。我国代表团感到遗憾的是，尽管我们一直呼吁保护环境生态系统十分重要，因为它们维系着水源这个维持生命不可或缺的资源，然而很多国家宣布，它们选择不按照《京都议定书》做出第二项承诺。这说明我们全球为保护这个人类生存关键资源所做的努力还不够。这种局面削弱了多边主义，让最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的许多人——正是他们组成了缺乏清洁安全饮用水的8.84亿人——面临一个不确定的未来。", "我们小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家中的许多人已经在竭力应付水安全、粮食安全以及能源安全等问题，更不用提实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项国际商定发展目标了。我们必须大胆在心态和政治意愿上作出必要转变，以处理气候变化问题，确保我们的全球环境健康恢复到可持续水平。这将意味着改变我们当前的消费模式和从事商业的方法，其中包括保护我们的流域不受开采业的污染，并拓展人们获得负担得起的清洁技术的渠道，以便处理环境问题并拨出充足资源，支持为许多仍无法享有这一重要人权的人们提供清洁安全饮用水和卫生设施的工作。", "最后，去年5月，在伊斯坦布尔召开的联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过了2011-2020十年《行动纲领》。齐心协力支持《纲领》的充分执行，不仅将处理消除贫困问题，而且还将保障这些国家数以百万计人民享有清洁安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的基本人权。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴勒斯坦观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦)(以英语发言)：我们感谢主席应多民族玻利维亚国的请求，召开本次关于享有饮水和卫生设施的人权这一重要问题的会议。", "巴勒斯坦重申，获得安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施，是一项对充分享有生命权和其它各项人权至关重要的人权，所有人包括生活在外国占领下的人们都理应享有这些权利。正如无数联合国决议所重申的那样，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上，巴勒斯坦人民对水这一重要自然资源享有永久性主权。", "和其它各项权利一样，巴勒斯坦人民享有饮水和卫生设施的权利继续遭到占领国以色列的侵犯。目前，以色列占用了90%共用水资源，同时对允许巴勒斯坦人使用的10%的水资源实行控制。以色列持续实行非法的殖民化和单边政策，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上修建定居点和吞并墙来吞并巴勒斯坦土地，从而千方百计阻止巴勒斯坦人获取水资源。其结果是进一步减少了巴勒斯坦平民可得到的本已匮乏的饮水供应。", "以色列人平均每人每天消费280公升水，而巴勒斯坦人却被限制在平均每人每天只有60公升水。最严重的是，在西岸某些社区的5万多巴勒斯坦人被迫只能靠每人每天平均只有10到30公升水度日，这意味着每人日均水消费量远远低于世界卫生组织(世卫组织)制定的每天100公升水的最低标准，这迫使弱势的巴勒斯坦人——他们常常是贫穷的放牧家庭——放弃其土地和传统的生计以及土著文化。", "国际移民组织和联合国已在世界其它地方明确确定了缺乏饮水和卫生设施与被迫移民之间的相互关系，然而没有任何一个地方比以色列在西岸推行的政策与做法更清楚地显示出这种相互关系。", "在加沙地带，由于以色列的非法封锁阻止进口零部件和建材以及供应巴勒斯坦人民理应享有的跨界水资源，平民百姓实际上不得不依靠正在严重恶化的水源。据世界银行所称，加沙地下水只有5%至10%可以饮用，而全部150口市政水井中，90%的盐氮含量超过世界卫生组织的标准，因此不适合人饮用。", "巴勒斯坦人的用水量远比以色列人少，因为以色列历届政府通过盗取应当属于我们的水源，阻碍我们发展哪怕是最基本的水基础设施，并且习以为常地损毁或者毁坏我们仅有的基础设施，例如水井、雨水储水池以及水处理厂等，人为制造了整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上的缺水状况。", "自2010年7月28日大会表决通过宣布享有清洁饮水和卫生设施是一项人权的第64/292号决议——以色列没有支持这项决议——以来，占领国在巴勒斯坦被占领土摧毁了共计41个储水池、17口水井及5个环卫设施，其中包括在2月1日巴勒斯坦被占领土联合国驻地和人道主义事务协调员马克斯韦尔·盖拉尔德就西岸储水池遭到持续破坏问题发表声明之后被破坏的20个储水池。人道主义协调员指出：", "“破坏此类关键基础设施给这些社区的复原能力和应对机制带来巨大压力，人们将越来越多地依靠诸如罐装水这样经济上无法维持的水源。被占领土上的此类蓄意破坏活动也违反以色列根据国际法承担的义务。”", "在很多场合，人道主义机构用塑料罐提供的用水也遭到没收或者毁坏，导致巴勒斯坦弱势家庭无法享有他们获得用水的权利。最近几个月来，以色列占领军故意把西岸Za’atara社区的两个储水池作为目标。值得一提的是，这两个储水池都有两千多年的历史。然而，以色列不是使它们能够被指定为教科文组织保护的古代遗产，而是正在采取措施，使巴勒斯坦社区难以满足以色列提出的证明他们对这一基础设施所有权的要求。", "我们赞扬联合国确保筹措了300多万美元，以便紧急缓解缺水问题，在今年夏天购买罐装水。同时，巴勒斯坦领导人强调，如果联合国及其会员国像世界银行、联合国环境规划署、国际大赦组织、人权观察组织以及以色列维护占领区人权信息中心的若干报告所强调的那样，更加切实有效地倡导保护现有的饮水和环卫基础设施，并且发展新的用水和环卫基础设施，这笔用于人道主义应急的资金原本是不必要的。", "以色列侵犯巴勒斯坦人民享有清洁用水和卫生设施的权利，这种做法给其它多项人权，包括获得食物、享有健康、维持生计和发展等权利带来不利影响，由此影响巴勒斯坦人实现千年发展目标指标的能力，而此能力是我们建立一个以1967年前边界为基础、有生存能力和独立的巴勒斯坦国努力不可或缺的一部分。", "巴勒斯坦再次呼吁国际社会要求以色列必须遵守其法律义务，尊重享有清洁饮水和卫生设施的人权，根据国际习惯法和1997年《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》公平合理地重新分配共有水资源，并且满足我们的要求，立即停止其公然违反国际人道主义法，破坏被占巴勒斯坦领土，包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区饮水和环境基础设施的做法。", "简而言之，巴勒斯坦人民渴望正义和自由，并且呼吁所有国家迫使占领国以色列结束这种不公正和令人痛惜的状况，并最终结束以色列对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的无情军事占领。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了有关这个议程项目最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目13的审议。", "议程项目6(续)", "选举大会副主席", "选举大会第六十六届会议副主席", "代理主席(以英语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在6月22日第104次全体会议上，根据大会议事规则第30条的规定选出大会第六十六届会议21名副主席中的20名。从非洲国家中产生另一名副主席的选举有待日后举行。", "7月份非洲国家集团主席通知我，非洲国家已遴选毛里求斯来填补分配给非洲的大会第六十六届会议副主席的一个席位。", "根据大会第34/401号决定第16段，在选举大会副主席时，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票。我们将依此进行。", "由于将由非洲国家填补的一个席位只有一位候选人，我宣布毛里求斯当选为大会第六十六届会议副主席。因此，我祝贺毛里求斯当选。", "在选出大会第六十六届会议六个主要委员会的主席和21名副主席之后，大会第六十六届会议总务委员会已按照议事规则第38条完整组成。", "下午1时20分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 11.05 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "Mr. Ruiz Blanco (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank President Deiss for having convened this day of reflection on the Conference on Disarmament and on multilateral disarmament negotiations, during which we can exchange — and have been exchanging — views on challenges and opportunities and on how the Conference can resume its role of sole negotiating body on disarmament so that we can move towards the general and complete disarmament that all humankind desires.", "Commitment to disarmament and nuclear non‑proliferation is one of the principles of my country’s foreign policy, and we have therefore promoted the search for consensus in relevant multilateral forums in order to advance towards the achievement of these goals, highlighting the importance of these issues for peace and international security.", "For Colombia, it is very important that the negotiations of these issues be undertaken in the framework of the mechanisms and bodies of the United Nations. We therefore attach great importance to the Conference on Disarmament. However, we share the international community’s frustration at its stagnation. We believe that this situation cannot continue and requires immediate corrective measures. If all States demonstrate real political commitment, this situation can be overcome. Political commitment should be understood as flexibility and creativity — flexibility to yield a little in national positions so that we all win together, and creativity to advance in the search for new opportunities for commitment.", "During its presidency of the Conference on Disarmament from 30 May to 24 June, Colombia focused on a process of reflection on the current state of the Conference and courses of action to enhance its functioning. However, despite the efforts of the Colombian presidency and its predecessors, the forum remains paralysed.", "In document CD/1913, Colombia, in its national capacity, posited reasons for the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament and how different factors inhibit its ability to move forward. However, it is clear that there is no justifiable reason for this paralysis. We do not consider it natural for a forum to remain without any concrete results for more than a decade or even progress on in-depth discussions of various topics in order to shed light on the points on which there are differences.", "With respect to the programme of work, we recall that it is only a tool designed to facilitate the activities of the Conference on Disarmament. An agreement on a programme of work does not ensure that the Conference will begin to make progress. The experience of 2009 proves this. The problem with the programme of work is not in its drafting, but in the commitments that we seek to undertake.", "To this we must add two additional obstacles: the methodology used to reach consensus on the programme of work, as this task is left exclusively to the rotating presidency, and the misunderstanding concerning its basic nature, as some insist that the programme of work should contain mandates. For this reason, at this juncture Colombia is promoting the idea of having a simplified programme of work, as foreseen in the rules of procedure.", "With regard to the Conference’s agenda and the issues for negotiation, my country believes that the next logical step is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Colombia supports the start of negotiations on an FMCT on the understanding that the issue of stockpiles should be an integral part of the process. However, we believe that other issues — such as that of negative security assurances — are just as timely as the FMCT and would allow us to move towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Perhaps it makes sense at this juncture to take more than one step at a time.", "With respect to possible courses of action, I would like to highlight the following suggestions that have been made by some members of the Conference on Disarmament and that we believe to be both feasible and useful.", "First, we should appoint a special coordinator on the efficiency and methods of the Conference on Disarmament, who would analyse its procedures and make recommendations to its members.", "Secondly, we should consider streamlining the meetings of the Conference at each annual session, with the aim of holding plenary meetings only when necessary and of having ongoing processes at all times.", "Thirdly, we should reflect on the need to rationalize the expenses of the Conference.", "Fourthly, we should set up groups of technical experts on the items on the agenda in order to build confidence and to contribute to the start of a meaningful negotiating process.", "Fifthly, we should explore the possibility of expanding the membership of the Conference and promote greater interaction with civil society.", "Sixthly and lastly, we should continue discussion on the strengthening of the Conference on Disarmament and the revitalization of the disarmament machinery in the framework of the General Assembly, with the aim of considering other possible courses of action.", "In addition, given the overall paralysis on disarmament issues, Colombia reiterates its support for the swift convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament that would include a full review of the competent bodies of the United Nations system and take the decisions necessary to revitalize them.", "Mr. Korček (Slovakia): Allow me to begin by stating that Slovakia fully associates itself with the statement made by the European Union and the statement delivered by the Netherlands on behalf of the cross-regional group of 42 Member States. My delegation would also like to make a few national comments on this important occasion.", "We share the frustration and dissatisfaction of many delegations with the current state of affairs in the Conference on Disarmament, which has serious consequences for that multilateral forum in terms of its credibility and relevance in addressing the current security needs of us all. The time has come to revitalize and reinforce multilateral efforts so as to meet today’s security challenges with common and united global solutions.", "The Slovak Republic continues to see the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for disarmament matters. We believe that this body is a key element of the disarmament machinery as a whole. What we need is to revitalize it and revive its potential. The Conference on Disarmament is so important that we cannot afford to let its inactivity and deadlock to continue. We understand that patience is needed, but we believe that after more than a decade of stalemate, action is imperative.", "The Conference on Disarmament has the responsibility of conducting multilateral disarmament negotiations. This responsibility lies primarily with the members of the Conference. Slovakia stands ready to work with a view to bringing the deadlock in the Conference to an end and to taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward.", "We share the view that, should the Conference on Disarmament not be able to start substantive work, we need to seek other ways and devise steps to overcome this stalemate.", "Slovakia joined the call on both the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General requesting a General Assembly plenary debate on follow-up to the high-level meeting, which, in our view, offers an opportunity to address the pressing issue of the disarmament machinery. The central issue we want to address is how the Conference on Disarmament can resume its functions and realize its potential in meeting the expectations of the wider international community.", "Slovakia supports the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would address the issue of a fissile-material ban. Indeed, we consider such a treaty as an indispensable step towards achieving our final goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "In building our future global security environment, we need to look beyond individual steps and focus on the final goal. We believe that we can achieve that goal through a framework of mutually reinforcing and guaranteed instruments. Such an approach would provide a perspective on, and thus allow for progress in, multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Restricting ourselves to a single approach that does not allow for any flexibility will not, even if it sets a high standard, move us forward. A uniform programme of work tailored to suit every occasion is unlikely to help us to move towards nuclear disarmament.", "We need an open mind and an approach that underlines and stresses the ultimate goal. It should also ensure that progress is made in developing an appropriate framework of relevant instruments for its achievement.", "Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): I associate New Zealand with the statement made earlier by the Netherlands on behalf of a number of States and reiterate New Zealand’s deep commitment to the cause of multilateral disarmament. We have always been an active and committed participant in discussions on these issues in the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral settings, because we believe that achieving effective and balanced multilateral solutions to disarmament challenges is essential to our collective security.", "For all who share those concerns, the ongoing deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament cannot fail to be of grave concern. It has been 15 years since the Conference was last able to fulfil its mandate as the United Nations disarmament negotiating body. Over that time, the Conference has failed to generate a single substantive output, but meanwhile, beyond its walls, disarmament issues have not stood still.", "This situation is unsustainable. It is unsustainable for us to continue portraying the Conference on Disarmament as the primary multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, when every significant disarmament negotiation of the past 15 years has either run aground in the Conference or has bypassed it altogether.", "It is unsustainable to expect those States deeply committed to multilateral disarmament to continue allowing their most pressing objectives and priorities — including steps vital to the effective implementation of the Action Plan of last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons — to be held hostage indefinitely to the procedural failings of the Conference on Disarmament. And it is unsustainable to expect States to continue to invest time, energy and resources in a body that repeatedly, year after year, cannot even agree on its annual programme of work.", "Make no mistake, the Conference on Disarmament faces a serious crisis. Its credibility, and possibly even its continued existence, are on the line. The current deadlock risks consigning the role of the Conference on multilateral disarmament to reproach, to ridicule, and, ultimately, to irrelevance. If that is to be averted, something fundamental must change.", "With those concerns in mind, we welcomed the Secretary-General’s decision to convene a high-level meeting here in New York last September. We also welcomed the efforts of our Geneva colleagues to analyse the root causes of the deadlock and consider possible solutions. These efforts are commendable, but they have yet to deliver any agreement on a viable course of action, or even the prospect of such agreement.", "We have heard a range of options proposed over the past two days for breaking this deadlock. Like other delegations, New Zealand would welcome a decision to proceed with a balanced and meaningful programme of work agreed within existing structures and procedures. Despite everything, we would like to hope that this still might be possible with a more flexible and pragmatic approach by some States. In particular, we stress that there is no future in tying ourselves in procedural knots by treating the programme of work as though it sets an overriding mandate for the work of the Conference on Disarmament. It does not, and treating it as such has been a major factor in preventing the Conference from fulfilling its mandate.", "However, we have seen little evidence that such a breakthrough is likely any time soon. To those who urge patience, claiming that the international environmental has yet to be conducive to progress, I simply ask: when do we expect it to be better? And how long are we prepared to leave priority disarmament objectives on hold while we wait for the stars to achieve some imaginary, and unlikely, alignment?", "In the absence of progress, or even the prospect of progress, on a way forward, we must ask whether more flexible working methods and rules of procedure might better serve our collective interests. Nor can we escape questions about the utility and role of the Conference on Disarmament, which is not an end in itself, and about possible alternative avenues for advancing priority disarmament objectives.", "I hope that it is evident that now, right now, there is considerable frustration — even an element of desperation — in my delegation’s attitude towards multilateral disarmament matters. We are running out of excuses and out of time if we are to convince ourselves, let alone the global community, that the Conference on Disarmament can still play a meaningful role in international disarmament negotiations.", "New Zealand retains an open mind as to how we might best get down to business on substantive disarmament negotiations, whether through existing arrangements, fine-tuning Conference on Disarmament working methods, or exploring alternative avenues for pursuing priority disarmament objectives. But that conversation must begin now, and it must be in earnest.", "The next six months could prove decisive for the long-term credibility, relevance and effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. After all the energy and urgency directed towards this issue over the past year, it would be deeply disappointing if next January we were to find ourselves back in the Conference on Disarmament without having made any progress and without having demonstrated the will to break through the current deadlock. As in the past, New Zealand will join any and all delegations in trying to chart a way out of the current impasse, and we hope that today’s discussions might mark the beginning of a process to do just that.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): At the outset, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to President Deiss and the Secretary-General for convening this important plenary meeting.", "Thailand associates itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.", "Disarmament is a complex issue with complicated political factors and diverse security concerns. Achieving disarmament therefore requires strong political will, continued determination, flexibility and the concerted effort and commitment of all countries.", "Since disarmament is an issue of international concern, the Conference on Disarmament was created to serve as a key forum to negotiate multilateral disarmament treaties. It is regrettable, however, that there has been no progress in the Conference’s substantive work since the conclusion of negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996, and substantive work and critical issues on its agenda have been left unresolved. The persistent lack of progress in the work of the Conference has raised questions about the relevance of the Conference in addressing today’s fast-evolving security challenges.", "Efforts have been made to break the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the most notable of which was the convening of the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last September. At that Meeting, strong political commitment was expressed by United Nations Member States, members and non-members of the Conference, to move forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. However, the Conference concluded the second part of its 2011 session still unable to adopt a programme of work. We are therefore gathered here today to send a clear and strong message that this stagnation must not be allowed to continue.", "If the Conference is to maintain its authoritative status as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and if the international community is to be able to count on the Conference to address global security challenges, States members of the Conference should revive the forum from its long inactivity and work towards the commencement of its substantive work on the core issues. Meanwhile, we also hope that the Conference will intensify its efforts to address the concerns of its members equally, so that it can finally overcome the present stalemate and reach a consensus on its programme of work.", "Despite the lack of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, its core issues remain relevant to the international security landscape. In this context, Thailand wishes to engage more in the work of the Conference. We are eager to work with its member States to contribute to its activities and help reinvigorate our collective efforts in the field of disarmament.", "As disarmament involves the security of all countries, they should have the right to participate in the discussion and negotiating process on an equal basis and in an inclusive manner. Thailand therefore reiterates the call of the informal group of observer States for the Conference to address the issue of expansion of its membership, which was clearly expressed in the Chairman’s summary of the High-level Meeting.", "Meanwhile, we wish to reiterate that the call for discussions on the issue of expansion should not be misinterpreted as distracting the Conference on Disarmament from its substantive work. We support expansion of membership in order to enhance the effectiveness of the Conference’s work, not just for the sake of a larger membership. We are certain that the issue of expansion can be pursued in parallel with the Conference’s substantive work and therefore represents one possible undertaking to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Mr. Maes (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): I want to thank the President of the General Assembly through you, Sir, for having organized this meeting to follow up on the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament held last September.", "Luxembourg aligns itself fully with the statement made two days ago on behalf of the European Union and endorses the joint statement made by the representative of the Netherlands. Allow me to make a few remarks in my national capacity.", "Luxembourg attaches great importance to multilateral efforts in the field of disarmament and has consistently supported all efforts to limit nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation. We commend the Secretary-General for having made disarmament one of his priorities and for his personal involvement in the debate.", "All of us here know the progress made in the past two years in the field of disarmament and non‑proliferation, such as the success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the adoption of Security Council resolution 1887 (2009) on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the New START treaty and the Washington, D.C., Summit on Nuclear Security.", "Still, despite the impetus provided by those major events and the political initiatives launched last September, no progress has been made in the international community’s only multilateral forum since the 2009 adoption of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament. We must regain that momentum and move from talking to taking concrete steps to unblock the impasse that has paralysed the Conference for more than a decade.", "Those who are serious about progress in international disarmament can no longer accept the absence of substantive negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. In Geneva and New York, many States have demonstrated their political will to unlock the international disarmament machinery. We must all shoulder our responsibilities in international security and return to the negotiating table to implement the programme of work adopted in 2009.", "The first priority in our view remains the immediate launching of negotiations on an international, multilateral, non-discriminatory and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. As the Secretary-General recalled last September, broad agreement exists on this point. We join others in a solemn call for consensus. The creation of a group of scientific experts mandated to consider the technical aspects of a cut-off treaty could be a confidence-building measure that would facilitate the launch of negotiations. Luxembourg also attaches great importance to increasing the involvement of civil society in the Conference on Disarmament.", "Beyond such short-term measures, deeper consideration of the modus operandi of the Conference on Disarmament is needed. The consensus rule must be reinterpreted, while adjustments to the rules of procedure would contribute to improving is functioning.", "We hope that the various options proposed in this debate to unblock the Conference on Disarmament will be considered as soon as possible and lead to substantive and fruitful discussions in Geneva. It is important to keep in mind our ultimate objectives and to remain ambitious. What we all want is a safer world, and to that end we must redouble our efforts to work towards a world without nuclear weapons.", "Ms. Čubrilo (Serbia): Serbia aligns itself with the statements made by the observer of the European Union and the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament. I would like, however, to make a few additional remarks on this matter from my country’s perspective.", "Serbia co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and was among the countries that initiated the plenary debate in the General Assembly on these important issues in the belief that it would provide an important additional stimulus to breaking the long-standing deadlock of the Conference.", "Productive multilateralism in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament is not only necessary but also attainable if we all work in a spirit of cooperation, compromise and flexibility, as well as strategic foresight. Political will is a first step, but it must be translated into concrete action. 1t is our strong conviction that this is the only way forward in a world of increasing interdependence and complexity in which common challenges require common solutions.", "Serbia believes that the most appropriate way to reaffirm the significance of the Conference on Disarmament as an indispensable element of the multilateral disarmament machinery is to make it more efficient and effective. Intensified efforts are required to overcome existing differences and enable the Conference to resume its original function as the world’s sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. Serbia expects all States members of the Conference to demonstrate clear political will to engage, seriously and without delay, in substantive discussions on the core issues on its agenda in order to make a credible contribution to international peace and security.", "While acknowledging that the specific national security interests of Member States are often reflected in the work of the Conference, we expect all of them to work towards finding a compromise solution that, while not detrimental to those interests, will make it possible for us to overcome the ongoing stalemate and create the conditions required to bring the necessary dynamism to the work of the Conference.", "In pledging its support for this debate, Serbia was also guided by the need to regulate the status of the States observers to the Conference and to start negotiations on the questions contained in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The continued deadlock in the work of the Conference is a serious stumbling block to the implementation of the measures provided for by the action plan. Nonetheless, the success of the last year’s High-level Meeting makes it incumbent on us to invest new effort into achieving the goals of the plan.", "The results achieved within the Conference on Disarmament — of whose work Serbia, as an observer State, has been a staunch supporter — have universal importance. It is therefore essential to ensure that the Conference’s work reflects the complexity of the risks and challenges that all members of the United Nations face in a changing international security environment. Bearing that in mind, it will not be possible to revitalize the work of the Conference without addressing the question of its membership expansion. For Serbia, this is an issue of great importance, especially in light of our repeatedly expressed interest in becoming a member of the Conference.", "The danger of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery presents the greatest challenge to international peace and security today. The Conference on Disarmament faces many obligations which it has to address. It will be able to achieve its goals if it can begin to tackle these obligations in an effective way as the sole multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament. There is no doubt that continuing the current state of stagnation in the work of the Conference will serve only to amplify requests that appropriate solutions be arrived at urgently.", "In conclusion, let me point out that Serbia believes that this debate will be an important step forward in revitalizing the work of the Conference and expanding its membership.", "Mr. Adejola (Nigeria): Nigeria welcomes the convening of this follow-up debate to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.", "At the outset, I wish to align myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 other cross-regional Member States. I would also, however, like to make the following statement in my national capacity.", "Nigeria commends the President for convening this debate, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and to move beyond mere deliberations and rhetoric to action without further delay.", "It is regrettable that for more than a decade the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference in particular, have not met the international community’s expectations, as expressed in the Outcome Document of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 (resolution(S-10/2) and in the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous resolutions, as well as in the outcome document of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50 (Vol. I)). Nigeria notes that the Conference has not fulfilled its mandate to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.", "The convening of this plenary is a demonstration of our collective resolve to realize the vision of a world without nuclear weapons, and indeed a global society where the huge resources committed to the development, production and possession of nuclear and similar weapons of mass destruction are deployed for global good, growth and development. This is a token of the debt we owe to future generations and humankind as a whole.", "In the margins of the 2011 substantive session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC), Nigeria joined more than 40 like-minded United Nations Member States in calling for the convening of today’s meeting. The moral impetus was the need to demonstrate the dangers that our failure to act today portend for tomorrow, including the fact that that we will then be left trying to persuade future generations of the need for disarmament. We must therefore seize both the momentum and the opportunity presented to us by this High-level Meeting to further reaffirm our commitment to promoting the ethos of multilateralism in disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations.", "Nigeria is convinced that functioning multilateral security institutions are a vital component of global security, and we find the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. The lack of progress for several years on new multilateral disarmament instruments has unquestionably affected our shared security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system.", "Nigeria also notes the many concerns raised by Member States concerning the uninspiring Conference negotiations in Geneva. The Assembly will of course recall the increasing unease on the part of several member States over what was considered to be a deliberate ploy to slow down the process. This opinion was expressed and well documented on the occasion of President Deiss’ visit to Geneva in March 2011, as well as by the Secretary-General and members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "As an extension of this problem, the UNDC has also failed to promote recommendations to move the process in the envisaged direction. Despite what initially appeared to be the fair intentions of member States in April, Nigeria notes the rather painful inability of the three groups to produce concrete recommendations and/or reach a landmark consensus on the issues presented for consideration. In our estimation, this failure served as a clear reminder of the enormous challenges we collectively face in the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.", "Nigeria calls on nuclear-weapon States to consider, as a top priority, the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. This approach will be understood as a measure of their readiness to implement their unequivocal undertakings in the year 2000 and at the 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "Our inability to overcome this crisis is causing us to lose precious time. We should spare no effort to break the impasse as we approach the year 2012. Nigeria is supportive of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also believe in the relevance of the United Nations Disarmament Commission as the only specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery. It is hoped that the Conference on Disarmament will advance the agenda of nuclear disarmament, including, inter alia, negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances and the anticipated fissile materiel cut-off treaty.", "In this regard, our deliberations should provide us with a suitable platform to address, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward in an effective manner and in an outcome-oriented spirit.", "In conclusion, Nigeria will continue to constructively engage Member States in this endeavour, with a view to assisting the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to attain the lofty goals of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): It is with real interest that my delegation is participating in this important debate. We align ourselves with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The Kingdom of Morocco is fully convinced that the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free world necessarily will require the effective efforts of the United Nations disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We find it difficult to admit that, whereas multilateral initiatives thrive successfully at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, Member States find themselves incapable of agreeing even on a programme of work for the Conference. It is imperative to unblock this anachronistic situation. I would therefore like to share the following considerations with the Assembly.", "First, it is frustrating and counterproductive to constantly bring the discussion within the Conference on Disarmament back to the starting point. After more than 30 years of discussions and negotiations, that forum has amassed a large number of proposals and ideas likely to move its work towards the attainment of its objectives.", "Secondly, it is equally unacceptable to claim that the Conference on Disarmament operates in isolation. Let us be clear — no body or instrument could be capable of guaranteeing effective progress in disarmament in the absence of real political will and a favourable international context.", "Thirdly, the rule of consensus was adopted to rally the maximum support behind decisions by making it possible for each Member State to influence the decision-making process. It must be stressed, however, that consensus should not be used as a blocking tool. While we respect the legitimate, sovereign right of member States to accept or reject proposed decisions, they must give proof of flexibility and responsibility.", "Fourthly, the Conference on Disarmament, which has proven itself to be effective and successful in the past, is still the appropriate framework to move negotiations on disarmament forward. To that end, that body is called upon to adopt a comprehensive, integrated and pragmatic approach. In an era of globalization, the security of a country or a region is more than ever closely linked to the security of the rest of the world. Similarly, international security cannot be preserved or strengthened without taking legitimate national or regional security considerations on board; hence, the great importance of adopting an approach that takes national, regional and global security into account.", "Fifthly and lastly, my country reiterates its attachment to the United Nations disarmament mechanisms. To that end, we call for caution with respect to the temptation to launch negotiations outside the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums. While such a step could accelerate negotiations, it could risk leading to results that would not be recognized by several countries and of accentuating dissension in the international community concerning disarmament and non-proliferation, which, on the contrary, call for the broadest consensus possible.", "I now come to the essential elements of this consensus, which my delegation would describe as follows. The first component of consensus is responsibility, both shared and differentiated. Morocco believes that nuclear-weapon States have a particular responsibility in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. Practical steps are required to give new impetus to multilateral nuclear disarmament efforts. Essentially two actions would be involved. First, nuclear-weapon States would be invited to accept the establishment of a long-term framework that could guarantee confidence in this effort. Secondly, we would have to launch the process of implementing the 1995 resolution on the Middle East. In that regard, it is crucial to ensure the success of the 2012 international conference on the Middle East, which will have to be based on the action plan adopted by the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The second component of consensus is the parallel negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and an instrument for negative security assurances, which would constitute a major advance and a confidence-building measure that would give impetus to nuclear disarmament.", "The third component is the re-establishment and preservation of the Conference on Disarmament in its primary role as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.", "The fourth component of consensus is the strengthening of nuclear non-proliferation, security and safety, in scrupulous respect for the norms established by the competent international bodies, which could benefit from the support and expertise of regional and international initiatives. These standards should develop in response to the new global challenges. It is of paramount important to provide the International Atomic Energy Agency with the means to enable it to fully carry out its mandate.", "The fifth and final component of consensus consists in the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by strengthening technical cooperation, whose financing should no longer be voluntary.", "My delegation has followed with interest the presentation of certain proposals on the revitalization of nuclear disarmament efforts, both at today’s debate and at the meeting held on 24 September 2010. My delegation remains ready to consider them in a spirit flexibility, compromise and commitment.", "Achieving peace through disarmament would benefit all humankind. We should spare no effort to realize a world free of nuclear weapons and less disposed to the arms race at the expense of the need to fight against poverty, epidemics and the degradation of our environment.", "Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): The delegation of Ecuador would like to start by affirming its endorsement of the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "The situation that currently prevails in the Conference on Disarmament is most certainly of concern to all States. In that regard, bold efforts will be needed to find a solution. It is necessary to bear in mind that such efforts must be governed, inter alia, by the principles of inclusion and multilateralism and that any other way to overcome that situation must arise from discussion and negotiation among all States.", "In that context, my delegation wonders why the same concern and interest are not shown with regard to all elements of the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work, in which only one seems to have priority. For Ecuador, a fissile material cut-off treaty is as important as an agreement on nuclear weapons or negative security assurances. That is the reasoned position of a country that does not possess nuclear weapons as it believes that they are dreadful and that, like the vast majority of States, advocates a world without them. However, to date, the international community has not been able to envisage any instrument whereby nuclear States guarantee that they will refrain from using nuclear weapons against those States without them while the process to completely eliminate such weapons is concluded. That systematic refusal is an example of the scant political will towards States fulfilling their commitments and obligations in the area of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.", "In that regard, the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament also reflects that lack of political will. Besides the legal implications regarding their implementation, the nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation processes must be seen as interlinked. However, it would seem that within the Conference of Disarmament the sole interest and concern is to make progress on nuclear proliferation matters, relegating or, worse still, marginalizing any possibility of progress on nuclear disarmament.", "The solution to the stagnation that the Conference of Disarmament is experiencing would seem to stem not from its structure or its procedures. States will see themselves in that same situation in any other forum with a new structure or new procedures, since its causes are political. Hence, the efforts that I mentioned at the beginning of my statement must be directed at bringing the positions within the Conference on Disarmament closer together by means of clear and transparent communication that reflects the will of parties to start talks seeking to begin negotiations on all outstanding matters, that is, an agreement on nuclear weapons, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and a fissile material cut-off treaty, which, in my delegation’s view, must deal with present and future stockpiles. Ecuador believes it appropriate and necessary to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.", "Finally, it is necessary to analyse to what extent doing away with consensus would help to bring about the desired universal agreements, since there is a risk of the various viewpoints on the effects and consequences of the outcome of the negotiations causing the lack of participation and accession of some of the actors concerned. That would seriously undermine the required effectiveness of agreements of such scope, sensitivity and significance.", "Mrs. Miculescu (Romania): At the outset, like other speakers, I would like to commend both the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate dedicated to revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament. Let me also express my delegation’s appreciation to the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, which, at the request of the Secretary-General, met in Geneva for an in-depth analysis of the Conference on Disarmament’s current stalemate.", "Romania supports the statement delivered by the Acting Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations. Since Romania was one of the signatories of the letter requesting this plenary meeting to be convened (A/65/836, annex), we also support the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the signatory countries. It is my privilege to also present some brief remarks in my national capacity.", "Signing the letter asking for this debate and our presence here are clear signals of the importance that my country attaches to enhancing the multilateral disarmament agenda. Romania shares the conviction that, in today’s world, peace and security must be addressed from a global perspective. Disarmament and arms control are the keystones of any global security architecture. However, an efficient multilateral security system and effective multilateral disarmament machinery must be built on cooperation and a common understanding of our global challenges and threats.", "Since the beginning of 2010, we have witnessed positive premises for a global multilateral agenda. The signing of START II and the first Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., gave us hope that the vision of complete nuclear disarmament could be achieved. The successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Final Document called for enhanced action in the international disarmament and non-proliferation regime, including for the Geneva disarmament community.", "We also shared the international community’s expectations that last year’s High-level Meeting, held here in New York, should have given impetus to concrete and important developments for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva to remain in tune with the current international environment. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has not met our expectations, but we must join efforts on further steps taking us in that direction.", "Romania strongly supports the Conference on Disarmament as a major framework for nuclear issues, acknowledging its value to international peace and to strengthening world security. Its negotiating role must be preserved and reinforced. We share the conviction that the Conference should move forward and resume its role as a negotiating forum. The long-term deadlock poses a serious problem and has to come to an end.", "For many years, we have witnessed continuous efforts to overcome the stalemate. We have been called upon to address the problem now. We are aware that in a forum of dialogue and negotiations with 65 members whose decisions are taken by consensus it is difficult to gain universal support. But it should not be impossible to at least agree on a programme of work. Although the current deadlock should not be exaggerated, we must be aware that States may turn to other ways and means of negotiating international disarmament agreements outside the Conference. Romania has stated many times that this scenario is in nobody’s interest.", "As the representative of Austria said in Geneva on 9 June, in a statement that the Romanian delegation supported, we do not have too many options within our grasp. On the one hand, we must examine the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, including its procedures and operational principles. On the other hand, we must also seek other measures that can help us overcome this stalemate in the Conference, which has gone on too long.", "Romania is committed to serious involvement in the work of the Conference aimed at achieving the resumption of its mandate as a negotiating body and building on the programme of work (CD/1864) adopted by consensus in May 2009. In our view, one of the key issues for an irreversible nuclear disarmament process is the negotiations in the Conference on a fissile material cut-off treaty. The security concerns of all must be addressed through the negotiation process. That is the essence and value of multilateral diplomacy. The engagement in those negotiations of the whole Conference membership is crucial to the disarmament agenda.", "Let me conclude by reiterating that Romania still shares the conviction that the political support lent to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010, as well as our valuable contributions in this debate, are capable of giving the Conference the impetus to resume its role as a negotiating forum. Romania genuinely hopes that we will eventually identify the best way to witness, in the near future, the reinvigoration of multilateral disarmament.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 162.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The Acting President: The General Assembly will resume its consideration of agenda item 13 to discuss the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on these challenges at the 114th plenary meeting on 27 July but did not exhaust its list of speakers.", "Mr. Peralta (Paraguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we congratulate the President of our brother Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, who, in taking the initiative to convene this meeting, has greatly helped to highlight the importance of the human right to water and sanitation.", "Every member of the international community has a duty and a responsibility to seek a fair balance between the development of our peoples, through sustainable economic growth, and respect for our natural resources as the source of life, with the aim of improving the people’s welfare in every area. With less than four years remaining until the date established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for halving the percentage of people who have neither access to drinking water nor the material and financial resources needed for basic sanitation services, we note with concern that progress continues to be slow and inadequate. Currently, almost a third of the world’s population lacks the necessary access to sanitation, and about one seventh lacks, or cannot afford, access to a human right as vital as safe drinking water. In that context, the fact that more than 1.5 million children under five years of age die as a result of that lack of access is a harsh and unacceptable reality.", "In Paraguay we fully support the principle that access to and a supply of drinking water and basic sanitation are an indissoluble part of and absolutely essential to the full enjoyment of human rights. Our Government therefore has continued to commit all the resources necessary to ensure that those services are fully available to the entire population as soon as possible. Likewise, we urge the entire international community to redouble its efforts in this direction, particularly now at a time when we continue to feel the effects of the global economic crisis and the devastating results of natural disasters.", "For that reason, we firmly believe that the international community is at a historic crossroads in its rendezvous with destiny. We believe that the 2012 Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development should provide an unequalled occasion for reasserting, with all determination, our commitments and efforts in this area, so as to ensure that future generations can live in a world with a more harmonious balance between human development and the use of our environment’s resources.", "Mr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia): As one of the sponsors of resolution 64/292, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the adoption of that resolution, which recognized that the right to water and sanitation is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. I would like to express our gratitude to President Morales of Bolivia for his participation and insightful remarks two days ago, and to commend the leadership of the delegation of Bolivia as author of the resolution.", "Safe drinking water and sanitation are vitally important to preserving human health, particularly in children. The deaths of millions of children every year are caused by unsafe water and lack of adequate sanitation. As we speak, approximately 900 million people have no access to drinking water, while 2.6 billion, including almost 1 billion children, have no access to basic sanitation. The international community cannot ignore these dramatic figures.", "Over the years, my Government’s efforts have focused on improving both urban and rural water supplies and sanitation. Our experience underscores the importance of concurrent efforts by Government and donors. Here are some vivid examples of such collaboration.", "More than a year ago, the United Water Supply Company of Georgia was set up on the basis of our 62 municipal water supply enterprises. The company has collaborated successfully with two major donors in the water-supply sector, most notably the Millennium Challenge Corporation. A year ago an agreement was signed with the Asian Development Bank in the water management sector, encompassing the full rehabilitation of the water supply and sanitation systems for six urban centres in Georgia. Last year, another agreement was signed with the European Investment Bank. To implement those agreements, works are currently under way in 28 municipalities in Georgia. An important step was the creation of electronic maps of the country’s water-supply system. The system monitors and posts alerts for damage, reducing wastage and financial costs. Special measures are being taken to control river basin contamination. A new terminal for processing biological waste was recently constructed in south-east Georgia to ensure the protection of the river and nearby population.", "While noting this modest progress, we acknowledge the challenges still facing us. More needs to be done at both the national and international levels. In this regard, we support the efforts of the United Nations family and look forward to further discussions on the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Mr. Stancanelli (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): We would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this plenary meeting, as well as the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his initiative on the human right to water and sanitation.", "Argentina supports the progressive development of international human rights law, recalling that the principal international human rights treaties on civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights became cornerstones of the Argentinean legal system following the revision of the national Constitution in 1994.", "In this context, the importance of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation services to the protection of human health and the environment has been recognized by several international documents supported by Argentina. Argentina also sees it as a principal responsibility of States to ensure their peoples’ right to water as a prerequisite for ensuring the right to life and an adequate standard of living.", "In keeping with this position, Argentina voted in favour of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly. Nevertheless, Argentina reiterates its statement on that occasion that the right to water and sanitation is a human right that each State must ensure for the individuals under its jurisdiction and not with respect to other States.", "This position is in keeping with resolution 1803 (XVII) on the permanent sovereignty of States over their natural resources, and, in the regional context, paragraph 33 of the Declaration of Caracas on the environment, adopted on 29 April on the occasion of the meeting of the Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, which states that the right to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights, and that the States of the region, in accordance with their respective national legal frameworks, will ensure this right for the individuals under their jurisdiction, ratifying sovereignty over their natural resources.", "Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation welcomed the presence of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, on Wednesday, and thanks him for his focus on this fundamental issue one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation.", "The Constitution of Ecuador recognizes the human right to water as a fundamental and permanent right, and water as a strategic national asset for public use that is inalienable, imprescriptible, ineluctable and essential to life. Article 411 of the Constitution guarantees the conservation, recovery and comprehensive management of water resources and environmental flows.", "Articles 71 and 74 of the Constitution of Ecuador recognize the rights of nature and establish the right of persons, communities, peoples or nationalities to demand of public authorities the full respect for the existence, maintenance and regeneration of their life cycles, structures, functions and evolutionary processes. In this way, it seeks to ensure that persons, communities, peoples and nationalities can enjoy the benefits of water, and thereby live well.", "Through this approach, the Ecuadorian Government promotes policies aimed at realizing the human right to water enshrined in our Magna Carta, and addresses the need to safeguard the resources for sustainable human development and access to the elements that are essential for life, such as this vital liquid. These constitutional principles adopted by Ecuador reflect an appropriate vision of water that goes beyond the materialistic view of it as merchandise for use and consumption. The adoption of this concept as a human right undoubtedly represents an important step forward in Ecuadorian public policy. Our challenge is to ensure that water and biodiversity are treated as strategic assets.", "Managing water assets through a comprehensive and integrated approach to ensure the population’s access — a right shared by every human being — is a priority responsibility that has been fully assumed and requires the joint efforts of local Governments and society as a whole.", "Water is a special element in the traditions and lives of peoples and nations, their practices and relations with the environment. Water, territory and land are the basic materials allowing for the existence and reproduction of culture; the conservation of diverse identities depends on them, encouraging human beings to live in harmony with nature. It is therefore crucial that States ensure the quality of water and sanitation.", "Despite the historic progress attained in Ecuador, much remains to be done to put these principles into practice for the benefit of our country. Moreover, Ecuador hopes that these rights will be recognized and implemented by all nations, especially in the light of the danger humankind faces of losing its natural freshwater reserves.", "Finally, my delegation reiterates Ecuador’s commitment to this fundamentally important issue and our resolve to continue implementing the recommendations contained in resolution 64/292. We wish to underscore the need to further explore international cooperation to support States in their efforts.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Portugal shares the views expressed in the statement made earlier in this debate by the observer of the European Union.", "We consider achieving the objective of halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to be a top priority. The fact that almost 1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water and that around 2.5 billion people do not have access to sanitation has enormous human, economic and development impact. Access to water and sanitation is a necessary precondition for the proper implementation of the human right to health, food and education and the rights of the child. Ultimately, it is essential to the realization of the fundamental principle of human dignity. Access to water and sanitation therefore cannot be considered without taking into account the perspective of human rights. Portugal therefore warmly welcomed the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation contained in resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9.", "The crucial difference that emerges when we talk of human rights in this field is that we move from simple charity to legal obligation, from simple desirability to accountability for ensuring that water and sanitation are accessible, safe, affordable and available to all without discrimination, with all countries bearing the responsibility for ensuring their continued efforts to realize the human right to water and sanitation within their available resources.", "In Portugal we are very much committed to implementing the human right to water and sanitation. My country has made great efforts to increase access to this human right. The numbers speak for themselves. Drinking water supplies and waste water treatment services to end-users are also legally classified as public essential services and subject to special regulations intended to protect users against possible abuses from providers.", "Our national water and waste services regulation has played a critical role in ensuring universal access to water and sanitation and has promoted best practices in implementing the human right to water and sanitation, aimed at controlling the affordability of water and sanitation services. Such measures are designed to meet the criteria of availability, accessibility, quality, safety, affordability, acceptability, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact and sustainability defined by the Special Rapporteur as essential aspects of the adequate realization of this human right. Respect for those criteria is also a guiding principle of our national strategic plan for water supply and waste water services.", "In conclusion, let me take this opportunity to express our thanks for the presence at the beginning of this meeting of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation. Portugal welcomes the extension, by consensus, of her mandate, granted at the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council, and we welcome her very relevant work, which includes the progress she has made in collecting information on best practices and for the comprehensive, transparent and inclusive consultations she has held with relevant and interested actors from every region for her thematic reports and during her country missions.", "Mr. Sydykov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): I would like to heartily welcome the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, for her informative statement.", "A year has passed since the Assembly’s adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. As a developing country, we support its appeal to States and international organizations to share financial resources, build capacity and transfer technology through international cooperation and aid, particularly to developing countries, with the aim of enhancing efforts to provide safe, clean and accessible drinking water and sanitation services to all.", "Kyrgyzstan adheres strictly to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the goal of halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to drinking water and sanitation services. We share the view of States that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is integral to the right, enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to a decent standard of living.", "More than 90 per cent of Kyrgyzstan consists of mountainous terrain containing glaciers that supply water for its people, livestock and crops. According to experts’ calculations, the supply of fresh water in Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers amounts to some 650 billion cubic metres. Over the past 40 years, as a result of global climate change, the surface area of our glaciers has shrunk by 20 per cent, and in another 20 years it may shrink by another 30 or 40 per cent. At that rate, by the year 2100 Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers may have disappeared altogether, and we run the risk of facing a catastrophic shortage of fresh water for the inhabitants of the entire region. Besides global warming, another factor affecting the security of water resources in Central Asia is the existence of more than 90 uranium tailings ponds in the region. The situation is complicated by the fact that many such ponds are located in seismically active zones and along the banks of rivers that flow into the Central Asian region’s extensive water basin. If toxic material were to enter the ground waters or rivers, it would be a catastrophe for the region’s drinking and irrigation water supplies.", "Today, with the active cooperation of donor countries and international organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, Kyrgyzstan is implementing a large number of projects designed to provide clean drinking water for its citizens, of which the biggest is the clean water project that is being implemented with the support from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and scheduled for completion in 2013. Thanks to this project, some 550 villages in Kyrgyzstan already have piped water, rates of infectious disease have been reduced and the country’s sanitation infrastructure has been improved. Further evidence of the State’s attention to the issue of drinking water is the enactment of special standard-setting laws such as a drinking water act and the Kyrgyz Republic’s code of water laws. Quite recently, on 30 May, Parliament enacted a technical regulation through a drinking water security law designed to protect people’s health and lives from the harmful results of contaminants in water.", "Kyrgyzstan supports rational water use and the cooperative development in the area of comprehensive use of Central Asia’s hydro-energy resources, including the introduction of the principles of integrated water resource management at the national and regional levels.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to align Slovenia with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "Water is without doubt the global challenge of the twenty-first century. As forecasts show, by 2025 1.8 billion people will live in areas affected by severe water stress as a combined result of climate change, environmental degradation and population growth. Consequently, providing safe water and access to adequate sanitation will become an even greater challenge for many countries.", "The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) call for halving by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Water management and the provision of water resources, services and sanitation are some of the most cost-efficient ways of addressing all the MDGs. The issue of access to water and sanitation is closely linked to poverty. A lack of access to water and sanitation deprives billions of people, especially women and girls, of opportunities, dignity, safety and well-being. Moreover, access to drinkable and safe water decreases maternal and child mortality and prevents the causes and spread of disease.", "To alleviate water stress and achieve the water-related MDGs, improved water governance is necessary. Water governance is foremost about environmentally sustainable water use. However, it concerns more than merely technical measures and is essentially about political decision-making, the inclusiveness of this process, and the participation of all stakeholders. Social inclusion, respect for minorities and the promotion of gender equality are essential to ensuring equitable access to water and sanitation. The efficient use of natural resources, including water, is also at the core of the green economy and a priority for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "In the course of 2010, the General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Slovenia recognizes the human right to water and sanitation, derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and protected under article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.", "The human right to water and sanitation is inextricably related to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as to the rights to life and human dignity. It requires that water and sanitation be available, accessible, affordable, acceptable and of good quality for everyone. The right to water and sanitation is also closely related to the enjoyment of other human rights, including the rights to education, work, health, housing and food.", "Water is essential to sustaining life and preserving human health and well-being. It is central to social and economic development and to the preservation of natural ecosystems. It is a major source of energy, necessary for agriculture and for many industrial processes. It is also for this reason that the protection of the environment, with a focus on sustainable water management, is one of the thematic priorities of Slovenian development cooperation. Slovenia has also consistently supported initiatives at the international level concerning the right to water and sanitation and fully supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who visited Slovenia in May 2010 and will submit her report on that mission to the Human Rights Council in September.", "Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia thanks the President of the General Assembly for his welcome initiative to convene this important meeting marking the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Colombia views the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation as an integral part of the social services that should be provided by a State. Under Colombian law, it is a duty of the State to ensure the effective provision of public services to all people living on the national territory, bearing in mind that such services are subject to the established legal regime and can be provided by the State directly or indirectly, by community organizations or by individuals. In all cases, the State regulates, controls and monitors the services.", "In Colombia, the right to water fit for human consumption is fundamental in the context of the full enjoyment of the rights to an adequate standard of living and to health. In this context, we have spared no effort in expanding coverage of the provision of services of the highest quality. Colombia is working through its national water plan to implement its comprehensive water resource management policy, which is divided into three phases — short-term, until 2014; medium-term, until 2018; and long-term, until 2022 — and takes into account the differences and problems specific to each region of my country.", "Through this policy, Colombia has set a number of targets, including the following: to conserve at least 80 per cent of the ecosystems that are key to the water supply; to measure and record 60 per cent of water consumption; to maintain at least 55 per cent of water in the good or acceptable categories on the quality index; to strengthen supply measures in all areas with high levels of water scarcity or affected by the El Niño and La Niña effects and climate change; and to halve the percentage of users to be legalized.", "The first phase of the national policy, 2010-2014, established 10 priority programmes, including the national pollution control and efficient water resource use programme, the programme to prevent risks linked to the supply and availability of water resources, and the national programme for the legalization of water users. Colombia has established five strategic policy plans at the national and regional levels, providing planning outlines for the management of renewable natural resources and environmental land use, and guidelines for the environmental development of human settlements and social, economic and service activities.", "With regard to water resource risk management, bearing in mind the effects of the most recent El Niño and La Niña phenomena, we are making progress in developing risk management in several areas: shortages of water for human consumption and use in other productive activities relating to supply and accessibility; drought, through the conservation of ecosystems linked to the reduction of rainwater; floods and mass movements linked to excess water, which can impact population and infrastructure; and marine and coastal risk management relating to population and infrastructure.", "The national Government has also drawn up a national plan for the management for municipal runoff water, identifying the critical drainage basins that exhaust the capacity to assimilate the resource and compromise its quality for different uses, jeopardizing public health, agricultural output, industrial activities, including electricity generation, and broader economic and social development in general. The aim of the plan is to increase the volume of municipal water that is treated and thereby to improve the quality of water resources in the short and medium terms.", "The commitment of the Government of Colombia to expanding the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation to its population is clear, and we therefore view it as highly valuable to highlight this topic at this plenary meeting.", "Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): New Zealand is pleased to speak in this important debate today.", "Few countries would deny the serious consequences of poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation. New Zealand believes that the most positive thing we can do is to take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. Indeed, ensuring more sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "This morning, I would like to briefly focus on the situation within our own Pacific region. A recent report on achieving the MDGs in Pacific island countries noted that at the household level, the most pressing environmental issue for most Pacific island families in their daily lives is access to safe water and improved sanitation. The situation is made worse by climate change and its impacts. For example, sea-level rise could affect water supplies on atolls, while extreme weather events could potentially damage drinking water and sanitation infrastructure unless it is built to a standard that can withstand these events. Atoll communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change.", "In addition, growing populations in urban centres are placing pressure on freshwater supplies, creating a stronger need for efficient rainwater harvesting. However, particular care must be taken in these environments with the management of waste water and other sources of pollution. These are delicate ecosystems.", "In remote areas, limited financial resources and access to technical skills present challenges for building, operating and maintaining facilities. In towns, rapid urbanization and informal housing developments are putting pressure on facilities.", "New Zealand understands the importance of access to safe and clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities. We are working with our Pacific neighbours to support their efforts in this area. For example, in the Cook Islands, we are promoting rainwater harvesting in remote communities and supporting improvements in sanitation facilities. We are also working to improve water supplies in Tokelau, Vanuatu and Kiribati.", "New Zealand recently completed two projects with the secretariat of the Pacific Community to improve water quality. Australia, New Zealand, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have also collaborated to develop a Pacific region infrastructure facility to assist Pacific island countries to address infrastructure requirements. Projects focus on the long-term challenges of maintaining and managing infrastructure, including in the water and sanitation sector.", "New Zealand acknowledges the need for continued hard work and collaboration in this crucial area. We will continue with efforts to help meet these challenges and take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): At the outset, let me thank the President for organizing today’s debate.", "I would like to begin by joining others in expressing appreciation to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for leading our debate on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Access to safe and adequate drinking water and sanitation is among the keys to the well-being of our populations. Indeed, to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water and sanitation has been recognized as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015.", "Sanitation has a strong connection not only with personal hygiene but also with human dignity and well-being, public health, nutrition and even education. Mahatma Gandhi once said “sanitation is more important than independence”. He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral part of the Gandhian way of life. His dream was total sanitation for all.", "It is estimated that 2.6 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation, including 1 billion children who lack access to effective sanitary facilities, resulting in avoidable infant mortality. We are also confronted with the challenge of approximately 12 per cent of our population still lacking access to safe drinking water. Given the strong correlation between sanitation and human development, this situation poses a major challenge for our development goals. In India, our Government has therefore taken up this issue as a matter of priority.", "In the Delhi Declaration adopted at the Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation in November 2008, it was recognized that access to sanitation and safe drinking water was a basic right. In the past five years, we have increased investment in rural sanitation by as much as six times. Under our total sanitation programme, the Government has reoriented its approach, with emphasis on the demand-side as a driver for change through the mobilization of local community leadership.", "In order to further strengthen programmatic efforts at the grassroots level, we have introduced an incentive-based scheme for local bodies called the Clean Village Award, which has led to community leadership taking up the campaign to bring about total sanitation in our villages as a priority. Local bodies in villages are competing with each other for the award. The programme has also caused an immense number of resources from private sector and civil society organizations to be mobilized in this effort.", "At the same time, the Government has also put special focus on expanding access to potable drinking water, which is one of the six core elements of the Government’s flagship Build India programme, under which nearly 300 villages are being added to the drinking water supply network every day.", "We are thus happy to say that, despite the challenges of its size and diversity, India is steadily making progress in achieving the targets set under MDG 7.", "Sanitation issues need to be given priority in our development policies. The role of community leadership in achieving total sanitation will be crucial, as India’s experience has shown. Sanitation must also be included in an integrated framework of public health policy to ensure that sanitation activities are indeed adequately funded. The provision of safe drinking water can also greatly help to contain the incidence of many waterborne diseases.", "At the same time, we need to develop affordable and sustainable sanitation technologies for diverse ecosystems, which is a technology challenge we must work on using both modern science and traditional wisdom and knowledge.", "While there is no internationally accepted definition of sanitation, States do have an obligation to create an enabling environment through the collection of disaggregated data, the adoption of national action plans, budgetary support, the recognition of human rights obligations, the raising of public awareness and a realization of human rights obligations to sanitation in a non-discriminatory manner, with special attention being given to disadvantaged groups and with an eye to gender equality.", "We joined other countries in supporting the resolution presented by Bolivia last year that recognized the right to access to clean water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of the right to life (resolution 64/292). We now will have to further strengthen the ongoing discussions on this issue in the Human Rights Council in Geneva.", "The lack of access to sanitation is an affront to human dignity. Our Prime Minister has rightly noted that good sanitation should be a basic birthright. It is our responsibility to ensure that.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): I should like to begin by expressing my thanks to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for being present at the beginning of this debate and for the leadership role he has played in this matter.", "We should also like to thank the President for having convened this important and timely discussion in order to establish a dialogue on the principal challenges linked to the achievement of the human right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292.", "The issue of drinking water and sanitation from the point of view of human rights was the subject of both that resolution and of resolutions of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and even of the World Health Organization where, on 24 May a resolution entitled “Drinking water, sanitation and health” was adopted.", "Chile has shown its willingness to work together with its partners on this issue so that instead of there being 884 million without access to drinking water there are none. The international community is faced with the challenge of supplying drinking water to a growing population. Every day this supply is further hampered by factors such as climate change and the demands for economic development, among other things.", "Chile recognizes the importance of drinking water and sanitation for human dignity and underscores the importance of the adoption of resolution 64/292 as an important instrument for the achievement of the MDGs. It is a significant step forward in promoting the population’s access to those vital resources in accordance with the administrative system of each State. Thus, in addition to voting in favour of resolution 64/292, in the Human Rights Council Chile co-sponsored the resolutions on the right to water and sanitation, the most recent of which was resolution 16/2, adopted by consensus in March.", "I underscore the emphasis that the latter resolution, like resolution 64/292 and the Abuja Declaration, signed at the First Africa-South America Summit from 26 to 30 November 2006, places on international cooperation. The Declaration puts particular emphasis on South-South cooperation with regard to water resources by promoting the exchange of information and experience between both regions in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. It also recognizes the importance of water as a natural State resource and an essential element for life, with socio-economic and environmental significance, as well as the need to promote its sustainable use for agricultural and industrial purposes.", "Resolution 16/2 of the Human Rights Council, together with the extension of the mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, requests the Expert to draw up recommendations that ultimately go beyond the end of the process of the Millennium Development Goals, with particular reference to the full realization of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It also requires the Expert to draw up additional proposals to help achieve the MDGs, in particular Goal 7, which ensures environmental sustainability.", "Cooperation and dialogue among States are essential to meeting the challenge of delivering the human right to drinking water and sanitation. Such dialogue and cooperation must take place at all levels, from families and communities to the international level. There is no single issue on the international agenda that countries can act on and resolve alone.", "Mr. Aslov (Tajikistan) (spoke in Russian): Today, we are discussing a priority issue to us all, since water is a irreplaceable and essential resource that is fundamental to sustainable development and the preservation of life on the planet and to ensuring the health and well-being of the world’s population. Given the growing impact of climate change on arid areas, in particular regions of the world prone to drought, the problem of providing water to the population is becoming increasingly acute.", "In that context, my delegation thanks the representative of Bolivia for the initiative of calling for a General Assembly meeting on the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation. We welcome the participation of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, at this meeting.", "Water often causes political tension among States. A key task of the international community in the management of water resources should be the prevention of conflict through the existing machinery on water cooperation. In that regard, we believe that the adoption at this session, at Tajikistan’s proposal, of resolution 65/154 declaring the year 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation to have been very timely. Such cooperation offers a unique opportunity for partnership in the area of water and sanitation. That partnership provides certain possibilities, although progress in that key area remains varied and uneven.", "We believe that resolutions 55/196 on declaring the International Year of Freshwater, 2003, and 58/217 declaring the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life” 2005-2015, adopted by consensus at Tajikistan’s initiative, played an important role in enhancing awareness, understanding and recognition of the importance of the exploitation and rational use of freshwater resources to achieve sustainable development.", "On 22 March 2010, the World Day for Water, at the initiative of the Republic of Tajikistan and pursuant to resolution 64/189, a high-level dialogue to discuss implementation of the International Decade was held in New York. That measure was the starting point for further discussions at the High-level International Conference on the Mid-term Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decade, “Water for Life”, held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 8 and 9 June 2010. We believe that the impact of those two events strengthened the belief that the issue of water merits greater attention on the United Nations agenda.", "The world’s freshwater reserves, in particular in the Central Asian region, have shrunk in recent decades owing to climate change, leading to an ever-sharper decrease in water resources. It is clear that water issues can be resolved only if the linkage between water and energy resources, food security and climate change are taken into account. Taking such major aspects of current and future global and regional water issues into account is key to their successful solution. In the case of Central Asia, it is clear that developing hydro-energy can help to solve the region’s current and future problems.", "It is widely known that in the second half of the twentieth century, the Central Asian region faced a grave environmental crisis: the drying up of the Aral Sea. Given the large-scale increase in new irrigated lowlands, whose surface area rapidly grew from 4 to more than 8 million hectares, the catchment of water from the region’s two key sources — the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya rivers — doubled. That led to a sharp decrease in the size of the Aral Sea, which has lost more than 90 per cent of its volume and 80 per cent of its surface to date.", "Today, to the countries of the region must use water resources more efficiently. Unfortunately, not everyone recognizes that the environment is no longer able to sustain large areas for the cultivation of water-intensive crops, such as cotton. Tajikistan calls for the careful use of water and the rehabilitation of outdated irrigation systems in the region, which use more than 50 per cent of Central Asia’s water supply on irrigation. Until concrete steps are taken, the region’s environmental situation will not improve.", "Given the rapid growth in the population of the countries of the region, the impact of global climate change and the degradation of the region’s water resources, there is only one solution for the countries of Central Asia, namely, the development of regular, multilateral and mutually advantageous cooperation on the rational and integrated use of water and energy resources. We must address the socio-economic issues of each country in particular, and the rehabilitation of the region’s environment in general.", "We believe that the issue of water should also be duly reflected in global agreements on climate change, which has already had a serious impact on freshwater resources. In that regard, the integrated management of water resources must be a key instrument in climate change adaptation. The lead role in this effort belongs to the countries and regions having problems regarding the availability of water resources. Regional and international emergency funds must be set up within the United Nations in order to remove obstacles and difficulties in the provision of access to clean water and sanitation. In that regard, Tajikistan believes that due attention must be paid to ensuring the right to water and sanitation at next year’s United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Mrs. Beck (Solomon Islands): I thank the President for convening this important meeting to discuss the human rights to water and sanitation in the context of resolution 64/292 and the global effort to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Solomon Islands was a sponsor of resolution 64/292.", "My delegation thanks His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for his leadership in highlighting the need for our global community to recognize and make concrete efforts to ensure that the fundamental human right to water and sanitation is fully integrated into the sustainable development programmes for the achievement of the MDGs. We also thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation for her presentation in highlighting many of the challenges we face with respect to water and sanitation.", "Water is vital to life, and access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation is essential to a dignified life. The debate we have had over the past two days on the human right to water and sanitation must also address the sustainability of environmental ecosystems that guarantee the availability of water for decent human living.", "For many in the least developed countries (LDCs), the mere access to clean and safe drinking water and better sanitation facilities is a survival challenge, especially among the women and children who have to travel long distances to collect water. For many of us in small island developing States, our water sources are becoming brackish due to salt water intrusion into ground water lenses as a result of sea level rise.", "We must find durable solutions to water poverty with tangible programmes and resources to enable millions in the LDCs and the developing world to realize their basic right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation. Proactive management and sustainable use of water and water resources must be part of the overall development frameworks at all levels.", "Our focus should be to ensure timely and effective implementation of the commitments under the MDGs and that they are translated into concrete activities on the ground for eradicating poverty by 2015. Many of the LDCs, as we know today, are off track in meeting their targets under the MDGs, in particular with regard to the lack of access to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation, resulting in many of the problems of ill health that continue to plague their populations.", "The ongoing vitality of water resources for Solomon Islands and many small island developing States continues to be threatened by the impact of climate change due to rising sea levels, coastal erosion, salination of water sources, droughts, floods and king tides. The sustainable management of watersheds and water catchment areas is an integral part of our national effort to address climate change impacts on our fragile ecosystems and livelihoods. Whichever way we look at climate change, it remains a threat multiplier and undermines the sustainability of watersheds and water catchment ecosystems that provide water for human survival.", "To address the root causes of the climate change problem is to achieve an ambitious reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the global atmosphere. Current pledges on greenhouse gas emissions fall short of keeping the rise of global temperatures below 1.5° C. My delegation regrets that, although we continue to echo the importance of preserving environmental ecosystems that sustain water as a life giving resource, the number of countries that have announced their opting out of a second commitment under the Kyoto Protocol does not speak well of our global effort to preserve this vital resource for the survival of humankind. This situation weakens multilateralism and puts many of the LDCs and small island developing States — who make up the 884 million people lacking access to clean and safe drinking water — on the road to an uncertain future.", "Many of us in small island developing States and LDCs are already grappling with issues of water security, food security and energy security, inter alia, let alone meeting the internationally agreed development goals, including the MDGs. We must be bold and make the necessary shift in our mindset and political will to address the climate change problem in order to ensure that the health of our global environment is restored to a sustainable level. That will mean changing our current consumption patterns and the way we do business to include protection of our watersheds from extractive industries pollution, and promoting access to affordable clean technology in order to address environmental problems and set aside adequate resources in support of efforts to provide access to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation to the many for whom this vital human right still remains a remote goal.", "In conclusion, last May, the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in Istanbul adopted the Programme of Action for the decade 2011-2020. A cooperative effort to support the full implementation of the Programme will not only address poverty eradication, but also guarantee the basic human right to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation for the millions of poor in these countries.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): We thank the President for convening this meeting, at the request of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, on the vital issue of the human right to water and sanitation.", "Palestine reaffirms that access to safe, clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights that all peoples are entitled to, including people living under foreign occupation. Water is also a primary natural resource over which the Palestinian people have permanent sovereignty in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, as reaffirmed in numerous relevant United Nations resolutions.", "As with all other rights, the Palestinian people’s right to water and sanitation continues to be violated by Israel, the occupying Power, which currently exploits 90 per cent of shared water resources while exerting control over the 10 per cent allowed for Palestinian use. Israel actively prevents Palestinian access to water resources by its ongoing illegal colonization and unilateral policies, including the annexation of Palestinian land through the construction of settlements and the annexation wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. The result is a further reduction in the already meagre water supply available to the Palestinian civilian population.", "While Israelis consume an average of 280 litres of water per capita per day, Palestinians are limited to an average of just 60 litres. Most dramatically, in the West Bank, over 50,000 Palestinians in certain communities are forced to survive on a daily average of just 10 to 30 litres per capita, which means that daily water consumption per person is far below the minimum guidelines, set by the World Health Organization (WHO), of 100 litres per day, which has forced vulnerable Palestinians — often poor herding families — to abandon their land and traditional livelihoods and indigenous culture.", "The correlation between the lack of access to water and sanitation and forced migration has been clearly identified by the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations elsewhere in the world, but nowhere is this more evident than in Israeli policies and practices in the West Bank.", "In the Gaza Strip, where the illegal Israeli blockade has prevented the importation of spare parts and construction materials and the supply of the Palestinians’ equitable share of transboundary water resources, the civilian population is effectively being forced to rely on a drastically deteriorating resource. According to the World Bank, only 5 to 10 per cent of the portion of the aquifer underlying Gaza is drinkable, with more than 90 per cent of all 150 municipal wells having salt and nitrate levels above WHO standards, and thus unfit for human consumption.", "Palestinians consume far less water than Israelis because successive Israeli Governments have engineered artificial water shortages throughout the occupied Palestinian territory by stealing water that is rightfully ours, by preventing us from developing even the most basic water infrastructure and by routinely damaging or destroying the little infrastructure we have, such as water wells, rainwater cisterns and treatment plants.", "Since 28 July 2010, when the General Assembly voted on resolution 64/292, declaring access to clean water and sanitation to be a human right — a resolution that Israel did not support — the occupying Power has destroyed a total of 41 cisterns, 17 wells and 5 sanitation facilities in the occupied Palestinian territory, which includes 20 cisterns specifically destroyed following the 1 February statement by the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Maxwell Gaylard, on the continuing demolition of water cisterns in the West Bank. The Humanitarian Coordinator asserted that", "“The removal of such critical infrastructure places serious strains on the resilience and coping mechanisms of these communities, who will become increasingly dependent on economically unsustainable sources such as tankered water. Such deliberate demolitions in occupied territory are also in contravention of Israel’s obligations under international law.”", "On numerous occasions, water provided in plastic tanks by humanitarian agencies is also confiscated or destroyed, denying vulnerable Palestinian families their human right to water. In recent months, the Israeli occupation forces have specifically targeted two cisterns in the community of Za'atara in the West Bank. Notably, each of these cisterns is over 2,000 years old. Yet, rather than allowing for them to be designated a treasure of antiquity to be protected by UNESCO, measures are being taken to make it difficult for the Palestinian community to respond to Israeli demands to prove ownership of the infrastructure.", "While we commend the United Nations for securing more than $3 million for emergency relief from water scarcity to be spent this summer on the tankering of water, the Palestinian leadership emphasizes that this financial commitment to emergency humanitarian responses might not be necessary if the United Nations and its Member States advocated more effectively for the protection of existing water and sanitation infrastructure as well as the development of new water and sanitation infrastructure as highlighted in relevant reports of the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and B'Tselem.", "Israel’s violation of the Palestinian people’s right to clean water and sanitation negatively impacts many other human rights, including their right to food, health, livelihoods and development, thus impeding the Palestinian ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals targets as an essential part of our effort towards achieving a viable and independent State of Palestine on the basis of the pre-1967 borders.", "Palestine reiterates its call to the international community to hold Israel accountable to comply with its legal obligations by respecting the human right to clean water and sanitation, the equitable and reasonable reallocation of shared water resources in accordance with customary international law and the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, and the demand for the immediate cessation of the destruction of Palestinian water and sanitation infrastructure in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, in flagrant violation of international humanitarian law.", "Simply stated, the Palestinian people are thirsting for justice and freedom and they call on all States to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to bring an end to this unjust and deplorable situation and finally bring an end to Israel’s 44-year ruthless military occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 13.", "Agenda item 6 (continued)", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session", "The Acting President: Members will recall that at its 104th plenary meeting on 22 June, the Assembly elected, in accordance with rule 30 of the rules of", "procedure of the General Assembly, 20 of the 21 Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session. There remained the election of one Vice-President from among the African States to take place at a later date.", "I have been informed by the Chairperson of the Group of African States for the month of July that Mauritius has been selected by the African States to fill one of the seats allocated to Africa as a Vice-President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "In accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly decision 34/401, the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly by secret ballot will be dispensed with when the number of candidates corresponds to the number of seats to be filled. We shall proceed accordingly.", "Since there is only one candidate for the one seat to be filled by the African States, I declare Mauritius elected Vice-President of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. I therefore congratulate Mauritius on its election.", "Having elected the Chairpersons of the six Main Committees and the 21 Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, the General Committee of the General Assembly for its sixty-sixth session has been fully constituted in accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Joseph Daes (Switzerland)", "In the absence of the Chairman, Mr. McDonald (Suriname), Vice-Chairman, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 11.05 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, held on 24 September 2010", "Mr. Luiz Branco (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank President Daes for convening today's meeting to reflect on the issues of the Conference on Disarmament and multilateral disarmament negotiations so that we — and have been — to exchange views on the challenges and opportunities and how the CD can resume its role as the only disarmament negotiating body so that we can move forward towards the full and complete disarmament goals that humanity aspires.", "The commitment to disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation is one of the principles of our foreign policy and, therefore, we have been urging to seek consensus in multilateral forums to promote the achievement of those goals, highlighting the importance of those issues for international peace and security.", "Colombia believes that negotiations on these issues within the framework of United Nations mechanisms and agencies are very important. We therefore attach great importance to the Conference on Disarmament. However, we share with the international community the frustration that it stands in a standstill situation. We believe that this situation cannot continue and that corrective measures are needed immediately. Such a situation could be overcome if all States made genuine political commitment. Political commitment should be understood as flexibility and creativity — flexibility means a small step in the State's position, enabling the parties to achieve a win-win, and creatively refers to the way forward for new efforts.", "Colombia, in its capacity as President of the Conference on Disarmament from 30 May to 24 June, focused on a series of reflections on the current state of the CD and its operational approach. However, despite the efforts of the Chairperson-in-Office in Colombia and its predecessors, the Forum remains paralysed.", "In document CD/1913, Colombia, on its own behalf, noted the causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament and how different factors limit its ability to make progress. However, this paralysis is clearly unwarranted. We believe that the absence of any concrete outcome by a forum over 10 years, even in-depth discussions on topics to identify differences on issues, is not normal.", "As for the programme of work, we recall that it is only a tool to assist the Conference on Disarmament in its activities. An agreement on the programme of work cannot ensure that the CD will begin making progress. The experience in 2009 was proof of that. The issue of the programme of work lies not in its drafting but in the commitment we seek.", "There were also two other obstacles: the approach taken to achieving consensus on the programme of work, since the task was dedicated to the implementation of the Chairperson-in-Office and the misunderstanding of its basic nature, since it was maintained that the programme of work should contain mandates. For that reason, Colombia currently advocates the development of a simplified programme of work, as foreseen in the rules of procedure.", "With regard to the agenda of the CD and the issues to be negotiated, my country believes that the next reasonable step is to negotiate a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Colombia supported the commencement of negotiations on an FMCT, on the understanding that fissile material storage should be an integral part of that process. However, we believe that other issues — such as negative security assurances — are as timely as “ FMCT”, and will enable us to promote disarmament and non-proliferation. At this stage, it may be reasonable to take steps simultaneously.", "With regard to possible course of action, I would like to emphasize the following recommendations made by some members of the Conference on Disarmament, which we believe are feasible and useful.", "First, we should appoint a Special Coordinator on the efficiency and working methods of the Conference on Disarmament to analyse the procedures of the Conference and make recommendations to its member States.", "Secondly, we should consider streamlining the annual sessions of the CD with the aim of convening plenary meetings only if necessary and at all times the ongoing activities.", "Thirdly, we should reflect the need to rationalize the spending of the CD.", "Fourthly, we should establish a panel of experts on agenda items to build confidence and contribute to the launch of meaningful negotiations processes.", "Fifthly, we should explore the possibility of increasing the membership of the CD and promoting greater interaction with civil society.", "Sixthly, and last, we should continue to address, within the framework of the General Assembly, the issue of strengthening the Conference on Disarmament and revitalizing the disarmament machinery in order to study other possible action programmes.", "In addition, in view of the comprehensive paralysis of disarmament, Colombia reiterates its support for the convening of the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, which will include a comprehensive review of the competent bodies of the United Nations system and the necessary decisions to revitalize them.", "Mr. Kolk (Slovakia): At the outset, allow me to say that Slovakia fully endorses the statement made by the European Union and the statement made by the Netherlands on behalf of the cross-regional group composed of 42 Member States. My delegation would also like to make a few comments at this important meeting.", "We share the frustration and dissatisfaction of the current state of the Conference on Disarmament, which has grave consequences for the credibility and practical role of this multilateral forum in dealing with the current security needs of our countries. It has now been time to revitalize and strengthen multilateral efforts to meet today's security challenges by adopting a common and united global solution.", "The Slovak Republic remains of the view that the Conference on Disarmament is the only multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament. We believe that this body is an important component of the entire disarmament mechanism. We need to reinvigorate it and trigger its potential. The Conference on Disarmament is of paramount importance and we cannot allow it to continue to be free and deadlocked. We understand the need for patience, but we also believe that action must be taken more than 10 years after the impasse.", "The Conference on Disarmament is responsible for multilateral disarmament negotiations. This responsibility should be borne primarily by the member States of the CD. Slovakia stands ready to make efforts to break the stalemate of the CD and advance multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We share the view that if the Conference on Disarmament cannot initiate substantive work, we will need to seek other ways and to develop steps to break this stalemate.", "Slovakia, together with other parties, issued an appeal to the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to organize a plenary debate of the General Assembly on follow-up to the high-level segment, which we believe provides an opportunity to address the pressing issues of the disarmament machinery. The core issue we want to address is how the Conference on Disarmament can resume its functions and fulfil its potential to meet the expectations of the wider international community.", "Slovakia supports the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty dealing with the issue of fissile material. Indeed, we believe that such a treaty is an indispensable step towards achieving our ultimate goal — a world free of nuclear weapons.", "In building our future security environment globally, our eyes need to go beyond single steps and focus on the ultimate goal. We believe that we can achieve that goal through a framework of mutually reinforcing and secure instruments. This approach will enable us to fully understand multilateral disarmament negotiations and to make progress in these negotiations.", "If we themselves are confined only to a single approach that does not allow any flexibility, this approach will not push us forward even if high standards are put in place. The unfolding programme of work of a single-size-fits-all programme could not help us move towards nuclear disarmament.", "We need to adopt an open mind and a focus on ultimate objectives. It should also ensure that progress has been made in the development of an appropriate framework of instruments to achieve that goal.", "Ms. Kavaana (New Zealand): New Zealand aligns itself with the statement made earlier by the Netherlands on behalf of a number of countries and reiterates New Zealand's firm commitment to multilateral disarmament. We have always been actively and firmly involved in discussions on these issues in the Conference on Disarmament and in other multilateral forums, as we believe that finding an effective and balanced multilateral solution to the disarmament challenge is essential for our collective security.", "The current stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament is of course a serious concern for all those who share these concerns. The 15-year period has passed since the CD completed its mandate as the United Nations disarmament negotiating body. During that period, the CD has been unable to reach any substantive outcome, but disarmament has not stagnated outside the CD.", "This situation is unsustainable. On the one hand, we continue to describe the Conference on Disarmament as the main multilateral disarmament negotiating forum and, on the other hand, every major disarmament negotiations over the past 15 years are not atolls in the CD, which is not sustainable.", "It is expected that those States that are committed to multilateral disarmament continue to allow them to be the most urgent goals and priorities, including steps essential for the effective implementation of the Plan of Action of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons last year - - The absence of an indefinite regime in the Conference on Disarmament process is unsustainable. It is also unsustainable to expect States to continue to invest time, energy and resources in institutions that are not agreed upon for one year and even once their annual programme of work.", "It must be noted that the Conference on Disarmament faces a serious crisis. Its credibility may be at risk of its continued existence. The current stalemate threatens to put the role of the CD in the field of multilateral disarmament into blamed and mild targets and ultimately to lose its relevance. If this is to be avoided, it is necessary to change some fundamentals.", "While bearing in mind those concerns, we welcome the Secretary-General's decision to convene a high-level meeting in New York last September. We also welcome the efforts of our colleagues in Geneva to analyse the root causes of the impasse and to consider possible solutions. Their efforts are commendable, but they have not yet reached agreement on a feasible course of action and even have not yet reached agreement on the possibility of reaching such an agreement.", "We have heard a series of possible options by the parties concerned over the past two days to break this stalemate. Like other delegations, New Zealand and others will welcome the decision to proceed to agree on a balanced and practical programme of work within the framework of existing structures and procedures. Despite the challenges, we hope that a number of countries will take more flexible and pragmatic approaches that will allow this to happen. In particular, we stress that the programme of work is seen as being an overriding mandate for the work of the Conference on Disarmament, which is not future, because of procedural problems. The programme of work does not establish a mandate for the work of the Conference on Disarmament, but it has been viewed as an important factor in the inability of the CD to fulfil its mandate.", "However, we do not see any indication of possible breakthroughs in the near future. To those who call for a patience and claim that the international environment still does not favour progress, I would just like to ask that we expect it to be more good? We are ready to put the priority goal on disarmament for a long period of time and to wait for sporadic spacons like the night?", "Given that no progress has been made in determining the way forward, and even the prospects for progress, we must ask ourselves whether more flexible working methods and rules of procedure are likely to better serve our collective interest? We are also unable to circumvent the issue of the Conference on Disarmament — its own not the purpose — the role and role, and the question of possible alternatives to advancing the priority objectives of disarmament.", "I hope that now — at this point — it is clear that my delegation has considerable frustration in the attitude of multilateral disarmament matters, even a desperate. We have no pretext and even time to convince ourselves that the Conference on Disarmament can play a useful role in international disarmament negotiations.", "New Zealand maintains open minds in how to best launch substantive disarmament negotiations, whether through existing arrangements, the modus operandi of the work of the Conference on Disarmament or to explore options for achieving the priority objectives of disarmament. However, such dialogue must now begin and must be in good faith.", "The next six months may be crucial for the long-term credibility, relevance and effectiveness of United Nations disarmament mechanisms. Over the past year, the parties concerned have made great efforts and given urgent attention to this issue, and it will be a great deal if we returned to the Conference on Disarmament in January next year, we have found no progress and have shown no desire to break the current stalemate. As in the past, New Zealand will work with delegations to find a way to break the current impasse, and we hope that today's discussion will represent the start of such a process.