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[ "第2002(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月29日第6596次会议通过", "安全理事会,", "重申其以往关于索马里局势和厄立特里亚的各项决议和主席声明，尤其是规定禁止向索马里运送任何武器和军事装备(下称“索马里军火禁运”)的第733(1992)号决议，以及第1519(2003)号、第1558(2004)号、第1587(2005)号、第1630(2005)号、第1676(2006)号、第1724(2006)号、第1744(2007)号、第1766(2007)号、第1772(2007)号、第1801(2008)号、第1811(2008)号、第1844(2008)号、第1853(2008)号、第1862(2009)号、第1907(2009)号、第1916(2010)号和第1972(2011)号决议，", "回顾根据其第1744(2007)号和第1772(2007)号决议的规定，对索马里实施的军火禁运不适用于：(a) 专门用于支持非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)或供其使用的武器和军事装备、技术培训和援助；(b) 各国提供的、专门用于依循这些决议所述政治进程帮助建设安全部门机构的用品和技术援助，而且经第1907(2009)号决议扩大了任务范围的第751(1992)号决议所设委员会(下称“委员会”)在收到关于这些用品或援助的预先通知后五个工作日内进行逐案处理后，未作出反对的决定，", "回顾其关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于在武装冲突中保护平民的第1265(1999)号、第1296(2000)号、第1325(2000)号、第1612(2005)号、第1674(2006)号、第1738(2006)号、第1820(2008)号、第1882(2009)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议，", "重申尊重索马里、吉布提和厄立特里亚的主权、领土完整、政治独立和统一，", "重申《吉布提和平协议》及和平进程是达成一项索马里冲突解决方案的基础，重申根据《过渡联邦宪章》全面、持久地解决索马里局势的承诺，并重申所有索马里领导人亟需采取具体步骤继续进行政治对话，", "注意到2011年7月18日监察组依照第1916(2010)号决议第6(k)段提交的报告(S/2011/433)和报告中的意见和建议，", "谴责有武器和弹药违反索马里军火禁运和第1907(2009)号决议规定的厄立特里亚军火禁运(下称“厄立特里亚军火禁运”)流入或流经索马里和厄立特里亚，严重威胁该区域的和平与稳定，", "呼吁所有会员国，特别是该区域各国，不采取任何违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的行动，采取一切必要步骤来追究违禁者的责任，", "重申必须坚持不懈和警惕地调查违反军火禁运的行为，加强对索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的监测，铭记严格强制执行军火禁运将改善该区域的总体安全形势，", "对监察组受到恐吓和监察组的工作遭受干扰表示关切，", "再次严重关切索马里境内人道主义局势的不断恶化和当前干旱和饥荒的影响，强烈谴责索马里武装团体袭击和阻碍人道主义援助的运送，致使援助无法运送到一些地区，谴责一再袭击人道主义人员的行为，", "再次最强烈地谴责一切违反适用国际法对平民、包括对儿童实施暴力、虐待和侵犯的行为，包括性暴力和基于性别的暴力行为，强调必须将实施侵害者绳之以法，回顾安理会关于妇女、和平与安全、关于儿童与武装冲突和关于武装冲突中保护平民的所有相关决议，并为此认为，需要重申和进一步加强现有的指认标准，以便采取第1844(2008)号决议规定的定向措施，", "重申过渡联邦机构和捐助方在分配财务资源时都要做到相互负责和透明，", "呼吁终止挪用资金行为，因为它损害索马里地方当局提供服务的能力，", "认定索马里局势、厄立特里亚破坏索马里和平与和解的行动以及吉布提与厄立特里亚之间的争端继续威胁该区域的国际和平与安全，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动,", "1. 决定，第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段中的措施适用于委员会指认的有以下行为的个人，该决议第3和7段的规定适用于委员会指认的有以下行为的实体：", "(a) 从事或支持威胁索马里和平、安全或稳定的行为，包括威胁2008年8月18日《吉布提协议》或政治进程或以武力威胁过渡联邦机构或非索特派团；", "(b) 违反了第1844(2008)号决议第6段重申的全面彻底军火禁运；", "(c) 阻碍向索马里运送人道主义援助物资，或阻碍在索马里境内获得和分发人道主义援助；", "(d) 是违反适用国际法在索马里武装冲突中招募或使用儿童的政治或军事领导人；", "(e) 应对在索马里违反适用国际法，在武装冲突中袭击包括儿童或妇女在内的平民，包括杀害和致残、性暴力和基于性别的暴力、袭击学校和医院以及劫持和强迫流离失所行为负责的人；", "2. 认为上文第1(a)段所述行为可包括但不限于挪用资金，因为这种行为损害过渡联邦机构在《吉布提协议》框架内履行其提供服务义务的能力；", "3. 认为所有通过青年党所控制港口进行的非本地的商业活动是为被指认实体提供财务支持，对索马里的和平、稳定与安全构成威胁，因此委员会可以对从事这些商业活动的个人和实体进行指认，并可对其采取第1844(2008)号决议规定的定向措施；", "4. 呼吁过渡联邦政府考虑禁止大型商船在青年党所控制港口进行的所有贸易；", "5. 要求所有各方确保可以全面、安全和不受阻碍地进出，以便及时把人道主义援助送交给索马里各地需要援助的人，强调安理会严重关切索马里境内人道主义局势不断恶化，敦促所有各方和武装团体采取适当步骤，确保人道主义人员和物资的安全和保障，表示安理会随时准备在这些个人和实体符合上文第1(c)段规定的列名标准时，对其实行定向制裁；", "6. 决定延长第1558(2004)号决议第3段所述监察组的经第1916号决议第6段延长的授权，请秘书长尽快采取必要的行政措施，重新组建监察组，使其自本决议之日起任期12个月，由8名专家组成，酌情利用第1916(2010)号决议所设监察组成员的知识专长，并遵循第1907(2009)号决议，以便执行范围有所扩大的以下任务：", "(a) 协助委员会监测第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段规定措施的执行情况，包括上报违禁行为的相关信息；在给委员会的报告中列入可能指认上文第1段所述个人和实体的相关信息；", "(b) 协助委员会如第1844(2008)号决议第14段所述，编写关于按照上文第1段指认的个人和实体的叙述性简要说明；", "(c) 调查索马里境内任何可能为委员会指认的、符合第1844(2008)号决议的列名标准的实体青年党带来收