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): At the outset, Thailand would like to commend President Daes and the Secretary-General for convening this important plenary meeting.", "Thailand aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the Informal Observer Group of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Disarmament is a complex issue encompassing complex political factors and different security concerns. Thus, achieving disarmament requires strong political will, sustained determination, flexibility and concerted efforts and commitments.", "Given that disarmament is a source of international concern, the Conference on Disarmament has been established as a major forum for negotiating multilateral disarmament treaties. However, it is regrettable that, since the conclusion of the negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996, the substantive work of the CD has not been achieved and that its substantive work on its agenda remains outstanding. The continued lack of progress in the work of the CD triggers doubts about whether it remains suited to addressing the security challenges of the current rapid changes.", "The efforts made by the parties to break the stalemate of the Conference on Disarmament are most noteworthy by the convening of a high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament last September. At that meeting, United Nations Member States, whether they are not members of the CD, demonstrated strong political commitment to advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. However, at the conclusion of its second plenary session in 2011, the CD was not able to adopt a programme of work. That is why we are here today to send a clear and strong message that this stagnation must not be allowed to continue.", "For the CD to maintain its authority as the only multilateral disarmament negotiating body, the international community would be obliged to address global security challenges by the CD, and the member States of the CD should work to start its substantive work on the core issue by triggering its substantive work on the core. At the same time, we also hope that the CD will intensify its efforts to address equally the concerns of its members in order to ultimately break the current stalemate and reach consensus on its programme of work.", "Despite the lack of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, its core issue remains relevant to the international security landscape. In that context, Thailand wishes to participate more in the work of the Conference. We aspire to work with our Member States to contribute to their activities and to help revitalize our collective efforts in the field of disarmament.", "Given that disarmament concerns the security of States, States should be entitled to participate in the discussion and negotiation process on an equal basis. Thailand therefore reiterates the appeal made by the Informal Observer Group to the CD to address the issue of increasing the number of its members, which was made clear by the President in his summary of the high-level segment.", "At the same time, we would like to reiterate that the question of an increase in the membership should not be misleading to divert the attention of the Conference on Disarmament to its substantive work. We support the increase in the membership in order to enhance the effectiveness of the work of the CD, not only to increase its membership. We are convinced that the issue of expansion can be dealt with in parallel with the substantive work of the Conference, and that it is a possible matter for revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Mr. Majoor (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): Through you, Mr. President, I would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting to follow up on the high-level meeting on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament held last September.", "Luxembourg aligns itself with the statement made two days ago on behalf of the European Union and endorses the consolidated statement made by the representative of the Netherlands. Allow me to make a few observations in my national capacity.", "Luxembourg attaches great importance to multilateral work in the field of disarmament and has consistently supported efforts aimed at limiting nuclear weapons and reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. We commend the Secretary-General for making disarmament one of his priorities and for personally participating in the debate.", "We have all seen the progress achieved in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, such as the success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1887 (2009) on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the conclusion of a new START Treaty and the convening of a nuclear safety summit in Washington, D.C.", "Although these major events and the political initiatives launched last September have generated momentum, the only multilateral forum of the international community has not made any progress since the adoption of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament in 2009. We must reshape this momentum and move from air to concrete steps to break the stalemate that has paralysed the CD over 10 years.", "Those who have seen progress in international disarmament in a serious manner cannot accept that the Conference on Disarmament cannot engage in substantive negotiations. In Geneva and New York, many countries have shown their political will to break the stalemate of international disarmament mechanisms. All of us must assume our responsibility for international security and return to the negotiating table to implement the programme of work adopted in 2009.", "We believe that the primary priority remains the immediate commencement of negotiations on an international, multilateral, non-discriminatory and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. As the Secretary-General had called for last September, there was broad agreement on that issue. We join others in calling for consensus. The establishment of a scientific expert panel to review the technical dimension of FMCT is likely to be a confidence-building measure to facilitate the commencement of negotiations. Luxembourg also attaches great importance to increasing the participation of civil society in the Conference on Disarmament.", "In addition to these short-term measures, a more profound review of the modalities of the work of the Conference on Disarmament is needed. There must be a reinterpretation of the rule of consensus, while adjustments to the rules of procedure would also help to strengthen their functioning.", "We hope that the possible way forward by this debate to break the stalemate of the Conference on Disarmament will be considered as soon as possible so that the Geneva discussions will be substantive and results. It is important to bear in mind our ultimate goal and to continue to maintain a ambition. We all want to have a safer world, and we must redouble our efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons.", "Ms. Churlo (Serbia): Serbia aligns itself with the statement made by the observer for the European Union and the statement made by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States of the Conference on Disarmament. However, I would like to add a few comments on this issue from our point of view.", "In resolution 65/93 of 24 September 2010 on the follow-up to the high-level conference on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations, the Office of the United Nations High-level Conference on Disarmament also launched this General Assembly debate to discuss these important issues, as we believe that this meeting will provide an important further impetus to breaking the long-standing stalemate of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Effective multilateralism in the area of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament is not only necessary but can be achieved if we all work in a spirit of cooperation, compromise and flexibility and with strategic vision. Political will is the first step, but it must be translated into concrete action. We firmly believe that this is the only way forward in a world of increasing interdependence and complexity and requiring a common approach to addressing common challenges.", "Serbia believes that the most appropriate way to reconfirm the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as an indispensable part of multilateral disarmament mechanisms is to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness. Greater efforts must be made to overcome existing differences and enable the CD to resume its initial functions as the only multilateral disarmament negotiating body in the world. Serbia expects all member States of the CD to show a clear political will to engage in substantive discussions on the core issues on the CD agenda without delay, in order to make a credible contribution to international peace and security.", "We recognize that the specific national security interests of Member States are often reflected in the work of the CD, but we expect all Member States to work towards finding a compromise solution that, while not compromising those interests, will make it possible for the CD to overcome the current stalemate and to create the necessary conditions for the work of the CD to bring the necessary vibrant.", "Serbia pledges to support this debate, and our guiding idea is that it is essential to provide for the status of the observer State of the CD and to commence negotiations on issues addressed in the Action Plan adopted by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The work of the CD continues to be deadlocked and severely hampers the implementation of the measures set out in the action plan. However, the success of last year's high-level meeting requires new efforts to achieve the objectives of the plan.", "The outcome of the Conference on Disarmament is universal and, as an observer for the Conference on Disarmament, Serbia has been firmly supporting the Conference on Disarmament. It is therefore essential to ensure that the work of the CD reflects the complexity of the risks and challenges faced by all Member States of the United Nations in the changing international security environment. In view of this, it would not be possible to revitalize its work without resolving the question of an increase in the membership of the Conference. For Serbia, this issue is of paramount importance, particularly given our interest in becoming a member of the CD.", "The risk of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery is the greatest challenge facing international peace and security today. The Conference on Disarmament faces numerous obligations it must fulfil. If the Conference on Disarmament is the only multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament, it will be able to start the effective implementation of these obligations and will achieve its objectives. Undoubtedly, the current stalemate in the work of the CD will only give rise to a stronger call for urgent solutions.", "Finally, allow me to point out that Serbia believes that this debate will be an important step forward in revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and increasing its membership.", "Mr. Adejola (Nigeria): Nigeria welcomes this follow-up debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "First of all, I associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 other transregional Member States. However, I would also like to make the following statement on behalf of my national representative.", "Nigeria commended the President for convening this debate, which provided us with an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and the promotion of multilateral disarmament negotiations and to move forward without further delay.", "Regrettably, over 10 years, multilateral disarmament mechanisms, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, have not met the expectations of the international community, as reflected in the outcome document of the First Special Conference on Disarmament in 1978 (resolution S-10/2), the decisions and recommendations contained in several resolutions and the outcome document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). Nigeria noted that the CD did not use effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments to fulfil its mission to meet the urgent security challenges facing the international community.", "The convening of this plenary meeting shows that we have a common resolve to achieve a vision for a world free of nuclear weapons and to build a global society that uses the resources previously used to develop, produce and possess nuclear weapons and similar weapons of mass destruction to promote global public goods, growth and development. This is our responsibility for future generations and for all.", "In the margins of the 2011 substantive session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, Nigeria, together with more than 40 fellow States Members of the United Nations, has called for today's meeting. The moral element that has prompted us to do so is that we must demonstrate that, if we do not act, we will be at risk of tomorrow, including the need to persuade future generations to believe in disarmament. We must therefore seize the momentum and opportunity that this high-level meeting has given us to further reaffirm our commitment to promoting multilateralism in disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations.", "Nigeria firmly believes that an effective multilateral security system is an important part of global security, and we believe that the current stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament is unacceptable. The lack of progress in recent years in the conclusion of new multilateral disarmament instruments has undoubtedly affected our common security in the twenty-first century and has also weakened multilateral disarmament mechanisms.", "Nigeria also noted that Member States expressed a number of concerns about the Conference's Geneva negotiations. The General Assembly will of course recall that a number of Member States are increasingly disturbed by their perceived intention to slow the process. At the time of his visit to Geneva in March 2011, the Secretary-General and his members of the Advisory Committee on Disarmament Matters expressed this view and received a detailed record.", "As an extension of this issue, the adjudication has also failed to advance the recommendation to advance this work towards the envisaged goal. Although Member States seemed to have good intentions at the beginning of April, Nigeria noted that the three groups had done their best to make specific recommendations on the issues under consideration and/or to reach a landmark consensus. We believe that this failure clearly reminds us of the enormous challenges we face in the area of multilateral disarmament mechanisms.", "Nigeria asked the nuclear-weapon States to give the highest priority to the complete elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with the relevant multilateral legal obligations. If so, it will be considered that they will be willing to fulfil their unequivocal commitment to the total elimination of nuclear weapons in 2000 and 2010 NPT Review Conferences.", "We have failed to overcome this crisis, which has left us a precious time. At the close of 2012, we should spare no effort to break the stalemate. Nigeria supports the Conference on Disarmament as the only multilateral disarmament negotiating body. We also believe that the United Nations Disarmament Commission is relevant and that it is the only specialized body within United Nations multilateral disarmament mechanisms. We hope that the Conference on Disarmament will advance the nuclear disarmament agenda, including the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty, negative security assurances and expectations.", "In that regard, our deliberations should provide us with an appropriate platform to discuss all possible future practices in a transparent and inclusive manner, thereby advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effective and results-based manner.", "Finally, Nigeria will continue to engage Member States in this endeavour in a constructive manner to assist the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General in achieving the noble objectives of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Luichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): My delegation participates in this important debate with a genuine interest. We endorse the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The Kingdom of Morocco is convinced that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world will require the practical efforts of the United Nations disarmament mechanisms, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We feel it difficult to accept that while multilateral initiatives have been successful in the outer limits of the Conference on Disarmament, Member States have not agreed on the programme of work of the Conference. Such an inappropriate situation must be eliminated. I would therefore like to share the following points to the General Assembly.", "First, it is frustrating and counterproductive that the discussions of the Conference on Disarmament return to the beginning point. The Forum's discussions and negotiations over 30 years have resulted in the accumulation of a large number of proposals and scenarios that could contribute to its achievement.", "Secondly, it is equally unacceptable that the Conference on Disarmament is an isolated operation. We would like to make it clear that, in the absence of genuine political will and an enabling international environment, there are no institutions or instruments that can guarantee practical progress in disarmament.", "Thirdly, the adoption of consensus rules aimed at enabling each Member State to influence the decision-making process and thereby mobilize the greatest support for the decision. However, it must be stressed that consensus should not be used as a tool for the implementation of obstructions. We respect the legitimate sovereignty of Member States to accept or reject the proposed decision, but they must provide proof that their attitude is flexible and responsible.", "Fourthly, the Conference on Disarmament, which has proved to be effective in the past, remains the appropriate framework for advancing disarmament negotiations. To that end, we call on the institution to adopt a comprehensive, integrated and pragmatic approach. In times of globalization, the security of a State or region is inextricably linked to the security of other countries in the world. Similarly, it would not be possible to maintain or strengthen international security without taking into account the legitimate security considerations of States or regions. It is therefore important to take into account national, regional and global security practices.", "Fifth and last point, my country reiterates its commitment to the United Nations disarmament mechanisms. To that end, we call for caution against the temptation to initiate negotiations outside the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums. While this will accelerate progress in negotiations, it is likely that the results achieved will not be accepted by certain States and that the differences between the international community on disarmament and non-proliferation issues have increased, and that these issues are counterproductive.", "I would now like to turn to the basic elements of this consensus, and my delegation would like to make the following points. The first element of this consensus is the responsibility that is both common and differentiated. Morocco considered the special responsibility of nuclear-weapon States in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Practical steps are needed to bring new impetus to multilateral nuclear disarmament efforts. This would essentially involve two actions. First, nuclear-weapon States will be called upon to accept a long-term framework that will guarantee confidence in this work. Secondly, we must start the implementation process of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East. In that regard, it is important to ensure the success of the International Conference on the Middle East in 2012. The conference must be based on the action plan adopted by the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The second element of this consensus is the need for parallel negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty for nuclear weapons and the negative security assurances instrument, which will be a major step forward and a confidence-building measure for nuclear disarmament.", "The third element is the rebuilding and maintenance of the Conference on Disarmament as the only multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.", "The fourth element is the strengthening of nuclear non-proliferation, security and safety, strict observance of the norms established by international authorities, which can benefit from the support and expertise of regional and international initiatives. These standards should be developed in response to new global challenges. It is essential that resources be provided to the International Atomic Energy Agency to enable it to fully discharge its mandate.", "The fifth and last element of this consensus is to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy through enhanced technical cooperation. The financing of technical cooperation should not be voluntary.", "My delegation notes with interest some suggestions made at today's debate and at the 24 September 2010 meeting to revitalize nuclear disarmament. My delegation stands ready to review those recommendations in a spirit of flexibility, compromise and commitment.", "Peace through disarmament will benefit all mankind. We should spare no effort to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons, a world that is less desperately undermining the demand for poverty eradication, combating epidemics and responding to environmental degradation.", "Mr. Proyño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): The delegation of Ecuador wishes to start by stating that it associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The current state of the Conference on Disarmament naturally raises the concerns of States. In that regard, bold efforts will be needed to find solutions. It is necessary to bear in mind that, in carrying out these efforts, the principle of inclusiveness and multilateralism must be guided by any other way to change that situation must come from discussions and negotiations among States.", "Against this background, my delegation does not understand why all elements of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament demonstrate the same concerns and interest, and that only one element seems to be given priority. For Ecuador, the fissile material cut-off treaty is equally important to reach agreement on nuclear weapons or negative security assurances. This is a legitimate position that does not possess nuclear weapons, because it believes that nuclear weapons are horrible and, like the vast majority of States, it advocates a world free of nuclear weapons. To date, however, the international community has not been able to develop any instrument to assure nuclear States that, while completing the process of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, it will not use such weapons against States that have not nuclear weapons. Such a consistent refusal demonstrated the lack of political will on the part of the States concerned to fulfil their commitments and obligations in the field of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.", "In that regard, the work of the Conference on Disarmament is stagnant and reflects the lack of political will. In addition to the legal implications of nuclear disarmament and the implementation of nuclear non-proliferation processes, both must be viewed as interlinked. However, within the Conference on Disarmament, the only interest and concern appears to be progress on nuclear non-proliferation, thereby reducing the possibility of making progress on nuclear disarmament even.", "The solution to the stagnation of the Conference on Disarmament appears not to be derived from its structure or its procedures. States will find that any other forum that takes new structures or new procedures will face the same situation, as it is political. As a result, those efforts mentioned at the outset of my statement must focus on clear transparency and reflect the willingness of the parties to start talks to launch a communications approach to negotiations on all outstanding issues, and on the positions of parties within the Conference on Disarmament. These outstanding issues include an agreement on nuclear weapons, negative security assurances, preventing an arms race in outer space and a fissile material cut-off treaty. My delegation believes that the Treaty must trigger existing and future stockpiles. Ecuador believes that the convening of the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament is appropriate and necessary.", "Finally, there is a need to analyse the extent to which a consensus would help to reach the desired universal agreement, as the difference between the role and impact of the negotiations could lead to the inability of some relevant actors to participate and join. This would seriously undermine the effectiveness of such broad, sensitive and important agreements.", "Mrs. Mikulius (Romania): At the outset, I would like to commend the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate devoted to the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, as other speakers. Allow me also to express my delegation's appreciation to the Advisory Committee on Disarmament Matters, at the request of the Secretary-General, for its in-depth analysis of the current stalemate of the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva.", "Romania supports the statement made by the Acting Head of the European Union Mission in the United Nations. As Romania is a signatory to the letter requesting the convening of this plenary meeting (A/65/836, annex), we also support the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the Signatories. I also have the honour to make some brief remarks in my national capacity.", "The signing of a letter requesting the convening of this debate and at this meeting clearly demonstrates the importance that my country attaches to advancing the multilateral disarmament agenda. Romania shares the belief that peace and security must be addressed from a global perspective in today's world. Disarmament and arms control are the cornerstone of any global security architecture. However, an efficient multilateral security system and effective multilateral disarmament mechanisms must be based on cooperation and a shared understanding of our global challenges and threats.", "Since early 2010, we have seen positive prospects for the global multilateral agenda. The signing of the START II Treaty and the First Nuclear Safety Summit, held in Washington, D.C., all of us all hope for the possible realization of a comprehensive elimination of nuclear disarmament. The success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Final Document call upon the international disarmament and non-proliferation regime, including the Geneva disarmament community to intensify its action.", "We share the expectations of the international community that the high-level conference held here in New York last year will enable the Conference on Disarmament to achieve concrete and important progress in Geneva, thereby synchronizing the current international environment. To date, the Conference on Disarmament has yet to meet our expectations, but we must work together to take further steps towards that direction.", "Romania strongly supports the Conference on Disarmament as a major framework for nuclear issues, while recognizing its value in international peace and in strengthening world security. Its negotiating role must be preserved and strengthened. We share the same belief that the CD should move forward and restore its role as a negotiating forum. The prolonged stalemate has caused serious problems and must end that stalemate.", "Over the years, we have seen continuing efforts to break the stalemate. We now need to address this issue. We know that universal support is difficult in a forum of dialogue and negotiation, which consists of 65 members, and through consensus decisions. However, it is not impossible to agree at least on a programme of work. Despite the current impasse, we must recognize that States may turn to other ways and means of negotiating international disarmament agreements outside the CD. Romania has noted on several occasions that this possible situation does not benefit any person.", "As the representative of Austria said in Geneva on 9 June — the Romanian delegation supports that statement — we do not have too many options. On the one hand, we must review the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, including its procedural and operational principles. On the other hand, we must also find other measures that can help us to overcome the stalemate that has persisted in the CD.", "Romania is committed to engaging seriously in the work of the CD to restore its mandate as a negotiating body and to further build on the programme of work adopted by consensus in May 2009 (document CD/1864). We believe that one of the key issues for the irreversible nuclear disarmament process is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament. A negotiated process must address the security concerns of all parties. This is the essence and value of multilateral diplomacy. The participation of all members of the Conference on Disarmament in negotiations is crucial to the disarmament agenda.", "Finally, allow me to reiterate Romania's firm belief that the political support given to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010 and the valuable contribution we have made in this debate can contribute to the resumption of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum. Romania sincerely hopes that we will finally find the best way to revitalize multilateral disarmament in the near future.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of agenda item 162.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The Acting President: The General Assembly will resume its consideration of agenda item 13 in order to discuss challenges related to the realization of the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Members recall that the General Assembly had discussed those challenges at its 114th plenary meeting, on 27 July, but the speakers for the list of speakers had not been fully speaking.", "Mr. Peralta (Paraguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we congratulate Mr. Juan Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, our brotherly country, for his initiative to hold this meeting and for the importance of highlighting the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation.", "Every member of the international community has the duty and responsibility to achieve a fair balance between the development of our peoples through sustainable economic growth and respect for our natural resources, as a source of life, in order to improve their lives in all areas. We note with concern that progress remains slow and inadequate, as set by the Millennium Development Goals, to reduce the proportion of material and financial resources needed to access drinking water or basic sanitation. At present, almost one third of the world's population has no access to the necessary sanitation facilities, with about one of the seven quarters without access to or affording safe drinking water, which is a crucial human right. In this context, more than 1.5 million children under 5 years of age have died as a result of lack of access to drinking water.", "Paraguay fully supports the principle that access to and provision of drinking water and basic sanitation is an inherent element and absolute and indispensable condition for the full enjoyment of human rights. Therefore, my Government continues to invest in the necessary resources to ensure that these services are provided as soon as possible for the entire population. Likewise, we urge the international community as a whole to redouble its efforts in this regard, particularly when we continue to face the impact of the global economic crisis and the devastating consequences of natural disasters.", "We therefore firmly believe that the international community is now at a historic juncture to determine its own destiny. We believe that the Sustainable Development Conference, which commemorated the twentieth anniversary of the Rio Conference in 2012, should give us a no-lenged opportunity to reaffirm our commitment and efforts in this regard, with a view to ensuring that the latter grandchildren are able to live in a more harmonious world of human development and the use of natural resources.", "Mr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia): As a sponsor of resolution 64292, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the adoption of this resolution, which recognizes that access to drinking water and sanitation is an essential right to the full enjoyment of all human rights. I would like to thank the President of Bolivia, Morales, for his presence two days ago and for his insightful statement, and to pay tribute to the Bolivian delegation for its leadership as a sponsor of the resolution.", "Safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for the maintenance of human health, particularly for children. Millions of children die every year because of their lack of access to drinking water, while another 2 billion people, including 1 billion children, are not able to access basic sanitation. The international community cannot ignore these alarming figures.", "Over the years, my Government's efforts are focused on improving urban and rural water and sanitation. Our experience highlights the importance of working together with donors. I would like to mention here a number of spikes that reflect such collaboration.", "More than one year ago, a Georgian joint water supply company was established on the basis of 62 national communes. The company successfully collaborated with two major donors in the area of water supply, particularly the Millennium Challenge Corporation. One year ago, we signed an agreement with the Asian Development Bank in the area of water management, including the full rehabilitation of water and sanitation systems in six urban centres in Georgia. Another agreement was signed last year with the European Investment Bank. In order to implement these agreements, construction is under way in 28 cities in Georgia. An important step was the development of an electronic map of the national water supply system. The role of the system is to monitor and release lost early warning, thereby reducing waste and financial costs. Special measures are being taken to control contamination of river basins. A new biological waste disposal station was recently constructed in southern Georgia to ensure the protection of rivers and nearby residents.", "We note this modest progress, but recognize that we still face challenges. More needs to be done at the national and international levels. In that regard, we support the efforts of the United Nations family and look forward to further discussion on the realization of the human rights of safe drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Mr. Stankanli (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): We would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this plenary meeting and the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, H.E. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his claim for the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation.", "Argentina supports the ongoing development of international human rights law and recalls that, following the revision of the national constitution in 1994, the main international human rights treaties on civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights have become the cornerstone of their legal system.", "In this context, the importance of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation is recognized in a number of international documents supported by Argentina. Argentina also believes that ensuring the right of the people to drinking water is the primary responsibility of States, which is a prerequisite for ensuring the right to life and the right to an adequate standard of living.", "In accordance with that position, Argentina voted in favour of resolution 64292 on the right to drinking water and sanitation at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly. However, at that time, Argentina reiterated that the right to access to drinking water and sanitation was a human right that States must ensure to all persons under their jurisdiction and was not relevant to others.", "This position is in line with resolution 1803 (XVII) on the permanent sovereignty of States over their natural resources, and in our region, in accordance with paragraph 33 of the Caracas Declaration on Environment adopted at the Conference of Latin American and Caribbean Ministers of the Environment of 29 April this year, which states that access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an essential human right to the full enjoyment of all human rights and that the States of the region, in accordance with their national legal frameworks, shall ensure the enjoyment of this right by all persons under their jurisdiction, allow the exercise of sovereignty over their natural resources.", "Mr. Proyño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation welcomes the presence of H.E. Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, at three weeks' meetings, and thanks him for highlighting this crucial issue after the adoption of resolution 6492 on the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "The Constitution of Ecuador recognizes that the enjoyment of the human rights of drinking water is a fundamental and permanent right, and as a strategic national asset for use by the public, water is inviolable, permanent, indispensable and essential to life. Article 411 of our Constitution ensures the conservation, recovery and full management of water resources and the environment.", "Articles 71 and 74 of the Constitution of Ecuador affirm natural rights and determine that individuals, communities and peoples have the right to require the public authorities to fully respect their life cycle presence, maintenance and regeneration, organizational structure, role and evolution processes. By doing so, the Constitution seeks to ensure that individuals, communities and peoples are able to fully enjoy the benefits of water and thus live well.", "Through this approach, the Government of Ecuador promotes policies aimed at the realization of the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation, enshrined in our major Charter, as well as the need to protect resources for human sustainable development and to access essential elements of life, such as water, for example. These constitutional principles adopted by Ecuador reflect the appropriate understanding of water and transcend the materialist perception of water as the use and consumption of commodities. The adoption of the concept of access to drinking water as a human right is undoubtedly an important step forward in Ecuador's public policy. Our challenge is to ensure that water and biodiversity are treated as strategic assets.", "Managing water resources through a comprehensive and integrated approach to ensuring access to water — This is the right of all — an important responsibility already assumed by local governments and society as a whole, and requires joint efforts.", "Water is a special element of the traditions and lives of peoples and nations, their activities and their relationship with the environment. Water, land and land are fundamental items that are culturally capable of existence and incapacity, protect the diversity of features that depend on them and encourage human harmony with nature. It is therefore essential that States ensure the quality of water and sanitation.", "Despite the historic progress made in Ecuador, much remains to be done in order to put those principles into practice for the benefit of our country. In addition, Ecuador hopes that all States will recognize and realize these rights, particularly in view of the risk that human beings are at risk of losing their natural freshwater reserves.", "Finally, my delegation reiterates Ecuador's commitment to this very important issue and our determination to continue to implement the recommendations contained in resolution 64292. We would like to emphasize the need for further international cooperation to support national efforts.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Portugal aligns itself with the view expressed earlier by the observer for the European Union in this debate.", "We believe that achieving the goal of halving the proportion of people unable to access safe drinking water and basic sanitation is a top priority. Approximately 1 billion people still have access to safe drinking water and about 25 million people have no access to sanitation, which has a great impact on human, economic and development. Access to drinking water and sanitation is a necessary precondition for the proper implementation of human rights, such as health, food and education, and the rights of the child. Ultimately, it is essential to achieve fundamental principles of human dignity. Therefore, access to drinking water and sanitation cannot be seen from a human rights perspective. Portugal therefore welcomes the recent recognition in resolution 64292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9 of the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation.", "When we talk about human rights in this field, it is crucial that we turn from mere philanthropy into a legal obligation to ensure that all have equal access to safe, affordable and accessible drinking water and sanitation, while States have the responsibility to ensure that they continue to work within their resources to achieve the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation.", "In Portugal, we are strongly committed to the implementation of the human rights of water and sanitation. My country has made great efforts to make this human right more accessible. The figures themselves show problems. The provision of drinking water and wastewater treatment services for end-users is also included in the scope of basic public services by law and is managed in accordance with special provisions to protect users from potential violations by the provider.", "My country's water and waste-processing services provide a key role in ensuring universal access to drinking water and sanitation and promote best practices in the implementation of human rights in drinking water and sanitation in order to control the low prices of drinking water and sanitation. These measures are aimed at meeting the standards of availability, accessibility, quality, security, affordability, acceptability, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact and sustainability, which are the basic dimensions of the full enjoyment of this human rights by the Special Rapporteur. In compliance with these standards, it is also a guiding principle for the strategic planning of water supply and wastewater services in our country.", "Finally, allow me to take this opportunity to thank the Special Rapporteur on the right to drinking water and sanitation for the beginning of this meeting. Portugal welcomes the unanimous mandate of the Human Rights Council at its sixth meeting to extend her mandate, and we also welcome her close work, including her progress in collecting information on best practices, and her comprehensive and transparent and inclusive consultations with interested actors from all regions during her thematic report and during her country visit.", "Mr. Sydykov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): I would like to extend a warm welcome to Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and to thank Ms. Carita de Albucque, Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation, for her informative statement.", "Over the past year, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64292 on the human rights of water and sanitation. As a developing country, we support the resolution's call upon States and international organizations to share financial resources, build their capacity and transfer technology through international cooperation and assistance, in particular to developing countries, in order to strengthen the provision of safe, clean and accessible drinking water and sanitation services for all.", "Kyrgyzstan adheres strictly to the Millennium Development Goals, including the target of halving the proportion of people who lack access to drinking water and sanitation by 2015. We share the view of States that access to safe drinking water and health services is indivisible from the right to a decent standard of living enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "More than 90 per cent of Kyrgyzstan is made up of mountains, including ice ices for its people, livestock and crops. According to expert calculations, the amount of freshwater supplies in Kyrgyzstan's glaciers reached about 600 million cubic metres. Over the past 40 years, as a result of global climate change, our glaciers have dropped by 20 per cent, and over 20 years, it may also reduce by 30 per cent or 40 per cent. In line with this rate, by 2100, Kyrgyzstan's glaciers were likely to completely disappear and the inhabitants of the entire region would be at risk of freshwater disastrous shortages. In addition to global warming, another factor affecting water security in Central Asia is more than 90 uranium terminals in the region. The fact is more complicated by the fact that many end tanks are located on the two sides of the rivers that are frequently affected by earthquake activities or that flow to the wider water basins in Central Asia. Once toxic material enters groundwater or rivers, water use and irrigation water supplies in the region will be at the forefront.", "Today, with the active cooperation of donor countries and international organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, Kyrgyzstan is implementing a large number of projects aimed at providing clean drinking water to its citizens, the largest of which is the “clean water” project, which was implemented with the support of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and is scheduled to be completed in 2013. As a result of this project, about 550 villages in Kyrgyzstan have been using piped water, the incidence of infectious diseases has declined, and our health infrastructure has improved. My country's attention to the issue of drinking water can also be further confirmed by the enactment of special standard-setting laws, such as drinking water and water law in the Kyrgyz Republic. In recent times, on 30 May, the Parliament introduced a technical provision to protect the health and life of the people from the harmful effects of pollutants in water sources.", "Kyrgyzstan supports the rational use of water resources and cooperation in the integrated use of hydroelectric resources in Central Asia, including the principle of integrated water resources management at national and regional levels.", "Ms. Štigić (Slovenia): Allow me to begin by expressing Slovenia's endorsement of the statement made on behalf of the European Union.", "There is no doubt that water is a global challenge in the twenty-first century. Projected data show that by 2025, 18 billion people will live in areas where water resources are severely strained due to climate change, environmental degradation and the combined impact of population growth. Therefore, the provision of safe water and adequate sanitation will become a more daunting challenge for many countries.", "The Millennium Development Goals require a halve of the proportion of people who cannot sustain access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Water management and provision of water resources, services and sanitation are one of the most cost-effective ways to address all Millennium Development Goals. Access to drinking water and sanitation is closely linked to poverty. The lack of access to drinking water and sanitation deprives hundreds of millions of people, especially women and girls, of their dignity, security and well-being. Moreover, access to safe drinking water also reduces maternal and child mortality and prevents the occurrence and proliferation of diseases.", "Water resource management needs to be strengthened in order to alleviate water tensions and achieve the Millennium Goals related to water. Water resources management begins with the environmentally sustainable use of water resources. However, it relates not only to technical measures, but in essence to political decision-making, the inclusiveness of the process and the participation of all stakeholders. Social inclusion, respect for minorities and the promotion of gender equality are indispensable in ensuring equitable water and access to health services. The efficient use of natural resources, including water resources, is also a central element of the green economy and a priority issue for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "During 2010, the General Assembly recognized the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation. Slovenia recognizes the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation, which derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is protected by article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "The right to drinking water and sanitation is inextricably linked to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and the right to life and human dignity. It requires all people to have access to drinking water and sanitation and to be accessible and quality. The right to drinking water and sanitation is also closely linked to the enjoyment of other human rights, including the right to education, the right to work, the right to health, housing and the right to food.", "Water is necessary to sustain life and to maintain human health and well-being. It is central to socio-economic development and the protection of natural ecosystems. It is an important energy source that is necessary for agriculture and many industrial processes. It is also for this reason that the focus is on the environmental protection of sustainable water resources management as a priority theme for development cooperation in Slovenia. Slovenia also consistently supports international initiatives on the right to drinking water and sanitation and strongly supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the right to drinking water and sanitation. She visited Slovenia in May 2010 and will submit a report to the Human Rights Council in September.", "Mr. Ru Is (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia thanks the President of the General Assembly for his welcome initiative to convene this important meeting to mark the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Colombia believes that the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation is part of the social services that States should provide. Colombian law stipulates that the State is obliged to ensure the effective and effective delivery of public services to all persons in the territory, bearing in mind that such services are subject to established legal systems and may be provided directly or indirectly by community organizations or individuals. In all cases, such services are regulated, controlled and monitored by the State.", "In Colombia, the right to water suitable for human use is important for the full enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to health. In that context, we spare no effort to expand the coverage of the provision of the highest quality services. Colombia is implementing a comprehensive water resource management policy through national water resources plans. The policy is divided into three phases — the short-term period to 2014; the medium-term phase to 2018; and the long-term period to 2022 — taking into account the differences and problems specific to all regions of my country.", "Colombia has identified a number of objectives through this policy, including: conservation of at least 80 per cent of ecosystems of critical importance to water supply; measuring and documenting 60 per cent of water use; keeping at least 55 per cent of the water quality index at a good or acceptable level; strengthening supply measures in all areas where water resources are extremely scarce or affected by El Niño and Lanya and the impacts of climate change; and half of the number of users that will need to be legally entitled.", "The first phase of national policy, namely, 2010-2014, identified 10 priority programmes, including national programmes to control pollution and efficient use of water resources, programmes to prevent risks associated with water supply and national programmes on the legalization of water users. Colombia has developed five strategic policy plans at the national and regional levels, and plans for the management of renewable natural resources and the use of land in a environmentally sound manner have developed guidelines for human settlements and social, economic and service activities for environmental development.", "With regard to water resource risk management, and taking into account the impact of recent El Niño and Lanya, we are making progress on risk management in some areas. These areas are: a shortage of water resources for human use in production activities such as supply and access to water resources; drought, drought, which may affect population and infrastructure by conserving ecosystems related to the reduction of rainwater; floods and the movement of people associated with water surplus; and coastal and coastal risk management associated with population and infrastructure.", "The National Government has also developed a national plan for urban water management to identify a number of critical drainage areas. These regions have drained water capacities, affecting the quality of water for all uses, while at the same time endangering public health, agricultural production, industrial activities, including electricity generation, and wider economic and social development. The aim of the plan is to increase the level of urban water that has been processed, thereby increasing the quality of water resources in the medium term.", "The Government of Colombia has made a clear commitment to expanding the coverage of the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation, and we believe that this issue is very valuable at this plenary meeting.", "Ms. Kavaana (New Zealand): New Zealand is pleased to address this important debate today.", "Few States would deny the grave consequences of the difficulty in accessing safe drinking water and sanitation. New Zealand believes that the best thing we can do is to take practical steps to secure, clean drinking water and sanitation. Indeed, access to safe drinking water and sanitation in a more sustainable manner is essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "This morning, I wish briefly to focus on the situation in the Pacific region in which my country is located. A recent report on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in the Pacific island states that, in the family, the most urgent environmental problems faced by most Pacific island households in their daily lives are access to safe water sources and improved health services. Climate change and its impact have exacerbated this situation. For example, sea-level rise will affect the availability of water atolls, while extreme days may destroy drinking water and sanitation infrastructure, unless infrastructure-building standards are affordable. Atoll countries are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.", "In addition, the increasing population of the urban centres has also exerted pressure on freshwater supplies and more efficient rainwater harvesting. However, the issue of wastewater treatment and other sources of pollution must be given particular care in these environments. These ecosystems are more vulnerable.", "In remote areas, limited financial resources and limited means of access to skills pose challenges to the construction, operation and maintenance of facilities. In towns, rapid urbanization and the development of informal homes are straining facilities.", "New Zealand understands the importance of access to safe clean drinking water and hygiene. We are working with our Pacific neighbours to support their efforts in this area. For example, in the Cook Islands, we advocate for the collection of rainwater in remote communities and support improved sanitation. We are also working to improve the water availability of the Tokelau Islands, Vanuatu and Kiribati.", "Recently, New Zealand, together with the Pacific Community Secretariat, has completed two projects aimed at improving water quality. Australia, New Zealand, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have also cooperated in the establishment of a Pacific Infrastructure Facility to help Pacific island countries address infrastructure needs. These projects focus on long-term challenges in the maintenance and management of infrastructure, including water and health sectors.", "New Zealand recognizes the need for sustained efforts and cooperation in this critical area. We will continue our efforts to help meet these challenges and take practical steps to provide safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Mr. Manjif Singh Puri (India): Allow me to begin by thanking the President for organizing today's debate.", "I would first like to join others in thanking His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for presiding over our debate on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Access to safe and adequate drinking water and sanitation is a key to guaranteeing the well-being of our peoples. In practice, the proportion of the population that will not be sustainable in access to drinking water and sanitation has been identified as one of the Millennium Development Goals achieved by 2015.", "Sanitation is not only closely linked to hygiene but also to human dignity and well-being, public health, nutrition and even education. San el Gang said that “health is more important than independence”. He has made clean sanitation an integral part of the Gynamic lifestyle. His dream is a well-established health condition for all.", "It is estimated that 26 million people still lack access to basic sanitation facilities, including 100 million children, who lack access to effective sanitation, resulting in the deaths of infants who could have been avoided. We also face the challenge of the lack of safe drinking water for about 12 per cent of our population. Given the close relationship between health and human development, this situation poses a serious challenge to achieving our development goals. Thus, in India, my Government has made this issue a priority.", "The Delhi Declaration adopted at the Third South Asian Conference on Health in November 2008 recognized that access to sanitation and safe drinking water was a fundamental right. Over the past five years, our investment in sanitary facilities in suburbs has increased by up to 6 times. In line with our comprehensive health programme, the Government has adapted its approach, focusing on demand, which will be a driver of change through the mobilization of local community leadership.", "In order to further strengthen programme work at the grass-roots level, we have launched an incentive plan entitled “Charter Village Award” in local institutions, which has led to community-led action to prioritize the achievement of the full clean health of our villages. Local institutions in the villages compete for the award. The programme also resulted in the mobilization of a large amount of resources from the private sector and civil society organizations invested in that effort.", "At the same time, the Government has also placed particular emphasis on expanding access to drinking water, one of the six core elements of the Government's flagship programme “Building India”. According to the programme, nearly 300 villages per day are included in the drinking water supply network.", "We are therefore pleased to say that, despite the enormous and diversity challenges, India is making steady progress towards the achievement of the indicators set under Millennium Development Goal 7.", "Health needs to be given priority in our development policies. Experience in India has shown that the role of community leadership in achieving comprehensive clean sanitation will be crucial. Health must also be integrated into the comprehensive framework of public health policies to ensure that health activities are adequately funded. The provision of safe drinking water also helps to curb the occurrence of many waterborne diseases.", "At the same time, we need to afford and sustain health technologies for different ecosystem development, a technological challenge that we must use modern science and traditional wisdom and knowledge to address.", "Although there is no internationally recognized definition of the term, States are indeed obliged to fulfil their human rights obligations with regard to sanitation through the collection of disaggregated information, the development of national action plans, the provision of budgetary support, recognition of human rights obligations, public awareness and non-discrimination, with special attention to vulnerable groups and women, thereby creating an enabling environment.", "We join others in supporting the resolution of Bolivia last year on the recognition of access to clean water and sanitation as a fundamental human right to the full enjoyment of the right to life (resolution 64292). Now, we must further strengthen the ongoing discussions on this issue at the Geneva Human Rights Council.", "The lack of access to sanitation is a violation of human dignity. Our Prime Minister has said in his place that the enjoyment of good sanitation should be a fundamental right of life. Ensuring the enjoyment of this right is our responsibility.", "Mr. Elaus (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I would like to thank His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for his opening part of this debate and for his leadership on this issue.", "We would also like to thank the President for convening this important and timely seminar to engage in a dialogue on the main challenges related to the realization of the right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64292.", "From a human rights perspective, the issue of access to drinking water and sanitation is also the subject of various resolutions of the Geneva Human Rights Council and, in particular, the World Health Organization, and on 24 May WHO adopted a resolution entitled “Water, sanitation and health”.", "Chile expressed its willingness to cooperate with its partners on this issue in order to achieve drinking water for all, and not to access drinking water to 8.84 million people. The international community faces the challenge of providing drinking water for the growing number of people. Daily factors such as climate change and economic development needs are further hampering the availability of water.", "Chile recognized the importance of drinking water and sanitation for human dignity and stressed the importance of the adoption of resolution 64292 as an important tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This is an important step forward in promoting the people's access to these vital resources in accordance with national administrative systems. Thus, Chile, in addition to its vote in support of resolution 64292, has also joined the Human Rights Council in its resolutions on the right to drinking water and sanitation, the most recent of which was resolution 16/2 adopted by consensus in March this year.", "I stress that resolution 16/2, like resolution 64292 and the Abuja Declaration signed at the First African-South American Leadership Conference, held from 26 to 30 November 2006, emphasizes international cooperation. The Declaration stresses in particular South-South cooperation in the area of water resources through the promotion of information and exchange of experiences between the two regions in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The Declaration also recognizes the importance of water as an essential element of national natural resources and life, as a social and economic dimension and the importance of promoting sustainable use of water resources for agriculture and industrial development.", "In addition to the extension of the mandate of the independent expert on human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 16/2, requested the independent expert to prepare recommendations on the work of the Millennium Development Goals process after its conclusion, with particular reference to the full realization of the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation. The resolution also requested the independent expert to prepare additional recommendations to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals, in particular Goal 7 to ensure environmental sustainability.", "Cooperation and dialogue among States are essential to meet the human rights challenges of access to drinking water and sanitation. Such dialogue and cooperation should be carried out at all levels from the family to the community. There is no question on the international agenda that States can act individually or resolve them.", "Mr. Aslo (Tajikistan) (spoke in Russian): Today, we are discussing a priority issue for all of us, since water is an irreplaceable and indispensable resource that is the foundation for sustainable development and the protection of life on Earth and for ensuring the health and well-being of the world's people. Given the impact of climate change on drought areas, particularly the vulnerability of the world to drought regions, the issue of providing water for the people is becoming increasingly acute.", "In that context, my delegation thanks the representative of Bolivia for his initiative to convene a conference of the General Assembly to discuss the implementation of the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation. We welcome the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Water often leads to political tensions among countries. A key task of the international community in water resource management should be to prevent conflicts through existing mechanisms of cooperation on water. In that regard, we believe that the adoption at the current session of resolution 63/254, proclaimed as the International Year of Water Cooperation, is very timely, as recommended by Tajikistan. This cooperation provides a unique opportunity to build partnerships in the area of water and sanitation. This partnership offers some possibilities, although progress in this critical area remains different and uneven.", "We believe that resolution 58/217, which was adopted by consensus under the initiative of Tajikistan, to declare 2003 the International Year of Freshwater and to declare the International Decade of Action for the Year 2005-2015, has played an important role in raising awareness and understanding of the development and rational use of freshwater resources for sustainable development and recognizing their importance.", "On 22 March 2010, at the occasion of World Water Day, a high-level dialogue was held in New York on the implementation of the International Decade, in line with the initiative of Tajikistan and in accordance with resolution 64/189. This initiative was a starting point, followed by further discussions at the mid-term comprehensive review of the implementation of the International Decade of Life, held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 8 and 9 June 2010. We believe that the impact of these two meetings has strengthened our conviction that the issue of water deserves greater attention on the United Nations agenda.", "In recent decades, freshwater reserves worldwide, particularly in Central Asia, have resulted in a sharp decrease in water resources due to climate change. It is clear that water issues can be addressed only by considering linkages between water and energy resources, food security and climate change. Integrating these key aspects of current and future global and regional water issues is key to the success of addressing these issues. For Central Asia, the development of hydroelectric power clearly helps to address current and future problems in the region.", "It is well known that the Central Asian region faces a serious environmental crisis in the second half of the twentieth century: the drying of the Aral Sea. Because of the large increase in new irrigated land, the area has increased rapidly from 4 million hectares to more than 8 million hectares, and the area of water from two major water sources in the region — the Am River and the Sel River — has doubled. This has resulted in a sharp decrease in the area of the Aral Sea, which has so far been reduced by more than 90 per cent and a decrease of 80 per cent.", "Today, for countries in Central Asia, they must make more efficient use of water resources. Unfortunately, it is not all aware that the current environment is no longer capable of maintaining high-energy crops such as cotton cultivation. Tajikistan called for the prudent use of water resources in the region and for the rehabilitation of outdated irrigation systems, as 50 per cent of water supplies in Central Asia were used for irrigation. The environmental situation in the region will not be improved before practical measures are taken.", "Taking into account the rapid growth in the population of Central Asia, the impact of global climate change and regional water degradation, only a solution for the countries of Central Asia is the establishment of conventional multilateral mutually beneficial cooperation in the rational and integrated use of water resources and energy resources. We must address, in particular, socio-economic issues in all countries and restore the regional environment as a whole.", "We believe that water issues should be properly reflected in global agreements on climate change and that climate change has had a serious impact on freshwater resources. In this regard, integrated water resources management must be a key means of adapting to climate change impacts. Countries and regions that have problems with access to water resources should play a leading role in this endeavour. Regional and international contingency funds must be established within the United Nations to eliminate barriers and difficulties in accessing clean water and sanitation. In that regard, Tajikistan believes that the issue of ensuring the enjoyment of the human rights of water and sanitation must be given due attention next year.", "Mrs. Beck (Romania): I thank the President for convening this important meeting to discuss the right to drinking water and sanitation in the context of resolution 64292 and global efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The Solomon Islands is a sponsor of resolution 64292.", "My delegation thanks His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for his leadership, and stresses the need for our international community to recognize and take concrete efforts to ensure that the basic human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation are fully integrated into sustainable development programmes that promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. We also thank the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation for her statement, highlighting the many challenges that we face in terms of water and sanitation.", "Water is vital to life, and access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation is key to a dignified life. Over the past two days, we have debated on the human rights of access to drinking water and sanitation and must also address environmental ecosystem sustainability, as they guarantee access to drinking water to live in dignity.", "For many of the least developed countries, access to clean and safe drinking water and better sanitation is a survival challenge, especially for women and children, who have to travel to water for long distances. For many of us in small island developing States, our water resources are now vested with the Aral, because of sea-level rise, leading to the intrusion of salt water in groundwater.", "We must build on practical programmes and resources to find a durable solution to water scarcity, enabling millions of people in the least developed countries and the developing world to realize their fundamental rights to clean water and sanitation. Positive management and sustainable use of water and water resources must be part of the overall development framework at all levels.", "We should focus on ensuring the timely and effective implementation of the commitments made to the Millennium Development Goals and translating them into concrete activities on the ground to eradicate poverty by 2015. We know today that many least developed countries cannot achieve their goals under the Millennium Development Goals, in particular the lack of access to clean safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, which continues to be plagued by many poor health problems.", "The continued dynamism of water resources in the Solomon Islands and many small island developing States continues to be threatened by the consequences of climate change due to sea-level rise, erosion of the coast, salinization of water resources, drought, flooding and treasury. Sustainable management in watersheds and catchment areas is an integral part of our efforts to address the impacts of climate change on our fragile ecosystems and livelihoods. Whatever we see climate change, it is a threat multiplier that undermines the sustainability of watersheds and catch water ecosystems that provide water for human survival.", "Addressing the root causes of climate change is the achievement of a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the global atmosphere. The current commitment to greenhouse gas emissions cannot control the rise in global temperatures below 1.5 degrees. My delegation regrets that, despite the fact that we have always called for the importance of the environmental ecosystem, which is an indispensable resource for the maintenance of life, many countries have announced that they have chosen not to make their second commitment in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. This illustrates that our global efforts to protect this vital resource for human survival are not sufficient. This situation weakens multilateralism by allowing many of the least developed countries and small island developing States — It is that they comprise 8,844 million people who lack clean safe drinking water — facing a uncertain future.", "Many of us in small island developing States and in least developed countries have been working hard to deal with issues such as water security, food security and energy security, let alone the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We must boldly turn the necessary shift in mind and political will to address climate change and ensure that our global environmental health is restored to sustainable levels. This would imply a change in our current consumption patterns and commercial approaches, including the protection of our watersheds from the contamination of the mining industry and the extension of access to affordable clean technologies to address environmental problems and allocate adequate resources to support the provision of clean water and sanitation for many people who still do not enjoy this important human rights.", "Finally, the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul last May, adopted the Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020. Coordinated support for the full implementation of the Agenda will not only address the issue of poverty eradication but also guarantee the basic human rights of millions of people in these countries to clean safe drinking water and adequate sanitation.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the observer for Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): We thank the President for convening this meeting on the important human rights issue of access to drinking water and sanitation, at the request of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Palestine reiterates that access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a fundamental human right to the full enjoyment of the right to life and other human rights, and that all, including those living in foreign occupation, should enjoy these rights. As reaffirmed in numerous United Nations resolutions, the Palestinian people enjoy permanent sovereignty over the vital natural resources of water, including in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Like other rights, the right of the Palestinian people to access water and sanitation continues to be violated by Israel, the occupying Power. At present, Israel occupied 90 per cent of all water resources while controlling 10 per cent of the water resources that would allow Palestinians to use. Israel continues to implement illegal colonization and unilateral policies that build settlements and annex walls in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, to annex Palestinian land, thereby preventing Palestinians from accessing water resources. The result is a further reduction in the water supply available to Palestinian civilians.", "On average, Israelis consumed 280 litres of water every day, while Palestinians are restricted to only 60 litres of water per person per day. Most importantly, more than 50 million Palestinians in certain communities in the West Bank are forced to rely on an average of 10 to 30 litres of water per person per day, which means that the consumption of water per day is much lower than the standard of 100 litres per day developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which compels vulnerable Palestinians — They are often poor pastoral families — abandoning their land and traditional livelihoods and indigenous cultures.", "The International Organization for Migration and the United Nations have clearly identified the interrelation between the lack of drinking water and sanitation and forced migrants in other parts of the world, yet there is nowhere compared to the one. Israel's policies and practices in the West Bank are more clearly showing this interrelationship.", "In the Gaza Strip, as the illegal Israeli embargo prevents the import of spare parts and construction materials and the supply of transboundary water resources to which the Palestinian people deserve, the civilian population has in fact been forced to rely on water sources that are worsening seriously. According to the World Bank, only 5 to 10 per cent of Gaza's groundwater is drinkable and 90 per cent of all 150 municipal water wells exceed the World Health Organization standard and therefore are not suitable for human consumption.", "Palestinian water is much higher than Israelis, as successive Israeli Governments have created water scarcity throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory by stealing water resources that should fall into our water sources.", "Since the vote of the General Assembly on 28 July 2010 to declare that access to clean water and sanitation is a human right resolution 64292 — Israel has not supported the resolution — the occupying Power has destroyed the total of 41 storage tanks, 17 water wells and 5 sanitation facilities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including 20 storage tanks damaged after the declaration of the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Affairs Coordinator in the Occupied Palestinian Territory on 1 February of the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Affairs Coordinator in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Marks Vereald, on the ongoing destruction of water stocks in the West Bank. The Humanitarian Coordinator noted that:", "“The destruction of such critical infrastructure has placed great pressure on the resilience and response mechanisms of these communities, and people will increasingly rely on water sources, such as tanks, which cannot be sustained economically. Such deliberate destructive activities in the occupied territories also violate Israel's obligations under international law.”", "On many occasions, the water provided by humanitarian agencies using plastic tanks has also been confiscated or destroyed, resulting in the inability of vulnerable Palestinian families to enjoy their right to water. In recent months, the Israeli occupying forces deliberately targeted two storage water tanks in the Zashaat community in the West Bank. It is worth mentioning that the two reserves have more than two thousand history. However, Israel is not able to be designated as the archaeological heritage protected by UNESCO, but it is taking steps to make the Palestinian community difficult to meet Israel's demands for the ownership of the infrastructure.", "We commend the United Nations for ensuring that more than $3 million has been raised in order to urgently mitigate water scarcity, buying tanks in the summer of this year. At the same time, the Palestinian leadership stressed that if the United Nations and its Member States, as highlighted in several reports of the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Amnesty Organization, the Human Rights Watch and Israel's Human Rights Information Centre for the Maintenance of the Occupied Territories, they were more effective in advocating for the protection of existing water and sanitation infrastructure and in developing new water and sanitation infrastructures, funds for humanitarian emergencies were already unnecessary.", "Israel violates the right of the Palestinian people to clean water and sanitation, which adversely affects the rights of many other human rights, including access to food, health, livelihood and development, thereby affecting the ability of Palestinians to achieve the Millennium Development Goals indicators, which are an essential part of our efforts to establish a Palestinian State, based on the 1967 borders, viable and independent.", "Palestine reiterates its call on the international community to demand that Israel comply with its legal obligations and respect the human rights of access to clean water and sanitation, to redistribute water resources fairly in accordance with international customary law and the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law on the Non-Navigational Use of International Watercourses, and to meet our demands, to cease immediately its practices in flagrant violations of international humanitarian law, undermining water and environmental infrastructure in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and its surrounding areas.", "In short, the Palestinian people aspire to justice and freedom and call upon all States, Israel, the occupying Power, to put an end to this injustice and deplorable situation and ultimately to end Israel's unwarranted military occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, for 44 years.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 13.", "Agenda item 6 (continued)", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The Acting President: Members will recall that at its 104th plenary meeting, on 22 June, the General Assembly elected 20 of the 21 Vice-Presidents of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, in accordance with rule 30 of its rules of procedure. The election of another Vice-Chairperson from African countries will be held on a date.", "In July, the President of the Group of African States informed me that African countries had chosen Mauritius to fill a seat assigned to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly in Africa.", "In accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly decision 34/401, the number of candidates corresponds to the number of seats to be filled, i.e. the need for a secret ballot. We will proceed accordingly.", "As one seat to be filled by African countries is only one candidate, I declare Mauritius elected Vice-President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. I therefore congratulate Mauritius on its election.", "Following the election of the President of the six Main Committees of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly and 21 Vice-Presidents, the General Committee of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly has been fully constituted in accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议续会", "纽约", "议程项目1", "通过议程和其他组织事项", "选举世界粮食计划署执行局六名成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 世界粮食计划署执行局有36名成员，从联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员国中选出。按照大会2011年3月7日第65/266号决议及粮农组织大会2011年7月2日第7/2011号决议，经济及社会理事会和粮农组织理事会依大会第65/266号决议规定的方式，各选出执行局的18 名成员。", "2. 经济及社会理事会将在2011年实质性会议续会上选出执行局六名成员，从2012年1月1日起任期三年，以填补下列成员将于2011年12月31日任期届满后出现的空缺：安哥拉、中国、捷克共和国、危地马拉、日本和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "3. 这六名成员将按下列方式选出：[1]", "(a) 名单A 所列国家一名成员；", "(b) 名单B 所列国家一名成员；", "(c) 名单C 所列国家一名成员；", "(d) 名单D 所列国家两名成员；", "(e) 名单E 所列国家一名成员。", "4. 经济及社会理事会选出的执行局18 名成员名单见本说明附件一。附件二载列粮农组织理事会选出的执行局成员名单，供经济及社会理事会参考。附件三载列供选举粮食计划署执行局成员所用的联合国会员国和粮农组织成员国名单。", "附件一", "经济及社会理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局十八名成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "安哥拉^(*) (2011)、布基纳法索(2012)、摩洛哥(2013)、苏丹(2013)", "名单B国家四席", "中国^(*) (2011)、印度(2012)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2012)、大韩民国(2013)", "名单C国家两席", "古巴(2013)、危地马拉^(*) (2011)", "名单D国家六席", "澳大利亚(2013)、法国(2012)、日本^(*) (2011)、挪威(2013)、西班牙(2012)、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国^(*) (2011)", "名单E国家两席", "捷克共和国^(*) (2011)、俄罗斯联邦(2012)", "^(*) 即将卸任成员。", "附件二", "联合国粮食及农业组织理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局十八名成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "喀麦隆(2013)、埃及^(*) (2011)、肯尼亚(2012)、南非(2013)", "名单B国家三席", "约旦(2012)、菲律宾(2012)、沙特阿拉伯(2013)", "名单C国家四席(三个正常席位和一个轮流席位)", "巴西^(*) (2011)、哥伦比亚^(*) (2011)、海地(2013)、墨西哥(2012)", "名单D国家六席", "加拿大(2013)、丹麦^(*) (2011)、德国(2013)、爱尔兰^(*) (2011)、荷兰(2012)、美利坚合众国(2012)", "名单E国家一席", "斯洛文尼亚^(*) (2011)", "^(*) 即将卸任成员。", "附件三", "^(*) 摘自《世界粮食计划署总条例》附录A。如果联合国会员国或联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员国有变动，联合国和粮农组织各自的秘书处将在同会员国进行必要协商后作出适当的更改。", "供选举世界粮食计划署执行局成员使用的联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织成员名单^(*)", "1. 发展中国家和领土", "名单A", "阿尔及利亚 加蓬 卢旺达", "安哥拉 冈比亚 圣多美和普林西比", "贝宁 加纳 塞内加尔", "博茨瓦纳 几内亚 塞舌尔", "布基纳法索 几内亚比绍 塞拉利昂", "布隆迪 肯尼亚 索马里", "喀麦隆 莱索托 南非", "佛得角 利比里亚 苏丹", "中非共和国 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 斯威士兰", "乍得 马达加斯加 多哥", "科摩罗 马拉维 突尼斯", "刚果 马里 乌干达", "科特迪瓦 毛里塔尼亚 坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "刚果民主共和国 毛里求斯 赞比亚", "吉布提 摩洛哥 津巴布韦", "埃及 莫桑比克", "赤道几内亚 纳米比亚", "厄立特里亚 尼日尔", "埃塞俄比亚 尼日利亚", "名单B", "第一组", "阿富汗 科威特 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "巴林 吉尔吉斯斯坦 塔吉克斯坦", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 黎巴嫩 土库曼斯坦", "伊拉克 阿曼 阿拉伯联合酋长国", "约旦 卡塔尔 乌兹别克斯坦", "哈萨克斯坦 沙特阿拉伯 也门", "第二组", "孟加拉国 马来西亚 菲律宾", "不丹 马尔代夫 大韩民国", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 马绍尔群岛 萨摩亚", "柬埔寨 密克罗尼西亚联邦 新加坡", "中国 蒙古 所罗门群岛", "库克群岛 缅甸 斯里兰卡", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 瑙鲁 泰国", "斐济 尼泊尔 东帝汶", "印度 纽埃 汤加", "印度尼西亚 巴基斯坦 图瓦卢", "基里巴斯 帕劳 瓦努阿图", "老挝人民民主共和国 巴布亚新几内亚 越南", "名单C", "安提瓜和巴布达 多米尼加共和国 巴拉圭", "阿根廷 厄瓜多尔 秘鲁", "巴哈马 萨尔瓦多 圣基茨和尼维斯", "巴巴多斯 格林纳达 圣卢西亚", "伯利兹 危地马拉 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯", "玻利维亚 圭亚那 苏里南", "巴西 海地 特立尼达和多巴哥", "智利 洪都拉斯 乌拉圭", "哥伦比亚 牙买加 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "哥斯达黎加 墨西哥", "古巴 尼加拉瓜", "多米尼克 巴拿马", "2. 经济发达国家", "名单D", "安道尔 冰岛 挪威", "澳大利亚 爱尔兰 葡萄牙", "奥地利 以色列 圣马力诺", "比利时 意大利 西班牙", "加拿大 日本 瑞典", "塞浦路斯 列支敦士登 瑞士", "丹麦 卢森堡 土耳其", "芬兰 马耳他 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "法国 摩纳哥 美利坚合众国", "德国 荷兰", "希腊 新西兰", "名单E", "阿尔巴尼亚 爱沙尼亚 罗马尼亚", "亚美尼亚 格鲁吉亚 俄罗斯联邦", "阿塞拜疆 匈牙利 塞尔维亚", "白俄罗斯 拉脱维亚 斯洛伐克", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 立陶宛 斯洛文尼亚", "保加利亚 黑山 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "克罗地亚 波兰 乌克兰", "捷克共和国 摩尔多瓦共和国", "[1] 执行局成员是从世界粮食计划署《基本文件》所列名单中选出。这些名单载于本说明附件三。" ]

[ "Resumed substantive session for 2011", "New York", "Agenda item 1", "Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters", "Election of six members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Executive Board of the World Food Programme has 36 members, elected from among the States Members of the United Nations and the States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/266 of 7 March 2011 and FAO Conference resolution 7/2011 of 2 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council and the Council of FAO elect 18 members of the Executive Board each, according to the pattern set out in Assembly resolution 65/266.", "2. The Economic and Social Council is to elect, at its resumed substantive session for 2011, six members of the Executive Board for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 to fill the vacancies that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of the following members: Angola, China, Czech Republic, Guatemala, Japan and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "3. The six members are to be elected according to the following pattern:[1]", "(a) One member from the States included in List A;", "(b) One member from the States included in List B;", "(c) One member from the States included in List C;", "(d) Two members from the States included in List D;", "(e) One member from the States included in List E.", "4. The 18 members of the Executive Board elected by the Economic and Social Council are listed in annex I to the present note. Annex II lists the members of the Executive Board elected by the FAO Council for the information of the Economic and Social Council. Annex III lists the States Members of the United Nations and member States of FAO for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme.", "Annex I", "Eighteen members elected by the Economic and Social Council to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "(Three-year term)", "Membership in 2011", "Four seats for States on List A", "Angola[2] (2011), Burkina Faso (2012), Morocco (2013), Sudan (2013)", "Four seats for States on List B", "China* (2011), India (2012), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2012), Republic of Korea (2013)", "Two seats for States on List C", "Cuba (2013), Guatemala* (2011)", "Six seats for States on List D", "Australia (2013), France (2012), Japan* (2011), Norway (2013), Spain (2012), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland* (2011)", "Two seats for States on List E", "Czech Republic* (2011), Russian Federation (2012)", "Annex II", "Eighteen members elected by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "(Three-year term)", "Membership in 2011", "Four seats for States on List A", "Cameroon (2013), Egypt[3] (2011), Kenya (2012), South Africa (2013)", "Three seats for States on List B", "Jordan (2012), Philippines (2012), Saudi Arabia (2013)", "Four seats for States on List C (three regular seats and one rotating seat)", "Brazil* (2011), Colombia* (2011), Haiti (2013), Mexico (2012)", "Six seats for States on List D", "Canada (2013), Denmark* (2011), Germany (2013), Ireland* (2011), Netherlands (2012), United States of America (2012)", "One seat for States on List E", "Slovenia* (2011)", "Annex III", "Lists of States Members of the United Nations and members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme[4]", "1. Developing countries and territories", "List A", "Algeria Eritrea Namibia \n Angola Ethiopia Niger \n Benin Gabon Nigeria \n Botswana Gambia Rwanda \n Burkina Faso Ghana Sao Tome and Principe\n Burundi Guinea Senegal \n Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Seychelles \n Cape Verde Kenya Sierra Leone \nCentral AfricanRepublic\tLesotho\tSomalia\n Chad Liberia South Africa \nComoros\tLibyan ArabJamahiriya\tSudan\n Congo Madagascar Swaziland \n Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Togo \nDemocratic Republicof\tMali\tTunisia\n the Congo Mauritania Uganda \nDjibouti\tMauritius\tUnited Republic ofTanzania\n Egypt Morocco Zambia \n Equatorial Guinea Mozambique Zimbabwe", "List B", "Group I", "Afghanistan Kuwait Syrian Arab Republic \n Bahrain Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan \nIran (IslamicRepublic of)\tLebanon\tTurkmenistan\n Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates \n Jordan Qatar Uzbekistan \n Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Yemen", "Group II", "Bangladesh Malaysia Philippines \n Bhutan Maldives Republic of Korea \n Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Samoa \nCambodia\tMicronesia(Federated\tSingapore\n China States of) Solomon Islands \n Cook Islands Mongolia Sri Lanka \n Democratic People’s Myanmar Thailand \n Republic of Korea Nauru Timor-Leste \n Fiji Nepal Tonga \n India Niue Tuvalu \n Indonesia Pakistan Vanuatu \n Kiribati Palau Viet Nam \nLao People’sDemocratic\tPapua New Guinea\t\n Republic", "List C", "Antigua and Barbuda Dominican Republic Paraguay \n Argentina Ecuador Peru \n Bahamas El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Barbados Grenada Saint Lucia \n Belize Guatemala Saint Vincent and the\n Bolivia Guyana Grenadines \n Brazil Haiti Suriname \n Chile Honduras Trinidad and Tobago \n Colombia Jamaica Uruguay \n Costa Rica Mexico Venezuela (Bolivarian\n Cuba Nicaragua Republic of) \n Dominica Panama", "2. Economically developed countries", "List D", "Andorra Iceland Norway \n Australia Ireland Portugal \n Austria Israel San Marino \n Belgium Italy Spain \n Canada Japan Sweden \n Cyprus Liechtenstein Switzerland \n Denmark Luxembourg Turkey \nFinland\tMalta\tUnited Kingdom ofGreat\n France Monaco Britain and Northern \n Germany Netherlands Ireland \nGreece\tNew Zealand\tUnited States ofAmerica", "List E", "Albania Estonia Romania \n Armenia Georgia Russian Federation \n Azerbaijan Hungary Serbia \n Belarus Latvia Slovakia \nBosnia andHerzegovina\tLithuania\tSlovenia\n Bulgaria Montenegro The former Yugoslav \n Croatia Poland Republic of Macedonia\n Czech Republic Republic of Moldova Ukraine", "[1] The members are elected from lists set out in the Basic Texts of the World Food Programme. The lists are reproduced in annex III to the present note.", "[2] * Retiring member.", "[3] * Retiring member.", "[4] * From appendix A to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme. In the event of a change in the membership of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the appropriate change will be made by the secretariats of the United Nations and FAO, respectively, after the necessary consultations with Member States." ]

[ "Resumed substantive session of 2009", "New York", "Agenda item 1", "Adoption of the agenda", "Election of six members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Executive Board of the World Food Programme has 36 members elected from among the States Members of the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 3966 of 7 March 2011 and Assembly resolution 7/2011 of 2 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council and the FAO Council elected 18 members of the Executive Board in accordance with the modalities set out in General Assembly resolution 3966.", "The Economic and Social Council will elect, at its resumed substantive session of 2011, six members of the Executive Board for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012, to fill the vacancies that will arise after the expiration of the term of office on 31 December 2011: Angola, China, Czech Republic, Guatemala, Japan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "The six members will be elected by:", "(a) One member of the States listed in List A;", "(b) One member from the countries listed in List B;", "(c) One member from the States listed in List C;", "(d) Two members from the States listed in List D;", "(e) One member of the State listed in List E.", "The list of members of the Executive Board elected by the Economic and Social Council is contained in annex I to the present note. Annex II lists the members of the Executive Board elected by the FAO Council for information by the Economic and Social Council. Annex III lists the States Members of the United Nations and FAO member States for election to members of the WFP Executive Board.", "Annex I", "Eighteen members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme elected by the Economic and Social Council", "(To be completed)", "Memberships in 2011", "Four seats in List A", "Angola (2011) (* offset), Burkina Faso (2011), Morocco (2011), Sudan (2011)", "Four seats in List B", "China (2011) (* sinks, India (2011), Iran (Islamic Republic of), Republic of Korea", "Two seats for List C", "Cuba, Guatemala (2011)* (2009)", "Six seats for List D", "Australia compound, France (2011), Japan (2011) (*), sinks, Norway, Spain (2011), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2011)", "Two seats for List E", "Czech Republic (2011) (*), sinks, Russian Federation", "AD(*) Retiring members.", "Annex II", "Eighteen members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme elected by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "(To be completed)", "Memberships in 2011", "Four seats in List A", "Cameroon compound, Egypt (2011)* sinks, Kenya (2011), South Africa", "Three seats in List B", "Jordan (2011), Philippines (2011), Saudi Arabia", "Four seats in List C (three regular seats and one alternate seat)", "Brazil (2011) (* offset, Colombia (2011), sinks, Haiti, Mexico (2011)", "Six seats for List D", "Canada kidnapped, Denmark (2011), Germany compound, Ireland (2011), Netherlands (2011), United States of America (2011)", "List E", "Slovenia (2011) (* offset)", "AD(*) Retiring members.", "Annex III", "∗ Excerpt from Appendix A to the World Food Programme General Regulations. Should there be changes in the membership of the United Nations or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the respective secretariats of the United Nations and FAO will make appropriate changes, if necessary, in consultation with Member States.", "List of States Members of the United Nations and members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme (*)", "Developing countries and territories", "List A", "Algeria", "Angola", "Benin", "Botswana Seychelles", "Burkina Faso", "Burundi", "Cameroon South Africa", "Cape Verde", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Chad", "Comoros Malawi Tunisia", "Congo Mali Uganda", "Côte d'Ivoire Mauritania", "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Djibouti Morocco", "Egypt", "Equatorial Guinea", "Eritrea", "Ethiopia", "List B", "Group I", "Afghanistan Kuwait Syrian Arab Republic", "Bahrain Kyrgyzstan", "Lebanon Turkmenistan", "Iraq Oman", "Jordan Qatar", "Kazakhstan", "Group II", "Bangladesh", "Maldives", "Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands", "Cambodia Federated States of Micronesia", "China", "Cook Islands", "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Fiji", "India Niue Tonga", "Pakistan", "Kiribati Palau Vanuatu", "Viet Nam", "List C", "Antigua and Barbuda", "Argentina", "Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis", "Barbados Grenada", "Belize Guatemala", "Bolivia", "Brazil Haiti", "Chile", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Cuba", "Dominica", "Economic developed countries", "List D", "Andorra", "Australia", "Israel", "Belgium Spain", "Canada Japan", "Cyprus Liechtenstein Switzerland", "Denmark Luxembourg Turkey", "Finland", "France United States of America", "Germany", "Greece New Zealand", "List E", "Albania Estonia", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan Hungary", "Belarus", "Bosnia and Herzegovina Lithuania", "Bulgaria", "Croatia", "Czech Republic", "The members of the Executive Board were elected from the list contained in the World Food Programme Basic Document. These lists are contained in annex III to the present note." ]

[ "秘书长关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表2011年2月16日的来函，内称西蒙·戴先生已被任命为联合王国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report by the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 16 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations stating that Mr. Simon Day has been appointed alternate representative of the United Kingdom on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, this letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the credentials of the alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 16 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations stating that Mr. Šimon David has been appointed alternate representative of the United Kingdom on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, the communication constitutes an appropriate provisional credentials." ]

[ "安全理事会关于苏丹的 第1591(2005)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月30日哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于苏丹的第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨借此机会说明哥伦比亚共和国为执行安全理事会第1591(2005)号和第1556(2004)号决议所规定措施而采取的各项步骤。", "根据第1945(2010)号决议的规定，哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团谨报告如下：", "• 哥伦比亚已向各相关国家机构转发了安全理事会关于苏丹的决议，要求它们采取必要措施执行这些决议。", "• 哥伦比亚设立了一个机构间委员会，目的是审议联合国安全理事会所通过制裁决议的规定，促进国内机构遵守这些决议，确保予以落实。委员会作为常设协商技术机构，交换有关安全理事会所实施各类制裁措施的信息和技术意见。委员会成员包括：", "• 迄今为止，政府没有接到任何资料，显示有向安全理事会第1556(2004)号和第1591(2005)号决议所列非政府实体和个人转让或出售常规武器和相关物资的情况。它也没有收到任何须接受安全理事会第1591(2005)号决议第3段所述措施人员名单中的个人入境或从本国领土过境的信息。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan", "Note verbale dated 30 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan and takes this opportunity to provide information on the steps taken by the Republic of Colombia to implement the measures imposed by resolutions 1591 (2005) and 1556 (2004).", "In accordance with the provisions of resolution 1945 (2010), the Permanent Mission of Colombia wishes to report that:", "• “Colombia has transmitted to the relevant national bodies the Security Council resolutions concerning the Sudan, with the request that they take the necessary measures for the implementation of those resolutions.", "• “Colombia has set up an inter-agency committee for the purpose of examining the requirements set out in the sanctions resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council, promoting domestic compliance with those resolutions and ensuring their follow-up. The committee serves as a standing technical body for consultation, exchange of information and technical advice on matters relating to the various types of sanctions imposed by the Security Council. The members of the committee are:", "– Ministry of the Interior and Justice", "– Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "– Ministry of National Defence", "– Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism", "– Ministry of Mining and Energy", "– Administrative Department of Security (DAS)", "– Office of the Prosecutor-General", "– Directorate of National Taxes and Customs (DIAN)", "– Financial Intelligence and Analysis Unit (UIAF)", "– Colombia’s military industry", "– Department of Arms Trade Control", "– Superintendence of Notaries and Registries", "– Superintendence of Financial Institutions", "– Superintendence of Companies.", "As of this date, the national Government has not received any information on cases involving a request to transfer or sell conventional weapons and related materiel to the non-governmental entities and individuals referred to in Security Council resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005). Nor has it received any information about requests for entry into or transit through the national territory from individuals included in the list of persons subject to the measures imposed in pursuance of paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1591 (2005).”" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan", "Note verbale dated 30 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan and has the honour to take this opportunity to clarify the steps taken by the Republic of Colombia to implement the measures set out in Security Council resolutions 1591 (2005) and 1556 (2004).", "In accordance with resolution 1945 (2010), the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations wishes to report as follows:", "• Colombia has transmitted Security Council resolutions to the relevant national institutions requesting them to take the necessary measures to implement them.", "• Colombia established an inter-agency committee to consider the provisions of the sanctions resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council and to promote compliance by domestic institutions and ensure their implementation. As a permanent consultative technical body, the Committee exchanged information and technical advice on the various sanctions imposed by the Security Council. Members of the Committee included:", "• To date, the Government has not received any information indicating the transfer or sale of conventional arms and related materiel to non-governmental entities and individuals listed in Security Council resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005). It also did not receive any information concerning the entry into or transit of the territory of a person subject to the list of measures referred to in paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1591 (2005)." ]

[ "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "适逢你担任安全理事会7月份主席，谨代表77国集团加中国给你写信，提出本集团对定于2011年7月20日星期三举行的题为“维护和平与安全：气候变化的影响”的公开辩论的关切。为此，我就此转达本集团将在上述公开辩论中表述的立场(见附件)。", "请将本信及其附件作为安理会的文件分发为荷。", "77国集团主席", "常驻代表", "大使", "豪尔赫·阿圭略(签名)", "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "谨此感谢秘书长和施泰纳先生的发言。我还特别欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统阁下马库斯·斯蒂芬先生今天的光临。", "我荣幸地代表77国集团加中国在今天的公开辩论中发言，本次辩论是依据7月1日德国常驻代表给安理会的信(S/2011/408)召开的，该信涉及气候变化对维护国际和平与安全的影响的议题。77国集团加中国希望重申其对这一议题的立场。", "按照《联合国宪章》的规定，安理会的首要责任是维护国际和平与安全。《宪章》把其他问题，包括有关经济和社会发展的问题，交给经济及社会理事会和大会。安全理事会日益僭越联合国其他主要实体的作用和责任，是对《宪章》原则和宗旨的歪曲，侵犯了它们的权力，并且削弱了联合国全体会员的权利。", "77国集团加中国强调，大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会按照《宪章》规定在各自受权范围内工作非常重要。", "大会第63/281号决议认识到联合国各主要机关各自承担的责任，包括赋予安全理事会的维护国际和平与安全的主要负责和赋予大会和经济及社会理事会的处理可持续发展问题、其中包括气候变化问题的责任，并请联合国有关机关酌情根据各自的任务规定加紧努力，审议和处理气候变化问题，包括它可能对安全产生的影响。可持续发展领域的相关机构是大会、经济及社会理事会和各附属机构，其中包括可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署。", "77国集团加中国认为，所有会员国必须按照里约原则，特别是共同但有区别的责任原则，促进可持续发展；全面贯彻落实《21世纪议程》和联合国经济、环境和社会领域其他相关会议成果，包括《千年宣言》。", "我们还强调国际社会在向发展中国家提供足够、可预测、新的和额外的财政资源、转让技术和能力建设方面的重要作用。", "我们认为，《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)是谈判达成气候变化全球对策的首要政府间国际论坛。我们谨此指出，对这一挑战的适当对策不仅应该解决问题的后果，而且应当解决问题的根源。我强调，完全有理由要求发达国家减排和采取减缓行动，以避免气候变化产生的不良影响。", "在这方面，我们非常担心，在目前的气候变化问题谈判中，发达国家方面尚无任何明确迹象显示它们将根据《京都议定书》通过第二个承诺期。而且，参加气候公约谈判的发达国家已经做出的现有减缓保证不足以适当减少全球温室气体的排放量，以使全球平均气温上升能被控制在符合科学要求的程度内。在这方面，发达国家必须加大力度。", "我们重申，需要协调国际努力并动员合作伙伴，通过如南太平洋海平面上升和气候监测项目和加勒比共同体气候变化中心等区域举措，协助各种观测网络。在这方面，我们呼吁联合国各有关机构和组织，包括人道主义事务协调厅，加强区域广播系统，在灾难期间帮助岛屿社区，并提高这些地区监测工作的实效。在这方面采取的任何措施都必须确保采用综合办法应对环境紧急状况。", "应对气候变化和灾害的影响，必须包括加强关于减少灾害风险的《兵库行动框架》，以及增加对发展中国家和受灾国家的援助，包括支持努力加强这些国家和地区执行备灾、快速反应、恢复和发展计划及战略的能力。", "本集团希望强调这样一个事实，即发展中国家继续受到气候变化和极端气候事件日渐频繁和剧烈的不利影响。发展中国家最容易受气候变化的影响，需要加强对其努力的支持。在这方面，我们呼吁充分和有效地执行根据《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》、《毛里求斯宣言》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》做出的各项承诺。", "我们重申，海平面上升继续严重威胁小岛屿发展中国家及其实现可持续发展的努力，对其中有些国家的生存和活力构成最严重的威胁。", "77国集团加中国将继续追求实现可持续发展和消除贫困，这是我们压倒一切的首要任务，并将继续争取发达国家履行在所有相关机构中作出的承诺。", "我们再次强烈表示，期望安理会举行本次辩论会的举措不会造成先例，破坏已在处理这些问题的各个复杂方面的相关机构、程序和文书的权威或任务规定。" ]

[ "Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On behalf of the Group of 77 and China, I have the pleasure to write to you, in your capacity as President of the Security Council for the month of July, to present the concern of the Group regarding the open debate entitled “Maintenance of international peace and security: impact of climate change”, scheduled for Wednesday, 20 July 2011. In this regard, I hereby transmit the position of the Group as will be delivered during the aforementioned open debate (see annex).", "I would like to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Council.", "(Signed) Jorge Argüello Ambassador Permanent Representative Chair of the Group of 77", "Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General and Mr. Steiner for their statements. I also particularly welcome the presence here today of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Nauru, Mr. Marcus Stephen.", "I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China in the context of today’s open debate, held in accordance with the letter dated l July from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the Council (S/2011/408), on the subject of the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security. The Group of 77 and China wishes to reaffirm its position on this subject.", "The Council’s primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security, as set out in the Charter of the United Nations. Other issues, including those related to economic and social development, are assigned by the Charter to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly. The ever-increasing encroachment by the Security Council on the roles and responsibilities of other principal entities of the United Nations represents a distortion of the principles and purposes of the Charter, infringes on their authority and compromises the rights of the general membership of the United Nations.", "The Group of 77 and China underlines how important it is that the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council work within their respective mandates, as set out in the Charter.", "General Assembly resolution 63/281 recognized the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security conferred upon the Security Council and the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred upon the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and invited the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, to intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications. The relevant bodies in the field of sustainable development are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the relevant subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.", "The Group of 77 and China is of the view that it is vital for all Member States to promote sustainable development in accordance with the Rio Principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and fully implement Agenda 21 and the outcomes of other relevant United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.", "We further emphasize the critical role of the international community in the provision of adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources, the transfer of technology and capacity-building to developing countries.", "We maintain that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. In that context, we would recall that an appropriate response to this challenge should address not only the consequences but also the roots of the problem. Let me emphasize that there is a strong case for emission reductions and mitigation actions on the part of developed countries so as to avert the adverse impacts of climate change.", "In this context, we are extremely concerned that under current climate change negotiations, there has not yet been any clear indication on the part of the developed countries that they will adopt a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, current mitigation pledges from developed countries participating in the UNFCCC negotiations are not sufficient to reduce global greenhouse-gas emissions enough to hold the increase in global average temperature at a level that would accord with what is required by science. Developed countries must be more ambitious in this respect.", "We reiterate the need to coordinate international efforts and mobilize partners to assist the observation networks through regional initiatives such as the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. In this regard, we call on the relevant agencies and organs of the United Nations, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, to reinforce regional broadcasting systems to help island communities during a disaster and increase the effectiveness of observation in those regions. Any measures taken in this context must ensure that an integrated approach is adopted in responding to environmental emergencies.", "The response to the impacts of climate change and disasters must include the strengthening of the Hyogo Framework for Action for disaster risk reduction, as well as an increase in assistance to developing countries and affected States, including by supporting efforts to enhance their national and regional capacities for the implementation of plans and strategies for preparedness, rapid response, recovery and development.", "The Group would like to underline the fact that developing countries continue to suffer from the adverse impacts of climate change and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, and support for their efforts needs to be stepped up. In this regard, we call for the full and effective implementation of the commitments under the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.", "We reiterate that sea-level rise continues to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and to their efforts to achieve sustainable development and that, for some, it represents the gravest of threats to their survival and viability.", "The Group of 77 and China will continue to pursue the achievement of sustainable development and the eradication of poverty, which are our first and overriding priorities, as well as the fulfilment of the commitments made by developed countries in all relevant bodies.", "We strongly reiterate our expectation that the initiative of the Council to hold this debate will not create a precedent that undermines the authority or mandate of the relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already address these issues in all their complexity." ]

[ "Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "At a time when you are President of the Security Council for the month of July, I have the honour to write to you, on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, to raise the concerns of this group regarding the open debate entitled “Preservation of peace and security: the impact of climate change”, to be held on Wednesday, 20 July 2011. To that end, I would like to convey the position that this group will make in the above-mentioned open debate (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Council.", "Chairman of the Group of 77", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Jorge Aweello Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General and Mr. Stania for his statement. I also welcome, in particular, the presence of Mr. Makus Stephen, President of the Republic of Nauru today.", "I have the honour to make a statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China in today's open debate on the topic of the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security, pursuant to a letter dated 1 July from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the Council (Speak 408). The Group of 77 and China wished to reiterate its position on this topic.", "In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the primary responsibility of the Council is to maintain international peace and security. The Charter referred other questions, including questions relating to economic and social development, to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly. The Security Council is increasingly erodeing the roles and responsibilities of other major United Nations entities by distorting the principles and purposes of the Charter, violating their powers and undermining the rights of all Members of the United Nations.", "The Group of 77 and China stressed the importance of the work of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council in accordance with the provisions of the Charter within their respective mandates.", "In its resolution 63/281, the General Assembly recognized the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and the responsibility to address sustainable development, including climate change, to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and requested the relevant organs of the United Nations to intensify their efforts, as appropriate, to consider and address climate change, including its possible security implications, in accordance with their respective mandates. Relevant bodies in the area of sustainable development are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.", "The Group of 77 and China expressed the view that all Member States must promote sustainable development in accordance with the Rio principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; fully implement Agenda 21 and the outcomes of other relevant United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.", "We also stress the important role of the international community in providing adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building to developing countries.", "We believe that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary intergovernmental forum to negotiate a global response to climate change. We would like to point out that the appropriate response to this challenge should not only address the consequences of the problem but also address the root causes. I stress that there is no reason to demand that developed countries reduce emissions and take mitigation actions to avoid the adverse impacts of climate change.", "In that regard, we are very concerned that, in the current climate change negotiations, there is no clear indication from developed countries that they will adopt the second commitment period in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, the existing mitigation pledges made by developed countries participating in UNFCCC negotiations are not sufficient to adequately reduce global greenhouse gas emissions so that global average temperature rise can be controlled within the level of scientific requirements. In that regard, developed countries must intensify their efforts.", "We reiterate the need to coordinate international efforts and mobilize partners to assist the various observation networks through regional initiatives such as the South Pacific Ocean Sea rise and climate monitoring projects and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. In that regard, we call upon the relevant United Nations agencies and organizations, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, to strengthen the regional broadcasting system, to help the island communities during the disaster and to increase the effectiveness of monitoring efforts in those areas. Any measures taken in this regard must ensure an integrated approach to responding to environmental emergencies.", "Addressing climate change and the impact of disasters must include strengthening the Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Reduction and increasing assistance to developing countries and affected countries, including by supporting efforts to strengthen the capacity of those countries and regions to implement disaster preparedness, rapid response, recovery and development plans and strategies.", "The Group wishes to highlight the fact that developing countries continue to be adversely affected by climate change and extreme climate events. Developing countries are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and need to strengthen support for their efforts. In that regard, we call for the full and effective implementation of the commitments made under the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.", "We reiterate that sea-level rise continues to seriously threaten small island developing States and their efforts to achieve sustainable development, which pose the most serious threat to the survival and dynamism of some of them.", "The Group of 77 and China will continue to pursue sustainable development and poverty eradication, which is an overriding task and will continue to seek the commitment of developed countries in all relevant institutions.", "We reiterate our strong expectation that the initiative of the Council to hold this debate will not lead to precedents and undermine the authority or mandate of the relevant bodies, procedures and instruments that have been dealing with the complex aspects of those issues." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目73", "起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间 在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际 人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国 境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的 卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的报告", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员和安全理事会成员转递卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告。该报告是卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭庭长依照法庭规约第32条(见安全理事会第955(1994)号决议附件)提交的。该条规定：", "卢旺达问题国际法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交卢旺达问题国际法庭年度报告。", "送文函", "谨依照本国际法庭规约第32条，向大会和安全理事会提交起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭2011年7月28日的第十六次年度报告。", "庭长", "哈立达·拉希德·汗(签名)", "2011年7月28日", "纽约", "联合国", "大会主席", "纽约", "联合国", "安全理事会主席", "起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的第十六次年度报告", "摘要", "本年度报告概述卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "在过去一年里，法庭继续努力，以求尽早完成处于审判和上诉阶段的剩余案件。在本报告所述期间，虽然遇到各种重大困难，特别是在留住和征聘工作人员方面遇到重大困难，法庭仍然取得了重大进展，作出了6项审判判决。尚需作出涉及10名被告的6项审判判决。预计将于2012年第一季度完成初审工作。", "上诉分庭对4个单一被告人案件作出了判决，使得到上诉判决的总人数达到35人。预计将于2014年第一季度完成上诉工作。", "在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室与区域内各会员国密切合作，成功逮捕了1名逃犯，使在逃犯人数下降到9人。检察官办公室还重点支持各国家当局起诉与1994年卢旺达种族灭绝事件有关的罪行。检察官办公室还持续支持卢旺达当局，以协助建立将案件从法庭移交卢旺达当局的条件。", "书记官长处继续向法庭提供高级别行政和司法支助。它确保会员国向法庭提供合作和协助，并进一步加强了在卢旺达开展的各种外联和能力建设活动。司法和法律事务司各股和各科继续为审判程序提供支助。行政支助事务司继续努力，以确保有效管理法庭的缩编进程。", "法庭所有机关都在尽最大努力，以尽早完成法庭工作，并为顺利过渡到余留事项处理机制作准备。这些努力离不开会员国的必要合作和支持：9名在逃犯仍未逮捕，3个被宣告无罪的人需要能够迁居的国家，法庭需要足够的资源，以便能够在预期时间内完成任务。法庭期待会员国持续提供支持，以实现其目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.法庭的活动 5\nA.庭长的活动 5\nB.协调机制的活动 6\nC.各分庭的活动 7\nD.检察官办公室的活动 12\nE.书记官长的活动 13\n3.结论和建议 19", "一. 导言", "1. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭(法庭)的第十六次年度报告概述法庭在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "2. 法庭通过庭长办公室、各分庭、检察官办公室和书记官长处，继续努力实现安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议核准的《完成工作战略》的目标，全力以赴开展审判和上诉活动，起草判决书。", "二. 法庭的活动", "3. 法庭由2个审判分庭、1个上诉分庭、检察官办公室和书记官长处组成。2011年5月27日，哈立达·拉希德·汗法官(巴基斯坦)当选为法庭庭长，丹尼斯·拜伦法官(圣基茨和尼维斯)当选为副庭长。", "A. 庭长的活动", "1. 司法活动", "4. 在本报告所述期间，庭长作出了关于将5名被定罪者移送到会员国服刑的裁决。预计不久之后就会完成移送工作。庭长还就包括国家合作和拘留条件在内的各种其他事项发布了命令。", "2. 完成工作战略", "5. 庭长与检察官和书记官长密切合作，继续执行法庭《完成工作战略》。庭长于2010年12月6日和2011年6月6日向安全理事会提交了半年期《完成工作战略》报告。在本报告所述期间，法庭发布了6项审判判决和4项上诉判决，共涉及18名被告。尚需对6个案件作出审判判决。除2项审判外，其他所有审判都已完成举证工作；除2个案件外，预计将在今年内发布对所有其他案件的判决。至于这2个案件，预计将于2012年第一季度公布判决。", "6. 留不住工作人员仍然是在及时实现《完成工作战略》目标方面存在的主要障碍之一。2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，共有152名工作人员因在联合国内部或其他组织找到了较稳定的工作而离开法庭：其中18人离开了各分庭，14人离开了检察官办公室，其余离开的人不是行政部门的就是书记官长处各科室的。补充离任工作人员是一个漫长的过程，即使在最好的情况下也会导致延误，也无法弥补机构记忆的持续丧失。此外，许多工作人员持的是临时合同，需要作超过729天限制之后的例外延长。安全理事会在第1955(2010)号决议中再次呼吁秘书处和联合国其他有关机构继续与法庭书记官长合作，以便找到能解决工作人员配置问题的切实可行方案。", "7. 安全理事会在关于设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(“余留机制”)的第1966(2010)号决议中，请秘书长为余留机制开展工作做出实际可行的安排。自2011年2月以来，前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一直通力协作执行该授权任务。最初的优先事项是拟订2012-2013两年期拟议预算和《程序和证据规则》(草案)。这两项文件都已于2011年7月顺利提交法律事务厅。接下来的工作重点是协调两个法庭的政策、程序和运作，以确保余留机制能从2012年7月1日开始工作。", "3. 外交关系和其他交往", "8. 庭长在东道国、联合国所在地和其他国家与联合国总部和外交使团保持经常接触。联合国秘书处尤其是法律事务厅提供了重要法律咨询和外交支持，以确保法庭、安全理事会和大会顺利进行合作。", "9. 法庭庭长和检察官每次向安全理事会通报情况时都参加了安全理事会关于各国际法庭问题的非正式工作组会议，因此有机会与安全理事会成员的法律顾问进行全面和公开讨论。", "B. 协调机制的活动", "1. 协调委员会", "10. 协调委员会由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成，定期举行会议，讨论涉及整个法庭的问题，如《完成工作战略》、余留机制、人员配置和预算事项。", "2. 主席团", "11. 主席团由庭长、副庭长和两个审判分庭的主审法官组成。庭长在定期会议中，并通过关于法庭运作问题的书信来往与主席团协商。", "3. 全体会议", "12. 在本报告所述期间，法庭法官于2011年4月1日举行了一次全体会议，讨论各种问题。这次全体会议通过了对法庭《程序和证据规则》规则11(之二)的一项修正案，允许分庭自行监测和撤销转发给国家管辖的案件。", "4. 规则委员会", "13. 规则委员会提交或讨论关于修订《程序和证据规则》的提案。该委员会由约恩森法官(主席)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和朴宣基法官组成，并得到各分庭法律干事的协助。在涉及一般审案事项时，该委员会举行扩大会议，并得到检察官办公室和辩护律师代表的支助。委员会定期开会，讨论对规则11(之二)的修正案，并与前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭密切合作，就《余留机制程序和证据规则》(草案)向法律事务厅提出评论意见。", "C. 各分庭的活动", "1. 各分庭的组成", "14. 分庭包括2个审判分庭和1个上诉分庭，目前由12名常任法官和10名审案法官组成。", "15. 5名常任法官和所有审案法官担任2个审判分庭的法官。1位常任法官，阿索卡·德席尔瓦法官(斯里兰卡)，和2位审案法官，约瑟夫·马桑切法官(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和塔格里德·希克迈特法官(约旦)，在完成其最后案件后离开法庭。1位审案法官，罗伯特·弗雷姆尔法官(捷克共和国)，于2010年9月返回法庭。", "16. 7位常任法官担任上诉分庭法官。其中两人是卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)，其他5位法官来自前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭。", "17. 目前，审判分庭由哈立达·拉希德·汗法官(巴基斯坦)、丹尼斯·拜伦法官(圣基茨和尼维斯)、威廉·塞库莱法官(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)、阿莱特·拉马鲁松法官(马达加斯加)和巴赫季亚尔·图兹穆哈梅多夫法官(俄罗斯联邦)担任常任法官；索洛米·巴隆吉·博萨法官(乌干达)、李·加库伊加·穆索加法官(肯尼亚)、弗洛朗斯·丽塔·阿雷法官(喀麦隆)、埃米尔·弗朗西斯•肖特法官(加纳)、朴宣基法官(大韩民国)、格贝道·古斯塔夫·卡姆法官(布基纳法索)、瓦格恩·约恩森法官(丹麦)、姆帕拉尼·拉约翰松法官(马达加斯加)、艾登·塞法·阿卡伊法官(土耳其)和罗伯特·弗雷姆尔法官(捷克共和国)担任审案法官。", "18. 上诉分庭由下列法官组成：主审法官帕特里克·鲁滨逊(牙买加)、穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)、福斯托·波卡尔法官(意大利)、刘大群法官(中国)、安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)、西奥多·梅龙法官(美利坚合众国)和卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(马耳他)。", "19. 法庭注意到大会第65/258号决议审查了为特设法庭服务的审案法官的服务条件和报酬问题，并同意对连续全职服务3 年以上的审案法官一次性发放一笔惠给金；为此感谢大会在这方面作出了努力。", "2. 各审判分庭和上诉分庭的主要活动", "(a) 第一审判分庭", "20. 该审判分庭的工作业已完成。", "(b) 第二审判分庭", "21. 在本报告所述期间，第二审判分庭对4个案件作出判决，并继续起草涉及5名被告的2个案件的判决书。一个单一被告人案件正在审理中。", "对Nyiramasuhuko等人(“布塔雷”)案的判决", "22. 2011年6月24日，由塞库莱法官(主审)、拉马鲁松法官和博萨法官组成的分庭对“布塔雷”案作出判决。该次审判涉及6名被告：Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (前家庭和妇女发展部部长)、Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (被指控为1994年4月在布塔雷的联攻派民兵领导人)、Sylvain Nsabimana (1994年4月19日至6月17日的布塔雷省长)、Alphonse Nteziryayo (1994年6月17日至7月的布塔雷省长)、Joseph Kanyabashi (布塔雷省恩戈马市前市长)和Elie Ndayambaje (布塔雷省穆甘萨市前市长)。分庭判定6名被告犯下包括灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪在内的各种罪行，判决Nyiramasuhuko、Ntahobali和Ndayambaje无期徒刑、Nsabimana有期徒刑25年、Kanyabashi有期徒刑35年，Nteziryayo有期徒刑30年。在审判过程中，法庭在714个审案日期间听取了189名证人的证词。", "对Ndindiliyimana等人(“军事第二号”)案的判决", "23. 2011年5月17日，由德席尔瓦法官(主审)、希克迈特法官和朴宣基法官组成的一个分庭对“军事第二号”案作出判决。该案件涉及4名被告：François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye(卢旺达陆军侦察营前指挥官)、Augustin Bizimungu (卢旺达陆军前参谋长)、Augustin Ndindiliyimana(前国家宪兵参谋长)和Innocent Sagahutu(卢旺达陆军侦察营A中队指挥官)。Ndindiliyimana被判的刑期与他被拘押的时间相当，因此被命令立即予以释放。Bizimungu被判有期徒刑30年，Nzuwonemeye和Sagahutu均被判有期徒刑20年。分庭在393个审案日期间听取了217名证人的证词。分庭于2009年6月24日、25日和26日听取了各方的结辩。", "对Hategekimana案的判决", "24. 2010年12月6日，由拉马鲁松法官(主审)、希克迈特法官和马桑切法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉恩戈马军营前指挥官Ildephonse Hategekimana”案作出判决。Hategekimana被判定犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪，判处无期徒刑。判定被告未犯共谋灭绝种族罪。在43个审案日期间，分庭听取了40个证人的证词。在2010年4月26日听取了结辩。", "对Kanyarukiga案的判决", "25. 2010年11月1日，由希克迈法官(主审)、朴宣基法官和马桑切法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉商人Gaspard Kanyarukiga”案作出判决。Kanyarukiga被判定犯下灭绝种族罪和因杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处有期徒刑30年。判定被告未犯共谋灭绝种族罪。在28个审案日期间，分庭听取了34个证人的证词。在2010年5月24日听取了结辩。", "正在起草判决书的一起多被告案：Bizimungu等人(“政府第二号”)案", "26. 汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和肖特法官审理的“政府第二号”案涉及1994年4月9日成立的卢旺达临时政府4名前部长：Casimir Bizimungu、Justin Mugenzi、Prosper Mugiraneza和Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka。在404个审案日期间，共有171名证人作证，8 000多页文件被列为物证。在本报告所述期间，分庭进行审议，起草判决书，并发布了6项裁决和命令。预计将在2011年下半年作出判决。", "正在审理的Ngirabatware案", "27. 由塞库莱法官(主审)、博萨法官和拉约翰松法官组成的一个分庭听取了Augustin Ngirabatware(前规划部长)案。预计辩方陈述将于2011年底前结束。预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。在本报告所述期间，分庭听取了23个证人的证词，并作出了43项裁决。", "(c) 第三审判分庭", "28. 在本报告所述期间，第三审判分庭作出了2项判决，完成了1个涉及多名被告的审判案件的审判程序，开始审理另外2个案件，为2个案件的审判工作做好准备，并开始保全证据听证材料。", "对Ntawukulilyayo案的判决", "29. 2010年8月3日，汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和阿卡伊法官对Gisagara县前县长Dominique Ntawukulilyayo案作出判决。分庭判定被告犯下灭绝种族罪，判处有期徒刑25年，并判定他未犯下直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。审判分庭在33个审案日期间听取了35个证人的证词。在2010年6月14日听取了结辩。在审判期间，分庭作出了38项裁决。", "对Gatete案的判决", "30. 2011年3月29日，由汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和阿卡伊法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉Jean-Baptiste Gatete”案作出判决。Jean-Baptiste Gatete在1994年曾在卢旺达妇女和家庭事务部担任司长并曾担任穆拉姆比市市长。分庭判定Gatete犯下灭绝种族罪和因杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处无期徒刑。在2010年11月8日听取了结辩。在审判过程中，在30个审案日期间听取了49个证人的证词。", "1个正在等待结辩的案件：Karemera等人案", "31. 在Karemera等人案中，由拜伦法官(主审)、卡姆法官和约恩森法官组成的分庭继续听取涉及前内政部长Édouard Karemera和前全国民主与发展共和运动主席Matthieu Ngirumpatse的证词。分庭从2010年8月23日至2011年2月18日听取了有关Matthieu Ngirumpatse案的陈述。在本报告所述期间，分庭举行了57天的审讯，听取了39个证人的证词，并发出了95项裁决。定于2011年8月22日听取结辩。预计将于2011年12月作出判决。", "正在进行中的3项审判：Nzabonimana、Ndahimana和Nizeyimana", "32. 由博萨法官(主审)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和拉约翰松法官组成的分庭继续听取针对前青年事务部长Callixte Nzabonimana案的证词。在本报告所述期间，审判分庭听取了19个证人的证词，发布了41项书面裁决。预计将于2011年12月作出判决。", "33. 由阿雷法官(主审)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和阿卡伊法官组成的另一个分庭于2010年9月6日开始听取针对前市长Grégoire Ndahimana案的证词。在本报告所述期间，审判分庭听取了45个证人的证词，并发布14项书面裁决。预计将于2011年11月作出判决。", "34. 由穆索加法官(主审)、朴法官和弗雷姆尔法官组成的分庭开始听取针对Ildéphonse Nizeyimana案的证词。Nizeyimana在1994年期间曾担任负责士官学校情报和军事行动的副指挥官。检方的案情陈述于2011年1月17日开始，2月25日结束。辩方的案情陈述于2011年5月9日开始，2011年6月13日结束。检方将于2011年9月7日至8日前后进行反驳。在本报告所述期间，分庭听取了76个证人的证词，并作出74项裁决。预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。", "预审事项", "35. 在本报告所述期间，由拜伦法官(主审)、卡姆法官和约恩森法官组成的预审分庭就Jean Uwinkindi案展开工作，并作出了5项裁决。", "36. Bernard Munyagishari于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内被逮捕，并于2011年6月14日移交给阿鲁沙方面。Munyagishari于2011年6月20日在拜伦法官面前初次出庭，并对针对他的5项指控作了无罪申辩。", "移案申请和保全证据听证材料", "37. 由阿雷法官(主审)、肖特法官和弗雷姆尔法官组成的一个分庭于2011年6月29日作出一项裁决，将针对Jean Uwinkindi的案件移交给卢旺达的法院。由约恩森法官(主审)、卡姆法官和拉约翰松法官组成的另一个分庭将听取有关逃犯Charles Sikubwabo和Fulgence Kayishema的移案申请日期延后，直至被告被逮捕或直至对Uwinkindi案作出最终裁决。", "38. 在“检察官诉Felicien Kabuga”案中开始根据规则71(之二)开展保全证据听证材料工作，约恩森法官听取了证词。计划在2011年底前开始听取有关另2个高级别逃犯的证词。", "(d) 上诉分庭", "39. 在本报告所述期间，上诉分庭审理了对涉及17个人的12项判决提出的上诉、10项中间上诉，以及10项复核或复议申请。上诉分庭作出了四项判决、9项中间上诉裁决、7项关于复核或复议的裁决，以及131项上诉前命令和裁决。", "对下列上诉案作出的判决：Rukundo、Kalimanzira、Renzaho和Muvunyi", "40. 第二审判分庭于2009年2月27日判定随军牧师Emmanuel Rukundo犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处有期徒刑25年。上诉分庭于2010年6月15日听取了各方的上诉陈述。在其2010年10月20日的判决中，上诉分庭确认Rukundo犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，但正如审判分庭所发现的，确认他犯下这些罪的原因在于他要承担协助和煽动犯这些罪的责任，而并非直接犯下了这些罪行。此外，上诉分庭撤销了对Rukundo在灭绝种族罪中有关造成严重精神伤害的有罪判定。上诉分庭将Rukundo的刑期减至有期徒刑23年。", "41. 第三审判分庭于2009年6月22日判定内政部前高级官员Callixte Kalimanzira犯下灭绝种族罪及直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。上诉分庭于2010年6月14日听取了各方的上诉陈述，并于2010年10月20日确认Kalimanzira犯下协助和煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。但是，上诉分庭撤销了对Kalimanzira的其他有罪判定，并据此将他的刑期从有期徒刑30年减至25年。", "42. 第一审判分庭于2009年7月14日判定基加利省前省长犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪和严重违反《日内瓦四公约》及其《第二附加议定书》共同第3条的规定。审判分庭判处Renzaho在监狱内度过余生。上诉分庭于2010年6月16日听取了Renzaho的上诉陈述。上诉分庭于2011年4月1日撤销了对Renzaho的一些有罪判定，同时确认他犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪和严重违反《日内瓦四公约》及其《第二附加议定书》共同第3条的规定。上诉分庭还确认了对Renzaho的刑期。", "43. 在进行重审之后，审判分庭于2010年2月11日判定卢旺达陆军前中校Tharcisse Muvunyi犯下直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行，判处他有期徒刑15年。上诉分庭于2010年10月21日听取了各方的上诉陈述，并在其2011年4月1日的判决中确认有罪判定和刑期。", "对判决提出的其他上诉", "44. Théoneste Bagosora、Aloys Ntabakuze和Anatole Nsengiumva对他们的审判判决提出了上诉。上诉分庭从2011年3月30日至4月1日听取了Bagosora和Nsengiumva的上诉陈述。由于Ntabakuze的顾问不能出席排定的对他上诉陈述的听证会，上诉分庭决定分离审理他的案子，并决定延后听取他的上诉陈述。现正在审议Bagosora和Nsengiumva的案子。上诉分庭还于2011年3月听取了Setako和Munyakazi的上诉陈述，现正在审议各方的上诉陈述。上诉分庭还在处理Ntawukulilyayo、Kanyarukiga、Hategekimana和Gatetge案件的上诉申请，并正准备进行听询；以及Ndindiliyimana等人案的上诉申请，但尚未开始上诉的简报工作。", "D. 检察官办公室的活动", "45. 检察官办公室继续将工作重点放在以下几个方面：完成正在进行的审判、开始一个新的审判并准备另一个对最近被捕的2个逃犯的审判、根据规则11(之二)将逃犯案件移交给国家管辖，以及就3个最高级别逃犯(Félicien Kabuga、Protais Mpiranya和Augustin Bizimana)实施规则71(之二)的证据保全程序。此外，办公室继续加紧作出追捕努力以逮捕尚未落网的逃犯，展开最终和中间上诉工作，管理将向余留机制移交的档案和记录，以及就国家检察机关正在调查或起诉的案件向它们提供协助。", "46. 在卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭追捕小组警员的合作下，经过大力追捕，最终于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内逮捕了逃犯Bernard Munyagishari。仍在继续作出努力，以逮捕尚未落网的9个逃犯，特别是指定在法庭进行审判的其中3个最高级别的逃犯。检察官相信，刚果民主共和国的继续合作将有利于逮捕这些逃犯，因为据信其中大多数逃犯就在该国境内。", "47. 检察官在作出努力以加强该区域会员国和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭之间国际合作的同时，不时与大湖区问题国际会议执行秘书进行磋商。虽然自2010年11月以来重新启动了卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭-肯尼亚联合工作队的工作，但是有关Félicien Kabuga一案的进展仍然缓慢。检察官继续敦促肯尼亚政府加快追捕该最高级别逃犯的工作。只要大湖区会员国和法庭合作作出协调努力，就一定能将尚未落网的逃犯绳之以法。", "48. 在执行卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭移交战略的工作框架内，检察官自2011年4月以来访问了一些欧洲国家，与高级官员进行讨论，以鼓励这些国家的政府考虑接受对法庭移交过来的案件进行审判。若能得到积极回应则将极大地有助于法庭实现尽快完成其授权任务的目标。同时，对2010年11月提出3项申请作了很多努力，以寻求向卢旺达移交涉及已被捕的Uwinkindi及逃犯Sikubwabo和Kayishema的案件。检察官还继续协助卢旺达作出努力，以对被法庭调查但未被起诉的其他25个嫌疑人进行审判，有关他们的档案已于2010年移交给卢旺达。", "49. 根据安全理事会关于在2012年7月1日设立余留机制阿鲁沙分支机构的第1966(2010)号决议的规定，检察官办公室把重点放在为平稳过渡到一个有效率和有效力的机制做好准备。除了在两个法庭内部及之间进行全系统范围的协调外，前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的两个检察官办公室还设立一个检察官办公室间协调小组，并根据该决议就建立一个精干和有效的机制所设的各项目标，商定了共同检察官办公室的结构和人员配置。", "50. 在本报告所述期间，最高层出现了进行国际合作以消除有罪不罚现象和促进问责制的积极信号。一些会员国继续加强努力，在各自的国家管辖范围内，将出现在国际刑警组织通缉名单上的卢旺达嫌疑犯绳之以法。为对这些嫌疑犯进行有效起诉，检察官办公室继续向各国检察机关提供法律互助和信息。因此，在本报告所述期间，向检察官提出的从该办公室存有广泛资料的数据库提供信息的要求数目出现大幅度增加。", "E. 书记官长的活动", "1. 书记官长处", "51. 书记官长处继续发挥作为法庭各机关之间交流渠道及法庭外交臂膀的作用。因此，书记官长处同会员国、国际组织和非政府组织保持高级别外交联系。在本报告所述期间，书记官长处发出了与法庭运作有关的540多份普通照会和信函，特别是为了确保就正在进行的审判事宜得到会员国的合作。书记官长处所处理的各国司法机关提出要求提供法律协助的询问和要求越来越多。", "52. 卢旺达继续与法庭合作，协助将证人从基加利送往阿鲁沙，并为审判程序提供有关文件。", "53. 2010年11月22日与塞内加尔共和国签署了一项关于强制执行刑期的协定。2010年7月18日，法庭向一个会员国移交了一名被定罪人，以服完其剩余的刑期。书记官长处正采取必要措施，执行庭长有关命令在2011年5月将被定罪人移交给另一个会员国的4项裁决。预计很快就有2项新的裁决。如何重新安置已服完刑期的被定罪人仍然是一个令人关切的问题，需要会员国加强合作，以找到一项可持续的解决办法。", "54. 同样，如何重新安置被卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭无罪开释的人继续是法庭一项严重关注的事项。到目前为止，还有3个被无罪开释的人仍在法庭的保护下滞留在阿鲁沙，他们缺乏适当的移民身份，等待被重新安置到一个安全的国家。对他们进行重新安置一事成为难题，是因为缺乏一个正式的机制来确保使会员国支持接受这些人进入它们的国境；出现这一现象令人遗憾。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为重新安置被国际法庭无罪开释的人员是法治的一种基本表现，并对因无法履行这一义务造成的后果深感关切。联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在2011年4月在阿鲁沙举行的难民署-卢旺达问题国际法庭专家会议上表达了同样的看法。专家联席会议达成的其中一个结论认为，被无罪开释人员的困境的根由在安全理事会，法庭除呼吁安理会协助找出对这个问题的可持续解决办法之外别无他法。", "55. 对外关系和战略规划科成功地提高了对信托基金的自愿捐款，使法庭得以继续其能力建设和外联活动。这些活动是法庭任务和遗产的重要组成部分，是消除法庭和卢旺达基层人民之间信息差距的重要工具。", "56. 法庭接待了总共3 073名访客，其中包括联合国和政府高级官员、学者、民间社会团体成员、非政府组织成员和普通民众。在当前的缩编阶段，法庭吸引的访客比以往更多。", "57. 在基加利(乌姆桑祖)的信息和文献中心及在卢旺达各地的另外10个省级信息中心继续在传播信息、改善交流和提供法庭的判例和其他法律材料方面发挥关键作用。每天都有卢旺达的司法界人员、学生、研究人员和公众到这些中心来，他们获得翔实的材料，并能聆听简报会，接受培训，得到图书馆服务，观看录像及上网。在本报告所述期间，在基加利的信息中心接待了近3.6万名访客，省级信息中心接待了近1.8万名访客。", "58. 在本报告所述期间，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭开展了多项外联活动。其中一个外联旗舰项目是通过为东非学生举办一次由德意志联邦共和国赞助的作文和绘画竞赛，对大湖区青年进行敏感性和预防灭绝种族事件方面的教育。学生们探讨了国际司法、打击有罪不罚现象和法庭促进民族和解等问题。在2010年10月宣布了获奖人名单。青年敏感性项目还包括出版一本关于法庭工作的漫画书。预计该漫画书将在接近2011年底时完成。法庭于2011年4月28日和29日在卢旺达南部区域的胡耶地区启动了2011年官方提高认识方案。该方案包括展示有关灭绝种族罪的展板和有关获奖作文和绘画的海报。", "59. 此外，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在国家打击灭绝种族罪现象委员会和基加利纪念中心的协作下于2011年4月4日至15日举办了一个纪念卢旺达灭绝种族事件17周年的展览。2011年5月至7月，利用纽约新闻部提供的资金，在卢旺达6个主要监狱成功地开展了从1994年灭绝种族事件汲取教训的提高认识方案。参加的囚犯和官员人数接近29 799人。法庭继续对卢旺达国内大约700名法律专业人员进行能力建设活动，目的是进一步加强卢旺达司法部门内的如下领域：调查、证人保护、证据和信息管理，以及口头和书面辩护技能。组织的这些活动大多数是要使卢旺达司法部门具备必要工具，以便成功地接管法庭可能移交的案件。法庭采取了许多举措，如对法律专业学生进行在线法律研究培训，以及在法律实践和发展研究所和胡耶中级法院为卢旺达司法部成员举办两场类似的培训。法庭在卢旺达举办了一期通过在线资源增加图书馆藏书的培训员培训班。2011年5月，为基加利律师协会成员举办了第四次培训讲习班和模拟竞赛。", "60. 总之，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一直继续积极组织旨在加强卢旺达司法能力和提高卢旺达公众对法庭工作了解的培训班和讲习班。已为本报告所述期间规划了新的能力建设和外联方案，只要有预算外资金，就可针对卢旺达各城市大约5 000名参与者和来自卢旺达各个学校的2.8万名学生和教师开展这些方案。", "61. 通过其交流小组，对外关系和战略规划科确保通过记者招待会、通讯和新闻稿以及网站、电影和资料手册，用英文、法文和基尼亚卢旺达文广泛宣传法庭的活动信息。该科还处理了大量地方和国际媒体的查询，并通过卫星播出案件审理过程。该科在东非、冈比亚和塞内加尔举办了关于法庭工作的展览，并在几个非洲国家首都及卢旺达各地组办电影放映会、讲座和讨论会。与该区域的大学和其他教育机构一直保持着一条开放的交流渠道。", "62. 在本报告所述期间，两性平等问题协调中心提出了筹集资金以补充耗尽的证人支助方案信托基金的提案。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭利用来自会员国的自愿捐款设立了一个为证人服务的诊所，以确保向居住在卢旺达的证人、特别是那些在灭绝种族事件期间因性暴力而感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的证人提供身心护理。在本报告所述期间，该项活动收到了西班牙政府的一笔捐款。令人遗憾的是，现有的资金已告罄，如果不立即注入资源，该诊所将被迫停止提供服务和救命治疗。此外，居住在卢旺达的证人继续受益于法庭驻卢旺达诊所心理咨询护士提供的对性别问题有敏感认识的咨询。", "63. 在本报告所述期间，实习方案接待了到法庭实习的197名实习生，其中165名被分配到各分庭或检察官办公室。此外，无偿法律研究人员方案能利用各分庭和检察官办公室4个合格律师提供的服务。另外，来自12个非洲国家的15名法律研究人员得益于欧洲联盟提供的资金，能协助法庭开展工作。但是，由于捐助方已停止为该方案提供资金，因此将无法提供新的法律研究人员来协助法庭开展工作了。这些方案有助于执行《完成工作战略》，特别是在取消了法庭常设员额的情况下更是如此。", "64. 法律事务和实习方案股除阐释和复核协议外，继续就联合国行政规则的恰当实施和阐释问题及就与工作人员在民事和刑事案件中的豁免和特权有关的案件发挥重要的法律咨询作用。在本报告所述期间，该股调解和解决了工作人员与当地执法机关及与家庭雇员之间的21个案件。", "2. 司法和法律事务司", "65. 法庭管理科向法庭的司法程序提供支助服务，包括提供实时诉讼程序记录、支持对卢旺达进行实地访问、证明证人陈述、庭外取证和各国的视频连接听证会。作为法庭能力建设和外联活动的组成部分，该科继续为非洲各国的代表举办培训班，包括法庭即时编制记录誊本系统的演示。该科还举办旨在加强卢旺达司法部门机构能力的专门培训班。作为法庭为过渡到余留机制所作准备的一个重要组成部分，法庭管理科协助起草将移交给余留机制管理的记录和档案的政策和导则。该科还继续对法庭诉讼过程的录音录像藏品进行数字化处理和编辑。", "66. 辩护律师和拘留管理科继续向书记官长处、各分庭和检察官提供基本和更好的支助服务。该科改进了向被拘留者、囚犯及其顾问提供的支助服务，以保障被拘留者和囚犯获得法律代理人的权利。法律援助方案经证明是有效率、效力和省钱的。在本报告所述期间，电子计费系统经过测试，证明是可行的。", "67. 在本报告所述期间，法庭的各审判分庭和上诉分庭对18名被告作了判决。其中，1名被拘留者的刑期与其被拘押时间相当，因此立即得到释放。在同一时期，联合国拘留所收纳了来自卢旺达的19名被拘留证人和1名来自马里的囚犯证人，该证人被要求在不同的审判中作证。", "68. 2010年7月18日，将1名囚犯移交给一个会员国以便服刑。2010年7月1日，1名被拘留者在长期患病后在阿鲁沙的一家医院死亡。1名于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内被捕的被拘留者已被移交，于2011年6月14日进入联合国拘留所。", "69. 截至2011年6月30日，联合国拘留所共有36名被拘押的人(12名被拘留者和24名被定罪者)。", "70. 红十字国际委员会于2011年6月15日探访了联合国拘留所，并与被拘留者面谈。该委员会表扬拘留所管理部门实现了各项目标，特别是使拘留所具有良好条件的目标。", "71. 在本报告所述期间，证人和被害人支助科共确保了来自21个国家的216名证人及时到庭。对几名证人进行了威胁评估。依照各分庭规定的保护措施，修改了记录誊本，以删去可识别证人或其家庭成员的信息，然后再将之公布于众。该科在那些到法庭作证的证人居留国加强了审判后监测活动。住在卢旺达的几名证人得到了旨在改进其医疗和心理复原的各种援助。该科得到了若干会员国的合作，提供临时旅行证件使证人得以进出阿鲁沙；联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在若干非洲国家的办事处也配合工作，协助为证人的迁移和保护提供便利。一些国家还协助护送证人。该科为卢旺达司法部门和坦桑尼亚执法和司法官员举办了2次关于保护证人的培训。", "72. 语文事务科向各分庭、各方和书记官长处提供口译、笔译和印制服务。在本报告所述期间，翻译了7项审判判决和4项上诉判决、大量的裁决和其他文件，如审判前简报及结案简报和动议。笔译、口译和校对员的名册已确立，以免出现审判可能中断的情况；已用过一次，以雇佣2名基尼亚卢旺达语的口译-笔译员。此外，将有些需要翻译的文件外包，并聘用自由从业的审校，以减轻该科的繁重工作量。", "73. 法律图书馆和参考资料科在提供支助司法进程所需的法律资料方面发挥必不可少的作用。此外，法律图书馆发行了新版的“卢旺达问题国际法庭基本文件和判例法”全文检索DVD(1995年至2010年)和CD-ROM(2010年)。", "3. 行政支助事务司", "74. 缩编进程继续对整个法庭工作构成重大挑战。行政支助事务司继续采取积极主动和灵活的态度应对这些挑战。", "75. 法庭的工作人员来自72个国家。截至2011年6月29日，法庭有666名工作人员，而核定编制为827个员额，空缺员额161个，空缺率为19%。根据当前的减员率趋势，加上工作人员继续另谋更稳定的工作，预计到2011年年底，空缺率将超过20%。专业人员职等及以上的工作人员性别比例是男性占64%，女性占36%。", "76. 在缩编阶段，如何吸引和留住称职的工作人员仍然是一项重大挑战。向工作人员发放短期合同进一步增进不稳定状况，并继续对生产力产生不利影响。该司已制订了一些旨在留住工作人员的措施，并正与人力资源管理厅密切合作，协商根据审案日程表发放合同的办法，以向那些仍需要其提供服务者发放较长期合同。同时，关于留住人员的协商工作在继续进行，以确定法庭工作结束前要留用的工作人员人数和组成。应指出，目前这种限制临时任命期限的做法可能会对《完成工作战略》产生不利影响。", "77. 职业资源中心组织了几个职业发展讲习班和培训班，以协助工作人员实现他们的职业志向。人力资源规划科继续积极协助即将离开法庭的工作人员。在联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的协作下，于2011年5月组织了一系列演讲和个别协商，以使工作人员了解其养恤金福利。该科还于2011年6月举办了另一次招工介绍会，并再次发布了一个在线技能汇编(电子概况介绍)，以帮助所有职类的工作人员在结束在法庭的任职之后能获得就业。该科还继续向工作人员和法官提供咨询，解释他们最后应享的权利和新的合同安排及《工作人员细则》所产生的影响。", "78. 安保和安全科通过与东道国安保机构和坦桑尼亚联合共和国安保顾问办公室进行较有针对性的互动协作，继续更新和测试各种应急计划，以确保法庭工作人员、房地、资产和业务的安全和安保。在本报告所述期间，未发生重大事件。联合国安保准则得到全面实施，并与工作人员定期和及时分享了安保信息。", "79. 信息技术事务科继续向法庭提供关键支助。电子数据处理股维护法庭的信息技术基础设施，支持和满足各业务单位的计算需求。在本报告所述期间，若干业务处理系统上网，提高了行政支助事务司标准行政程序的效率和及时性。网络和数据中心基础设施得到更新，以取代过时设备并提高能力，为重要的音频视频数字化处理和其他遗留项目提供支助。视听股提供所有法庭诉讼程序的录像，并为远程证人作证和会议提供视像会议服务。电信股为电话网络、2个卫星地球站、农村电话连结和双向无线网络及电话账单和交换台操作服务的作业和维护提供支助。", "80. 医务股向法官和工作人员及其受扶养人以及被拘留者、证人和受害人提供治疗、预防和创伤咨询支助，并行使医疗行政职能。医务股通过四个下级单位监测客户健康：2个设在基加利，2个设在阿鲁沙。在基加利，证人得到全面体检和医护后才转移到阿鲁沙作证。在阿鲁沙，联合国拘留所下级单位看护被拘留者、囚犯及囚犯证人。在总部诊所，客户免费得到药物、化验服务和免疫接种。", "81. 咨询和福利股处理工作人员和获得认可的家庭成员的心理社会问题，并为所有工作人员的健康开展福利活动。该股还继续向证人提供创伤咨询，并向工作人员及其家属提供专业的心理辅助。工作人员顾问24小时提供服务。", "82. 在资源管理领域，预算股继续提供专门知识，说明如何适当规划、控制和监测现有资源的利用。财务科继续向法庭工作人员及其他当事人提供及时和可靠的服务。", "83. 总务科和采购科向法庭提供重要支助。依照《完成工作战略》，房舍管理处开始将多余的集装箱式住所从基加利运到阿鲁沙，将其用作办公室，因而可以向房东退还一部分经常性租用房地。资产管理处改善了对法庭购置的货物的接收和检查。目前正在努力引进伽利略存货管理系统。该单位还加快了老旧过时财产的处置进程。最近在法庭业务缩减情况下获得的仓库设施成了对注销资产进行商业处置的中心。运输事务股为了监测和控制公务用车的使用，在法庭的几乎所有车辆上都安装了跟踪车辆行踪的全球定位系统。这些装置可就车辆的油耗、实际位置和行车速度提供实时信息。这不仅加强了道路纪律，而且还能很快找回被窃的公务用车。中央登记/邮件/邮袋和档案处继续向整个法庭提供服务。中央档案设施继续将行政支助事务司各科/股生成的记录归档，继续将元数据输入塔沃尔记录信息管理数据库。在基加利为行政支助事务司基加利记录材料设立了职能性档案机构。采购科继续确保及时和在预算范围内提供法庭为有效开展活动所需的物品和服务。该科与包括运输股在内的各单位密切合作，确定可进行外包的服务，如车辆的修理和维护工作。该科还对法庭的部分家具、车辆和设备成功地进行了商业处置。", "三. 结论和建议", "84. 在过去一年中，在工作量很大的情况下，法庭在实现《完成工作战略》各项目标方面取得了重大进展：作出了涉及14名被告的6项审判判决。在审判层面，预计2011年底前，将对除2个案件外的所有剩余案件作出判决。", "85. 国家合作仍然是法庭有能力完成其任务的基石。法庭赞赏会员国给予持续信任和支持。", "86. 在本报告所述期间，在会员国密切合作下，在该地区逮捕了1名逃犯。然而，法庭和各会员国必须进一步努力，以确保逮捕余下的9名逃犯，特别是逮捕指定由法庭审判、逃避司法达17年以上的3名高级别被告。", "87. 法庭再次呼吁采取迫切行动，帮助为无罪开释但仍在法庭保护之下住在位于阿鲁沙的安全房里的3名人员找到接收国。对其中一人来说，自上诉分庭确认他无罪后已过去了4年多。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为重新安置被国际法庭无罪开释的人员是法治的一种基本表现，并对因无法履行这一义务造成的后果深感关切。", "88. 最后，法庭作为一个即将结束其任务的组织，要维持适当数目的有经验工作人员仍然是一项关键挑战。法庭赞赏会员国对解决这个紧迫问题所作努力给予的所有支持。", "89. 法庭17年来一直从事与卢旺达灭绝种族事件直接有关的工作。灭绝种族事件对法庭所有人都造成极大影响，为被害者伸张正义仍然是驱动我们的动力，使我们致力于确保实现绝不让这种暴行再次发生这一目标。我们呼吁国际社会提供支持，给我们必要的资源以完成我们的任务；我们希望，我们的工作将为对有罪不罚现象进行的持续战斗指明方向。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 73 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International CriminalTribunal for the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible for Genocide andOther Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of Rwandaand Rwandan Citizens Responsible forGenocide and Other Such ViolationsCommitted in the Territory ofNeighbouring States between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and to the members of the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which states:", "The President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "Letter of transmittal", "President of the General Assembly", "United Nations", "New York", "President of the Security Council", "United Nations", "New York", "28 July 2011", "Excellencies,", "I have the honour to submit the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, dated 28 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 32 of the statute of the International Tribunal.", "Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "(Signed) Khalida Rachid Khan", "President", "Sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "Summary", "The present annual report outlines the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "During the past year, the Tribunal continued its efforts to complete its remaining workload at the trial and appeals levels expeditiously. Despite major difficulties, in particular regarding staff retention and recruitment, the Tribunal made significant progress, delivering six trial judgements during the reporting period. Six trial judgements involving 10 accused remain to be delivered. Completion of the first instance work is expected by the first quarter of 2012.", "The Appeals Chamber rendered four judgements in single-accused cases, bringing the total number of persons whose judgements have been completed at the appellate level to 35. Completion of the appeals work is expected by the first quarter of 2014.", "The Office of the Prosecutor succeeded in arresting one fugitive during the reporting period through close cooperation with Member States in the region, bringing the number of fugitives down to nine. The Prosecutor also focused on providing support to national authorities in the prosecution of crimes relating to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Continuous support was also extended to the Rwandan authorities to assist them in meeting the conditions for the transfer of cases from the Tribunal.", "The Registry maintained a high level of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. It ensured the cooperation and assistance of Member States with the Tribunal and further strengthened its outreach and capacity-building activities in Rwanda. Trial proceedings continued to receive support from the various units and sections of the Judicial and Legal Services Division. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued its work to ensure the efficient management of the Tribunal’s downsizing process.", "All organs of the Tribunal are undertaking their best efforts to complete the work of the Tribunal expeditiously and to prepare for a smooth transition to the Residual Mechanism. Those efforts require essential cooperation and support from Member States: nine fugitives remain to be arrested, the three acquitted persons need countries for relocation and the Tribunal needs to be provided with sufficient resources to be in a position to complete its tasks in the expected time frame. The Tribunal relies on the ongoing support of Member States to achieve its goals.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 of the \nTribunal A.Activities 5 of the \nPresident B.Activities 6 of coordination \nmechanisms C.Activities 7 of the \nChambers D.Activities 12 of the Office of the \nProsecutor E.Activities 13 of the \nRegistry III. Conclusion 20 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994 (“the Tribunal”) outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "2. The Tribunal, through the Office of the President, the Chambers, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Office of the Registrar, has continued its efforts to meet the goals of its Completion Strategy, as endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003), with intense trial and appeals activity and judgement drafting.", "II. Activities of the Tribunal", "3. The Tribunal consists of two Trial Chambers, one Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and a Registry. On 27 May 2011, Judge Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan) was elected President, and Judge Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis) was elected Vice-President.", "A. Activities of the President", "1. Judicial activity", "4. During the reporting period, the President made decisions on the transfer of five convicted persons to Member States for the enforcement of their sentences. It is expected that those transfers will be completed shortly. The President also issued orders on a variety of other matters, including State cooperation and conditions of detention.", "2. Completion Strategy", "5. In close cooperation with the Prosecutor and the Registrar, the President has continued to implement the Tribunal’s Completion Strategy. On 6 December 2010 and 6 June 2011, the President presented the six-monthly Completion Strategy reports to the Security Council. In the course of the reporting period, the Tribunal issued six judgements at the trial level and four judgements at the appeals level, representing a total of 18 accused. Judgement remains to be delivered in six cases at the trial level. The evidence phase has been completed in all but two trials and judgements are expected this year in all but two cases. In those two cases, judgement is expected by the first quarter of 2012.", "6. Staff attrition remains one of the major impediments to the timely achievement of Completion Strategy goals. Between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, a total of 152 staff members left the Tribunal for more stable jobs within the United Nations or other organizations: 18 staff members left the Chambers, 14 from the Office of the Prosecutor, and the remainder from the Administration and other sections of the Registry. The replacement of departing staff members is a lengthy process, which even in a best-case scenario would result in delays and cannot compensate for the continuous loss of institutional memory. Moreover, many staff are on temporary contracts that will need to be exceptionally extended beyond the 729-day limit. The Security Council, in resolution 1955 (2010), reiterated its call upon the Secretariat and other relevant United Nations bodies to continue to work with the Registrar of the Tribunal in order to find practicable solutions to address the staffing situation.", "7. The Security Council, in resolution 1966 (2010) establishing the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (“the Mechanism”), requested the Secretary-General to make the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have been working jointly since February 2011 to implement that mandate. The initial priority was to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013 and a draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence. Both were successfully submitted to the Office of Legal Affairs by July 2011. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work from 1 July 2012.", "3. Diplomatic relations and other representation", "8. The President maintained regular contact with United Nations Headquarters and the diplomatic community in the host country, at the seat of the United Nations and in other countries. The United Nations Secretariat, and in particular the Office of Legal Affairs, provided important legal advice and diplomatic support to ensure smooth cooperation between the Tribunal, the Security Council and the General Assembly.", "9. On the occasion of their briefings of the Security Council, both the President and the Prosecutor of the Tribunal participated in meetings of the Informal Working Group on International Tribunals of the Security Council. That allowed for comprehensive and open discussions with the legal advisers of the members of the Security Council.", "B. Activities of coordination mechanisms", "1. Coordination Council", "10. The Coordination Council, consisting of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, met regularly to discuss issues affecting the entire Tribunal, such as the Completion Strategy, the Residual Mechanism, staffing and budgetary matters.", "2. Bureau", "11. The Bureau, composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the two Trial Chambers, was consulted by the President in regular meetings and through written exchanges on issues relating to the functioning of the Tribunal.", "3. Plenary sessions", "12. During the reporting period, the Tribunal’s Judges met in a plenary session on 1 April 2011 to discuss a variety of issues. The plenary adopted an amendment to rule 11 bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, allowing for a Chamber to proprio motu monitor and revoke a case referred to a national jurisdiction.", "4. Rules Committee", "13. The Rules Committee submits or discusses proposals for amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. It is composed of Judges Joensen (Chair), Tuzmukhamedov and Park, and assisted by Legal Officers from the Chambers. For matters relevant to the general conduct of trials, the Committee sits in an extended format, supported by representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor and Defence Counsel. The Committee met regularly to discuss the amendment to rule 11 bis and worked, in close cooperation with the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, on providing comments to the draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Residual Mechanism to the Office of Legal Affairs.", "C. Activities of the Chambers", "1. Composition of the Chambers", "14. The Chambers comprise two Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber and are currently composed of 12 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges.", "15. Five of the permanent judges and all the ad litem judges sit in the two Trial Chambers. One permanent judge, Judge Asoka de Silva (Sri Lanka), and two ad litem judges, Judges Joseph Masanche (United Republic of Tanzania) and Taghrid Hikmet (Jordan), left the Tribunal after the completion of their final cases. Judge Robert Fremr (Czech Republic), an ad litem judge, returned to the Tribunal in September 2010.", "16. Seven permanent judges sit on the Appeals Chamber. Two of them, Judges Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), are from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the five other judges are from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "17. The Trial Chambers are currently composed of Judges Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis), William H. Sekule (United Republic of Tanzania), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar) and Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Russian Federation) as permanent judges, and Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda), Lee Gacuiga Muthoga (Kenya), Florence Rita Arrey (Cameroon), Emile Francis Short (Ghana), Seon Ki Park (Republic of Korea), Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso), Vagn Joensen (Denmark), Mparany Rajohnson (Madagascar), Aydin Sefa Akay (Turkey) and Robert Fremr (Czech Republic) as ad litem judges.", "18. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Patrick Robinson (Jamaica) as Presiding Judge, Mehmet Güney (Turkey), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), Theodor Meron (United States of America) and Carmel Agius (Malta).", "19. The Tribunal takes note of General Assembly resolution 65/258 (2011) reviewing the conditions of service and compensation for the ad litem judges serving at the ad hoc Tribunals and granting a one-time ex gratia payment to those who have been in full-time uninterrupted service for longer than three years, and thanks the General Assembly for its efforts in this endeavour.", "2. Principal activities of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber", "(a) Trial Chamber I", "20. The work before this Trial Chamber is complete.", "(b) Trial Chamber II", "21. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber II delivered judgement in four cases, and continued judgement drafting in two cases involving five accused. One single-accused trial is ongoing.", "Judgement in Nyiramasuhuko et al. (“Butare”)", "22. On 24 June 2011, the Chamber, composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Ramaroson and Bossa, delivered judgement in the Butare case. The trial involved six accused: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (former Minister of Family and Women’s Development); Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (alleged leader of an Interahamwe group in Butare in April 1994); Sylvain Nsabimana (préfet of Butare from 19 April to 17 June 1994); Alphonse Nteziryayo (préfet of Butare from 17 June to July 1994); Joseph Kanyabashi (former bourgmestre of Ngoma commune in Butare préfecture); and Elie Ndayambaje (former bourgmestre of Muganza commune in Butare préfecture). The Chamber convicted the six accused of various crimes including genocide and crimes against humanity, sentencing Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali and Ndayambaje to life imprisonment, Nsabimana to 25 years’ imprisonment, Kanyabashi to 35 years’ imprisonment, and Nteziryayo to 30 years’ imprisonment. During the trial, the Chamber heard 189 witnesses over the course of 714 trial days.", "Judgement in Ndindiliyimana et al. (“Military II”)", "23. On 17 May 2011, a Chamber, composed of Judges de Silva, presiding, Hikmet and Park, delivered Judgement in the Military II trial. The case involved four accused, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (former Commander of the Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Bizimungu (former Chief of Staff of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Ndindiliyimana (former Chief of Staff of the Gendarmerie nationale); and Innocent Sagahutu (former Commander of Squadron A, Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army). Ndindiliyimana was sentenced to time already served and was ordered to be released immediately. Bizimungu was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment, while Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu were each sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment. The Chamber heard 217 witnesses over the course of 393 trial days. The Chamber heard the parties’ closing arguments on 24, 25 and 26 June 2009.", "Judgement in Hategekimana", "24. On 6 December 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Ramaroson, presiding, Hikmet and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Hategekimana, former commander of Ngoma Military Camp. Hategekimana was convicted of genocide as well as murder and rape as crimes against humanity and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused was found not guilty of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 43 trial days, the Chamber heard 40 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 26 April 2010.", "Judgement in Kanyarukiga", "25. On 1 November 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Hikmet, presiding, Park and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Gaspard Kanyarukiga, a businessman. Kanyarukiga was convicted of genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity and was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. The accused was acquitted of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 28 trial days, the Chamber heard 34 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 24 May 2010.", "One multi-accused in judgement drafting: Bizimungu et al. (“Government II”)", "26. The Government II case before Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Short concerns four former Rwandan ministers of the Interim Government of 9 April 1994 — Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza and Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. The trial spanned 404 trial days, during which 171 witnesses testified and over 8,000 pages of exhibits were entered into evidence. During the reporting period, the Chamber has been involved in deliberations and judgement drafting and has issued 6 decisions and orders. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the second half of 2011.", "Ongoing Trial Ngirabatware", "27. The case of Augustin Ngirabatware (former Minister of Planning) is being heard by a Chamber composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Bossa and Rajohnson. The defence case is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the first quarter of 2012. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard 23 witnesses and rendered 43 decisions.", "(c) Trial Chamber III", "28. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber III rendered two judgements, completed trial proceedings in one multi-accused trial, commenced proceedings in two further cases, prepared for trial in two cases and began conducting preservation of evidence hearings.", "Judgement in Ntawukulilyayo", "29. On 3 August 2010, Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in the case of the former sous-préfet of Gisagara, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. The Chamber convicted the accused of genocide and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment, and acquitted him of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Trial Chamber heard 35 witnesses over the course of 33 trial days. Closing arguments were heard on 14 June 2010. During the course of the proceedings, the Chamber rendered 38 decisions.", "Judgement in Gatete", "30. On 29 March 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in The Prosecutor v. Jean-Baptiste Gatete, a director in the Rwandan Ministry of Women and Family Affairs in 1994, and previously a bourgmestre of Murambi commune. The Chamber sentenced Gatete to life imprisonment for genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity. Closing Arguments were heard on 8 November 2010. During the course of the trial, 49 witnesses were heard over 30 trial days.", "One case awaiting closing arguments: Karemera et al.", "31. In the Karemera et al. case, the Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, continued hearing evidence involving Édouard Karemera, former Minister of the Interior, and Matthieu Ngirumpatse, former President of the Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND). The Chamber heard the presentation of Matthieu Ngirumpatse’s case from 23 August 2010 to 18 February 2011. During this reporting period, the Chamber sat for 57 trial days, heard 39 witnesses and issued 95 decisions. Closing arguments are scheduled to be heard from 22 August 2011. The Judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.", "Three ongoing trials: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana and Nizeyimana", "32. The Chamber composed of Judges Bossa, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Rajohnson continued hearing evidence in the case against Callixte Nzabonimana, the former Minister of Youth. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 19 witnesses and issued 41 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected in December 2011.", "33. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Akay, began hearing evidence in the case against Grégoire Ndahimana, a former bourgmestre, on 6 September 2010. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 45 witnesses and issued 14 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected by November 2011.", "34. The Chamber composed of Judges Muthoga, presiding, Park and Fremr began hearing evidence in the case against Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, former second-in-command in charge of intelligence and military operations at the École des sous-officiers during 1994. The Prosecution case commenced on 17 January and closed on 25 February 2011. The Defence case commenced on 9 May 2011 and closed on 13 June 2011. The Prosecution will present its rebuttal case on or about 7‑8 September 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard the evidence of 76 witnesses and rendered 74 decisions. Judgement delivery is anticipated in the first quarter of 2012.", "Pre-trial matters", "35. During the reporting period, the Pre-Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, began its work in the case against Jean Uwinkindi, and rendered five decisions.", "36. Bernard Munyagishari was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 and transferred to Arusha on 14 June 2011. Munyagishari made his initial appearance before Judge Byron on 20 June 2011, where he pleaded not guilty to the five counts against him.", "Referral applications and preservation of evidence hearings", "37. A Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Short and Fremr, rendered its decision on 29 June 2011, referring the case against Jean Uwinkindi to the courts of Rwanda. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Joensen (presiding), Kam and Rajohnson, deferred hearing the referral applications of fugitives Charles Sikubwabo and Fulgence Kayishema until the accused are arrested or until a final decision is rendered in the Uwinkindi case.", "38. Preservation of evidence hearings pursuant to rule 71 bis began in the case of The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga and are being heard by Judge Joensen. Hearings for two other high-level fugitives are planned to commence before the end of 2011.", "(d) Appeals Chamber", "39. During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber was seized of appeals from 12 judgements concerning 17 persons, 10 interlocutory appeals, and 10 motions for review or reconsideration. The Appeals Chamber rendered 4 judgements, 9 interlocutory appeal decisions, 7 decisions related to review or reconsideration, and 131 pre-appeal orders and decisions.", "Appeal Judgements: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho and Muvunyi", "40. Trial Chamber II convicted Emmanuel Rukundo, a military chaplain, of genocide and of murder and extermination as crimes against humanity on 27 February 2009 and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 15 June 2010. In its Judgement of 20 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber affirmed Rukundo’s convictions for genocide and for murder and extermination as crimes against humanity but did so on the basis of his responsibility for aiding and abetting those crimes rather than committing them, as the Trial Chamber had found. In addition, the Appeals Chamber reversed Rukundo’s conviction for genocide in relation to causing serious mental harm. The Appeals Chamber reduced Rukundo’s sentence to 23 years’ imprisonment.", "41. Callixte Kalimanzira, a former senior official of the Ministry of Interior, was convicted on 22 June 2009 by Trial Chamber III of genocide and direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 14 June 2010 and, on 20 October 2010, it affirmed Kalimanzira’s conviction for aiding and abetting genocide. However, the Appeals Chamber reversed Kalimanzira’s remaining convictions and, accordingly, reduced his sentence from 30 to 25 years’ imprisonment.", "42. On 14 July 2009, Trial Chamber I convicted Tharcisse Renzaho, the former Prefect of Kigali-ville préfecture, of genocide, and murder and rape as crimes against humanity and serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Trial Chamber sentenced Renzaho to imprisonment for the remainder of his life. The Appeals Chamber heard Renzaho’s appeal on 16 June 2010. On 1 April 2011, the Appeals Chamber reversed some of Renzaho’s convictions while affirming convictions for genocide and murder as a crime against humanity and a serious violation of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Appeals Chamber also affirmed Renzaho’s sentence.", "43. Following a retrial, on 11 February 2010, Trial Chamber III convicted Tharcisse Muvunyi, a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Rwandan Army, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide and sentenced him to 15 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 21 October 2010 and, in its Judgement of 1 April 2011, affirmed the conviction and the sentence.", "Further appeals from Judgement", "44. Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiyumva appealed against their Trial Judgement. The Appeals Chamber heard Bagosora’s and Nsengiyumva’s appeals from 30 March through 1 April 2011. Owing to unavailability of Ntabakuze’s counsel for the scheduled hearing of his appeal, the Appeals Chamber severed his case and decided to hear his appeal later. Deliberations are now in progress in the Bagosora and Nsengiyumva case. The Appeals Chamber is also deliberating on the parties’ appeals in the Setako and Munyakazi cases, which it heard in March 2011. The Appeals Chamber is also seized of appeals in the Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana and Gatete cases, which are being prepared for hearings, and of the Ndindiliyimana et al. case, in which the briefing of the appeals has not yet begun.", "D. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor", "45. The Office of the Prosecutor has continued to focus its efforts on the completion of the ongoing trials, the commencement of one new trial and the preparation of another from the two recently arrested fugitives, the transfer of cases of fugitives to national jurisdictions under rule 11 bis and the implementation of rule 71 bis evidence preservation proceedings in respect of three top-level fugitives: Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya and Augustin Bizimana. Furthermore, the Office continues with the intensification of tracking efforts to arrest the remaining fugitives, the conduct of final as well as interlocutory appeals, the management of archives and records to be transferred to the Residual Mechanism and the provision of assistance to national prosecuting authorities in respect of cases being investigated or prosecuted by them.", "46. Rigorous tracking efforts led to the arrest of the fugitive Bernard Munyagishari on 25 May 2011 by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in cooperation with officers from the tracking team of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Efforts continue for the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, and especially of the three top-level fugitives earmarked for trial at the Tribunal. The Prosecutor is confident that the continued cooperation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo will facilitate the arrest of those fugitives, the majority of whom are believed to be in that territory.", "47. In conjunction with his efforts to strengthen international cooperation between Member States in the region and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor held constructive consultations with the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. However, while the work of the joint International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-Kenya Police Task Force has been reactivated since November 2010, progress on the Félicien Kabuga file remains slow. The Prosecutor continues to urge the Government of Kenya to expedite work on the tracking and arrest of this top-level fugitive. A concerted effort by States members of the Great Lakes Region in collaboration with the Tribunal promises to bring to account the remaining fugitives.", "48. In the framework of implementing the referral strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor visited a number of European States in April 2011 and held discussions with senior officials to encourage their Governments to consider accepting cases for trial from the Tribunal. A positive response will greatly assist the Tribunal to realize its objective for the expeditious completion of its mandate. Meanwhile, much effort has been invested in the three applications filed in November 2010, seeking the referral to Rwanda of the cases of the arrestee Uwinkindi and the fugitives Sikubwabo and Kayishema. The Prosecutor also continued to provide assistance to Rwanda in its efforts to try 25 other suspects who were investigated but not indicted by the Tribunal, and their files were handed over to Rwanda in 2010.", "49. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), establishing the Arusha Branch of the Residual Mechanism on 1 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor has focused on the preparations for a smooth transition to an efficient and effective mechanism. In addition to system-wide coordination within and between the Tribunals, the Offices of the Prosecutors of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also set up an intra-Office of the Prosecutor coordination team that has agreed on the structure and staffing of the common Office of the Prosecutor in line with the objectives of the resolution for a lean and effective mechanism.", "50. During the reporting period, there has been a positive signal for international cooperation against impunity and for accountability at the highest levels. Several Member States have continued to enhance their efforts to bring to trial, within their national jurisdictions, the Rwandan suspects appearing on the INTERPOL wanted list. For the effective prosecution of those suspects, the Office of the Prosecutor continues to provide mutual legal assistance and information to national prosecuting authorities. As a result, requests to the Prosecutor for information from the Office’s extensive database have increased substantially over the reporting period.", "E. Activities of the Registry", "1. Office of the Registrar", "51. The Office of the Registrar continued to act as the channel of communication between the organs of the Tribunal as well as its diplomatic arm. As such, the Office of the Registrar maintained high-level diplomatic contacts with Member States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. During the reporting period, the Office of the Registrar transmitted more than 540 notes verbales and other correspondence related to the operations of the Tribunal, in particular, to secure support and cooperation from Member States with respect to ongoing trials. The Registry dealt with an increased number of inquiries and requests for legal assistance from national jurisdictions.", "52. Rwanda continued to cooperate with the Tribunal by facilitating the flow of witnesses from Kigali to Arusha and by providing relevant documents for use in trial proceedings.", "53. An agreement with respect to enforcement of sentences was signed with the Republic of Senegal on 22 November 2010. On 18 July 2010, the Tribunal transferred one convicted person to a Member State to serve the remainder of his sentence. The Registry is taking the necessary measures to implement four decisions rendered by the President ordering transfer of convicted persons to another Member State in May 2011. Two additional decisions are expected shortly. The relocation of convicted persons who have served their sentence remains an issue of concern calling for a sustainable solution which requires the increased cooperation of Member States.", "54. Similarly, the issue of the relocation of persons acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda continues to be a matter of grave concern for the Tribunal. To date, three acquitted persons remain in Arusha, under the protection of the Tribunal, without proper immigration status as they await relocation to a safe country. The challenge to their relocation is the unfortunate result of the absence of a formal mechanism to secure the support of Member States to accept these persons within their territories. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is seriously concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation. This view was shared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a UNHCR-ICTR expert meeting organized in Arusha in April 2011. One of the conclusions of the joint expert meeting recognized that the Security Council is where the plight of the acquitted persons belongs, and that the Tribunal has no other choice but to call upon the assistance of the Council to find a sustainable solution to this issue.", "55. The External Relations and Strategic Planning Section was successful in raising voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund, enabling the Tribunal to carry on its capacity-building and outreach activities. These activities form an important part of the Tribunal’s mandate and legacy and are a vital tool for bridging the information gap between the Tribunal and the people of Rwanda at the grass-roots level.", "56. The Tribunal welcomed a total number of 3,073 visitors, including high-level United Nations and government officials, academics, civil society, non‑governmental organizations and the general public. During the current downsizing phase, the Tribunal has attracted a higher number of visitors.", "57. The Information and Documentation Centre in Kigali (Umusanzu) and 10 additional provincial information centres located across Rwanda continue to play a key role in information dissemination, improved communication and access to the jurisprudence of the Tribunal and other legal materials. The centres are visited daily by members of the Rwandan judiciary, students, researchers and the public, who are provided with informative materials and have access to briefings, training, library services, video screenings and the Internet. During the reporting period, the Information Centre in Kigali received approximately 36,000 visitors, while the provincial information centres received approximately 18,000 visitors.", "58. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda engaged in several outreach activities. One of the flagship outreach projects relates to youth sensitization and genocide prevention education in the Great Lakes Region, through an essay and drawings competition for East African students, sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. The students were asked to address questions of international justice, the fight against impunity, and the contribution of the Tribunal to national reconciliation. The winners were announced in October 2010. The youth sensitization project also involves the publishing of a cartoon book on the work of the Tribunal. The cartoon book is expected to be finalized shortly before the end of 2011. The Tribunal launched the 2011 Official Awareness Raising Programme in Huye District, Southern Region of Rwanda, on 28 and 29 April 2011. The programme included the display of the Genocide Exhibition Panels and posters of the winning essays and drawings.", "59. Additionally, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in collaboration with the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide and the Kigali Memorial Centre, conducted an exhibition in commemoration of the seventeenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide from 4 to 15 April 2011. From May to July 2011, with funds from the Department of Public Information in New York, Awareness Raising Programmes for Lessons Learned from the Genocide of 1994 were successfully conducted in six major prisons throughout Rwanda. Approximately 29,799 prison inmates and officials attended. The Tribunal has continued to undertake capacity-building activities for about 700 legal professionals in Rwanda, with the aim of further strengthening the Rwandan justice sector in areas such as investigation, witness protection, evidence and information management, and oral and written advocacy skills. Those activities were mostly organized to equip the Rwandan judiciary with the necessary tools for successfully taking up cases that may be referred from the Tribunal. Some examples of the many initiatives that the Tribunal conducted are online legal research training for law students, and two similar trainings for members of the Rwandan judiciary at the Institute for Legal Practice and Development and the Huye Intermediate Court. The Tribunal conducted a training-of-trainers session in Rwanda with respect to increasing library collections through online resources. In May 2011, the fourth Training Workshop and Moot Competition for members of the Kigali Bar Association was conducted.", "60. To sum up, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has actively continued to organize training and workshops aimed at strengthening the capacity of the Rwandan judiciary and raising awareness of the work of the Tribunal among the Rwandan public. Additional capacity-building and outreach programmes have been planned for this reporting period and could be implemented subject to availability of funds, which are extrabudgetary, for various communes in Rwanda for approximately 5,000 participants, as well as for over 28,000 students and teachers from Rwandan schools.", "61. Through its Communication Cluster, the External Relations and Strategic Planning Section has ensured the wide dissemination of information about the Tribunal’s activities by press meetings, newsletters and press releases, as well as the website, films and information brochures, in English, French and Kinyarwanda. The unit also processed numerous local and international media inquiries and broadcast trial proceedings via satellite. It launched exhibitions on the work of the Tribunal in East Africa, the Gambia and Senegal and organized film screenings, talks and discussions in several African capitals as well as throughout Rwanda. An open line of communication is maintained with universities and other educational institutions in the region.", "62. During the reporting period, the Gender Focal Point prepared proposals for soliciting funds to replenish the depleted Trust Fund for the Support Programme for Witnesses. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda set up a clinic for witnesses thanks to voluntary contributions from Member States for ensuring the provision of physical and psychological care to witnesses residing in Rwanda, in particular those living with HIV/AIDS as a result of sexual violence suffered during the genocide. The campaign received a contribution from the Government of Spain during the reporting period. Regrettably, the funds have been depleted and without any immediate injection of resources, the clinic will be forced to halt the provision of its services and life-saving treatment. In addition, witnesses residing in Rwanda continued to benefit from the gender-sensitive counselling provided by the nurse psychologists resident at the Tribunal’s clinic in Rwanda.", "63. The Internship Programme welcomed 197 interns to the Tribunal during this reporting period; 165 were assigned to either Chambers or the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, the Pro bono Legal Researchers Programme was able to utilize the services of four qualified lawyers in Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor. Furthermore, 15 Legal Researchers from 12 African countries benefited from the funding made available from the European Union, and were able to assist in the work of the Tribunal. However, as donors have stopped funding this programme, no further Legal Researchers will be made available to assist the Tribunal. These programmes have assisted the implementation of the Completion Strategy, especially following the abolition of regular posts Tribunal-wide.", "64. The Legal Services and Internship Programme Unit also continued to play an important legal advisory role for issues pertaining to the proper implementation and interpretation of United Nations administrative rules, and for cases relating to the immunities and privileges of staff regarding civil and criminal cases, in addition to interpreting and reviewing agreements. During the reporting period, the Unit mediated and settled 21 cases between staff members and local law enforcement offices, as well as domestic employees.", "2. Judicial and Legal Services Division", "65. The Court Management Section provided support services to the judicial processes of the Tribunal, including provision of real-time transcripts of proceedings, support for site visits to Rwanda, certification of witness statements, depositions and video-link hearings from various countries. As part of its role in the capacity-building and outreach activities of the Tribunal, the Section continued to conduct training sessions for representatives of various African countries, including demonstrations on the Tribunal’s system for the instantaneous production of transcripts. It also conducted specialized training sessions aimed at strengthening the institutional capacity of the judicial sector in Rwanda. As a major component of the Tribunal’s preparations for the transition to the Residual Mechanism, the Court Management Section contributed to drafting the policies and guidelines for the records and archives to be transferred and managed by the Residual Mechanism. It also continued its work on the redaction and digitization of the collection of audio-visual recordings of the Tribunal’s proceedings.", "66. The Defence Counsel and Detention Management Section continued to provide essential and improved support services to the Registry, Chambers and the Prosecutor. The Section improved the supporting services to detainees, prisoners and their Counsel to guarantee the detainees’ and prisoners’ right to legal representation. The legal aid programme proved efficient, effective and economical. During the period under review, the electronic billing system was tested and proved feasible.", "67. During the reporting period, judgements for 18 accused were rendered by the Trial and Appeals Chambers of the Tribunal. Among them, one detainee was sentenced to time served and was released forthwith. Over the same period, the United Nations Detention Facility accommodated 19 detained witnesses from Rwanda and one prisoner witness from Mali who were called to testify in various trials.", "68. On 18 July 2010, one prisoner was transferred to a Member State to serve his sentence. On 1 July 2010, one detainee died at an Arusha hospital following a long illness. One detainee who was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 was transferred and admitted to the United Nations Detention Facility on 14 June 2011.", "69. As of 30 June 2011, the population of inmates at the United Nations Detention Facility was a total of 36 detained persons (12 detainees and 24 convicted persons).", "70. The International Committee of the Red Cross visited the United Nations Detention Facility on 15 June 2011 and interviewed detainees. The Committee commended the Facility’s management for the accomplishment of its goals, particularly the good condition of the detention.", "71. During the reporting period, the Witness and Victims Support Section ensured the timely availability of 216 witnesses brought from 21 countries. Threat assessments were conducted for some witnesses. In accordance with protective measures ordered by the Chambers, transcripts were redacted to expunge identifying information concerning witnesses or their family members, prior to the transcripts being made public. The Section has intensified its post-trial monitoring activities in the countries of residence of witnesses who appeared before the Tribunal. Several witnesses residing in Rwanda received assistance aimed at improving their medical and psychological rehabilitation. The Section enjoyed the cooperation of several Member States, which issued temporary travel documents enabling witnesses to travel to and from Arusha, and of offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a number of African countries, which assisted in facilitating the movement and protection of witnesses. Some Member States also provided assistance in escorting witnesses. The Section conducted two trainings on witness protection for Rwandan judiciary and Tanzanian law enforcement and judicial officers.", "72. The Language Services Section provided interpretation, translation and reproduction services to the Chambers, the parties and the Registry. During the reporting period, seven trial judgements and four appeals judgements, a significant number of decisions as well as of other documents such as pre-trial and closings briefs, and motions were translated. The roster of translators, interpreters and proofreaders established with a view to pre-empting any potential disruption of trials was kept in place and was used on one occasion to bring two Kinyarwanda interpreter-translators on board. In addition, documents for translation were outsourced, and freelance revisers were recruited to alleviate the heavy workload of the Section.", "73. The Legal Library and Reference Section continues to play a crucial role in delivering legal materials needed to support the judicial process. In addition, the Legal Library released the new versions of the full-text searchable “ICTR basic documents and case law”, covering the period 1995-2010 for the DVD and the year 2010 for the CD-ROM.", "3. Division of Administrative Support Services", "74. The process of downsizing continued to pose major challenges to the operations of the entire Tribunal. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued to respond to those challenges in a proactive and flexible manner.", "75. The staff members of the Tribunal come from 72 countries and, as of 29 June 2011, the Tribunal had 666 staff members against an authorized complement of 827 posts, with 161 vacant posts, a 19 per cent vacancy rate. Based on the current attrition rate trend as staff members continue to look for more stable jobs elsewhere, it is anticipated that the vacancy rate will be above 20 per cent by the end of 2011. The gender ratio of staff at the Professional level and above is 64 per cent male and 36 per cent female.", "76. During the downsizing phase, attracting and retaining competent staff continues to pose a major challenge. The short duration of contracts issued to staff members has contributed to increased uncertainty and has continued to have a negative impact on productivity. The Division put in place measures aimed at retaining staff and is closely working with the Office of Human Resources Management on the modality of issuing contracts in line with the judicial calendar as a way of issuing contracts of longer durations to those whose services will still be required. In parallel, the consultative staff retention exercise continues to be conducted in order to determine the number and composition of staff to be retained until the completion of the Tribunal’s work. It should be noted that the current limitation of duration of temporary appointments has the potential of impacting negatively on the Completion Strategy. The Tribunal’s Management is consulting with the Office of Human Resources Management with the aim of instituting flexibility measures to address this concern.", "77. The Career Resource Centre has been organizing career development workshops and training to support staff in their professional aspirations. The Human Resources Planning Section continues to actively assist staff who are leaving the Tribunal. In May 2011, a series of presentations and individual consultations were organized in collaboration with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund to inform staff about their pension entitlements. The Section also organized another Job Fair in June 2011, and has once again issued an online compendium of skills (e‑fact sheets) in an attempt to support all categories of staff in securing employment beyond their assignment with the Tribunal. The Section also continues to provide advice to staff members and judges on their final entitlements and on the implications of the new contractual arrangements and Staff Rules.", "78. The Security and Safety Section continued to update and test its contingency plans in order to ensure the safety and security of the Tribunal’s staff, premises, assets and operations through dedicated interaction with the host country’s security services and with the Office of the Security Advisor of the United Republic of Tanzania. During the reporting period, no major incidents occurred. The United Nations security guidelines were fully implemented and safety and security information was shared with the staff regularly and in a timely manner.", "79. The Information Technology Services Section continued to provide vital support to the Tribunal. The Electronic Data Processing Unit maintains the information and technology infrastructure of the Tribunal, supporting and meeting the computing needs of the various business units. During the reporting period, a number of business process systems were brought online that added efficiency and timelines to standard administrative procedures within the Division of Administrative Support Services. Infrastructure upgrades were made to the network and data centre to replace obsolete equipment and add capacity to support the critical audio-visual digitization and other legacy projects. The Audio-visual Unit provides video coverage of all court proceedings and videoconferencing services for remote witness testimonies and meetings. The Telecommunications Unit supports the operation and maintenance of the telephone network, two satellite earth stations, rural telephone links and two-way radio networks and the telephone billing and switchboard operator services.", "80. The Health Services Unit provided curative, preventive and trauma counselling support and performed medico-administrative duties for judges and staff members and their dependants, as well as for detainees, witnesses and victims. The Unit monitored clients’ health through four sub-units: two in Kigali and two in Arusha. In Kigali, witnesses received a full medical check-up and medical care before transfer to Arusha for testimony. In Arusha, the United Nations Detention Facility sub-unit cared for detainees, prisoners and prisoner-witnesses. At the headquarters clinic, clients received medicines, laboratory services and immunization free of charge.", "81. The Counselling and Welfare Unit addressed psychosocial issues of staff members and recognized family members, and implemented welfare activities for the wellness of all staff. The Unit also continued to provide trauma counselling to witnesses and professional psychological support to staff and their families. The services of the Staff Counsellor were available on a 24-hour basis.", "82. In the area of resources management, the Budget Unit continued to provide expertise on proper planning, control and monitoring of the utilization of available resources. The Finance Section continued to provide timely and reliable services to staff members and clients of the Tribunal.", "83. The General Services Section and the Procurement Section provided vital support to the Tribunal. The Building Management Services, in line with the Completion Strategy, started to relocate surplus accommodation containers from Kigali to Arusha for use as offices, thus allowing for the return of some regular rental space to the landlord. The Asset Management Services improved the reception and inspection of goods purchased by the Tribunal. Efforts were made to introduce the Galileo Inventory Management System. The Unit has also accelerated the process for the disposal of old and obsolete property. The recently acquired warehouse facilities in the context of the scaling down of the Tribunal operations is serving as a central point for commercial disposal of written-off assets. In order to monitor and control the use of the official vehicles, the Transport Services Unit has fitted almost all of the Tribunal’s vehicles with Global Positioning System tracking. These devices offer real-time information on fuel utilization, the actual location of a vehicle, and the speed at which it is driven. This not only enhanced discipline on the roads but also made possible the quick recovery of a stolen official vehicle. The Central Registry/Mail/Pouch and Archives Services continued to provide services to the entire house. The Central Archives Facility continued archiving records generated by sections/units of the Division and scanning and entering metadata into the Tower Records Information Management database. A functional archiving structure was established for Kigali records of the Division of Administrative Support Services. The Procurement Section continued to ensure that the goods and services required by the Tribunal to undertake its activities effectively were provided on time and within budget. It also worked closely with units such as Transport to identify possible outsourcing of services such as repair and maintenance of vehicles. The Section also handled successfully the commercial disposal of some of the Tribunal’s furniture, vehicles and equipment.", "III. Conclusion and recommendations", "84. The Tribunal made significant progress during the past year towards achieving the goals of the Completion Strategy despite a very heavy workload: six trial judgements representing 14 accused were delivered. At the trial level, the delivery of judgements in all remaining cases, except for two, is expected before the end of 2011.", "85. State cooperation remains the cornerstone of the Tribunal’s ability to complete its mandate, and the Tribunal appreciates the continued trust and support of Member States.", "86. With the close cooperation of Member States, one fugitive was arrested in the region during the reporting period. Additional efforts will have to be made, however, both by the Tribunal and by Member States, to ensure the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, in particular the three high-ranking accused earmarked for trial before the Tribunal who have evaded justice for over 17 years.", "87. The Tribunal reiterates its call for urgent action to help to find host countries for the three acquitted persons who remain in a safe house in Arusha under the Tribunal’s protection. For one of those individuals, it has been over four years since the confirmation of his acquittal by the Appeals Chamber. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international criminal tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation.", "88. Finally, maintaining an adequate level of experienced staff remains the key challenge for the Tribunal as an organization approaching the end of its mandate. The Tribunal appreciates all the support given by Member States to efforts to address this pressing situation.", "89. The Tribunal has been engaged in work directly related to the Rwandan genocide for more than 17 years. The genocide has greatly affected everyone at the Tribunal, and seeking justice for the victims continues to drive our commitment to the goal of ensuring that never again will such atrocities occur. We call for the support of the international community to provide us with the necessary resources to accomplish our mandate, and we hope that our work will lead the way in the continued fight against impunity." ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 73 of the provisional agenda", "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and members of the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The report was submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda pursuant to article 32 of the statute of the Tribunal (see annex to Security Council resolution 955 (1994)). This article states:", "The President of the ICTR shall submit to the Security Council and the General Assembly the annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "Letter of transmittal", "In accordance with article 32 of the statute of the International Tribunal, I have the honour to submit to the General Assembly and the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 2011, on 28 July 2011.", "President", "Permanent Representative", "28 July 2011", "New York", "United Nations", "President of the General Assembly", "New York", "United Nations", "President of the Security Council", "sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "Summary", "The present annual report outlines the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "Over the past year, the Tribunal has continued its efforts to complete the remaining cases at the trial and appeal stages as soon as possible. During the reporting period, despite significant difficulties, particularly with regard to the retention and recruitment of staff, the Tribunal continued to make significant progress and six trial sentences. Six trials involving 10 defendants are required. It is expected that the first instance will be completed in the first quarter of 2012.", "The Appeals Chamber handed down four single-accused cases, bringing the total number of appeals judgements to 35. The appeals process is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2014.", "During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor, in close cooperation with Member States in the region, succeeded in the arrest of one fugitive to reduce the number of fugitives to nine. The Office of the Prosecutor also focused on supporting national authorities in prosecuting crimes related to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. The Office of the Prosecutor also continued to support the Rwandan authorities in establishing conditions for the transfer of cases from the Tribunal to the Rwandan authorities.", "The Registrar continues to provide high-level administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. It ensures cooperation and assistance from Member States to the Tribunal and further strengthens the various outreach and capacity-building activities in Rwanda. The divisions and sections of the Judicial and Legal Affairs Division continue to support the trial process. The Division of Administrative Support continued its efforts to ensure effective management of the downsizing process of the Tribunal.", "All organs of the Tribunal are doing their utmost to complete the work of the Tribunal as soon as possible and to prepare for a smooth transition to residual matters. These efforts will not be carried out with the necessary cooperation and support from Member States: nine fugitives remain arrested and three declared innocent people need to be relocated, and the Tribunal needs sufficient resources to enable the completion of its mandate within the expected time frame. The Tribunal looks forward to continued support from Member States to achieve its objectives.", "Contents", "Introduction 5: Activities of the Tribunal 5A. Activities of the Coordinating Mechanism 6 C. Activities of the Chambers 7D. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor 12E. Conclusions and recommendations 19", "Introduction", "The sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "Through the Office of the President, the Chambers, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registrar, the Tribunal continued its efforts to achieve the objectives of the completion strategy approved by the Security Council in its resolution 1503 (2003), in order to try and appeal activities and draft judgements.", "Activities of the Tribunal", "The Tribunal comprises two Trial Chambers, one Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Registrar. On 27 May 2011, Judge Khalida Rashid Khan (Pakistan) was elected President of the Tribunal and Judge Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis) was elected Vice-President.", "Activities of the President", "Judicial activities", "During the reporting period, the President made a decision to transfer five convicted persons to Member States for their sentences. The transfer is expected to be completed shortly. The President also issued orders on all other matters, including State cooperation and detention conditions.", "Completion strategy", "The President, in close cooperation with the Prosecutor and the Registrar, continued to implement the Tribunal's completion strategy. The President submitted the semi-annual completion strategy report to the Security Council on 6 December 2010 and 6 June 2011. During the reporting period, six trial judgements and four appeals judgements were issued by the Tribunal, involving 18 accused. There are still six cases to be tried. In addition to two trials, all other trials have been completed; in addition to two cases, judgements on all other cases are expected to be issued within this year. As for the two cases, the judgement is expected to be published in the first quarter of 2012.", "The retention of staff remains one of the main obstacles to the timely achievement of the objectives of the Completion Strategy. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, a total of 152 staff members left the Tribunal for more stable work within the United Nations or other organizations: 18 of them left the Chambers, 14 had left the Office of the Prosecutor and the remainder was not the executive branch. Completed staff is a long process that, even if best, could lead to delays and could not compensate for the continued loss of institutional memory. In addition, many staff members hold temporary contracts requiring an exceptional extension beyond 729 days of limitation. In its resolution 1955 (2010), the Security Council reiterated its call upon the Secretariat and other relevant United Nations bodies to continue to cooperate with the Registrar of the Tribunal in order to find practical and viable programmes to address the staffing issues of the work.", "In its resolution 1966 (2010) on the establishment of the residual mechanism of the International Criminal Court (“the residual mechanism”), the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to make practical and feasible arrangements for the work of the residual mechanism. Since February 2011, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have been working hard to implement the mandate. The initial priorities were the preparation of the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence (draft). Both documents were submitted successfully to the Office of Legal Affairs in July 2011. The next focus will be on coordinating the policies, procedures and functioning of the two Tribunals to ensure that the residual mechanism will commence its work on 1 July 2012.", "Diplomatic relations and other contacts", "The President maintains regular contacts with United Nations Headquarters and diplomatic missions in the host country, the United Nations location and other countries. The United Nations Secretariat, in particular the Office of Legal Affairs, provided important legal advice and diplomatic support to ensure smooth cooperation between the Tribunal, the Security Council and the General Assembly.", "In each briefing to the Security Council, the President and the Prosecutor participated in the informal working group of the Security Council on the issues of international tribunals and thus had the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive and open discussion with the legal advisers of the members of the Security Council.", "Activities of the coordination mechanism", "Coordination Committee", "The Coordinating Committee, composed of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, meets on a regular basis to discuss issues pertaining to the entire Tribunal, such as the completion strategy, the residual mechanism, staffing and budgetary matters.", "Bureau", "The Bureau consists of the presiding judges of the President, the Vice-President and the two Trial Chambers. During regular meetings, the President consulted the Bureau through a letter on the operation of the Tribunal.", "Plenary meetings", "During the reporting period, the Tribunal judges held a plenary meeting on 1 April 2011 to discuss issues. This plenary meeting adopted an amendment to rule 11 (bis) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Tribunal, allowing the Chamber to monitor and withdraw cases transmitted to the State's jurisdiction.", "Committee on Rules", "The Rules Committee submits or discusses proposals for amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The Commission is composed of Judges Jonnson (Chairperson), Tuzmukhimov and Park, who are assisted by legal officers of the Chambers. In relation to general trial matters, the Commission held an expanded meeting and was supported by the Office of the Prosecutor and the defence counsel. The Committee meets regularly to discuss amendments to rule 11 (bis) and, in close cooperation with the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, to advise the Office of Legal Affairs on the residual mechanism procedure and the evidentiary rules (draft).", "C. Activities of the Chambers", "Composition of the Chambers", "The Chamber comprises two Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber, currently composed of 12 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges.", "Five permanent judges and all ad litem judges served as two Trial Chambers judges. One permanent judge, Judge Asaka de Silva (Sri Lanka), and two ad litem judges, Judge Joseph Marssanche (United Republic of Tanzania) and Judge Tagrid Hk Mayt (Jordan), left the Tribunal after completion of its final case. One ad litem judge, Judge Robert Flemer (Czech Republic), returned to the Tribunal in September 2010.", "Seven permanent judges serve as Appeals Chamber judges. Two of them were Judge Mohamed Habitati (Turkey) of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and Judge Andersia Vas (Senegal), and five other judges came from the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "At present, the Trial Chamber is headed by Judges Hamid Rashid Khan (Pakistan), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis), Judges William Sklei (United Republic of Tanzania), Arlette Lamanuson (Madagascar) and Bakhdy Tz Muhamov (Russian Federation) as permanent judges; Judge Solom Bon Bossa (Uganda), Judge Lee Kanega Mugasga (Kenya), Judge Flora (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya); and Judge Françoise (Republic of Korea); and Judge Sylvier of the Republic of Korea (Russian Federation).", "The Appeals Chamber is composed of the following judges: Judge Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), Judge Mohamed Seini (Turkey), Judge Fausto Pocar (Italy), Judge Liu (China), Judge Andréswas (Senegal), Judge Sodor Meron (United States of America) and Judge Carmel Agius (Malta).", "The Tribunal took note of the review by the General Assembly in its resolution 858 of the conditions of service and compensation for ad litem judges serving in the Ad Hoc Tribunal and agreed to grant a lump-sum payment for more than three years of continuous full-time service, and in that regard thanked the General Assembly for its efforts in that regard.", "Main activities of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber", "(a) Trial Chamber I", "The work of the Trial Chamber has been completed.", "(b) Trial Chamber II", "During the reporting period, Trial Chamber II rendered judgements in four cases and continued to draft judgements in two cases involving five accused. A single case of an accused is under consideration.", "Judgment in Nyiramasuhuko et al. (“Bantré”)", "On 24 June 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Sklei (presiding), Lamarusson and Bossa handed down a judgement in the “Bantre” case. The trial involved six accused: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (former Minister of Family and Women's Development), Arsène Shalom Ntahobali ( alleged leader of the Inter-Action militias in Butare in April 1994), Sylvain Nsabimana (Design of Buantaré Province, 19 April-17 June 1994), Alphonse Nteziryayo (Asssssshan, 17 June-July 1994), and Mayor of Nabella, former Mayor of the city of Ra'sbella (Embella). The Chamber found six accused guilty of various crimes, including genocide and crimes against humanity, sentencing Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali and Ndayambaje life imprisonment, Nsabimana for 25 years, Kanyabashi for 35 years in prison, Nteziryayo had a prison sentence of 30 years. In the course of the trial, the Tribunal heard testimony from 189 witnesses during 714 trials.", "Judgment in Ndindiliyimana et al. (“Military II”)", "On 17 May 2011, a Chamber consisting of Judges De Silva (presiding), Hekmaster and Park, delivered a judgement in the Military II case. The case involved four defendants: François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (pre-Chief of the Rwanda Army reconnaissance battalion), Augustin Bizimungu ( former Chief of Staff of the Rwandan Army), Augustin Ndindiliyimana (former of the former National Gendarmerie) and Innocent Sagahutu (Chief of the Rwanda Army reconnaissance battalion A). The sentence of Ndindiliyimana was quite tantamount to the time he was detained and was therefore immediately released. Bizimungu was sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment and Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu were sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment. The Chamber heard 227 witnesses during 393 trial cases. On 24, 25 and 26 June 2009, the Chamber heard a defence by the parties.", "Judgement in Hategekimana", "On 6 December 2010, a Chamber consisting of Judges Lamarusson (presiding), Hekmte and Magsey made a judgement in the case of “Procurator v. former commander Ildephonse Hategekimana”. Hategekimana was convicted of committing genocide and committing crimes against humanity for murder and rape, and sentenced to life imprisonment. The defendant was found guilty of genocide. During 43 trials, the Chamber heard 40 witness statements. He was closed on 26 April 2010.", "Judgement of Kanyarukiga", "On 1 November 2010, a Chamber consisting of Judges Hekma (presiding), Park and Marsey made a judgement in the case of “the Prosecutor v. the businessman Gaspard Kanyarukiga”. Kanyarukiga was found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity resulting from the killing and sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment. The defendant was found guilty of genocide. During 28 trials, the Chamber heard 34 witness statements. The defence was heard on 24 May 2010.", "A multi-accused case of judgement being drafted: Bizimungu et al. (“Government No. II”)", "The case of “Government No. II” before Judges Khan (presiding), Musolga and Short concerning the four former ministers of the interim Government of Rwanda, established on 9 April 1994: Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza and Jaérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. During 404 trial cases, a total of 171 witnesses testified and over 8,000 documents were listed as material evidence. During the reporting period, the Chamber considered the drafting of judgements and issued six decisions and orders. The judgement is expected to be delivered in the second half of 2011.", "Ngirabatware, currently under consideration", "A Chamber composed of Judges Sulelei (presiding), Bossa and La Johnsonsson heard the case of Augustin Ngirabatware (former planning minister). It is expected that the defence will end by the end of 2011. The judgement is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of 2012. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard testimony from 23 witnesses and made 43 decisions.", "(c) Trial Chamber III", "During the reporting period, Trial Chamber III rendered two judgements, completed one trial trial trial proceedings involving multiple defendants, commenced the trial of two additional cases, prepared for two trials and started to preserve evidence hearings.", "Judgement in Ntawukulilyayo", "On 3 August 2010, Judge Khan (presiding), Musolga and Judge Akai handed down a judgement in the former Governor of Gisagara District Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. The Chamber found the accused guilty of genocide, sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment and found that he had not committed a crime of direct and public incitement to genocide. The Trial Chamber heard 35 witnesses during 33 trial cases. The defence was heard on 14 June 2010. During the trial, the Chamber rendered 38 decisions.", "Judgment in Gatete", "On 29 March 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan (presiding), Musolga and Akai rendered a judgement in the case of “Procurator v. Jean-Baptiste Gatete”. Jean-Baptiste Gatete in 1994 served as Director of the Ministry of Women and Families in Rwanda and served as Mayor of Muambi. The Chamber found that Gatete was guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity due to the killing and sentenced to life imprisonment. The defence was heard on 8 November 2010. During the trial, 49 witnesses were heard during 30 trial cases.", "One case is pending: Karemera et al.", "In Karemera et al., a Chamber composed of Judges Byron (presiding), Kam and Joensen continued to hear testimony from former Minister of the Interior, Édouard Karemera and former Chairman of the National Democracy and Development Movement, Matthieu Ngirumpatse. The Chamber heard a presentation on the Matthieu Ngirumpatse from 23 August 2010 to 18 February 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber held 57 days of interrogation, heard 39 witnesses and issued 95 decisions. The defence will be heard on 22 August 2011. The judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.", "Three ongoing trials: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana and Nizeyimana", "The Chamber consisting of Judges Bossa (presiding), Tuzmukhimov and La Johnsson continued to hear testimony against the former Minister of Youth, Callixte Nzabonimana. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard testimony from 19 witnesses and issued 41 written decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.", "Another Chamber composed of Judges Aré (presiding), Tuzmukhimov and Akai began hearing testimony in the case of former Mayor Grégoire Ndahimana on 6 September 2010. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard testimony from 45 witnesses and issued 14 written decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in November 2011.", "The Chamber, composed of Judges Musolga (presiding), Park and Flemur, began to hear testimony against Ildéphonse Nizeyimana. Nizeyimana has been a deputy commander responsible for Bachelor's school intelligence and military operations during 1994. The merits of the Prosecution began on 17 January 2011 and ended on 25 February. The merits of the defence started on 9 May 2011 and ended on 13 June 2011. The Prosecution will be contested by 7-8 September 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard statements from 76 witnesses and made 74 decisions. The judgement is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of 2012.", "Pretrial matters", "During the reporting period, the Pre-Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Byron (presiding), Kam and Joensen, worked on the Jean Uwinkindi case and made five decisions.", "Bernardy Munagishari was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 and transferred to Arusha on 14 June 2011. Munyagishari first appearance before Judge Byron on 20 June 2011 and acquitted of five allegations against him.", "Request for and preservation of evidence hearings", "A Chamber consisting of Judges Aré (presiding), Short and Flemur rendered a decision on 29 June 2011 to transfer cases against Jean Uwinkindi to the Rwanda Court. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Jonnson (presiding), Kam and La Johnsson, will hear an extension of the application for the removal of fugitive Charles Sikubwabo and Fulgence Kayishema until the defendant is arrested or until final decision is taken in Uwini.", "In the case “Procurement v. Felicien Kabuga”, Judge Joon heard testimony in accordance with rule 71 (bis). Two other high-level fugitives will be heard by the end of 2011.", "(d) Appeals Chamber", "During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber heard appeals for 12 judgements involving 17 individuals, 10 interlocutory appeals and 10 applications for review or review. The Appeals Chamber rendered four judgements, 9 interlocutory appeals decisions, 7 decisions on review or review, and 131 pre appeal orders and decisions.", "Decisions in the following appeals cases: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho and Muvunyi", "The second Trial Chamber, on 27 February 2009, found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity committed by Emmanuel Rukundo, pastoral, sentenced to 25 years imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard an appeal by the parties on 15 June 2010. In its judgement of 20 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber confirmed that Rukundo had committed crimes against humanity for genocide and for acts of murder and killing, but, as the Trial Chamber had found, confirmed that the causes of such crimes were for him to assume responsibility for assisting and inciting those crimes, which were not directly committed. In addition, the Appeals Chamber dismissed the conviction that Rukundo had committed serious mental harm in the genocide. The Appeals Chamber reduced the sentence of Rukundo to 23 years of imprisonment.", "Trial Chamber III decided on 22 June 2009 that former senior officials of the Ministry of the Interior, Callixte Kalimanzira, committed crimes of genocide and direct and public incitement to genocide. The Appeals Chamber heard an appeal statement by the parties on 14 June 2010 and, on 20 October 2010, confirmed the crimes committed by Kalmanzira to assist and incite genocide. However, the Appeals Chamber dismissed other convictions of Kalmanzira and, accordingly, reduced his sentence from 30 years of imprisonment to 25 years.", "Trial Chamber I decided on 14 July 2009 that the former governor of Kigali had committed crimes against humanity and serious breaches of the Geneva Conventions and their article 3 of the Additional Protocol. The Trial Chamber sentenced Renzaho to life in prison. The Appeals Chamber heard an appeal against Renzaho on 16 June 2010. On 1 April 2011, the Appeals Chamber dismissed a number of convictions of Renzaho, while recognizing that he had committed crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and their common article 3 of Additional Protocol II. The Appeals Chamber also confirmed the sentence of Renzaho.", "Following the re-examining, on 11 February 2010, the Trial Chamber decided that Colonel Tharcisse Muvunyi, former Rwandan army, had committed a crime of direct and public incitement to genocide and sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard an appeal statement by the parties on 21 October 2010 and confirmed the conviction and sentence in its judgement of 1 April 2011.", "Other appeals against judgements", "Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiumva appealed their trial judgements. The Appeals Chamber heard appeals from Bagosora and Nsengiumva from 30 March to 1 April 2011. Because the advisers in Ntabakuze cannot attend the scheduled hearings on his appeal, the Appeals Chamber decided to separate his case and decided to listen to his appeal later. Cases of Bagosora and Nsengiumva are being considered. The Appeals Chamber also heard an appeal statement from Setako and Munyakazi in March 2011 and is currently considering appeals statements by the parties. The Appeals Chamber is also dealing with appeals applications in Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana and Gatetge cases and is ready to conduct hearings; and Ndindiliyimana et al. v.", "Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor", "The Office of the Prosecutor continued to focus its work on the completion of the ongoing trials, the commencement of a new trial and the preparation of another trial of the two fugitives most recently arrested, the transfer of fugitive cases to national jurisdiction in accordance with rule 11 (bis) and the application of the evidence preservation procedures for three of the highest-level fugitives (Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya and Augustin Bizimana). In addition, the Office continued to intensify its efforts to arrest fugitives who had not yet been able to do so, to carry out final and interlocutory appeals, to manage the archives and records to be transferred to the residual mechanism and to assist them in cases where national prosecution authorities were investigating or prosecuting.", "In cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the fugitive, Bernard Munyagishari, was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011. Efforts have continued to be made to arrest nine fugitives that have not yet been on the Internet, in particular three of the most senior fugitives designated for trial at the Tribunal. The Prosecutor trusts that continued cooperation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will facilitate the arrest of these fugitives, as most of them are believed to be in the country.", "In parallel with efforts to strengthen international cooperation between Member States and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in the region, the Prosecutor has not consulted with the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. Although the work of the Joint International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-Kenya Task Force has been reactivated since November 2010, progress in the case of Félicien Kabuga remains slow. The Prosecutor continues to urge the Government of Kenya to expedite the process of arresting the most senior fugitive. As long as coordinated efforts are made by Member States and tribunals in the Great Lakes region, the fugitives that have not yet been accessed will be brought to justice.", "Within the framework of the implementation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda transfer strategy, the Prosecutor visited a number of European countries since April 2011 to discuss with senior officials in order to encourage their Governments to consider accepting trials of cases transferred by the Tribunal. If a positive response would greatly help the Tribunal achieve the objective of completing its mandate as soon as possible. At the same time, three applications were made in November 2010 to seek the transfer of cases involving the arrest of Uwinkindi and fugitives Sikubwabo and Kayishema. The Prosecutor also continued to assist Rwanda in its efforts to try 25 other suspects who had been investigated by the Tribunal but had not been prosecuted, whose archives were transferred to Rwanda in 2010.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010) on the establishment of the Arusha Branch of the residual mechanism on 1 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor has focused on preparing for a smooth transition to an efficient and effective mechanism. In addition to the system-wide coordination within and between the two Tribunals, the two Offices of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also established an inter-Office of the Prosecutor coordination group and, in accordance with that resolution, have agreed on the structure and staffing of the Office of the Joint Prosecutor.", "During the reporting period, there was a positive signal of international cooperation to eliminate impunity and promote accountability. Several Member States continued to strengthen their efforts to bring to justice suspected Rwandans present on the Inter-American Police Anti-Organization List within their national jurisdiction. In order to effectively prosecute those suspects, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to provide legal assistance and information to national prosecution authorities. As a result, during the reporting period, the number of requests for information from a database with extensive information from the Office increased significantly.", "E. Activities of the Registrar", "Office of the Registrar", "The Office of the Registrar continues to play a role in the exchange of channels and the diplomatic arms of the courts as organs of the Tribunal. The Registrar thus maintains high-level diplomatic contacts with Member States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. During the reporting period, the Registrar Service issued over 540 notes verbales and letters related to the operation of the Tribunal, in particular in order to ensure cooperation among Member States on ongoing trials. There is a growing number of queries and requests for legal assistance from national jurisdictions that are dealt with by the Registrar.", "Rwanda continued to cooperate with the Tribunal to assist in bringing witnesses to Arusha from Kigali and to provide documentation for the trial proceedings.", "On 22 November 2010, an agreement was signed with the Republic of Senegal on the enforcement of sentences. On 18 July 2010, the Tribunal handed over a convicted person to a Member State to complete its remaining sentence. The Registrar is taking the necessary measures to implement the four decisions of the President concerning the transfer of the convicted person to another Member State in May 2011. Two new decisions are expected soon. Resettlement of convicted persons who have completed their sentences remains a matter of concern and requires enhanced cooperation among Member States to find a sustainable solution.", "Similarly, the resettling of those who were acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda continues to be a matter of serious concern to the Tribunal. To date, three people who had been innocent had been still left behind in Arusha in the protection of the Tribunal, who lacked adequate immigration status and were awaiting resettlement to a secure country. Resettlement of them is a challenge because there is a lack of a formal mechanism to ensure that Member States support the acceptance of those persons in their country; this is unfortunate. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considered that the resettlement of persons who were innocently released by the International Tribunal was a fundamental expression of the rule of law and was deeply concerned about the consequences of the inability to fulfil that obligation. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees expressed the same view at the UNHCR-Rwanda expert meeting held in Arusha in April 2011. One of the conclusions reached by the expert's joint meeting was that the plight of acquitted persons was rooted in the Security Council, in addition to calling on the Council to assist in finding sustainable solutions to the issue.", "The External Relations and Strategic Planning Section has successfully increased voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund, enabling the Tribunal to continue its capacity-building and outreach activities. These activities are an important part of the Tribunal's mandate and legacy and are an important tool to eliminate the information gap between the Tribunal and the grass-roots people of Rwanda.", "The Court received a total of 3,073 visitors, including senior United Nations and Government officials, scholars, members of civil society groups, non-governmental organizations and the general population. During the current drawdown phase, the Tribunal attracted more visitors than previously.", "Information and documentation centres in Kigali (Umsanzu) and 10 other provincial information centres throughout Rwanda continue to play a key role in disseminating information, improving communication and providing court jurisprudence and other legal materials. Every day, there are Rwandan judiciary personnel, students, researchers and the general public to attend these centres, who have received valuable material and have access to briefings, receive training, receive library services, see videos and access. During the reporting period, the information centre in Kigali received nearly 360,000 visitors, and the provincial information centre received nearly 1.8 million visitors.", "During the reporting period, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda undertook numerous outreach activities. One of the outreach flagship projects is to educate young people in the Great Lakes region on sensitivity and the prevention of genocide through a book and aging competition sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany for East African students. Students explored issues of international justice, combating impunity and promoting national reconciliation by courts. A list of awards was announced in October 2010. Youth sensitivity projects also include the publication of a book on the work of the Tribunal. It is expected that the book will be completed by the end of 2011. The Tribunal launched its official awareness-raising programme in 2011 in the Huye region of southern Rwanda on 28 and 29 April 2011. The programme includes displays of exhibitions on genocide and posters and posters.", "In addition, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in collaboration with the National Commission on Combating the Crime of Genocide and the Kigali Memorial Centre, organized an exhibition to commemorate the 17th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda from 4 to 15 April 2011. Between May and July 2011, with funding from the New York Department of Public Information, awareness-raising programmes for lessons learned from the 1994 genocide were successfully implemented in six major prisons in Rwanda. The number of prisoners and officials involved is close to 29,799. The Court continued to carry out capacity-building activities for approximately 700 legal professionals in Rwanda, with the aim of further strengthening the areas of the justice sector in Rwanda: investigation, witness protection, evidence and information management, and oral and written defence skills. Most of these activities are organized to enable the Rwandan justice sector to have the necessary tools to successfully take over cases that the Court may transfer. The Tribunal has taken many initiatives, such as online legal research training for legal students, as well as two similar trainings for members of the Ministry of Justice of Rwanda, organized by the Institute of Legal Practice and Development and the Huye middle Court. In Rwanda, the Court organized a training course for trainers to increase the Library's book through online resources. In May 2011, a fourth training workshop and a simulation competition was held for members of the Kigali Bar Association.", "In summary, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has continued to actively organize training courses and workshops aimed at strengthening the judicial capacity of Rwanda and raising public awareness of the Tribunal's work. New capacity-building and outreach programmes have been planned for the reporting period, which can be implemented against approximately 5,000 participants in various cities in Rwanda and 2.8 million students and teachers from various schools in Rwanda.", "Through its Communications Group, the External Relations and Strategic Planning Section ensures the wide dissemination of information on the activities of the Tribunal through press conferences, newsletters and press releases, as well as websites, movies and information manuals in English, French and Kinyarwanda. The Section also handles a large number of local and international media inquiries and broadcasts of cases through satellites. The Section organized exhibitions on the work of the Tribunal in East Africa, the Gambia and Senegal and organized film screenings, lectures and seminars in several African capitals and throughout Rwanda. An open communication channel has been maintained with universities and other educational institutions in the region.", "During the reporting period, the Gender Coordination Centre presented proposals for fund-raising to supplement the $600 Trust Fund for the Witness Support Programme. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has established a clinic for witness services with voluntary contributions from Member States to ensure the provision of physical and psychological care to witnesses living in Rwanda, particularly those living with HIV/AIDS during genocide. During the reporting period, the event received a contribution from the Government of Spain. Regrettably, existing funds have been exhausted and if resources are not immediately injected, the clinics will be forced to stop service delivery and life-saving treatment. In addition, witnesses living in Rwanda continue to benefit from gender-sensitive counselling provided by the Tribunal's psychological counselling nurse in Rwanda.", "During the reporting period, the Internship Programme received 197 interns of court interns, of which 165 were allocated to the Chambers or the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, the non-reimbursable legal researchers programme can make use of the services provided by four qualified lawyers from the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, 15 legal researchers from 12 African countries benefited from the funds provided by the European Union to assist the Court in its work. However, as donors have ceased funding for the programme, new legal researchers will not be available to assist the Tribunal in its work. These programmes contribute to the implementation of the completion strategy, particularly in the case of the cancellation of the permanent posts of the Tribunal.", "The Legal Affairs and Internship Programme Unit continued to play an important legal advisory role in relation to the proper implementation and interpretation of United Nations administrative rules and cases relating to the immunity and privileges of staff in civil and criminal cases, in addition to interpretation and review agreements. During the reporting period, the Unit facilitated and addressed 21 cases between staff and local law enforcement agencies and family employees.", "Judicial and Legal Affairs Division", "The Court Management Section provides support services for the judicial proceedings of the Tribunal, including the provision of a record of real-time proceedings, support for field visits to Rwanda, witness statements, appearances of witnesses, appearances of court outside evidence and video hearings from States. As part of the capacity-building and outreach activities of the Tribunal, the Section continued to conduct training sessions for representatives of African countries, including the preparation by the Court of the presentation of the transcript system. The Section also organized specialized training courses aimed at strengthening the institutional capacity of the judiciary in Rwanda. As an important component of the Tribunal's preparation for a transition to a residual mechanism, the Court Management Section assisted in drafting policies and guidelines for the transfer of records and archives to the residual mechanism management. The Section also continued to conduct digital processing and editing of audio recordings of court proceedings.", "The Defence Counsel and the Detention Management Section continued to provide basic and better support services to the Registrar, the Chambers and the Prosecutor. The Section improved the support services provided to detainees, prisoners and their advisers to guarantee the rights of detainees and prisoners to legal agents. Legal aid programmes have proved to be efficient, effective and provincial money. During the reporting period, the e-payment system was tested and proved feasible.", "During the reporting period, the Trial Chambers and Appeals Chambers of the Tribunal handed down 18 defendants. Of these, one detainee's sentence is equivalent to his detention and is therefore immediately released. During the same period, the United Nations Detention Facility collected 19 detained witnesses from Rwanda and one prisoner from Mali, who was required to testify in different trials.", "On 18 July 2010, one prisoner was transferred to a Member State to serve his sentence. On 1 July 2010, one detainee died at a hospital in Arusha following his long-term illness. One detainee arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 was transferred and entered the United Nations Detention Centre on 14 June 2011.", "As at 30 June 2011, there were 36 detainees in United Nations detention facilities (12 detainees and 24 convicted persons).", "The International Committee of the Red Cross visited United Nations detention facilities on 15 June 2011 and interviewed detainees. The Committee commends the objectives of the detention facility management, in particular the goal of making the places of detention good.", "During the reporting period, the Witnesses and Victims Support Section ensured the timely delivery of 216 witnesses from 21 countries. Threat assessments were conducted for several witnesses. In accordance with the protection measures provided by the Chambers, the transcripts were amended to remove information that could be identified as witnesses or their family members and then made public. The Section has strengthened its post-trial monitoring activities in those witnesses who have been testify before the Court. Several witnesses living in Rwanda received assistance aimed at improving their medical and psychological recovery. The Section has received cooperation from a number of Member States to provide temporary travel documents to enable witnesses to enter Arusha; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has also worked in several African countries to facilitate the movement and protection of witnesses. Some States have also assisted in the delivery of witnesses. The Section has conducted two trainings for law enforcement and judicial officials in Rwanda and Tanzania.", "The Language Services Section provides interpretation, translation and reproduction services to the Chambers, the parties and the Registrar. During the reporting period, seven trial judgements and four appeals judgements, a large number of decisions and other documents were translated, such as pre-trial briefings and closed briefings and motions. The roster of translators, interpreters and school writers has been established to avoid possible disruptions in the trials; it has been used to hire two interpreter-transtrainers in Kinyarwanda. In addition, some documents requiring translation will be outsourced and free-learning schools will be employed to alleviate the heavy workload of the Section.", "The Legal Library and the Reference Section play an essential role in supporting legal information needed to support the judicial process. In addition, the legal library issued the full text of the new edition of the Basic Documentation and Case Law of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (DVD 1995-2010) and CD-ROM (2010).", "Administrative Support Services Division", "The downsizing process continues to constitute a major challenge for the work of the Tribunal as a whole. The Administrative Support Division continues to respond proactively and flexiblely to these challenges.", "The staff of the Tribunal come from 72 States. As at 29 June 2011, the Tribunal had 666 staff members, compared with 827 posts approved, 161 vacant posts and 19 per cent vacancy rates. In accordance with the current decrease rate trend, coupled with the continued work of staff to become more stable, the vacancy rate is expected to exceed 20 per cent by the end of 2011. The gender ratio at the Professional level and above is 64 per cent for males and 36 per cent for females.", "At the drawdown stage, staff who attract and retain office remain a major challenge. The issuance of short-term contracts to staff further enhances instability and continues to adversely affect productivity. The Division has developed a number of measures aimed at retaining staff and is consulting, in close cooperation with the Office of Human Resources Management, on the basis of the schedule of cases, with a view to issuing a longer-term contract to those who still need them to serve. At the same time, consultations on the retention of persons continued to determine the number and composition of staff to be retained before the completion of the work of the Tribunal. It should be noted that the current practice of limiting the duration of temporary appointments may negatively affect the completion strategy.", "Several career development workshops and training courses were organized by the Career Resource Centre to assist staff in their careers. The Human Resources Planning Section continued to actively assist staff coming to leave the Tribunal. In collaboration with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, a series of lectures and individual consultations were organized in May 2011 to familiarize staff with their pension benefits. The Section also held another induction session in June 2011 and again issued an online skills compendium (estatal presentation) to assist all categories of staff to gain employment after the end of their service. The Section also continued to provide advice to staff and judges on the impact of their final entitlements and new contractual arrangements and the Staff Rules.", "The Security and Safety Section continued to update and test contingency plans to ensure the safety and security of Tribunal staff, premises, assets and operations through more targeted interaction with host country security agencies and the United Republic of Tanzania's Security Adviser's Office. No significant incidents occurred during the reporting period. The United Nations security guidelines were fully implemented and security information was shared with staff on a regular and timely basis.", "The Information Technology Services Section continued to provide critical support to the Tribunal. The Electronic Data Disposal Unit maintains the information technology infrastructure of the Tribunal and supports and responds to the calculation needs of the various operational units. During the reporting period, a number of operational processing systems have been web-based to improve the efficiency and timeliness of the standard administrative procedures of the Administrative Support Services Division. The network and data centre infrastructure are updated to replace obsolete equipment and enhance capacity to support important audio-visual digital processing and other legacy projects. The Audiovisual Unit provides videos on all court proceedings and provides videoconferencing for remote witnesses and meetings. The Telecommunications Unit provides support for the operation and maintenance of telephone networks, 2 satellite Earth stations, rural telephone terminals and two-way wireless networks and telephone vouchers and exchange cell operating services.", "The Medical Unit provides treatment, prevention and trauma counselling support to judges and staff and their dependants, as well as detainees, witnesses and victims and exercises medical administrative functions. The Medical Unit monitors customer health through four sub-units: two in Kigali and two in Arusha. In Kigali, the witness was transferred to Arusha after a comprehensive medical examination and medical care. In Arusha, the United Nations Detention Unit is watching detainees, prisoners and prisoners' witnesses. At Headquarters clinics, clients receive free drugs, laboratory services and immunization.", "The Advisory and Welfare Unit addresses the psychological social problems of staff and recognized family members and provides welfare activities for all staff. The Unit also continued to provide trauma counselling to witnesses and to provide professional psychological support to staff and their families. Staff advisers service 24 hours.", "In the area of resource management, the Budget Unit continued to provide expertise on how to properly plan, control and monitor the use of existing resources. The Finance Section continued to provide timely and reliable services to Tribunal staff and other parties.", "The General Services Section and the Procurement Section provide important support to the Tribunal. In accordance with the completion strategy, the Building Management Service has started to transport surplus container accommodation from Kigali to Arusha, which is used as an office and thus can refund part of the regular rental of premises to the house east. The Assets Management Service improves the receipt and inspection of goods purchased by the Tribunal. Efforts are being made to introduce the Galileo inventory management system. The unit also expedited the process of disposal of obsolete property. The warehouse facility recently obtained in the context of the downsizing of the Tribunal has been central to the commercial disposal of cancelled assets. In order to monitor and control the use of official vehicles, the Transport Services Unit has installed a global positioning system for tracking vehicle sites in almost all vehicles in the Tribunal. These devices can provide real-time information on the cost of fuel, real location and speed of vehicles. This not only reinforces road discipline but also allows for the quick return of stolen official vehicles. The Central Registration/mail/mail bags and the Archives continued to service the Court as a whole. The central archives facility continued to archive the records generated by the sections/units of the Administrative Support Services Division and to continue the entry of metadata into the information management database of Tavor. In Kigali, functional archives have been established for the Division of Administrative Support in Kigali. The Procurement Section continues to ensure the timely and budgetary provision of the goods and services required by the Tribunal to carry out its activities effectively. The Section works closely with units, including the Transport Unit, to identify outsourced services such as vehicle repair and maintenance. The Section also succeeded in commercial disposal of part of the Tribunal's furniture, vehicles and equipment.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "During the past year, the Tribunal has made significant progress in achieving the objectives of the Completion Strategy: six trial judgements involving 14 accused. At the trial level, it is expected that by the end of 2011, all remaining cases other than two cases will be delivered.", "National cooperation remains the cornerstone of the Tribunal's ability to fulfil its mandate. The Tribunal appreciates the continued confidence and support provided by Member States.", "During the reporting period, a fugitive was arrested in the region in close cooperation with Member States. However, the Court and Member States must make further efforts to ensure the arrest of nine remaining fugitives, in particular the arrest of three high-level defendants designated by the Tribunal for trial, escape from justice for more than 17 years.", "The Tribunal reiterates its call for urgent action to find the receiving State for three persons who are still living in the security premises in Arusha under the protection of the Tribunal. For one of them, he had been more than four years since the Appeals Chamber had confirmed his innocence. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considered that the resettlement of persons who were innocently released by the International Tribunal was a fundamental expression of the rule of law and was deeply concerned about the consequences of the inability to fulfil that obligation.", "Finally, the Tribunal, as an organization that will put an end to its mandate, remains a key challenge to maintain an adequate number of experienced staff. The Tribunal appreciates all support provided by Member States in their efforts to address this urgent issue.", "Over 17 years, the Tribunal has been working directly related to the genocide in Rwanda. The genocide has had a great impact on all members of the Tribunal, and justice for the victims remains a driver of us, and we are committed to ensuring that that this goal is never once again. We call on the international community to support our necessary resources to fulfil our mandate; we hope that our work will provide a direction for the ongoing fight against impunity.", "AD(*) A/63/250." ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)任务的结束。根据安全理事会第1997(2011)号决议，该特派团已启动清理结束进程。经例行协商，我拟任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)担任秘书长苏丹和南苏丹问题特使，任期从2011年8月1日开始。", "门克里欧斯先生自2010年3月1日以来担任秘书长苏丹问题特别代表，并将在新职位上继续协助各方通过谈判就《全面和平协议》余留问题和分离后问题达成解决方案。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the end of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), which has started its liquidation process in accordance with Security Council resolution 1997 (2011). Following the usual consultations, it is my intention to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as my Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, as of 1 August 2011.", "Mr. Menkerios has served as my Special Representative for the Sudan since 1 March 2010, and will, in his new capacity, continue to assist the parties reach a negotiated settlement to residual Comprehensive Peace Agreement and post-secession issues.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the end of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS). In accordance with Security Council resolution 1997 (2011), the Mission has initiated the liquidation process. Following routine consultations, I intend to appoint Mr. Helkerios (South Africa) as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Sudan and South Sudan for a term beginning on 1 August 2011.", "Mr. Menkerios has served as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan since 1 March 2010 and will continue to assist the parties in negotiating solutions to the residual issues of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the issue of separation.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ban Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月27日的信(S/2011/ 474)。你在信中表示决定任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)担任秘书长苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的决定。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 27 July 2011 (S/2011/474) concerning your decision to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as your Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the decision contained in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 27 July 2011. In your letter, you decided to appoint Mr. Helkere (South Africa) as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Sudan and South Sudan. Members of the Council took note of the decision that you indicated in your letter.", "President of the Security Council", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目28(b)", "提高妇女地位：第四次妇女问题世界会议和 大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况", "执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动中采取的措施和取得的进展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告按照大会第65/191号决议提交，内容是审查《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动和执行情况。报告侧重说明特定的联合国对政府间进程，并评估了这些进程将性别观点纳入其工作的情况。报告最后提出了关于进一步采取措施加强两性平等工作的建议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告应大会第65/191号决议的要求提出。大会在该决议中请秘书长继续每年向大会提出报告，说明执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动及进展情况，评估性别观点主流化方面的进展，包括载列关于重大成就、经验教训和良好做法的资料，并就加强执行工作的进一步措施提出建议。本报告也是应经济及社会理事会第2006/9号决议的要求提出，该决议请秘书长在报告中列入关于妇女地位委员会对联合国系统内各种讨论提供的投入所造成影响的评估。", "2. 本报告侧重说明特定的联合国政府间进程，同时评估了这些进程将性别观点纳入其工作的情况。[1] 报告分七节。继导言后，第二节讨论了将性别观点纳入政府间工作的主流的理由。第三节说明了本报告所使用的方法。第四节介绍了分析秘书长提交大会的报告以及经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会报告所反映性别观点的情况所得出的结论。这一节还评估了将性别观点纳入这些机构所通过的决议中的情况。第五节审查了筹备2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会以及2013年对《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的第一次审查和评价等三项高级别活动期间对两性平等问题给予的关注，以及可能的话，这方面的结果。第六节具体述及妇女地位委员会的贡献，第八节概述了报告的总结和结论，并对进一步行动所提建议作了说明。", "二. 将性别观点纳入政府间工作的主流的理由", "3. 大会一再申明联合国政府间进程在促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面的作用。大会在第65/191号决议中重申，性别主流化是通过改变不平等结构推动增强妇女权能和实现两性平等的普遍接受的战略，并重申坚定致力于积极促使在制定、执行、监测和评价政治、经济和社会所有领域的政策和方案时将性别观点主流化，并致力于加强联合国系统在两性平等领域中的能力。大会在该决议的第15段中呼吁联合国所有机构把两性平等观点充分纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流，以及充分纳入联合国各次首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流，包括2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会和2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议对2012年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价。", "4. 同本报告的重点特别相关的是第65/191号决议的第18段，大会在该段中请秘书长在提交大会和经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的报告中，通过性别问题定性分析、按性别和年龄分列的数据以及可获得的定量数据，特别是通过有关两性平等和增强妇女权能的具体结论和进一步行动建议，系统地处理两性平等观点，以帮助制定对性别问题有敏感认识的政策。", "5. 联合国政府间进程错综复杂。政府间机构的任务各不相同，这些机构收到并审查各种不同的书面意见，包括秘书长、其他政府间机构、特使和报告员等的报告。报告在形式、内容和覆盖面方面都非常不同。这些报告有可能收录几个撰稿者、特别是会员国和联合国实体提出的意见，但也会收录政府间、区域或非政府组织提出的意见。这些报告将提交会员国讨论，这些讨论可能通过一般性辩论、小组讨论会和其他活动进行。政府间会议让决策者能够就进展、挑战和良好做法交流信息，帮助加强政府对赋予妇女权力的承诺。政府间工作往往导致成果文件，例如宣言、声明和决定，或者是安全理事会的主席声明，但也并非一律如此。成果文件提出就某一问题采取行动的建议。这些建议可能是对会员国和其他的政策指导，或是继续审查和分析某一局势的新任务，或是就利益攸关的问题召集进一步的会议或高级别活动。因此，政府间进程的投入、活动和产出为将性别观点纳入各政府间机构根据大会第65/191号决议所审议各项问题的主流提供了机会。", "三. 本报告的方法", "6. 通过内容分析，本报告审查了政府间进程的一些投入、活动和产出，并根据性别、性、妇女、男人、女童、男童、女性、男性、性、生殖和产孕妇等词(包括复数形式)，列为纳入性别观点的证据。至少出现过一次关键词的文件被视为包括了性别观点。假的阳性结果，例如“人为灾害”不计算在内。", "7. 尽管所选择的词汇不包括可能被认为反映性别观点的其他词汇，但所选择的词汇都是报告和文件中涉及两性平等问题的最常见词汇。为确保对纳入性别观点的评估超出仅仅提及这些词汇，对通过了这种第一次过滤过程的文件进行了更深入的分析，以便评估性别观点得到切实反映的程度。", "8. 审查了所有秘书长报告和大会第六十五届会议的决议以及经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会2010年的会议。还审查了大会第65/191号决议提到的三项活动，即：2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会以及2013年对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的第一次审查和评价。特别注意到对于筹备文件以及视情还有成果的分析。审查了截至2011年6月15日联合国正式文件系统中的现有文件。决议和秘书长报告即便是属于具体侧重述及两性平等问题的议程项目或分项目也都作了审查。在文件提交不止一个政府间机构的情况下，每种情形均被计算在内，原因是每一政府间机构的审议都被视为将两性平等问题纳入政府间进程主流的一个新机会。", "四. 结论", "A. 概览", "9. 根据提交大会、经济及社会理事会和职司委员会的决议和秘书长报告的数量，存在多种将性别观点纳入这些政府间机构的工作的主流的机会。仅大会便收到并审查了244份秘书长报告，通过了270项决议。经社理事会在2010年届会上收到并审查了20份秘书长报告，通过了38项决议。[2] 尽管本报告的结论显示，显然利用了其中一些机会，但在通过促进将性别观点纳入联合国系统工作主流，推动全面执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲领》和第二十三届特别会议的成果方面，很多报告和决议仍然大有尚待发挥的潜力。", "1. 大会", "(a) 决议", "10. 对大会第六十五届会议的决议所作分析显示，在所有决议中，将近三分之一的决议有性别观点。表1按各主要委员会列出了纳入了性别观点的大会决议和秘书长提交大会的报告的分布情况。重点关注社会、人道主义和文化问题的第三委员会最有可能将性别问题纳入其决议。负责经济和财政事项的第二委员会以及举行全体会议的大会也反映了性别观点，它们的三分之一的决议有可能纳入这一问题。在审查特别政治和非殖民化问题的第四委员会的决议中，每五个就有一个述及性别观点。", "11. 负责行政和预算事项的第五委员会以及特别是分别处理裁军和国际安全以及法律问题的第一和第六委员会，很少通过包括提及两性平等问题的决议。尽管如此，值得注意的是，第一委员会通过了关于“妇女、裁军、不扩散和军备控制”的决议草案，这是就这一议题通过的第一项决议(见大会第65/69号决议)。", "表1 按各主要委员会分列的纳入了性别观点的大会决议和秘书长提交大会的报告的数量和百分比分布", "决议数量 纳入了性别观点的 纳入了性别观点的决议的机构 秘书长报告数量 包括了性别观点的 包括了性别观点的 决议数量 (百分比) 秘书长报告数量 秘书长报告的机构 (百分比)", "大会 270 85 31 244 146 60", "全体会议 55 20 36 46 36 78", "第一委员会 55 4 7 28 11 39", "第二委员会 39 15 38 25 15 60", "第三委员会 55 37 67 48 36 75", "第四委员会 25 5 20 24 13 54", "第五委员会 24 3 13 87 44 51", "第六委员会 17 1 6 16 6 38", "注：在244份提交大会的秘书长报告中，一些是在不止一个议程项目下进行审议的，一些议程项目分配给不止一委员会审议。因此，按委员会的细目与提交大会的秘书长报告总数不对应。", "12. 图一显示纳入性别观点的所有大会决议在各主要委员会之间分配的情况。尽管第三委员会仅负责大会所有决议的20%，但该委员会却占了反映出性别观点的所有大会决议的将近一半。因此，第三委员会抵消了其他委员会(第一、第四、第五和第六)通过反映出性别观点的决议草案的可能较低可能性。按委员会分列的细目与过去几年的结果相符，同时显示，尽管大会一再呼吁将性别观点纳入所有问题的主流，但除了社会经济事项外，其他问题仍旧很少反映两性平等问题。", "图一 反映性别观点的大会所有决议的分布情况，按通过决议的各主要委员会分列", "[]", "13. 关于趋势，同以往各年相比，[3] 纳入性别观点的大会决议的总体上说机构增加不多(见图二)。大会历届会议中这一份额一直较低，尽管略呈上升趋势。", "图二 纳入了性别观点的大会决议百分比趋势", "[]", "(b) 秘书长报告", "14. 性别观点出现在秘书长报告而不是决议中的可能性更大。60%的报告列入了性别观点。但是，各主要委员会之间有差别，这些差别与各决议间的差别相符。提交大会全体会议以及第二和第三委员会的报告包括性别观点的可能性最大，而提交第一和第六委员会的报告包括性别观点的可能性最小。", "15. 关于趋势，在第六十五届会议和第六十六届会议之间，包括性别观点的秘书长报告的数量增加了10个百分点(见图二)。2010年集中举行的同两性平等和赋予妇女权力相关的高级别活动，可能是发生这种情况的原因。这些活动包括妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议期间举行的北京行动纲要执行情况15年期审查、经济及社会理事会关于落实两性平等和妇女赋权方面的国际商定目标和承诺的年度部长级审查、大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议以及安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全问题的第1325(2000)号决定十周年。此外，大会对就新的两性平等实体提出提案进行的讨论以及2010年7月2日最终通过第64/289号决议，帮助创造了将性别观点纳入政府间机构工作的势头。", "2. 经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会", "(a) 决议", "16. 经济及社会理事会2010年届会一半的决议反映了性别观点(见表2)。除妇女地位问题委员会外，经社理事会各职司委员会将近三分之一的决议反映了性别观点。尽管各职司委员会的情况大不一样，但由于实例的数量少，很难对数据作出解读。", "表2 纳入了性别观点的经济及社会理事会2010年届会和职司委员会的决议以及秘书长向其提交的报告的数量和百分比分布情况", "决议数量 包括性别观点的 包括性别观点的 秘书长报告的 包括性别观点的 包括性别观点的秘书长报告的机构 决议的数量 决议的机构 数量 秘书长报告的 (百分比) (百分比) 数量", "经济及社会理事会 38 19 50 20 17 85", "经济及社会理事会职司委员会^(a) 38 12 32 38 24 63", "预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会 13 4 31 6 4 67", "麻醉药品委员会^(b) 17 1 6 3 1 33", "人口与发展委员会 1 1 100 4 4 100", "科学和技术促进发展委员会 2 2 100 4 4 100", "社会发展委员会 5 4 80 4 4 100", "可持续发展委员会 0 — — 9 6 67", "统计委员会 0 — — 8 1 13", "^(a) 这些结果不包括妇女地位委员会(由于其单纯地重点关注性别问题)以及联合国森林论坛(该论坛2010年未举行届会)。", "^(b) 麻醉药品委员会审议秘书处的报告，因此，不分析秘书长报告。", "17. 关于趋势(见图三)，将经济及社会理事会2010年届会与2009年届会(见A/65/204)相比较显示，包括了性别观点的决议的份额仅增加4%。这种小幅度增加与大会决议呈现的趋势类似。由于缺少2009年的可比较数据，无法对职司委员会进行类似的比较。", "图三 包括了性别观点的经济及社会理事会文件的百分比(2009年和2010年届会)", "[]", "(b) 秘书长报告", "18. 与大会的结论相类似，提交经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会的秘书长报告较决议包括性别观点的可能性更大。大多数(85%)提交经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告以及将近三分之二(63%)提交各职司委员会的秘书长报告包括了性别观点。", "19. 提交经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告呈现了更多反映出性别观点的趋势，一年内增加了8个百分点。这一结果与提交大会的秘书长报告呈现的趋势相符。由于数据有限，无法对各职司委员会的趋势进行分析。", "B. 深入分析", "20. 虽然报告和决议有可能反映出本报告所确定的性别观点，但报告和决议在关注两性平等问题的程度上往往大不一样。本节侧重讨论包括了性别观点的报告和决议，审查文件中提到的情况，随后考虑文字在提到时所体现的定性力度。", "1. 提及", "21. 政府间文件中提到性别问题的位置，决定性别问题的突出地位和可能采取的后续行动。秘书长报告通过不仅在报告的正文、而且在结论和建议中均提及两性平等问题，提请更多关注两性平等问题。决议通过在序言部分和执行部分均提及两性平等问题的方式，对两性平等问题作更多的强调。决议通过在序言部分和执行部分中均强调两性平等问题，首先确定问题的框架，随后指出为解决问题需要采取的具体行动或建议。", "22. 大会和经济及社会理事会通过的决议，分别有20%和17%仅在序言部分包括对性别问题的提及，而执行部分没有与性别问题相关的建议。[4] 但是，经济及社会理事会在决议的序言部分和执行部分反映性别观点的可能性大于大会：大会45%的决议在序言和执行部分均包括对性别问题的提及，而经济及社会理事会的决议为61%。", "23. 秘书长报告在提及两性平等问题的位置上也有所不同。在包括了要求采取进一步行动的结论和(或)建议的123份提交大会的文件中，只有28%既在报告的正文中述及、又在结论和(或)建议中提及性别观点。提交经济及社会理事会的报告在报告的正文和(或)建议中均提到性别问题的可能性更大：在经社理事会带有结论和(或)建议一节的报告中，有64%的报告(或14份报告中有9份报告)包括了在正文以及一个或者两个部分都提及的情况。", "2. 定性评估", "24. 虽然两性平等问题有可能被纳入报告或决议的主要章节，但其影响取决于提及时所使用语言的力度。为了描述这方面的问题，对照质量上的可变量对政府间文件进行了审查。对照以下两个可变量对秘书长报告进行了质量评估：两性平等问题的“覆盖面”，以及性别问题讨论的“质量”。对大会文件仅仅进行了分析，原因是已有支持分析的足够数量。", "25. 关于覆盖面，包括两性平等问题的具体章节的报告以及报告的其他部分数次提及，被视为覆盖面高。提及一次或少数简短地提及被定为覆盖面低。中等程度的覆盖面介于两者之间。", "26. 报告的质量分析将“包括妇女”等粗略的提及定为低质量，而提供了确切的事实，包括按性别分列的定量数据以及(或)性别分析的报告定为中等质量到高质量。例如，以下报告的节录被视为高质量，原因是在顾及各自不同情况的同时，分析了活动对于妇女和男子的影响：“很可能女性的伤亡人数最多，因为发生地震时许多妇女都在家里，而男人们则在工作，子女们正在从学校回家的路上”(A/65/335，第4段)。另一个被视为高质量的实例是：“秘书长特别代表每月与全国政治党派领导人举行会议，每季度与女性政党代表和包括妇女组织在内的民间社会组织举行会议”(A/65/746，紧接第29段)。", "27. 决议往往较报告的篇幅短。仅对照一个可变量对决议进行了分析，并将这些决议分为对两性平等问题给予了甚少重视、中等重视和高度重视。被视为高度重视两性平等问题的决议的确定，系通过不止一个段落中出现过一个关键词，并且(或)出现过关于局势以及妇女和女童的需要的具体文字。包括了一次、粗浅提及的决议，被视为反映出不甚重视。", "(a) 秘书长报告", "28. 图四显示提交大会的秘书长报告的覆盖面和质量两项可变量的分布情况。30%的报告(146份报告中有5份)为高覆盖面和高质量，21%的报告为低覆盖面和低质量。尽管报告在两性平等问题的覆盖面以及这些结论的特性方面大不一样，但一般而言，覆盖面和质量之间有关联。总体而言，报告在两性平等问题上的覆盖面为中等或高等的可能性更大；49%的报告被评为高/高或中/高，30%的报告被评为低 /低或中/低。", "图四 提交大会的秘书长报告提及性别问题的覆盖面和质量，按频率分列", "[]", "29. 进一步的审查显示，大约40%的报告包括了按性别分列的定量数据。但所提供数据的精确程度各异。一些报告提供了绝对数字(例如，女性政治代表的人数，但未提及代表的总人数)，而其他的报告提供的是相对数据(例如，从某一方案中受惠的妇女机构)。在一些情况下，报告提请注意无法得到量化数据的情况。例如，题为“秘书处的组成：免费提供的人员、退休人员和咨询人”的报告(A/65/350/Add.1)，该报告提供了按性别和其他可变量分列的大量数据，详细地指出何时、哪个办公室以及多少人缺少按性别分列的数据。", "(b) 决议", "30. 虽然只有三分之一的大会决议包括了性别观点，但包括了性别观点的85项决议看来以非常清楚的方式包括了性别观点。在这些决议中，将近80%的决议对两性平等问题给予高度或中等程度的重视(见图五)。这意味着，不止一个段落出现过表示性别观点的关键词，并且(或)出现过关于局势以及妇女和女童的需要的具体文字。", "图五 包括了性别观点的大会决议对于两性平等问题的重视程度", "[]", "31. 很多中等程度和高度重视的决议包括了表示承认妇女和女童的具体情况的段落，并载有要求采取行动考虑她们的需要的建议。例如，在关于“食物权”的大会第65/220号决议中，大会表示关切太多妇女和女孩受到饥饿、粮食无保障和贫穷的影响，部分原因在于两性不平等和歧视，并呼吁采取措施，确保充分、平等地落实食物权，并确保妇女有平等机会获得资源，包括收入、土地和水及其所有权以及在获得教育、科学和技术方面享有充分、平等的机会，使她们能够养活自己和家人。", "32. 尽管在将性别观点纳入秘书长报告以及大会决议和经济及社会理事会及职司委员会的主流方面取得了进展，但很多报告继续以性别上中立的方式处理社区内的发展挑战。例如，在提及暴力的形式，特别是性剥削和性虐待以及贩运人口的很多时候，都没有指明受害人的性别和肇事者的性别。通常使用的是“人”、“儿童”或“人道主义和维持和平人员”等中性的提法，不提与性别相关的模式，回避随着时间的推移可能出现的变化。了解哪些群体受到影响及其机构，是政府间机构制定适当对策的一个关键。", "33. 在纳入了性别观点的报告和决议中，很少包括男人和男童的提法。纳入性别观点意味着评估妇女和男人以及女童和男童的情况和需要以及计划采取的行动对每一群体的影响。[5] 确保对性别问题有敏感认识的分析不仅注重妇女，而且从男性的观点考虑问题，能够有助于让基于性别的办法获得更多的支持。", "34. 同样值得注意的是经常缺少年龄因素这一情况。决议和报告通常提到妇女或儿童，但很少具体提及年龄或年龄组；不具体提及女童的情况经常发生。女童常常遇到特殊形式的歧视，根据情况在报告中指出这种情况，能够有助于加强政策干预的效果。同样，提及青年的文件很少按性别或年龄将“青年”一词再加细分，让人难于就所处理的问题作出有效的决策。", "35. 尽管本节所使用的定性评估办法无疑有其局限性，但这些结论是了解将性别观点纳入政府间机构和整个联合国工作方面所取得进展的重要一步。", "五. 联合国高级别政府间活动为性别观点主流化提供了机会", "36. 除了作为政府间机构常会的产出的决议和秘书长报告外，联合国每年还举行一系列的高级别活动。这些高级别活动——首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程——为促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力提供了机会。这些活动的筹备工作在很多方面为强调两性平等问题带来了前景，这些活动可以成为各国政府展示对赋予妇女权力的承诺的场合，就后续进程来说，可以成为重申先前承诺的场合。", "37. 本节对照大会第65/191号决议提到的以下三项高级别活动对这些机会作一审查：2011年举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会以及将于2013年举行的对马德里老龄问题国际行动计划的审查和评价。", "38. 第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议是提高对于社会在贫困中的妇女和女童需要的认识的一个重要场合。这次会议于2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行。出席会议的有很多国家元首和政府首脑、议员、联合国实体负责人以及非政府组织和私人部门的高级代表。秘书长和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)执行主任在会议的开幕式上致辞，六次高级别交互专题辩论中，一次辩论的焦点是人类和社会发展，性别平等和妇女增权扩能。", "39. 此外，45项特别活动中有5项活动联系贸易、可持续发展、赋予经济权力、照料移民工作者以及移徙与汇款，具体侧重讨论了两性平等问题。在提交会议的材料中，有妇女署起草的一套关键信息，这套信息阐述了讨论中的各个问题所涉性别问题。", "40. 会议产生了《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(见A/CONF.2/9/3/Rev.1)，其中几次提到两性平等问题。经大会第65/280号决议核可的这一成果文件，说明了促进最不发达国家可持续发展的新措施和战略。", "41. 成果文件的第二节审查了以往行动纲领的执行情况。重要的是，这一节报告了在赋予妇女权力方面取得的进展，同时作为所汲取的经验教训指出性别及其他广泛的问题对于减贫的重要性。题为振兴和加强发展伙伴关系的第三节在新行动纲领的目标以及执行目标的原则中列入了两性平等。第四节提出了8个优先行动领域，其中5个优先行动领域提到两性平等问题。在人类发展和社会发展这一优先领域下，一具体小节专门述及性别平等和妇女赋权。", "42. 相比之下，经大会第55/279号决议核可的2001-2010年行动纲领在所有7个优先领域提到了两性平等。上诉行动纲领还在涉及贸易、气候变化和减少灾害的小节中提到两性平等。在2011-2020年行动纲领中，关于贸易、商品和多重危机及其他新出现的挑战的优先领域均未提及妇女。在这方面，第四次会议的成果文件存在某些欠缺，原本应该包括较明确的性别观点。", "43. 即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会以及对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价，为更全面地纳入性别观点提供了机会。这两项活动仍处于筹备阶段：联合国可持续发展大会将于2012年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行，而对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价，将于2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议期间举行。", "44. 高级别活动成果文件关注两性平等问题的程度，很大程度上取决于活动的整个筹备期间纳入性别观点的情况。联合国第四次最不发达国家问题会议筹备进程于2009年开始，包括了大量评估以往行动纲领成果的活动，并制订了最不发达国家可持续发展的新措施和战略。但是，对筹备文件所作审查显示，性别层面并没有始终得到突出的反映。此外，大会前的16项专题活动没有将重点放在两性平等问题上，而总结这15项活动的成果的文件(A/CONF.219/IPC/10)只在两项活动中提及两性平等问题。", "45. 联合国实体在组织和协调筹备活动方面发挥了关键作用，因此，可以利用这一机会推动高级别活动纳入性别观点。特别是，正如2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》第二次审查和评价的筹备工作所表明的，这些实体有机会在初期影响进程。2010年12月，联合国人口基金与秘书处经济和社会事务部以及世界卫生组织合作，召集了一次专家组会议，详细拟订各国可以用于报告审查和评价工作所取得进展的一套指标。在这份清单中，几乎所有评估老年人生活质量的指标都要求按性别分列数据。[6] 这一结论十分重要，因为所提供的数据将影响嗣后的筹备活动和报告。", "46. 民间社会团体参与促进妇女权利，也可以成为将性别观点纳入筹备进程和高级别活动的一个决定性要素。各项活动之前，为收集意见和提高认识，通常在国家、区域和国际各级举行的很多活动。这些活动为这些组织提供了很多表达意见和影响成果文件的渠道。", "47. 为借助民间社会的贡献而进行的具体努力，在参与的层面上取得了最佳的成果。联合国可持续发展大会正式聘请了9个公认的主要群体(见大会第64/236号决议)，其中之一是妇女。这帮助确保妇女组织参与了筹备工作。例如，很多妇女组织同各主要团体一道出席了筹备委员会2010年5月和2011年3月的会议，并多次发言。主要妇女团体还就大会两项主题之一提交了立场文件“可持续发展和消除贫困背景下的绿色经济”。尽管联合国第四次最不发达国家大会的筹备工作在大会的三项决议(见第65/171、第64/213和第63/227号决议)下指导进行，且这些决议要求应该有民间社会的参与，但没有具体提及妇女团体，因此，有可能限制了大会对于成果文件的影响。", "48. 妇女署的设立和肩负领导和协调联合国系统的两性平等工作的任务，能够发挥桥梁的作用，确保将性别观点全面纳入高级别政府间进程。妇女署参与了联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程，并同主要妇女团体的指导委员会进行了协作。此外，该署还计划开展一些活动，继续将两性平等问题放在筹备进程和大会讨论的最重要位置。", "六. 妇女地位委员会的贡献", "49. 大会在第65/191号决议执行部分的第3段承认，在充分执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果基础上促进实现两性平等和增强妇女权能方面以及在促进和监督两性平等观点在联合国系统内的主流化方面，妇女地位委员会发挥着催化作用。虽然为了避免影响结果，妇女地位委员会没有列入本报告所报告的内容分析，但鉴于该委员会对两性平等问题的集中关注，该机构对第四次世界妇女大会的后续活动具有主要的责任，并一直在促进性别主流化方面继续发挥主要作用。", "50. 委员会在其第五十四届会议上庆祝了第四次世界妇女大会十五周年，并对经济及社会理事会的工作作出了重大贡献。委员会转交了高级别圆桌会议和经社理事会三次小组讨论的摘要，作为对国际商定的两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面的目标和承诺的年度部长级审查的投入。原提交给妇女地位委员会的秘书长关于审查《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况及其对塑造两性平等观点以求全面实现千年发展目标的贡献的报告(E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2)，也是经济及社会理事会高级别会议的基础。经济及社会理事会通过的2010年部长级宣言直接借鉴了该报告的结论和建议。在这些方面，委员会的工作无疑影响了根据经济及社会理事会第2006/9号决议将性别观点纳入其他机构以及整个联合国系统的工作的程度。", "51. 妇女署发挥妇女地位委员会的实质性秘书处的作用。妇女署预期将进一步加强委员会在促进性别主流化方面发挥促进作用的能力。特别是，妇女署强化在国家的存在应该导致秘书长提交委员会和大会的报告内容更加丰富，引进义务工作中的观点，从而弥补委员会制订的规范性指导与实地执行工作之间的差距。", "52. 因此，妇女地位委员会仍然是重要的行为者，其工作能够有助于提高高级别活动对于性别观点的关注。在行使其促进性别主流化的战略时，委员会在2011年3月第五十五届会议期间就两性平等和可持续发展举行了互动小组讨论，作为对于联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的投入。委员会还在该届会议上第一次通过了关于“将性别平等和增强妇女权能纳入应对气候变化政策和战略主流”的决议(见E/2011/27，第55/1号决议)，这一决议可以作为就这一议题做进一步工作的基础。", "七. 结论和建议", "53. 联合国政府间工作继续为将性别观点纳入本组织和会员国的工作的主流提供多种机会。本报告所载分析认为，在将性别观点纳入这些政府间进程方面取得了某些进展。在确保提交大会和经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告反映性别观点方面尤其取得了进展。关于决议，进展比较有限。高级别活动继续为把性别观点纳入政府间进程和在主要成果文件中反映性别观点提供了良好的机会。此外，作为本报告分析的一部分对政府间文件进行的深入审查说明，在大多数情况下，根据提及关键词所确定的纳入性别观点，反映对两性平等问题的真正重视。", "54. 尽管采取了这些积极的步骤，但还没有最好地利用政府间进程将性别观点纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流。纳入了性别观点的大会、经济及社会理事会以及经济及社会理事会职司委员会的决议的机构仍然很低；即便是很久前便预先作出规划和讨论、因而能够为纳入性别观点提供更多机会的高级别活动，也没有始终如一地对两性平等问题给予充分的注意。集中关注社会和经济问题的政府间进程，继续明确地显示了对于两性平等和赋予妇女权力问题的提及。因此，在大会内，最有可能体现性别观点的仍然是第二和第三委员会的进程中。", "55. 鉴于本报告提到的进展和制约，并考虑到政府间机构在促进和监测实现两性平等的全球承诺所取得进展方面的重要作用，大会不妨：", "(a) 再次呼吁联合国所有政府间机构将性别观点充分纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流，以及充分纳入所有联合国首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流；并呼吁政府间机构在请秘书长提出报告和要求政府间进程的其他投入时，有计划有步骤地要求其纳入性别观点；", "(b) 请秘书长确保其提交政府间机构的报告通过性别分析以及提供按性别和年龄分列的量化数据，特别是通过两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面进一步行动的具体结论和建议，有计划有步骤地包括性别观点；并在这方面向为秘书长报告提供意见的所有撰稿者传达反映性别观点的重要性；", "(c) 鼓励各国政府改进按性别和年龄分列的数据的收集、分析和传播；加强这方面的能力建设；并制订对性别问题有敏感认识的相关指标以支持决策；", "(d) 强调民间社会、特别是非政府组织和妇女组织在执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》和第二十三届特别会议的成果方面的重要作用和贡献；", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和联合国系统通过加强外联、提供资金和能力建设，鼓励和支持两性平等问题方面的妇女团体和非政府组织参与政府间进程。", "[1] 本报告补充经济及社会理事会关于将性别观点纳入联合国系统的所有政策和方案的年度报告(E/2011/114)，以及妇女地位委员会关于会员国为在国家一级将性别平等观点纳入主流采取行动的年度报告(见E/CN.6/2011/5)。", "[2] 不包括妇女地位委员会(由于其单纯地重点关注性别问题)以及联合国森林论坛(该论坛2010年未举行届会)。", "[3] 这些初期结果系根据对秘书长以往的以下报告所作分析得出：A/62/178、A/63/217、A/64/218和A/65/204。应注意的是，大会第六十三届会议之前的结果无法充分可比，原因是内容分析依赖的词汇清单较小(性别、行、妇女、女童、女性和性)。", "[4] 序言和执行部分的结论涉及82项大会决议和18项经社理事会决议，因为本分析不适用于通过或认可某一宣言或某一高级别活动的成果文件的决议。", "[5] 这一理解系根据经济及社会理事会关于性别主流化问题的第1997/2号商定结论。", "[6] 见http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 28 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women: implementation of the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Measures taken and progress achieved in follow-up to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/191, provides a review of the follow-up to and implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session. It focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective in their work. The report concludes with recommendations for further measures to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report responds to General Assembly resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to report annually to it on the follow-up to and progress made in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session, with an assessment of progress in gender mainstreaming, including information on key achievements, lessons learned and good practices, and recommendations on further measures to enhance implementation. The report also responds to the request of the Economic and Social Council, in resolution 2006/9, that the Secretary-General include in the report an assessment of the impact of the input of the Commission on the Status of Women to discussions within the United Nations system.", "2. The report focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations, and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective.[1] The report is divided into seven sections. Following the introduction, section II discusses the rationale for integrating a gender perspective in intergovernmental work. Section III outlines the methodology used in the report. Section IV presents the findings of the analysis on the extent to which a gender perspective has been reflected in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions. The section also assesses the extent to which gender perspectives have been mainstreamed in the resolutions adopted by these bodies. Section V examines the attention given to gender equality issues in the preparations for, and when applicable, the outcomes of three high-level intergovernmental events: the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Section VI specifically addresses the contributions of the Commission on the Status of Women and section VII provides a summary and conclusion of the report and outlines recommendations for further action.", "II. Rationale for mainstreaming a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes", "3. The General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed the role of the intergovernmental process of the United Nations in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. In its resolution 65/191, the Assembly reaffirmed that gender mainstreaming was a globally accepted strategy for promoting the empowerment of women and achieving gender equality by transforming structures of inequality. It also reaffirmed the commitment to actively promote the mainstreaming of a gender perspective into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, as well as the commitment to strengthen the capabilities of the United Nations system in the area of gender equality. In paragraph 15 of the resolution, the Assembly called upon all bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, at the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.", "4. Of particular relevance to the focus of the present report is paragraph 18 of resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested that reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies systematically address gender perspectives through qualitative gender analysis, sex- and age-disaggregated data and, where available, quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, in order to facilitate gender-sensitive policy development.", "5. The United Nations intergovernmental process is complex. Intergovernmental bodies differ in their mandates, and they receive and examine a diverse set of written inputs, including reports of the Secretary-General, Member States, other intergovernmental bodies, special envoys and rapporteurs, among others. Reports vary widely in form, content and coverage. They may integrate submissions from several contributors — typically Member States and United Nations entities — but also intergovernmental, regional, or non-governmental organizations. Reports feed into the discussions of Member States, which may be conducted through general debates, panel discussions and other events. Intergovernmental meetings allow policymakers to exchange information on progress, challenges and good practices, and help to heighten Governments’ commitment to empowering women. Intergovernmental work often, but not always, results in outcome documents such as declarations, resolutions and decisions, or in the case of the Security Council, presidential statements. Outcome documents often provide recommendations for action on an issue. These could be policy guidance for Member States and other stakeholders, or additional mandates to continue to examine and analyse a situation, or to convene further meetings or a high-level event on the issues at stake. Inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process all thus present opportunities to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of respective intergovernmental bodies, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/191.", "III. Methodology of the present report", "6. Through a content analysis, the present report reviews a number of inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process for evidence of the incorporation of a gender perspective, as determined by the presence of the words: gender, sex, woman, man, girl, boy, female, male, sexual, reproductive and maternal (including their plural forms). Documents with at least one occurrence of a keyword were considered to have included a gender perspective. False positive results, for instance “man-made disaster”, were discounted.", "7. While the list of words selected excludes others that could be argued to reflect a gender perspective, the selected words are those most often found in reports and documents that address gender equality issues. To ensure that the assessment of the inclusion of a gender perspective went beyond the mere mention of these keywords, documents that passed this first filter were analysed in more depth to assess the extent to which a gender perspective was indeed reflected.", "8. All reports of the Secretary-General for, and resolutions of, the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly and the 2010 sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were examined. The three events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191 — the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 — were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of preparatory documentation, and when applicable, outcomes. Documents available in the United Nations Official Document System as at 15 June 2011 were examined. Resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General were considered even if they belonged to an agenda item or sub-item which focused specifically on gender equality issues. Where documents were submitted to more than one intergovernmental body, each occurrence was counted since the consideration by each intergovernmental body was considered as an additional opportunity for mainstreaming gender equality issues in the intergovernmental process.", "IV. Findings", "A. Overview", "9. Based on the number of resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports before the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, there were multiple opportunities for the incorporation of gender perspectives into the work of these intergovernmental bodies. The Assembly alone received and reviewed 244 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 270 resolutions. The Council at its 2010 session received and reviewed 20 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 38 resolutions. A partial list of the reports and resolutions of the functional commissions suggests there were at least 38 reports and 38 resolutions.[2] While a number of these opportunities were clearly used, as demonstrated in the findings of the present report, many remained as untapped potential to catalyse the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session by promoting gender mainstreaming in the work of the United Nations system.", "1. General Assembly", "(a) Resolutions", "10. The analysis of resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly revealed a gender perspective in nearly a third of all resolutions. Table 1 sets out the distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee. The Third Committee, which focuses on social, humanitarian and cultural issues, was the most likely to integrate a gender dimension in its resolutions. The Second Committee, responsible for economic and financial matters, as well as the General Assembly meeting in plenary, also reflected gender perspectives, with over a third of their respective resolutions likely to integrate such a concern. A gender perspective was found in every fifth resolution of the Fourth Committee, which examines special political and decolonization issues.", "11. The Fifth Committee, responsible for administrative and budgetary matters, and particularly the First and Sixth Committees, which respectively handle disarmament and international security and legal questions, seldom adopted resolutions that integrated references to gender equality issues. Despite this, it is noteworthy that the First Committee adopted a draft resolution on “Women, disarmament, non‑proliferation and arms control”, the first it ever adopted on this topic (see General Assembly resolution 65/69).", "Table 1 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the General Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee", "Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the reports of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)", "General 270 85 31 244 146 60 Assembly", "Plenary 55 20 36 46 36 78", "First 55 4 7 28 11 39 Committee", "Second 39 15 38 25 15 60 Committee", "Third 55 37 67 48 36 75 Committee", "Fourth 25 5 20 24 13 54 Committee", "Fifth 24 3 13 87 44 51 Committee", "Sixth 17 1 6 16 6 38 Committee", "Note: Out of the 244 reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, some were considered under more than one agenda item, and some agenda items were allocated to more than one committee. The breakdown by committee thus does not match the total number of Secretary-General’s reports submitted to the Assembly.", "12. Figure I indicates how all General Assembly resolutions that have a gender perspective are distributed across the Main Committees. Although the Third Committee was responsible for only 20 per cent of all resolutions of the General Assembly, it accounted for nearly half of all resolutions of the Assembly that reflected gender perspectives. The Third Committee thus compensated for the much lower likelihood of other committees (First, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth) to adopt a draft resolution that reflects a gender perspective. The breakdown by committee is consistent with findings from past years and shows that despite repeated calls by the General Assembly for a gender perspective to be mainstreamed into all issues, gender equality issues continue to be little reflected in resolutions dealing with other issues than social and economic matters.", "Figure I Distribution of all General Assembly resolutions which reflect a gender perspective, by Main Committee in which the resolution was adopted", "[]", "13. With respect to trends, compared to previous years,[3] there has been little growth in the overall share of General Assembly resolutions that integrate a gender perspective (see figure II). This share has remained fairly low across sessions of the General Assembly, although there is a slight upward trend.", "Figure II Trends in percentage of General Assembly documents that include a gender perspective", "[]", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General", "14. A gender perspective was more likely to be found in reports of the Secretary-General than in resolutions. Sixty per cent of reports included a gender perspective. However, there were variations between the Main Committees that match the variations found for resolutions. Reports submitted to the General Assembly meeting in plenary and to the Second and Third Committees were most likely to include a gender perspective, while reports submitted to the First and Sixth Committees were least likely to do so.", "15. With respect to trends, between the sixty-fifth and the sixty-sixth sessions, there was a 10 percentage point increase in the number of reports of the Secretary-General that included a gender perspective (see figure II). The concentration of high-profile events related to gender equality and the empowerment of women which took place in 2010 may account for this. These include the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action held during the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security. Further, the General Assembly’s discussion of proposals on a new gender equality entity and the eventual adoption of resolution 64/289 on 2 July 2010 helped to create a momentum for the inclusion of a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies.", "2. Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions", "(a) Resolutions", "16. The Economic and Social Council at its 2010 session reflected a gender perspective in half of its resolutions (see table 2). The functional commissions of the Council together, excluding the Commission on the Status of Women, reflected a gender perspective in nearly a third of their resolutions. While there are wide variations among the functional commissions, the small size of the sample makes it difficult to interpret the data.", "Table 2 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the 2010 session of the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions that include a gender perspective", "Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of reports Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)", "Economic and 38 19 50 20 17 85 Social Council", "Functional 38 12 32 38 24 63 commissions of the Economic and Social Council^(a)", "Commission on 13 4 31 6 4 67 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "Commission on 17 1 6 3 1 33 Narcotic Drugs^(b)", "Commission on 1 1 100 4 4 100 Population and Development", "Commission on 2 2 100 4 4 100 Science and Technology for Development", "Commission for 5 4 80 4 4 100 Social Development", "Commission on 0 — — 9 6 67 Sustainable Development", "Statistical 0 — — 8 1 13 Commission", "^(a) These results do not include the Commission on the Status of Women, owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues, or the United Nations Forum on Forests, which did not have a session in 2010.", "^(b) The Commission on Narcotics Drugs considers reports of the Secretariat, which were analysed in lieu of reports of the Secretary-General.", "17. With respect to trends (see figure III), a comparison of the 2010 with the 2009 session of the Economic and Social Council (see A/65/204) reveals only a 4 per cent increase in the share of resolutions that included a gender perspective. This minimal increase is similar to the trend identified for General Assembly resolutions. A similar comparison could not be carried out for the functional commissions owing to the lack of comparable data for 2009.", "Figure III Percentage of Economic and Social Council documents that include a gender perspective (2009 and 2010 sessions)", "[]", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General", "18. Similar to findings for the General Assembly, reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were more likely than resolutions to include a gender perspective. Most (85 per cent) reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Council, and close to two thirds (63 per cent) of reports to the functional commissions, included a gender perspective.", "19. There is a trend towards an increased reflection of a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General that were submitted to the Economic and Social Council with an eight percentage point increase over the year. This finding is consistent with the trend identified for reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly. Limited data did not permit an analysis of trends for the functional commissions.", "B. In-depth analysis", "20. While reports and resolutions may reflect a gender perspective as defined for the present report, they often vary greatly in the level of attention they give to gender equality issues. Focusing on the reports and resolutions that did include a gender perspective, the present section examines the placement of references within documents, and then considers the qualitative strength of the language in those references.", "1. Placement", "21. The placement of references to gender issues within intergovernmental documents determines their prominence and the likelihood of follow-up actions. Reports of the Secretary-General draw more attention to gender equality issues when they mention them not only in the body of the report, but also in the conclusion and the recommendations. Resolutions give more emphasis to gender equality issues by referring to them in both preambular and operative paragraphs. By addressing gender equality issues in both preambular and operative paragraphs, resolutions first frame the issue, and then indicate a specific action or recommendation to address it.", "22. Twenty and 17 per cent, respectively, of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council included references to gender in their preamble only, with no gender-related recommendation being made in operative paragraphs.[4] However, the Council was more likely than the Assembly to reflect a gender perspective in both the preambular and the operative parts of resolutions: 45 per cent of Assembly resolutions included references to gender in both parts, compared with 61 per cent of Council resolutions.", "23. Reports of the Secretary-General also differ in the placement of gender equality issues. Of the 123 reports to the General Assembly that included a conclusion and/or recommendations for further action, only 28 per cent combined a gender perspective in the body of the report with a reference in the conclusions and/or the recommendations. Reports submitted to the Economic and Social Council were much more likely to have gender issues mentioned in both the body and conclusion/recommendations of the report: 64 per cent, or 9 of the 14 reports to the Council that had a conclusion and/or recommendations section, included references in the body and in one or both of these parts.", "2. Qualitative assessment", "24. Although gender equality issues may be incorporated in key sections of a report or resolution, their impact depends on the strength of the language used in the reference. In an attempt to capture this dimension, intergovernmental documents were reviewed against qualitative variables. Reports of the Secretary-General were assessed qualitatively against two variables: “coverage” of gender equality issues, and the “quality” of the gender discussion. The analysis was carried out on General Assembly documents only, because there was an adequate number to support the analysis.", "25. With respect to coverage, reports that included a specific section on gender equality issues as well as several references throughout the rest of the report were considered to have high coverage. A single reference or a few short references were defined as low coverage. Medium coverage fell somewhere in between.", "26. The quality analysis of reports characterized cursory references such as “including women” as low quality, while reports that provided precise facts, including sex-disaggregated quantitative data, and/or gender analysis ranged from medium to high quality. For instance, the following excerpt from a report was considered high quality, as it analyses the impact of an event on women and men, taking into account their different circumstances: “It is likely that females represented the greatest share of casualties, as many women were at home when the earthquake struck, whereas men were at work and children were on their way home from school” (A/65/335, para. 4). Another example considered to be of high quality is as follows: “Monthly meetings of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with national leaders of political parties, quarterly meetings with female political party representatives and civil society organizations including women’s organizations” (A/65/746, following para. 29).", "27. Resolutions, which tend to be shorter than reports, were analysed against one variable only, and categorized as having a low, medium or high focus on gender equality issues. A resolution considered to have a high focus on gender equality issues was identified by the occurrence of a keyword in more than one paragraph and/or with specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls. Resolutions that included a single, superficial reference were considered to reflect a low focus.", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General", "28. Figure IV sets out the distribution of reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly across the two variables, coverage and quality. Thirty per cent of reports (45 out of 146) were of both high coverage and quality, while 21 per cent were of both low coverage and quality. While the reports varied widely both in the coverage of gender equality issues and in the characteristics of these inclusions, there tended to be a general correlation between coverage and quality. Overall, reports were more likely than not to have medium or high coverage of gender equality issues; 49 per cent of reports were rated as high/high or medium/high, compared with the 30 per cent of reports considered as low/low or medium/low.", "Figure IV Coverage and quality of gender references in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, by frequency", "[]", "29. Further review showed that about 40 per cent of reports included sex-disaggregated quantitative data. The level of precision of the data provided, however, varied. Some reports provided absolute numbers (for example, the number of female political representatives without specifying the total number of representatives) while others presented relative data (for example, the share of women who benefited from a programme). In some cases, reports drew attention to the fact that quantitative data were not available. For example, the report entitled “Composition of the Secretariat: gratis personnel, retirees and consultants” (A/65/350/Add.1), which provides extensive data disaggregated by sex and other variables, scrupulously indicates when, for which office and for how many persons sex-disaggregated data are missing.", "(b) Resolutions", "30. While only a third of General Assembly resolutions included a gender perspective, the 85 resolutions that did tended to do so in a fairly clear manner. Nearly 80 per cent of those resolutions integrated a high or medium focus on gender equality issues (see figure V). This means that the keywords indicating a gender perspective were found in more than one paragraph and/or there was specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls.", "Figure V", "Extent of focus on gender equality issues in General Assembly resolutions that include a gender perspective", "[]", "31. Many of the medium- and high-focus resolutions included paragraphs expressing recognition of the specific situation of women and girls and containing proposals for actions to take into account their needs. For example, in General Assembly resolution 65/220 on the right to food, the Assembly expressed concern that women and girls are disproportionately affected by hunger, food insecurity and poverty, in part as a result of gender inequality and discrimination, and called for measures to ensure the full and equal realization of the right to food and ensuring that women have equal access to resources, including income, land and water and their ownership, as well as full and equal access to education, science and technology, to enable them to feed themselves and their families.", "32. Notwithstanding the progress made in mainstreaming a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, many reports continue to address development challenges within communities in a gender-neutral way. For example, a large number of references to forms of violence, in particular sexual exploitation and abuse, and trafficking in persons, omitted to specify the sex of the victims and of the perpetrators. Gender-neutral terms such as “persons”, “children”, or “humanitarian and peacekeeping personnel” were generally used, obliterating sex-related patterns and hiding possible changes over time. Knowing which groups are affected, and in which proportion, is key for intergovernmental bodies to devise appropriate policy responses.", "33. Few of the reports and resolutions integrating a gender perspective included references to men and boys. Integrating a gender perspective means assessing the situation and needs of women and men, and girls and boys, as well as the implications of planned action on each of these groups.[5] Ensuring that gender-sensitive analysis not only focuses on women, but also considers issues from a male perspective, can help to broaden support for a gender-based approach.", "34. The frequent absence of an age dimension is also worth noting. Resolutions and reports typically referred to women or to children, but rarely had more specific references to ages or age groups; specific reference to girls was often not made. Girls face particular forms of discrimination, and their identification in reports, when applicable, would help to sharpen policy intervention. Similarly documents that referred to youth rarely broke the term down by sex or age, rendering effective policymaking on the issues addressed difficult.", "35. While the approach to the qualitative assessments used in the present section undoubtedly has limitations, these findings constitute an important step in understanding progress in incorporating a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies and the United Nations, as a whole.", "V. United Nations high-level intergovernmental events as opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective", "36. Apart from the resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports which are products of the regular sessions of intergovernmental bodies, the United Nations also holds a number of high-level events each year. These events — summits, conferences and special sessions, as well as their follow-up processes — provide important opportunities to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Their preparation offers many prospects for highlighting gender equality issues, and the events can be occasions for Governments to make visible commitments to women’s empowerment, or in the case of follow-up processes, to renew earlier commitments.", "37. The present section examines these opportunities in light of the three high-level events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in 2011; the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012; and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, to be held in 2013.", "38. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was an important occasion to raise awareness of the needs of women and girls living in poverty. Held from 9 to 13 May 2011 in Istanbul, the Conference attracted many Heads of State and Government, as well as Members of Parliament, heads of United Nations entities, and senior representatives from non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women) addressed the opening session of the Conference, and one of the six high-level interactive thematic debates focused on human and social development, gender equality and empowerment of women.", "39. In addition, 5 of 45 special events focused specifically on gender equality issues, in connection to trade, sustainable development, economic empowerment, migrant care workers, and migration and remittances. Among the material available at the Conference was a set of key messages drafted by UN-Women, which provided a gender perspective on the various issues under discussion.", "40. The Conference resulted in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), which includes several references to gender equality issues. That outcome document, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280, outlines new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries.", "41. Importantly, the second section of the outcome document, which reviews the implementation of the previous programme of action, reports on progress made in empowering women, and notes as a lesson learned the relevance of gender and other broad issues to poverty eradication. The third section, entitled “renewed and strengthened partnership for development”, lists gender equality among both the objectives of the new programme of action and the principles to implement it. The fourth section sets out eight priority areas for action, five of which integrate references to gender equality issues. Under the “human and social development” priority area, a specific subsection is dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women.", "42. In comparison, the 2001-2010 programme of action, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/279, incorporated references to gender equality in all of its seven priority areas. It also included references to gender equality issues in subsections discussing trade, climate change and disaster mitigation. In the 2011‑2020 programme of action, the priority areas on “trade”, “commodities” and “multiple crises and other emerging challenges” make no mention of women. In that respect, the outcome document of the Fourth Conference fell somewhat short, and it could have included a stronger gender perspective.", "43. The upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, provide an opportunity for a fuller incorporation of a gender perspective. These two events are still in their preparatory phase: the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, will take place during the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.", "44. The level of attention given to gender equality issues in the outcome document of a high-level event depends to a large extent on the inclusion of a gender perspective throughout the preparation of the event. The preparatory process of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries started in 2009 and included a large number of activities to assess the results of the previous programme of action and to devise new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries. However, a review of preparatory documents shows that the gender dimension was not always strongly reflected. In addition, none of the 16 pre-conference thematic events focused exclusively on gender equality issues, and the document summarizing the outcomes of 15 of these events (A/CONF.219/IPC/10) refers to gender equality issues in only two events.", "45. United Nations entities play a key role in organizing and coordinating preparatory activities, and as such can use that opportunity to promote the inclusion of a gender perspective in high-level events. In particular, they have the opportunity to influence the process at an early stage, as the preparation for the second global review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, illustrates. In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund, with the cooperation of the Department for Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat and the World Health Organization, convened an expert group meeting to elaborate a set of indicators that countries could use in their reporting of progress for the review and appraisal exercise. In this list, nearly all of the indicators that assess the quality of life of older persons call for data disaggregated by sex.[6] This inclusion is significant, as the data provided will influence the subsequent preparatory activities and reports.", "46. The participation of civil society groups active in promoting women’s rights can also be a decisive element in the inclusion of a gender perspective in preparatory processes and high-level events. The many activities that are typically undertaken at the national, regional and international level to gather inputs and raise awareness ahead of the event provide many avenues for these organizations to make their voices heard and influence the outcome document.", "47. Specific efforts to harness the contribution of civil society yield the best results in their level of engagement. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development formally engages nine recognized major groups (see General Assembly resolution 64/236), one of which is women. This has helped to ensure the participation of women’s organizations in the preparatory process. For instance, women’s organizations were well-represented among major groups at the May 2010 and March 2011 meetings of the Preparatory Committee and delivered numerous interventions. The women’s major group also provided a position paper on one of the two themes of the conferences, “a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. Although the preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was guided by three General Assembly resolutions (resolutions 65/171, 64/213 and 63/227) that called for the participation of civil society, women’s groups were not specifically mentioned, thus possibly limiting their impact on the outcome document.", "48. The establishment of UN-Women, with its mandate to lead and coordinate the United Nations system work on gender equality can serve as a bridge to ensuring the full incorporation of a gender perspective in high-level intergovernmental processes. UN-Women has been involved in the preparatory process of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and has collaborated with the Steering Committee of the women’s major group. In addition, it has planned a number of activities to keep gender equality issues at the forefront of discussions in the preparatory process and at the Conference.", "VI. Contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women", "49. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/191, the General Assembly acknowledged the catalytic role of the Commission on the Status of Women in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women based on the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and in promoting and monitoring gender mainstreaming within the United Nations system. While the Commission on the Status of Women was not included in the content analysis reported in the present report to avoid biasing the results, given the Commission’s exclusive focus on gender equality issues, this body holds the primary responsibility for the follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and has continued to play a major role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming.", "50. At its fifty-fourth session, the Commission commemorated the fifteenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and contributed significantly to the work of the Economic and Social Council. The Commission transmitted summaries of its high-level round table and of three panel discussions to the Council as an input to the annual ministerial review on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women. The report of the Secretary-General on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and its contribution to shaping a gender perspective towards the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2), originally submitted to the Commission, also served as a basis for the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council. The 2010 ministerial declaration that the Economic and Social Council adopted directly drew on the findings and recommendations of that report. In those respects, the Commission’s work undoubtedly influenced the extent to which a gender perspective was incorporated in the work of other bodies and in the United Nations system as a whole, in response to Council resolution 2006/9.", "51. UN-Women, which serves as the substantive secretariat to the Commission on the Status of Women, is expected to further strengthen the Commission’s capacity to play a catalytic role in promoting gender mainstreaming. In particular, the strengthened country presence of UN-Women should lead to the enrichment of the reports of the Secretary-General to the Commission, as well as the General Assembly, by bringing in the perspectives from the operational work, and thus contributing to bridging the gap between the normative guidance elaborated by the Commission, and implementation work on the ground.", "52. The Commission on the Status of Women thus remains a crucial actor whose work can help to increase attention to gender equality issues in high-level events. In the exercise of its role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming, it held an interactive panel discussion on gender equality and sustainable development, during its fifty-fifth session in March 2011, as an input to the preparation of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. It also adopted at that session its first-ever resolution on mainstreaming gender equality and promoting empowerment of women in climate change policies and strategies (see E/2011/27, resolution 55/1), which can serve as a basis for further work on the topic.", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "53. The intergovernmental work of the United Nations continues to provide multiple opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into the work of the Organization and that of Member States. The analysis contained in the present report suggests that there has been some progress in incorporating a gender perspective in these intergovernmental processes. There has been particular progress in ensuring that reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council reflect a gender perspective. With respect to resolutions, progress has been more limited. High-level events continue to offer good opportunities for incorporating a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes and for reflecting them in major outcome documents. In addition, the in‑depth review of intergovernmental documents conducted as part of the analysis for the report suggests that in the majority of cases, the inclusion of a gender perspective, as defined by the mention of the keywords, reflects a genuine focus on gender equality issues.", "54. Despite these positive steps, intergovernmental processes have not been optimally used to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of intergovernmental bodies and within their mandates. The share of resolutions of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council that include a gender perspective remains low, and even high-level events which entail longer advance planning and discussion, thus providing more opportunities to include a gender perspective, do not always give sufficient attention to gender equality issues. References to gender equality and the empowerment of women issues continue to be most strongly evidenced in the intergovernmental processes focusing on social and economic issues. Within the General Assembly, therefore, a gender perspective continues to be most likely to be found in the processes of the Second and Third Committees.", "55. In light of the progress and the constraints noted in the present report, and taking into account the critical role of intergovernmental bodies in promoting and monitoring progress in the achievement of global commitments on gender equality, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Reiterate its call to all intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes; and call on them to systematically ask for the inclusion of a gender perspective when requesting reports of the Secretary-General and other inputs to the intergovernmental process;", "(b) Request the Secretary-General to ensure that his reports to intergovernmental bodies systematically include a gender perspective through gender analysis and the provision of sex- and age-disaggregated quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, and in this regard to convey the importance of reflecting a gender perspective to all contributors who provide inputs to his reports;", "(c) Encourage Governments to improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of data disaggregated by sex, and age; enhance capacity-development in this regard; and develop relevant gender-sensitive indicators to support policymaking;", "(d) Emphasize the important role and contribution of civil society, in particular non-governmental organizations and women’s organizations, in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session;", "(e) Call upon Governments and the United Nations system to encourage and support the participation of women’s groups and non-governmental organizations specialized in gender equality issues in intergovernmental processes through increased outreach, funding and capacity-development.", "[1] The present report complements the annual report to the Economic and Social Council on mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programmes of the United Nations system (E/2011/114), and the annual report to the Commission on the Status of Women focused on actions of Member States for gender mainstreaming at the national level (see E/CN.6/2011/5).", "[2] The Commission on the Status of Women (owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (which did not have a session in 2010) are excluded.", "[3] These earlier findings are based on the analysis carried out for previous reports of the Secretary-General: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 and A/65/204. It must be noted that results up to the sixty-third session of the General Assembly are not fully comparable, as the content analysis relied on a smaller list of words (gender, sex, woman, girl, female and sexual).", "[4] The findings on preambular and operative paragraphs pertain to 82 resolutions of the Assembly and 18 resolutions of the Council, as the analysis did not apply to resolutions in which a declaration or an outcome document from a high-level event was adopted or endorsed.", "[5] This understanding is based on the agreed conclusion 1997/2 of the Economic and Social Council on gender mainstreaming.", "[6] See http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 28 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women: implementation of the outcomes of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Measures taken and progress achieved in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the follow-up to the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/291 on follow-up to and implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly. The report focuses on specific United Nations intergovernmental processes and assesses the integration of these processes into their work. The report concludes with recommendations on further measures to strengthen gender equality.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Introduction", "The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 63/291. In that resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to report annually to the General Assembly on follow-up to and progress made in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session, to assess progress in mainstreaming a gender perspective, including information on significant achievements, lessons learned and good practices, and to make recommendations on further measures to enhance implementation. The present report is also submitted in response to Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/9, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include in his report an assessment of the impact of inputs from the Commission on the Status of Women on various discussions within the United Nations system.", "The present report focuses on specific United Nations intergovernmental processes, while assessing gender mainstreaming in their work. The report is divided into seven sections. Following the introduction, section II discussed the reasons for mainstreaming a gender perspective in intergovernmental work. Section III presents the methodology used in this report. Section IV presents conclusions drawn from the analysis of the report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and the report of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions on the gender perspective. This section also assesses the integration of a gender perspective into the resolutions adopted by these bodies. Section V reviews gender concerns during three high-level events such as preparation for the fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, 2012 and 2013 for the first review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing and, if possible, results in this regard. Section VI deals specifically with the contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women, section VIII outlines the findings and conclusions of the report and provides clarifications on the recommendations of further action.", "Justifications for mainstreaming a gender perspective in intergovernmental work", "The General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed the role of the United Nations intergovernmental processes in promoting gender equality and empowering women. In its resolution 63/291, the General Assembly reaffirmed that gender mainstreaming is a strategy to promote the universal acceptance of women's empowerment and gender equality through changing unequal structures, and reiterated its strong commitment to actively mainstream a gender perspective in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres and to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations system in the area of gender equality. In paragraph 15 of that resolution, the General Assembly called upon all United Nations bodies to mainstream a gender perspective fully into all of the issues considered and their mandates, as well as to mainstream fully into the United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and their follow-up processes, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, 2012 (2009) and the review and evaluation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2012 at the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development in 2013.", "The focus of the present report is particularly relevant in paragraph 18 of resolution 1701 (1991), in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in his report to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies, to systematically address the gender perspective through gender profiling, sex- and age-disaggregated data and quantitative data available, in particular through specific conclusions on gender equality and the empowerment of women and further action recommendations, in order to help to develop gender-sensitive policies.", "The United Nations intergovernmental process is complex. The mandates of intergovernmental bodies vary, and these bodies receive and review various written observations, including reports of the Secretary-General, other intergovernmental bodies, special envoys and rapporteurs. Reports are very different in terms of form, content and coverage. These reports are likely to capture the views of several authors, in particular Member States and United Nations entities, but also the views of intergovernmental, regional or non-governmental organizations. These reports will be submitted to Member States for discussion, which may be carried out through the general debate, panel discussions and other activities. The intergovernmental meeting allowed policymakers to exchange information on progress, challenges and good practices and help strengthen the Government's commitment to the empowerment of women. Intergovernmental efforts often result in the outcome documents, such as declarations, declarations and decisions or presidential statements of the Security Council, but not always. The outcome document presents recommendations for action on a particular issue. These recommendations may be directed to Member States and other policy guidance, or to continue to review and analyse new mandates in a given situation or to convene further meetings or high-level events on issues of stake. Therefore, inputs, activities and outputs from intergovernmental processes offer opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into issues considered by intergovernmental bodies in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/291.", "Methodology of the present report", "Through the content analysis, the present report reviews some inputs, activities and outputs of the intergovernmental process and incorporates gender-based evidence in line with gender, sex, women, men, girls, boys, women, men, sex, reproductive and childbirth. At least one of the key terms was seen as including a gender perspective. The positive results, such as “people-made disasters”, are not calculated.", "Although the terminology chosen does not include other terminology that may be considered to reflect a gender perspective, the terminology chosen is the most common term on gender issues in the reports and documents. In order to ensure that a gender perspective is assessed beyond mere references to these terms, a more in-depth analysis of the document adopted such a first filtering process was undertaken to assess the extent to which a gender perspective is effectively reflected.", "Review of all reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly and the 2010 meeting of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions. Three activities referred to in General Assembly resolution 63/291 were also reviewed: the fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, 2012 and the first review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, in 2013. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the preparatory documents and of results as appropriate. Review of existing documents in the United Nations Official Document System as at 15 June 2011. Resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General are reviewed even when they fall under a specific agenda item or sub-item dealing with gender issues. In the case of more than one intergovernmental body, each situation was calculated because the deliberations of each intergovernmental body were considered a new opportunity to mainstream gender in the intergovernmental process.", "Conclusion", "Overview", "In accordance with resolutions submitted to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions and the number of reports of the Secretary-General, there are opportunities to mainstream a gender perspective into the work of these intergovernmental bodies. Only 244 reports of the Secretary-General were received and reviewed by the General Assembly and 270 resolutions were adopted. At its 2010 session, the Council received and reviewed 20 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 38 resolutions. [2] Notwithstanding the conclusions of the present report that some of these opportunities are clearly used, many of the reports and resolutions still have the potential to play in promoting the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session by promoting gender mainstreaming in the work of the United Nations system.", "General Assembly", "(a) Resolution", "An analysis of the resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly reveals a gender perspective in all resolutions. Table 1 presents the distribution of General Assembly resolutions incorporating a gender perspective and reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, in accordance with the Main Committees. The Third Committee, focusing on social, humanitarian and cultural issues, is most likely to incorporate gender into its resolutions. The Second Committee on Economic and Financial Matters and the General Assembly, which held plenary meetings, also reflected a gender perspective, and one third of their resolutions were likely to include the issue. In the resolutions of the Fourth Committee on Review of Special Political and Decolonization, a gender perspective was addressed every five times.", "The Fifth Committee, responsible for administrative and budgetary matters, as well as the First and Sixth Committees dealing with disarmament and international security, as well as legal issues, are rarely adopted, including resolutions on gender issues. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the First Committee adopted a draft resolution on “Women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control”, the first resolution on this subject (see General Assembly resolution 65/69).", "Table 1 Number and percentage distribution of General Assembly resolutions incorporating a gender perspective, by the Main Committees", "Number of resolutions incorporating a gender perspective in the report of the Secretary-General, including the number of resolutions containing a gender perspective (percentage)", "General Assembly resolution 270 85, 244 146", "General Assembly", "First Committee 55 4", "Fifty-fifth session", "Third Committee 55 37 6", "Fourth Committee 25 5 20", "Fifth Committee", "Sixth Committee 17 6", "Note: Of the 244 reports to the General Assembly, some were considered under more than one agenda item and some agenda items were allocated to more than one Committee. Therefore, the Committee's breakdown does not correspond to the total number of reports submitted to the General Assembly.", "Figure I shows the distribution of all General Assembly resolutions incorporating a gender perspective among the Main Committees. Although the Third Committee is responsible for only 20 per cent of all General Assembly resolutions, the Committee accounts for almost half of all General Assembly resolutions reflecting a gender perspective. The Third Committee thus offset the possible low possibilities for other committees (first, fourth, fifth and sixth) to adopt draft resolutions reflecting a gender perspective. The breakdown by the Committee is consistent with the outcomes of the past few years, while showing that, despite repeated calls by the General Assembly to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues, other issues, in addition to socio-economic matters, still rarely reflect gender equality.", "Figure I Distribution of all General Assembly resolutions reflecting a gender perspective, disaggregated by the Main Committees of the resolution", "[]", "With regard to trends, the General Assembly resolution, which incorporates a gender perspective, has generally increased in comparison to previous years (see figure II). This share has been low in previous sessions of the General Assembly, despite a slight rise.", "Figure II Percentage trends in General Assembly resolutions incorporating a gender perspective", "[]", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General", "The possibility of a gender perspective in the report of the Secretary-General rather than in the resolution is greater. 60 per cent of the reports include a gender perspective. However, there are differences among the Main Committees, which are consistent with the differences between resolutions. The reports to the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and to the Second and Third Committees include the largest possibility of a gender perspective, while the reports to the First and Sixth Committees include the least possibility of a gender perspective.", "With regard to trends, the number of reports of the Secretary-General, including a gender perspective, has increased by 10 percentage points (see figure II). The high-level event on gender equality and the empowerment of women, which was concentrated in 2010, may be a cause of this. These activities included the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action, the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council on the implementation of the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and women's empowerment, the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and the tenth anniversary of Security Council decision 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security. In addition, the General Assembly's discussions on proposals for new gender entities and the final adoption of resolution 64289 of 2 July 2010 have helped to create momentum for mainstreaming a gender perspective into the work of intergovernmental bodies.", "Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions", "(a) Resolution", "A gender perspective is reflected in the Economic and Social Council resolution of half of its 2010 session (see table 2). In addition to the Committee on the Status of Women, almost one third of the resolutions of the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council reflect a gender perspective. Despite the fact that the functional commissions differ widely, it is difficult to read the data because of the low number of examples.", "Table 2", "Number of resolutions, including a gender perspective, in the Secretary-General's report, including the number of resolutions in the Secretary-General's report, including a gender perspective", "Economic and Social Council", "Economic and Social Council", "Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 13 4 31 6", "Commission on Narcotic Drugs 171 6 3", "Commission on Population and Development", "Commission on Science and Technology for Development 2 2", "Commission for Social Development 5", "Commission on Sustainable Development 0 - 9 6", "Statistical Commission 0 - 8", "AD(a) These results do not include the Commission on the Status of Women (as a result of its exclusively gender focus) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF). The Forum was not held in 2010.", "AD(b) The Commission on Narcotic Drugs considered the report of the Secretariat and therefore did not analyse the report of the Secretary-General.", "With regard to trends (see figure III), the 2010 session of the Economic and Social Council compared to the 2009 session (see A/65/204) showed that the share of the resolution on a gender perspective was only 4 per cent. This small increase is similar to that of General Assembly resolutions. Owing to the lack of comparable data for 2009, similar comparisons could not be made to the functional commissions.", "Figure III", "[]", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General", "Similar to the conclusions of the General Assembly, the report of the Secretary-General to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions includes a greater possibility of including a gender perspective. Most (85 per cent) reports submitted to the Economic and Social Council and almost two thirds (63 per cent) of the reports of the functional commissions include a gender perspective.", "The Secretary-General's report to the Economic and Social Council showed a trend towards reflecting a gender perspective, an increase of 8 percentage points over a year. This result is in line with the trends presented in the Secretary-General's report to the General Assembly. As data are limited, the trends of the functional commissions cannot be analysed.", "In-depth analysis", "Although reports and resolutions may reflect a gender perspective as identified in the present report, reports and resolutions tend to be disproportionately gender-sensitive. This section focuses on reporting and resolutions on a gender perspective, reviewing the situation referred to in the document, and then considers the qualitative strength reflected in the references.", "Reference", "The position of gender was mentioned in the intergovernmental paper and gender mainstreaming was determined and possible follow-up. The Secretary-General's report brings greater attention to gender issues through reference not only to the integrity of the report but also to the conclusions and recommendations. The resolution has placed greater emphasis on gender equality through a reference to gender equality in both preambular and operative parts. By emphasizing gender equality in the preambular and operative parts, the resolution first set the framework for the problem, followed by specific actions or recommendations needed to address the problem.", "The resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council contain 20 per cent and 17 per cent of the reference to gender, respectively, in the preamble, while the operative part has no gender-related recommendations. [4] However, the Economic and Social Council, in its preambular and operative parts of the resolution, reflects the possibility of a gender perspective greater than the General Assembly: 45 per cent of the resolutions of the General Assembly include references to gender in the preamble and operative parts, while the Economic and Social Council resolutions are 611 per cent.", "The Secretary-General's report also differs in reference to the place of gender equality. Only 28 per cent of the 123 documents submitted to the General Assembly, including conclusions requiring further action and/or recommendations, refer to a gender perspective in both the report's statements and in its conclusions and/or recommendations. The report to the Economic and Social Council referred to the possibility of gender in both the positive and/or recommendations of the report: 64 per cent of the reports (or 9 of the 14 reports) included references in both the text and one or two parts.", "qualitative assessment", "While gender issues are likely to be incorporated in the main sections of the report or resolution, their impact depends on the strength of the language used in the reference. In order to describe this issue, the intergovernmental documentation was reviewed against qualitative variables. A quality assessment of the Secretary-General's report was carried out against the following two variables: “Gender coverage” and “quality” of gender discussions. An analysis of the General Assembly documents was conducted only because there was sufficient number of support for the analysis.", "Reports on coverage, including specific sections on gender issues, as well as several other parts of the report, are considered high. A reference was made to a short or small reference as low coverage. Secondary coverage is between the two.", "The quality analysis of the report identifies a rough reference such as “including women” as low quality and provides precise facts, including sex-disaggregated quantitative data and/or gender analysis as high quality. For example, the following reports are considered to be high because, while taking into account their different circumstances, the impact of the activities on women and men is analysed: “The number of female casualties is likely to be high, as many women are at home in the event of earthquakes, while men are working to return their children from school to their homes” (A/65/335, para. Another is considered high-quality example: “The Special Representative of the Secretary-General meets monthly with national political party leaders to meet with women's political parties and civil society organizations, including women's organizations” (A/65/746, para.", "Resolutions are often relatively short of the report. Only an analysis of the resolution was carried out against a single variable, and those resolutions were divided into very little attention, medium attention and high priority on gender issues. It was considered to attach high priority to gender equality resolutions, which had emerged as a key word in more than one paragraph and/or had specific language on the situation and the needs of women and girls. The resolution, which includes a resolution that is exhaustively mentioned, is considered to reflect little attention.", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General", "Figure IV shows the distribution of the coverage and quality of the reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly. 30 per cent of the report (5 out of 146 reports) is high coverage and quality, and 21 per cent report is low coverage and quality. Although the report differs in terms of gender coverage and the characteristics of these conclusions, it is generally relevant to coverage and quality. Overall, gender coverage is higher; 49 per cent of reports are rated as high/high or medium/high and 30 per cent are rated as low/low or low.", "Figure IV", "[]", "Further review showed that about 40 per cent of reports included quantitative data disaggregated by sex. However, the exact level of data provided varies. Some reports provide absolute figures (e.g., the number of women political representatives but do not refer to the total number of representatives), while other reports provide comparative data (e.g., women's institutions that benefit from a given programme). In some cases, the report draws attention to the lack of access to quantitative data. For example, the report entitled “Information of the Secretariat: free of charge, retirees and consultants” (A/65/350/Add.1), which provides a large number of data disaggregated by sex and other variables, specifying in detail when, where offices and how many people lack sex-disaggregated data.", "(b) Resolution", "Although only one third of the General Assembly resolutions included a gender perspective, 85 resolutions containing a gender perspective seemed to include a gender perspective in a very clear manner. In these resolutions, almost 80 per cent of resolutions give high or moderate attention to gender equality (see figure V). This means that more than one paragraph has emerged as a key expression of a gender perspective and/or a specific language on the situation and the needs of women and girls.", "Figure V", "[]", "Many high-level and high-priority resolutions include paragraphs indicating the specific situation of women and girls and contain recommendations requiring action to consider their needs. For example, in its resolution 820 on the right to food, the General Assembly expressed concern about the impact of too many women and girls on hunger, food insecurity and poverty, partly because of gender inequality and discrimination, and called for measures to ensure the full and equal implementation of the right to food and to ensure that women have equal access to resources, including income, land and water and their ownership, as well as adequate and equal access to education, science and technology to enable them to feed themselves and their families.", "Despite the progress made in mainstreaming a gender perspective in the Secretary-General's report and in General Assembly resolutions and the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions, many reports continue to address the development challenges within the community in a gender-neutral manner. For example, at times of reference to forms of violence, in particular sexual exploitation and abuse, and trafficking in persons, there was no indication of the gender and perpetrators of victims. It is commonly used as a cross-cutting reference to “people”, “child” or “human and peacekeeping”, without reference to gender-related models and avoiding changes that may occur over time. It is a key to intergovernmental bodies to develop appropriate responses to the groups affected and their institutions.", "In the report and resolutions incorporating a gender perspective, few include references to men and boys. The integration of a gender perspective means assessing the situation and needs of women and men, as well as girls and boys, and the impact of planned actions on each group. [5] Ensure that gender-sensitive analyses focus not only on women, but also on issues from male perspectives, can help to increase support for gender-based approaches.", "It is also noteworthy that there is a constant shortage of age factors. Resolutions and reports often refer to women or children, but rarely refer specifically to age or age groups, and do not refer specifically to the situation of girls. Girls often face special forms of discrimination, as noted in the report, which can contribute to the effectiveness of policy interventions. Similarly, the reference to young people's documentation is rarely disaggregated by sex or age and makes it difficult to make effective decision-making on the issues addressed.", "Although the qualitative assessment methodology used in this section undoubtedly has its limitations, these conclusions represent an important step towards the integration of a gender perspective into the work of intergovernmental bodies and the United Nations as a whole.", "The United Nations high-level intergovernmental event provided an opportunity for gender mainstreaming", "In addition to resolutions on outputs for the regular sessions of intergovernmental bodies and the Secretary-General's report, the United Nations has also held a series of high-level events each year. These high-level events — summits, conferences and special sessions and their follow-up processes — offer opportunities to promote gender equality and empower women. The preparation of these activities presents prospects for highlighting gender issues in many ways, which can serve as an occasion for Governments to demonstrate commitment to the empowerment of women and can serve as an opportunity to reaffirm previous commitments.", "The present section reviews these opportunities against the three high-level events referred to in General Assembly resolution 63/291: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in 2011, the 2012 season and the review and evaluation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, to be held in 2013.", "The fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was an important occasion to raise awareness of the needs of women and girls in poverty. The meeting was held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011. Many Heads of State and Government, parliamentarians, heads of United Nations entities and senior representatives of non-governmental organizations and the private sector attended. The Secretary-General and the United Nations Agency for the Promotion of Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (RUF) delivered a message at the opening of the Conference and six high-level interactive thematic debates focused on human and social development, gender equality and empowerment of women.", "In addition, five of the 45 special events were linked to trade, sustainable development, economic empowerment, care for migrant workers and migration and remittances, with a specific focus on gender issues. In the materials submitted to the Conference, a set of key messages was drawn up, which addresses the gender dimensions of the issues discussed.", "The Conference resulted in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the period 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.2/9/3/Rev.1), in which several references were made to gender equality. This outcome document, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 880, describes new measures and strategies to promote sustainable development in the least developed countries.", "The implementation of previous programmes of action was reviewed in section II of the outcome document. It is important that this section report on progress made towards the empowerment of women, while highlighting the importance of gender and other broad issues for poverty reduction as lessons learned. Section III, entitled Revitalization and Strengthening of the Partnership for Development, includes gender equality in the objectives of the new Programme of Action and the principles of implementation. Section IV presents eight priority areas of action, of which five priority areas refer to gender issues. Under this priority area of human development and social development, a specific section addresses gender equality and women's empowerment.", "By contrast, the Programme of Action for 2001-2010, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/279, referred to gender equality in all seven priority areas. Gender equality is also mentioned in the appeal programme of action in a small section on trade, climate change and disaster reduction. In the programme of action for 2011-2020, priority areas for trade, commodities and multiple crises and other emerging challenges were not mentioned for women. In this regard, the documents of the fourth meeting of the Conference contain some shortcomings, which should include a clearer gender perspective.", "The forthcoming review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing 2002 provided opportunities for a more comprehensive integration of a gender perspective. The two activities are still in the preparatory phase: scheduled to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, while the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 will be held during the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development in 2013.", "The high-level event outcome document focuses on the extent to which gender issues are addressed, depending to a large extent on the integration of a gender perspective throughout the preparation of the event. The preparatory process for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries began in 2009, including a large number of activities to assess the results of previous programmes of action and the development of new measures and strategies for sustainable development in the least developed countries. However, the review of the preparatory documentation showed that the gender dimension was not always reflected. In addition, 16 thematic activities prior to the General Assembly did not focus on gender equality, while the document summarizing the results of those 15 activities (para. A/CONF.219/IPC/10 refers only to gender issues in two activities.", "United Nations entities play a key role in organizing and coordinating preparatory activities, which can therefore be used to promote gender mainstreaming in high-level activities. In particular, as indicated in the preparations for the second review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, these entities have the opportunity to influence the process at an early stage. In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund, in cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat and the World Health Organization, convened an expert group meeting to elaborate a set of indicators that could be used by States to report on progress made in the review and evaluation process. In this list, almost all indicators to assess the quality of life of older persons require sex-disaggregated data. [6] This conclusion is important because the data provided will affect the subsequent preparatory activities and reports.", "The involvement of civil society groups in the promotion of women's rights could also be a decisive factor in the integration of a gender perspective into preparatory processes and high-level activities. Prior to the activities, many activities are usually held at the national, regional and international levels in order to collect views and raise awareness. These activities provide these organizations with a number of means of expressing opinions and influencing the outcome documents.", "Specific efforts to build on the contribution of civil society have resulted in the best results at the level of participation. Nine recognized major groups were officially employed (see General Assembly resolution 64/236), one of which was women. This helps to ensure that women's organizations are involved in preparations. For example, many women's organizations participated in meetings of the Preparatory Committee in May 2010 and March 2011, together with major groups, and made statements. The main groups of women also submitted position papers on one of the two themes of the General Assembly, “green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. Although preparations for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries are guided by the three General Assembly resolutions (see resolution 63/271, 64213 and 63/227), which require the participation of civil society, they do not refer specifically to women's groups, thus limiting the impact of the General Assembly on the outcome document.", "The task of establishing and coordinating gender equality in the United Nations system can play a bridging role in ensuring that a gender perspective is fully integrated into high-level intergovernmental processes. It participated in the preparatory process and collaborated with the Steering Committee of the main groups of women. In addition, the Agency plans to undertake a number of activities to continue to place gender issues in the most important place of the preparatory process and the discussions of the General Assembly.", "Contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women", "In paragraph 3 of its operative part, the General Assembly recognized that the Commission on the Status of Women played a catalytic role in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women, based on the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, and in promoting and monitoring gender equality perspectives within the United Nations system. While the Commission on the Status of Women does not include the content analysis reported in the present report, given the focus of the Committee on gender equality, the body has the primary responsibility for follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and has continued to play a key role in promoting gender mainstreaming.", "At its fifty-fourth session, the Committee celebrated the fifteenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and made a significant contribution to the work of the Economic and Social Council. The Committee transmitted a summary of the high-level round tables and the three panel discussions of the Council as an input to the annual ministerial review of the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and the empowerment of women. The report of the Secretary-General on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly and its contribution to shaping a gender perspective in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (Educator4-E/CN.6lish2), which was submitted to the Commission on the Status of Women, is also the basis for the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council. The ministerial declaration adopted by the Economic and Social Council in 2010 draws directly on the conclusions and recommendations of the report. In these respects, the work of the Committee undoubtedly affects the extent to which the gender perspective is incorporated into the work of other bodies and the United Nations system as a whole, in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/9.", "The role of the substantive secretariat of the Commission on the Status of Women. It is expected that the Commission will further strengthen its capacity to play a catalytic role in promoting gender mainstreaming. In particular, the strengthening of the State presence should result in a more enriching report of the Secretary-General to the Commission and the General Assembly, introducing the perspective of the work of the obligation, thereby bridging the gap between normative guidance developed by the Commission and implementation on the ground.", "Therefore, the Commission on the Status of Women remains an important player and its work can contribute to raising the attention of high-level events to the gender perspective. In exercising its strategy to promote gender mainstreaming, the Commission held an interactive panel discussion on gender equality and sustainable development during its fifty-fifth session in March 2011 as an input to the preparation of work. At that session, the Committee also adopted, for the first time, a resolution on mainstreaming gender equality and the empowerment of women in policies and strategies to address climate change (see E/63/227, resolution 55/1), which could serve as a basis for further work on this topic.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "The intergovernmental work of the United Nations continues to provide opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into the work of the Organization and Member States. The analysis contained in the present report considers that some progress has been made towards mainstreaming a gender perspective into these intergovernmental processes. Particular progress has been made in ensuring that the report of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council reflects a gender perspective. With regard to the resolution, progress is relatively limited. High-level events continue to offer good opportunities to integrate a gender perspective into intergovernmental processes and to reflect a gender perspective in key outcome documents. In addition, an in-depth review of intergovernmental documents, as part of the present report analysis, reflected in most cases the real importance of gender equality in terms of the inclusion of a gender perspective as identified in the reference to keywords.", "Despite these positive steps, there is no best use of intergovernmental processes to mainstream a gender perspective into all of the issues considered by them and their mandates. Agencies that incorporate the resolutions of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council are still very low; even long ago, planning and discussions can provide greater opportunities for the integration of a gender perspective and do not always pay sufficient attention to gender equality. Intergovernmental processes that focus on social and economic issues continue to show clear references to gender equality and the empowerment of women. Thus, in the General Assembly, it is most likely to reflect a gender perspective in the process of the Second and Third Committees.", "In view of the progress and constraints referred to in the present report, and taking into account the important role of intergovernmental bodies in promoting and monitoring progress towards the achievement of a global commitment to gender equality, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Reiterates its call upon all intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations to mainstream a gender perspective fully into all of the issues considered and their mandates, as well as to fully incorporate into all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and their follow-up processes; and calls upon intergovernmental bodies, when requested the Secretary-General to report and request other inputs from the intergovernmental process, to plan to include a gender perspective;", "(b) Requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the reports submitted to intergovernmental bodies adopt gender analysis and provide quantitative data disaggregated by sex and age, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, systematically include a gender perspective; and, in this regard, convey the importance of a gender perspective to all authors of the views provided to the Secretary-General;", "(c) Encourage Governments to improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of data disaggregated by sex and age; strengthen capacity-building in this regard; and develop gender-sensitive indicators to support decision-making;", "(d) Emphasize the important role and contributions of civil society, in particular non-governmental organizations and women's organizations, in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session;", "(e) Call on Governments and the United Nations system to encourage and support the participation of women's groups and non-governmental organizations in the intergovernmental process by strengthening outreach, funding and capacity-building.", "The present report supplements the annual report of the Economic and Social Council on all policies and programmes on the integration of a gender perspective into the United Nations system (Eston 114), as well as the annual report of the Commission on the Status of Women on action taken by Member States to mainstream a gender perspective at the country level (see E/CN.6 (2009)5).", "[2] Excluding the Commission on the Status of Women (as a result of its sole focus on gender) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) The Forum was not held in 2010.", "[3] These initial findings are based on the analysis of previous reports of the Secretary-General: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 and A/65/204. It should be noted that the outcome of the sixty-third session of the General Assembly cannot be fully comparable because of a smaller list of terminology based on content analysis (gender, trajectory, women, girls, women, women, women, women and sex).", "[4] The conclusions of the preamble and operative parts relate to 82 General Assembly resolutions and 18 Council resolutions, since this analysis does not apply to resolutions adopted or endorsed a declaration or a outcome document of a high-level event.", "[5] This understanding is based on Economic and Social Council agreed conclusions 1997/2 on gender mainstreaming.", "[6] See http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目28(a)", "提高妇女地位：提高妇女地位", "暴力侵害移徙女工行为", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是依照大会第64/139号决议提交的，就会员国和联合国系统为解决移徙女工遭受暴力侵害和歧视而采取的措施提供资料。最后列出了供今后采取行动的各项建议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.背景情况 3\n3.会员国汇报的措施 5\nA.国际文书 5\nB.数据收集和研究 6\nC.立法 7\nD.政策 8\nE.预防措施，培训和能力建设 8\nF.保护和援助 9\nG.双边、区域、国际和其他合作 9\n4.联合国系统的活动 10\nA.全球法律和政策发展 10\nB.联合国各实体和国际移民组织支助国家努力的各项倡议 13\n5.结论和建议 15", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其关于暴力侵害移徙女工行为的第64/139号决议请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告，和吁请各国政府采取措施保护移徙女工的人权、处理和预防对移徙女工的暴力侵害、向受害人提供援助和保护、加强预防努力，惩治犯罪和加强数据的收集以及双边、区域和国际合作。", "2. 本报告就是响应第64/139号决议的要求提交的。期间涵盖关于同一课题的前一份报告(A/64/152)提交之后的两年，即2009年6月至2011年6月。报告综合来自23个会员国、[1] 5个联合国实体[2] 和国际移民组织(移民组织)的来文编写的。还咨询了人权条约机构的总结意见和一般建议/评论以及人权理事会特殊程序系统的报告。", "3. 本报告阐述了审议移徙女工问题的背景；扼要说明会员国、联合国系统和组织为执行第64/139号决议可采取的措施；并就如何预防对移徙女工暴力侵害和保护她们免遭暴行提出了结论和建议。", "二. 背景情况", "4. 2010年全球国际移民人数估计高达2.14亿人。[3] 其中93%是出于经济原因的移徙。[4] 妇女占国际移民的49%。女性移民在欧洲所占的比例最高(52.3%)，续之以大洋洲区域(51.2%)和拉丁美洲和加勒比以及北美洲两个区域均占(50.1%)。在其他两个地区，男性移民的人数仍超过女性：2010年，他们在亚洲移民中占55.4%，在非洲占53.2%。[5] 数目庞大的妇女作为临时移民工人单身移徙，从事特定的服务活动，包括从事家务工作和在护理部门工作，还包括为娱乐业工作。[6]", "5. 对妇女而言，国际移徙可能成为赋权的经历，妇女离开选择有限的环境，转换到对自己生活拥有较大自主权的环境，从而对她们本身及其家属和社区都有好处。[7] 然而，许多移徙妇女，由于包括工作在内的各种理由，发现她们面对了基于性别的暴力、歧视和剥削的风险。", "6. 消除对妇女歧视委员会在其关于移徙女工的第26号一般性建议[8] 中综述了这些风险。委员会强调指出，移徙女工容易遭受：雇主对身体的伤害和性暴行、加重的家庭暴力，以及经济虐待和剥削，而移民身份不合规定的移徙女工处境尤为脆弱。它指出，移徙女工向司法求助的机会有限，使她们无法对就业的歧视或暴行获得补救。另一方面，即使有机会获得补救和服务，移徙女工在设法求助时，或许会面对种种障碍，包括缺乏信息和语言能力、雇主限制自由和行动、或恐惧丧失移民或居留身份。由于招聘费用高昂，移徙也可能使她们在目的地国开始生活时就面对债务、财务困难和依赖协助。为重新融入社会而提供的服务不足，特别是有些服务根本不顾及性别因素，或会导致移徙女工在回到原籍国之后面对更多困难。[9]", "7. 由于与其工作相关的孤立无助和依赖性，移徙家庭佣工面对特别的问题和关注。保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际委员会关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论就强调说明在保护这一类移民方面存在的法律和实际缺口。[10] 这两个委员会都向会员国提出了建议，以确保遵守条约义务。", "8. 对原籍国和目的地国而言，移徙女工都对其发展作出了积极贡献。[11] 对她们的暴力侵害和歧视都构成对人权的侵害，给个别的移徙女工、其家属、社区和国家都带来了负担，[12] 从而对经济和社会发展，以及两性平等和赋予妇女权能，造成了不利影响。", "9. 本报告以下各节审查了各国为赋予移徙女工权能、预防她们遭受暴力侵害和虐待并减轻这种风险，以及联合国系统为支助此种国家努力而进行的活动。", "三. 会员国汇报的措施", "10. 在为本报告提供资料时，会员国着重说明它们为打击对移徙女工的歧视和暴行所采取的种种措施。其中包括在下列领域的努力：数据收集与研究、立法、政策措施，预防措施和保护与援助。进行活动的其他领域还包括：双边和多边合作，以及遵守国际文书。注意到对移徙女工的歧视和暴行同贩运妇女和女孩之间的联系，各国还就打击贩运的措施和方案提供了资料。[13]", "A. 国际文书[14]", "11. 国际法律框架就如何保护移徙女工向各国提供指引，并为此目的制订了合作框架。自从提交2009年的报告(A/64/152)以来，就有关打击对移徙女工歧视和暴行问题的国际文书而言，缔约国数目已见增多。截至2011年6月，已有161个国家批准或加入《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》[15] (比2009年的149个国家增多)，144个国家批准或加入补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口，特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》[16] (比2009年130个国家增多)，和有127个国家批准或加入补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》[17] (比2009年的119国增多)。在提交报告的国家当中，阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克，特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国都是《公约》及其两项《议定书》的缔约国，而乍得、约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和卡塔尔则为《公约》和《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口，特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》的缔约国。", "12. 截至2011年6月10日为止，已有44个国家加入《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》[18] 为缔约国(比之前的41国有所增加)。在提交报告的会员国当中，阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、墨西哥和菲律宾已加入该《公约》为缔约国。向本报告提供资料的许多国家都是劳工组织各项有关公约的缔约国，其中包括《关于为就业而移徙的第97号公约》(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、菲律宾、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚、特立尼达和多巴哥和联合王国)；《关于在就业和职业方面歧视的第111号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国)、以及《关于禁止最恶劣形式的童工并立即采取行动的第182号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国)。", "13. 2011年6月16日，国际劳工组织大会通过了一项对移徙女工特别重要的新的国际文书，即《关于家庭佣工体面工作的公约》及其伴随的各项建议。《公约》建议为下列目的采取措施：确保有效保护家庭佣工免受包括通过职业介绍机构进行的一切形式的虐待、骚扰和暴行；促进和保护其人权和劳工权利，包括公平的工资、每周休息和带薪休假、体面的工作条件、安全与健康受到保护；以及提供投诉机制、劳工监查和制裁虐待工人的雇主。它鼓励各国缔结双边、区域或多边协定，以便进一步保护海外家庭佣工。这项新公约将在两个国家批准之后生效。", "14. 遵守为解决对妇女暴力侵害而制订的各项区域文书也有助于预防和解决对移徙女工的暴力行为。举例来说，《美洲防止、惩罚和消除对妇女暴力行为公约》(《贝伦杜帕拉公约》(阿根廷和特立尼达和多巴哥)和经欧洲理事会部长委员会通过的关于预防和打击对妇女暴力和家庭暴力的公约(德国)。", "B. 数据收集和研究", "15. 就制订健全的政策和方案，解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴行而言，数据是必不可少的。然而，关于特定数据的范围和可得性，收到的资料还相当少。有些国家政府指出，有关对移徙女工施暴案例和按性别分列的有关移徙工人的数据，十分短缺。只有波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和葡萄牙提请注意，对于贩运移徙女工和对移徙女工的暴行，已有数据可查。俄罗斯联邦收集了关于移徙女工的数据，而阿根廷按各种变量，诸如性别、国籍和年龄，分列出关于移民的数据。印度尼西亚收集了关于返国者和无证移民的数据。有几个国家，包括日本、墨西哥和特立尼达和多巴哥提出了有关对妇女暴力行为的一般数据。", "16. 为了加强知识基础，有些国家推出程序或责成国家机构收集和研究与移民，包括移徙女工就业有关的数据。举例来说，希腊设立一个关于移民就业情况的观察机构，以便为移民政策提供信息。阿拉伯联合酋长国宣布，建立一个统计中心，还预期该中心将就家庭佣工所遭遇的问题提供信息。", "17. 仍在继续努力，加强关于移徙女工的研究和分析。举例来说，阿根廷已执行了两项人口基金支助的研究项目，一项涉及来自巴拉圭的移徙家庭佣工的境况而另一项涉及玻利维亚移徙妇女在阿根廷保健体系面临的挑战。墨西哥正在进行一项研究，涉及该国驻美利坚合众国领事馆目前向受家庭暴力侵害的墨西哥移徙女工提供的护理服务。", "C. 立法", "18. 各国已经采取了各种各样的一般性法律措施，可用来保护移徙女工免受歧视和暴行，并惩处违规者。宪法、反歧视和就业方案、平等对待和均等机会法规、劳工和移民法都可以保护移徙女工，使他们免受歧视、虐待和骚扰。下列国家推出了提供此种保护的案例：阿根廷、乍得、希腊、日本、约旦、立陶宛、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、土库曼斯坦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥。同样地，在刑法中制订条款，处理和惩罚性攻击和性虐待、性剥削和家庭暴力，也可以保护移徙女工。下列国家提出了这方面的报告：日本、葡萄牙和卡塔尔。除了一般性法律框架之外，有些国家(阿根廷、塞浦路斯、墨西哥、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)都制订了具体法律，旨在保护和支援所有妇女，包括移徙女工，使她们免受诸如性暴力和家庭暴力，奴役和人口贩运之类的罪行。有些国家(印度尼西亚和菲律宾)提出报告，说明旨在保护本国移居海外国民的法律，并非专门针对妇女。", "19. 有些国家就移民法和劳工法规，以及关于保护家庭佣工包括移徙家庭佣工的部长决定、法规和协定提交了报告。举例来说，阿拉伯联合酋长国劳工法保护女性家庭佣工避免有危险的工作情况，约旦劳工法规定，家庭佣工受到与其他工人同等的法律保护。约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯联合酋长国推出标准劳工合同，明确规定家庭佣工的权利，例如工资、工作时间、带薪休假、医疗保健和雇主的责任。各国还加强对招聘机构和雇主的条例，对虐待移徙工人者施加制裁和惩罚(黎巴嫩)，和给予工人寻找另一名雇主的权利(约旦)。另一方面，联合王国移民法规具体规定了如何处理对移徙家庭女工的剥削。", "20. 倡导合法移民是希腊的优先事项，该国的移民法促进外国人合法就业和协助身份不正常的移徙者将身份正规化。劳工监察部门在监测执行情况和促使雇主遵守规定方面发挥了重大作用。", "21. 尽管法规和相关条例在预防和解决对移徙女工的暴力侵害方面都是关键要素，收到的资料完全没有指出，为解决对移徙女工暴力侵害问题的现行一般性法律规定的应用情况或所生的影响。根本没有讨论某些群组的移徙女工，例如家庭佣工在面对如何寻求法律保护，以避免歧视和暴行时可能面对的任何特殊挑战。", "D. 政策", "22. 鉴于移徙妇女，包括移徙女工的人数日益增高，有些国家，包括阿根廷、马耳他和葡萄牙强调，迫切需要制订敏感顾及性别问题和基于人权的政策。为此目的，有些国家在其各种国家行动计划和战略中列入一些措施，针对对移徙女工的暴行。塞浦路斯、日本、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克将移徙女工纳入其关于对妇女施暴和贩运妇女政策的范畴。其他国家也在处理对移徙妇女暴行这项问题，但并没有特别着重移徙女工。举例而言，葡萄牙的若干国家计划，包括关于家庭暴力的计划，纳入了关于移徙女工的措施，诸如提高移民社区的认识、对主管当局的特殊培训和向幸存者提供服务。斯洛伐克关于对妇女暴行的行动计划列入一些预防活动，重点针对移徙妇女的特别需要。", "23. 虽然有些报告称，预算没有拨供专款是有效执行计划的一项障碍，但很少提到其他挑战，也没有说明，在解决对移徙女工的暴力侵害方面，执行这些计划和政策，会产生哪些正面影响或获得什么成果。", "E. 预防措施，培训和能力建设", "24. 尽管对致力解决对移徙女工的暴行而言，预防是不可分割的要素，塞浦路斯、希腊、马耳他、墨西哥、日本、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克汇报的各项预防措施却更广泛地侧重消除对妇女的暴力侵害和人口贩运。在这些国家内，预防措施包括：一般性的提高认识、通过会议、研讨会、出版物和小册进行的信息传播和教育。这些举措经常会同伙伴一起，并以多种语文执行。在葡萄牙，针对对妇女暴行和沦为暴行受害者的移徙妇女的权利而进行的提高认识活动特别针对移民社区。", "25. 让移民很容易获得关于移民权利和移民程序的信息，有助于减轻遭受虐待和剥削的风险。为此目的，墨西哥建立了一个妇女移民门户网站，提供关于移民程序和移民妇女权力的信息。在立陶宛，以数种语文提供了关于移民程序的信息。黎巴嫩和约旦编制了关于家庭雇工就业的权利和责任的准则和小册。各国还提出了报告，说明通过每年进行宣传运动，为其移居海外国民提高对移民海外的好处和风险的认识(菲律宾)和离境前培训课程(印度尼西亚)。", "26. 移徙妇女，包括移徙女工有可能成为仇外心理和种族主义行径的受害者。例如通过媒体作出这种描述。若干国家专门着重针对对移徙妇女的描述，采取步骤，消除此种风险：例如使媒体敏感顾及这项问题(希腊)和在这方面监测传播不良的种族主义或性别主义定型观念的无线电和电视节目(阿根廷)，特别着重对移民妇女的描述。", "27. 除了提高认识之外，有些国家(印度尼西亚、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)为政府官员、监察、执法人员、医疗工作人员和其他服务提供者举办了培训方案，以确保关于对妇女暴行，人口贩运，男女平等、保护移徙工人和其他相关问题的政策得以以敏感顾及性别的方式执行并提供服务。葡萄牙为各移民支助中心和求助热线的工作人员提供了培训。黎巴嫩和卡塔尔为劳动监察员举办了培训方案，以确保遵守劳动法规。阿拉伯联合酋长国就对妇女暴行、人口贩运和非法移民的问题，为政府官员设立了培训中心。", "28. 印度尼西亚采取步骤，加强体制能力，以支援海外的移民工人，包括向遭受暴行的受害移徙女工提供保护和援助。这项工作涉及在其外交部内设立一个专责单位。", "F. 保护和援助", "29. 成为暴行受害者的移徙妇女需要各种各样的服务来帮助她们从经历的创伤中恢复，并确保暴行不会再度发生。若干国家(包括阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)汇报了可供这个妇女群组利用的保护和援助，包括庇护中心、热线电话、法律援助、心理和医疗服务，以及提供关于服务、培训和补救的信息。这些支助经常在非政府组织的合作下，以几种语文提供。然而，对于成为暴力受害者的移徙女工利用这些现有服务的人数和案例，并没有提供数据。此外，各国提请注意，一般来说，向暴行的妇女受害者提供的服务短缺或不足，持续成为一项挑战。", "30. 在根据民法和工作许可安排，向外国国民提供保护和支助方面，继续取得了进展，这种情况对成为暴力行为受害者的移徙女工也有助益。葡萄牙报称，成为家庭暴力幸存者的移徙妇女不需要通过丈夫申请，即可自力获得居留许可证。阿根廷、希腊、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙和斯洛伐克强调，劳工法和移民法的条款规定，外国国民有机会利用医疗照顾、教育和经济援助。葡萄牙还向无证移民的子女提供医疗照顾和教育。希腊、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、菲律宾、卡塔尔和斯洛伐克报称，它们已制定了补救机制，以便收受、调查和处理对移徙工人，包括家庭佣工的歧视和暴行投诉。印度尼西亚、日本、菲律宾、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥报称，正在监测和检查工作场所，以确保遵守劳工法。", "31. 印度尼西亚和菲律宾向返国者提供重新融入社会的服务。印度尼西亚国际机场专门设立一个特别终点站来提供援助。", "G. 双边、区域、国际和其他合作", "32. 双边和多边合作是解决对移徙女工暴力行为的关键。若干国家(印度尼西亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔和阿拉伯联合酋长国)就旨在改善对移徙工人的保护、在原籍国和目的地国之间缔结的双边协定和谅解备忘录提出了报告。这种协定和备忘录范围涵盖各种各样的问题，包括招聘和就业机构的条例和保护潜在移民不受非法营业机构的欺骗、如何利用正式就业合同和移徙工人的工资水平。", "33. 区域合作包括一个旨在向移民提供服务的项目，涉及哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和塔吉克斯坦。该项目由联合王国支助，促进男女平等和妇女赋权的联合国实体(联合国妇女)、国际移民组织和世界银行执行。有几个国家主办或参与了关于移徙、打击对妇女暴行和人口贩运的区域或国际会议。", "34. 斯洛伐克报告说，同联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作，保护移徙妇女免受虐待，印度尼西亚报告称，它同国际移民组织合作，就影响移民的保护问题向政府官员提供培训。", "四. 联合国系统的活动", "35. 政府间程序、全球会议和专家机构继续处理对移徙女工歧视和施暴的问题。联合国各实体和国际移民组织支援各国努力，致力推动和保护移徙女工的权利。", "A. 全球法律和政策发展", "1. 决议和建议", "36. 继续通过联合国政府间机构和专家机构所通过的决议和建议继续推进法律和政策发展。大会在其第六十五届会议上通过了关于加强预防犯罪和刑事司法，以应对对妇女暴行的第65/228号决议。该决议强调，切需通过确认移民妇女的需要和特殊的脆弱性，预防对移民妇女的暴行，和执行各项措施来打击种族主义、仇外心理和相关的各种形式不容忍。", "37. 自从上一份报告定稿以来，人权理事会通过了几项决议，这些建议也论及移民妇女和儿童以及移徙女工的境况。这些建议包括：关于所有移民人权的第15/16号决议(见A/65/53/Add.1，第一章)，其中吁请有效鼓吹和保护所有移民的人权和基本自由，特别是妇女和儿童生命和人身安全的权利，并开展宣传活动，以便有能力作出明智的决定和减少为人口贩运、跨国有组织走私和犯罪网络所害的脆弱性；关于消除对妇女歧视的第15/23号决议(见A/65/53/Add.1，第一章)，论及消除对处境脆弱的妇女，诸如移徙妇女的歧视；关于加紧努力，消除对妇女一切形式暴行的第14/12号决议(见A/65/53，第三章)，呼吁确保预防、应付一切形式的歧视，包括种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍，以及可以导致某些妇女和女孩，包括移徙妇女成为对象或容易遭受暴力侵害的多重或严重形式的歧视和不良待遇；关于儿童权利的第13/20号决议(见A/65/53，第二 A章)，敦促保护移民儿童免受性暴力和虐待，以及向受害人提供特别保护和援助；和关于移民人权的第12/6号决议(见A/65/53，第一 A章)，吁请确保移民儿童，不论其法律身份为何，享受所有人权，并敦促将性别观点纳入移民政策和方案，以便更有效地保护移民女孩。", "38. 沿袭同一思路，妇女地位委员会通过了商定结论和决议，其中也论及移徙妇女和女孩的境况。关于妇女和女孩有机会接受和参与教育、培训、科学和技术的商定结论，包括促进妇女有均等机会获得充分就业和体面的工作(E/2011/27，第一 A章)(委员会第五十五届会议(2010年3月12日，2011年2月22日至3月4日和3月14日)通过这项结论，其中要求为移徙女工执行敏感顾及性别的政策和方案、提供承认她们技能和教育的安全合法的移徙渠道，促进她们生产性的就业、体面的工作和包括在教育、科学和技术领域融入劳动力，以及采取步骤确保所有妇女，包括护理工人都得到法律保护，免遭暴力和剥削。委员会第五十四届会议(2009年3月13日和10月14日和2010年3月1日至12日)通过关于对妇女经济赋权的第54/4号决议(见E/2011/27和Corr.1，第一 D章)。委员会在决议中敦促各原籍国、过境国和目的地国把性别观点纳入其移民政策和方案、促进移徙妇女充分享受人权和基本自由、解决歧视、一切形式的剥削、虐待、不安全的工作环境和暴力，包括性暴力和贩运妇女和女孩。委员会在其关于制止切割女性生殖器的第54/7号决议(见E/2011/27和Corr.1，第一 D章)中敦促对难民和移民妇女及其社区采取目标明确的措施，以便保护女孩免遭切割生殖器的做法，当这种做法在居留国以外发生时亦然。", "39. 根据国际人权条约设立的人权条约机构继续审理对移徙女工的暴行问题。保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会在其第三十届会议上(2010年11月22日至12月3日)通过了关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论，综合讨论了侵害他们社会、经济、文化、公民、政治和劳动权利的问题。一般性评论呼吁：在各个阶段促进和保护家庭佣工的权利、家庭佣工的体面工作、通过国家劳动法规适当监管此类工作，以确保家庭佣工享受同其他工人同等的保护，和有机会求助于司法和补救。", "40. 在本报告所述期间，禁止酷刑委员会第四十三和第四十四届会议在其对各国报告的结论意见中特别强调，无证移徙妇女面对基于性别暴力成为受害人的悲惨境况；对移徙家务女工广泛的生理、心理和性虐待、受家庭暴力危害的移徙妇女由于恐惧失去居留身份很少寻求保护；以及对移徙女工受虐待的案例，还没有编制关于投诉、调查、起诉和定罪的综合性或按性别分列的数据 (见A/65/44)。委员会从而敦促各缔约国确保移徙女工提出投诉的权利和确保对虐待女工的雇主施加制裁，以预防对她们的暴行和虐待。它还敦促各缔约国考虑颁布法规，使遭受暴力侵害的移徙女工能够在不丧失其居留许可的情况下寻求保护，和汇编关于移徙工人受虐待案件的分类统计数据和信息。", "41. 人权理事会特别报告员强调，移徙女工容易遭受暴力行为的侵害和这种情况同行使其他权利之间的关系。关于移民人权问题的特别报告员指出，移民经常遭受暴行，威胁他们的健康和安全、对风险和如何获得保健服务的信息所知不多(见A/HRC/14/30)。移徙家庭佣工由于被排除在各种形式的法律保护之外，特别容易遭到这些暴行(同上，第29至30段)。特别报告员假定，暴力同适当住房的权利有联系，并指出住在家中的移徙家庭佣工很少提出受虐待的申诉，因为他们面对被驱逐出境、失去职业，无家可归和容易遭到更多暴行的风险，例如性剥削和人口贩运(同上，第55段)。特别报告员建议，各国免费向移民提供信息和相关的法律和政策咨询，协助他们行使其权利(同上，第74段)；充分、适当和专门的医疗援助(同上，第82段)；和向那些想要离开虐待他们的雇主的人提供住宿(同上，第90段)。他还建议，应制订机制，以便监测工作地点的情况。特别报告员在其访问下列三国的报告中强调，亟需保护移徙儿童，特别是女孩，鉴于她们人数众多和很容易遭到性暴行和基于性别的人权侵害(A/HRC/17/33，第32段)：日本(A/HRC/17/33/Add.3)；罗马尼亚(A/HRC/14/30/Add.2)和联合王国(A/HRC/14/ 30/Add.3)。", "42. 关于暴力侵害妇女、其因果问题特别报告员在其访问赞比亚的报告中指出，移徙女工经常遭受性虐待，但因为她们的身份不正常，很少向执法人员和保健工作人员求助(见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第28段)。", "43. 关于特别是妇女和儿童的人口贩运问题特别报告员建议，应向被贩运的人提供特别援助，不论其移民身份为何，而是否给予居留身份和是否可利用各项服务不应取决於他们是否参与刑事诉讼程序(A/HRC/14/32)。", "2. 政府间会议", "44. 全球移徙与发展论坛是2006年关于国际移徙和发展问题的大会高级别对话之后建立的一个由国家主导的进程。在本报告所述期间，论坛分别于2009年在希腊和2010年在墨西哥举行了两次会议。这些会议强调，亟需保护移徙女工的人权，并确保制订敏感顾及性别的移民和发展政策。在这几次会议上通过的重要建议，着重针对：收集按性别分列的数据和为政策、方案和预算制订敏感顾及性别问题的准则，并确定适当的目标和指标。2010年9月，联合国妇女和墨西哥政府(全球论坛2010年的主席)共同主办了第四次论坛之前进行的关于宣扬和保护移徙女工权利的高级别协商。这项活动有助于2010年关于性别、家庭、移民和发展的圆桌会议取得成果。联合国妇女同国际移民组织共同撰写了圆桌会议政府官方背景文件的附件，题为“发现性别、家庭、移民和发展之间的接口：全球护理经济和链条”，在圆桌讨论会上，联合国妇女同葡萄牙政府一同提出了关于移徙女工劳工权利的一份文件和支持民间社会参与。2010年世界论坛主席(瑞典)指定“在移徙和发展接口上的全球护理工作人员”作为该年度“劳工流动情况”下的一个分主题。主席还请联合国妇女提供技术和组织援助，以支助关于这项主题的三次区域会议，重点针对扩大良好做法、同移民组织和劳工组织结为伙伴。2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议，在其行动纲领中，将移民汇款、散居国外者促进发展的投资和保护移徙工人列为《2011-2020十年最不发达国家行动纲领》[19] 的重要优先事项。", "B. 联合国各实体和国际移民组织支助国家努力的各项倡议", "1. 研究和数据收集", "45. 联合国和各有关实体主张提供更多关于移徙妇女和对其施暴的数据。人口基金支助波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家机构收集按性别和年龄分列的移徙数据和基于性别暴行的数据。联合国妇女支助印度国家当局编制关于对移徙女工施加暴行的数据，人口基金也在印度支助对移徙妇女和儿童施暴的研究。", "46. 联合国妇女支助印度海外事务部委托进行的一项研究调查，分析南亚移徙女工在海湾和阿拉伯国家活动的趋势和形态，旨在为制订敏感顾及性别问题和基于权利的政策提供资料，其中包括离境前的情况简介方案，以助提高认识和能力建设。教科文组织大力推动关于移徙女工人权情况的研究，并出版了关于预防人口贩运和保护受害者的论文。拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)就拉丁美洲和加勒比10国边境一带移徙人口进行了案例研究，以期为保护移民，特别是妇女和青年免受暴行制订基于权利的政策提供资料。国际移民组织对女工的国际移徙、人口贩运和基于性别的暴行等问题进行了研究。", "47. 2010年国际劳工组织关于国际劳工移民的出版物强调，妇女家庭佣工容易受到侵害和妇女和年轻的临时移民工人处境脆弱。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处(禁毒办)2011年关于有组织犯罪集团参与将移民从西非走私到欧洲联盟地区的一份报告指出，人口贩运和偷运移民有时是交叠的罪行，而事实上，贩运人口最明显的受害者绝大多数是妇女。", "2. 支助立法和政策发展", "48. 联合国系统各实体与国家当局合作，开发工具，支助法律和政策，消除对移徙女工的暴力和促进其人权。联合国妇女和拉加经委会于2010年9月在特立尼达和多巴哥举办一次专家小组会议，导致为关于对妇女暴力行为的国家行动计划创建一个示范框架，提出的各项建议伴随解释性评论和良好做法的例子，以协助各国修订，拟订或更新有关计划。[20] 该框架强调，国家行动计划应认识到，妇女经受暴力的体验是由许多变数决定的，其中包括：移民或难民的身份，战略和行动应处理不同妇女群体所面对的具体关注，旨在使所有妇女都能取得相同成果。", "49. 国际移民组织进行了努力，促进国家间对话与合作，以保护移徙女工。国际移民组织与欧洲安全与合作组织。欧安组织合作，共同实施一个项目，旨在促进欧安组织成员国在今后的劳工移民政策中更加敏感顾及性别问题。为此，国际移民组织，欧洲安全与合作组织和国际劳工组织向在哈萨克斯坦、瑞典和奥地利举行的培训讲习班提供便利。在尼泊尔和越南，联合国妇女支助将性别观点纳入关于移民的政策和管理。在尼泊尔，联合国妇女支持国家合作伙伴拟订新的移民政策草案。它还支持将移徙女工的关注纳入劳工和运输管理部五年国家战略和行动计划的拟订工作，并拟订一项战略，探索家庭佣工之外的替代形式的体面就业。在越南，联合国妇女支持海外劳工部将敏感顾及性别问题，面向发展的观点纳入移民管理，包括下列举措，诸如离境前的培训和服务，加强热线和住房服务，并通过官方银行服务，促进储蓄和汇款等等。", "3. 提高认识，能力建设和其他预防措施", "50. 联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织支助宣传，提高认识和能力建设，努力促进移徙女工的人权。例如，国际移民组织促使津巴布韦移民社区敏感地注意到基于性别的暴力和虐待劳工的行径，和组织宣传活动，促进安全和与正规移民。人口基金实施一个项目，在拉丁美洲和加勒比各国边界沿线禁止对移民妇女生殖权利的侵犯和基于性别的暴力。在老挝人民民主共和国，联合国妇女提供支助，提高对暴力侵害移徙女工问题的认识；在泰国，促使记者敏感注意到在移徙的所有阶段对移徙女工的歧视和暴行，并通过在印度尼西亚的社区广播向潜在的妇女移民传播关于安全移民的信息，并在面对暴力威胁时，建议如何采取措施。", "51. 联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织向各种不同的利益攸关方提供或支助有关保护移徙女工人权的培训。2010年，五个区域委员会和联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部(经社部)推出一个项目，旨在加强国家能力，以处理国际移徙，特别是尽量扩大发展效益，最大限度地减少这种现象的负面影响。目前正在进行筹备、将在一些国家进行案例研究，针对暴力侵害移徙女工的问题。在一些亚洲国家，包括孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚和越南，联合国妇女正在同政府和各部会，非政府组织和联合国实体合作，以便加强能力和提高认识。在柬埔寨，它们正在协力编制离境前的培训手册，其中除别的以外，论及基于性别的暴力和妇女移民获得司法保护等问题。国际移民组织正在许多国家执行针对执法，移民和边境官员，检察官，服务提供者和非政府组织的培训方案，指导他们如何保护受虐待和被贩运妇女受害者的人权。2009年，国际劳工组织为泰国国内的家庭佣工编写了一本指南，以几种语文印发。这本指南旨在：促进家庭佣工的权利和责任，解释与家庭佣工相关的福利和风险，并提供了关于如何与其雇主交涉，以达到一个双方都满意的工作环境和工人的薪酬及福利制度。", "4. 保护和支持暴行的受害者", "52. 联合国各有关实体支助各国致力加强对移民妇女暴力受害者提供的保护和服务，在某些情况下，更专门针对移徙女工。例如，国际移民组织在许多国家同一些利益攸关方结为伙伴，提供住宿，辅导，法律和医疗服务，和技能建设。对于受虐待的妇女回返者和被贩卖的妇女，该组织协助制订遣返和重返社会计划。在印度尼西亚，联合国妇女支助以社区为基础的组织，将移徙女工权利受侵害和受虐待的案例记录在案，以期加强她们获得法律援助的机会。", "五. 结论和建议", "53. 已在国家，区域和国际各级采取行动，设法解决对移徙女工的暴力和歧视问题。有关国际文书的缔约国数目不断增加。《家庭佣工体面劳动公约》的通过，就保护移徙女工有关的国际人权框架而言，是又一项重大的新行动。", "54. 国家，有时得到联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织的支持，继续加强有助于防止对移徙女工施加暴力和歧视的法律框架，政策，国家行动计划和战略。在这方面特别有希望的行动是：将各项劳工法的适用范围扩及家庭佣工，开始对家庭佣工推行标准化合约安排，规范和监督招聘机构，以防止舞弊及非法行为，向潜在的移民妇女传播信息，以促进合法移民，培训官员，提高公众关于打击对移徙女工的暴力行为，种族主义和仇外心理的认识，和对成为暴力受害者的移民女工提供服务。双边和多边协定和合作为设法解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴行提供了有力的依据。", "55. 同时，就有关保护移徙女工免受歧视，暴行和侵权行径的全球规范和政策框架而言，仍然还有一些重大缺口。虽然这一妇女群体，可能受益于规范移民、男女平等、对妇女暴行和劳工的一些现行一般性法律和政策框架，但特别旨在解决对移徙女工歧视和施暴的针对性措施，尚付厥如。知识基础仍然不足，在数据的收集和传播和在进行必要的研究和分析以便向政策和方案措施提供参考方面，差距仍然存在。同样地，即使法律，政策和其他措施已经到位，也很少提出报告，论及对移徙女工所采取的措施取得了那些成果和产生了什么影响。无证移徙女工仍特别容易遭受暴力，剥削和歧视之害。", "56. 在此背景下，各国应继续批准和执行国际文书，特别注重尽早批准《家庭佣工体面工作公约》及其有关的各项建议。各国应加强：收集敏感顾及性别问题的数据、关于移民概况和在移民程序所有阶段对移徙女工施暴和侵害其权利的研究、分析和传播、移徙女工对发展的贡献：关于汇款的宏观经济数据，和对移徙女工暴行所造成的代价，以便拟订和实施适当的政策和方案。", "57. 国家劳工法应保护移徙女工，包括家庭佣工，还应根据国际劳工组织有关的公约和其他文书，制定强有力的监督和检查机制，以确保缔约国遵守其国际义务。移民法应纳入性别观点，以防止对妇女的歧视，特别是对单身的移民，并应允许受暴行之害的移徙妇女，能不需借助虐待她们的雇主和配偶，自力申请居留证。", "58. 各国应确保，有关移民，劳工和打击人口贩运的政策和方案相互协调一致，并应敏感顾及性别问题和以权利为基础。它们应倡导安全合法移民，在整个移民过程中防止暴力和保护所有移徙女工的人权。这样的政策应以准确的数据和分析作为基础，移徙女工在整个政策过程都能有制度化的参与；应获得充裕的资源；应制订可计量的目标和指标，时间表，监测和问责措施，特别是针对招聘和就业机构，雇主和政府官员；应提供影响评估，并通过适当的机制确保在原籍国，过境国和目的地国之间进行多部门协调。", "59. 各国应继续缔结和实施双边和多边安排，以确保保护所有移徙女工的权利，并促进下列各方面的有效行动：执法和检控，预防，能力建设，对受害者的保护和支助，交流可以打击对移徙女工施暴和歧视的信息和良好做法。它们应努力降低汇款的交易成本，促进方便妇女，安全，便捷，高效的转拨和收款模式；和鼓励促进建立生产性投资、敏感顾及性别问题的渠道。它们还应扩大向移徙女工及其家属提供更多全方位的重返社会和支助服务。", "60. 针对移民妇女，招聘和就业机构，雇主，媒体，政府官员和一般民众的教育计划，提高认识和其他预防努力，应继续以对目标群体适当的方式，在原籍国和目的地国进行。它们应包括：重点针对促进和保护移徙女工的权利，提请注意现行法律和对移民妇女的支援，强调移民的机遇和风险，并酌情以多种语文提供。向潜在的移徙女工提供的离境前概况介绍和培训，应敏感顾及性别问题并且以权利为基础，并注重权利的保护和各项义务。为确保有效应对对移徙女工施暴和歧视的问题，应加强对警察，移民官员，司法人员，社会和卫生工作者提供敏感顾及性别问题的培训计划并使之制度化，充分尊重她们的人权。此种方案应通过标准化程序管理，并应包括对性别问题敏感的业绩标准，以便促成更大的影响。", "61. 各国应加强对暴力受害者的支援系统，并确保她们能依照人权标准加以利用，不论其移民身份为何。这种支援在语言和文化两方面都应当是适宜的，并应包括提供下列有关信息：移徙女工的权利，如何获得法律补救，心理，医疗和社会援助，庇护所和赔偿损失。移徙女工，不应因提出投诉而受到惩罚。", "62. 联合国系统和有关实体向国家当局和民间社会提供支助，设法解决对移徙女工施暴和歧视的问题。它们应继续这些努力并加以协调，众而得以支持有效实施，扩大其影响，并加强其对移徙女工的积极成果。", "[1] 截至2011年6月10日，共收到十六份来文(塞浦路斯、德国、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、特里尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)，连同上次报告(A/64/152)提交来文截止日期后收到的7份来文(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、希腊、印度尼西亚、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)，都已纳入参考。", "[2] 从下列组织各自的网站检索的信息：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济和社会委员会(亚太经社会)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体的，联合国妇女和联合国人口基金(人口基金)。国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)。", "[3] 见秘书长关于国际移徙与发展的报告(A/65/203)。", "[4] 见DilipRatha，“扩大移民和汇款的作用以促进发展”(世界银行，2011年5月17日)，可参阅：http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011_symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha. pdf)。", "[5] 见“国际移民趋势：2008年修订本”CD-ROM文件(2009)，联合国数据库(POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008)。 可参阅：http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf。", "[6] 见Jayati Ghosh“移民和性别赋权：最近的趋势和正在出现的问题”(联合国开发计划署人类发展研究报告第2009/4号)，(2009年4月)，可参阅：http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_04.pdf。", "[7] 见2004年关于妇女在发展中的作用世界概览：妇女和国际移民。http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf；又见联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)，《通过《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》索取和庆祝移徙妇女人权》：《移徙女工案例》，妇发基金，Jean D’Cunha编写的简报文件(2005年)。可参阅联合国出版物，销售品编号E.04.IV.4。", "[8] A/64/38，第一部分，附件一。", "[9] 同上。见特别是第9-22段。", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1。", "[11] 见《跨越国界二，从性别观点考察迁移和发展》。(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.09.III，C.2 P)。和妇发基金“汇款的性别层面：研究在东亚和东南亚的印尼籍家庭佣工”(2009年)。", "[12] 关于对妇女暴力行为的代价，一般情况，参看秘书长关于对妇女所有形式暴力侵害的深入研究，A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1。", "[13] 关于贩卖妇女和女孩的单独报告每两年提交大会，最近一次是在第六十五届会议(A/65/209、A/63/215、A/59/185、A/57/170和A/55/322)。关于贩卖妇女和女孩的下一份报告将根据第65/190号决议的要求，提交大会第六十七届会议。", "[14] 本节中的信息摘录自政府的来文，法律事务厅的多边条约网站和国际劳工组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的网站。", "[15] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2225卷，第39574号。", "[16] 同上，第2237卷，第39574号。", "[17] 同上，第2241卷，第39574号。", "[18] 同上，第2220卷，第39481号。", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1。", "[20] 见http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-vi olence-against-women/。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women: advancement of women", "Violence against women migrant workers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/139, provides information on measures taken by Member States and the United Nations system to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. It concludes with recommendations for future action.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.The 3 \ncontext III.Measures 5 reported by Member \nStates A. International 5 \ninstruments B.Data 7 collection and \nresearch \nC.Legislation 7\nD.Policies 8E.Preventive 9 measures, training and \ncapacity-building F.Protection 9 and \nassistance G.Bilateral, 10 regional, international and other \ncooperation IV. Activities 11 of the United Nations \nsystem A.Global 11 legal and policy \ndevelopment B.Initiatives 14 of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national \nefforts V.Conclusions 16 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/139 on violence against women migrant workers, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution; and called on Governments to take measures to protect the human rights of women migrant workers, address and prevent violence against women migrant workers, provide victims with assistance and protection, strengthen preventive efforts, punish perpetrators, and enhance data collection and bilateral, regional and international cooperation.", "2. The present report, which responds to the calls for action contained in resolution 64/139, covers the two-year period from June 2009 to June 2011 following the submission of the previous report on this topic (A/64/152). It incorporates submissions from 23 Member States,[1] 5 United Nations entities,[2] and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Concluding observations and general recommendations and comments of human rights treaty bodies and reports of the Human Rights Council special procedures system were also consulted.", "3. The report provides the context within which the subject of women migrant workers may be considered; summarizes measures taken by Member States, the United Nations system and IOM to implement General Assembly resolution 64/139; and draws conclusions and recommends measures for preventing violence against women migrant workers and protecting them from violence.", "II. The context", "4. Globally, the number of international migrants in 2010 has been estimated at 214 million,[3] of which 93 per cent are economic migrants.[4] Women constitute 49 per cent of the international migrants. The proportion of female migrants is highest in Europe (52.3 per cent), followed by Oceania (51.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean and North America (50.1 per cent in both regions). In the other two major areas, male migrants still outnumber female migrants: in 2010, in Asia, they constituted 55.4 per cent of migrants and in Africa, 53.2 per cent.[5] Large numbers of women move independently as temporary migrant workers for specific service activities, including in the domestic work and care sectors, as well as for entertainment work.[6]", "5. International migration can be an empowering experience for women: women may leave situations where they have limited options for ones where they exercise greater autonomy over their own lives, thereby benefiting themselves as well as their families and communities.[7] However, many women who migrate for reasons including work find themselves at risk for gender-based violence, discrimination and exploitation.", "6. Those risks were summarized by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in its general recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers.[8] The Committee highlighted women migrant workers’ vulnerability to physical and sexual violence by their employers, and the added risk of domestic violence, as well as economic abuse and exploitation, to which those with an irregular immigration status are particularly vulnerable; and noted that access to justice for women migrant workers may be limited, thereby preventing them from obtaining remedies for employment discrimination or violence. On the other hand, where remedies and services are available, migrant women workers may face barriers to accessing them, including lack of information or language skills, restrictions on freedom of movement by employers, and fear of loss of immigration or residence status. Migrants may start off their lives in destination countries in a state of debt, financial hardship and dependency owing to high recruitment fees. Poor reintegration services, especially those characterized by a lack of gender sensitivity, may lead to further hardship for women migrants after they return to their country of origin.[9]", "7. Migrant domestic workers face special issues and concerns owing to the isolation and dependence associated with their employment. The legal and practical gaps in protection of this group of migrants were highlighted by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in its general comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers.[10] Both Committees have addressed recommendations to States parties with respect to ensuring compliance with treaty obligations.", "8. Women migrant workers are active contributors to development in countries of origin and destination.[11] Violence and discrimination against them constitute a human rights violation, and imposes costs on individual women migrant workers, their families, communities and States,[12] thereby adversely affecting economic and social development and the achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment.", "9. Sections III and IV below review the steps and measures taken by States to empower women migrant workers and prevent and reduce their vulnerability to violence and abuse, as well as the activities of the United Nations system undertaken to support such national efforts.", "III. Measures reported by Member States", "10. In their contributions to the present report, Member States highlighted a range of measures taken to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers, including efforts in areas such as data collection and research, legislation, policy measures, preventive measures, and protection and assistance, as well as bilateral and multilateral cooperation and adherence to the provisions of international instruments. Noting the links between discrimination and violence against women migrant workers and trafficking in women and girls, States also provided information on anti-trafficking policies and programmes.[13]", "A. International instruments[14]", "11. The international legal framework guides States on protecting women migrant workers and establishes a framework for collaboration towards this end. Since the 2009 report (A/64/152), the number of States parties to international instruments relevant to combating discrimination and violence against women migrant workers has increased. As at June 2011, 161 States had ratified or acceded to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[15] (up from 149 in 2009), 144 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[16] (up from 130), and 127 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[17] (up from 119). Among the reporting States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are parties to the Convention and the two Protocols thereto and Chad, Jordan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates are parties to the Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.", "12. As at 10 June 2011, 44 States were party to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[18] (up from 41). Of the reporting Member States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mexico and the Philippines had become parties to that Convention. Many of the States providing input to the present report are party to relevant ILO conventions, including Convention No. 97 concerning Migration for Employment (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom); Convention No. 111 concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom); and Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom).", "13. A new international instrument of particular significance for migrant women workers was adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization on 16 June 2011: the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the accompanying Recommendation. The Convention proposes measures to ensure effective protection of domestic workers against all forms of abuse, harassment and violence, including by employment agencies; and promotion and protection of their human and labour rights, including fair wages, weekly rest and paid leave, decent working conditions, protection of security and health, and the availability of complaint mechanisms, labour inspections and sanctions against abusive employers. It encourages States to conclude bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements to further protect overseas domestic workers. The new Convention will come into force after two countries have ratified it.", "14. Adherence to regional instruments addressing violence against women can also contribute to preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers. This is, for example, the case for the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) (Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago) and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, recently adopted by the Committee of Ministers at the Council of Europe (Germany).", "B. Data collection and research", "15. Data are critical for developing sound policies and programmes addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. However, little information about the scope and availability of specific data was received. Some States noted a lack of data on cases of violence against women migrant workers and of sex-disaggregated data on migrant workers. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal drew attention to available data on trafficking of migrant women and violence against women migrant workers. The Russian Federation collected data on women migrant workers, while Argentina disaggregated data on migrants by variables such as sex, nationality and age. Indonesia collected data on returnees and undocumented migrants. Several States, including Japan, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago, reported on their data on violence against women in general.", "16. In order to strengthen the knowledge base, some States had introduced procedures or tasked institutions with data collection and research related to the employment of migrants, including women migrant workers. Greece, for example, had established an observatory on employment for migrants to inform immigration policies. The United Arab Emirates announced the establishment of a statistics centre, which is also expected to provide information on the problems encountered by domestic workers.", "17. Efforts to enhance research and analysis on women migrant workers’ concerns continued. Argentina, for example, had implemented two UNFPA-supported research projects, one on the situation of migrant domestic workers from Paraguay and the other on the challenges Bolivian migrant women encounter with respect to Argentina’s health system. Mexico carried out a study on care services currently provided by its consulates in the United States of America to Mexican migrant women who were victims of domestic violence.", "C. Legislation", "18. States have in place a range of general legal measures that can be used to protect women migrant workers from discrimination and violence and to penalize perpetrators. Constitutional law, anti-discrimination and employment acts, equal treatment and equal opportunities laws, and labour and migration laws can protect women migrant workers from discrimination, abuse and harassment. Examples of such protection were noted by Argentina, Chad, Greece, Japan, Jordan, Lithuania, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Serbia, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, provisions in penal codes established to address and punish sexual assault and abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence can also offer protection for women migrant workers, as was noted by Japan, Portugal and Qatar. In addition to their general legal frameworks, some countries (Argentina, Cyprus, Mexico, Portugal, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates) have in place specific laws designed to protect and support all women, including women migrant workers, against crimes such as sexual and domestic violence, slavery and human trafficking. Some States (Indonesia and the Philippines) reported on laws that aim to protect a country’s own nationals who migrate overseas, without specifically targeting women.", "19. Some countries reported immigration laws and labour legislation, ministerial decisions, regulations and agreements that protect domestic workers, including migrant domestic workers. For example, the labour law of the United Arab Emirates protects female domestic workers from hazardous working conditions, while Jordan’s labour law provides domestic workers with the same legal protection granted to other workers. Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates have introduced standard labour contracts specifying the rights of domestic workers, such as wages, working hours, paid leave and health care, and the responsibilities of employers. States have also strengthened regulation of recruitment agencies and employers by imposing sanctions and penalties for abuse of migrant workers (Lebanon) and by granting workers the right to find another employer (Jordan). The immigration legislation of the United Kingdom, on the other hand, specifically addresses exploitation of women migrant domestic workers.", "20. The promotion of legal migration is a priority for Greece, whose immigration law promotes legal employment of foreigners and the regularization of irregular migrants. Labour inspectorates play a significant role in monitoring implementation, and compliance by employers.", "21. While legislation and related regulations are key elements in preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers, the information received gave little indication of the application, or impact, of existing general legal provisions for addressing violence against migrant women workers. There was no discussion of any particular challenges that certain groups of women migrant workers, such as domestic workers, may face when seeking the protection of the law against discrimination and violence.", "D. Policies", "22. Some countries, including Argentina, Malta and Portugal, emphasized the importance, given the growing numbers of migrant women, including women migrant workers, of having in place gender-sensitive and human rights-based policies. Towards this end, some States have included measures to address violence against women migrant workers in various national action plans and strategies. Cyprus, Japan, Portugal, Serbia and Slovakia included women migrant workers within the scope of policies on violence against women and trafficking. Other States addressed violence against migrant women but without a specific focus on women migrant workers. For example, a number of Portugal’s national plans, including those on domestic violence, incorporated measures on violence against migrant women such as awareness-raising for immigrant communities, specialized training for authorities and services for survivors. Slovakia’s action plan on violence against women included prevention activities targeting the special needs of migrant women.", "23. While lack of a specific budget allocation was reported as an obstacle to the effective implementation of plans, there was little mention of other challenges, nor of positive impacts or results achieved in addressing violence against women migrant workers through the implementation of such policies and plans.", "E. Preventive measures, training and capacity-building", "24. While prevention is integral to efforts addressing violence against women migrant workers, reported prevention measures, in Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Mexico, Japan, Serbia and Slovakia, focused more broadly on eliminating violence against women and on human trafficking. In those countries, preventive measures included general awareness-raising, information dissemination and education through conferences, seminars, publications and brochures. These initiatives were often undertaken with partners, and in multiple languages. In Portugal, awareness-raising activities on violence against women and the rights of migrant women who were victims of violence specifically targeted immigrant communities.", "25. Information on the rights of migrants and immigration procedures that is easily accessible to migrants can help diminish risks of abuse and exploitation. To that end, Mexico created a women migrants portal providing information on migration processes and the rights of migrant women. In Lithuania, information on immigration procedures is available in several languages. Lebanon and Jordan produced guides and brochures on the rights and responsibilities related to the employment of domestic workers. States also reported on awareness-raising for their nationals migrating overseas with regard to the benefits and risks of migration through annual campaigns (the Philippines) and pre-departure training sessions (Indonesia).", "26. Migrant women, including women migrant workers, can become victims of xenophobia and racism, for example, through media portrayals. A number of States have taken steps to counter such risks by sensitizing the media (Greece) and monitoring radio and television programmes that promote negative, racist or sexist stereotypes (Argentina), and in this regard, focusing especially on the portrayal of migrant women.", "27. In addition to awareness-raising, States (Indonesia, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) have conducted training programmes for government officials, the police, the judiciary, medical staff and other service providers to ensure gender-sensitive policy implementation and service provision in the context of violence against women, human trafficking, gender equality, protection of migrant workers and other related issues. Portugal has implemented training for personnel staffing support centres and helplines for immigrants. Lebanon and Qatar have organized training programmes for labour inspectors so as to ensure compliance with labour legislation. The United Arab Emirates established a centre for training of governmental officials on violence against women, trafficking and illegal immigration.", "28. Indonesia undertook steps to strengthen institutional capacities in support of migrant workers abroad, including the protection of and assistance to women migrant workers who were victims of violence. This involved the establishment as well of a dedicated unit within its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "F. Protection and assistance", "29. Migrant women who are victims of violence need a range of services to help them recover from the trauma of their experience and to ensure that violence is not repeated. A number of States (including Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) reported on the protection and assistance available to this group of women, including shelters, hotlines, legal assistance, psychological and medical services, and the provision of information on services, vocational training and redress. This support was often available in several languages and was provided in cooperation with non-governmental organizations. However, no data were provided on the numbers or cases of women migrant workers victims of violence who used available services. In addition, States drew attention to the persistent challenge of the lack of or insufficient services for women victims of violence in general.", "30. Progress continues to be made in providing protection and support under immigration laws and work-permit arrangements for foreign nationals, which can also be of benefit to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Portugal reported that immigrant women survivors of domestic violence can acquire a residence permit independently from their husbands. Argentina, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal and Slovakia highlighted provisions in labour and immigration laws providing foreign nationals with access to medical care, education and economic aid. Portugal also extends medical care and education to the children of undocumented migrants. Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, the Philippines, Qatar and Slovakia reported having redress mechanisms for receiving, investigating and addressing complaints of discrimination and violence against migrant workers, including domestic workers. Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago reported monitoring and inspecting workplaces to ensure compliance with labour laws.", "31. Indonesia and the Philippines provided reintegration services to returnees. A special terminal exists at Indonesia’s international airport whose function is to provide assistance.", "G. Bilateral, regional, international and other cooperation", "32. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is key to addressing violence against women migrant workers. A number of States (Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) reported on bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding between countries of origin and countries of destination aimed at improving protection of migrant workers. Such agreements and memorandums covered a range of issues, including the regulation of recruitment and employment agencies and the protection of potential migrants from illegally operating agencies, the use of official employment contracts, and wage scales of migrant workers.", "33. Regional cooperation included a project involving Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, which aimed at providing services to migrants. The project was supported by the United Kingdom, and implemented by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), IOM and the World Bank. Several States hosted or participated in regional and international conferences on migration, combating violence against women and human trafficking.", "34. Slovakia reported collaboration with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on protecting migrant women from abuse; and Indonesia reported collaboration with IOM on training government officials to deal with protection issues affecting migrants.", "IV. Activities of the United Nations system", "35. Intergovernmental processes, global meetings and expert bodies continue to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. United Nations entities and IOM work to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers in support of national efforts.", "A. Global legal and policy development", "1. Resolutions and recommendations", "36. Legal and policy development continued through resolutions and recommendations adopted by United Nations intergovernmental and expert bodies. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/228 on strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women, in which the Assembly emphasized the importance of preventing violence against migrant women by recognizing the needs and special vulnerabilities of migrant women and implementing measures to combat racism, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance.", "37. Since the finalization of the previous report, the Human Rights Council has adopted several resolutions that also address the situation of migrant women and children, and of women migrant workers. These include: resolution 15/16 on the human rights of all migrants (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), calling for the effective promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, including, in particular, the right to life and physical integrity, especially that of women and children, and information campaigns to enable informed decision-making and reduce vulnerability to trafficking, transnational organized smuggling and criminal networks; resolution 15/23 on the elimination of discrimination against women (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), addressing elimination of discrimination against women in vulnerable situations, such as migrant women; resolution 14/12 on accelerating efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. III.A), calling for ensuring due diligence in preventing and addressing all forms of discrimination, including racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination and disadvantage that can lead to targeting or vulnerability to violence of some women and girls, including migrant women; resolution 13/20 on the rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. II.A), urging protection of migrant children from sexual violence and abuse and providing victims with special protection and assistance; and resolution 12/6 on human rights of migrants: migration and human rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. I.A), calling for ensuring that migrant children, regardless of their legal status, enjoy all human rights and urging integration of a gender perspective into migration policies and programmes so as to better protect migrant girls.", "38. Along the same lines, the Commission on the Status of Women has adopted agreed conclusions and resolutions that address the situation of women and girl migrant workers. The agreed conclusions on women’s and girls’ access to and participation in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women’s equal access to full employment and decent work (E/2011/27, chap. I.A), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session (12 March 2010, 22 February-4 March and 14 March 2011), called for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies and programmes for women migrant workers, the provision of safe and legal migration channels which recognize their skills and education, the facilitation of their productive employment, decent work and labour-force integration, including in the fields of education, science and technology, and steps to ensure that all women, including care workers, are legally protected against violence and exploitation. In its resolution 54/4 on women’s economic empowerment (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fourth session (13 March and 14 October 2009 and 1-12 March 2010), the Commission urged countries of origin, transit and destination to incorporate gender perspectives into migration policies and programmes, promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women migrants, and address discrimination, all forms of exploitation, ill treatment, unsafe working conditions and violence, including sexual violence and trafficking in women and girls. In resolution 54/7 on ending female genital mutilation (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), the Commission urged States to take targeted measures for refugee and migrant women and their communities in order to protect girl children from female genital mutilation, including when the practice occurs outside the country of residence.", "39. The human rights treaty bodies established under the international human rights treaties continued to address violence against women migrant workers. At its thirteenth session (22 November-3 December 2010), the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted General Comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers, comprehensively addressing social, economic, cultural, civil, political and labour rights violations against them. The General Comment called for the promotion and protection of the rights of domestic workers at all stages, decent work for domestic workers, and proper regulation of such work by national labour legislation so as to ensure that domestic workers enjoy the same level of protection as other workers, and have effective access to justice and remedies.", "40. During the period covered in the present report, the Committee against Torture, at its forty-third and forty-fourth sessions, highlighted, in particular, in its concluding observations on the reports of States parties, the dire situation of undocumented migrant women who were victims of gender-based violence; the widespread physical, psychological and sexual abuse of women migrant domestic workers; migrant women victims of domestic violence who seldom sought protection for fear of losing residence status; and the absence of comprehensive or disaggregated data on complaints, investigations, prosecutions and convictions in cases of ill treatment of migrant workers (see A/65/44). The Committee consequently urged States parties to prevent violence and abuse against women migrant workers by ensuring their right to lodge complaints and the imposition of sanctions against abusive employers; and also urged States parties to consider enacting legislation that would enable migrant women victims of violence to seek protection without forfeiting their residence permit, and to compile disaggregated statistical data and information on cases of ill treatment of migrant workers.", "41. Special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council highlighted the vulnerability of women migrant workers to violence and links to the exercise of other rights. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants pointed out that migrants were often subject to violence, threatening their health and safety, with limited information about risks and access to health services (see A/HRC/14/30). Migrant domestic workers were especially vulnerable to such violence owing to their exclusion from forms of legal protection (ibid., paras. 29-30). The Special Rapporteur posited a link between violence and the right to adequate housing, noting that live-in migrant domestic workers seldom reported abuse, as they thereby risked deportation, loss of employment, homelessness and vulnerability to further violence, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking (ibid., para. 55). The Special Rapporteur recommended that States provide migrants with free information and advice on relevant laws and policies to help them exercise their rights (ibid., para. 74); adequate, appropriate and specialized medical assistance (ibid., para. 82); and accommodation for those wanting to leave abusive employers (ibid., para. 90). He also recommended that mechanisms be put in place to monitor workplace conditions. The Special Rapporteur emphasized the importance of protection for migrant children, especially girls, considering their numbers and high vulnerability to sexual violence and gendered human rights violations (A/HRC/17/33 para. 32), including in his reports on his missions to Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3), Romania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) and the United Kingdom (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).", "42. In her report on her mission to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, pointed out that women migrant workers were often sexually abused, but seldom approached law enforcers and health workers for assistance because of their irregular status (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28).", "43. The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, recommended that specialized assistance should be given to trafficked persons regardless of their immigration status, and that the granting of residency status and access to services should not depend on their participation in criminal proceedings (A/HRC/14/32).", "2. Intergovernmental meetings", "44. The Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) is a State-led process established following the General Assembly High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development held in 2006. During the period covered by this report, the Forum held two meetings, in Greece in 2009 and in Mexico in 2010. These meetings underscored the importance of protecting the human rights of women migrant workers and ensuring gender-sensitive migration and development policies. Key recommendations adopted at these meetings focused on the collection of sex-aggregated data and the development of gender-sensitive guidelines for policies, programmes and budgets, with appropriate targets and indicators. In September 2010, UN-Women co-organized with the Government of Mexico (Global Forum Chair in 2010), a pre-Forum IV high-level consultation on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, which contributed to the outcomes of the Forum 2010 round table on gender, family, migration and development. UN‑Women co-wrote with IOM the annex to the official Government background paper for the round table, entitled “Uncovering the interfaces between gender, family, migration and development: the global care economy and chains”. Also, at this round table, UN‑Women co‑presented with the Government of Portugal a paper on women migrant workers’ labour rights, and actively supported civil society participation. The Chair of the 2011 Global Forum (Switzerland) has identified “Global care workers at the interface of migration and development” as a sub-theme under “Labour mobility” for the current year. The Chair has further requested UN‑Women to provide technical and organizational assistance in support of three regional meetings on this theme, with a focus on expanding good practices, which are being organized in partnership with IOM and ILO. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, included migrant remittances and diaspora investment for development and the protection of migrant workers as key priorities in its Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020.[19]", "B. Initiatives of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national efforts", "1. Research and data collection", "45. United Nations and related entities support the increased availability of data on migrant women and on the violence directed against them. UNFPA supported the collection by national institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina of sex- and age-disaggregated migration data and data on gender-based violence. UN-Women supported the generation by national authorities in India of data on violence against women migrant workers; also in India, UNFPA will support research on violence against migrant women and children.", "46. UN-Women supported the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs in its commissioning of a research study on analysing the trends and patterns in the activities of South Asian women migrant workers in the Gulf and Arab States, designed to inform gender-sensitive and rights-based policy formation, including a pre-departure orientation programme for awareness-raising and capacity-building. UNESCO promoted research on the human rights situation of women migrant workers and published essays on prevention of trafficking and on victim protection. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) undertook case studies on migrant populations along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries with a view to informing rights-based policy formulation aimed at protecting migrants, especially women and youth, from violence. IOM conducted research on women’s international labour migration, trafficking and gender-based violence.", "47. A 2010 ILO publication on international labour migration highlighted, among other issues, the vulnerability of women migrant domestic workers and the vulnerability of women and young temporary migrant workers. A 2011 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the involvement of organized criminal groups in the smuggling of migrants from West Africa to the European Union (EU) area noted the sometimes overlapping nature of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, and the fact that those who were most clearly victims of trafficking were overwhelmingly women.", "2. Support for legislative and policy development", "48. Entities of the United Nations system have collaborated with national authorities in developing tools supporting improvement of laws and policies that address violence against women migrant workers and promote their human rights. UN-Women and ECLAC organized an expert group meeting in September 2010 in Trinidad and Tobago, which resulted in the creation of a model framework for national action plans on violence against women. Set out therein were recommendations accompanied by explanatory commentaries and good practice examples designed to assist States in revising, developing or updating relevant plans.[20] The framework stresses that national action plans should recognize that women’s experience of violence is shaped by many variables, including migrant or refugee status, and that strategies and actions should address the specific concerns faced by different groups of women, while aiming for equality of outcomes for all women.", "49. IOM undertook efforts to foster inter-State dialogue and cooperation on protecting women migrant workers. Jointly with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), IOM implemented a project aimed at increasing gender sensitivity in future labour migration policies of OSCE member States. Towards this end, IOM, OSCE and ILO facilitated training workshops in Kazakhstan, Sweden and Austria. UN-Women supported the incorporation of a gender perspective in migration policies and management in Nepal and Viet Nam. In Nepal, UN-Women supported the development by national partners of the new draft migration policy and is also supporting the inclusion of women migrant workers’ concerns in the development of the five-year national strategy and plan of action of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management, and a strategy to explore alternative forms of decent employment outside domestic work. In Viet Nam, UN‑Women supported the incorporation by the Department of Overseas Labour of a gender-sensitive, development-oriented perspective in migration management, including initiatives covering, inter alia, pre-departure training and services, strengthening hotline and shelter services and facilitating savings and remittances through official banking services.", "3. Awareness-raising, capacity-building and other prevention measures", "50. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM supported advocacy, awareness-raising and capacity-building efforts to promote the human rights of women migrant workers. For example, IOM sensitized migrant communities in Zimbabwe on gender-based violence and abusive labour practices and organized campaigns promoting safe and regular migration. UNFPA implemented a project to prevent reproductive rights abuses and gender-based violence against migrant women along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries. UN‑Women supported awareness-raising on violence against women migrant workers in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic; sensitized journalists in Thailand on discrimination and violence against women migrant workers at all stages of migration; and supported information dissemination on safe migration for potential women migrants through community radio in Indonesia, and recommended measures to be taken when there is a threat of violence.", "51. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM provided or supported training for different stakeholders on protecting women migrant workers’ human rights. In 2010, the five regional commissions and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat launched a project aimed at strengthening national capacities to deal with international migration and, in particular, at maximizing development benefits and minimizing negative impact of the phenomenon. The issue of violence against women migrant workers is being addressed in a number of national case studies that are currently under preparation. In several countries in Asia, including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam, UN-Women partnered with different government ministries, non‑governmental organizations and United Nations entities to increase capacity and generate awareness; and in Cambodia, contributed to the production of pre‑departure training manuals which addressed, inter alia, gender-based violence and women migrants’ access to justice issues. IOM ran training programmes on protecting the human rights of women migrant victims of abuse and trafficking for law enforcement, immigration and border officials, prosecutors, service providers and non-governmental organizations in many countries. In 2009, ILO produced a guidebook, available in several languages, for domestic workers in Thailand. The guidebook aims at promoting the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers, explains the benefits and risks associated with domestic work and offers workers advice on how to interact with their employer so as to establish a mutually satisfactory working environment and system of remuneration and benefits for the worker.", "4. Protection and support for victims of violence", "52. United Nations and related entities supported national efforts to increase protection and services for women migrants who were victims of violence, which in some instances were targeted specifically at women migrant workers. For example, IOM, in partnership with several stakeholders in many countries, provided accommodation, counselling, legal and medical services, and skills-building. The Organization helped establish repatriation and reintegration schemes for abused women returnees and trafficked women. UN-Women supported community-based organizations in Indonesia in documenting cases of rights violations and violence against women migrant workers, with a view to increasing their access to legal assistance.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "53. Action has been taken nationally, regionally and internationally to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The number of States parties to relevant international instruments has increased. The adoption of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers has resulted in a major addition to the international human rights framework relevant to the protection of women migrant workers.", "54. States, sometimes with the support of the entities of the United Nations system and IOM, have continued to strengthen legal frameworks, policies, national action plans and strategies that contribute to preventing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Particularly promising actions in this regard include: extending labour laws so as to cover domestic workers, introducing standardized contractual arrangements for domestic workers, regulating and monitoring recruitment agencies in order to prevent abusive and illegal practices, disseminating information to potential migrant women so as to promote legal migration, training officials, raising public awareness with respect to combating violence, racism and xenophobia against women migrant workers, and providing services to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and cooperation provide a strong basis for addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers.", "55. At the same time, key gaps persist in respect of implementing global normative and policy frameworks related to protecting women migrant workers against discrimination, violence and violations of their rights. While this group of women may benefit from existing general legal and policy frameworks governing migration, gender equality, violence against women and labour, there is a lack of targeted measures to specifically address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. The knowledge base remains inadequate, and gaps persist in data collection and dissemination, and in the research and analysis needed to inform policy and programme interventions. By the same token, where laws, policies and other measures are in place, there is little reporting on the impact of measures taken and results achieved in regard to women migrant workers. Undocumented women migrant workers remain particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and discrimination.", "56. Against this background, States should continue to ratify and implement international instruments, with a special focus on early ratification of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the Recommendation related thereto. States should enhance gender-sensitive data collection, research, analysis and dissemination on migration profiles, and on violence and violations of migrant women’s rights at all stages of the migration process; on migrant women workers’ contribution to development; on remittances (based on macrodata); and on costs of violence against women migrant workers, for appropriate policy and programme formulation and implementation.", "57. National labour laws should protect women migrant workers, including domestic workers, and should include robust monitoring and inspection mechanisms in line with relevant ILO Conventions and other instruments, so as to ensure compliance of States parties with their international obligations. Immigration laws should incorporate gender perspectives so as to prevent discrimination against women, in particular in regard to independent migration, and should permit migrant women victims of violence to apply for residency permits independently of abusive employers and spouses.", "58. States should ensure policy coherence among migration, labour and anti‑trafficking policies and programmes that are gender-sensitive and rights-based. They should promote safe and legal migration, prevent violence and protect the human rights of all women migrant workers throughout the migration process. Such policies should be based on good data and analysis and the institutionalized engagement of women migrant workers throughout the policy process; should be adequately resourced; should include measurable targets and indicators, timetables, and monitoring and accountability measures, in particular for recruiting and employment agencies, employers and public officials; and should provide for impact assessments and ensure multisector coordination within and among countries of origin, transit and destination through appropriate mechanisms.", "59. States should continue to conclude and implement bilateral and multilateral arrangements to ensure the protection of the rights of all women migrant workers and facilitate effective action in law enforcement and prosecution, prevention, capacity-building, victim protection and support, exchange of information and good practices that combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should work to reduce the transaction costs of remittances; facilitate woman-friendly, safe, convenient and efficient modes of transfer and receipt; and encourage the establishment of gender-sensitive channels of productive investment. They should also expand the availability of comprehensive reintegration and support services for women migrant workers and their families.", "60. Education programmes, awareness-raising and other prevention efforts directed at migrant women, recruiting and employment agencies, employers, the media, public officials and the population in general, should continue in origin and destination countries, and should be conducted in ways that are appropriate to the target groups. They should include a focus on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, draw attention to existing laws and support for migrant women, highlight the opportunities and risks of migration, and be multilingual, where appropriate. Pre-departure orientation and training for potential women migrant workers should be gender-sensitive and rights-based, and should focus on rights protection and obligations. Gender-sensitive training programmes for police, immigration officials, judicial personnel, and social and health workers should be strengthened and institutionalized, to ensure effective responses to violence and discrimination against women migrant workers, with full respect for their human rights. Such programmes should be governed by standardized procedures, and include gender-sensitive performance criteria, for greater impact.", "61. States should strengthen support systems for victims of violence and ensure their access to them in accordance with human rights standards, irrespective of their immigration status. Such support should be linguistically and culturally appropriate, and should include provision of information on women migrant workers’ rights, their access to redress, legal, psychological, medical and social assistance, access to shelters and compensation for damages. Women migrant workers should not be penalized for lodging complaints.", "62. The United Nations system and related entities have provided support to national authorities and civil society in addressing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should continue these efforts and coordinate them in such a way as to support effective implementation, enhance their impact and strengthen positive outcomes for women migrant workers.", "[1] Sixteen submissions received by 10 June 2011 (from Cyprus, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 7 submissions received after the deadline for submission for the previous report (A/64/152) (from Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Greece, Indonesia, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates).", "[2] The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Information about the work of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was retrieved from their websites.", "[3] See the report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/65/203).", "[4] See Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging the migration and remittances for development” (World Bank, 17 May 2011). Available from http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha.pdf.", "[5] See “Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision”, CD-ROM documentation (2009), United Nations database (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Available from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.", "[6] See Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”, United Nations Development Programme Human Development Research Paper, No. 2009/4 (April 2009). Available from http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/ HDRP_2009_04.pdf.", "[7] See 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4). Available from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf. See also United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Claim and Celebrate Women Migrants’ Human Rights through CEDAW: The Case of Women Migrant Workers, UNIFEM Briefing Paper prepared by Jean D’Cunha (2005).", "[8] A/64/38, part one, annex I.", "[9] Ibid.; see, in particular, paras. 9-22.", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1.", "[11] See Crossing Borders II; Migration and Development from a Gender Perspective (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.III.C.2 P); and UNIFEM, “The gender dimensions of remittances: a study of Indonesian domestic workers in East and Southeast Asia” (2009).", "[12] For the costs of violence against women in general, see the Secretary-General’s in-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1).", "[13] Separate reports of the Secretary-General on trafficking in women and girls have been submitted to the General Assembly on a biennial basis, most recently at its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185 and Corr.1, A/57/170 and A/55/322). The next report on trafficking in women and girls will be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, as requested in resolution 65/190.", "[14] Information in the present section is taken from Government submissions, the multilateral treaties website of the Office of Legal Affairs and the websites of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.", "[15] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, No. 39574.", "[16] Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[17] Ibid., vol. 2241, No. 39574.", "[18] Ibid., vol. 2220, No. 39481.", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.", "[20] See http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Advancement of women: advancement of women", "Violence against women migrant workers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/139 and provides information on measures taken by Member States and the United Nations system to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Finally, recommendations for future action are outlined.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Contents", "Introduction 3", "Introduction", "In its resolution 64/139 on violence against women migrant workers, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution and called upon Governments to take measures to protect the human rights of women migrant workers, to address and prevent violence against women migrant workers, to provide assistance and protection to victims, to strengthen prevention efforts, to punish crimes and to strengthen the collection of data and to cooperate bilateral, regional and international.", "The present report is submitted in response to resolution 64/139. The first report on the same subject (A/64/152) was presented for two years, from June 2009 to June 2011. The report was prepared in a comprehensive manner from 23 Member States, 5 United Nations entities [2] and international organizations for migrants (IOM). The concluding observations and general recommendations/reviews of human rights treaty bodies and reports of the special procedures system of the Human Rights Council were also consulted.", "The present report describes the background for the consideration of the issue of women migrant workers; outlines the measures that Member States, the United Nations system and organizations may take to implement resolution 64/139; and presents conclusions and recommendations on how to prevent violence against women migrant workers and protect them from violence.", "Background", "The number of global international migrants in 2010 is estimated to be as high as 2.14 million. [3] 93 per cent of these are economic-induced migration. [4] Women account for 49 per cent of international migrants. The highest proportion of female migrants in Europe (52.3 per cent), followed by Oceania region (51.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean and North America (50.1 per cent). In other two areas, the number of male migrants remains higher: In 2010, they account for 55.4 per cent of Asian migrants and 53.2 per cent in Africa. [5] A large number of women migrate as temporary migrant workers and engage in specific services, including domestic work and work in the care sector, as well as recreational work. [6]", "For women, international migration may become a empowerment experience, and women leave a limited environment and switch to an environment of greater ownership of their lives, thereby benefiting them themselves and their families and communities. [7] However, many migrant women find themselves at risk of gender-based violence, discrimination and exploitation due to the various reasons, including work.", "The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women outlined these risks in its general recommendation 26 [8] on women migrant workers. The Committee emphasizes that women migrant workers are vulnerable to physical harm and sexual violence, increased domestic violence and economic abuse and exploitation, and that migrant status is particularly vulnerable. It noted that women migrant workers have limited access to justice to remedy discrimination or violence in employment. On the other hand, even if access to remedies and services is available, women migrant workers may face barriers, including lack of information and language capacity, employer restrictions on freedom and action, or fear of losing immigration or residence status. Due to high recruitment costs, migration may also expose them to debt, financial hardship and dependency assistance when they begin to live in destination countries. Inadequate services for social reintegration, in particular some services do not take into account gender considerations or lead to greater hardship for women migrant workers following their return to their countries of origin. [9]", "Migrant domestic workers face particular problems and concerns as a result of isolation and dependency related to their work. In its general comment No. 1 on migrant domestic workers, the International Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families stressed the legal and practical gaps in the protection of this category of migrants. [10] Both commissions make recommendations to Member States to ensure compliance with treaty obligations.", "For countries of origin and destination, women migrant workers have contributed positively to their development. [11] Negative impacts on economic and social development, as well as gender equality and empowerment of women, are posed to individual women migrant workers, their families, communities and countries.", "The following sections of the present report review national activities to empower women migrant workers, prevent them from violence and abuse and mitigate such risks, as well as activities undertaken by the United Nations system to support such national efforts.", "Measures reported by Member States", "In providing information on the present report, Member States highlight the measures they have taken to combat discrimination and atrocities against women migrant workers. These include efforts in the areas of data collection and research, legislation, policy measures, preventive measures and protection and assistance. Other areas of activity also include bilateral and multilateral cooperation and compliance with international instruments. Noting the link between discrimination and atrocities against women migrant workers and trafficking in women and girls, States also provided information on measures and programmes to combat trafficking. [13]", "International instruments [14]", "The international legal framework provides guidance to States on how to protect women migrant workers and establishes a framework for cooperation for this purpose. Since the submission of the 2009 report (A/64/152), the number of States parties has increased in relation to international instruments to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. As of June 2011, 161 States had ratified or acceded to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime [15] (a rise of 149 States in 2009), 144 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime [16] (by 130 States in 2009), and 127 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime [17] (a rise of 119 States in 2009). Among the reporting States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are parties to the Convention and its two Protocols, while Chad, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar are parties to the Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.", "As at 10 June 2011, 44 States had acceded to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families [18] to the State party (a increase in 41 States that had previously taken place). Among the reporting Member States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mexico and the Philippines have acceded to the Convention as a State party. Many States that provide information to the present report are parties to relevant ILO conventions, including Convention No. 97 on Migration for Employment (No. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom; Convention No. 111 on Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom); and Convention No. 182 on Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom).", "On 16 June 2011, the International Labour Organization Conference adopted a new international instrument of particular importance to women migrant workers, the Convention on the decent work of domestic workers and its accompanying recommendations. The Convention recommends that measures be taken to ensure the effective protection of domestic workers against all forms of abuse, harassment and abuse, including through vocational education agencies; promote and protect their human and labour rights, including fair wages, weekly rests and paid leave, decent working conditions, security and health protection; and the provision of complaints mechanisms, labour inspectors and employers who sanction abuse workers. It encouraged States to conclude bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements to further protect domestic workers abroad. This new convention will enter into force after ratification by both States.", "Compliance with regional instruments to address violence against women also contributes to the prevention and resolution of violence against women migrant workers. For example, the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Elimination of Violence against Women (Benindupalata Convention (Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago) and the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Germany), adopted by the Council of Europe Council of Ministers Committee.", "Data collection and research", "Data are essential for developing sound policies and programmes to address discrimination and atrocities against women migrant workers. However, information was also quite low on the scope and availability of specific data. Some Governments noted that data on cases of violence against women migrant workers and sex-disaggregated data on migrant workers are very limited. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal draw attention to the fact that data are available for trafficking in women migrant workers and violence against women migrant workers. The Russian Federation collected data on women migrant workers, and Argentina disaggregated data on migrants in various variables, such as gender, nationality and age. Indonesia collected data on returnees and undocumented migrants. Several countries, including Japan, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago, have provided general data on violence against women.", "In order to strengthen the knowledge base, some countries introduced procedures or mandated national institutions to collect and study data related to the employment of migrants, including women migrant workers. For example, Greece established an observer body on the employment of migrants to inform immigration policies. The United Arab Emirates announced the establishment of a statistical centre and was also expected to provide information on the problems experienced by domestic workers.", "Efforts continue to be made to strengthen research and analysis on women migrant workers. For example, Argentina has implemented two UNFPA-supported research projects, one on the situation of migrant domestic workers from Paraguay and another on the challenges faced by migrant women in the Argentine health system. Mexico is undertaking a study on the current care services provided by the Consulate of the State in the United States of America to Mexican women migrant workers who are victims of family violence.", "C. Legislation", "Various general legal measures have been taken by States to protect women migrant workers from discrimination and violence and to punish perpetrators. Constitutional, anti-discrimination and employment programmes, equal treatment and access legislation, labour and immigration laws can protect women migrant workers from discrimination, abuse and harassment. The following countries have introduced such protection cases: Argentina, Chad, Greece, Japan, Jordan, Lithuania, Mexico, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Serbia, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, provisions in criminal law to address and punish sexual assault and sexual abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence may also protect women migrant workers. Japan, Portugal and Qatar have submitted such reports. In addition to the general legal framework, some States (Argentina, Cyprus, Mexico, Portugal, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates) have established specific laws aimed at protecting and supporting all women, including women migrant workers, from crimes such as sexual violence and domestic violence, slavery and trafficking in persons. Some States (Indonesia and the Philippines) reported on laws aimed at protecting their nationals abroad, not specifically targeting women.", "Some States reported on immigration laws and labour legislation, as well as on ministerial decisions, regulations and agreements for the protection of domestic workers, including migrant domestic workers. For example, the United Arab Emirates Labour Code protects female domestic workers from hazardous work, and the Jordanian Labour Code stipulates that domestic workers are subject to equal legal protection with other workers. Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates introduced standard labour contracts that clearly define the rights of domestic workers, such as wages, working hours, paid leave, health care and employers. States also strengthen regulations governing recruitment institutions and employers, impose sanctions and penalties on those who abuse migrant workers (Lebanon), and give workers the right to find another employer (Jordan). On the other hand, United Kingdom immigration legislation specifies how to deal with the exploitation of women migrant workers.", "The promotion of legitimate migrants is a priority for Greece, and the immigration laws of the country promote legitimate employment of foreigners and assist irregular migrants will be formalized. The labour inspectorate plays a significant role in monitoring implementation and promoting compliance by employers.", "Although legislation and related regulations are key elements in preventing and resolving violence against women migrant workers, the information received does not point out that the application or impact of existing general legal provisions addressing violence against women migrant workers is affected. There is no discussion of women migrant workers in certain groups, such as domestic workers, who face any special challenges that may be faced when seeking legal protection to avoid discrimination and violence.", "Policy", "In view of the increasing number of migrant women, including women migrant workers, some countries, including Argentina, Malta and Portugal, stressed the urgent need for gender-sensitive and human rights-based policies. To that end, some States have included measures in their national plans of action and strategies aimed at violence against women migrant workers. In Cyprus, Japan, Portugal, Serbia and Slovakia, women migrant workers are included in their policy on violence against women and trafficking in women. Other countries are also addressing the issue of violence against migrant women, but there is no special focus on women migrant workers. For example, a number of Portuguese national plans, including plans for domestic violence, have included measures on women migrant workers, such as raising awareness among migrant communities, special training of authorities and services to survivors. Slovakia's action plan on violence against women included a number of prevention activities focusing on the particular needs of migrant women.", "While some reports that the budget has not been allocated to the budget as an obstacle to the effective implementation of the plan, few have referred to other challenges, and that implementation of these plans and policies in addressing violence against women migrant workers will have a positive impact or results.", "E. Preventive measures, training and capacity-building", "Despite the indivisibility of efforts to address atrocities against women migrant workers, preventive measures reported by Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Mexico, Japan, Serbia and Slovakia have focused more broadly on eliminating violence against women and trafficking in persons. In these countries, preventive measures include general awareness-raising, dissemination of information and education through meetings, seminars, publications and pamphlets. These initiatives often work with partners and are implemented in a variety of languages. In Portugal, awareness-raising activities aimed at women's sexual violence and the rights of migrant women victims of violence are particularly directed at migrant communities.", "The easy access of migrants to information on the rights of migrants and immigration processes can help mitigate the risks of abuse and exploitation. To that end, Mexico has established a Women's Immigration portal to provide information on immigration procedures and the rights of migrant women. In Lithuania, information on immigration procedures was provided in several languages. In Lebanon and Jordan, guidelines and pamphlets have been developed on the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers. States also reported on raising awareness of the benefits and risks of migrants abroad through annual awareness-raising campaigns (Philippines) and pre-removal training courses (Indonesia).", "Migrant women, including women migrant workers, may be victims of xenophobia and racist acts. This description was made through the media. A number of countries have focused on the description of migrant women and steps taken to eliminate such risks, such as the sensitization of the media of this problem (Greece) and the monitoring of radio and television programmes that disseminate negative racist or genderist stereotypes in this regard (Argentina), with a particular focus on the description of migrant women.", "In addition to awareness-raising, some States (Indonesia, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) have organized training programmes for government officials, monitoring, law enforcement officials, medical staff and other service providers to ensure that policies on violence against women, trafficking in persons, gender equality, protection of migrant workers and other related issues are implemented and serviced in a gender-sensitive manner. Portugal has provided training for staff from various immigration support centres and hotlines. Lebanon and Qatar organized training programmes for labour inspectors to ensure compliance with labour legislation. The United Arab Emirates has established training centres for Government officials on violence against women, trafficking and illegal immigration.", "Indonesia has taken steps to strengthen institutional capacity to support migrant workers abroad, including by providing protection and assistance to victims of violence. This work involves the establishment of a dedicated unit within its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "Protection and assistance", "Migrant women who are victims of atrocities require a wide range of services to help them recover from the trauma they experience and to ensure that atrocities do not happen again. A number of States (including Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) reported on the protection and assistance available to this group, including shelters, hotlines, legal assistance, psychological and medical services, as well as information on services, training and remedies. These support is often provided in several languages, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations. However, data are not available for women migrant workers who are victims of violence to use the existing services. In addition, States draw attention to the fact that, in general, the lack of services provided to women victims of violence continues to be a challenge.", "Progress has continued to be made in the protection and support of foreign nationals, in accordance with civil law and work permits arrangements, which have also contributed to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Portugal reported that migrant women who are survivors of domestic violence do not need to obtain a residency permit through her husband's application. Argentina, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal and Slovakia stressed that the provisions of the labour laws and immigration laws stipulate that foreign nationals have the opportunity to take medical care, education and economic assistance. Portugal also provides medical care and education to undocumented migrant children. Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, the Philippines, Qatar and Slovakia reported that they had established remedial mechanisms to collect, investigate and address complaints of discrimination and atrocities against migrant workers, including domestic workers. Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago reported that workplaces are being monitored and inspected to ensure compliance with labour laws.", "Indonesia and the Philippines provide reintegration services to returnees. Indonesia's international airport has specifically established a special terminal to provide assistance.", "Bilateral, regional, international and other cooperation", "Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is key to addressing violence against women migrant workers. Several States (Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) reported on bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding aimed at improving the protection of migrant workers, concluded between countries of origin and destination. The scope of such agreements and memorandums covered a wide range of issues, including regulations governing recruitment and employment institutions and protection of potential migrants against misappropriation by illegal operators, the use of formal employment contracts and the wage levels of migrant workers.", "Regional cooperation includes a project aimed at providing services to migrants, covering Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan. The project was implemented by United Kingdom-supported United Nations entities that promote gender equality and women's empowerment (United Nations women), the International Organization for Migration and the World Bank. Several States hosted or participated in regional or international conferences on migration, combating violence against women and trafficking in persons.", "Slovakia reported that, in cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the protection of migrant women against abuse, Indonesia reported that it provided training to government officials on issues affecting the protection of migrants, in cooperation with the International Organization for Migration.", "Activities of the United Nations system", "Intergovernmental processes, global conferences and expert bodies continue to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. United Nations entities and international organizations support national efforts to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers.", "Global legal and policy development", "Resolutions and recommendations", "Legal and policy developments continued through the resolutions and recommendations adopted by the United Nations intergovernmental bodies and expert bodies. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 3928 on strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice to address violence against women. The resolution emphasized the need to combat racism, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance by identifying the needs and special vulnerabilities of migrant women.", "Since the finalization of the previous report, the Human Rights Council adopted several resolutions that also address the situation of migrant women and children and women migrant workers. These recommendations include resolution 15/16 on the human rights of all migrants (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), which calls for effective advocacy and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, in particular women and children, and awareness-raising activities aimed at enabling informed decisions and reducing vulnerability to human trafficking, transnational organized smuggling and crime networks, and resolution 15/23 on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and girls (see A/65/Add.1, chap. I), addressing the elimination of discrimination against vulnerable women, such as migrant women, and urged the intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of sexual violence (see A/63/3, para.", "In the same vein, the Commission on the Status of Women adopted agreed conclusions and resolutions, which also address the situation of migrant women and girls. The agreed conclusions on the opportunity of women and girls to receive and participate in education, training, science and technology, including the promotion of women's access to adequate employment and decent work (Energy 27, chap. IA) (Assembly fifty-fifth session (12 March 2010), 22 February-4 March and 14 March 2011) adopted this conclusion, which calls for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies and programmes for women migrant workers, the provision of safe and legal channels for recognition of their skills and education, the promotion of their productive employment, decent work and integration in the fields of education, science and technology, as well as steps to ensure the legal protection of all workers. At its fifty-fourth session (13 March and 14 October 2009 and 1-12 March 2010), the Committee adopted resolution 54/4 on the economic empowerment of women (see Ent 27 and Corr.1, chap. I D). In its resolution, the Committee urged countries of origin, transit and destination to integrate a gender perspective into their immigration policies and programmes, promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by migrant women, address discrimination, all forms of exploitation, abuse, unsafe working environments and violence, including sexual violence and trafficking in women and girls. In its resolution 54/7 on the suppression of female genital mutilation (see Ellen27 and Corr.1, chapter I D), the Committee urged targeted measures against refugee and migrant women and their communities in order to protect girls from the practice of genital mutilation and that such practices occur outside the country of residence.", "The human rights treaty bodies established under international human rights treaties continue to address the issue of violence against women migrant workers. The Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, at its thirtieth session (22 November-3 December 2007), adopted general comment No. 1 on migrant domestic workers, which addressed the issue of violations of their social, economic, cultural, civil, political and labour rights. General comment calls for the promotion and protection of the rights of domestic workers at all stages, the decent work of domestic workers, the appropriate regulation of such work through national labour legislation to ensure that domestic workers enjoy the same protection as other workers and have access to justice and redress.", "During the reporting period, the Committee against Torture, at its forty-third and forty-fourth sessions, emphasized in its concluding observations on States reports that undocumented migrant women face the tragic situation of victims of gender-based violence; and that migrant women victims of migrant domestic violence suffer from widespread physical, psychological and sexual abuse. There is no comprehensive or sex-disaggregated data on complaints, investigations, prosecutions and convictions (see A/65/44) because of fear of losing their residence status; and cases of abuse by women migrant workers. The Committee therefore urges States parties to ensure the right of women migrant workers to lodge complaints and to ensure that sanctions are imposed on employers who abuse women workers in order to prevent atrocities and abuse. It also urges States parties to consider enacting legislation enabling women migrant workers victims of violence to seek protection without losing their residence permits and to compile disaggregated statistical data and information on cases of abuse by migrant workers.", "The Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council emphasizes that women migrant workers are vulnerable to violence and that the situation is linked to the exercise of other rights. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants noted that migrants often suffer atrocities, threaten their health and safety, risk and access to health services (see A/HRC/14/30). Migrant domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to these atrocities because they are excluded from various forms of legal protection (ibid., paras. The Special Rapporteur assumes that violence is linked to the right to adequate housing and notes that migrant domestic workers living in the home have rarely filed complaints of abuse, as they face deportation, loss of employment, homelessness and the risk of further atrocities, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking (ibid., para. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States provide free information and relevant legal and policy advice to migrants to assist them in their exercise of their rights (ibid., para. 74); adequate, appropriate and specialized medical assistance (ibid., para. 82); and provide accommodation to those who wish to leave their employers (ibid., para. He also suggested that mechanisms should be developed to monitor the situation at the duty stations. In his visit to the following three countries, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the urgent need to protect migrant children, in particular girls, given their large and vulnerable sexual violence and gender-based human rights violations (A/HRC/17/33, para. 32): Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3); Romania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) and the United Kingdom (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).", "In his visit to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences noted that women migrant workers are often subject to sexual abuse, but because of their irregular status, rarely have recourse to law enforcement officials and health workers (see A/HRC/17/Add.4, para.", "The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, recommends that special assistance be provided to trafficked persons, regardless of immigration status, and whether the status of residence and the availability of services should not be taken into account. Their participation in criminal proceedings (A/HRC/14/32).", "Intergovernmental meetings", "The Global Forum on Migration and Development was a national-led process following the 2006 High-level Dialogue of the General Assembly on International Migration and Development. During the reporting period, the Forum held two meetings in Greece and Mexico in 2009. These meetings emphasized the urgent need to protect the human rights of women migrant workers and to ensure gender-sensitive migration and development policies. Important recommendations adopted at these meetings focused on collecting sex-disaggregated data and developing gender-sensitive guidelines for policies, programmes and budgets and identifying appropriate targets and indicators. In September 2010, the United Nations Women and the Government of Mexico (Chair of the Global Forum for 2010) co-hosted a high-level consultation on the promotion and protection of the rights of women migrant workers. This event helps to achieve results in the 2010 round table on gender, family, migration and development. The United Nations women, together with the International Organization for Migration, prepared an annex to the official background paper of the round tables of the Government entitled “Recognizing the interface between gender, family, migration and development: global care economy and chains”, at which United Nations women together with the Government of Portugal presented a paper on the labour rights of women migrant workers and support civil society participation. The President of the World Forum for 2010 (Sweden) designated “global care staff on the migration and development interface” as a sub-theme under the annual Labour Mobility”. The Chairperson also invited United Nations women to provide technical and organizational assistance to support three regional meetings on this subject, with a focus on scaling up good practices, integrating with migrant organizations and ILO. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, included in its programme of action the remittances of migrants, investment in the diaspora for development and protection of migrant workers as important priorities in the Least Developed Countries Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020.", "Initiatives by United Nations entities and international organizations to support national efforts", "Research and data collection", "The United Nations and relevant entities advocate for more data on migrant women and violence against them. UNFPA supports national institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina to collect sex- and age-disaggregated data on migration and gender-based violence. The United Nations women support the national authorities of India in the preparation of data on violence against women migrant workers, and UNFPA is also supporting research on violence against migrant women and children in India.", "A study commissioned by the United Nations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India to analyse trends and patterns in the activities of women migrant workers in South Asia in the Gulf and in the Arab States, aimed at providing information on gender-sensitive and rights-based policies, including the ex-post situation profile programme, to help raise awareness and build capacity. UNESCO has actively promoted research on the human rights situation of women migrant workers and published papers on the prevention of trafficking and protection of victims. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) conducted a case study on the migration population along the 10 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, with a view to providing information on a rights-based policy for the protection of migrants, in particular women and young people, from violence. IOM conducted studies on issues such as international migration of women workers, trafficking in persons and gender-based violence.", "The International Labour Organization publication on International Labour Migration 2010 highlighted the vulnerability of women domestic workers to abuse and the vulnerability of women and young temporary migrant workers. A report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the involvement of organized criminal groups in the smuggling of migrants from West Africa to the European Union region in 2011 noted that trafficking and the smuggling of migrants are sometimes synergistic and, in fact, the vast majority of victims of trafficking in persons are women.", "Support for legislative and policy development", "United Nations system entities, in cooperation with national authorities, develop tools to support laws and policies, eliminate violence against women migrant workers and promote their human rights. The United Nations Women and ECLAC organized a panel of experts in Trinidad and Tobago in September 2010 which resulted in the creation of a model framework for the national plan of action on violence against women, with recommendations that accompany the interpretation of comments and good practices to assist countries in their revision, formulation or updating of plans. [20] The framework emphasizes that the National Plan of Action should recognize that women's experience of violence is determined by many variables, including the status of migrants or refugees, strategies and actions should address the specific concerns faced by different groups of women in order to enable all women to achieve the same results.", "The International Organization for Migration has made efforts to promote inter-State dialogue and cooperation to protect women migrant workers. IOM and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. In cooperation with OSCE, a project is being implemented jointly to promote greater gender sensitivity among OSCE member States in future labour migration policies. To that end, the International Organization for Migration, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the International Labour Organization have facilitated training workshops held in Kazakhstan, Sweden and Austria. In Nepal and Viet Nam, United Nations women support the integration of a gender perspective into the policies and management of migrants. In Nepal, United Nations women support national partners in developing new draft migration policy. It also supported the inclusion of women migrant workers' concerns in the preparation of the five-year national strategy and action plan of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management and a strategy to explore alternative forms of decent employment outside domestic workers. In Viet Nam, United Nations women support the Overseas Ministry of Labour to incorporate gender-sensitive and development-oriented perspectives into immigration management, including the following initiatives, such as pre-conflict training and services, the strengthening of hotlines and housing services, and the promotion of savings and remittances through official banking services.", "Awareness-raising, capacity-building and other preventive measures", "United Nations system entities and international migrant organizations support advocacy, awareness-raising and capacity-building and efforts to promote the human rights of women migrant workers. For example, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) promotes sensitive attention by Zimbabwe's migrant communities to gender-based violence and abuse of labour, and organizes awareness-raising campaigns to promote security and formal migration. UNFPA has implemented a project to prohibit violations of the reproductive rights of migrant women and gender-based violence along national borders in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, United Nations women provide support to raise awareness of violence against women migrant workers; in Thailand, journalists are sensitized to discrimination and atrocities against women migrant workers at all stages of migration and to disseminate information on safe migrants to potential women migrants through community broadcasting in Indonesia and to recommend measures to be taken in the face of violence threats.", "United Nations system entities and international migrant organizations provide or support training to different stakeholders on the protection of the human rights of women migrant workers. In 2010, five regional commissions and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (DESA) launched a project aimed at strengthening national capacities to deal with international migration, in particular maximizing development benefits and minimizing the negative impact of this phenomenon. Preparations are under way to conduct case studies in a number of countries to address violence against women migrant workers. In a number of Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam, United Nations women are working with Governments and ministries, non-governmental organizations and United Nations entities to enhance capacity and awareness-raising. In Cambodia, they are working together to develop training manuals before departures, which address gender-based violence and women migrants' access to justice. IOM is implementing training programmes for law enforcement, immigration and border officials, prosecutors, service providers and non-governmental organizations to guide them in protecting the human rights of victims of abuse and trafficking. In 2009, the International Labour Organization prepared a guide for domestic workers in Thailand to be issued in several languages. This guide aims to promote the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers, explain the benefits and risks associated with domestic workers, and provide information on how to deal with their employers in order to achieve a mutually satisfactory work environment and worker pay and welfare system.", "Protection and support of victims of atrocities", "The relevant United Nations entities support States in their efforts to strengthen the protection and services provided by migrant women victims of violence, and in some cases more specifically target women migrant workers. For example, IOM partnered with a number of stakeholders in many countries to provide accommodation, counselling, legal and medical services, and skills-building. With regard to women returnees and trafficked, the organization assisted in the development of repatriation and reintegration plans. In Indonesia, United Nations women support community-based organizations to record cases of violations and abuse of women migrant workers' rights in order to enhance their access to legal aid.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "Actions have been taken at the national, regional and international levels to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The number of States parties involved in relevant international instruments has increased. The adoption of the Convention on the decent work of domestic workers is another major new action in relation to the international human rights framework for the protection of women migrant workers.", "States, sometimes supported by entities of the United Nations system and international migrant organizations, continue to strengthen the legal framework to prevent violence and discrimination against women migrant workers, policies, national action plans and strategies. In particular, promising actions were to expand the scope of the labour laws to domestic workers and to start standardised arrangements for domestic workers to regulate and monitor recruitment institutions to prevent fraud and unlawful conduct, disseminate information to potential migrant women in order to promote legal migration, train officials, raise public awareness about combating violence against women migrant workers, racism and xenophobia, and provide services to migrant women victims of violence. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and cooperation provide a strong basis for addressing discrimination and atrocities against women migrant workers.", "At the same time, there are still major gaps in the global normative and policy framework for the protection of women migrant workers from discrimination, atrocities and abuses. Although this group of women may benefit from a number of existing general legal and policy frameworks that regulate migration, gender equality, violence against women and labour, special measures to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers are being paid to Turkmen. The knowledge base remains inadequate, and gaps remain in the collection and dissemination of data and in the conduct of necessary research and analysis to inform policy and programme measures. Similarly, even if the law is in place, policies and other measures have been put in place and rarely report on the results and implications of measures taken against women migrant workers. undocumented women migrant workers remain particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and discrimination.", "Against this background, States should continue to ratify and implement international instruments, with particular emphasis on the early ratification of the Convention on the decent work of domestic workers and its recommendations. States should strengthen the collection of gender-sensitive data, information on migration profiles and research, analysis and dissemination of violence against women migrant workers at all stages of the migration process, the contribution of women migrant workers to development: macroeconomic data on remittances and the costs of violence against women migrant workers in order to formulate and implement appropriate policies and programmes.", "National labour laws should protect women migrant workers, including domestic workers, and should also establish strong monitoring and inspection mechanisms in accordance with the relevant ILO conventions and other instruments to ensure compliance by States parties with their international obligations. Immigration laws should incorporate a gender perspective in order to prevent discrimination against women, in particular single migrants, and should allow migrant women victims of atrocities to apply for self-sustainability through abuse of their employers and spouses.", "States should ensure that policies and programmes relating to migrants, labour and combating trafficking in persons are harmonized and gender-sensitive and rights-based. They should advocate for safe and legitimate migrants to prevent violence and protect the human rights of all women migrant workers throughout the migration process. Such policies should be based on accurate data and analysis, with the participation of women migrant workers throughout the policy process; adequate resources should be made available; measurable goals and targets should be developed, timetables for monitoring and accountability measures, in particular for recruitment and employment institutions, employers and government officials; impact assessments should be provided and multisectoral coordination among countries of origin through appropriate mechanisms.", "States should continue to conclude and implement bilateral and multilateral arrangements to ensure the protection of the rights of all women migrant workers and to promote effective action in the areas of law enforcement and prosecution, prevention, capacity-building, protection and support for victims and the exchange of information and good practices that can combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should strive to reduce transaction costs of remittances, promote women's access to safe, efficient transfer and receipt patterns; and encourage the establishment of productive investments and gender-sensitive channels. They should also expand their reintegration and support services to women migrant workers and their families.", "In response to migrant women, recruitment and employment institutions, employers, media, government officials and the general population's education plans, awareness-raising and other preventive efforts should continue to be carried out in countries of origin and destination, in an appropriate manner for target groups. They should include a focus on the promotion and protection of the rights of women migrant workers, drawing attention to existing laws and to the support of migrant women, highlighting the opportunities and risks of migrants and, where appropriate, multilingualism. Pre-departure profiles and training provided to potential women migrant workers should be gender-sensitive and rights-based, with a focus on rights protection and obligations. In order to ensure an effective response to the problem of violence and discrimination against women migrant workers, the police, immigration officers, the judiciary, social and health workers should be strengthened to provide gender-sensitive training plans and institutionalize their human rights. Such programmes should be managed through standardized procedures and should include gender-sensitive performance standards to enable greater impact.", "States should strengthen their support systems for victims of violence and ensure that they are used in accordance with human rights standards, regardless of their immigration status. Such support should be both linguistic and culturally appropriate and should include the provision of information on the rights of women migrant workers, access to legal remedies, psychological, medical and social assistance, shelter and compensation losses. Women migrant workers should not be punished for complaints.", "The United Nations system and relevant entities provide support to national authorities and civil society to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should continue these efforts and coordinate them, and they can support the effective implementation, their impact and strengthen their positive results for women migrant workers.", "As at 10 June 2011, a total of 16 communications (Cyprus, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), together with seven communications received after the deadline for submission of the communication in the previous report (A/64/152), have been included.", "[2] Information from the respective websites of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations gender equality and the empowerment of women, and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).", "[3] See the report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/65/203).", "[4] World Bank, 17 May 2011, available at http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011_symposium/Migration_and_ Youth_Ratha.pdf).", "[5] See “International Migration Trends: 2008 Revision” CD-ROM (2009), United Nations database (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Available from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.", "[6] See Jaayati Ghosh “Land gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues” United Nations Development Programme Human Development Study No. 2009/4 (April 2009), available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_04.pdf.", "[7] See the 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf; see also United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), “Request for and celebrate the human rights of migrants through the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Women migrant workers case, briefing paper prepared by UNIFEM, Jean DukeCunha (2005). See United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4.", "[8] A/64/38, Part I, annex I.", "Ibid. See, in particular, paras.", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1.", "[11] See “Chiefing national boundaries, from a gender perspective into migration and development”. (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.III, C.2 P). UNIFEM “The gender dimensions of remittances: studying Indian domestic workers in East and South-East Asia” (2009).", "[12] On the cost of violence against women, general information is provided on the in-depth study of all forms of violence against women, A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1.", "[13] Individual reports on trafficking in women and girls are submitted to the General Assembly every two years, most recently at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185, A/57/170 and A/55/322). The next report on trafficking in women and girls will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session in accordance with resolution 63/290.", "[14] The information contained in this section is extracted from the Government's communication, the Office of Legal Affairs' Multilateral Treaties website and the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website.", "[15] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, No. 39574.", "Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[17] Ibid., vol. 2241, No. 39574.", "Ibid., vol. 2220, No. 39481.", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.", "[20] See http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用 特别委员会的报告", "《联合国宪章》有关援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的条款的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/31号决议第16段提交。报告重点阐述秘书处有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排；业务工作因安全理事会及其各制裁委员会的重点改为定向制裁而发生的变化；大会和经济及社会理事会在援助受实施制裁影响的第三国方面的活动近况。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第65/31号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，说明《联合国宪章》有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的条款的执行情况。本报告就是根据该要求编写的。", "二. 进一步改进安全理事会及其制裁委员会援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的有关程序和工作方法的措施", "2. 如秘书长前几次报告(A/62/206和Corr.1、A/63/224、A/64/225和A/65/217)所述，安全理事会制裁一般性问题非正式工作组主席向安全理事会转递了工作组的报告(见S/2006/997，附件)。该报告中的几项建议和最佳做法涉及如何改进制裁的制定和监测，但报告并没有就援助受制裁意外影响的第三国的方式提出明确建议。安理会在第1732(2006)号决议中认定，工作组已经完成了S/2005/841号文件所载的任务，感兴趣地注意到工作组报告中所列的最佳做法和方法，并请安理会各附属机构也予以注意。", "3. 在本报告所述期间，鉴于安全理事会由全面经济制裁转变为定向制裁，没有关于制裁对第三国可能造成或实际造成意外影响的评估前报告或现行评估报告。", "4. 安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在2011年6月24日送交安理会的定期报告中指出，委员会已经或正在对共15份希望得到关于资产冻结措施的规模和实施的指导的请求做出答复。[1] 其中几项请求征询委员会对如何尽量减轻这一措施可能给第三国造成的意外影响的意见。", "5. 安全理事会每次决定会员国应冻结被指认的个人和实体拥有或控制的资产时，几乎都规定了例外情况，会员国可以据此向相关的制裁委员会表示它们打算批准动用被冻结资金，以支付各种基本和特别费用。[2] 这些费用可包括纳税、保险费、水电费；合理的专业服务费和偿付与提供法律服务有关的费用；或国家法律规定的按惯例置存或保管冻结的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源应收取的费用或服务费。", "6. 另外，安全理事会在第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段中决定，根据这些决议实施的资产冻结措施不会阻止被指认的个人或实体支付按照他们在被列入名单前签订的合同应该支付的款项，但必须满足某些条件，且相关国家应提前十个工作日，将其进行支付或接受付款或为此目的合理批准解冻资金、其他金融资产或经济资源的打算，分别通知第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会和第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会。", "7. 第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席迄今已通过提交安全理事会的90天报告告知安理会，共收到了48份这类通知。[3] 同样，第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在提交安理会的定期报告中告知安理会，共收到了25份通知。[4] 因此，第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段的规定，以及允许用被冻结资产支付基本和特别费用的例外规定，² 可以帮助缓解执行安理会冻结资产规定带来的经济负担。", "三. 大会和经济及社会理事会在援助受实施制裁影响的第三国方面的作用的近况", "8. 根据大会第59/45号决议第7段，大会和经济及社会理事会继续在酌情调动和监测国际社会和联合国向受实施制裁影响的第三国提供经济援助的努力方面发挥各自的作用。", "A. 大会", "9. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会于2011年2月28日至3月4日及3月7日和9日举行了会议。特别委员会的报告(A/66/33，第三章A节)概述了对《宪章》有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的条款执行情况的讨论。", "B. 经济及社会理事会", "10. 2011年7月4日，经济及社会理事会在2011年实质性会议开幕会议上核准其工作方案(E/2011/L.12)，并决定将题为“援助受实施制裁影响的第三国”的分项目13(j)列入实质性会议常务部分议程。未要求预先编写文件。理事会于2011年7月27日审议了该事项，但未在这一分项目下采取行动。", "四. 秘书处有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排", "11. 秘书处内主管单位根据大会有关决议，[5] 继续负责监测和评价因安全理事会实施预防性或执行措施而引起的一切特殊经济问题的相关信息以找出解决这些国家的特殊经济问题的办法并评价此类受影响的第三国根据《联合国宪章》第五十条规定向安全理事会所提一切申诉。", "12. 这种监测和评价工作的一个目标是，发展和加强经济和社会事务部内的能力，以完善和改进协调对受影响的第三国的技术援助的方式、技术程序和准则(A/64/225，第12段)。如先前报告所述，最近几年从全面制裁转变为定向制裁，减少了对第三国造成意外损害的发生。实际上，2003年6月以来，没有国家向经济和社会事务部提出关于监测和评价的正式申诉。", "13. 有效定向制裁的重点是金融和旅行制裁及武器禁运，如果执行恰当，会尽量减少可能对目标和非目标国家造成的经济、社会和人道主义影响。转为定向制裁意味着需要改变用于评估这类制裁给第三国带来的经济问题的方法。这种改变涉及对定向制裁及其可能对各国——包括作为目标和非目标的国家——产生的不良经济、社会和人道主义影响逐个进行详细评估，并需要参照依据该国或区域人道主义状况的最近历史趋势的基线评估加以评价。[6]", "14. 制定和使用这种评估的特定方法的工作进展不大，因为这些方法只能视具体情况予以适当拟订。只有在第三国提出相应请求后才能启动评估。如上文所述，自2003年６月以来没有向经济和社会事务部提出过这类申诉。不过，经济和社会事务部将继续寻找机会，同秘书处的其他有关部门及其他国际组织和学术机构合作，不断了解评估普通制裁影响的相关方法，一旦有申诉即可作出回应。", "[1] 见S/PV.6566。", "[2] 见安全理事会第1452(2002)(经第1735(2006)号建议修正)、1532(2004)、1572(2004)、1591(2005)、1596(2005)、1636(2005)、1718(2006)、1737(2006)、1844(2008)、1907(2009)和1970(2011)号决议。", "[3] 见S/PV.5702、5743、5807、5853、5909、5973、6142、6235、6280、6384、6442、6502和6563。在公开会议上没有提交与此相关的2009年9月9日的90天报告，但可查阅委员会网页： www.un.org/sc/ committees/1737。", "[4] 见S/PV.6566。", "[5] 见第50/51、51/208、52/162、53/107、54/107、55/157、56/87、57/25、58/80、59/45、60/23、61/38、62/69、63/127、64/115和65/31号决议。", "[6] 制定、实施和评价制裁的方法，见工作组报告(S/2006/997，附件)和人道主义事务协调厅出版的《制裁评估手册》，可查阅www.humanitarianinfo.org/sanctions/handbook/docs_ handbook/iascsanchb.pdf。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "Implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in compliance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 65/31. It highlights arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions; the operational changes that have occurred in the light of the shift in focus in the Security Council and its sanctions committees towards targeted sanctions; and recent developments concerning the activities of the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions. The present report has been prepared in compliance with that request.", "II. Measures for further improvement of the procedures and working methods of the Security Council and its sanctions committees related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "2. As noted in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/62/206 and Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 and A/65/217), the Chair of the Security Council Informal Working Group on General Issues of Sanctions transmitted the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex) to the Security Council. Several of the recommendations and best practices set out in that report related to improved sanctions design and monitoring, but the report did not contain any recommendations that explicitly referred to ways to assist third States affected by the unintended impact of sanctions. By its resolution 1732 (2006), the Council decided that the Working Group had fulfilled its mandate as contained in document S/2005/841, took note with interest of the best practices and methods set out in the report of the Working Group and requested its subsidiary bodies to take note of them also.", "3. During the period under review, and in keeping with the shift of the Security Council from comprehensive economic sanctions to targeted sanctions, there were no pre-assessment reports or ongoing assessment reports concerning the likely or actual unintended impact of sanctions on third States.", "4. In a periodic report delivered to the Council on 24 June 2011, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya stated that the Committee had answered, or was in the process of answering, a total of 15 requests for guidance concerning the scope and implementation of the assets freeze.[1] In several of those requests, the Committee’s advice was sought on how to minimize the potential unintended consequences of that measure in third States.", "5. In nearly every case in which the Security Council has decided that States shall freeze the assets owned or controlled by designated individuals and entities, the Council has also adopted exceptions by which States can signal to the relevant sanctions committee their intention to authorize access to frozen funds for a variety of basic and extraordinary expenses.[2] Such expenses can include tax payments, insurance premiums and public utility charges; reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of expenses associated with the provision of legal services; and fees or service charges, in accordance with national laws, for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources.", "6. Furthermore, in paragraph 15 of its resolution 1737 (2006), and paragraph 21 of its resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided that the assets freeze imposed under those resolutions would not prevent a designated person or entity from making payment due under a contract entered into prior to the listing of such a person or entity, provided that certain conditions had been met, and after notification by the relevant States to, respectively, the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) of the intention to make or receive such payments or to authorize, where appropriate, the unfreezing of funds, other financial assets or economic resources for that purpose, 10 working days prior to such authorization.", "7. To date, through his 90-day reports to the Security Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) has informed the Council of a total of 48 such notifications received.[3] Similarly, in a periodic report to the Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) informed the Council of a total of 25 notifications received.[4] Thus the provisions of paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of resolution 1970 (2011), as well as the exceptions to the assets freeze for basic and extraordinary expenses,² can help to mitigate economic burdens arising from the implementation of Council assets freezes.", "III. Recent developments related to the role of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "8. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 59/45, the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council have continued to play their respective roles in mobilizing and monitoring, as appropriate, the economic assistance efforts of the international community and the United Nations system on behalf of third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "A. General Assembly", "9. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization met from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. The report of the Special Committee contains a summary of the discussions on the question of the implementation of the Charter provisions related to assistance to third States affected by sanctions (A/66/33, chap. III.A).", "B. Economic and Social Council", "10. At the opening meeting of its substantive session of 2011, on 4 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council approved its programme of work (E/2011/L.12) and decided to include in the agenda of the general segment of the session a sub-item, 13 (j), entitled “Assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions”. No advance documentation was requested. The Council considered the matter on 27 July 2011 but took no action under that sub-item.", "IV. Arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "11. In accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly,[5] the competent units within the Secretariat have maintained their capacity to monitor and evaluate information pertaining to any special economic problems arising from the carrying out of preventive or enforcement measures imposed by the Security Council, to identify solutions to the special economic problems of those States, and to evaluate any appeals to the Security Council made by such affected third States under the provisions of Article 50 of the Charter of the United Nations.", "12. One of the objectives of such monitoring and evaluation exercises is to develop and strengthen capacity within the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to refine and improve the modalities, technical procedures and guidelines for the coordination of technical assistance to affected third States (A/64/225, para. 12). As mentioned in previous reports, the shift from comprehensive to targeted sanctions in recent years has reduced the incidence of unintended harm to third States. In fact, no official appeals have been conveyed to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to monitor or evaluate since June 2003.", "13. Effective and targeted sanctions are focused financial and travel sanctions and arms embargoes which are designed to minimize the potential economic, social and humanitarian impact in targeted as well as non-targeted countries, if they are implemented properly. The shift to targeted sanctions has implied that changes need be introduced to the methodological approaches used to assess the economic problems of third States caused by this type of sanction. These changes would involve detailed case-by-case assessments of targeted sanctions and the possible adverse economic, social and humanitarian impact in individual countries, both those that were targeted and those that were not, which would need to be evaluated against the baseline assessments drawn from recent historical trends in humanitarian conditions in the country or region.[6]", "14. Little progress could be made in developing and applying specific methodologies to make such assessments, since these can be elaborated properly only on a case-by-case basis. Assessments can be initiated only following corresponding requests by third States. As mentioned above, no such appeals have been referred to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, however, will continue to seek opportunities for collaborative work with other relevant parts of the Secretariat, as well as with other international organizations and academic institutions, so as to keep abreast of similar and related methodologies assessing the impact of sanctions more in general and to be responsive when appeals are made.", "[1] See S/PV.6566.", "[2] See Security Council resolutions 1452 (2002) (as amended by resolution 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) and 1970 (2011).", "[3] See S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 and 6563. The 90-day report of 9 September 2009, which is also relevant, was not delivered at a public meeting; the text is however available on the Committee’s website: www.un.org/sc/committees/1737.", "[4] See S/PV.6566.", "[5] See resolutions 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/38, 62/69, 63/127, 64/115 and 65/31.", "[6] For the methodology for designing, implementing and evaluating sanctions, see the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex), and the Sanctions Assessment Handbook published by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, available from www.humanitarianinfo.org/ sanctions/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "Implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 65/31. The report focuses on the Secretariat's arrangements for assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions; changes in business due to the focus of the Security Council and its sanctions committees to targeted sanctions; and the activities of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in assisting third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "Introduction", "In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions. The present report has been prepared in accordance with that request.", "Measures to further improve the procedures and working methods of the Security Council and its sanctions committees to assist third States affected by the application of sanctions", "As noted in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/62/206 and Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 and A/65/217), the Chairman of the informal working group on general sanctions transmitted the report to the Security Council (see S/2006/997, annex). Several recommendations and best practices in the report relate to ways to improve the development and monitoring of sanctions, but the report does not make clear recommendations on ways to assist third States affected by the accident of sanctions. In its resolution 1732 (2006), the Council found that the Working Group had completed its mandate as contained in document S/2005/841, noted with interest the best practices and methods set out in the report of the Working Group, and invited the subsidiary bodies of the Council to pay attention.", "During the reporting period, in view of the transformation of the Security Council from a comprehensive economic sanction to a targeted sanction, there was no pre-assessment report or current assessment report on the possible or actual impact of sanctions on third countries.", "In its periodic report to the Council dated 24 June 2011, the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya noted that the Committee had responded to requests for guidance on the scale and implementation of asset freeze measures. Several of these requests were requested to consult the Committee on how to minimize the unexpected impact of this measure on third countries.", "When the Security Council decides each Member State to freeze the assets owned or controlled by designated individuals and entities, it is almost all the exceptions that Member States may, accordingly, indicate to the relevant sanctions Committee their intention to approve the use of frozen funds to meet the basic and special costs. [2] These costs may include tax, insurance, utilities, reasonable professional service and reimbursement for expenses relating to the provision of legal services, or fees or services charged under national legislation for the purpose of maintaining or maintaining frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources.", "Furthermore, in paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided that, in accordance with the asset freeze measures imposed by those resolutions, no designated individuals or entities shall be prevented from paying their assessed contributions in accordance with their contracts concluded prior to their inclusion, provided that certain conditions must be met, and that the States concerned shall pay or receive payments or, to that end, shall, in advance of ten working days, give them the intention to grant the free funds, other financial assets or economic resources, respectively, to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) has so far informed the Council of 48 such notifications through the 90-day report to the Security Council. [3] Similarly, the Chairman of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) informed the Council of 25 notifications received in his regular report to the Council. [4] Therefore, paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of resolution 1970 (2011), as well as exceptional provisions allowing for the payment of basic and special expenses by frozen assets,2 may help alleviate the economic burden arising from the implementation of the Council's asset freeze.", "Overview of the role of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in assisting third States affected by the application of sanctions", "In accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 59/45, the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council continued to play their respective role in mobilizing and monitoring, as appropriate, the international community and the United Nations efforts to provide economic assistance to third countries affected by the application of sanctions.", "General Assembly", "The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization met on 28 February-4 March and 7 and 9 March 2011. The report of the Special Committee (A/63/13, chap. III.A) outlines the implementation of the provisions of the Charter related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "Economic and Social Council", "On 4 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council, at its opening meeting of its substantive session in 2011, approved its programme of work (EricL.12) and decided to include sub-item 13 (j) entitled “Asssistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions” in the agenda of the regular segment of its substantive session. No advance documentation was requested. The Council considered the matter on 27 July 2011 without action under this sub-item.", "Secretariat arrangements for assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "In accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, the competent units within the Secretariat continue to be responsible for monitoring and evaluating all relevant information on special economic issues arising from the implementation of preventive or enforcement measures by the Security Council in order to identify solutions to the special economic problems of those States and to evaluate all complaints made by such affected third States to the Security Council pursuant to Article 50 of the Charter of the United Nations.", "One objective of such monitoring and evaluation is to develop and strengthen the capacity within the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to improve and improve the way, technical procedures and guidelines for coordinating technical assistance to affected third countries (A/64/225, para. As previously reported, the transition from comprehensive sanctions to targeted sanctions in recent years has reduced the occurrence of unintended damage to third countries. In practice, since June 2003, no formal complaints had been submitted to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs for monitoring and evaluation.", "Effective targeted sanctions focus on financial and travel sanctions and arms embargoes and, if properly implemented, will minimize the economic, social and humanitarian implications that may be caused by targeted and non-targeted countries. The conversion to targeted sanctions implies a need to change the methodology used to assess the economic problems posed by such sanctions to third countries. This change relates to a detailed assessment of the adverse economic, social and humanitarian impacts of targeted sanctions and their possible economic, social and humanitarian impacts, including as targets and non-targeted countries, and needs to be evaluated in the light of the baseline assessment of recent historical trends in the country or in the region. [6]", "The development and use of specific methods of such an assessment are not progressing, since they can only be properly developed in a specific context. Assessments can be initiated only if a third country makes a corresponding request. As noted above, no such complaints have been filed with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003. However, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs will continue to seek opportunities to continue to understand, in cooperation with other relevant departments of the Secretariat and other international organizations and academic institutions, the relevant methodology for assessing the impact of the general sanctions, and to respond to the complaints once they have received.", "See S/PV.6566.", "[2] See Security Council resolution 1452 (2002) (as amended by recommendation 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) and 1970 (2011).", "[3] See S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 and 6563. No 90-day report on 9 September 2009 was submitted in public meetings, available on the Committee website: www.un.org/sc/committee/1737.", "[4] See S/PV.6566.", "[5] See resolutions 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/69, 63/1127, 64/115 and 65/31.", "[6] The methodology for the development, implementation and evaluation of sanctions is available at www.humanitarianinfo.org/sanctions/handbook/docs_statement/iascsanchb.pdf, in the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex)." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目107", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨向你通报，古巴共和国外交部就2011年7月22日在挪威发生的暴力事件发表了一份声明(见附件)。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目107的文件分发为荷。", "古巴常驻联合国代表团", "大使", "临时代办", "鲁道夫·贝尼特斯·韦尔森(签名)", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部的声明", "2011年7月23日，哈瓦那", "古巴坚决谴责2011年7月22日在挪威奥斯陆发生的针对政府大楼和在乌托亚岛针对青少年的暴力事件，事件总共造成92人死亡。", "五十多年来，古巴人民饱受恐怖主义的严重后果，我们谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义危害。", "古巴政府和人民向挪威政府和人民，特别是遇难者家属，对因这些犯罪行为造成的生命损失和损害表示哀悼，并向挪威政府和人民表示声援和支持。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 107", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba has issued a statement concerning the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011, a copy of which is attached hereto (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 107.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba", "Havana, 23 July 2011", "Cuba strongly repudiates the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011 against the Government compound in Oslo and against the youths on the island of Utøya, which have thus far resulted in 92 fatalities.", "The Cuban people, which has suffered the consequences of terrorism for more than 50 years, condemns this scourge in all its forms and manifestations.", "The Cuban Government and people extend their condolences to the Norwegian Government and people, particularly the families of the victims, for the loss of life and the damage caused by these criminal actions, while expressing their solidarity and support." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 107", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba issued a statement on the violence that took place in Norway on 22 July 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 107.", "Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations", "Ambassador", "Interim office", "Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba", "Havana, 23 July 2011", "Cuba firmly condemns the violence against juveniles in Oslo, Norway, on 22 July 2011, which resulted in a total of 92 deaths.", "Over 50 years, the Cuban people have suffered the grave consequences of terrorism and we condemn all forms of terrorism.", "The Government and the people of Cuba express their condolences to the Government and people of Norway, in particular the families of the victims, for the loss of life and damage caused by these criminal acts and express their solidarity and support to the Government and people of Norway." ]

[ "大会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目74", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反 国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的报告", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各会员国和安全理事会各理事国转交起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告。该报告由国际法庭庭长根据《法庭规约》第34条(见S/25704和Corr.1，附件)提交，该条规定：", "“国际法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交国际法庭年度报告。”", "送文函", "2011年7月31日", "纽约联合国大会主席阁下，", "纽约联合国安全理事会主席阁下，", "根据起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭《规约》第34条的规定，谨向大会和安全理事会递送2011年7月31日国际法庭第十八次年度报告。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "庭长", "帕特里克·鲁滨逊(签名)", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告", "摘要 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。 法庭继续集中力量完成所有审判和上诉案件。在报告所述期间结束时，16人已进入上诉程序，14人正在接受审理，还有5名被告处于预审阶段。审判分庭对格托维纳等人案和乔尔杰维奇案作出了判决。上诉分庭对什利万查宁案的复核作出了判决，并对哈特曼案作出了上诉判决。 帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长(牙买加)、权敖昆副庭长(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行其法庭职责。 检察官办公室在完成法庭的审判和上诉任务方面取得进展。检察官办公室继续进一步发展与前南斯拉夫各国当局的联系，鼓励各国当局与法庭合作，并支持在国内法院起诉战争罪行。 \n书记官处继续在庭长领导下发挥重要作用，向法庭提供行政和司法支助。书记官长直属办公室除协调书记官处各科室的工作外，还处理各类法律、政策和业务事项，包括启动刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制和提高执行法庭判决的能力所需的实际安排。交流服务处开展了各种各样的活动，以期增大法庭的知名度，向有关社区宣传法庭的判决。法庭管理和支助服务科为10起在审案件、5起上诉案件和4起藐视法庭的案件提供支助。会议和语文服务科继续以法庭的工作语言及波斯尼亚语、克罗地亚语、塞尔维亚语、马其顿语和阿尔巴尼亚语提供最高质量的口译、笔译和法庭记录服务。受害人和证人科促成和协助近500名证人到海牙作证。法律援助和拘留事务办公室在案件预审、审判和上诉阶段向许多辩方成员及各分庭指定的法庭之友提供服务，并与书记官处其他科合作为自辩被告提供设施。联合国拘留所继续承担大量工作，同时为所有被羁押者提供最高级别的安保和监护。行政司协调编写了2010-2011两年期订正预算估计和2012-2013两年期拟议预算，大量参与了刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制第一次预算的制订工作，继续积极参与执行缩编进程和比较审查进程，并与工作人员代表密切合作，开展第二次比较审查。\n在报告所述期间，由于自然减员带来严重后果，法庭所有机关在实现完成工作战略各项目标方面遇到重大挑战。随着法庭完成工作的期限日益临近，庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施，帮助法庭找到切实解决该问题的办法。\n迄今为止，法庭在其起诉的161人中，已结束对126人的诉讼程序。本报告将详细介绍法庭在报告所述期间的活动，并表明法庭已集中力量在不牺牲适当程序的情况下尽早实现完成诉讼的目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 6\n2.涉及整个法庭的活动 6\nA.庭长 6\nB.庭长会议 8\nC.协调委员会 8\nD.全体会议 8\nE.规则委员会 8\n3.分庭的活动 8\nA.分庭的组成 8\nB.审判分庭的主要活动 9\nC.上诉分庭的主要活动 13\n4.检察官办公室的活动 14\nA.完成审判和上诉 14\nB.合作 15\nC.移交案件和调查档案 17\nD.支持各国的起诉工作 17\n5.书记官处的活动 17\nA.书记官长办公室 17\nB.司法支助服务科 18\nC.行政司 19", "一. 导言", "1. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告概述了2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。", "2. 在本报告所述期间，法庭继续执行安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议核准的《完成工作战略》。法庭继续集中力量完成所有审判和上诉案件。在报告所述期间结束时，16人已进入上诉程序，14人正在接受审理，还有5名被告处于预审阶段。审判分庭对格托维纳等人案和乔尔杰维奇案作出了判决。上诉分庭对什利万查宁案的复核作出了判决，并对哈特曼案作出了上诉判决。迄今为止，法庭在其起诉的161人中，已结束对126人的诉讼程序。", "3. 庭长帕特里克·鲁滨逊(牙买加)、副庭长权敖昆(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行其法庭职责。", "4. 在报告所述期间，采取了一系列举措改革法庭的程序，以实现效率最大化。", "5. 法庭的审理和上诉工作的步伐仍然受到工作人员短缺和高度有经验人员流失的影响。尽管大会和安全理事会通过了多项有关留用工作人员的决议，但这一问题仍持续存在。随着法庭完成工作的期限日益临近，庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施，帮助法庭找到切实解决该问题的办法。如果不采取切实有效的措施来挽留工作人员，完成法庭核心工作的时间估计可能不得不加以修正。", "二. 涉及整个法庭的活动", "A. 庭长", "6. 鲁滨逊庭长继续集中力量履行法庭的核心职能，即审判和上诉。他还采取了内部改革措施，实施了能力建设与遗产项目，开展了外交活动，并执行了庭长办公室的司法责任。", "1. 内部改革", "7. 法庭对规则第94 (B)条进行了修正，以澄清关于已裁定事实的司法认知的法律，并确保诉讼的各个当事方有效利用规则。", "8. 在上一报告期间，庭长恢复组建加速审判工作组，对法庭惯例进行第三次审查，以评估进一步改进各分庭工作的可能性。工作组于2010年5月21日提交报告，建议对法庭程序进行一系列改革。2010年6月7日，法官们采纳了这些建议并决定在当前诉讼程序中加以执行。在报告所述期间，法官们继续在其诉讼程序中执行工作组的建议。", "9. 法庭采用了更基于经验的新方法，用于预计将审理的上诉案件，其目标是为上诉案件确定时限，希望在法庭结束工作之前总体上保持不变。此外，上诉分庭还实施了一系列的工作方法改革，包括限制修改上诉理由、组织判决书起草工作和确定工作的优先次序，以提高其诉讼程序的效率。", "2. 能力建设和遗产", "10. 庭长继续推动各国司法机关的能力建设，作为法庭遗产战略的一个优先事项。2010年9月28日， 法庭、欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室以及联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所在贝尔格莱德正式推出了为期18个月的“战争罪司法项目”。法庭关于“评估前南问题国际法庭的遗产”的会议探讨了法庭遗产的各个方面(特别是在前南斯拉夫的遗产)，成果颇丰。受这次会议的鼓舞，法庭将于2011年11月15日和16日召开第二次会议，集中探讨法庭的全球遗产问题。法庭还准备在前南斯拉夫设立归地方所有的新闻中心。", "3. 外交关系", "11. 鲁滨逊庭长积极参加合作、外联和报告活动，以确保法庭工作得到支持并提升法庭的国际形象。", "12. 2010年9月1日，庭长欢迎一组来自塞尔维亚的法官和检察官对法庭进行了为期三天的考察访问。法庭正在加强与前南斯拉夫司法机构成员的合作和知识共享，这次访问是法庭在这方面持续开展的努力的一个组成部分。鲁滨逊庭长和法庭的其他法官与来访的塞尔维亚司法机构成员举行了会议，双方讨论的主题包括证人保护、认罪求情协议、判决惯例、个案管理、申诉程序以及审判战争罪的法律标准。", "13. 9月28日，庭长在贝尔格莱德正式推出了“战争罪司法项目”，以推动向该区域的司法机构转移法庭独有的机构知识和专门技能，并确保以可使用的格式向这些司法机构提供法庭材料。", "14. 10月8日，庭长向大会介绍法庭第十七次年度报告(A/65/205-S/2010/ 413)。", "15. 12月6日，庭长向安全理事会介绍法庭完成工作战略第十四次执行情况报告(S/2010/588)。", "16. 2011年6月6日，庭长向安全理事会介绍法庭完成工作战略第十五次执行情况报告(S/2011/316)。", "17. 2011年6月21日和22日，鲁滨逊庭长和约翰·霍金书记官长出席了在前南斯拉夫地区设立新闻中心问题非正式协商工作组在萨格勒布举行的为期两天的会议。会议的目的是进一步讨论在该区域各地设立新闻中心和文件中心的问题，以及获取法庭的司法档案的问题。", "4. 司法活动", "18. 庭长依照法庭规约、规则和程序指示赋予的权力，发布了许多向各分庭分配案件的命令，并复核了书记官长的几项决定。庭长还批准了2项关于免罪、减刑和提早释放被法庭定罪者的请求，同时驳回了7项此类请求。", "B. 庭长会议", "19. 依照规则第23条，庭长会议由庭长、副庭长和审判分庭主审法官组成。关于免罪、减刑和提早释放服刑人员的请求，庭长要与庭长会议成员协商。", "C. 协调委员会", "20. 依照规则第23条之二，协调委员会由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成。在报告所述期间，除其他外，委员会定期讨论了工作人员留用、能力建设与遗产活动以及法庭为创建和过渡到刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制作出贡献等议题。", "D. 全体会议", "21. 在报告所述期间，法官们举行了2次全体常会。在2010年12月8日举行的第39次全体会议上，法官们废除了规则第23条之三(管理委员会)；修正了规则第15条之三(C)(后备法官)；新通过了规则第75条之二(法庭请求在获取证词方面提供协助)和规则第75条之三(为在非法院当前审判程序诉讼中作证而转移证人)；并修正了规则第94 (B)条(司法认知)。在2011年6月16日举行的第40次全体会议上，法官们讨论了对规则第65条、第75条之二和第75条之三的拟议修正。", "E. 规则委员会", "22. 规则委员会司法成员由卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(主席)、帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长、权敖昆副庭长、阿方斯·奥里法官和克里斯托夫·弗吕格法官组成。无表决权的成员包括检察官、书记官长以及辩护律师协会的一名代表。在报告所述期间，规则委员会在下列日期举行了3次会议，讨论规则提案并向法官提出建议：2010年10月5日、2011年2月4日和4月5日。", "三. 分庭的活动", "A. 分庭的组成", "23. 法庭现有来自23个国家的25名法官。分庭由13名常任法官、两名来自卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在上诉分庭工作的常任法官以及10名审案法官组成。", "24. 常任法官包括：帕特里克·鲁滨逊(庭长，牙买加)、权敖昆(副庭长，大韩民国)、克里斯托夫·弗吕格(德国)、阿方斯·奥里(荷兰)、福斯托·波卡尔(意大利)、刘大群(中国)、西奥多·梅龙(美利坚合众国)、卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯(马耳他)、让-克洛德·安托内蒂(法国)、巴克内·贾斯蒂斯·莫洛托(南非)、伯顿·霍尔(巴哈马)、霍华德·莫里森(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)和居伊·德尔瓦(比利时)。两名来自卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在上诉分庭工作的常任法官是穆罕默德·居内伊(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯(塞内加尔)。凯文·帕克法官(澳大利亚)在本报告所述期间也担任常任法官，但于2011年2月28日从法庭辞职。", "25. 在本报告所述期间，下列法官曾担任审案法官：阿帕德·普兰德勒(匈牙利)、斯特凡·特雷希塞尔(瑞士)、安托万·凯西亚-姆贝·明杜瓦(刚果民主共和国)、弗雷德里克·哈霍夫(丹麦)、弗拉维亚·拉坦齐(意大利)、佩德罗·戴维(阿根廷)、米歇尔·皮卡尔(法国)、伊丽莎白·瓜温扎(津巴布韦)、梅尔维尔·贝尔德(特立尼达和多巴哥)和普里斯卡·马蒂姆巴·尼亚姆贝(赞比亚)。乌尔迪斯·基尼斯法官(拉脱维亚)在本报告所述期间也担任审案法官，但于2011年4月18日从法庭辞职。", "26. 在本报告所述期间，下列法官在审判分庭任职：权(主审)、帕克(主审)、弗吕格(主审)、奥里(主审)、安托内蒂(主审)、莫洛托(主审)、霍尔(主审)、莫里森、德尔瓦、普兰德勒、特雷希塞尔、明杜瓦、哈霍夫、拉坦齐、戴维、皮卡尔、基尼斯、瓜温扎、贝尔德和尼亚姆贝。", "27. 上诉分庭由鲁滨逊(主审)、居内伊、波卡尔、刘、瓦斯、梅龙和阿吉乌斯法官组成。", "B. 审判分庭的主要活动", "1. 第一审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "姆拉迪奇案", "28. 拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕，于2011年5月31日移交法庭所在地。6月3日初次出庭，法官是奥里(主审)、弗吕格和莫洛托。被告当时没有对指控作出辩护。7月4日再次出庭时，主审法官代表被告人作出不认罪辩护。", "(b) 审判", "格托维纳、切尔马克和马尔卡奇案", "29. 2011年4月15日作出判决。审判分庭判定安特·格托维纳和姆拉登·马尔卡奇犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等8项罪行，并分别判处他们24年和18年有期徒刑。审判分庭就伊万·切尔马克受到的所有指控作出无罪判决。", "佩里希奇案", "30. 莫姆契洛·佩里希奇被控于1993年8月至1995年11月期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的萨拉热窝和斯雷布雷尼察以及克罗地亚的萨格勒布犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由莫洛托(主审)、戴维和皮卡尔法官组成。2008年10月2日开审。检方于2010年1月25日完成案件陈述，辩方于2010年2月22日开始案件答辩，并于2011年1月11日结束答辩。结案摘要于2011年3月4日提交，2011年3月28日听取了最后辩论。该案目前正处于判决书起草阶段。", "约·斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案", "31. 约维察·斯塔尼希奇和弗兰科·西马托维奇被控于1991年4月至1995年12月期间在克罗地亚及波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由奥里(主审)、皮卡尔和瓜温扎法官组成。2008年4月28日开审，但由于斯塔尼希奇的健康状况，上诉分庭于2008年5月16日下令休庭。2009年6月2日重新开审。检方于2011年4月5日完成案件陈述，辩方于2011年6月14日开始案件答辩。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "卡巴希案", "32. 2007年6月5日，审判分庭就谢夫克特·卡巴希藐视法庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令。2007年12月11日，审判分庭将案件移交检方，以便对此事作进一步的调查和起诉。2008年2月18日，审判分庭批准检方修改起诉书的请求。因为被告仍未归案，所以审判尚未开始。", "2. 第二审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "哈拉迪纳伊等人案(重审)", "33. 2010年7月21日，上诉分庭推翻了审判分庭认定拉穆什·哈拉迪纳伊、伊德里兹·巴拉伊和拉希·卜拉希马伊在几项被起诉的罪行上无罪的判决，下令对案件进行部分重审。经上诉分庭确认，重审起诉书指控被告于1998年在科索沃犯下6项战争罪行。审判分庭由莫洛托(主审)、霍尔和德尔瓦法官组成。预计将于2011年8月18日开始重审。", "哈迪奇案", "34. 戈兰·哈迪奇于2011年7月20日被捕，2011年7月22日移交法庭所在地。2011年7月21日，法庭庭长指派德尔瓦(主审)、霍尔和明杜瓦法官负责审理此案。2011年7月25日首次出庭。案件现处于预审准备的初期阶段。", "(b) 审判", "乔尔杰维奇案", "35. 弗拉斯蒂米尔·乔尔杰维奇被控于1999年在科索沃犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例行为。被告人于2007年6月17日被逮捕，2009年1月27日开审。审判分庭由帕克(主审)、弗吕格和贝尔德法官组成,分庭于2011年2月23日作出判决。分庭判定乔尔杰维奇犯下危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等5项罪行，他的具体行动是参与一犯罪团伙并协助和教唆他人谋杀(在判决书附表中一一列出的)724名科索沃阿族人、从判决书中列出的60多个地方驱逐和强迁成千上万的科索沃阿族人，破坏科索沃阿族宗教和文化财产。分庭判处被告27年徒刑。", "斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案", "36. 米乔·斯塔尼希奇和斯托扬·茹普利亚宁均被控涉嫌于1992年4月至12月在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等10项罪行。审判分庭由霍尔(主审)、德尔瓦和哈霍夫法官组成。审判于2009年9月14日开始，检方于2011年2月2日完成案件陈述。米乔·斯塔尼希奇的案件答辩于2011年4月11日开始，预计将在短期内结束，茹普利亚宁的案件答辩将随即开始。", "托利米尔案", "37. 兹德拉夫科·托利米尔被控涉嫌于1995年在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、共谋实施灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例行为。审判分庭由弗吕格(主审)、明杜瓦和尼亚姆贝法官组成。审判于2010年2月26日开始，检方的举证现在即将结束。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "舍舍利案", "38. 2010年2月3日，审判分庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令，指控沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利藐视法庭，即他写书披露可导致证人身份外泄的机密资料，这违反了法庭的有关命令。审判于2011年2月22日开始，2011年6月8日结束。判决书正在准备之中。", "舍舍利案", "39. 2011年5月9日，审判分庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令，指控沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利藐视法庭，即舍舍利没有从其网站删除违反分庭命令而泄露的机密资料。总审判分庭将直接就此事进行起诉。初次出庭于2011年7月6日进行。", "3. 第三审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "40. 目前第三审判分庭没有待处理的预审案件。", "(b) 审判", "卡拉季奇案", "41. 拉多万·卡拉季奇被控于1992年至1995年期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等11项罪状。审判分庭由权(主审)、莫里森、贝尔德和拉坦齐(后备)法官组成。2009年10月26日开审，此案目前正听取检方举证。", "舍舍利案", "42. 沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利被控于1991年8月至1993年9月期间在克罗地亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及塞尔维亚的伏伊伏丁那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法律或惯例罪行。审判分庭由安托内蒂(主审)、哈霍夫和拉坦齐法官组成。2007年11月7日重新开审,但随后于2009年2月11日休庭。审判于2010年1月12日继续进行。检方举证结束后，审判分庭于2011年5月4日根据规则第98条之二裁定，有足够的证据支持起诉书中所列的指控罪名。2011年6月9日，审判分庭命令被告提交其在案件辩护中打算使用的证人名单和打算用作证据的物证。上述两项应在2011年8月的第一周提交，预计辩方随后将开始举证。", "普尔利奇等人案", "43. 亚得兰科·普尔利奇、布鲁诺·斯托伊奇、斯洛博丹·普拉利亚克、米利沃伊·佩特科维奇、瓦伦丁·乔里奇和贝里斯拉夫·普希奇被控于1991年11月至1994年4月期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那严重破坏日内瓦四公约、犯有危害人类罪以及违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由安托内蒂(主审)、普兰德勒、特雷希塞尔和明杜瓦(后备)法官组成。2006年4月26日开审，辩方于2010年5月完成案件答辩。2011年7月1日起，双方提交其结案摘要。结案陈词于2011年2月7日开始，3月2日结束。判决书正在准备之中。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "拉希奇案", "44. 米兰·卢基奇案辩方团队前成员耶莱娜·拉希奇被控藐视法庭，据指控，此人以金钱购买换取三人在检察官诉米兰·卢基奇和斯雷多耶·卢基奇案(案件号：IT-98-32/1-T)中充作米兰·卢基奇的辩护证人，进行虚假陈述。审判分庭由莫里森(主审)、霍尔和德尔瓦法官组成。2010年9月22日，拉希奇对起诉书所列所有罪状提出不认罪回应。审判预计将于2011年初秋举行。", "4. 规则第11条之二移案法官组", "45. 规则第11条之二移案法官组已按照安理会第1503(2003)号决议移交了其待审案件目录内所有涉及中、低级被告的案件。", "5. 规则第75(H)条法官组", "46. 规则第75(H)条法官组由莫洛托(主审)、弗吕格和莫里森法官组成，继续高效开展工作，在本报告所述期间做了23项裁定。这些裁定分别涉及根据规则第75(G)条和(H)条提出的关于在国内诉讼中使用机密资料的请求，以及根据规则第75条之二提出的关于法庭管辖人员在国内诉讼中作证的请求。", "C. 上诉分庭的主要活动", "中间上诉", "47. 在下列案件中发布了13项中间上诉裁定：哈拉迪纳伊等人案(4)；普尔利奇等人案(3)；斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案(2)；格托维纳等人案(1)；舍舍利案(1)；斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案(2)。", "对藐视法庭提出的上诉", "48. 在哈特曼案中发布了一项对藐视法庭所提上诉的判决。", "对实质内容提出的上诉", "49. 在本报告所述期间, 上诉分庭未做任何终审判决。", "50. 从上一报告期延续而来的有三项上诉(沙伊诺维奇等人案、卢基奇和卢基奇案以及波波维奇等人案)目前待上诉庭裁定，另在乔尔杰维奇以及格托维纳和马尔卡奇案中有两项新的对判决的上诉有待上诉分庭裁定。这些案件的上诉前活动正在进行。", "51. 在本报告所述期间共发布了75项上诉前裁定和命令。", "复议请求", "52. 上诉分庭就希尔杰万卡宁案的复议做出判决。", "其他上诉", "53. 上诉分庭对在博罗夫恰宁案中提出的一项其他上诉做了裁定。", "四. 检察官办公室的活动", "A. 完成审判和上诉", "54. 在本报告所述期间，在追究对在前南斯拉夫战争期间犯下的罪行的责任方面取得了重大进展。其中最重要的进展是于2011年5月26日逮捕拉特科·姆拉迪奇和于2011年7月20日逮捕戈兰·哈季奇。拉特科·姆拉迪奇逃捕和躲避被移交海牙长达16年。戈兰·哈季奇在逃七年。两人均为被法庭起诉的161人中最后一批尚未归案的逃犯。检方表示将力争尽快推进审判。", "55. 在本报告所述期间，检方已结束了其审判工作的较大部分。在这一期间结束前，除四个案件(姆拉迪奇案、卡拉季奇案、托利米尔案和哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审案)外，所有案件的检方举证均已完成。三个案件现处于诉讼辩护阶段(舍舍利案、(约维察)斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案以及(米乔)斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案)，另有两个案件已结束审判，正在等待判决(普尔利奇等人案和佩里希奇案)。尽管检察官办公室减员情况严重，导致剩下的工作人员承受不可持续的沉重负担，但是在这种情况下，仍取得了上述进展。检察官表示关切，鉴于没有留住员工的激励手段，在下一报告期内，人员缺乏的困难可能更加严重。", "56. 检察官办公室开始将其关注和资源的重点转移至诉讼的上诉阶段，以确保它有能力有效应对即将到来的上诉案件数量。截至本报告所述期间结束之时，共有五个上诉案件(沙伊诺维奇等人案、卢基奇和卢基奇案、波波维奇等人案、乔尔杰维奇案以及格托维纳和马尔卡奇案)。上诉庭也吸收消化了因哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审和拉希奇藐视法庭案审判而产生的工作。", "57. 法庭受理的多项藐视法庭诉讼，特别是与舍舍利案有关的藐视法庭诉讼继续给检察官办公室造成大量的额外工作。因为舍舍利不遵守法庭命令，所以需要对其进行持续监测，以确保对证人的保护，这造成了法庭资源的消耗，给法庭的有效运行带来了挑战。", "58. 检察官办公室满负荷工作，以完成余下的审判和上诉。检察机关不断重新评估其工作方法，以确定如何进一步加快诉讼。现在对所有案件均采用了一致的方法，以简化在法庭上出示证据的过程。这一方法侧重于缩小与辩方团队的争议问题范围以及以书面形式提出证据。另外，还有效利用了塞尔维亚当局于2010年2月找出的拉特科·姆拉迪奇的战争时期笔记和相关磁带中所含关键证据。检察官办公室成立了工作队，负责统一和尽快处理所有有关姆拉迪奇材料的问题。", "59. 审判活动结束后，检察官办公室裁撤了相应的员额，并着手精简该办公室。与此同时，按照安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议的规定，已开始准备将有关职能移交给刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制。", "B. 合作", "1. 国际合作", "60. 检察官办公室继续依靠各国的全面合作来完成其任务。前南斯拉夫各国的合作在以下领域仍然特别重要：(a) 调用档案、文件和证人，(b) 保护证人，和(c) 努力查找、逮捕和移交剩余逃犯，并对支持逃犯逃避法庭逮捕的人采取措施。", "2. 塞尔维亚的合作", "61. 由于拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕并于2011年5月31日移交法庭，戈兰·哈季奇于2011年7月20日被捕并于2011年7月22日移交法庭，塞尔维亚履行了对法庭的一个重要义务。检察官办公室承认进行这些逮捕的塞尔维亚当局所做的重要工作，尤其是国家安全委员会、为追踪逃犯而成立的行动小组和安全部门的特工人员。由于这些逮捕，检察官承认塞尔维亚真正致力于与法庭合作。他还鼓励塞尔维亚提供信息，说明逃犯为何能够逍遥法外如此之久，并帮助公众理解这些人为什么必须受到审判。", "62. 在姆拉迪奇被捕前，检察官曾大力鼓励塞尔维亚认真重新评估自己在逮捕逃犯方面的失败战略。他敦促塞尔维亚解决在行动方面的所有缺点，并扩大调查范围。某些建议得到了执行，这有助于逮捕姆拉迪奇和哈季奇的工作。", "63. 检察官进一步请塞尔维亚政府针对属于支持包括姆拉迪奇和哈季奇在内的逃犯逃避法庭逮捕的网络的个人加强行动。检察官欢迎塞尔维亚发表声明，宣布将调查和起诉在拉特科·姆拉迪奇在逃期间对他提供支持的网络。2011年5月10日，贝尔格莱德高等法院的战争罪司接受了六个人的认罪，这六个人曾在斯托扬·茹普利亚宁逃避法庭逮捕时帮助过他。除此之外，对被控帮助逃犯的个人采取的行动鲜有结果。", "64. 关于法庭正在审理的案件，对于检察官办公室调用文件、档案和证人的请求，塞尔维亚一般都及时给予恰当的答复。塞尔维亚全国合作委员会继续改善处理检察官办公室要求的不同政府机构间的合作。该委员会对检方将佩里希奇案中最高国防委员会文件重新归类为公开文件的请求提供方便。因此，2011年3月，检察官通知佩里希奇案审判分庭，最高国防委员会的文件可以公开。在调用政府文件和档案并方便在审判和上诉期间接触证人方面，检察官办公室将继续寻求塞尔维亚的协助。", "3. 克罗地亚的合作", "65. 在报告所述期间，对于检察官办公室提出的要求，克罗地亚一般都能做出回应。不过，检察官办公室长期以来一直要求调阅有关“风暴行动”的重要军事文件(为格托维纳等人案提出的要求)，却至今未获回应。2009年10月为找到或说明失踪文件而设立的机构间工作队继续进行行政调查。在报告所述期间，检察官请克罗地亚处理与工作队的调查结果有关的一些不一致和问题，至今仍未解决。", "66. 2011年4月15日，审判分庭下达了格托维纳等人案的判决书，并根据在审判中提出的证据，判决格托维纳和马尔卡奇有罪。检察官对最高国家官员在判决书下达后没有客观地评论案件的结果表示失望。", "4. 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的合作", "67. 在报告所述期间，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局对有关文件以及查阅政府档案和接触证人的要求迅速作出适当回应。", "68. 要求波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局加强打击逃犯网络的工作。", "69. 在整个报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续支持国家检察官和战争罪特别司处理法庭移交的案件和调查档案。然而，结构方面的困难阻碍《战争罪行国家战略》的执行。在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那寻求破坏国家检察官办公室和国家战争罪法庭工作的政治举措引起深切关注。", "5. 前南斯拉夫各国之间的司法事务合作", "70. 前南斯拉夫各国间的司法事务合作仍然是完成法庭任务的关键。前南斯拉夫的司法机构在协调其活动方面继续面对挑战，这反过来又危及到该区域的法治与和解。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚和塞尔维亚的检察官之间在战争罪行的资料和证据分享方面取得了某些进展。然而，在引渡嫌疑人和跨国转移证据以及平行调查方面存在法律障碍，这继续阻碍有效进行起诉。该区域的检察官们表示将致力于解决平行调查问题，法庭检察官则呼吁在政治和业务两级紧急采取行动。", "6. 其他国家和组织的合作", "71. 检察官办公室继续依靠各国和国际组织提供审判和上诉所需的文件、资料和证人。", "72. 检察官办公室赞赏各国以及欧洲合作与安全组织、欧洲委员会和欧洲联盟等国际和区域组织提供支持。拉特科·姆拉迪奇的被捕突显了有条件支持政策在促进国际司法取得积极成果方面的潜力。非政府组织的支持，包括那些在前南斯拉夫开展活动的非政府组织的支持，继续促进检察官办公室的工作。", "C. 移交案件和调查档案", "73. 根据规则第11条之二法庭向波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及克罗地亚移交的所有案件已经完成。这些案件中的最后一个是米洛拉德·尔比奇案，他被判决犯有灭绝种族罪，并被判处30年徒刑，该案的判决书在2011年1月14日由上诉确认。", "74. 由法庭移交塞尔维亚的科瓦切维奇案因被告人健康状况不佳仍然悬而未决。没有迹象表明被告何时适合接受审判。检察官办公室继续对局势进行监测。", "75. 已定罪的战争罪犯拉多万·斯坦科维奇(根据规则第11条之二由法庭移交波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)从Foča 的监狱逃跑几乎四年后依然在逃，这个问题引起严重关切。检察官鼓励波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及邻国，特别是塞尔维亚当局，采取一切必要措施，以抓获斯坦科维奇，并惩罚那些为其逃跑提供便利的人。", "D. 支持各国的起诉工作", "76. 检察官办公室继续积极努力加强国家当局有效处理剩余战争罪案件的能力。为此目的，检察官办公室与其在整个前南斯拉夫的同行开展对话。它还支持培训、发展最佳做法和交换信息。", "77. 在报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续支持各国的检察官，为从法庭的案件卷宗以及其在海牙的数据库调阅调查材料和证据提供便利。此外，欧洲联盟供资的“联络检察官”项目是加强波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及克罗地亚的国家检察官办公室与塞尔维亚的战争罪行检察官办公室之间工作关系的重要机制。", "五. 书记官处的活动", "78. 在报告所述期间，书记官处继续履行其法定责任，为各分庭和检察官办公室提供业务支助，援助被告，为法庭提供外交和行政支助。", "A. 书记官长办公室", "79. 书记官长直属办公室协助书记官长和副书记官长为司法支助服务科和行政司制订战略方向，协调和监督它们的工作。它协助书记官长发挥外交关系协调人的作用，并保持与各使馆、会员国、联合国和其他国际组织的联系。这包括与东道国的关系在内。该办公室还负责与各国谈判实施法庭判决的协定，从而确保被法庭定罪的个人被移交去服刑。集中努力提高会员国对目前缺乏充足的执法能力因而可能危及圆满完成法庭任务的意识。", "80. 在决定建立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制的安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议通过后，书记官长直属办公室大量参与该机制开始运作所需的实际安排。在法律事务厅的指导下，两个国际法庭共同努力编制了2012-2013两年期拟议预算、为两法庭和余留机制的档案建立信息安全和取用制度的提案、以及余留机制的程序和证据规则。以后的步骤将侧重于统一两个法庭的政策、程序和运作，以确保该机制能够于2012年7月1日开始工作。", "81. 法庭的交流服务处负责管理重大的媒体活动，例如拉特科·姆拉迪奇的被捕，它使得媒体、受害者、外交界、学术界和普通公众的兴趣大增。", "82. 书记官处本两年期的战略重点之一是与前南斯拉夫受众联系和交流。自2010年底以来，外联方案一直在执行一个新战略，它侧重通过广泛的一系列活动，宣传法庭的成就及其积极的遗产。在过去一年里，该方案协调了来自该区域的20多批包括400多名来访者的访问，以及230个国际团体访问(包括5 700多名来访者)，并在全区域参加和举办了35次会议和活动。继续侧重年轻人的参与，为科索沃13所高中680多名学生进行了一轮情况介绍。外联方案用当地语言制作和分发了一份题为“评估前南问题国际法庭的遗产”的出版物。该方案通过法庭正式的YouTube和Twitter 账户，扩大对区域和国际读者的宣传。它在Twitter 上有2 000名跟帖者，在YouTube上的访问人次达30多万(其中半数来自该地区)，因而证实了这些网页的受欢迎程度。法庭依靠外部供资来执行其外联方案。下一个两年期来自欧洲联盟委员会的大量捐款保证了外联方案的继续存在，芬兰则已经对青年教育项目提供慷慨支助。法庭还注意到欧洲安全与合作组织驻塞尔维亚特派团的慷慨支助和合作。在2010年12月24日通过的大会第65/253号决议中，大会重申实施有效的外联方案至关重要，并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，募集充足的自愿资源。根据这一决议，法庭将在今后几个月与会员国和其他捐助者接触，以获取更多支持。", "83. 法庭的网站继续是重要的战略交流工具。对法庭的网站来说，2011年5月是创纪录的月份，访问页数达40万页，是2008年网站启动以来最高的一个月。内部交流门户Tribunet进一步发展成为一个参考平台，覆盖所有与《完成工作战略》和工作人员缩编有关的问题。", "B. 司法支助服务科", "84. 在报告所述期间，法庭管理和支助服务科为10起初审(包括哈拉迪纳伊等人案的重新审判以及姆拉迪奇案和哈季奇案，后两个案件目前处于审前阶段)、5起上诉案和4起藐视法庭案提供了支助。该科向法庭干事提供了7个电视会议链接，并向9个规则第92条之二代表团和3个实地访问提供了协助。该科还通过其自辩案法律联络干事为三名选择自我辩护的被告人提供支助，为解决诉讼过程中出现的问题提供便利。法庭记录助理、法庭干事和法庭传达员处理了当事方及其他方面在诉讼期间向法庭提交的6 922份(约92 000页)文件。", "85. 会议和语文服务科继续为法庭所有机关提供口译、笔译和法庭记录服务。笔译股将大约66 000页文件翻译成英文、法文、波斯尼亚文/克罗地亚文/塞尔维亚文、阿尔巴尼亚文和马其顿文。口译股记录的口译员会议工作日将近4 500天。法庭记录服务出产了多于88 000页的记录。还为正式会议、证人作证前单独听证和法庭出访团，包括对该区域的出访团提供了口译服务。", "86. 受害人和证人科由三个主要单位组成。业务和支助股为494名证人(及随行支助人员)前往海牙作证提供了便利。保护股负责协调对证人在出庭作证前后和出庭期间受到的日益增多的威胁做出专业回应。在适当情况下，保护股设法转移受保护的证人。", "87. 法律援助和拘留事务办公室继续管理法庭的法律援助系统，向470多名辩护组成员提供服务，从而确保被告聘请法律顾问的权利得到尊重。法庭羁押的多数被告都获得了法律援助。该办公室管理向在法庭审判的所有案件的辩护组成员提供的设施。这些案件中有60%极其复杂。该办公室继续确保被告的权利，对在联合国拘留所羁押的被拘留者的举报和关注作出回应，处理对该股的访问，并在被告律师与法庭之间发挥联络作用。该办公室还与自辩案法律联络办公室和联合国拘留所合作，为选择自我辩护的被告提供方便，并管理法庭之友调查员和检察官的分配和向他们提供的资源。", "88. 联合国拘留所继续向被法庭羁押的37人提供安全和照顾。许多被羁押者需要医疗护理，包括专科医疗护理。该股为被羁押者出席法院听证，无论是亲自出席还是通过电视会议出席提供便利。它还为法庭命令的时间各异的大量假释申请提供便利。它促进被告自我辩护的权利，向选择自我辩护的被告提供额外的储存和办公空间，提供适于拘留环境的电脑和数据库，并在特殊情况下允许证人面谈和作证。该拘留所满足被羁押证人和被控藐视法庭而遭羁押者提出的要求，在适当时为被羁押者与媒体的接触提供方便。", "C. 行政司", "89. 大会第65/253号决议审议了秘书长和行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2010-2011两年期预算订正估计数的报告,决定国际法庭2010-2011两年期特别账户的批款总额为毛额320 511 800美元(净额290 087 500美元)。", "90. 2010-2011两年期预算外资源估计为3 319 900美元，将用于法庭的各类活动。截至2011年6月15日，自愿基金收到支持法庭活动的现金捐款约有4 890万美元。2010年6月15日至2011年6月15日，法庭收到和经管的自愿现金捐款为2 393 376美元。", "91. 行政司按规定与工作人员代表协商，积极参与执行缩编进程和比较审查进程。2010-2011两年期期间，法庭削减了170个员额。行政司目前正在与工作人员代表密切合作，执行第二次比较审查行动。", "92. 行政司协调编写了2010-2011两年期订正估计数和2012-2013两年期拟议预算。该司大量参与编制刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制的第一个预算。在海牙的三栋办公楼关闭一栋后，行政司确定了办公空间分配总计划，以确保人员和档案向法庭剩余的两栋办公楼顺利迁移。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 74 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International Tribunalfor the Prosecution of PersonsResponsible for Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of theFormer Yugoslavia since 1991", "Report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "* A/66/150.", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and the members of the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, submitted by the President of the International Tribunal in accordance with article 34 of the statute of the Tribunal (see S/25704 and Corr.1, annex), which states that:", "The President of the International Tribunal shall submit an annual report of the International Tribunal to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "Letter of Transmittal", "31 July 2011", "Excellencies,", "I have the honour to submit the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, dated 31 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 34 of the statute of the International Tribunal.", "Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "(Signed) Patrick Robinson", "President", "President of the General Assembly", "United Nations", "New York", "President of the Security Council", "United Nations", "New York", "Eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991", "Summary", "The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "The Tribunal continued to focus upon the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case.", "President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.", "The Office of the Prosecutor made progress towards the completion of the Tribunal’s mandate at both the trial and appellate levels. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to further develop interaction with the authorities of the States of the former Yugoslavia to encourage cooperation with the Tribunal and support domestic war crimes prosecutions.", "Under the authority of the President, the Registry continued to play a crucial role in the provision of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. The Immediate Office of the Registrar coordinated the work of the various Registry sections and dealt with a vast range of legal, policy and operational matters, including the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and the enhancement of the capacity for the enforcement of sentences imposed by the Tribunal. The Communications Service carried out a diverse range of activities with a view to increasing the profile of the Tribunal and bringing its judgements to the relevant communities. The Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial, five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services of the highest quality in the working languages of the Tribunal, as well as the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Macedonian and Albanian languages. The Victims and Witnesses Section facilitated and supported close to 500 witnesses travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters serviced multiple defence teams in cases in pretrial, trial and appellate proceedings, as well as amici curiae appointed by Chambers, and provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with other sections of the Registry. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to operate at a high level of activity and provided the highest levels of security and custodial care to all detained persons. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, and worked closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.", "All organs of the Tribunal faced significant challenges during the reporting period in meeting the objectives of the completion strategy owing to the devastating impact of staff attrition. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work.", "To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The report that follows details the activities of the Tribunal during the reporting period and demonstrates the Tribunal’s focus on its goal of completing its proceedings as soon as possible, without sacrificing due process.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 involving the entire \nTribunal \nA. President 5\nB.Bureau 7C.Coordination 7 \nCouncil D.Plenary 7 \nsessions E. Rules 7 \nCommittee III.Activity 8 of \nChambers A.Composition 8 of the \nChambers B. Principal 8 activity of the Trial \nChambers C. Principal 12 activity of the Appeals \nChamber IV.Activity 13 of the Office of the \nProsecutor A.Completion 13 of trials and \nappeals \nB.Cooperation 14C.Transfer 16 of cases and investigative \nfiles D.Supporting 16 national \nprosecutions V.Activity 17 of the \nRegistry A.Office 17 of the \nRegistrar B.Judicial 18 support services \nsections C.Division 19 of \nAdministration", "I. Introduction", "1. The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "2. During the reporting period, the Tribunal continued to implement its completion strategy endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003). The Tribunal continued to focus on the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered Judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case. To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal.", "3. President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.", "4. Measures were taken during the reporting period to reform the Tribunal’s procedures in order to maximize efficiency.", "5. The pace of the Tribunal’s trials and appeals continued to be affected by staffing shortages and the loss of highly experienced staff members. Despite resolutions by the General Assembly and the Security Council on the issue of staff retention, this problem persists. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work. Without practical and effective staff retention measures, the estimates for the completion of the core work of the Tribunal may have to be revised.", "II. Activities involving the entire Tribunal", "A. President", "6. President Robinson continued to focus his efforts on the core functions of the Tribunal — trial and appeals. He also instituted internal reforms, pursued capacity-building and legacy projects, conducted diplomatic relations, and carried out the judicial responsibilities of the Office of the President.", "1. Internal reforms", "7. The Tribunal amended rule 94 (B) in order to clarify the law pertaining to the judicial notice of adjudicated facts, in order to ensure efficient use of the Rules by the parties to the proceedings.", "8. During the last reporting period, the President reconstituted the Working Group on Speeding Up Trials to undertake a third review of the Tribunal’s practices in order to assess whether further improvements could be implemented into the work of the Chambers. The Working Group submitted its report on 21 May 2010 and recommended a number of reforms to the Tribunal’s procedures. On 7 June 2010, the Judges adopted those recommendations and decided to integrate them into the ongoing proceedings. During this reporting period, the Judges continued to implement the recommendations of the Working Group into their proceedings.", "9. A new, more empirical methodology has been applied to appeal projections, the aim of which is to generate timelines for appeals that, it is hoped, will largely remain the same until the end of the work of the Tribunal. Moreover, the Appeals Chamber has implemented a number of reforms of its working methodology in order to augment the efficiency of its proceedings, including the limitation of amendments to grounds of appeal, the organization of Judgement drafting, and the prioritization of work.", "2. Capacity-building and legacy", "10. The President continued to advance the capacity-building of national jurisdictions as a priority of the Tribunal’s legacy strategy. On 28 September 2010, the Tribunal, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute officially launched the joint 18‑month “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade. Encouraged by the fruitful outcome of the Tribunal’s conference “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY”, which explored aspects of the Tribunal’s legacy, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, the Tribunal will convene a second conference on 15 and 16 November 2011, concentrating on the Tribunal’s global legacy. The Tribunal is also preparing for the establishment of information centres under local ownership in the former Yugoslavia.", "3. Diplomatic relations", "11. President Robinson was actively involved in cooperation, outreach and reporting activities to secure support for the Tribunal’s work and increase its international profile.", "12. On 1 September 2010, the President welcomed a group of judges and prosecutors from Serbia on a three-day study visit to the Tribunal. The visit was part of the Tribunal’s ongoing efforts to strengthen cooperation and knowledge-sharing with members of the judiciary in the former Yugoslavia. President Robinson and other Tribunal Judges met with the visiting members of the Serbian judiciary to discuss topics including witness protection, plea bargaining, sentencing practice, case management, the appeals process, and legal standards in war crimes adjudication.", "13. On 28 September, the President launched the “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade to facilitate transfer of the Tribunal’s unique institutional knowledge and specialized skills to jurisdictions in the region and ensure that those jurisdictions have access to the Tribunal’s materials in a useable format.", "14. On 8 October, the President addressed the General Assembly regarding the Tribunal’s seventeenth annual report (A/65/205-S/2010/413).", "15. On 6 December, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fourteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2010/588).", "16. On 6 June 2011, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fifteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2011/316).", "17. On 21 and 22 June 2011, President Robinson and the Registrar, John Hocking, attended a two-day meeting in Zagreb of the Informal Consultative Working Group on the Establishment of Information Centres in the Former Yugoslavia. The goal of the meeting was to further discuss the establishment of information and documentation centres across the region, as well as access to the Tribunal’s judicial archives.", "4. Judicial activity", "18. By virtue of the powers vested in him by the statute, the Rules, and the Practice Directions of the Tribunal, the President issued numerous orders assigning cases to Chambers and reviewed several decisions of the Registrar. The President also granted two requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of persons convicted by the Tribunal, and rejected seven such applications.", "B. Bureau", "19. Pursuant to rule 23 of the Rules, the Bureau is composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers. The President consulted the Bureau on requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of convicted persons serving their sentences.", "C. Coordination Council", "20. Pursuant to rule 23 bis of the Rules, the Coordination Council consists of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. During the reporting period, the Council met to discuss, inter alia, staff retention, capacity-building and legacy activities, and the Tribunal’s contribution to the creation of and smooth transition to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.", "D. Plenary sessions", "21. During the reporting period, the Judges held two regular plenary sessions. At the 39th plenary session, on 8 December 2010, the Judges repealed rule 23 ter, the Management Committee; amended rule 15 ter (C), Reserve Judges; adopted new rules 75 bis, Requests for Assistance of the Tribunal in Obtaining Testimony, and 75 ter, Transfer of Persons for the Purpose of Testimony in Proceedings Not Pending Before the Tribunal; and amended rule 94 (B), Judicial Notice. At the 40th plenary session, on 16 June 2011, the Judges discussed proposed amendments to rules 65, 75 bis and 75 ter.", "E. Rules Committee", "22. The judicial membership of the Rules Committee comprises Judge Carmel Agius (Chair), President Patrick Robinson, Vice-President O-Gon Kwon, and Judges Alphons Orie and Christoph Flügge. The non-voting members include the Prosecutor, the Registrar and a representative of the Association of Defence Counsel. During the reporting period, the Rules Committee met three times on the following dates to discuss proposals to the Rules and make recommendations to the Judges: 5 October 2010 and 4 February and 5 April 2011.", "III. Activity of Chambers", "A. Composition of the Chambers", "23. The Tribunal currently has 25 Judges from 23 countries. The Chambers are composed of 13 permanent Judges, 2 permanent Judges from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda serving in the Appeals Chamber, and 10 ad litem Judges.", "24. The permanent Judges are Patrick Robinson (President, Jamaica), O-Gon Kwon (Vice-President, Republic of Korea), Christoph Flügge (Germany), Alphons Orie (Netherlands), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Theodor Meron (United States of America), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude Antonetti (France), Bakone Justice Moloto (South Africa), Burton Hall (Bahamas), Howard Morrison (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and Guy Delvoie (Belgium). The permanent Judges from the Tribunal serving in the Appeals Chamber are Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal). Judge Kevin Parker (Australia) also served as a permanent Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 28 February 2011.", "25. During the reporting period, the following have served as ad litem Judges: Árpád Prandler (Hungary), Stefan Trechsel (Switzerland), Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Frederik Harhoff (Denmark), Flavia Lattanzi (Italy), Pedro David (Argentina), Michèle Picard (France), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbabwe), Melville Baird (Trinidad and Tobago) and Prisca Matimba Nyambe (Zambia). Judge Uldis Ķinis (Latvia) also served as an ad litem Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 18 April 2011.", "26. The following Judges served in the Trial Chambers during the reporting period: Judges Kwon (presiding), Parker (presiding), Flügge (presiding), Orie (presiding), Antonetti (presiding), Moloto (presiding), Hall (presiding), Morrison, Delvoie, Prandler, Trechsel, Mindua, Harhoff, Lattanzi, David, Picard, Ķinis, Gwaunza, Baird and Nyambe.", "27. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Robinson (presiding), Güney, Pocar, Liu, Vaz, Meron and Agius.", "B. Principal activity of the Trial Chambers", "1. Trial Chamber I", "(a) Pretrial", "Mladić", "28. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 31 May 2011. The initial appearance was held before Judges Orie (presiding), Flügge and Moloto on 3 June. The accused did not enter a plea at that time. A further appearance was held on 4 July, at which the Presiding Judge entered a plea of not guilty on the accused’s behalf.", "(b) Trial", "Gotovina, Čermak and Markač", "29. The Judgement was rendered on 15 April 2011. The Trial Chamber convicted Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač on eight counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war and sentenced them to 24 and 18 years’ imprisonment, respectively. The Trial Chamber acquitted Ivan Čermak on all counts.", "Perišić", "30. Momčilo Perišić is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Sarajevo and Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as in Zagreb (Croatia) between August 1993 and November 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), David and Picard. The trial commenced on 2 October 2008. The Prosecution concluded its case on 25 January 2010. The Defence started its case on 22 February 2010 and concluded its case on 11 January 2011. Final briefs were filed on 4 March 2011, and final arguments were heard on 28 March 2011. The case is currently in Judgement drafting.", "J. Stanišić and Simatović", "31. Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović are charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1991 and December 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Orie (presiding), Picard and Gwaunza. The trial commenced on 28 April 2008, but was adjourned by order of the Appeals Chamber of 16 May 2008 because of the health of Stanišić. The trial recommenced on 2 June 2009. The Prosecution concluded its case on 5 April 2011. The Stanišić Defence started its case on 14 June 2011.", "(c) Contempt", "Kabashi", "32. On 5 June 2007, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment against Shefqet Kabashi. On 11 December 2007, the Trial Chamber referred the case to the Prosecution to further investigate and prosecute the matter. On 18 February 2008, the Trial Chamber granted the Prosecution leave to amend the indictment. No trial has started since the accused is at large.", "2. Trial Chamber II", "(a) Pretrial", "Haradinaj et al. retrial", "33. On 21 July 2010, the Appeals Chamber granted the Prosecution’s request for a reversal of the Trial Chamber’s decision to acquit Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj on certain counts in the indictment and ordered a partial retrial of the case. The retrial indictment, as confirmed by the Appeals Chamber, charges the accused with six counts of war crimes committed in Kosovo in 1998. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. The retrial is scheduled to commence on 18 August 2011.", "Hadžić", "34. Goran Hadžić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 22 July 2011. On 21 July 2011, the President of the Tribunal had assigned the case to a bench consisting of Judge Delvoie (presiding), Hall and Mindua. On 25 July 2011, the initial appearance was held. The case is in the very early stages of pretrial preparation.", "(b) Trial", "Đorđević", "35. Vlastimir Đorđević was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Kosovo in 1999. Đorđević was arrested on 17 June 2007, and the trial commenced on 27 January 2009. The Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Parker (presiding), Flügge and Baird, issued its Judgement on 23 February 2011. It found Đorđević guilty of five counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war committed through his participation in a joint criminal enterprise and for having aided and abetted the murder of 724 Kosovo Albanians, specifically named in the schedule to the Judgement, the deportation and forcible transfer of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanians from more than 60 locations listed in the Judgement, and the destruction of Kosovo Albanian religious and cultural property. The Chamber sentenced the accused to 27 years’ imprisonment.", "M. Stanišić and Župljanin", "36. Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin are both charged with 10 counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in April through December 1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Hall (presiding), Delvoie and Harhoff. Trial commenced on 14 September 2009, and the Prosecution closed its case on 2 February 2011. The Defence of Mićo Stanišić opened its case on 11 April 2011 and is expected to close shortly, to be followed by the Župljanin defence case.", "Tolimir", "37. Zdravko Tolimir is charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and a violation of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Flügge (presiding), Mindua and Nyambe. The trial commenced on 26 February 2010, and the Prosecution’s case-in-chief is now close to completion.", "(c) Contempt", "Šešelj", "38. On 3 February 2010, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for having disclosed in a book information which may identify 11 protected witnesses in violation of orders of a Chamber. The trial proceedings began on 22 February 2011 and ended on 8 June 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.", "Šešelj", "39. On 9 May 2011, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for failing to remove from his website confidential information in violation of an order of a Chamber. The Chamber will prosecute the matter itself. The initial appearance was held on 6 July 2011.", "3. Trial Chamber III", "(a) Pretrial", "40. There are no pretrial cases pending before Trial Chamber III.", "(b) Trial", "Karadžić", "41. Radovan Karadžić is charged under 11 counts with genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Kwon (presiding), Morrison, Baird and Lattanzi (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 October 2009. The case is currently hearing the Prosecution’s case-in-chief.", "Šešelj", "42. Vojislav Šešelj is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vojvodina (Serbia) between August 1991 and September 1993. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Harhoff and Lattanzi. The trial started anew on 7 November 2007, but then was adjourned on 11 February 2009. The trial resumed on 12 January 2010. After the close of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief, the Trial Chamber on 4 May 2011 ruled under rule 98 bis that there was enough evidence to support the counts alleged in the indictment. On 9 June 2011, the Trial Chamber ordered the accused to file the lists of witnesses he intends to call and exhibits he intends to tender as evidence during his defence case. These are expected to be filed the first week of August 2011, with the defence case expected to start thereafter.", "Prlić et al.", "43. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić are charged with grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed between November 1991 and April 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Prandler, Trechsel and Mindua (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 April 2006, and the defence case was completed in May 2010. On 7 January 2011, the parties filed their final briefs. The presentation of closing arguments began on 7 February and ended on 2 March 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.", "(c) Contempt", "Rašić", "44. Jelena Rašić, a former member of the Milan Lukić defence team, is charged with contempt of the Tribunal for allegedly procuring false statements in exchange for money from three persons to be called as witnesses for the Milan Lukić defence in Prosecutor v. Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić (Case No. IT-98-32/1-T). The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Morrison (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. On 22 September 2010, Rašić pleaded not guilty on all counts of the indictment. The trial is expected to be held in early autumn 2011.", "4. Rule 11 bis Referral Bench", "45. The Rule 11 bis Referral Bench has transferred all low- and mid-level accused from its trial docket in accordance with Security Council resolution 1503 (2003).", "5. Rule 75 (H) Bench", "46. The Rule 75 (H) Bench, composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Flügge and Morrison, continued to function in an efficient manner, rendering 23 decisions during the reporting period on requests under rule 75 (G) and (H) for confidential information for use in national proceedings and under rule 75 bis for persons under the authority of the Tribunal to testify in national proceedings.", "C. Principal activity of the Appeals Chamber", "Interlocutory appeals", "47. Thirteen decisions on interlocutory appeals were issued in the following cases: Haradinaj et al. (4); Prlić et al. (3); Stanišić and Simatović (2); Gotovina et al. (1); Šešelj (1); and Stanišić and Župljanin (2).", "Contempt appeals", "48. One contempt appeal Judgement was rendered in the Hartmann case.", "Appeals on the merits", "49. The Appeals Chamber did not render any final Judgements during the reporting period.", "50. There are three appeals — Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, and Popović et al. — currently pending before the Appeals Chamber from previous reporting periods, and two new appeals from Judgements were filed before the Appeals Chamber in the Đorđević and Gotovina and Markač cases. Pre-appeal activity is ongoing in these cases.", "51. A total of 75 pre-appeal decisions and orders were issued during the reporting period.", "Review", "52. The Appeals Chamber rendered a Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case.", "Other appeals", "53. The Appeals Chamber rendered one decision in the Borovčanin case.", "IV. Activity of the Office of the Prosecutor", "A. Completion of trials and appeals", "54. During the reporting period, significant advances were made in establishing accountability for the crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Foremost among them were the arrests of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011. Ratko Mladić had evaded for 16 years capture and transfer to The Hague. Goran Hadžić was a fugitive of justice for seven years. Both were the last fugitives remaining at large out of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The Prosecution expressed its commitment to moving ahead expeditiously with the trials.", "55. During the reporting period, the Prosecution finalized a large component of its trial work. By the end of the period, the presentation of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief had been completed in all but four cases (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir, and the Haradinaj et al. retrial). Three cases were in the defence phase of the proceedings (Šešelj, (Jovica) Stanišić and Simatović, and (Mićo) Stanišić and Župljanin), and two cases had concluded and were awaiting Judgement (Prlić et al. and Perišić). That progress was achieved notwithstanding problematic rates of staff attrition in the Office of the Prosecutor, which has left remaining staff to shoulder unsustainably heavy burdens. The Prosecutor expressed concern that staffing difficulties would likely escalate in the next reporting period given the absence of incentives for staff to remain.", "56. The Office of the Prosecutor began shifting the focus of its attention and resources to the appeals phase of proceedings to ensure that it is effectively positioned to deal with the upcoming appellate caseload. By the end of the reporting period, there were five cases on appeal (Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, Popović et al., Đorđević, and Gotovina and Markač). The Appeals Division also absorbed work arising out of the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Rašić contempt trial.", "57. The multiple contempt proceedings ongoing before the Tribunal, particularly those concerning the Šešelj case, continued to generate a significant amount of additional work for the Office of the Prosecutor. Šešelj’s lack of compliance with court orders required continuous monitoring to ensure the protection of witnesses, constituted a drain on the Tribunal’s resources, and presented a challenge for the Tribunal’s effective functioning.", "58. The Office of the Prosecutor worked at full capacity to finalize the remaining trials and appeals. The Prosecution continuously re-evaluated its working methods to identify ways to further expedite the proceedings. A consistent methodology was applied across all cases for streamlining the presentation of evidence in court. That methodology focused on narrowing the issues in dispute with defence teams as much as possible and presenting evidence in written form. Efficient use was made of key evidence contained in the wartime notebooks and associated tapes of Ratko Mladić, which were located by the Serbian authorities in February 2010. The Office of the Prosecutor established a task force to uniformly and expeditiously handle all issues related to the Mladić materials.", "59. With the completion of trial activities, the Office of the Prosecutor abolished corresponding posts and proceeded with downsizing the Office. At the same time, preparations began for the transition of functions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals in accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010).", "B. Cooperation", "1. International cooperation", "60. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to depend on the full cooperation of States to fulfil its mandate. The cooperation of the States of the former Yugoslavia remained especially vital in the areas of (a) access to archives, documents and witnesses; (b) the protection of witnesses; and (c) efforts to locate, arrest and transfer the remaining fugitive as well as taking measures against those who have supported fugitives from the Tribunal.", "2. Cooperation of Serbia", "61. With the arrest of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and his transfer to the Tribunal on 31 May 2011 and the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011 and his transfer on 22 July 2011, Serbia met a key obligation towards the Tribunal. The Office of the Prosecutor acknowledged the important work done by the Serbian authorities who brought about the arrests, particularly the National Security Council, the Action Team established to track the fugitives, and the operatives from the security services. With those arrests, the Prosecutor recognized Serbia’s genuine commitment to cooperating with the Tribunal. He also encouraged Serbia to provide information on how the fugitives were able to evade justice for so long and help the public to understand why they must stand trial.", "62. Prior to Mladić’s arrest, the Prosecutor had strongly encouraged Serbia to critically reassess its failing strategy for apprehending the fugitives. He urged Serbia to address all operational shortcomings and to widen the scope of the investigation. Certain recommendations were implemented, which contributed to the arrests of Mladić and Hadžić.", "63. The Government of Serbia was further asked to intensify action against individuals in the networks that have supported fugitives from the Tribunal, including Mladić and Hadžić. The Prosecutor welcomed Serbia’s statement that it would investigate and prosecute the networks that supported Ratko Mladić during his time in hiding. On 10 May 2011, the War Crimes Department of Belgrade’s High Court accepted guilty pleas from six people who helped Stojan Župljanin while he was a fugitive from the Tribunal. Aside from that, action taken against individuals accused of helping the fugitives yielded few results.", "64. Concerning the Tribunal’s ongoing cases, Serbia’s responses to the requests of the Office of the Prosecutor for access to documents, archives and witnesses were generally timely and adequate. Serbia’s National Council for Cooperation continued to improve cooperation among different government bodies handling requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. The Council facilitated Prosecution requests to reclassify Supreme Defence Council documents in the Perišić case as public documents. As a result, in March 2011, the Prosecutor informed the Perišić Trial Chamber that the Supreme Defence Council documents could be made public. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to seek the assistance of Serbia in providing access to government documents and archives and facilitating the access of witnesses during trials and appeals.", "3. Cooperation of Croatia", "65. During the reporting period, Croatia was generally responsive to requests made by the Office of the Prosecutor. However, the Office’s long-standing request for important military documents relating to Operation Storm — requested for the Gotovina et al. case — remained outstanding. The inter-agency task force established in October 2009 to locate or account for the missing documents continued its administrative investigation. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor asked Croatia to address a number of inconsistencies and questions in connection with the Task Force’s findings, which remained unresolved.", "66. On 15 April 2011, the Trial Chamber rendered its Judgement in Gotovina et al. and found Gotovina and Markač guilty of crimes based on the evidence submitted at trial. The Prosecutor expressed disappointment that, in the aftermath of the Judgement, the highest State officials had failed to comment objectively on the outcome of the case.", "4. Cooperation of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "67. During the reporting period, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina responded promptly and adequately to requests for documents as well as access to archives and witnesses.", "68. The authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina were asked to step up efforts against fugitive networks.", "69. Throughout the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the work of the State Prosecutor and the Special Department for War Crimes in processing cases and investigative files transferred by the Tribunal. However, structural difficulties impeded the implementation of the National War Crimes Strategy. Political initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina that sought to undermine the work of the State Prosecutor’s Office and the State War Crimes Court were of deep concern.", "5. Cooperation between States of the former Yugoslavia in judicial matters", "70. Cooperation in judicial matters between the States of the former Yugoslavia remained critical to completing the Tribunal’s mandate. Judicial institutions in the former Yugoslavia continued to face challenges in coordinating their activities, which in turn imperilled the rule of law and reconciliation in the region. There were some improvements in war crimes information and evidence-sharing between prosecutors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. However, legal barriers to the extradition of suspects and the transfer of evidence across State borders, as well as parallel investigations, continued to obstruct effective proceedings. While regional prosecutors expressed a commitment to addressing the problem of parallel investigations, the Prosecutor called for urgent action at the political and operational levels as well.", "6. Cooperation of other States and organizations", "71. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to rely on States and international organizations to provide documents, information and witnesses for trials and appeals.", "72. The Office of the Prosecutor expressed appreciation for the support of States as well as international and regional organizations, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union. The arrest of Ratko Mladić underscored the potential of conditionality policies to promote positive outcomes for international justice. The support of non-governmental organizations, including those active in the former Yugoslavia, continued to facilitate the work of the Office.", "C. Transfer of cases and investigative files", "73. All cases transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia pursuant to rule 11 bis have been finalized. The Judgement in the last of these cases — against Milorad Trbić, who was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment — was confirmed on appeal on 14 January 2011.", "74. The Kovačević case, which was transferred from the Tribunal to Serbia, remained suspended owing to the ill health of the accused. There was no indication of when, or if, the accused would be fit to stand trial. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation.", "75. The fact that convicted war criminal Radovan Stanković (transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina pursuant to rule 11 bis) remains at large almost four years after he escaped from prison in Foča was identified as a serious concern. The Prosecutor encouraged the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as neighbouring States, particularly Serbia, to take all necessary steps to capture Stanković and to sanction those who facilitated his escape.", "D. Supporting national prosecutions", "76. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to work actively on strengthening the capacity of national authorities to handle the remaining war crimes cases effectively. To that end, the Office engaged in ongoing dialogue with its counterparts throughout the former Yugoslavia. It also supported training, the development of best practices, and information exchanges.", "77. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support national prosecutions by facilitating access to investigative material and evidence from Tribunal case files as well as its database in The Hague. In addition, the “liaison prosecutors” project funded by the European Union was a key mechanism for strengthening working relationships between the State Prosecutor’s Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the War Crimes Prosecutor’s Office in Serbia.", "V. Activity of the Registry", "78. During the reporting period, the Registry continued to discharge its statutory responsibilities by providing operational support to the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor, assisting the defence, and providing diplomatic and administrative support for the Tribunal.", "A. Office of the Registrar", "79. The Immediate Office of the Registrar assisted the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar in formulating the strategic direction for the Judicial Support Services and the Division of Administration, and in coordinating and supervising their work. It supported the Registrar in his role as focal point for diplomatic relations, and maintained contact with embassies, Member States, the United Nations and other international organizations. That included relations with the host State. The Office also negotiated agreements for the enforcement of the Tribunal’s sentences with States, thereby ensuring that persons convicted by the Tribunal were transferred to serve their sentences. Focused efforts were made to raise the awareness of Member States regarding the current lack of sufficient enforcement capacity and the ensuing risk to a successful completion of the Tribunal’s mandate.", "80. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), in which the Council established the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, the Immediate Office of the Registrar has been heavily involved in the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the two International Tribunals worked jointly to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013, a proposal for an information security and access regime for the archives of the Tribunals and the Mechanism, and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence for the Mechanism. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work on 1 July 2012.", "81. The Tribunal’s Communications Service managed major media events, such as the arrest of Ratko Mladić, which brought about increased interest from the media, victims, diplomatic community, academics and the general public.", "82. Outreach and communication with audiences in the former Yugoslavia is one of the Registry’s strategic priorities for the current biennium. Since the end of 2010, the outreach programme has been implementing a new strategy that focuses on promoting the Tribunal’s achievements and its positive legacy through a wide range of events. In the past year, the programme has coordinated more than 20 visits from the region, including more than 400 visitors and 230 international group visits (comprising more than 5,700 visitors), and has participated in and organized 35 conferences and events across the region. The focus on engaging young people continued with a round of presentations in 13 Kosovo high schools involving more than 680 students. The outreach programme produced and distributed a publication entitled “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY” in languages of the region. The programme furthermore expanded its reach to the region and international audiences through the Tribunal’s official accounts on YouTube and Twitter. The popularity of these sites has been confirmed with over 2,000 followers on Twitter and over 300,000 views on YouTube, of which almost half come from the region. The Tribunal depends upon external funding in order to implement its outreach programme. A munificent contribution from the European Commission for the next biennium has ensured the continued existence of the outreach programme, and Finland has already generously supported youth education projects. The Tribunal also notes the generous support and cooperation of the Mission to Serbia of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/253, adopted on 24 December 2010, in which the Assembly reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources, the Tribunal will be approaching Member States and other donors in the coming months for more support.", "83. The Tribunal’s website continued to be a key strategic communications tool. The month of May 2011 was a record breaker for the Tribunal’s website — with 400,000 page views, the site’s highest ever monthly total since its launch in 2008. The internal communication portal Tribunet was further developed as a reference platform on all issues related to the completion strategy and staff downsizing.", "B. Judicial support services sections", "84. In the reporting period, the Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial (including the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Mladić and Hadžić cases, which are currently in the pre-trial phase), five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. It provided Court Officer support for seven videoconference links, nine rule 92 bis missions, and three site visits. The Section also provided support through its Pro Se Legal Liaison Officers for three self-representing accused, facilitating solutions to issues arising in the course of the proceedings. The Court Records Assistants, Court Officers and Court Ushers processed 6,922 filings (approximately 92,000 pages) submitted by parties and others in proceedings before the Tribunal.", "85. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services for all the organs of the Tribunal. The Translation Units translated approximately 66,000 pages into English, French, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian. The Interpretation Unit registered approximately 4,500 conference interpreter days. The Court Reporting Services produced over 88,000 pages of transcript. Interpretation services were also provided for official meetings, witness proofing sessions, and missions away from the seat of the Tribunal, including in the region.", "86. The Victims and Witnesses Section consists of three main units. The Section’s Operations and Support Units assisted 494 witnesses, and accompanying support persons, travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Protection Unit coordinated professional responses to an increased number of threats to witnesses before, during and after their appearances to give evidence in Tribunal proceedings. Under appropriate circumstances, the Protection Unit worked to relocate protected witnesses.", "87. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters continued to manage the legal aid system of the Tribunal in serving over 470 defence team members, thereby ensuring that the accused’s right to counsel was respected. The majority of accused who are in the Tribunal’s custody receive legal aid. The Office managed facilities granted to defence team members of all cases tried at the Tribunal; of those cases, 60 per cent were of the highest complexity level. The Office continued to ensure the rights of the accused by responding to complaints and concerns of detainees held at the United Nations Detention Unit, processing visits to the Unit and acting as a liaison between defence counsel and the Tribunal. The Office provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with the Pro Se Legal Liaison Office and the United Nations Detention Unit and managed the assignment of amicus curiae investigators and prosecutors and the resources provided thereto.", "88. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to provide security and care to the 37 detainees under the authority of the Tribunal. Many of the detainees required medical care, including specialist medical care. The Unit facilitated the detainees’ presence at court hearings, whether in person or through videoconference link. It facilitated a large number of requests for provisional releases of various durations, as ordered by the Chambers. It facilitated the right of accused persons to self‑represent by providing extra storage and office space to self-representing accused, granting computer and database access suited to a detention environment, and allowing for witness interviews and proofing in exceptional circumstances. The Unit accommodated detained witnesses and detainees charged with contempt of the Tribunal, and it facilitated contact between detainees and the media, where appropriate.", "C. Division of Administration", "89. By resolution 65/253, the General Assembly, having considered the reports of the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the revised estimates under the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Tribunal a total amount of $320,511,800 gross ($290,087,500 net) for the biennium 2010-2011.", "90. During the biennium 2010-2011, extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $3,319,900 to be utilized for a variety of Tribunal activities. As of 15 June 2011, cash donations of approximately $48.9 million had been received for the Voluntary Fund to support the activities of the Tribunal. For the period from 15 June 2010 to 15 June 2011, the Tribunal received and administered $2,393,376 in voluntary cash contributions.", "91. The Division of Administration remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, which was formulated in consultation with staff representatives. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Tribunal downsized 170 posts. The Division of Administration is currently working closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.", "92. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Division was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. Following the closure of one of the three office buildings in The Hague, the Division of Administration finalized an office space allocation master plan in order to ensure the smooth relocation of personnel and archives to the remaining two buildings of the Tribunal." ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 74 of the provisional agenda", "Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "Report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "Note by the Secretariat", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to Member States and members of the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991. The report was submitted by the President of the International Tribunal under article 34 of the Statute of the Tribunal (see S/25704 and Corr.1, annex), which states:", "“The President of the International Tribunal shall submit to the Security Council and the General Assembly the annual report of the International Tribunal.”", "Letter of transmittal", "31 July 2011", "H.E. the President of the United Nations in New York,", "H.E. the President of the United Nations in New York,", "In accordance with article 34 of the statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, I have the honour to transmit to the General Assembly and the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal of 31 July 2011.", "Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "President", "(Signed) Patrick Robinson", "Eighteenth Annual Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "A summary of the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 was from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The Court continued to concentrate on completing all trial and appeal cases. At the end of the reporting period, 16 had entered the appeal process, 14 were being tried and 5 accused were in pretrial stages. The Trial Chamber handed down its judgement in the Gtovina et al. and the Çorjević case. The Appeals Chamber handed down its judgement on the review of the Slivangelin case and appealed the Hatman case. President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), Vice-President-President-Gonoma (Republic of Korea), Prosecutor Serge Brammertz and Registrar John Holkin continued to perform their duties in the Court. The Office of the Prosecutor made progress in the completion of the Tribunal's trial and appeals mandate. The Office of the Prosecutor continues to further develop its contacts with the authorities of the States of the former Yugoslavia and encourages the authorities to cooperate with the Court and to support the prosecution of war crimes in domestic courts. The Registry continues to play an important role under the leadership of the President in providing administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. In addition to the coordination of the work of the various sections of the Registry, the immediate Office of the Registrar also addresses various legal, policy and operational matters, including the practical arrangements necessary to initiate the international treatment mechanism on residual matters of the Criminal Court and to enhance the capacity to implement the Court's judgements. The Exchange Service has carried out a variety of activities aimed at increasing the visibility of the Court and disseminating the Court's decisions to the communities concerned. The Court Management and Support Services Section supports 10 cases, 5 appeals cases and 4 contempt cases. The Conference and the Language Services Section continued to provide the most high-quality interpretation, translation and court records services in the Tribunal's working languages and in Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Macedonian and Albanian languages. The Victims and Witnesses Section facilitated and assisted nearly 500 witnesses to testify in The Hague. The Office of Legal Aid and Detention Services provides services to many defence members and the Friends of the Chambers designated by the Chambers at the pretrial, trial and appeal stages of the case and, in cooperation with other sections of the Registry, facilities for the defence. The United Nations Detention Centre continued to assume a large number of work, while providing the highest level of security and custody to all detainees. The Division coordinated the preparation of the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, with a large participation in the preparation of the first budget of the International residual matters of the Criminal Court, continued to actively participate in the implementation of the drawdown process and the comparative review process and to conduct a second comparative review in close cooperation with staff representatives. During the reporting period, all organs of the Tribunal face significant challenges in achieving the objectives of the completion strategy, as a result of the grave consequences of the natural abductor. As the Court's completion deadline is increasingly critical, the President urges the Security Council to take measures to help the Court find a practical solution to the problem. To date, the Court has concluded its proceedings against 126 persons in 161 of its prosecution. The present report will provide detailed information on the activities of the Tribunal during the reporting period and indicate that the Court has concentrated its efforts to achieve the objective of completing the proceedings as soon as possible without the due process.", "Contents", "Introduction 6 2.", "Introduction", "The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 outlines activities for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "During the reporting period, the Tribunal continued to implement the completion strategy approved by Security Council resolution 1503 (2003). The Court continued to concentrate on completing all trial and appeal cases. At the end of the reporting period, 16 had entered the appeal process, 14 were being tried and 5 accused were in the pretrial phase. The Trial Chamber handed down its judgement in the Gtovina et al. and the Çorjević case. The Appeals Chamber handed down a judgement on the review of the Slivangelin case and appealed the Hatman case. To date, the Court has concluded its proceedings against 126 persons in 161 of its prosecution.", "President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica), Vice-President Owon Kin (Republic of Korea), Prosecutor Serge Brammertz and Registrar John Holkin continued to carry out their duties in the Court.", "During the reporting period, a number of initiatives were taken to reform the Court's procedures in order to maximize efficiency.", "The pace of court proceedings and appeals continues to be affected by a shortage of staff and a high degree of loss of experienced personnel. Although the General Assembly and the Security Council have adopted a number of resolutions relating to the retention of staff, the problem remains constant. With the Court's time for completion, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Court find practical solutions to the problem. If effective measures are not taken to ensure the retention of staff, the completion of the Tribunal's core work may have to be amended.", "Activities involving the entire Tribunal", "President", "President Robinson continued to concentrate on the fulfilment of the core functions of the Tribunal, namely, trials and appeals. He has also taken internal reform measures to implement capacity-building and heritage projects, diplomatic activities and to implement the judicial responsibility of the Office of the President.", "Internal reform", "The Court had amended rule 94 (B) to clarify the law on judicial recognition of the facts that had been decided and to ensure the effective use of the rules by the parties to the proceedings.", "During the previous report, the President resumed the establishment of a Working Group on Accelerating Trials to conduct a third review of court practice to assess the possibility of further improvements in the work of the Chambers. The Working Group reported on 21 May 2010 recommending a series of reforms to the Tribunal's procedures. On 7 June 2010, the judges adopted these recommendations and decided to implement them in the current proceedings. During the reporting period, judges continued to implement the recommendations of the Working Group in their proceedings.", "The Tribunal has adopted a more experienced-based approach to the expected appeals cases, with the goal of setting time limits for appeals cases and wishing to remain generally until the Tribunal ends its work. In addition, the Appeals Chamber has implemented a number of working methods reform, including limiting the revision of the grounds for appeal, the organization of the drafting of judgements and the prioritization of work to enhance the efficiency of its proceedings.", "Capacity-building and heritage", "The President continues to promote the capacity-building of national jurisdictions as a priority for the Tribunal's legacy strategy. On 28 September 2010, the Court, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute officially launched a 18-month “Prevention of War Crimes” project in Belgrade. The Court's meeting on “Assessment of the legacy of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia” addressed all aspects of the Tribunal's legacy, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, which were very fruitful. It was encouraged that the Court would convene its second meeting on 15 and 16 November 2011 to focus on the issue of the Court's global legacy. The Court is also ready to establish all local information centres in the former Yugoslavia.", "Diplomatic relations", "President Robinson participated actively in cooperation, outreach and reporting activities to ensure that the work of the Tribunal was supported and enhanced the international image of the Tribunal.", "On 1 September 2010, the President welcomed a three-day visit by a group of judges and prosecutors from Serbia. The Court is strengthening cooperation and knowledge-sharing with members of the former Yugoslavia judiciary, which is an integral part of the ongoing efforts of the Tribunal in this regard. President Robinson and other judges of the Tribunal met with members of the visiting Serbian judiciary on the theme discussed by the parties, including witness protection, pleading agreements, judgement practice, case management, complaints procedures and legal standards for war crimes.", "On 28 September, the President formally launched a project on war crimes justice in Belgrade to promote the transfer of institutional knowledge and expertise unique to the judiciary in the region and to ensure that court materials are made available to these jurisdictions in an accessible format.", "On 8 October, the President briefed the General Assembly on the seventeenth annual report of the Tribunal (A/65/205-Samp 413).", "On 6 December, the President briefed the Security Council on the fourteenth performance report of the Tribunal's completion strategy (Samp588).", "On 6 June 2011, the President briefed the Security Council on the fifteenth performance report of the Tribunal's completion strategy (Suff316).", "On 21 and 22 June 2011, President Robinson and Registrar John Holmes attended a two-day meeting of the Informal Consultative Working Group on the Establishment of the Information Centre in the former Yugoslavia. The purpose of the meeting was to further discuss the establishment of information centres and documentation centres throughout the region, as well as access to the Tribunal's judicial archives.", "Judicial activities", "In accordance with the powers conferred by the President in accordance with the statutes, rules and procedures of the Tribunal, the President issued numerous orders for the distribution of cases to the Chambers and reviewed several decisions of the Registrar. The President also approved two requests for exemption, commutation and early release of persons convicted by the Tribunal, while seven such requests were dismissed.", "Meetings of the President", "Pursuant to rule 23, the President's meeting consists of the President, the Vice-President and the presiding judge of the Trial Chamber. With regard to requests for exemption, commutation and early release of persons serving their sentences, the President will consult with members of the Bureau.", "C. Coordination Committee", "In accordance with rule 23 bis, the Coordinating Committee is composed of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. During the reporting period, the Committee discussed, inter alia, issues such as staff retention, capacity-building and inheritance activities and the contribution of the Tribunal to the creation and transition of the international treatment mechanism for residual matters to the Criminal Court.", "Plenary meetings", "During the reporting period, the judges held two regular meetings of the whole. At its 39th plenary meeting, on 8 December 2010, the judges abolished article 23 ter of the Rules (Management Committee); and amended article 15 ter of the Rules (rule 15). (c) (Release judges); new rule 75 bis (assistance of court requests for assistance in obtaining testimony) and rule 75 ter (transfer of witnesses for testimony in ongoing proceedings before non- courts); and amendment to rule 94 (B) of the Rules (Criminal perception). At the 40th plenary meeting, on 16 June 2011, the judges discussed proposed amendments to rule 65, 75 bis and 75 ter.", "E. Rules Committee", "The members of the judiciary of the Rule Committee are composed of Judges Carmel Agius (Chairperson), President Patrick Robinson, Vice-President of O-Gin, Ass Orie and Christoph Flügge. A non-voting member includes the Prosecutor, the Registrar and a representative of the Association of Defence Counsel. During the reporting period, the Rules Committee held three meetings on the proposal for rules and made recommendations to judges: 5 October 2010, 4 February 2011 and 5 April 2010.", "Activities of the Chamber", "Composition of the Chamber", "The Tribunal currently has 25 judges from 23 countries. The Chamber comprises 13 permanent judges, two permanent judges from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda working in the Appeals Chamber and 10 ad litem judges.", "The permanent judges include Patrick Robinson (President, Jamaica), OMOK Kin (Vice-President, Republic of Korea), Christoph Flügge (Germany), Astros Orie (Netherlands), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Mron (China), Western Oodor Meron (United States of America), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude Antonetti (France), Baquez Moloto (South Africa), Mr. Lean (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and Mr. Heller (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland). Two permanent judges from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda working in the Appeals Chamber were Mohamed Habitati (Turkey) and Andersia Vas (Senegal). Judge Kevin Pock (Australia) also served as permanent judges during the reporting period, but resigned from the Court on 28 February 2011.", "During the reporting period, the following judges served as ad litem judges: Apad Prandler (Hungary), Stefan Tresheel (Switzerland), Antovan Kacia-Mbe Mindua (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Fedrik Harhoov (Denmark), Flavia Rantzi (Italy), Pedro David David David (Argentina), Michelle Pock (France), Elizabeth Huza (Zimbabwe), Melville Berd (Trinidad and Tobago) and Mapam (Zimbabwe). Judge Urdis Kinis (Latvia) also served as ad litem judges during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 18 April 2011.", "During the period under review, the following judges took office in the Trial Chamber: the power (presiding), Paque (presiding), Flügge (presiding), Orie (presiding), Antonetti (presiding), Moloto (presiding), Holel (presiding), Morrison, Delwa, Plaine, Treshel, Tréchel, Haraf, Latiz, David, Knis, Windhoz, Bell and Nyam.", "The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Robinson (presiding), Kyi, Pocar, Liu, Von and Agius.", "Main activities of the Trial Chamber", "Trial Chamber I", "(a) Pretrial", "Mladić", "Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 31 May 2011. The first appearance on 3 June was held in Orie (pre-trial), Flüg and Moloto. At that time, the accused did not justify the charges. On 4 July, at the time of his appearance, the presiding judge gave a defence against the accused.", "(b) Trial", "Gtovina, Marc and Malakić", "Judgement was rendered on 15 April 2011. The Trial Chamber found Ant Gtovina and Mladen Malakić guilty of eight crimes such as crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war and sentenced them to imprisonment for 24 and 18 years respectively. The Trial Chamber rendered acquitted judgement on all allegations made by Ivan Curmark.", "Perhić case", "Momčilo Perišić was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from August 1993 to November 1995 and Zagreb, Croatia. The Trial Chamber consists of Judge Moloto (presiding), David. The trial was opened on 2 October 2008. The Prosecution completed its case statement on 25 January 2010, in which the defence commenced the case on 22 February 2010 and ended its reply on 11 January 2011. A summary of the closure was submitted on 4 March 2011 and a final debate was held on 28 March 2011. The case is currently in the drafting stage of the judgement.", "About Stanišić and Simmatoović", "The crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war were allegedly committed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1991 and December 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Orie (presiding), Picar and Guwasha. On 28 April 2008, the Appeals Chamber ordered the suspension on 16 May 2008, owing to the health status of Stanišić. The trial was reopened on 2 June 2009. The Prosecution completed its case statement on 5 April 2011, and the defence commenced the case on 14 June 2011.", "(c) contempt of the Court", "Kabbashi case", "On 5 June 2007, the Trial Chamber issued an order to replace the indictment with respect to the contempt court of Sergei Kabbashi. On 11 December 2007, the Trial Chamber transferred the case to the Prosecution in order to further investigate and prosecute the matter. On 18 February 2008, the Trial Chamber approved the Prosecution's request for amendments to the indictment. The trial has not started because the defendant has not yet been brought into custody.", "Trial Chamber II", "(a) Pretrial", "Haradiana I et al. (review)", "On 21 July 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the judgement of the Trial Chamber that Lamash Haradianai, Idrz Baray and Lahi Abdashii had been innocent in several of the charges prosecuted and ordered partial retrial of the case. As confirmed by the Appeals Chamber, six war crimes were committed by the accused in Kosovo in 1998. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Moloto (presiding), Hoel and Delwa. It is expected that the trial will commence on 18 August 2011.", "Hardić case", "Goran Haddić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 22 July 2011. On 21 July 2011, the President of the Tribunal appointed Judge Delwa (presiding), Holel and Miniwa to try the case. The first appearance was held on 25 July 2011. The case is now at the initial stage of the pretrial preparation.", "(b) Trial", "Celjević", "Fristil Korjević was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war in Kosovo in 1999. The accused was arrested on 17 June 2007 and was tried on 27 January 2009. The Trial Chamber was composed of Judges Paque (presiding), Flüg and Berd, who delivered a judgement on 23 February 2011. The Chamber found that the perpetrators of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war were five crimes, namely, the involvement of a criminal group and the instigation of another murder (as listed in a schedule of judgements) 724 Kosovo Albanians, the expulsion and relocation of thousands of Kosovo Albanians from more than 60 places listed in the judgement and the destruction of the Albanian religion and cultural property. The Chamber sentenced the accused to 27 years imprisonment.", "Stanišić and Župjanin", "Milan Stanišić and Stojan Župjanin were accused of 10 crimes, such as crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war, committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina from April to December 1992. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Holel (presiding), Delva and Hoff. The trial commenced on 14 September 2009 and the Prosecution completed its case presentation on 2 February 2011. The reply to the case of Micho Stanišić began on 11 April 2011 and is expected to end in the short term and the case of Župljanin will commence shortly.", "Tolimir", "Zdlavko Tolimir was charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Flüg (presiding), Minva and Nyambe. The trial commenced on 26 February 2010 and the prosecution's evidence is now being closed.", "(c) contempt of the Court", "Shelter case", "On 3 February 2010, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of the indictment, alleging the contempt of the Court, namely, that the disclosure of confidential information that could lead to the release of the witness status, in violation of the Court's orders. The trial commenced on 22 February 2011 and ended on 8 June 2011. The judgement is being prepared.", "Shelter case", "On 9 May 2011, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of the indictment, alleging the contempt of the Court, namely, that there was no confidential information disclosed from its website to delete a violation of the Chamber's orders. The General Trial Chamber will sue the matter directly. The initial appearance took place on 6 July 2011.", "Trial Chamber III", "(a) Pretrial", "No pre-trial cases are currently pending before Trial Chamber III.", "(b) Trial", "Karadžić", "Radovan Karadžić was charged with 11 counts of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges vested in the power (presiding), Morison, Berd and Latanzi (relead). On 26 October 2009, the case was being heard by the Prosecution.", "Shelter case", "The alleged crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war were committed by the Vojvodina of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia between August 1991 and September 1993. The Trial Chamber consists of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Half and Latanzi. The trial was reopened on 7 November 2007, but was subsequently suspended on 11 February 2009. The trial continued on 12 January 2010. After the prosecution's evidence, on 4 May 2011, the Trial Chamber ruled that there was sufficient evidence to support the charges set out in the indictment. On 9 June 2011, the Trial Chamber ordered the accused to submit the list of witnesses and the evidence intended to be used in his case defence. The two above-mentioned two should be submitted during the first week of August 2011, and the defence is expected to start the evidence.", "Prolić et al.", "Alainko Plić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Prako, Milovoi Petkoović, Vronto Cić and Berislav Pichić were charged with grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or practices of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina between November 1991 and April 1994. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Prandler, Tresel and Miniwa (relead). On 26 April 2006, the defence completed the case reply in May 2010. Effective 1 July 2011, the parties submitted their summary of the closure. The closing remarks began on 7 February 2011 and ended on 2 March. The judgement is being prepared.", "(c) contempt of the Court", "Lahić case", "The former member of the Milan Lukić team, Yalea Lashić, was charged with contempt of the Court, which was charged with the purchase of defence witnesses in exchange for three persons in the Prosecutor v. Milan Lukić and Sré Lukić (case No. IT-98-32/1-T). The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Morison (presiding), Hoel and Delwa. On 22 September 2010, Lahić responded to all the counts listed in the indictment. Trials are expected to be held in autumn 2011.", "Rule 11 bis Transfer of judges", "In accordance with Council resolution 1503 (2003), the Panel of Judges in rule 11 bis was transferred to all cases involving intermediate and low-ranking accused persons in the list of pending cases.", "Rule 75 (H) Group of Judges", "Article 75 (H) of the Rules consists of Judges Moloto (presiding), Flüg and Morrison, and continue to work efficiently and 23 decisions were taken during the reporting period. These decisions relate, respectively, to requests for the use of confidential information in domestic proceedings pursuant to articles 75 (G) and (H) of the Rules, as well as requests for evidence in domestic proceedings by the competent court in accordance with rule 75 bis.", "C. Main activities of the Appeals Chamber", "Intermediation appeals", "In the following cases, 13 interlocutory appeals decisions were issued: Haladiana et al. (4); Plić et al. (3); Stanišić and Simmatoović (2); Gtovina et al. (1); Seljour (1); Stanišić and Žipjanin (2).", "Appeal against contempt courts", "In Haltmann, a judgement was issued in contempt of court appeals.", "Appeal on substance", "During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber did not make any final judgement.", "Three appeals from the last reporting period (Siović et al., Lukić and Lukić and Povic et al.) are currently pending before the Appeals Chamber, and two new appeals against judgements are pending before the Appeals Chamber. Pre-trial activities in these cases are ongoing.", "During the reporting period, 75 pre-approved decisions and orders were issued.", "Request for review", "The Appeals Chamber handed down its judgement on the review of the El Hadjin case.", "Other appeals", "The Appeals Chamber ruled on an additional appeal made in the Borovčinin case.", "Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor", "Completion of trials and appeals", "During the reporting period, significant progress has been made in accountability for crimes committed during the wars of the former Yugoslavia. The most significant progress was the arrest of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011. Ratko Mladić fled and escaped from the Hague for 16 years. Goran Hadžić fled seven years. Both were the last of the 161 indicted by the Tribunal who had not been convicted. The Prosecution indicated that efforts would be made to advance the trial as soon as possible.", "During the reporting period, the Prosecution has closed its trials to a greater extent. Prior to the end of this period, all cases have been completed, in addition to four cases (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir and Haradiana I et al.). Three cases are currently in the judicial defence stage (Suslic, (approximately vinc) and Simmatoović and (Mijo) Stanišić and Župjanin) and two other cases have been closed and are awaiting judgement (Prlić et al. and Perić cases). Despite the gravity of the decrease in the Office of the Prosecutor, which has led to the unsustainable burden on the remaining staff, progress has been made in such cases. The Prosecutor expressed concern that, in view of the lack of incentives for the retention of employees, the lack of personnel could be even more serious during the next reporting period.", "The Office of the Prosecutor has begun to shift its focus on its attention and resources to the appeal stage of the proceedings to ensure that it is able to respond effectively to the number of pending appeals cases. As of the end of the reporting period, there were five appeals cases (Shajnoović et al., Lukić and Lukić, Poović et al., Celjević and Gotovina and Malakić cases). The Appeals Chamber also absorbs the work arising from the retrial and the trial of the Court's contempt case in Hamadanai et al.", "The numerous contempt proceedings before the Court, in particular contempt proceedings relating to the Shalit case, continue to result in significant additional work for the Office of the Prosecutor. Because of the non-compliance with court orders, there is a need for continuous monitoring to ensure the protection of witnesses, which causes the depletion of the Tribunal's resources and presents challenges for the effective functioning of the Tribunal.", "The Office of the Prosecutor has completed its work to complete the remaining trials and appeals. The prosecution service has continuously reassessed its working methods to determine how to further expedite the proceedings. There is now a consistent approach to all cases in order to simplify the process of presenting evidence before the courts. This approach focuses on narrowing the scope of controversy with the defence team and providing evidence in writing. In addition, the Serbian authorities have effectively used the key evidence contained in the Laterko Mladić war period, which was discovered by the Serbian authorities in February 2010. The Office of the Prosecutor established a task force to harmonize and address all relevant Mladić materials as soon as possible.", "Following trial activities, the Office of the Prosecutor abolished the corresponding posts and started to streamline the Office. At the same time, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), preparations have been initiated for the transfer of functions to the international mechanism for dealing with residual matters of the Criminal Court.", "Cooperation", "International cooperation", "The Office of the Prosecutor continues to rely on the full cooperation of States to fulfil its mandate. Cooperation among the States of the former Yugoslavia remains particularly important in the following areas: (a) the redeployment of archives, documents and witnesses, (b) the protection of witnesses, and (c) efforts to locate, arrest and transfer the remaining fugitives, and the measures taken by those supporting the arrest of fugitives.", "Cooperation in Serbia", "Since Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the Court on 31 May 2011, Goran Hadžić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the Court on 22 July 2011, Serbia fulfilled an important obligation on the Court. The Office of the Prosecutor recognizes the important work done by the Serbian authorities, in particular the National Security Committee, the Action Team established to track fugitives and the security sector. As a result of these arrests, the Prosecutor recognizes Serbia's genuine commitment to cooperating with the Court. He also encouraged Serbia to provide information on why fugitives were able to impunity and help the public understand why they must be tried.", "Prior to the arrest of Mladić, the Prosecutor has strongly encouraged Serbia to reassess its failure strategy in the area of arrest of fugitives. He urged Serbia to address all shortcomings in action and to expand the scope of the investigation. Some recommendations have been implemented, which has helped to arrest the work of Mladić and Hadžić.", "The Prosecutor further requested the Government of Serbia to strengthen its action against individuals who had supported the network of fugitives, including Mladić and Hadžić, to escape the arrest of the Tribunal. The Prosecutor welcomes the statement made by Serbia declaring the investigation and prosecution of networks supporting him during the flight of Ratko Mladić. On 10 May 2011, the War Crimes Division of the High Court of Belgrade accepted the conviction of six persons, six of whom had helped him to escape the Court's arrest. In addition, the actions taken against individuals accused of helping fugitives have been mixed.", "With regard to cases before the Tribunal, Serbia generally provided the appropriate response in a timely manner to requests from the Office of the Prosecutor for the redeployment of documents, archives and witnesses. The National Cooperation Council of Serbia continued to improve cooperation among the various Government agencies that deal with requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. It facilitates requests from the Prosecution to reclassify the documents of the Supreme Defence Council in the Perhić case as public documents. Thus, in March 2011, the Prosecutor informed the Trial Chamber of Perišić that the documents of the Supreme Defence Council could be made public. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to seek the assistance of Serbia with regard to the redeployment of Government documents and archives and the facilitation of access to witnesses during trials and appeals.", "Croatia's cooperation", "During the reporting period, Croatia generally responded to requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. However, the Office of the Prosecutor has long requested access to important military documents related to Operation Storm (request for Gtovina et al.) but has not been responded to. The Inter-Agency Task Force established in October 2009 to locate or clarify missing documents continued its administrative investigation. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor requested Croatia to address some inconsistencies and questions relating to the findings of the Task Force, which have not been resolved.", "On 15 April 2011, the Trial Chamber handed down the judgement in the Gotovina et al. and, in accordance with the evidence presented in the trial, the judgement of Gtovina and Malakić was found guilty. The Prosecutor expressed disappointment at the fact that the Supreme State officials had no objectively commented on the results of the case following the judgement.", "Cooperation in Bosnia and Herzegovina", "During the reporting period, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina responded promptly to requests for documentation and access to Government archives and witnesses.", "The authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina are required to strengthen their efforts to combat the fugitive network.", "Throughout the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the National Prosecutor and the Special Division for War Crimes in the handling of cases transferred by the Court and the investigation files. However, structural difficulties hinder the implementation of the National Strategy for War Crimes. Political initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina seeking to undermine the work of the National Prosecutor's Office and the National War Crimes Tribunal have been of deep concern.", "Cooperation in the administration of justice among States of the former Yugoslavia", "Cooperation in the administration of justice among the States of the former Yugoslavia remains key to the completion of the Tribunal's mandate. The judiciary of the former Yugoslavia continues to face challenges in coordinating its activities, which in turn endanger the rule of law and reconciliation in the region. Some progress has been made between the prosecutors of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia in sharing information and evidence on war crimes. However, there are legal obstacles in the extradition of suspects and transnational transfer of evidence and parallel investigations, which continue to hinder effective prosecution. Prosecutors in the region expressed their commitment to addressing parallel investigations, while court prosecutors called for urgent action at the political and operational levels.", "Cooperation between other States and organizations", "The Office of the Prosecutor continues to rely on States and international organizations to provide the required documents, information and witnesses for trial and appeal.", "The Office of the Prosecutor appreciates the support provided by States and international and regional organizations such as the European Organization for Cooperation and Security, the Council of Europe and the European Union. The arrest of Ratko Mladić highlighted the potential for conditional support policies to achieve positive results in international justice. Support from non-governmental organizations, including those that operate in the former Yugoslavia, continued to promote the work of the Office of the Prosecutor.", "C. Transfer of cases and investigation of archives", "All cases transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia pursuant to rule 11 bis have been completed. The last of these cases was Miload Rbiić, who was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment, which was confirmed by appeal on 14 January 2011.", "The Kovačević case transferred by the Court to Serbia remains pending due to the poor health status of the accused. There is no indication that the accused is suited to the trial. The Office of the Prosecutor continues to monitor the situation.", "The fact that the criminals of war, Radovan Stankoević (under rule 11 bis, were transferred from Bosnia and Herzegovina) have fled for almost four years after the prison escape of Foča, raises serious concern. The Prosecutor encourages Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring countries, in particular the authorities of Serbia, to take all necessary measures to capture Stankoović and to punish those who facilitate their escape.", "Supporting national prosecution efforts", "The Office of the Prosecutor continues to work actively to strengthen the capacity of national authorities to deal effectively with the remaining war crimes cases. To that end, the Office of the Prosecutor engaged in dialogue with its counterparts throughout the former Yugoslavia. It also supports training, development of best practices and exchange of information.", "During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support national prosecutors to facilitate access to investigative materials and evidence from court case files and their databases in The Hague. In addition, the European Union-funded “Model Prosecutor” project is an important mechanism to strengthen the working relationship between the national office of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Office of the Prosecutor for War Crimes in Serbia.", "Activities of the Registry", "During the reporting period, the Registry continued to fulfil its statutory responsibilities by providing operational support to the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor, assisting the accused and providing diplomatic and administrative support to the Tribunal.", "Office of the Registrar", "The immediate Office of the Registrar assists the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar in developing strategic direction for the Judicial Support Services Section and the Division of Administration to coordinate and monitor their work. It assists the Registrar in the role of the diplomatic relations focal point and maintains contacts with embassies, Member States, the United Nations and other international organizations. This includes relations with host countries. The Office is also responsible for negotiating agreements with States for the enforcement of court sentences, thereby ensuring that individuals convicted by the Tribunal are transferred to serve their sentences. Efforts to focus on raising awareness among Member States of the current lack of adequate law enforcement capacity could jeopardize the successful completion of the Tribunal's mandate.", "Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), which decided to establish the residual mechanism of the Criminal Court, the Registrar's immediate office was involved in the practical arrangements necessary for the operation of the mechanism. Under the guidance of the Office of Legal Affairs, the two international tribunals worked together to prepare proposals for the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, proposals for the establishment of information security and access systems for the archives of the Tribunals and the residual mechanism, and procedural and evidentiary rules for the residual mechanism. Next steps will focus on the harmonization of the policies, procedures and functioning of the two Tribunals to ensure that the mechanism will commence its work on 1 July 2012.", "The Court's Communications Service is responsible for the management of major media activities, such as the arrest of Ratko Mladić, which has resulted in increased interest in the media, victims, the diplomatic community, academia and the general public.", "One of the strategic priorities of the Registry for the current biennium is communication and communication with the audience of the former Yugoslavia. Since the end of 2010, the outreach programme has been implementing a new strategy focusing on promoting the achievements of the Tribunal and its positive legacy through a wide range of activities. Over the past year, the programme coordinated more than 20 missions from over 400 visitors from the region and 230 international groups (including over 5,700 visitors) and held 35 meetings and activities throughout the region. The participation of young people continued to focus on a round of briefings for more than 680 students at 13 high schools in Kosovo. The outreach programme produced and distributed a publication entitled “Assessment of the legacy of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia”. The programme expands awareness of regional and international audiences through the Court's official YouTube and Twitter accounts. It had over 2,000 people in Twitter, who had visited YouTube for more than 3 million (a half of them from the region), thereby confirming the welcomeness of those pages. The Court relies on external funding to implement its outreach programmes. During the next biennium, significant contributions from the European Commission pledged the continued existence of the outreach programme, while Finland had provided generous support to youth education projects. The Court also noted the generous support and cooperation of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Mission in Serbia. In its resolution 63/253, adopted on 24 December 2010, the General Assembly reaffirmed the importance of implementing effective outreach programmes and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to pursue measures to mobilize adequate voluntary resources. In accordance with that resolution, the Tribunal will engage with Member States and other donors in the coming months to gain additional support.", "The Tribunal's website continues to be an important strategic communication tool. For the Tribunal's website, in May 2011 was a record month, with a 400,000 page, the highest month since the launch of the 2008 website. The internal communication portal Tribunet has further developed into a reference platform covering all issues related to the completion strategy and the downsizing of staff.", "Judicial Support Services Section", "During the reporting period, the Court Management and Support Services Section provided support to 10 first instance cases, including the Hardanai et al., and the Mladić and Haddić cases, which were currently in pretrial stages, 5 appeals and 4 contempt cases. The Section provided seven videoconferences to the Tribunal officers and assisted nine rule 92 bis delegations and three field visits. The Section also facilitates the resolution of problems arising during the proceedings through its self-defence legal liaison officers in support of the three selected self-defence accused. The Court's Records Assistant, the Court Officer and the Court Correspondents deal with 6,922 submissions to the Court during the proceedings (approximately 920,000 pages) submitted by parties and others.", "The Conference and the Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation and court records services to all organs of the Tribunal. The Translation Unit translated approximately 66,000 pages into English, French, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian. Nearly 4,500 days of the meeting of interpreters recorded by the Interpretation Unit. The Court recorded more than 88,000 pages. Provision of interpretation services was also made for official meetings, witness hearings and court visit missions, including for missions from the region.", "The Victims and Witnesses Section consists of three main units. The Operations and Support Unit facilitated the testimony of 494 witnesses (and accompanying support staff) to The Hague. The Protection Unit is responsible for coordinating professional responses to the increasing threats to witnesses before and during their appearance. Where appropriate, the Protection Unit seeks to transfer protected witnesses.", "The Office of Legal Assistance and Detention Matters continued to manage the legal aid system of the Tribunal and to provide services to more than 470 members of the defence group, thereby ensuring that the rights of the accused to engage the legal counsel are respected. Most of the defendants in court custody received legal assistance. The Office manages the facilities provided to members of the defence team in all cases before the Tribunal. Of these cases, 60 per cent are extremely complex. The Office continues to ensure the rights of the accused, responds to the reports and concerns of detainees in detention at the United Nations Detention Centre, addresses visits to the Unit and play a liaison role between the defendant's lawyers and the courts. The Office also cooperates with the Office of Legal Liaison in the Defence case and the United Nations Detention Centre to facilitate the selection of self-defence defendants and to manage the allocation and resources of the Friends of the Tribunal investigators and prosecutors.", "The United Nations Detention Centre continued to provide security and care to 37 detainees in the Court. Many detainees need medical care, including specialist medical care. The Unit facilitates the attendance of detainees in court hearings, whether in person or through videoconferencing. It also facilitates a large number of requests for parole that vary from time to court orders. It promotes the right of the accused to self-defence by providing additional storage and office space to the chosen defence, by providing computers and databases suitable for the detention environment, and allowing witnesses to interview and testify in exceptional circumstances. The detention facility responds to requests from the detained witnesses and those accused of contempt of the Court, and facilitates access by detainees to the media when appropriate.", "C. Administrative Division", "In its resolution 9853, the General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011, and decided that the total appropriation for the Special Account for the International Tribunal for the biennium 2010-2011 amounted to $320,511,800 gross ($290,077,500 net).", "The extrabudgetary resources estimated at $3,319,900 for the biennium 2010-2011 will be used for the various activities of the Tribunal. As at 15 June 2011, the voluntary fund received some $48.9 million in cash contributions to support the activities of the Tribunal. From 15 June 2010 to 15 June 2011, voluntary cash contributions received and administered by the Tribunal amounted to $2,393,376.", "The Division of Administration, in consultation with staff representatives, is actively involved in the implementation of the drawdown process and the comparative review process. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Tribunal reduced 170 posts. The Division is currently working closely with staff representatives to implement the second comparative review.", "The Division coordinated the preparation of revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Division is heavily involved in the preparation of the first budget for the International Processing Mechanism for the remainder of the Criminal Court. Following the closure of the three office buildings in The Hague, the Division of Administration established the overall plan for the allocation of office space to ensure the smooth relocation of personnel and archives to the two remaining office buildings of the Tribunal.", "AD(*) A/63/250." ]

[ "会议委员会", "2011年实质性会议", "2011年9月6日至12日", "议程项目2(b)^(*)", "会议日历", "通过2012年和2013年双年度会议日历草案", "秘书处的说明", "1. 本文件载有联合国双年度会议日历草案，其中包括联合国各机关、其附属机构、特别会议和专家组的会议(见附件)。专门机构、国际原子能机构以及在联合国主持下设立的条约机构的主要立法和行政机关的会议一并载入以供参考。", "2. 双年度日历草案在会议委员会实质性会议审查之后，将连同所有更新内容和(或)评论意见，一并列入委员会向大会提交的报告。", "3. 经济及社会理事会在2011年7月22日第四十一次会议上审议并核准了经济、社会和有关领域暂定会议日历(专/2011/L.10)。由于2011年实质性会议于7月29日结束，这一天也是提交本文件的日期，因此将在上文第2段所述更新的日历草案中反映理事会在2011年实质性会议上通过的新任务或对现有任务规定的改动。", "^(*) A/AC.172/2011/1。", "附件", "2012年和2013年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "本附件所用简称如下：", "在“机构”一栏内", "非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会", "欧洲经委会 欧洲经济委员会", "拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会", "亚太经社会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会", "西亚经社会 西亚经济社会委员会", "粮农组织 联合国粮食及农业组织", "原子能机构 国际原子能机构", "民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "公务员制度委员会 国际公务员制度委员会", "农发基金 国际农业发展基金", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "基金组织 国际货币基金组织", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "电信联盟 国际电信联盟", "防治荒漠化公约 联合国防治荒漠化公约", "贸易法委员会 联合国国际贸易法委员会", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "环境署 联合国环境规划署", "教科文组织 联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "气候公约 联合国气候变化框架公约", "人口基金 联合国人口基金", "人居署 联合国人类住区规划署", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿基会 联合国儿童基金会", "工发组织 联合国工业发展组织", "训研所 联合国训练研究所", "项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国大学 联合国大学", "妇女署 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "世旅组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "万国邮联 万国邮政联盟", "粮食计划署 世界粮食计划署", "世卫组织 世界卫生组织", "知识产权组织 世界知识产权组织", "气象组织 世界气象组织", "在“成员”一栏内", "政 政府", "专 专家", "秘 秘书处", "在“服务”一栏内", "口 口译", "笔 笔译", "逐 逐字记录", "简 简要记录", "阿 阿拉伯文", "中 中文", "英 英文", "法 法文", "俄 俄文", "西 西班牙文", "A. 2012年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "机构\t日期(2012年)\t地点\t成员\t服务^(a) 周期 \n1.\t军事参谋团[《宪章》]\t1月6日，其后每两周1次\t纽约\t5政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t逐\t每隔1周的星期五\n2.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，选举主席团成员[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议以及经济及社会理事会第2007/221号决定]\t1月9日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n3.\t经济及社会理事会，选举主席团成员[《宪章》]\t1月11日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n4.\t联合国人口奖委员会，组织会议[大会第36/201号决议]\t1月11日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n5.\t公民及政治权利国际公约缔约国第三十次会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t1月16日\t纽约\t145政\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n6.\t儿童权利委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t1月16日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n7.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议，联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书执行情况工作组，第二届会议[缔约方会议第5/5号决议]^(b)\t1月23日至27日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n8.\t妇女署，执行局，第一届常会[大会第64/289号议]^(c)\t1月23日至27日\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n9.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十三届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t1月23日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n10.\t裁军谈判会议，第一期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t1月23日至3月30日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n11.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t1月24日至4月27日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n12.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，第一届常会[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t1月30日至2月2日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届 \n13.\t人权理事会，情况工作组，第九届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t1月30日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t5政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n14.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零三届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t1月30日至2月3日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n15.\t非政府组织委员会，常会[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议及第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t1月30日至2月8日\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n16.\t社会发展委员会，第五十届会议[经济及社会理事会第10(II)、1139(XLI)和1996/7号决议]\t2月1日至10日\t纽约\t46政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n17.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局、儿基会执行局、粮食署执行局和妇女署执行局联席会议[大会第52/12B和65/176号决议]\t2月3日和6日\t纽约\t36政/36政/36政/41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n18.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n19.\t贸易法委员会，第二工作组(仲裁与调解)，第五十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n20.\t联合国援助土著居民自愿基金，董事会，第二十五届会议[大会第40/131号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n21.\t联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金，董事会，第三十六届会议[大会第36/151号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n22.\t粮食署，执行局，第一届常会[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t2月6日至10日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n23.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，科技小组委员会，第四十九届会议[大会第1472A(XIV)号决议]\t2月6日至17日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n24.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十二届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t2月7日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n25.\t经济及社会理事会，组织会议[《宪章》]\t2月7日至10日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n26.\t儿基会，执行局，第一届常会[大会第48/162和57(I)号决议]\t2月7日至10日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n27.\t联合国人口奖委员会，第一届常会[大会第36/201号决议]\t2月10日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n28.\t联合国武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会，第四届会议[大会第63/240和64/48号决议]\t2月13日至15日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n29.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十一届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t2月13日至3月2日\t日内瓦\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n30.\t消除种族歧视委员会，第八十届会议[大会第2106A(XX)号决议]^(b)\t2月13日至3月9日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n31.\t贸易法委员会，第四工作组(电子商务)，第四十五届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t2月13日至17日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n32.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十七届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t2月15日至17日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n33.\t贸发会议，投资、企业和发展委员会，第四届会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t2月20日和21日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n34.\t环境署，理事会/全球部长级环境论坛，第十二届特别会议[大会第2997(XXVII)、42/185和53/242号决议]\t2月20日至22日\t内罗毕\t58政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t隔一年一届常会，隔一年一届特别会议\n35.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十六届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》，第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t2月20日至24日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n36.\t人权理事会咨询委员会，第八届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t2月20日至24日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n37.\t维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组，实质性会议[大会第2006(XIX)号决议]\t2月21日至3月16日\t纽约\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n38.\t裁军事项咨询委员会，第五十七届会议[大会第37/99K号决议]\t2月22日和24日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n39.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展委员会，第四届会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t2月23日至24日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n40.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，网络犯罪问题专家组会议，第二届会议[大会第65/230号决议和经济及社会理事会第2010/18号决议]\t2月27日至3月2日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n41.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t2月27日至3月2日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n42.\t人权理事会，第十九届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t2月27日至3月23日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n43.\t妇女地位委员会，第五十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1999/257号决定]\t2月27日至3月9日\t纽约\t45政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n44.\t国际公务员制度委员会，第七十四届会议[大会第3357(XXIX)号决议]\t2月27日至3月9日\t曼谷\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n45.\t统计委员会，第四十三届会议[经济及社会理事会第1999/8号决议]\t2月28日至3月2日\t纽约\t24政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n46.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t2月(1天)\t待定\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n47.\t给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会[大会第1654(XVI)号决议]\t2月/3月\t纽约\t28政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n48.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十一届会议(方案预算)[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t3月5日和6日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n49.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十三届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t3月5日至9日\t日内瓦\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n50.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零四届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t3月5日至9日\t纽约\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n51.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十四次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t3月7日\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n52.\t联合国人口奖委员会，第二届常会[大会第36/201号决议]\t3月8日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n53.\t发展政策委员会，第十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第1998/46号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t纽约\t24专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n54.\t麻醉药品委员会，第五十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第9(I)和1991/39号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t维也纳\t53政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n55.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十六届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n56.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零四届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t3月12日至30日\t纽约\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n57.\t经济及社会理事会与布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和贸发会议举行的高级别特别会议[大会第50/227和61/16号决议和经济及社会理事会第2005/211号决定]\t3月13日和14日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n58.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，科技小组委员会，第五十一届会议[大会第1472(XIV)号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t一年一届\n59.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十五届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n60.\t联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行进度会议筹备委员会[大会第65/64号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n61.\t筹备联合国可持续发展会议第三次非正式闭会期间会议[大会第65/152号决议]\t3月26日和27日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n62.\t强迫失踪问题委员会，第二届会议[大会第61/177号决议]\t3月26日至30日(待定)\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n63.\t人权理事会，非洲人后裔问题专家工作组，第十一届会议[人权理事会第5/1和9/14号决议]\t3月26日至30日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n64.\t大陆架界限委员会，第二十九届会议[《联合国海洋法公约》，附件二第二条第五款]\t3月26日至4月5日\t纽约\t21专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n65.\t非洲经委会，非洲财政、计划和经济发展部长会议，经委会第四十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第671(XXV)号决议]\t3月\t亚的斯亚贝巴\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n66.\t非洲经委会，非洲财政、计划和经济发展部长会议专家委员会，第三十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第671(XXV)号决议]\t3月\t亚的斯亚贝巴\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n67.\t大会，第五委员会，续会[《宪章》]\t3月(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n68.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百一十八次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t3月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n69.\t联合国巴勒斯坦问题国际会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t3月/4月^(h)(3天)\t日内瓦\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n70.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议，联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书执行情况工作组，第二届会议续会[缔约方会议第5/5号决议]^(b)\t4月2日至5日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n71.\t裁军审议委员会[大会第S-10/2号决议]\t4月2日至20日^(h)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n72.\t贸易法委员会，第五工作组(破产法)，第四十一届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t4月9日至12日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n73.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十八届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t4月10日至12日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n74.\t公共行政专家委员会，第十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第2001/45和2003/60号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t纽约\t24专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n75.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国政府专家小组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t4月16日至20日\t日内瓦\t114专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n76.\t人权理事会，来文工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n77.\t贸易法委员会，第一工作组(采购)，第二十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n78.\t保护所有移徙工人及其家属权利委员会，第十六届会议[大会第45/158号决议]^(b)\t4月16日至27日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n79.\t贸发会议，第十三届会议[大会第60/184号决议]\t4月21日至26日\t多哈\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每四年一届80.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分杀伤力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第二修正议定书缔约国专家小组和第五议定书缔约国专家会议[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6和CCW/\t4月23日和24日\t日内瓦\t92专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届 \n P.V/CONF/2010/11]^(c) \n81.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，第二十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第1992/1号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n82.\t人口与发展委员会，第四十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第150(VII)、87(LVII)和1995/55号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t纽约\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n83.\t人权理事会，发展权不限成员名额工作组，第十三届会议[人权理事会第9/3号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 一年一届\n84.\t人权领域技术合作自愿基金，董事会，第三十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1993/283号决定]\t4月23日至27日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n85.\t新闻委员会，第三十四届会议[大会第33/115C号决议]\t4月23日至5月4日\t纽约\t112政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n86.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第五议定书缔约国政府专家小组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t4月25日至27日\t日内瓦\t72专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n87.\t方案和协调委员会，组织会议[经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第31/93号决议]\t4月26日\t纽约\t34政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n88.\t经济及社会理事会，组织会议续会[《宪章》]\t4月26日和27日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n89.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十三届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t4月30日至5月4日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n90.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十四届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t4月30日至5月11日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n91.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第四十八届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t4月30日至5月8日(待定)\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n92.\t不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会，第一届会议[大会第55/33D号决议]^(b c)\t4月30日至5月11日\t维也纳\t190政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n93.\t残疾人权利委员会，第七届会议[大会第61/106号决议和《残疾人权利公约》第34条]^(b)\t4月^(h)(1周)\t日内瓦\t12专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n94.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，跨国有组织犯罪的新形式和范围问题专家组会议[预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第24/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第5/6号决议]\t4月^(h)(待定)\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n95.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，火器问题工作组，[大会第55/255号决议和缔约国会议第5/4号决议]\t4月^(h)(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n96.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，[大会第248(III)号决议]\t4月/5月^(h)(1次会议)\t纽约\t12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年两届，每届一次会议\n97.\t联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，第一届常会[经济及社会理事会第2001/321号决定]\t4月/5月^(h)\t待定\t26秘\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n98.\t亚太经社会，第六十八届会议[经济及社会理事会第37(IV)、69(V)和723B(XXVIII)号决议]\t4月/5月^(h)\t曼谷\t53政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n99.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会，第七十一届会议\t5月1日至3日\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年至多四届，共计12个工作日\n100.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零四届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t5月7日至18日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n101.\t土著问题常设论坛，第十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第2000/22号决议]\t5月7日至18日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n102.\t禁止酷刑委员会，第四十八届会议[大会第39/46和65/204号决议]^(b)\t5月7日至6月1日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n103.\t国际法委员会，第六十四届会议[大会第174(II)号决议]\t5月7日至7月20日\t日内瓦\t34专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n104.\t裁军谈判会议，第二期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t5月14日至6月29日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n105.\t促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会，第二十五届会议[人权委员会第1994/54号决议]\t5月14日至16日\t日内瓦\t92政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n106.\t讨论国际合作和援助等主要执行问题和主题的不限成员名额政府专家会议[大会第63/72号决议]\t5月14日至18日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n107.\t贸易法委员会，第六工作组(担保权益)，第二十一届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t5月14日至18日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n108.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t5月15日至6月30日\t纽约和联合国其他工作地点\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n109\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，会前工作组，第四十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t5月21日至25日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n110.\t科学和技术促进发展委员会，第十五届会议[大会第46/235号决议和经济及社会理事会第2002/37和2006/46号决议和第2003/291号决定]\t5月21日至25日\t日内瓦\t43政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n111.\t审议可否拟订一项关于监管、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的国际规章框架问题不限成员名额政府间工作组，第二届会议[人权理事会第15/26号决议]\t5月21日至25日(待定)\t日内瓦\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n112.\t贸易法委员会，第三工作组(网上解决争议)，第二十五届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t5月21日至25日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n113.\t联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第913(X)号决议]\t5月21日至25日\t维也纳\t21政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n114.\t非政府组织委员会，续会[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议和第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t5月21日至30日\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n115.\t联合国可持续发展会议不限成员名额筹备委员会第三次会议[大会第64/236号决议]\t5月28日至30日\t巴西里约热内卢\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n116.\t气候公约，公约缔约方会议附属机构会议[大会第62/86号决定]\t5月29日至6月9日\t德国波恩\t189政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n117.\t儿童权利委员会，第六十届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t5月29日至6月15日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n118.\t人权理事会，第二十届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t5月29日至6月15日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n119.\t西亚经社会，第二十六届部长级会议[经济及社会理事会第1818(LV)，2089(LXIII)和1994/26号决议]\t5月\t贝鲁特\t13政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n120.\t大会，第五委员会，续会[《宪章》]\t5月(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n121.\t投资委员会，[大会第248(III)号决议]\t5月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n122.\t根据第二个铲除殖民主义十年审查非自治领土情况的区域讨论会[大会第54/91和63/110号决议]\t5月(3天)\t待定\t28政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n123.\t联合国可持续发展大会[大会第64/236号决议]\t6月4日至6日\t巴西里约热内卢\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n124.\t粮食署，执行局，年度会议[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t6月4日至8日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n125.\t联合国海洋法公约缔约国，第二十二届会议[大会第37/66、49/28和65/37号决议]^(b)\t6月4日至15日\t纽约\t138政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n126.\t会费委员会，第七十二届会议[大会第14(I)A号决议]\t6月4日至22日\t纽约\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n127.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，第五十五届会议[大会第1472A(XIV)号决议]\t6月11日至15日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n128.\t儿基会，执行局，年度会议[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t6月11日至15日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n129.\t方案和协调委员会，第五十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第31/93号决议]\t6月11日至7月6日\t纽约\t34政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n130.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十七届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》，第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n131.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十一届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n132.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十七届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n133.\t人权理事会，情况工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t5政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n134.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，联合国反腐败公约执行情况检查组，第三次会议[大会第58/4号决议和缔约国会议第3/1号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n135.\t联合国海洋事务和海洋法不限成员名额非正式协商进程，第十三次会议[大会第60/30、63/111和65/37号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n136.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，年度会议[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t6月18日至29日\t日内瓦\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n137.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，保护文化财产免遭贩运问题专家组会议[经济及社会理事会第2010/19号决议]\t6月25日至29日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n138.\t人权条约机构主席会议，第二十四届会议[大会第46/111和49/178号决议]\t6月25日至29日\t日内瓦\t8专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n139.\t人权理事会工作组特别报告员、特别代表、独立专家和主席会议，第十九届会议[人权委员会第2002/84号决议和第2005/113号决定]\t6月25日至29日\t日内瓦\t待定\t(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n140.\t危险货物运输问题专家小组委员会，第四十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t6月25日至7月4日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n141.\t经济及社会理事会，实质性会议[《宪章》]\t6月25日至7月20日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n142.\t第十七次消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约缔约国会议[大会第34/180号决议]^(b)\t6月26日\t纽约\t186政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n143.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十五次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t6月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n144.\t拉加经委会，第三十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第106(VI)和2010/4号决议及第1985/188号决定]\t6月\t萨尔瓦多\t42政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n145.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百一十九次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t6月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n146.\t妇女署，执行局，年度会议[大会第64/289号决议]^(c)\t6月(1周)\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n147.\t裁军事项咨询委员会，第五十八届会议[大会第37/99K号决议]\t6月至7月(3天)\t纽约\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n148.\t贸易法委员会，第四十五届会议[大会第2205(XXI)号决议]\t6月至7月(3周)\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n149.\t第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议不限成员名额工作组，组织会议[大会第65/66号决议]^(i)\t6月/7月(1天)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n150.\t给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会[大会第1654(XVI)号决议]\t6月/7月(至多20次会议)\t纽约\t28政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n151.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零五届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t7月2日至6日\t日内瓦\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n152.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十三届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月3日至6日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n153.\t全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家小组委员会，第二十三届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t7月4日至6日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n154.\t贸发会议，竞争法和竞争政策政府间专家组，第十二届会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议的决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t7月9日至12日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n155.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国政府专家组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t7月9日至13日\t日内瓦\t114专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n156.\t人权理事会，土著人民权利专家机制，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/36号决议]\t7月9日至13日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n157.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十二届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月9日至27日\t纽约\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n158.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零五届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t7月9日至27日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n159.\t联合国审计委员会，第六十六届常会[大会第74/(I)号决议]\t7月10日至12日\t纽约\t3专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n160.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十九届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t7月16日至18日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n161.\t公务员制度委员会，第七十五届会议[大会第3357(XXIX)号决议]\t7月16日至27日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n162.\t外层空间透明度和建立信任措施问题政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第65/68号决议]\t7月23日至27日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n163.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t7月23日至27日\t纽约\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n164.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十四届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月30日至8月3日\t纽约\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n165.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十六届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t7月30日至8月3日\t纽约\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n166.\t大陆架界限委员会，第三十届会议[《联合国海洋法公约》，附件二第二条第五款]\t7月30日至8月10日\t纽约\t21专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n167.\t裁军谈判会议，第三期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t7月30日至9月14日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n168.\t国际法讨论会[大会第49/51号决议]\t7月(3周)\t日内瓦\t30专\t口(英法西)\t—\t—\t一年一届\n169.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t7月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n170.\t联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第248(III)、46/200和61/240号决议]\t7月\t纽约\t33专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n171.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，精算师委员会[大会第1561(XV)号决议，第二十九条]\t7月\t纽约\t5专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n172.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，常设委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t7月(1次会议)\t纽约\t15专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n173.\t联合国地名专家组，第二十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第715A(XXVII)和1314(XLIV)号决议］\t8月6日和17日\t纽约\t80专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n174.\t信息和电信领域的发展与国际安全问题政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第61/54、62/17、63/37、64/25和65/41号决议]\t8月6日至10日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n175.\t人权理事会，咨询委员会，第九届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t8月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n176.\t消除种族歧视委员会，第八十一届会议[大会第2106A(XX)号决议]^(b)\t8月6日至31日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n177.\t第十届联合国地名标准化会议[经济及社会理事会第2008/241号决议]\t8月7日至16日\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每五年一届\n178.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议、不限成员名额的反腐问题政府间工作组，第二次会议[大会第58/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第3/2号决议]\t8月27日至29日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n179.\t联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行进度大会[大会第65/64号决议]\t8月27日至9月7日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n180.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，不限成员名额的资产回收问题政府间工作组，第四次会议[大会第58/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第3/3号决议]\t8月30日和31日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n181.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十四届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t8月27日至31日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n182.\t人权理事会，来文工作组，第十一届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t8月27日至31日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n183.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，第二届常会[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t9月4日至7日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n184.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t9月4日至14日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n185.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十二届会议(技术合作)[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t9月5日至9日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n186.\t公民及政治权利国际公约缔约国第三十一次会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t9月6日\t纽约\t145政\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n187.\t儿基会，执行局，第二届常会[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t9月10日至13日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n188.\t保护所有移徙工人及其家属权利委员会，第十七届会议[大会第45/158号决议]^(b)\t9月10日至14日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n189.\t联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金，董事会，第十七届会议[大会第46/122号决议]\t9月10日至14日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n190.\t人权理事会，第二十一届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t9月10日至28日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n191.\t妇女署，执行局，第二届常会[大会第64/289号决议]^(c)\t9月17日至19日^(j)\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n192.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展理事会，第五十九届会议[大会第1995(XIX)号决议和贸发会议第114(V)号决议]\t9月17日至28日\t日内瓦\t153政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n193.\t儿童权利委员会，第六十一届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t9月17日至10月5日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n194.\t大会，第六十七届会议[《宪章》]\t9月18日至12月\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐/简^(k)\t\n195.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十四届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t9月26日至28日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n196.\t会议委员会，实质性会议[大会第43/222B号决议]\t9月(5天)\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n197.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十六次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t9月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n198.\t残疾人权利委员会，第八届会议[大会第61/106号决议和《残疾人权利公约》第三十四条]^(b)\t9月(1周)\t日内瓦\t12专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n199.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百二十次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t9月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n200.\t近东救济工程处，咨询委员会[大会第302/2(IV)号决议]\t9月(1天)\t安曼\t10政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n201.\t人权理事会，经济、社会和文化权利闭会期间论坛(社会论坛)，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/13号决议]\t10月1日至3日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n202.\t难民署，执行委员会，第六十三届会议[大会第1166(XII)和62/123号决议]\t10月1日至5日\t日内瓦\t78政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n203.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t10月1日至5日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n204.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十五届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t10月1日至12日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n205.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十三届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t10月1日至19日\t日内瓦\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n206.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十二届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t10月8日至12日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n207.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零六届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t10月8日至12日\t日内瓦\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n208.\t贸发会议，国际会计和报告准则政府间专家工作组，第二十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/67号决议]\t10月15日至18日\t日内瓦\t34专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n209.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，第六届会议[大会第55/25号决议和联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约第三十二条]^(b)\t10月15日至19日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n210.\t联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金，董事会，第三十七届会议[大会第36/151号决议]\t10月15日至19日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n211.\t人权理事会拟订种族主义方面补充标准特设委员会，第五届会议[人权理事会第3/103号决定和第6/21号决议]\t10月15日至26日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n212.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零六届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t10月15日至11月2日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n213.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十五届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t10月22日至26日\t日内瓦\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n214.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十七届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t10月22日至26日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n215.\t人权领域技术合作自愿基金，董事会，第三十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第1993/283号决定]\t10月29日至11月2日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n216.\t人权理事会，有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第1/5号决议]\t10月29日至11月9日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n217.\t禁止酷刑委员会，第四十九届会议[大会第39/46号决议]^(b)\t10月29日至11月23日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n218.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零五届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t10月30日至11月16日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n219.\t国际税务合作专家委员会，第八届会议[经济及社会理事会第1273(XLIII)、1765(LIV)和2004/69号决议]\t10月(1周)\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n220.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，技术援助问题工作组，第六届会议[缔约国会议第2/6号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n221.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，引渡、司法互助和就没收行动开展国际合作问题的不限成员名额政府专家工作组，第四届会议[缔约国会议第2/2和3/2号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n222.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，偷运移民问题工作组，第一届会议[缔约国会议第5/3号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n223.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，贩运人口问题工作组，第四届会议[缔约国会议第5/2号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政 笔\t—\t\n224.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第四次会议，技术援助和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题工作组[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第一部分第二条和人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t10月(1天)\t日内瓦\t57政\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n225.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会，第七十二届会议\t10月/11月(3天)\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年至多四届，共计12个工作日\n226.\t贸易法委员会，第二工作组(仲裁与调解)，第五十七届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n227.\t贸易法委员会，第四工作组(电子商务)，第四十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n228.\t贸易法委员会，第一工作组(采购)，第二十三届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n229.\t贸易法委员会，第五工作组(破产法)，第四十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月/11月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n230.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t10月/11月(1次会议)\t纽约\t12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年两届，每届一次会议\n231.\t联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，第二届常会[经济及社会理事会第2001/321号决定]\t10月/11月\t纽约\t26秘\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n232.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十八届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t11月1日至9日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n233.\t裁军审议委员会，组织会议[大会第S-10/2号决议]\t11月5日^(j)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n234.\t强迫失踪问题委员会，第三届会议[大会第61/177号决议]\t11月5日至9日(待定)\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n235.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，联合国反腐败公约执行情况检查组，第三届会议续会[大会第58/4号决议和缔约国会议第3/1号决议]\t11月5日至9日\t维也纳\t144政\t(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n236.\t粮食署，执行局，第二届常会[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t11月5日至9日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n237.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第五议定书缔约国会议[订正议定书第十条]^(c)\t11月9日和10日\t日内瓦\t72政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n238.\t联合国发展活动认捐会议[大会第32/197号决议]\t11月12日\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n239.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十七届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t11月12日至16日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n240.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第四十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t11月12日至30日(待定)\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n241.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第二订正议定书缔约国第十四届年度会议[订正议定书第十三条第一款]^(c)\t11月14日\t日内瓦\t92政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n242.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十五届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t11月14日至23日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n243.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国年度会议[《公约》]^(c)\t11月15日和16日\t日内瓦\t114政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n244.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十三届会议[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t11月19日至23日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n245.\t气候公约，公约缔约方会议，第十八届会议和附属机构会议[大会第62/86号决议]\t11月27日至12月8日\t待定\t189政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n246\t巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会，声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日特别会议[大会第32/40B和32/28号决议]\t11月29日\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n247.\t人权理事会，少数民族问题论坛，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/15号决议]\t11月29日至30日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n248.\t联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案咨询委员会，第四十五届会议[大会第2009(XX)号决议]\t11月(2天)\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n249.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t11月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n250.\t集束弹药公约缔约国，第三次会议[大会第64/36号决议]^(c)\t11月(1周)\t待定\t59政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n251.\t贸易法委员会，第三工作组(网上解决争议)，第二十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t11月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n252.\t禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约缔约国会议[缔约国在第六次审查大会上做出的决定]^(c)\t11月/12月(1周)\t日内瓦\t164政\t(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n253.\t联合国、专门机构及国际原子能机构外聘审计团[大会第347(IV)和1438(XIV)号决议]\t11月/12月\t待定\t9专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n254.\t关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约缔约国，第十二届会议[《公约》第十一条第二款]\t11月/12月(1天)\t待定\t156政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n255.\t联合国审计委员会，特别会议[大会第74/(I)号决议]\t11月/12月\t待定\t3专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n256.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，会前工作组，第五十届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t12月3日至7日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n257.\t危险货物运输问题专家小组委员会，第四十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t12月3日至11日\t日内瓦\t22政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n258.\t宣布向近东救济工程处提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会[大会第1729(XVI)号决议]\t12月4日^(j)\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n259.\t麻醉药品委员会，第五十五届会议重新召开的会议[经济及社会理事会第9(I)和1991/39号决议]\t12月6日\t维也纳\t53政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n260.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，第二十一届会议重新召开的会议[经济及社会理事会第2009/251号决议]\t12月7日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n261.\t宣布向难民专员方案提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会[大会第55/75号决议]\t12月11日\t日内瓦\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一次会议\n262.\t全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家小组委员会，第二十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t12月12日至14日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n263.\t危险货物运输和全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家委员会，第六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和第1999/65号决议]\t12月14日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n264.\t儿童权利公约缔约国，第十四次会议[大会第44/25号决议]^(b)\t12月18日^(j)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n265.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第二十届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t12月18日至20日^(j)\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n266.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十七次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t12月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n267.\t贸易法委员会，第六工作组(担保权益)，第二十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t12月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n268.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百二十一次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t12月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n269.\t联合国大学，理事会，第五十九届会议[大会第3081(XXVIII)号决议]\t12月(1周)\t东京\t28专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n270.\t会议委员会[大会第43/222B号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n271.\t东道国关系委员会[大会第2819(XXVI)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n272.\t巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会[大会第3376(XXX)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n273.\t欧洲经委会，委员会和工作组[经济及社会理事会第36(IV)号决议]\t视需要\t日内瓦\t55政\t待定\t笔\t—\t视需要\n274.\t经济及社会理事会，正式/非正式会议[《宪章》和大会第50/227和61/16号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t视需要\n275.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，通报和非正式磋商[大会第2020(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n276.\t人权理事会，组织和闭会期间会议和特别会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t视需要\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t视需要\n277.\t起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭[安全理事会第955(1994)号决议]\t视需要\t坦桑尼亚联合共和国，阿鲁沙\t11专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n278.\t起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭[[安全理事会第808(1993)号决议和大会第47/235号决议]\t视需要\t海牙\t11专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n279.\t建设和平委员会[大会第60/180号决议和安全理事会第1645(2005)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t31政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n280.\t安全理事会[《宪章》]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t视需要\n281.\t安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)和1989(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n282.\t安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n283.\t安全理事会第1518(2003)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n284.\t安全理事会关于利比里亚的第1521(2003)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n285.\t安全理事会关于刚果民主共和国的第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n286.\t安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n287.\t安全理事会关于科特迪瓦的第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n288.\t安全理事会关于苏丹的第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n289.\t安全理事会第1636(2005)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n290.\t安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n291.\t安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n292.\t安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n293.\t安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n294.\t安全理事会关于索马里的第751(1992)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n295.\t安全理事会，专家委员会[安全理事会第1次会议(1946年)的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n296.\t安全理事会，安理会在总部以外地点开会问题委员会[安全理事会第1625次会议的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n297.\t安全理事会，接纳新会员国委员会[安全理事会第42次会议(1946年)的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n298.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会\t视需要\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n299.\t安全理事会预防和解决非洲冲突特设工作组(S/2002/207)\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n300.\t安全理事会第1566(2004)号决议所设工作组(基地组织和塔利班)\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n301.\t安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议所设儿童与武装冲突问题工作组\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n302.\t安全理事会根据S/PRST/2001/3所设维持和平行动工作组\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n303.\t维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组[大会第2006(XIX)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n304.\t托管理事会(和起草委员会)[《宪章》]\t视需要\t纽约\t5政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t逐^(e)\t视需要\n305.\t贸发会议，秘书长的协商以及贸易和发展理事会主席的协商[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多30次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n306.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展理事会执行会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(3天)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n307.\t贸发会议，其他商品大会和商品会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议的决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多30次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n308.\t贸发会议，讨论会和研究小组[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多20次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n309.\t儿基会，执行局，情况介绍和非正式协商[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n310.\t联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会[大会第194(III)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t3政\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n311.\t印度洋特设委员会[大会第299(XXVIII)和62/14号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t43政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n312.\t联合国武器贸易条约大会[大会第63/309号决议]武器贸易条约\t待定(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n313.\t麻醉药品委员会，非洲区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第二十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1985/11号决议]\t待定\t亚的斯亚贝巴或该区域另一国首都\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n314.\t麻醉药品委员会，亚洲和太平洋区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第三十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1985/11和1988/15号决议]\t待定\t曼谷或该区域另一国首都\t51政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n315.\t麻醉药品委员会，拉丁美洲和加勒比区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第二十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1987/34和1988/15号决议]\t待定\t圣地亚哥或该区域另一国首都\t41政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n316.\t麻醉药品委员会，近东和中东非法贩运毒品及有关事项小组委员会，第四十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第1776(LIV)号决议]\t待定\t该地区的一国首都\t23政\t口(阿英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n317.\t会议委员会，组织会议[大会第43/222B号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n318.\t非政府组织委员会，组织会议[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议以及第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t待定\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n319.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第一委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐^(k)\t\n320.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第二委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n321.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第三委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n322.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第四委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n323.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第五委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n324.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第六委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n325.\t关于联合国系统秘书处代表与阿拉伯国家联盟总秘书处及其各专门组织代表之间合作的大会(大会第61/14号决议)\t待定\t纽约\t待定\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n326.\t联合国系统组织和机构与伊斯兰会议组织及其附属机构之间合作的大会[大会第61/49号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t待定\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n327.\t审查常规武器登记册运作和进一步发展政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第64/54号决议]\t待定(5天)\t日内瓦\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n328.\t禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约政府专家组[缔约国在第六次审查大会上做出的决定]^(c)\t待定(2周)\t日内瓦\t164政\t(阿中英法俄西) \n329.\t联合国财政情况高级别不限成员名额工作组[大会第49/143号决议]^(i)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n330.\t人权理事会，非洲人后裔问题专家工作组，第十二届会议[人权理事会第5/1和9/14号决议]\t待定\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n331.\t和平纲领不限成员名额非正式工作组及/或其小组[大会第47/120号决议]^(i)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n332.\t第十九届联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议[经济及社会理事会第2010/240号决议]\t待定\t曼谷\t51政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t每三年一届\n333.\t第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议不限成员名额工作组，第一届会议[大会第65/66号决议]^(i)\t待定(5天)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n334.\t防治荒漠化公约，公约执行情况审查委员会，第十一届会议[大会第62/193号决议]^(b)\t待定(8天)\t待定\t185政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n335.\t贸发会议，投资、企业和发展委员会专家会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t待定(3天)\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n336.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展委员会专家会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t待定(3天)\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n337.\t训研所，董事会，第五十一届会议[大会第1934(XVIII)和47/227号决议]^(c)\t待定(2至3天)\t日内瓦\t28专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n338.\t联合国上诉法庭[大会第61/261、62/228、63/253、64/233和65/251号决议]\t待定\t纽约/日内瓦/内罗毕\t待定\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n339.\t联合国争议法庭[大会第61/261、62/228、63/253、64/233和65/251号决议]\t待定\t纽约/日内瓦/内罗毕\t待定\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n340.\t联合国向巴勒斯坦人民提供援助讨论会[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(2天)\t待定\t193政\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n341.\t联合国巴勒斯坦问题亚洲和太平洋会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(3天)\t待定\t193政\t英法\t笔\t—\t\n342.\t联合国支持以色列与巴勒斯坦和平进程国际会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(3天)\t待定\t193政\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 条约机构。", "^(c) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(d) 凡贸发会议成员国愿意参加的都可以参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议第9段)。", "^(e) 仅适用于全体会议。", "^(f) 根据人居署理事会第19/1号决议的规定，所有联合国会员国常驻代表以及经人居署认可的专门机构成员均可参加常驻代表委员会。", "^(g) 按照环境署理事会第19/32号决定(h)段，常驻代表委员会的组成如下：驻在内罗毕或其外核准参加联合国环境规划署活动的联合国所有会员国代表、各专门机构成员代表和欧洲联盟成员代表。", "^(h) 依照大会第53/208 A号决议第4段并根据大会以往作出的决定，要求联合国各政府间机构避免在2012年4月13日东正教耶稣受难节举行会议。", "^(i) 将从分配给大会的会议服务资源中提供会议服务。", "^(j) 须经大会核准。", "^(k) 大会及其第一委员会的全体会议有逐字记录服务。", "B. 需要大会第六十六届会议延长任务期限的机构名单", "机构\t日期(2012年)\t地点\t成员\t提供服务^(aa) 周期性 \n1.\t大会第51/210号决议所设特设委员会[大会第59/46和65/34号决议]\t4月9日至12日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n2.\t海洋生物多样性不限成员名额非正式特设工作组[大会第19/24和65/37号决议]\t9月10日至14日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n3.\t振兴大会特设工作组[大会第63/309号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n4.\t追究联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任问题特设委员会[大会第62/63号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n5.\t安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及与安全理事会有关的其他事项不限成员名额工作组[大会第48/26号决议]^(b)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n6.\t调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会[大会第2443(XXIII)和62/106号决议]\t待定\t日内瓦\t3政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t逐^(c)\t\n7.\t联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会[大会第3349(XXIX)和65/31号决议]\t2月21日至3月2日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n8.\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处经费筹措问题工作组[大会第2656(XXV)号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t9政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 将从分配给大会的会议服务资源中提供会议服务。", "^(c) 仅限口头听证。", "C. 2013年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 将按所示语文提供口译服务。将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(c) 条约机构。", "^(d) 仅适用于全体会议。", "^(e) 根据人居署理事会的第19/1号决议，所有联合国会员国常驻代表以及经人居署认可的专门机构成员均可参加常驻代表委员会。", "^(f) 凡贸发会议成员国愿意参加的都可以参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议第9段)。", "^(g) 按照环境署理事会第19/32号决定(h)段，常驻代表委员会的组成如下：驻内罗毕或其外核准参加环境署活动的联合国所有会员国代表、各专门机构成员代表和欧洲共同体成员代表。", "^(h) 依照大会第53/242号决议第4段并根据大会以往作出的决定，要求联合国各政府间机构避免在2013年5月3日东正教耶稣受难节举行会议。", "^(i) 须征得大会的核准。", "^(j) 为大会和第一委员会的全体会议提供逐字记录服务。", "^(k) 仅限口头听证。", "^(l) 将在大会第六十六届会议期间确定筹备方式。", "D. 2012年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机构 日期(2012年) 地点 \n1.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十届会议\t1月16日至23日\t日内瓦 \n2.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十五届会议\t1月至2月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n3.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十八届会议\t2月6日至24日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n4.\t原子能机构，理事会\t2月13日\t维也纳 \n5.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t2月13日至3月2日\t伯尔尼 \n6.\t万国邮联，邮政业务理事会\t2月13日至3月2日\t伯尔尼 \n7.\t农发基金，理事会，第三十五届会议\t2月20日至24日\t罗马 \n8.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十七届会议\t2月\t海牙 \n9.\t民航组织，理事会，第一百九十五届会议\t2月至3月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n10.\t原子能机构，理事会\t3月5日至9日\t维也纳 \n11.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十三届会议\t3月15日至30日\t日内瓦 \n12.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零五届会议\t4月9日至13日\t罗马 \n13.\t教科文组织，执行局\t4月\t巴黎 \n14.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十届会议\t5月14日至18日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n15.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t5月7日至11日\t维也纳 \n16.\t世卫组织，第六十五届世界卫生大会\t5月21日\t日内瓦 \n17.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十九届会议\t5月21日至25日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n18.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议\t5月29日至6月8日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n19.\t劳工组织，大会，第一百零一届会议\t5月30日至6月15日\t日内瓦 \n20.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十六届会议\t5月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n21.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十八届会议\t5月\t海牙 \n22.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十一届会议\t5月\t日内瓦 \n23.\t原子能机构，理事会\t6月4日至8日\t维也纳 \n24.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十四届会议\t6月11日至15日\t罗马 \n25.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第三十八届会议\t6月11日至15日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n26.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百十四届会议\t6月15日\t日内瓦 \n27.\t气象组织，执行理事会，第六十四届会议\t6月17日至27日\t日内瓦 \n28.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百零八届会议\t6月18日至22日\t伦敦 \n29.\t民航组织，理事会，一百九十六届会议\t6月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n30.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十三届会议\t6月\t待定 \n31.\t国际海底管理局，大会，第十八届会议\t7月9日至27日\t金斯敦 \n32.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十九届会议\t7月\t海牙 \n33.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十九届会议，第二期会议\t8月至9月\t维也纳 \n34.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零六届会议\t9月10日至14日\t罗马 \n35.\t工发组织，方案和预算委员会，第二十八届会议\t9月5日和6日\t维也纳 \n36.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月10日至14日\t维也纳 \n37.\t原子能机构，大会，第五十六届会议\t9月17日至21日\t维也纳 \n38.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月24日\t维也纳 \n39.\t国际电联，理事会\t9月\t日内瓦 \n40.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十七届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n41.\t民航组织，理事会，一百九十七届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n42.\t知识产权组织，成员国大会\t9月至10月\t日内瓦 \n43.\t教科文组织，大会\t9月至10月\t巴黎 \n44.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十二届会议\t10月3日至5日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n45.\t世界银行集团和基金组织理事会年会\t10月12日至14日\t哥伦比亚特区华盛顿 \n46.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十届会议\t10月\t海牙 \n47.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第三十九届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n48.\t教科文组织，执行局\t10月\t巴黎 \n49.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t10月至11月\t伯尔尼 \n50.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十五届会议\t11月1日至16日\t日内瓦 \n51.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十一届会议\t11月19日至23日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n52.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十五届会议\t11月26日至30日\t罗马 \n53.\t原子能机构，理事会，技术援助合作委员会\t11月26日至28日\t维也纳 \n54.\t原子能机构，理事会\t11月29日和30日\t维也纳 \n55.\t海事组织，大会，第二十九届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n56.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百零九届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n57.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十四届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n58.\t化学武器公约缔约国会议，第十七届会议\t11月至12月\t海牙 \n59.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零七届会议\t12月10日至14日\t罗马 \n60.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会\t待定\t海牙 \n61.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会，预算和财务委员会\t待定\t海牙 \n62.\t促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议\t待定\t维也纳", "E. 2013年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机构 日期(2013年) 地点 \n1.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十二届会议\t1月\t日内瓦 \n2.\t国际民航组织，委员会，第一百九十八届会议\t1月至2月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n3.\t农发基金，理事会，第三十六届会议\t2月11日至15日\t罗马 \n4.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t2月\t维也纳 \n5.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十一届会议\t2月\t海牙 \n6.\t民航组织，理事会，第一百九十八届会议\t2月至3月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n7.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十届会议\t2月至3月\t维也纳 \n8.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t2月至3月\t伯尔尼 \n9.\t万国邮联，邮政业务理事会\t2月至3月\t伯尔尼 \n10.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十六届会议\t3月\t日内瓦 \n11.\t原子能机构，理事会\t3月\t维也纳 \n12.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零八届会议\t4月8日至12日\t罗马 \n13.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十六届会议\t4月22日至26日\t罗马 \n14.\t教科文组织，执行局\t4月\t巴黎 \n15.\t工发组织，方案和预算委员会，第二十九届会议\t5月21日至24日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n16.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t5月\t维也纳 \n17.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十九届会议\t5月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n18.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十二届会议\t5月\t海牙 \n19.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议，第一期会议\t5月\t维也纳 \n20.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十三届会议\t5月\t维也纳 \n21.\t世卫组织，第六十六届世界卫生大会\t5月\t日内瓦 \n22.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十三届会议\t5月\t日内瓦 \n23.\t劳工组织，大会，第一百零二届会议\t5月至6月\t日内瓦 \n24.\t粮农组织，大会，第三十八届会议\t6月15日至22日\t罗马 \n25.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十七届会议\t6月24日和25日\t罗马 \n26.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十二届会议\t6月24日至28日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n27.\t原子能机构，理事会\t6月\t维也纳 \n28.\t国际民航组织，理事会，第一百九十九届会议\t6月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n29.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十七届会议\t6月\t日内瓦 \n30.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百一十届会议\t6月\t伦敦 \n31.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第四十届会议\t6月\t维也纳 \n32.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十五届会议\t6月\t待定 \n33.\t气象组织，执行理事会，第六十五届会议\t6月\t日内瓦 \n34.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十三届会议\t7月\t海牙 \n35.\t国际海底管理局，大会，第十九届会议\t7月至8月\t金斯敦 \n36.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议，第二期会议\t8月至9月\t维也纳 \n37.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零九届会议\t9月16日至20日\t罗马 \n38.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月\t维也纳 \n39.\t原子能机构，大会，第五十七届会议\t9月\t维也纳 \n40.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月\t维也纳 \n41.\t国际民航组织，委员会，第二百届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n42.\t知识产权组织，成员国大会\t9月至10月\t日内瓦 \n43.\t教科文组织，大会\t9月至10月\t巴黎 \n44.\t世界银行集团和基金组织理事会年会\t10月\t哥伦比亚特区华盛顿 \n45.\t国际电联，理事会\t10月\t日内瓦 \n46.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十四届会议\t10月\t海牙 \n47.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十四届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n48.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第四十一届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n49.\t教科文组织，执行局\t10月\t巴黎 \n50.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十六届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n51.\t世旅组织，大会，第二十届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n52.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十七届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n53.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t10月至11月\t伯尔尼 \n54.\t国际民航组织，理事会，第二百届会议\t10月至11月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n55.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十八届会议\t11月25日至29日\t罗马 \n56.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十八届会议\t11月\t日内瓦 \n57.\t原子能机构，理事会，技术援助合作委员会\t11月\t维也纳 \n58.\t原子能机构，理事会\t11月\t维也纳 \n59.\t海事组织，大会\t11月\t伦敦 \n60.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百一十一届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n61.\t化学武器公约缔约国会议，第十八届会议\t11月至12月\t海牙 \n62.\t工发组织，大会，第十五届会议\t12月2日至6日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n63.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百一十届会议\t12月9日至13日\t罗马 \n64.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会\t待定\t海牙 \n65.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会，预算和财务委员会\t待定\t海牙 \n66.\t促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议\t待定\t维也纳" ]

[ "Committee on Conferences", "Substantive session of 2011", "6-12 September 2011", "* A/AC.172/2011/1.", "Agenda item 2 (b)*", "Calendar of conferences and meetings", "Adoption of the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013", "Note by the Secretariat", "1. The present document contains the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, which includes meetings of organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary bodies, special conferences and expert groups (see annex). Conferences and meetings of the main legislative and executive bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations are also listed for information.", "2. After review by the Committee on Conferences at its substantive session, the draft biennial calendar will be included in the report of the Committee to the General Assembly together with any updates and/or comments.", "3. The Economic and Social Council considered and approved the provisional calendar of conferences and meetings in the economic, social and related fields (E/2011/L.10) at its 41st meeting, on 22 July 2011. As the 2011 substantive session concluded on 29 July, which is also the date of submission of the present document, new mandates or changes to existing mandates adopted by the Council at its 2011 substantive session will be reflected in the updated draft calendar as mentioned in paragraph 2 above.", "Annex", "Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations and of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations for 2012 and 2013", "The following abbreviations are used in the present annex:", "In the column headed “Organ”", "ECA Economic Commission for Africa", "ECE Economic Commission for Europe", "ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean", "ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific", "ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICSC International Civil Service Commission", "IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMF International Monetary Fund", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification", "UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNEP United Nations Environment Programme", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNU United Nations University", "UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "In the column headed “Membership”", "G Governments", "E Experts", "ST Secretariat or secretariats", "In the column headed “Servicing”", "I Interpretation", "T Translation", "PV Verbatim records", "SR Summary records", "A Arabic", "C Chinese", "E English", "F French", "R Russian", "S Spanish", "A. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2012", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Treaty bodies.", "^(c) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.", "^(d) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).", "^(e) For plenary meetings only.", "^(f) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.", "^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of decision 19/32 of the Governing Council of UNEP, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies, and the European Union, accredited to UNEP, whether based in Nairobi or elsewhere.", "^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2012 falls on 13 April.", "^(i) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(j) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.", "^(k) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.", "B. List of bodies whose mandates are to be presented for renewal to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session", "Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation\tMembership\tServicing^(a) Periodicity \n1.\tAd Hoc Committeeestablished by GeneralAssembly resolution51/210 [General Assemblyresolutions 59/46 and65/34]\t9-12April\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n2.\tAd Hoc Open-EndedInformal Working Groupon Marine Biodiversity[General Assemblyresolutions 19/24 and65/37]\t10-14September\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT \n3.\tAd Hoc Working Group onthe Revitalization ofthe General Assembly[General Assemblyresolution 63/309]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n4.\tAd Hoc Committee onCriminal Accountabilityof United NationsOfficials and Experts onMission [GeneralAssembly resolution62/63]\tTobe determined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n5.\tOpen-ended Working Groupon the Question ofEquitable Representationon and Increase in theMembership of theSecurity Council andOther Matters Related tothe Security Council[General Assemblyresolution 48/26]^(b)\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n6.\tSpecial Committee toInvestigate IsraeliPractices Affecting theHuman Rights of thePalestinian People andOther Arabs of theOccupied Territories[General Assemblyresolution 2443 (XXIII)and 62/106]\tTo bedetermined\tGeneva\t3G\tI(AEF)\tT\tPV^(c)\t\n7.\tSpecial Committee on theCharter of the UnitedNations and on theStrengthening of theRole of the Organization[General Assemblyresolution 3349 (XXIX)and 65/31]\t21February-2March\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n8.\tWorking Group on theFinancing of the UnitedNations Relief and WorksAgency for PalestineRefugees in the NearEast [General Assemblyresolution 2656 (XXV)]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t9G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(c) For oral hearings only.", "C. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2013", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.", "^(c) Treaty bodies.", "^(d) For plenary meetings only.", "^(e) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.", "^(f) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).", "^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of Governing Council decision 19/32, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies, and the European Community, accredited to the United Nations Environment Programme, whether based in Nairobi or outside.", "^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2013 falls on 3 May.", "^(i) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.", "^(j) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.", "^(k) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(l) Modalities will be finalized during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "D. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2012", "Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 130th session\t16-23January\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 195th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-eight session\t6-24February(tentative)\tVienna4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t13February\tVienna \n5.\tUPU, Council of Administration\t13February-2March\tBern \n6.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\t13February-2March\tBern \n7.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-fifthsession\t20-24February\tRome \n8.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-seventhsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n9.\tICAO, Council, 195th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n10.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t5-9 March\tVienna \n11.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,313th session\t15-30March\tGeneva \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 105th session\t9-13 April\tRome \n13.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n14.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,fortieth session\t14-18 May(tentative)\tVienna \n15.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\t7-11 May\tVienna \n16.\tWHO, Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly\t21 May\tGeneva \n17.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, first part\t21-25 May(tentative)\tVienna\n18.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session\t29 May-8June(tentative)\tVienna19.\tILO, General Conference, 101st session\t30 May-15June\tGeneva \n20.\tICAO, Committee, 196th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n21.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-eighthsession\tMay\tTheHague \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 131st session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t4-8 June\tVienna \n24.\tFAO, Council, 144th session\t11-15 June\tRome \n25.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-eighth session\t11-15 June(tentative)\tVienna \n26.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,314th session\t15 June\tGeneva \n27.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fourth session\t17-27 June\tGeneva \n28.\tIMO, Council, 108th session\t18-22 June\tLondon \n29.\tICAO, Council, 196th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n30.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-thirdsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n31.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,eighteenth session\t9-27 July\tKingston \n32.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-ninthsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n33.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna34.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 106th session\t10-14September\tRome \n35.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-eighth session\t5-6September\tVienna \n36.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t10-14September\tVienna \n37.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-sixthsession\t17-21September\tVienna \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t24September\tVienna \n39.\tITU, Council\tSeptember\tGeneva \n40.\tICAO, Committee, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n41.\tICAO, Council, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-second session\t3-5October(tentative)\tVienna45.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\t12-14October\tWashington,D.C. \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventiethsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-ninth session\tOctober\tVienna \n48.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n49.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n50.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,315th session\t1-16November\tGeneva \n51.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-first session\t19-23November(tentative)\tVienna52.\tFAO, Council, 145th session\t26-30November\tRome \n53.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\t26-28November\tVienna \n54.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t29-30November\tVienna \n55.\tIMO, Assembly, 29th session\tNovember\tLondon \n56.\tIMO, Council, 109th session\tNovember\tLondon \n57.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fourthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n58.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons,seventeenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague59.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 107th session\t10-14December\tRome \n60.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n61.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n62.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna", "E. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2013", "Organ\tDates(2013)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 132nd session\tJanuary\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 198th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-sixthsession\t11-15February\tRome \n4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tFebruary\tVienna \n5.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-firstsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n6.\tICAO, Council, 198th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n7.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, fortieth session\tFebruary-March\tVienna8.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tFebruary-March\tBern \n9.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\tFebruary-March\tBern \n10.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,316th session\tMarch\tGeneva \n11.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tMarch\tVienna \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 108th session\t8-12 April\tRome \n13.\tFAO, Council, 146th session\t22-26April\tRome \n14.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n15.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-ninth session\t21-24 May(tentative)\tVienna \n16.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tMay\tVienna \n17.\tICAO, Committee, 199th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n18.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-secondsession\tMay\tTheHague \n19.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, first part\tMay\tVienna\n20.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-third session\tMay\tVienna21.\tWHO, Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly\tMay\tGeneva \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 133rd session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tILO, General Conference, 102nd session\tMay-June\tGeneva \n24.\tFAO, Conference, thirty-eighth session\t15-22 June\tRome \n25.\tFAO, Council, 147th session\t24-25 June\tRome \n26.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-second session\t24-28 June(tentative)\tVienna \n27.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tJune\tVienna \n28.\tICAO, Council, 199th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n29.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,317th session\tJune\tGeneva \n30.\tIMO, Council, 110th session\tJune\tLondon \n31.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,fortieth session\tJune\tVienna \n32.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fifthsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n33.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fifth session\tJune\tGeneva \n34.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-thirdsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n35.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,nineteenth session\tJuly/August\tKingston \n36.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna37.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 109th session\t16-20September\tRome \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n39.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-seventhsession\tSeptember\tVienna \n40.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n41.\tICAO, Committee, 200th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\tOctober\tWashington,D.C. \n45.\tITU, Council\tOctober\tGeneva \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-fourthsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-fourth session\tOctober\tVienna48.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,forty-first session\tOctober\tVienna \n49.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n50.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-sixthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n51.\tUNWTO, General Assembly, twentieth session\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n52.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-seventhsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n53.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n54.\tICAO, Council, 200th session\tOctober-November\tMontreal,Canada \n55.\tFAO, Council, 148th session\t25-29November\tRome \n56.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,318th session\tNovember\tGeneva \n57.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\tNovember\tVienna \n58.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tNovember\tVienna \n59.\tIMO, Assembly\tNovember\tLondon \n60.\tIMO, Council, 111th session\tNovember\tLondon \n61.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, eighteenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague \n62.\tUNIDO, General Conference, fifteenth session\t2-6December(tentative)\tVienna63.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 110th session\t9-13December\tRome \n64.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n65.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n66.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna" ]

[ "Committee on Conferences", "Substantive session of 2009", "6-12 September 2011", "Agenda item 2 (b) (continued)", "Calendar of conferences and meetings", "Adoption of the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013", "Note by the Secretariat", "The present document contains the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, including those of United Nations organs, its subsidiary bodies, special sessions and expert groups (see annex). Meetings of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the principal legislative and administrative organs of the treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations are presented for information.", "After the review of the substantive session of the Committee on Conferences, the draft biennial calendar will be included in the report of the Committee to the General Assembly together with all updates and/or comments.", "At its 41st meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council considered and approved the provisional calendar of conferences and meetings in the economic, social and related fields ( exclusiveL.10). As the substantive session of 2011 ended on 29 July, this day is also the date of submission of this document, it will reflect the new mandate adopted by the Council at its substantive session of 2011 or changes to existing mandates in the draft updated calendar referred to in paragraph 2 above.", "AD(*) A/AC.172 (2009)1.", "Annex", "Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the United Nations and the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations in 2012 and 2013", "The present annex is as follows:", "In the column of “institutional”", "ECA Economic Commission for Africa", "ECE Economic Commission for Europe", "ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean", "Asia and the Pacific", "ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "International Civil Service Commission", "IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMF International Monetary Fund", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "International Telecommunication Union", "United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification", "UNCITRAL Commission on International Trade Law", "UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNEP United Nations Environment Programme", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNITAR", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "United Nations University", "United Nations Agency for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women", "World Tourism Organization", "Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "In column “Members”", "Government", "Experts", "Secretariat", "In the “service” column", "Interpretation", "Translation", "Verbatim records", "Summary record", "Arabic", "Chinese", "English", "French", "Russian", "Spain", "Draft United Nations calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "Dates (2012) New York, 6th plenary meeting 9 January 2009 11 January New York, 10th (English French) - Thirty-first Meeting of States Parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] (3) (b) 16 January, New York, 145 (Asian-Russian) Šimb AD(b) 16 January to 3 February Geneva 18th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) AD(b) 23-27 January at the Vienna 160th Oriental (A middle-Final French-Russian) - 8.3rd Executive Board, First regular session [General Assembly resolution 64289] [(c) 23-27 January New York 41 Atomic Energy Agency 23 January-3 February - Geneva 47th (A medium- and Russian-West) # - three-year session of the Conference on Disarmament, first [General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI), S-10/2 and 34/83L] 23 January to 30 March 61 (A middle-Final-Russian) - one year, each three-year extensions of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions [Assembly resolutions 14 (I), 173 (II), 32/83 and 24] New York, 24 January - 27 April 16th Oriental (A middle-Final and Russian) - 3-year UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board, 1st ordinary session [General Assembly resolution 2029 (XX), 48/162 and 6576] 30 January-2 February 2008] Argué-Sussa” - three-year working groups on the Human Rights Council, ninth session [Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] 30 January-3 February 2009 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Article 11] (2011) (b) 30 January-3 February, Vienna, 13th Oriental (Aneutrala) - two or three sessions of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations for a regular session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and decisions 1995/304 and 1997/297] 30 January-8 February 2009 A.A.A.A.-A.S., Commission for Social Development, fiftieth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 10 (II), 1139 (XLI) and 1996/7] New York 46 Atomic Energy Agency AD(b) 6-10 February Geneva 18th Oriental (Aneutral-Russian) - three-year UNCITRAL, Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation), fifty-sixth session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] 6-10 February 2009 Argué-Sussa, two-year United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations, Board of Trustees, twenty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 40/11] 6-10 February, Geneva 5 (English and Russian) # - one year United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, Board of Trustees, thirty-sixth session [General Assembly resolution 36/151] 6-10 February, Geneva 5 (Fiji) AD(c) 6-10 February, Rome 36 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) - 3rd year of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, forty-ninth session [General Assembly resolution 1472A (XIV)). 6-17 February at the Vienna 69th Oral (Aneutral and Russian-West) level - one-year Working Group on Communications established under the Optional Protocol to the Convention, twenty-second session [General Assembly resolutions 5570 and 62/218] AD(b) 7-10 February, Geneva 5th Oriental (Friends) - 3-year Economic and Social Council, organizational session [the Charter] 5-10 February 54, New York (A middle-Fin-Russian) 6-10 February 2009 Argué-Sussa” - three-year United Nations Population Award Committee, First regular session [General Assembly resolution 36/201] 10th plenary meeting 10 February 2009 (i) Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Trade Law, fourth session [General Assembly resolutions 63/240 and 6448] New York, 13-15 February 193 (A Central and Russian) # - Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Fifty-first Session [General Assembly resolutions 34/180 and 62/218] AD(b) 13 February - 2 March Geneva 23 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) 15-17 February 2009 Section IVB of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] Geneva AD(d) 20 and 21 February - a one-year UNEP, Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum, twelfth special session [General Assembly resolutions 2997 (XXVII), 42/185 and 53/242] 20-22 February 2009] Argué-Sussa, a one-year regular session, apart from one year's special session of the Committee against Torture, the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the sixteenth session [[] Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Part I, and the report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)] AD(b) 20-24 February, Geneva 25th Orientation (Asian-Russian) Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group, substantive session [General Assembly resolution 2006 (XIX)] of 21 February to 16 March 144 (Aneutralia) - Advisory Committee on Disarmament Matters, fifty-seventh session [General Assembly resolution 37/99K] 22 and 24 February New York 15th Orientation (Abian and Russian) - two year UNCTAD, Trade and Development Commission, fourth session Section IVB of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008] 23-24 February Geneva AD(d) # (A medium- and Russian-West) - One year Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, expert group meeting on cybercrime, second session [General Assembly resolution 39/30 and Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/18] 27 February - 2 March 2009 27 February-2 March (to be determined) Geneva 5th Oriental (A medium- and French-Russian) - 3-year Human Rights Council, nineteenth session [General Assembly resolution 60/251] 27 February-23 March, Geneva 47th (Aneutralia, Russian) New York, 27 February-9 March 45 Atomic Energy Agency 24th plenary meeting 28 February - 2 March - 26 April 2009 UNCTAD, Strategic Framework and Programme Budget Task Force, Sixty-first Session (Programme budget) [UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and Trade and Development Board decision 156 (XVII)] 5 and 6 March Geneva AD(d) (A medium- and Russian-West) # - Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, as required, pre-session working group, fifty-third session [General Assembly resolutions 45/124, 47/94 and 62/218] AD(b) 5-9 March Geneva 4th Oriental (Friends) - 3-year session of the Commission on Human Rights, Working Group on Pre-Conference Communications, 101 four sessions [General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] ADB (b) 5-9 March, New York 9th Oriental (E-Fi) - 3rd annual Committee of Permanent Representatives to UN-Habitat, 4th meeting [General Assembly resolution 56/206] 2nd ordinary session [General Assembly resolution 36/201] New York, 8 March A.C. - Commission for Development Policy, fourteenth session [Economic and Social Council resolution 1998/46] 16 March 24th plenary meeting New York (Absian and Russian) - One year Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Fifty-fifth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 12-16 March - A one-year Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, ninth session [Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] Geneva, 12-16 March (Absey) row - three-year Human Rights Committee, 1014th session [General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] A.A. Russian-West, briefed on a three-year high-level special session of the Economic and Social Council with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD [General Assembly resolutions 50/227 and 61/16 and Economic and Social Council decision 2005/211] New York, 13-14 March 54 Abstract AD(e) ADB, Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Fifty-first Session [General Assembly resolution 1472 (XIV)]] 19-23 March Vienna (19-23 March) Abstract che (e) a one-year Human Rights Council Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries of Human Rights Violations and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination, fifteenth session [Human Rights Council resolution 7/21] Geneva, 19-23 March (Absia-Sussia) Voice - 3-year informal intersessional meetings of the United Nations Conference on the Review of Progress in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects [General Assembly resolution 65/64] 26-30 March (to be determined) Geneva 10th Oriental (Aneutral Russian) 26-30 March, Geneva 5th Oriental (Absian and Russian-West) 26 March to 5 April New York 21 Oriental (Absian and Russian) - two annual meetings of the Committee of Experts on Finance, Planning and Economic Development in Africa, forty-fifth session of the Commission [Economic and Social Council resolution 671 (XXV)], March Addis Ababa 53 (Asian Law) - one year ECA, African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, thirty-first session [Economic and Social Council resolution 671 (XXV)). Nairobi, March AD(g) NOTE — four times a year of the United Nations International Conference on Palestine [General Assembly resolution 63/23 and 63/24] March/April AD(h) (3 days) Geneva 193 (Aneutral Russian) - Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols, resumed second session [COP resolution 5/5] AD(b) 2-5 April at the Vienna 160th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) - Disarmament Commission [General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 2-20 April AD(h) New York 193 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) # New York, 9-12 April Argué-Sussa, two-year Independent Audit Advisory Committee, eighteenth session [General Assembly resolution 61/275] 10-12 April 2009 16-20 April New York 24th Orientale (Aguunisia and Russian) - one year's Group of Governmental Experts of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [States Parties decide, December 2001] (3) (c) 16-20 April Geneva, 114th Orientation (A middle-Frienda) - 25-day meeting of the Human Rights Council, Working Group on Communications, tenth session [Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] Geneva, 16-20 April (A Central and Russian-West) 16-20 April New York 60th Orientation (Abian and Russian) - two yearly Committee on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, sixteenth session [General Assembly resolution 45/158] AD(b) 16-27 April, Geneva 10th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) Twenty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (ECLAC) Adopted by the Committee on Population and Development at its forty-fifth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 150 (VII), 87 (LVII) and 1995/55] 23-27 April - New York 47th Oriental (Abian and Russian) - One year Human Rights Council, Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development, thirteenth session [Human Rights Council resolution 9/3] Geneva, 23-27 April 2009 Geneva, 23-27 April 5th Oriental (Final Law) - two annual Committee on Information, thirty-fourth session [General Assembly resolution 33/115 C] (c) A note by the Group of Governmental Experts of the High Contracting Parties to Protocol V to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [decisions of the State party, December 2001] Turkmenistan (A Central and Russian) at Geneva from 25 to 27 April - a maximum of 25 days for the Committee for Programme and Coordination, organizational session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution 31/93] 26 April, New York 34 (Aneutral Russian) # - one year's Economic and Social Council, resumed organizational session [the Charter], 26 and 27 April, New York, 54 (Absia and Russian) Geneva, 30 April-4 May 5th (Fi.), 3-year Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, fourteenth session [Human Rights Council decision 1/103 and resolution 5/1] Geneva, 30 April-11 May 47th Oriental (Aneutral-Russian) - 3-year Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, forty-eighth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33, 1985/17 and 1995/39] Introduction AD(b) 30 April-11 May Vienna, 19th Oriental (Aneutral-Russian) Abstron-Sussia, briefed the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, the expert group meeting on new forms and scope of transnational organized crime [Commission on the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice resolution 24/4 and Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption resolution 5/6] April AD(h) (to be determined) at the Vienna 40th (Aneutral-Russian) level) - Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Working Group on Firearms, [General Assembly resolution 55/255 and Conference resolution 5/4]] April AD(h) (to be determined) at the Vienna 160th Oriental (Aneutral-Russian) row - United Nations Staff Pension Committee [General Assembly resolution 248 (III)). April/May 2010 (h) (12th meeting) in New York — two times a year — United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, First regular session [Economic and Social Council decision 2001/321] 4 April/May(h) to be determined by 26 secretaries (in English law) - two sessions of ESCAP, sixty-eighth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 37 (IV), 69 (V) and 723B (XXVIII)], 5 April/monthly (h) Bangkok 53 (Spanisha) - one year, Security Council resolution 692 (1991), Governing Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission, 7th session, 1-3 May 2009] Article 11 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 [(b) of 7 to 18 May Vienna, 13th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) - two or three sessions of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, eleventh session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2000/22] 7-18 May 16th Orientation in New York (A neutral and Russian) - One-year Committee against Torture, forty-eighth session [General Assembly resolutions 39/46 and 9004] AD(b) 7 May-1 June, Geneva 10th Oriental (Asian-Russian) Pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 1722 (XVI), S-10/2 and 34/83L] of 14 May to 29 June Geneva 61 (A middle-Final and Russian) 14-16 May Geneva 92 Executive Orientation (Final Law) - One year 2008 Open-ended Government Expert Meeting on key implementation issues and themes, such as international cooperation and assistance [General Assembly resolution 6372] 14-18 May 193 (A middle-Frienda) - UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Security Interests), Twenty-first Session [General Assembly resolution 3392] 14-18 May New York 60th Orientation (Aneutral Russian) - two one-year Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions [General Assembly resolutions 14 (I), 173 (II), 32/103 and 64243] New York, 15 May-30 June and 16th Oriental (Aneutral-Russian) at other United Nations duty stations - 3-109 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for a year, pre-session working group, forty-ninth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33, 1985/17 and 1995/39] 21-25 May (to be determined) Geneva 5th Oriental (Asian-Russian) - 2nd year of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, fifteenth session [General Assembly resolution 46/235 and Economic and Social Council resolutions 2002/37 and 2006/46 and decision 2003/291)] 21-25 May - A one-year working group on an international regulatory framework for regulating, monitoring and monitoring the activities of private military and security companies, second session [Human Rights Council resolution 15/26] 21-25 May (to be determined) Geneva 193 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) - One year UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Insolvency), twenty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] 21-25 May New York, 60th Oriental (Absian and Russian-West) 21-25 May - A one-year Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, resumed session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 3 (II) and 1296 (XLIV) and 1995/304 and 1997/297] New York, 21-30 May Atomic Energy Agency Notes by the Executive Board 29 May - 9 June 2009 AD(b) 29 May-15 June 18th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) Geneva 18 * The present document was not edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services. French-West) Package - One year Refrain [General Assembly resolution 64/236] WFP, Executive Board AD(c) 46th plenary meeting 4-8 June 2008 (A/CN.9/WG.I/WP.12/Add.1, paras. AD(b) 4-15 June New York 138 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) note - one year or two sessions of the Committee on Contributions, seventy-second session [General Assembly resolution 14 (I) A]], 4-22 June, 18th plenary (A middle-Frienda) - one-year session of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, fifty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 1472A (XIV)], 11-15 June 2009] 11-15 June New York 36th (Aneutral-Russian) - 3rd year of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, fifty-second session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly resolution 31/93] 11 June-6 July New York 34th (Aneutral-Russian) - one year, 130. Committee against Torture, Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, seventeenth session [17 April 2009] Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Part I, and the report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)] AD(b) 18-22 June, Geneva 25th Orientation (Asian-Russian) AD(b) 18-22 June Geneva 18th Oriental (Aneutrala) - 3-year Human Rights Council, Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, 97th session [Human Rights Council resolution 7/12] HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Tenth session Geneva, 18-22 June 2009 18-22 June, Geneva 5 (A Central and Russian-West) United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Vienna, 18-22 June 193 (Aneutral Russian) # - one year - one year - one United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, thirteenth meeting [General Assembly resolutions 60/30, 63/111 and 65/37], 18-22 June 193 (Aneutral French-speaking Russian) - UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board, annual session [General Assembly resolutions 2029 (XX), 48/162 and 76 June] Adopted by the Conference of the Presidents of the human rights treaty bodies, held in Vienna from 25 to 29 June [General Assembly resolutions 46111 and 49/178] Geneva, 25-29 June 8th Oriental (Fiji) - one year 139. Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council Working Group, Special Representative, independent expert and Chairman's meeting, nineteenth session of the Commission on Human Rights resolutions 2002/84 and 2005/113] Geneva, 25-29 June 2009 25 June-4 July - Geneva 23 (Spanish-West) # - one year or two sessions - Economic and Social Council, substantive session [The Charter] 25 June-20 July - New York 54 (A medium- and Russian) 142. Seventeenth Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [General Assembly resolution 34/180] AD(b) 26 June, New York 186 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) # - participation in the Committee of Permanent Representatives of UN-Habitat, forty-fifth meeting [General Assembly resolution 56/206] Nairobi, June AD(f) (A Central and Russian-West) # - four 144. ECLAC, thirty-fourth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 106 (VI) and 2010/4 and decision 1985/188] In June, El Salvador 42 (Fiji) Voice - 212. UNEP, Committee of Permanent Representatives, 10019th meeting [Council decision 19/32] Nairobi, June AD(g) NOTE — four times a year 146. Friends Executive Board, annual session [General Assembly resolution 64/289] AD (c) 6 June (1 week) 41 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) in New York - one year's Advisory Committee on Disarmament Matters, fifty-eighth session [General Assembly resolution 37/99K] 6-7 July (3 days) 23 dedicated to New York (A middle-French-Russian) - two-year 148. UNCITRAL, forty-fifth session [General Assembly resolution 2205 (XXI))] A.C., A.A., A.A., A.S., A.A., A.A., A.S., A.S., A.S., A.S., A.S., A.S., A.A., A.A., A.S., A.A., A.S., A.A., A.S., A.I., A.S., vol. I. AD(i) June/July (1 days) New York 193 - 150. Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples [General Assembly resolution 1654 (XVI)] June/July (up to 20 meetings) 28 (A middle-Frienda) and Human Rights, pre-session working group on communications, 100th session [General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI) 7 February-9 June 2009] AD(b) 3-6 July, New York, 5th Oriental (Friends) - 3rd annual Subcommittee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, twenty-third session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] Geneva, 4-6 July - One year or two sessions of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy, twelfth session of the Trade and Development Board [Decides of 8 July 1996] and General Assembly resolution 51/167] Geneva, 9-12 July - Optional Protocol to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [decisions of the State party, December 2001] [(c) 9-13 July Geneva 114 (Aneutral Russian) - 25-day meetings of the Human Rights Council, Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, fifth session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/36] Geneva, 5-13 July (Absian and Russian) AD(b) 9-27 July New York 23 A.C., HR Committee, No. 1005th session [General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] ADB (b) 9-27 July Geneva 18 A.A.A.A.A.A. 10-12 July - New York 3 Oriental (Bin English) - One year 160. Independent Audit Advisory Committee, nineteenth session [General Assembly resolution 61/275] New York, 16-18 July 5 (spoke in English) Argué-Sussa” - two annual Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-building in Outer Space, first session [General Assembly resolution 65/68] 163. Working Group on Discrimination against Women in Law and Practice [Human Rights Council resolution 15/23] New York, 23-27 July 5th Orientale (Aguunisia and Russian) - 3-year CEDAW, pre-session working group, fifty-fourth session [General Assembly resolutions 45/124, 47/94 and 62/218] AD(b) 30 July-3 August, New York 4th Orient (Friends) - 3-165. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination, sixteenth session [Human Rights Council resolution 7/21] 30 July-3 August New York 5th Orientation (Asian-Russian) - 3-166. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, thirtieth session [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, annex II, paragraph 5] 30 July-10 August - 19 April 2009 United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, Fifty-ninth session [General Assembly resolutions 248 (III), 46200 and 61/240], 7 July (1 days) Atomic Energy Agency Absey-Russian, Human Rights Council, Advisory Committee, ninth session [Human Rights Council resolution 5/1] Geneva, 6-10 August 18th Orientale (Aguunisia and Russian) Abbreviation of two sessions of the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on the Standardization of Geographical Names [Economic and Social Council resolution 2008/241] United Nations Conference on the Review of the Progress made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects [General Assembly resolution 65/64] 27 August-7 September 193 (A Central and Russian) - 180. The Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery, fourth meeting [General Assembly resolution 58/4 and Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption resolution 3/3] 30 and 31 August at the Vienna 144th (Aneutral and Russian) # - one year Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, sixty-fourth session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/4] 26-31 August 2009 Note by the Executive Board of UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Atomic Energy Agency New York, 4-14 September 16th Oriental (Aguunisia and Russian) - 3rd Annual 185. Summary 187. UNICEF Executive Board, Second regular session [Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] 10-13 September New York 36 (Absian and Russian) AD(b) 10th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) Geneva, 10-14 September 2009 Geneva, 10-14 September 5 Introduction AD(c) 17-19 September AD(j) 41, New York (A Central and Russian) - 3rd year, UNCTAD, Trade and Development Board, Fifty-ninth session [General Assembly resolution 1995 (XIX) and UNCTAD resolution 114 (V)). 17-28 September - Geneva 153 (A Central and Russian-West) AD(b) 17 September to 5 October Geneva 18th Orientation (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) AD(b) 26-28 September, Geneva 5th Oriental (Friends) - 3rd 196 One year Committee on Conferences, substantive session [General Assembly resolution 43/222B] September (5 days) 21 Argué-Sussa-197. Participation in the Committee of Permanent Representatives of UN-Habitat, 46th meeting [General Assembly resolution 56/206] Nairobi, AD(f) NOTE - four 198. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, one year, eighth session [General Assembly resolution 61/106 and article 34] of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities] - September 1 (week) Geneva 12th Orientation (week) Acr. A.C., 2nd 199. UNEP, Committee of Permanent Representatives, 10020th meeting [Council decision 19/32] Nairobi, ADB (Aneutral) # - four 2,200. UNRWA, Advisory Committee [General Assembly resolution 302/2 (IV)] September (1 days) at Amman 10 (Absia) - one year 201. Human Rights Council, intersessional forum on economic, social and cultural rights (social forum), fifth session [Human Rights Council resolution 6/13] 1-3 October Geneva 10th Orientation (Aguunisia and Russian) - One year 202. UNHCR, Executive Committee, Sixty-third Session [General Assembly resolutions 1166 (XII) and 62/123] 1-5 October, Geneva 78 (Aneutral and Russian) Geneva, 1-5 October 5 (Absian and Russian) 1-12 October, Geneva 47th (Aneutral and Russian) # - 3rd Session of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Fifty-third Session [General Assembly resolutions 34/180 and 62/218] AD(b) Geneva, 1-19 October 23 Abstron-Sussia, 3rd Session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, pre-session working group, sixty-second session [General Assembly resolutions 44/25, 47/112 and 49/211] AD(b) Geneva, 8-12 October 18th Oriental (Aneutrala) - 3rd 207. Human Rights Committee, Working Group on Pre-Trial Communications, No. 1006 [General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)] AD(b) 8-12 October Geneva, 9th Oriental (English-west) - 208. UNCTAD, International Intergovernmental Working Group on Accounting and Reporting, twenty-ninth session of the Economic and Social Council] 15-18 October Geneva 34th Orientation (Aneutral-Russian) - one year, 209. Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, sixth session [General Assembly resolution 55/2 and article 32 of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime] [(b) 15-19 October 2006 at the level of United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture (UNV) - 210. Ad Hoc Committee on Complementary Standards for the Development of Racism, 5th Session of the Human Rights Council (Human Rights Council decisions 3/103 and 6/21) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women AD(b) Geneva, 4th Oriental (Friends) - 3214 a year - Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries of Human Rights Violations and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination, seventeenth session [Human Rights Council resolution 7/21] Geneva, 22-26 October 5th Oriental (Asian-Russian) - three-year voluntary funds for technical cooperation in the field of human rights, Board of Trustees, thirty-seventh session [Economic and Social Council decision 1993/283] Geneva, 29 October - 2 November 5th (Friends) - 2 216. Geneva, 29 October-9 November 2009 AD(b) 29 October-23 November, Geneva 10th Oriental (Final-Russian) (b) Report of the Working Group on Enforced Disappearances of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (A/HRC/WG.6/3/L.12/Add.1 Geneva, 1-9 November 5th (Absey) - 3 a year 233. Disarmament Commission, organizational session [General Assembly resolution S-10/2] 5 November AD (j) In New York, 193 (A Central and Russian) a one-year commission on enforced disappearances, third session [General Assembly resolution 61/177] 5-9 November (to be determined) Geneva 10th Oriental (A neutral and Russian) Between 5 and 9 November in Vienna 144 (A Central and Russian) - one year, 236. WFP, Executive Board, second regular session [Economic and Social Council decision 1995/227 and General Assembly resolution 50/8] AD (c) Rome 36th Oriental (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) 5-9 November - 3rd Session of the Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [Article 10 of the Revised Protocol] Decisions (c) 9 and 10 November, Geneva, 238. United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities [General Assembly resolution 32/197] Part II of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the report of the Human Rights Council (A/61/53)] AD(b) 12-16 November, Geneva 25th Orientation (Asian-Russian) Summary of the fourteenth annual meeting of States Parties to the Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [Amendments to Article 13, paragraph 1] (c) 14 November Geneva 92 (A Central and French-West) Geneva, 14-23 November 5th Oriental (Fi.), 3-243 a year. Annual Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects [the Convention] (3) (c) 15 and 16 November, Geneva, 114 (A middle-Financial Russian) briefed one year, 244. UNCTAD, Strategic Framework and Programme Budget Task Force, Sixty-third session [UNCTAD resolution 114 (V) and decision 156 (XVII)). 19-23 November - 245. UNFCCC, Conference of the Parties to the Convention, 18th Sessions of the subsidiary bodies [General Assembly resolution 6286] 27 November - 8 December 18189 (Aneutral Russian) - one year, 246 Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, Special Session of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People [General Assembly resolutions 32/40 B and 32/28] A.A. E.S. Geneva, 29-30 November 5th Oriental (Absian and Russian) Atomic Energy Agency AD(c) 11 November (1 week) to be determined 59 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) - one year, 251. UNCITRAL, Working Group III (Intellectronic resolution), twenty-sixth session [General Assembly resolution 33/92] AD(c) December 1 (week) Geneva 164 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian) 253. United Nations, specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency external audit missions [General Assembly resolutions 347 (IV) and 1438 (XIV))], to be determined in December 9 (neutral law) - one year 254, on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Paragraph 2 of Article 11 of the Convention) of 12 November to be determined at the level of 156 (A Central and Russian) - one year, 255. United Nations Board of Auditors, Special Session [General Assembly resolution 74/(I)] of 12 November to be determined 3 exclusive (neutral law) - one year 256, pre-session working group of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, fiftieth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1982/33, 1985/17 and 1995/39] 3-7 December (to be determined) Geneva 5th Oriental (Gree-Russian) - 2nd Sessions of the Panel of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, forty-second session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] The Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly, which declares voluntary contributions to UNRWA [General Assembly resolution 1729 (XVI)],] 4 December AD (j) New York 195 (A Central and Russian-West) p. 259. Commission on Narcotic Drugs, reconvened fifty-fifth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 9 (I) and 1991/39] 6 December 2008 at the Vienna Conference 53 (A Central and Russian) - one year, 260. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, reconvened twenty-first session [Economic and Social Council resolution 2009/251] Ad Hoc Committee of the General Assembly declaring voluntary contributions to the programmes of the Refugee Commissioner [General Assembly resolution 55/75] Geneva, 11 December 195 (A Central and Russian) # - one year, 262. Subcommittee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, twenty-fourth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] Geneva, 12-14 December (Spanish and Russian) # - one year or two sessions 263. Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, sixth session [Economic and Social Council resolutions 1989/104 and 1999/65] 14 December, at the Geneva 23rd (Embasic and Russian-West) note - biennial 264. States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, fourteenth meeting [General Assembly resolution 44/25]] AD(b) 18 December 2007 (j) New York 193 (A Central and Russian-West) sketches, two years, 265. Independent Audit Advisory Committee, twentieth session [General Assembly resolution 61/275] 18-20 December AD(j) New York 5th Oriento (Russian Federation) - 4th Annual Session 266 - Committee of Permanent Representatives to UN-Habitat, 47th meeting [General Assembly resolution 56/206] Nairobi, December AD(f) NOTE - four 267. UNCITRAL, Working Group VI (Security Interests), Twenty-second Session [General Assembly resolution 3392] In December, at the Vienna 60th Orientation (A middle-Final and Russian) - 2 268. UNEP, Committee of Permanent Representatives, 106th meeting [Council decision 19/32] United Nations University, Governing Council, Fifty-ninth session [General Assembly resolution 3081 (XXVIII)] 12 December (1 week) Tokyo (English law) - one year 270. A.A.A.A. Resolution XXVI] (a) A Central and Russian (West) Package - as required by Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV)] 275. UNDP/UNFPA/ UNOPS Executive Board, as required, to inform and consult the informal consultations [General Assembly resolutions 2020 (XX), 48/162 and 63/276], as required, 36, New York. Argué-Sussa, as required, 276. The Human Rights Council, organized and ad hoc meetings and special meetings [General Assembly resolution 60/251], as required, at Geneva, 47 (A medium- and Russian) Abbreviations (e) as required 277. Security Council resolution 955 (1994)], as required, United Republic of Tanzania, Arusha 11th Oriental (Peace) Order - 278. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 [Security Council resolution 808 (1993) and General Assembly resolution 47/235], as required, at The Hague 11th Oriental (Peace) - 279. The Peacebuilding Commission [General Assembly resolution 60/180 and Security Council resolution 1645 (2005)], as appropriate, at the New York level 31 Abstract by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, as required, 280. Summary by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1518 (2003), as required, of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning Western Sahara, as required by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1521 (2003) concerning Liberia (A/CN.9/WG.I/WP.66, para. Absorption of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006), as required, 290. Summary of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, as required, paragraph 15 (A medium- and Russian) of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011), as required, paragraph 293. Decisions of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) of 15 (A Central and Russian) at the request of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1561 (1992) concerning Somalia [A C E F R S] [A C E F R S] Decisions of the Security Council at its 1625th meeting], as required, at the 15th plenary meeting in New York (A middle-Final and Russian-West), by a brief of the Security Council, pursuant to resolution 692 (1991), by which the Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission (see decision of the 42nd meeting of the Security Council (1946)] accepted the decision of the New York Committee of Member States [the decision of the Security Council] [the decision of the Security Council] to resolve conflicts in Africa, as required (S/2009/157) as requested by the AWG-LCA. (a) Atomic Energy Agency; Decision of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group [General Assembly resolution 2006 (XIX)], as required, New York 144 (A medium- and Russian) [as required by resolution 304. Atomic Energy Agency (a) Abstract 312. (a) A year-long session 316. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the Subcommittee on Illicit Drug Traffic and Related Matters in the Near and Middle East, its forty-seventh session [Economic and Social Council resolution 1776 (LIV)], to be determined by a country in the region 23 its capital (AMO) - one year 317. Decision of the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session (A/HRC/WG.6/3/L.1 and A/CN.9/WG.VI/WP.11/Add.1, paras. AD(c) To be determined (two weeks) Geneva 164 (Aneutral Russian) 329. AD(i) To be determined in New York, 193 (Aneutral Russian) - 330. Human Rights Council, Working Group of Experts on People of African descent, twelfth session [Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and 9/14] * Circulated in accordance with a decision taken by the Committee at its 1st meeting, on 1 October 2009. AD(i) To be determined in New York 193 (A medium- and Russian-West) # - 332. Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific [Economic and Social Council resolution 2010/240] AD(i) To be determined (5 days) in New York, 193 (A medium- and English-west) - 334. Convention to Combat Desertification, Convention Implementation Review Committee, eleventh session [General Assembly resolution 62/193] AD(b) To be determined (8 days) to be determined 185 (A medium- and French-speaking Russian)) - 1 335. UNCTAD, expert meeting of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission [8 days] Part IV.B of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008, is to be determined (3 days) at Geneva (336. UNCTAD, expert meeting of the Trade and Development Commission [] Part IVB of the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD, held in Accra from 20 to 25 April 2008, is to be determined (3 days) in Geneva (A medium- and Russian) - 337. AD(c) To be determined at the 28th Oriental (Asian-Russian) in Geneva (2-3 days) - one year's 338. The United Nations Appeals Tribunal [General Assembly resolutions 61/261, 62/228, 63/253, 64233 and 3951] to be decided upon to provide assistance to the Palestinian people in New York/Geneva/Nairobi to be determined - 339. United Nations Dispute Tribunal [General Assembly resolutions 61/261, 62/228, 63/253, 233 and 39] To be determined (two days) To be determined (3 days) To be determined (3 days)", "AD(a) The language in which interpretation services will be provided is indicated. The languages in which translations and meetings are recorded vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant bodies. For some working groups and similar bodies, if the services actually required are less than the services provided under the rules of procedure, they are actually required.", "AD(b) Treaty bodies.", "AD(c) Conference services are funded outside the United Nations regular budget.", "AD(d) All States members of UNCTAD may participate (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III) para.", "AD(e) applies only to plenary meetings.", "AD(f) In accordance with Governing Council resolution 19/1, all States Members of the United Nations and members of specialized agencies accredited by UN-Habitat may participate in the Committee of Permanent Representatives.", "AD(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of decision 19/32 of the UNEP Governing Council, the composition of the Committee of Permanent Representatives is as follows: representatives of all States Members of the United Nations, members of the specialized agencies and representatives of the European Union participating in the activities of the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi or outside.", "lob (h) In accordance with paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A and in accordance with previous decisions of the General Assembly, United Nations intergovernmental bodies were requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, 13 April 2012.", "ITU(i) will provide conference services from conference services resources allocated to the General Assembly.", "AD(j) is subject to approval by the General Assembly.", "lob (k) The General Assembly and its First Committee plenary meetings have verbatim records.", "List of bodies that need to extend the mandate of the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session", "Dates (2012) Note by the Ad Hoc Committee on the Accountability of United Nations Officials and Special Experts (General Assembly resolution 62/16) AD(b) To be determined in New York, 193 (Absian and Russian) - Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories [General Assembly resolutions 2443 (XXIII) and 62/106] Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization [General Assembly resolutions 3349 (XXIX) and 65/31] New York, 21 February - 2 March 193 (Aneutral Russian) - Working Group on the Financing of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East [General Assembly resolution 2656 (XXV)]", "AD(a) The language in which interpretation services will be provided is indicated. The languages in which translations and meetings are recorded vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant bodies. For some working groups and similar bodies, if the services actually required are less than the services provided under the rules of procedure, they are actually required.", "lob (b) Conference services will be provided from the conference-servicing resources allocated to the General Assembly.", "AD(c) is limited to oral hearings.", "C. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2013", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "[TABLE]", "AD(a) Interpretation will be provided in the indicated language. The language in which interpretation services will be provided is shown in the text. The languages in which translations and meetings are recorded vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the relevant bodies. For some working groups and similar bodies, if the services actually required are less than the services provided under the rules of procedure, they are actually required.", "AD(b) Conference services are funded outside the United Nations regular budget.", "AD(c) Treaty bodies.", "AD(d) applies only to plenary meetings.", "AD(e) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, all States Members of the United Nations and members of specialized agencies accredited by UN-Habitat may participate in the Committee of Permanent Representatives.", "AD(f) All States members of UNCTAD may participate (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III) para.", "AD(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of decision 19/32 of the UNEP Governing Council, the composition of the Committee of Permanent Representatives is as follows: representatives of all States Members of the United Nations, members of the specialized agencies and representatives of the European Community that are accredited to UNEP activities in Nairobi or outside.", "lob (h) In accordance with paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/242 and in accordance with previous decisions of the General Assembly, United Nations intergovernmental bodies were requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, 3 May 2013.", "AD(i) is subject to approval by the General Assembly.", "lob (j) Verbatim Reporting Service for the plenary meetings of the General Assembly and the First Committee.", "AD(k) is limited to oral hearings.", "AD(l) will determine the modalities for preparation during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of treaty bodies established by the United Nations and the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations in 2012", "Provisional agenda and annotations", "E. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the United Nations and the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations in 2013", "Provisional agenda and annotations" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨此回复你2011年7月26日的来信(S/2011/477)，其中提及安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段，该段规定了高级协调员在失踪科威特人和第三国公民以及失踪科威特财产方面的任务。", "安理会成员重申，将继续支持高级协调员的这一重要工作。", "我谨通知你，安全理事会已决定从业务准备金和代管账户资金结余中专门划拨214 600美元，用于支付行政和业务费用，为高级协调员及其支助工作人员继续开展活动提供经费，直到2011年12月31日为止。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to respond to your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/477) in which you referred to paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), by which the mandate of the High-level Coordinator for missing Kuwaitis and third-country citizens and missing Kuwaiti property was established.", "Members of the Council reiterate their continuing support for the important work of the High-level Coordinator.", "I wish to inform you that the Security Council has decided to earmark $214,600 from the operating reserves and the fund balance of the escrow account intended for administrative and operational costs to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to respond to your letter dated 26 July 2011 (Sule477), referring to paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), which sets out the mandate of the High-level Coordinator in the area of missing Kuwaiti and third-country citizens and missing Kuwaiti property.", "Members of the Council reiterated their continued support for the important work of the High-level Coordinator.", "I should like to inform you that the Security Council has decided to allocate a dedicated amount of $214,600 from the operational reserve and the escrow account fund balances to cover administrative and operational costs and to fund the continued activities of the High-level Coordinator and its support staff until 31 December 2011.", "President of the Security Council", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨向安理会成员通报为履行安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段规定的任务开展的活动，2008年3月26日安全理事会主席在给秘书长的信(S/2008/206)中也要求开展这些活动。2011年1月1日至6月30日期间,这些活动的支出共计168 405美元。资金是通过从伊拉克代管账户转账提供的。", "我注意到2011年6月22日安全理事会关于伊拉克/科威特问题的新闻稿，其中安理会注意到安理会成员同意为高级协调员继续开展活动再提供为期6个月的经费。", "各方应把所表达的政治善意化为具体行动，以便能够在今后六个月取得进展，解决未决问题。因此，在下一个时期必须进一步加强高级协调员的活动。为此，有必要划拨足够资源，为高级协调员及其支助工作人员的活动提供214 600美元的经费，直到2011年12月31日为止。根据建议，将从依照安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设代管账户的资金结余专门提供这些资金。", "如安理会赞同这一建议，将在代管账户内进行资金转账，提供给为高级协调人的活动提供支肋的秘书处政治事务部。", "请将此信提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I should like to inform the members of the Council about the activities undertaken to fulfil the mandate outlined in paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999) and requested in a letter dated 26 March 2008 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General (S/2008/206). Expenditures for such activities amounted to $168,405 from 1 January to 30 June 2011. The funds were provided through transfers from the Iraq escrow account.", "I have taken note of the statement made to the press on 22 June 2011 by the Security Council on Iraq/Kuwait, in which the Council noted the agreement of its members to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator for a further period of six months.", "All parties should translate political statements of goodwill into concrete actions to enable progress during the coming months to resolve outstanding issues. Therefore, the period ahead will require further intensification of the activities of the High-level Coordinator. To that end, it would be necessary to allocate resources sufficient to finance the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011 in the amount of $214,600. It is suggested that these funds be earmarked from the fund balance of the escrow account created pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "Should the Council agree with this proposal, the funds will be transferred within the escrow account and made available to the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, which backstops the activities of the High-level Coordinator.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to inform the members of the Council of the activities carried out to fulfil the mandate set out in paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), which was also requested by the President of the Security Council in his letter to the Secretary-General dated 26 March 2008 (S/2008/206). Expenditures for these activities amounted to $168,405 for the period from 1 January to 30 June 2011. Funds are provided through transfers from the Iraqi escrow account.", "I note the Security Council press release on Iraq/Kuwait of 22 June 2011, in which the Council notes the agreement of the members of the Council to provide for a further six-month funding for the continued activities of the High-level Coordinator.", "The parties should translate the expression of political goodwill into concrete action so that progress will be made over the next six months to resolve outstanding issues. Therefore, the activities of the High-level Coordinator must be further strengthened during the next period. To that end, it is necessary to allocate sufficient resources to provide $214,600 for the activities of the High-level Coordinator and its support staff until 31 December 2011. Based on the recommendation, these funds will be specifically provided from the fund balances for the escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "As the Council endorses this recommendation, funds will be transferred within the escrow account to the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat for the activities of senior focal points.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ban Ki-moon" ]

[ "第2003(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月29日第6597次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "重申以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明并强调全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性，", "重申对苏丹主权、统一、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺以及在充分尊重苏丹主权的基础上与苏丹政府合作以协助处理苏丹境内各种挑战的决心，", "又回顾以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议尤其重申联合国世界首脑会议成果文件的相关规定；回顾关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议；回顾关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议，并回顾第1325(2000)号决议以及关于妇女、和平与安全和关于儿童与武装冲突的相关决议，", "回顾安理会决议重申，没有公正就没有和平，并回顾安理会认为结束有罪不罚现象和惩处在达尔富尔犯下的罪行至关重要，", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》及其1966年12月16日的附加议定书，以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题的某些特定方面的公约》和2009年10月29日的《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》，", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84)，包括报告提出的建议，回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5)，并回顾秘书长2011年7月5日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413)，", "表示坚定承诺并决心支持卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程，痛惜一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程，并大力敦促它们立即不带先决条件地加入这一进程，", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔全体利益攸关方会议的成果，欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动(解放运动)7月14日签署了关于通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议，因为这是推进和平进程的一个重要步骤，是对在必要的有利环境中启动公平的达尔富尔政治进程进行协商的基础，呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动全力做出努力，在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上实现全面和平解决，并立即商定永久停火，", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国主持的落实执行工作委员会，欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国携手支持一个获得国际社会、包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动协助的达尔富尔和平进程，鼓励非盟和联合国积极做出努力，", "在不损害安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面的首要责任的同时，强调联合国与非洲联盟(非盟)根据《联合国宪章》第八章携手在非洲、尤其是在苏丹维护和平与安全的重要性，并特别欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组在姆贝基总统领导下与达尔富尔混合行动合作，采用全面和包容的方式，努力应对在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的挑战，", "欣见秘书长7月8日关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)，", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采用严格的战略性做法，以便提高维持和平特派团的效力；欢迎并鼓励达尔富尔混合行动更加全面地执行第七章规定的任务，为此强调指出，必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的需要，使它能够根据《联合国宪章》，制止对执行任务和对行动维和人员的安全保障的威胁，", "深为关切如秘书长报告所述，达尔富尔的一些地方的安全局势出现恶化，包括发生违反停火行为、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空袭、发生部族间的交战以及对人道主义人员和维和人员进行袭击，致使人道主义人员和物资进出弱势平民居住的冲突地区受到限制，并有成千上万人流离失所，呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动，包括停止所有针对平民的暴力行为，迅速协助人道主义人员和物资不受阻碍地通行，", "关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派恢复敌对行动，以及苏丹政府、苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派和正义与平等运动之间目前有敌对行动，重申达尔富尔冲突不可能用军事手段解决，要重建和平就要有一个包容各方的政治解决办法，", "再次谴责在达尔富尔发生的和与达尔富尔有关的所有侵犯国际人权和人道主义法的行为，呼吁所有各方履行它们根据国际人权法和人道主义法承担的义务，强调需要将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法，敦促苏丹政府履行它在这方面的义务，", "再次关注达尔富尔目前发生的暴力行为对整个苏丹和对该区域产生的不利影响，欣见在苏丹和乍得两国间的关系有所改善，并在边界沿线部署了一支接受联合指挥的联合部队，包括中非共和国的部队，鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续开展合作，以便在达尔富尔和更大的区域中实现和平与稳定，", "对达尔富尔的武装运动据说与达尔富尔之外的团体有联系表示关切，", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月，到2012年7月31日为止；", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算与非洲联盟协商，审查达尔富尔混合行动所需军警人员，以保证最高效和最有效地执行该特派团的任务，请秘书长最迟于本决议通过后180天内，根据上文第13段所述框架就此问题提出报告；", "3. 着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力，在决定使用现有能力和资源时优先注重：(a) 保护达尔富尔各地平民，包括在冲突易发地区进行预防性部署和巡逻，保护境内流离失所者营地及其周边地带，并执行一项全特派团的早期预警战略和建设有关能力；(b) 确保人道主义人员和物资安全、及时和不受阻碍地进出，确保人道主义人员和活动的安全保障，以便有助于通行无阻地向达尔富尔各地运送人道主义援助；并请达尔富尔混合行动尽量利用其能力，与联合国国家工作队以及其他国际行为体和非政府行为体合作，执行全特派团的综合战略来实现这些目标；", "4. 重申必须推动非盟和联合国牵头的达尔富尔和平与政治进程，欢迎优先注重使达尔富尔混合行动按照下文第6、7和8段的规定，继续努力支持和补充这项工作，并欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面进行的努力；", "5. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的《联合国宪章》第七章任务，即，执行核心任务，保护平民，同时不妨碍苏丹政府为此担负的首要责任，并确保达尔富尔混合行动自己的人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全；", "6. 要求冲突所有方面，包括所有武装运动，立即在不提出任何先决条件的情况下做出保证，尽一切努力达成永久停火，并在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上达成全面和平解决办法，以实现该区域的稳定和持久和平；", "7. 在这方面确认非盟和联合国牵头的基于达尔富尔的政治进程可发挥补充作用，呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动帮助创造必要的有利环境以推动基于达尔富尔的政治进程，使所有达尔富尔利益攸关方都能不断系统地参加所有建设性的公开对话；注意到尽管在和平进程中取得了一些积极发展，但是为基于达尔富尔的政治进程所必需的有利环境中的一些重要条件尚未到位，这些条件包括，但不限于：尊重参加者的公民权利和政治权利，使其能够在不必担心报复的情况下发表意见；尊重言论自由和结社自由，以允许公开协商；参加者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由；达尔富尔人之间比例相称的参加；免于骚扰、强制逮捕和恐吓；不受政府或武装运动的干涉；", "8. 请秘书长在下文第13段提到的定期报告中评估上文第7段所提出的条件，使安理会可以在考虑到非盟意见的情况下，决定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持基于达尔富尔的政治进程的方式；", "9. 欢迎秘书处打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定一项路线图，请秘书长在这方面与非盟密切协商，酌情征求苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行工作后续行动委员会的意见，同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段，并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就该路线图向安理会提出报告；", "10. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方做出的贡献；强烈谴责所有对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击；强调指出，不能接受任何对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击或袭击威胁；要求不再发生这种袭击；强调需要加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障，需要结束袭击维和人员的人逍遥法外的局面，并为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力，将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法；", "11. 赞扬三方机制开展了可信的工作，但深表关切的是，达尔富尔混合行动的通行和行动继续受到限制，特别是在最近发生冲突的地区受到限制；呼吁达尔富尔各方消除所有障碍，让达尔富尔混合行动充分切实执行任务，包括保障它的安全和让它自由通行；在这方面要求苏丹立即全面遵守部队地位协定，尤其是在飞行和装备放行方面遵守协定，取消在使用达尔富尔混合行动空中资产方面设置的所有障碍，并及时为达尔富尔混合行动人员发放签证；谴责在向他们发放签证方面继续拖延，因为这种拖延很可能损害特派团执行任务的能力；敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺，清理积压的签证申请；对苏丹政府违反部队地位协定，拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员深表关切，并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动人员在部队地位协定下的权利；", "12. 要求按照部队地位协定向达尔富尔混合行动颁发使用其无线电发射机的许可，以便其不受限制地与达尔富尔有关利益攸关方进行联络；", "13. 请秘书长继续每隔90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔各地执行任务的进展，包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进度和遇到的障碍，并比照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二中的基准，评估进展情况以及安全和人道主义局势(包括境内流离失所者所在地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势)、人权状况、违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为、早期恢复情况和各方履行其国际义务的情况；", "14. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止对平民、维和人员和人道主义人员的暴力和攻击，并遵守其根据人权法和国际人道主义法承担的义务；在这方面申明，安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为；呼吁立即停止敌对行动，呼吁各方承诺实现持续和永久停火；请秘书长与有关各方磋商，以建立更有效的停火监督机制；强调达尔富尔混合行动有必要就有损各方充分、建设性和平努力的重大暴力事件提出报告；", "15. 表示严重关切达尔富尔部分地区人道主义状况恶化，人道主义组织继续遭受威胁，以及由于局势更加不安全、人道主义工作者遭受袭击和冲突各方拒予进入，人道主义人员和物资进出达尔富尔受到限制，呼吁充分执行《苏丹政府和联合国关于为达尔富尔境内人道主义活动提供便利的联合公报》，包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可，并要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救援人员能够全面、安全和无阻碍地进出，人道主义援助能够交付给有此需要的民众，并强调在提供人道主义援助时必须秉持中立、公正和独立的原则；", "16. 谴责达尔富尔境内涉及达尔富尔的侵犯人权行为，包括任意逮捕和羁押，表示深切关注所有被任意羁押者，包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境，并强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内，以及其他相关组织有能力监测此类案件，吁请苏丹政府充分遵守义务，包括履行承诺撤销达尔富尔紧急状态，释放所有政治囚犯，允许自由表达意见，以及切实努力确保追究严重侵犯国际人权和人道主义法行为的责任，无论这些行为由谁实施，并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须主动促进人权，提醒当局注意侵犯行为，并将严重侵犯行为报告给安全理事会；", "17. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突会影响苏丹其他地区乃至更广大区域，敦促联合国在该区域的各特派团，包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹共和国援助团(南苏丹援助团)，密切协调，并请秘书长确保特派团之间的有效合作；", "18. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者寻找有尊严的持久解决办法，确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理，要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件，让难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或融入当地社会，注意到如秘书长报告所述，一些关于境内流离失所者自愿返回原籍村庄和地点的报告可能令人鼓舞，强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性，并表示深切关注损害该机制有效性和独立性的一些官僚主义障碍；", "19. 注意到行动安全和自由对早期恢复举措和达尔富尔回归常态大有助益，强调在达尔富尔开展早期恢复工作的重要性，并为此鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内协助联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔开展早期恢复和重建工作，包括提供地区安全保障；吁请所有各方保证进出无阻碍，苏丹政府撤销所有进出限制，努力消除达尔富尔危机的根本起因，并增加对早期恢复活动的投入；", "20. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆召开的达尔富尔水问题国际会议取得成果，这是逐步实现持久和平的一个步骤，并吁请达尔富尔混合行动根据其任务范围，所有其他联合国机构，特别是儿童基金会、开发计划署、环境规划署，以及国际行为体和捐助方，履行他们在该会议上作出的承诺；", "21. 表示深切关注局部冲突和暴力行为仍有发生并对平民产生影响，但在这方面注意到部族间摩擦有所减少，并吁请所有各方结束此类摩擦和寻求和解；表示深切关注武器特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散，并为此请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制，根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务监测达尔富尔境内是否有任何武器或相关物资，并为此继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，为他们的工作提供便利；", "22. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施，不让平民，包括妇女和儿童遭受一切形式性暴力的侵害；并请达尔富尔混合行动报告有关性暴力和性别暴力的情况，评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展，又强调需要将保护妇女和儿童免受性暴力和性别暴力侵害，作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分，并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定，包括通过任命妇女保护顾问让妇女参与，并在他给安理会的报告中列入这方面的资料；", "23. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，继续监测和报告儿童的处境，并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话，以制订有时限的行动计划，制止招募和使用儿童兵以及其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法侵害儿童的行为；", "24. 请秘书长根据安全理事会相关决议所述的特派团任务，定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则，并作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，向安全理事会和部队派遣国报告这方面的情况；", "25. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Resolution 2003 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6597th meeting, on 29 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,", "Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,", "Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,", "Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,", "Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,", "Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,", "Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,", "Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,", "Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;", "2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;", "3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;", "4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;", "5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;", "6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;", "7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;", "9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;", "10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;", "11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;", "12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;", "13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;", "14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;", "15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;", "17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;", "18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;", "19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;", "20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;", "21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;", "22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;", "24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;", "25. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "Resolution 2003 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6597th meeting, on 29 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all previous resolutions and presidential statements on the situation in the Sudan and stressing the importance of full compliance with those resolutions and presidential statements,", "Reaffirming its firm commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of the Sudan and its determination to cooperate with the Government of the Sudan, based on full respect for the sovereignty of the Sudan, in order to assist in addressing the challenges in the Sudan,", "Recalling also previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, in particular reaffirming the relevant provisions of the outcomes of the United Nations World Summit; recalling resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; recalling resolution 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and recalling resolution 1325 (2000) and relevant resolutions on women, peace and security and on children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolution reaffirming that there is no peace without justice, and recalling the Council's view that ending impunity and punishing crimes committed in Darfur are essential,", "Bearing in mind the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its Additional Protocol of 16 December 1966, as well as the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention on Certain Specific Aspects of Refugee Problem in Africa and the African Union Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa of 29 October 2009,", "Recalling the report of 10 February 2009 on children and armed conflict in the Sudan (S/2009/84), including the recommendations of the report, recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General of 5 July 2011 on children and armed conflict in the Sudan (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its firm commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-United Nations peace process in Darfur, chaired by the State of Qatar, deplores the continued refusal of groups to join the process and strongly urges them to join it without preconditions without delay,", "Welcoming the outcome of the meeting of all stakeholders in Darfur on 31 May 2011, welcoming the signing by the Government of the Sudan and the Movement for the Liberation and Justice of 14 July of an agreement on the adoption of the Doha Document for the Promotion of Peace in Darfur, which represents an important step forward in the peace process and serves as the basis for consultations on a fair political process in Darfur in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements to make every effort to achieve a comprehensive peaceful settlement based on the Doha Document for the Promotion of Peace in Darfur, and agreeing immediately on a permanent ceasefire,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Committee, chaired by the State of Qatar, and welcoming the continued support of Qatar to the African Union and the United Nations for a peace process in Darfur, with the assistance of the international community, including the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements, and encouraging the AU and the United Nations to make active efforts,", "While not prejudging the primary responsibility of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security, emphasis was placed on the importance of the United Nations working with the African Union (AU) in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, in particular in the Sudan, in accordance with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, and welcoming in particular the work of the High-level Implementation Group on the Sudan, in cooperation with UNAMID under President Mbeki, in a comprehensive and inclusive manner to address the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General on UNAMID of 8 July (Sole422),", "Emphasizing the need for the Council to adopt a rigorous and strategic approach to the deployment of peacekeeping operations in order to enhance the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions, welcoming and encouraging UNAMID to implement more fully the mandate under Chapter VII, and in this regard stressing the importance of meeting UNAMID's needs and enabling it to put an end to the threat to the implementation of its mandate and to the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Deeply concerned that, as reported by the Secretary-General, the security situation in some parts of Darfur has deteriorated, including violations of the ceasefire, attacks by rebel groups, air strikes by the Government of the Sudan, inter-community fighting and attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, resulting in restrictions on humanitarian personnel and material access to conflict areas in which vulnerable civilians live, and the displacement of thousands of people, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all violence against civilians, and to rapidly assist humanitarian personnel and supplies from unhindered access,", "Concerned at the ongoing hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Mini Minavia, and between the Government of the Sudan, the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdel Wahid and the Justice and Equality Movement, and reiterating that the conflict in Darfur cannot be resolved by military means and that there is an inclusive political solution to rebuild peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and calling upon all parties to fulfil their obligations under international human rights law and humanitarian law, stressing the need to bring those responsible to justice, and urging the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its obligations in this regard,", "Reiterating its concern at the negative impact of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the Sudan as a whole and on the region, welcoming the improvement in relations between the Sudan and Chad and the deployment of a joint force with joint command along the border, including the Central African Republic, and encouraging the Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and in the wider region,", "Expressing concern that armed movements in Darfur have allegedly been associated with groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in the Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further period of 12 months until 31 July 2012;", "Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General, in consultation with the African Union, to review the military and police personnel required by UNAMID in order to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the Mission's mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue no later than 180 days after the adoption of the present resolution;", "Stresses the need for UNAMID to take full advantage of its mandate and capabilities and to prioritize, in deciding on the use of existing capacities and resources, the following: (a) the protection of civilians throughout Darfur, including in conflict-prone areas, preventive deployment and patrolling, the protection of internally displaced persons camps and their surrounding areas, and the implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity-building; (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered access of humanitarian personnel and material to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and activities in order to facilitate unhindered access to humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to make the fullest possible use of its capabilities and to implement the Mission's strategy;", "Reaffirms the importance of advancing the peace and political process in Darfur led by the AU and the United Nations, and welcomes the priority given to the continued efforts of UNAMID to support and complement this work, in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the High-level Panel on the Sudan in this regard;", "Emphasizes that Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, established by resolution 1769, provides for UNAMID, is to carry out its core mandate, to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan for this purpose and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of its own personnel and humanitarian personnel;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements, immediately make assurances without preconditions, make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and to reach a comprehensive and peaceful solution on the basis of the Doha paper for the promotion of peace in Darfur in order to achieve stability and lasting peace in the region;", "Recognizes in this regard that the political process led by the AU and the United Nations in Darfur can play a complementary role, and calls upon the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements to help create the necessary enabling environment for the political process based on Darfur to enable all Darfur stakeholders to participate systematically and systematically in all constructive public dialogues; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, some important conditions necessary for the political process in Darfur have not yet been put in place, including, but not limited to: respect for the civil and political rights of the participants so that they can express their opinions without fear of reprisal; respect for freedom of expression and association so as to allow public consultations; and freedom of movement among participants in Darfur;", "Requests the Secretary-General, in his periodic report referred to in paragraph 13 below, to assess the conditions set out in paragraph 7 above so that the Council may, taking into account the views of the AU, decide upon UNAMID to further participate in supporting the political process based on Darfur;", "Welcomes the intention of the Secretariat to develop a road map for the peace process in Darfur, and requests the Secretary-General, in close consultation with the AU, to seek the views of all stakeholders in the Sudan and the Follow-up Committee on Implementation, as appropriate, taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council in his next 90-day report on the road map;", "Commends the contribution of UNAMID troop- and police-contributing countries and donors; strongly condemns all attacks against UNAMID; stresses that no threat of attack or attack against UNAMID is unacceptable; demands no further such attack; stresses the need to strengthen the security of UNAMID and to put an end to the impunity of those who have attacked peacekeepers, and, in this regard, urges the Government of the Sudan to do its utmost to bring those responsible to justice;", "Commends the Tripartite Mechanism for its credible work, but expresses deep concern at the continued restrictions on the movement and operations of UNAMID, in particular in areas of recent conflict; calls upon the parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles and to fully implement the mandate, including by guaranteeing its security and free movement; and in this regard calls upon the Sudan to comply fully with the status-of-forces agreements, in particular with regard to flights and equipment, and to remove all obstacles to the use of UNAMID air assets and to issue visas promptly for UNAMID personnel; and condemns the continuing delays in granting visas to them, which are likely to undermine the ability of the Government of the Sudan to discharge its visa obligations;", "Demands that, in accordance with the status-of-forces agreement, a licence be granted to UNAMID to use its radio launchers in order to liaise with relevant stakeholders in Darfur without limitation;", "Requests the Secretary-General to continue to report to the Council every 90 days on progress made in the implementation of UNAMID's mandate throughout Darfur, including progress and obstacles encountered in the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, and to assess progress and the security and humanitarian situation, including the safety and humanitarian situation of internally displaced persons sites and refugee camps, human rights situations, violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law, early recovery and compliance by all parties with their international obligations, taking into account the benchmarks set out in annex II to the report of the Secretary-General dated 16 November 2009;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately cease violence and attacks against civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel and comply with their obligations under human rights law and international humanitarian law; in this regard affirm that the Council condemns violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and calls upon all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; and requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the parties concerned, to establish a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and stresses the need for UNAMID to report on significant incidents of violence that undermine the full and constructive efforts of peace;", "Expresses grave concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in parts of Darfur, the continued threat to humanitarian organizations and the restrictions on access to Darfur due to increased insecurity, attacks on humanitarian workers and the refusal of parties to the conflict, and calls for the full implementation of the joint communiqué of the Government of the Sudan and the United Nations on facilitating humanitarian activities in Darfur, including the timely issuance of visas and travel permits to humanitarian organizations, and requests the Government of the Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders to ensure full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian aid to the population in need, and stresses the importance of the principle of impartiality and neutrality in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "Condemns human rights violations in Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detention, expresses deep concern at the situation of all arbitrarily detained persons, including members of civil society and internally displaced persons, and stresses the importance of ensuring that UNAMID, within its current mandate and in the capacity of other relevant organizations, is able to monitor such cases, calls upon the Government of the Sudan to comply fully with its obligations, including its commitment to withdraw the state of emergency in Darfur, to release all political prisoners, to allow free expressions of opinions and to ensure effective efforts to hold accountable for grave violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, irrespective of their implementation, and stresses the importance of the active promotion of human rights by UNAMID to alert the authorities to grave violations and report to the Security Council;", "Takes note of the conflict in one region of the Sudan which affects other parts of the Sudan and even the wider region, and urges the United Nations Mission in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force in Kosovo (UNIPSIL), to coordinate closely with the United Nations Assistance Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNASUR), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective cooperation between the Mission;", "Stresses the importance of finding a dignified and durable solution for refugees and internally displaced persons, ensuring their full participation in planning and management of these solutions, calls upon all parties to the conflict in Darfur to create favourable conditions for the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return or integration of refugees and internally displaced persons into local society, and notes that, as indicated in the Secretary-General's report, some reports on the voluntary return of internally displaced persons to their places of origin may be encouraging, emphasizes the importance of the joint verification mechanism in verifying the voluntary aspects of returns, and expresses deep concern at some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine the effectiveness and independence of the mechanism;", "Takes note of the significant contribution of security and freedoms to early recovery initiatives and the return of Darfur, stresses the importance of early recovery in Darfur, and, in this regard, encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to assist United Nations country teams and expert bodies in early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, including through the provision of regional safety and security; calls upon all parties to ensure unhindered access, the Government of the Sudan to withdraw all restrictions on access and access, to work to eliminate the underlying causes of the crisis in Darfur and to increase inputs to early recovery activities;", "Commends the outcome of the International Conference on Water in Darfur, held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011, as a step towards the progressive realization of lasting peace, and calls upon UNAMID, in accordance with its mandate, to fulfil their commitments made at that conference by all other United Nations agencies, in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, and international actors and donors;", "Expresses deep concern at the continued occurrence and impact on civilians of conflicts and violence in the Department, but notes in this regard the decrease in inter-community friction and calls upon all parties to put an end to such frictions and seek reconciliation; expresses deep concern at the proliferation of weapons, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms to monitor the availability of any weapons or related materiel in Darfur in accordance with the mandate set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769 and to continue to cooperate with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) to facilitate their work;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to prevent violations of all forms of sexual violence by civilians, including women and children, in accordance with resolution 1820 (2008), and requests UNAMID to report on the situation of sexual and gender-based violence, to assess progress made in the elimination of sexual violence and gender-based violence, and stresses the need to protect women and children from sexual violence and gender violence as part of the Mission-wide strategy for the protection of civilians referred to in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that UNAMID implements the provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960, including through the appointment of women protection advisers, and the inclusion of information in the Council;", "Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continuing to monitor and report on the situation of children as part of the report referred to in paragraph 13 above and (b) continuing to engage in dialogue with parties to the conflict with a view to developing time-bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of children and other violations of international humanitarian and human rights law;", "Requests the Secretary-General to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID, in accordance with the mandate of the Mission referred to in relevant Security Council resolutions, and to report thereon to the Security Council and the troop-contributing countries as part of the report referred to in paragraph 13 above;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国：决议草案", "安全理事会，", "重申以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明并强调全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性，", "重申对苏丹主权、统一、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺以及在充分尊重苏丹主权的基础上与苏丹政府合作以协助处理苏丹境内各种挑战的决心，", "又回顾以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议尤其重申联合国世界首脑会议成果文件的相关规定；回顾关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议；回顾关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议，并回顾第1325(2000)号决议以及关于妇女、和平与安全和关于儿童与武装冲突的相关决议，", "回顾安理会决议重申，没有公正就没有和平，并回顾安理会认为结束有罪不罚现象和惩处在达尔富尔犯下的罪行至关重要，", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》及其1966年12月16日的附加议定书，以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题的某些特定方面的公约》和2009年10月29日的《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》，", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84)，包括报告提出的建议，回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5)，并回顾秘书长2011年7月5日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413)，", "表示坚定承诺并决心支持卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程，痛惜一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程，并大力敦促它们立即不带先决条件地加入这一进程，", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔全体利益攸关方会议的成果，欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动(解放运动)7月14日签署了关于通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议，因为这是推进和平进程的一个重要步骤，是对在必要的有利环境中启动公平的达尔富尔政治进程进行协商的基础，呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动全力做出努力，在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上实现全面和平解决，并立即商定永久停火，", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国主持的落实执行工作委员会，欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国携手支持一个获得国际社会、包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动协助的达尔富尔和平进程，鼓励非盟和联合国积极做出努力，", "在不损害安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面的首要责任的同时，强调联合国与非洲联盟(非盟)根据《联合国宪章》第八章携手在非洲、尤其是在苏丹维护和平与安全的重要性，并特别欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组在姆贝基总统领导下与达尔富尔混合行动合作，采用全面和包容的方式，努力应对在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的挑战，", "欣见秘书长7月8日关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)，", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采用严格的战略性做法，以便提高维持和平特派团的效力；欢迎并鼓励达尔富尔混合行动更加全面地执行第七章规定的任务，为此强调指出，必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的需要，使它能够根据《联合国宪章》，制止对执行任务和对行动维和人员的安全保障的威胁，", "深为关切如秘书长报告所述，达尔富尔的一些地方的安全局势出现恶化，包括发生违反停火行为、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空袭、发生部族间的交战以及对人道主义人员和维和人员进行袭击，致使人道主义人员和物资进出弱势平民居住的冲突地区受到限制，并有成千上万人流离失所，呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动，包括停止所有针对平民的暴力行为，迅速协助人道主义人员和物资不受阻碍地通行，", "关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派恢复敌对行动，以及苏丹政府、苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派和正义与平等运动之间目前有敌对行动，重申达尔富尔冲突不可能用军事手段解决，要重建和平就要有一个包容各方的政治解决办法，", "再次谴责在达尔富尔发生的和与达尔富尔有关的所有侵犯国际人权和人道主义法的行为，呼吁所有各方履行它们根据国际人权法和人道主义法承担的义务，强调需要将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法，敦促苏丹政府履行它在这方面的义务，", "再次关注达尔富尔目前发生的暴力行为对整个苏丹和对该区域产生的不利影响，欣见在苏丹和乍得两国间的关系有所改善，并在边界沿线部署了一支接受联合指挥的联合部队，包括中非共和国的部队，鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续开展合作，以便在达尔富尔和更大的区域中实现和平与稳定，", "对达尔富尔的武装运动据说与达尔富尔之外的团体有联系表示关切，", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月，到2012年7月31日为止；", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算与非洲联盟协商，审查达尔富尔混合行动所需军警人员，以保证最高效和最有效地执行该特派团的任务，请秘书长最迟于本决议通过后180天内，根据上文第13段所述框架就此问题提出报告；", "3. 着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力，在决定使用现有能力和资源时优先注重：(a) 保护达尔富尔各地平民，包括在冲突易发地区进行预防性部署和巡逻，保护境内流离失所者营地及其周边地带，并执行一项全特派团的早期预警战略和建设有关能力；(b) 确保人道主义人员和物资安全、及时和不受阻碍地进出，确保人道主义人员和活动的安全保障，以便有助于通行无阻地向达尔富尔各地运送人道主义援助；并请达尔富尔混合行动尽量利用其能力，与联合国国家工作队以及其他国际行为体和非政府行为体合作，执行全特派团的综合战略来实现这些目标；", "4. 重申必须推动非盟和联合国牵头的达尔富尔和平与政治进程，欢迎优先注重使达尔富尔混合行动按照下文第6、7和8段的规定，继续努力支持和补充这项工作，并欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面进行的努力；", "5. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的《联合国宪章》第七章任务，即，执行核心任务，保护平民，同时不妨碍苏丹政府为此担负的首要责任，并确保达尔富尔混合行动自己的人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全；", "6. 要求冲突所有方面，包括所有武装运动，立即在不提出任何先决条件的情况下做出保证，尽一切努力达成永久停火，并在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上达成全面和平解决办法，以实现该区域的稳定和持久和平；", "7. 在这方面确认非盟和联合国牵头的基于达尔富尔的政治进程可发挥补充作用，呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动帮助创造必要的有利环境以推动基于达尔富尔的政治进程，使所有达尔富尔利益攸关方都能不断系统地参加所有建设性的公开对话；注意到尽管在和平进程中取得了一些积极发展，但是为基于达尔富尔的政治进程所必需的有利环境中的一些重要条件尚未到位，这些条件包括，但不限于：尊重参加者的公民权利和政治权利，使其能够在不必担心报复的情况下发表意见；尊重言论自由和结社自由，以允许公开协商；参加者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由；达尔富尔人之间比例相称的参加；免于骚扰、强制逮捕和恐吓；不受政府或武装运动的干涉；", "8. 请秘书长在下文第13段提到的定期报告中评估上文第7段所提出的条件，使安理会可以在考虑到非盟意见的情况下，决定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持基于达尔富尔的政治进程的方式；", "9. 欢迎秘书处打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定一项路线图，请秘书长在这方面与非盟密切协商，酌情征求苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行工作后续行动委员会的意见，同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段，并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就该路线图向安理会提出报告；", "10. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方做出的贡献；强烈谴责所有对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击；强调指出，不能接受任何对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击或袭击威胁；要求不再发生这种袭击；强调需要加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障，需要结束袭击维和人员的人逍遥法外的局面，并为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力，将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法；", "11. 赞扬三方机制开展了可信的工作，但深表关切的是，达尔富尔混合行动的通行和行动继续受到限制，特别是在最近发生冲突的地区受到限制；呼吁达尔富尔各方消除所有障碍，让达尔富尔混合行动充分切实执行任务，包括保障它的安全和让它自由通行；在这方面要求苏丹立即全面遵守部队地位协定，尤其是在飞行和装备放行方面遵守协定，取消在使用达尔富尔混合行动空中资产方面设置的所有障碍，并及时为达尔富尔混合行动人员发放签证；谴责在向他们发放签证方面继续拖延，因为这种拖延很可能损害特派团执行任务的能力；敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺，清理积压的签证申请；对苏丹政府违反部队地位协定，拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员深表关切，并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动人员在部队地位协定下的权利；", "12. 要求按照部队地位协定向达尔富尔混合行动颁发使用其无线电发射机的许可，以便其不受限制地与达尔富尔有关利益攸关方进行联络；", "13. 请秘书长继续每隔90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔各地执行任务的进展，包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进度和遇到的障碍，并比照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二中的基准，评估进展情况以及安全和人道主义局势(包括境内流离失所者所在地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势)、人权状况、违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为、早期恢复情况和各方履行其国际义务的情况；", "14. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止对平民、维和人员和人道主义人员的暴力和攻击，并遵守其根据人权法和国际人道主义法承担的义务；在这方面申明，安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为；呼吁立即停止敌对行动，呼吁各方承诺实现持续和永久停火；请秘书长与有关各方磋商，以建立更有效的停火监督机制；强调达尔富尔混合行动有必要就有损各方充分、建设性和平努力的重大暴力事件提出报告；", "15. 表示严重关切达尔富尔部分地区人道主义状况恶化，人道主义组织继续遭受威胁，以及由于局势更加不安全、人道主义工作者遭受袭击和冲突各方拒予进入，人道主义人员和物资进出达尔富尔受到限制，呼吁充分执行《苏丹政府和联合国关于为达尔富尔境内人道主义活动提供便利的联合公报》，包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可，并要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救援人员能够全面、安全和无阻碍地进出，人道主义援助能够交付给有此需要的民众，并强调在提供人道主义援助时必须秉持中立、公正和独立的原则；", "16. 谴责达尔富尔境内涉及达尔富尔的侵犯人权行为，包括任意逮捕和羁押，表示深切关注所有被任意羁押者，包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境，并强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内，以及其他相关组织有能力监测此类案件，吁请苏丹政府充分遵守义务，包括履行承诺撤销达尔富尔紧急状态，释放所有政治囚犯，允许自由表达意见，以及切实努力确保追究严重侵犯国际人权和人道主义法行为的责任，无论这些行为由谁实施，并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须主动促进人权，提醒当局注意侵犯行为，并将严重侵犯行为报告给安全理事会；", "17. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突会影响苏丹其他地区乃至更广大区域，敦促联合国在该区域的各特派团，包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹共和国援助团(南苏丹援助团)，密切协调，并请秘书长确保特派团之间的有效合作；", "18. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者寻找有尊严的持久解决办法，确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理，要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件，让难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或融入当地社会，注意到如秘书长报告所述，一些关于境内流离失所者自愿返回原籍村庄和地点的报告可能令人鼓舞，强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性，并表示深切关注损害该机制有效性和独立性的一些官僚主义障碍；", "19. 注意到行动安全和自由对早期恢复举措和达尔富尔回归常态大有助益，强调在达尔富尔开展早期恢复工作的重要性，并为此鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内协助联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔开展早期恢复和重建工作，包括提供地区安全保障；吁请所有各方保证进出无阻碍，苏丹政府撤销所有进出限制，努力消除达尔富尔危机的根本起因，并增加对早期恢复活动的投入；", "20. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆召开的达尔富尔水问题国际会议取得成果，这是逐步实现持久和平的一个步骤，并吁请达尔富尔混合行动根据其任务范围，所有其他联合国机构，特别是儿童基金会、开发计划署、环境规划署，以及国际行为体和捐助方，履行他们在该会议上作出的承诺；", "21. 表示深切关注局部冲突和暴力行为仍有发生并对平民产生影响，但在这方面注意到部族间摩擦有所减少，并吁请所有各方结束此类摩擦和寻求和解；表示深切关注武器特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散，并为此请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制，根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务监测达尔富尔境内是否有任何武器或相关物资，并为此继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，为他们的工作提供便利；", "22. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施，不让平民，包括妇女和儿童遭受一切形式性暴力的侵害；并请达尔富尔混合行动报告有关性暴力和性别暴力的情况，评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展，又强调需要将保护妇女和儿童免受性暴力和性别暴力侵害，作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分，并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定，包括通过任命妇女保护顾问让妇女参与，并在他给安理会的报告中列入这方面的资料；", "23. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，继续监测和报告儿童的处境，并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话，以制订有时限的行动计划，制止招募和使用儿童兵以及其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法侵害儿童的行为；", "24. 请秘书长根据安全理事会相关决议所述的特派团任务，定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则，并作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，向安全理事会和部队派遣国报告这方面的情况；", "25. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,", "Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,", "Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,", "Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,", "Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,", "Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,", "Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,", "Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to co-operate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,", "Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;", "2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;", "3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;", "4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;", "5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;", "6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;", "7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;", "9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;", "10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;", "11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;", "12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;", "13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;", "14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;", "15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;", "17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;", "18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;", "19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;", "20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;", "21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;", "22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;", "24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;", "25. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all previous resolutions and presidential statements on the situation in the Sudan and stressing the importance of full compliance with those resolutions and presidential statements,", "Reaffirming its firm commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of the Sudan and its determination to cooperate with the Government of the Sudan, based on full respect for the sovereignty of the Sudan, in order to assist in addressing the challenges in the Sudan,", "Recalling also previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, in particular reaffirming the relevant provisions of the outcomes of the United Nations World Summit; recalling resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; recalling resolution 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and recalling resolution 1325 (2000) and relevant resolutions on women, peace and security and on children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolution reaffirming that there is no peace without justice, and recalling the Council's view that ending impunity and punishing crimes committed in Darfur are essential,", "Bearing in mind the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its Additional Protocol of 16 December 1966, as well as the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention on Certain Specific Aspects of Refugee Problem in Africa and the African Union Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa of 29 October 2009,", "Recalling the report of 10 February 2009 on children and armed conflict in the Sudan (S/2009/84), including the recommendations of the report, recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General of 5 July 2011 on children and armed conflict in the Sudan (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its firm commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-United Nations peace process in Darfur, chaired by the State of Qatar, deplores the continued refusal of groups to join the process and strongly urges them to join it without preconditions without delay,", "Welcoming the outcome of the meeting of all stakeholders in Darfur on 31 May 2011, welcoming the signing by the Government of the Sudan and the Movement for the Liberation and Justice of 14 July of an agreement on the adoption of the Doha Document for the Promotion of Peace in Darfur, which represents an important step forward in the peace process and serves as the basis for consultations on a fair political process in Darfur in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements to make every effort to achieve a comprehensive peaceful settlement based on the Doha Document for the Promotion of Peace in Darfur, and agreeing immediately on a permanent ceasefire,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Committee, chaired by the State of Qatar, and welcoming the continued support of Qatar to the African Union and the United Nations for a peace process in Darfur, with the assistance of the international community, including the Government of the Sudan and all armed movements, and encouraging the AU and the United Nations to make active efforts,", "While not prejudging the primary responsibility of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security, emphasis was placed on the importance of the United Nations working with the African Union (AU) in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, in particular in the Sudan, in accordance with Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations, and welcoming in particular the work of the High-level Implementation Group on the Sudan, in cooperation with UNAMID under President Mbeki, in a comprehensive and inclusive manner to address the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General on UNAMID of 8 July (Sole422),", "Emphasizing the need for the Council to adopt a rigorous and strategic approach to the deployment of peacekeeping operations in order to enhance the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions, welcoming and encouraging UNAMID to implement more fully the mandate under Chapter VII, and in this regard stressing the importance of meeting UNAMID's needs and enabling it to put an end to the threat to the implementation of its mandate and to the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Deeply concerned that, as reported by the Secretary-General, the security situation in some parts of Darfur has deteriorated, including violations of the ceasefire, attacks by rebel groups, air strikes by the Government of the Sudan, inter-community fighting and attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, resulting in restrictions on humanitarian personnel and material access to conflict areas in which vulnerable civilians live, and the displacement of thousands of people, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all violence against civilians, and to rapidly assist humanitarian personnel and supplies from unhindered access,", "Concerned at the ongoing hostilities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Mini Minavia, and between the Government of the Sudan, the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdel Wahid and the Justice and Equality Movement, and reiterating that the conflict in Darfur cannot be resolved by military means and that there is an inclusive political solution to rebuild peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and calling upon all parties to fulfil their obligations under international human rights law and humanitarian law, stressing the need to bring those responsible to justice, and urging the Government of the Sudan to fulfil its obligations in this regard,", "Reiterating its concern at the negative impact of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the Sudan as a whole and on the region, welcoming the improvement in relations between the Sudan and Chad and the deployment of a joint force with joint command along the border, including the Central African Republic, and encouraging the Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and in the wider region,", "Expressing concern that armed movements in Darfur have allegedly been associated with groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in the Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further period of 12 months until 31 July 2012;", "Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General, in consultation with the African Union, to review the military and police personnel required by UNAMID in order to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the Mission's mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue no later than 180 days after the adoption of the present resolution;", "Stresses the need for UNAMID to take full advantage of its mandate and capabilities and to prioritize, in deciding on the use of existing capacities and resources, the following: (a) the protection of civilians throughout Darfur, including in conflict-prone areas, preventive deployment and patrolling, the protection of internally displaced persons camps and their surrounding areas, and the implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity-building; (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered access of humanitarian personnel and material to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and activities in order to facilitate unhindered access to humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to make the fullest possible use of its capabilities and to implement the Mission's strategy;", "Reaffirms the importance of advancing the peace and political process in Darfur led by the AU and the United Nations, and welcomes the priority given to the continued efforts of UNAMID to support and complement this work, in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the High-level Panel on the Sudan in this regard;", "Emphasizes that Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, established by resolution 1769, provides for UNAMID, is to carry out its core mandate, to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan for this purpose and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of its own personnel and humanitarian personnel;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements, immediately make assurances without preconditions, make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and to reach a comprehensive and peaceful solution on the basis of the Doha paper for the promotion of peace in Darfur in order to achieve stability and lasting peace in the region;", "Recognizes in this regard that the political process led by the AU and the United Nations in Darfur can play a complementary role, and calls upon the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements to help create the necessary enabling environment for the political process based on Darfur to enable all Darfur stakeholders to participate systematically and systematically in all constructive public dialogues; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, some important conditions necessary for the political process in Darfur have not yet been put in place, including, but not limited to: respect for the civil and political rights of the participants so that they can express their opinions without fear of reprisal; respect for freedom of expression and association so as to allow public consultations; and freedom of movement among participants in Darfur;", "Requests the Secretary-General, in his periodic report referred to in paragraph 13 below, to assess the conditions set out in paragraph 7 above so that the Council may, taking into account the views of the AU, decide upon UNAMID to further participate in supporting the political process based on Darfur;", "Welcomes the intention of the Secretariat to develop a road map for the peace process in Darfur, and requests the Secretary-General, in close consultation with the AU, to seek the views of all stakeholders in the Sudan and the Follow-up Committee on Implementation, as appropriate, taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council in his next 90-day report on the road map;", "Commends the contribution of UNAMID troop- and police-contributing countries and donors; strongly condemns all attacks against UNAMID; stresses that no threat of attack or attack against UNAMID is unacceptable; demands no further such attack; stresses the need to strengthen the security of UNAMID and to put an end to the impunity of those who have attacked peacekeepers, and, in this regard, urges the Government of the Sudan to do its utmost to bring those responsible to justice;", "Commends the Tripartite Mechanism for its credible work, but expresses deep concern at the continued restrictions on the movement and operations of UNAMID, in particular in areas of recent conflict; calls upon the parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles and to fully implement the mandate, including by guaranteeing its security and free movement; and in this regard calls upon the Sudan to comply fully with the status-of-forces agreements, in particular with regard to flights and equipment, and to remove all obstacles to the use of UNAMID air assets and to issue visas promptly for UNAMID personnel; and condemns the continuing delays in granting visas to them, which are likely to undermine the ability of the Government of the Sudan to discharge its visa obligations;", "Demands that, in accordance with the status-of-forces agreement, a licence be granted to UNAMID to use its radio launchers in order to liaise with relevant stakeholders in Darfur without limitation;", "Requests the Secretary-General to continue to report to the Council every 90 days on progress made in the implementation of UNAMID's mandate throughout Darfur, including progress and obstacles encountered in the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, and to assess progress and the security and humanitarian situation, including the safety and humanitarian situation of internally displaced persons sites and refugee camps, human rights situations, violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law, early recovery and compliance by all parties with their international obligations, taking into account the benchmarks set out in annex II to the report of the Secretary-General dated 16 November 2009;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately cease violence and attacks against civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel and comply with their obligations under human rights law and international humanitarian law; in this regard affirm that the Council condemns violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and calls upon all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; and requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the parties concerned, to establish a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and stresses the need for UNAMID to report on significant incidents of violence that undermine the full and constructive efforts of peace;", "Expresses grave concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in parts of Darfur, the continued threat to humanitarian organizations and the restrictions on access to Darfur due to increased insecurity, attacks on humanitarian workers and the refusal of parties to the conflict, and calls for the full implementation of the joint communiqué of the Government of the Sudan and the United Nations on facilitating humanitarian activities in Darfur, including the timely issuance of visas and travel permits to humanitarian organizations, and requests the Government of the Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders to ensure full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian aid to the population in need, and stresses the importance of the principle of impartiality and neutrality in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "Condemns human rights violations in Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detention, expresses deep concern at the situation of all arbitrarily detained persons, including members of civil society and internally displaced persons, and stresses the importance of ensuring that UNAMID, within its current mandate and in the capacity of other relevant organizations, is able to monitor such cases, calls upon the Government of the Sudan to comply fully with its obligations, including its commitment to withdraw the state of emergency in Darfur, to release all political prisoners, to allow free expressions of opinions and to ensure effective efforts to hold accountable for grave violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, irrespective of their implementation, and stresses the importance of the active promotion of human rights by UNAMID to alert the authorities to grave violations and report to the Security Council;", "Takes note of the conflict in one region of the Sudan which affects other parts of the Sudan and even the wider region, and urges the United Nations Mission in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force in Kosovo (UNIPSIL), to coordinate closely with the United Nations Assistance Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNASUR), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective cooperation between the Mission;", "Stresses the importance of finding a dignified and durable solution for refugees and internally displaced persons, ensuring their full participation in planning and management of these solutions, calls upon all parties to the conflict in Darfur to create favourable conditions for the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return or integration of refugees and internally displaced persons into local society, and notes that, as indicated in the Secretary-General's report, some reports on the voluntary return of internally displaced persons to their places of origin may be encouraging, emphasizes the importance of the joint verification mechanism in verifying the voluntary aspects of returns, and expresses deep concern at some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine the effectiveness and independence of the mechanism;", "Takes note of the significant contribution of security and freedoms to early recovery initiatives and the return of Darfur, stresses the importance of early recovery in Darfur, and, in this regard, encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to assist United Nations country teams and expert bodies in early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, including through the provision of regional safety and security; calls upon all parties to ensure unhindered access, the Government of the Sudan to withdraw all restrictions on access and access, to work to eliminate the underlying causes of the crisis in Darfur and to increase inputs to early recovery activities;", "Commends the outcome of the International Conference on Water in Darfur, held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011, as a step towards the progressive realization of lasting peace, and calls upon UNAMID, in accordance with its mandate, to fulfil their commitments made at that conference by all other United Nations agencies, in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, and international actors and donors;", "Expresses deep concern at the continued occurrence and impact on civilians of conflicts and violence in the Department, but notes in this regard the decrease in inter-community friction and calls upon all parties to put an end to such frictions and seek reconciliation; expresses deep concern at the proliferation of weapons, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms to monitor the availability of any weapons or related materiel in Darfur in accordance with the mandate set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769 and to continue to cooperate with the Group of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) to facilitate their work;", "Demands that all parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to prevent violations of all forms of sexual violence by civilians, including women and children, in accordance with resolution 1820 (2008), and requests UNAMID to report on the situation of sexual and gender-based violence, to assess progress made in the elimination of sexual violence and gender-based violence, and stresses the need to protect women and children from sexual violence and gender violence as part of the Mission-wide strategy for the protection of civilians referred to in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that UNAMID implements the provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960, including through the appointment of women protection advisers, and the inclusion of information in the Council;", "Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continuing to monitor and report on the situation of children as part of the report referred to in paragraph 13 above and (b) continuing to engage in dialogue with parties to the conflict with a view to developing time-bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of children and other violations of international humanitarian and human rights law;", "Requests the Secretary-General to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID, in accordance with the mandate of the Mission referred to in relevant Security Council resolutions, and to report thereon to the Security Council and the troop-contributing countries as part of the report referred to in paragraph 13 above;", "Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会第6597次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月29日星期五下午6时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6597th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 6 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6597th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 6 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda.", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (Suff422)." ]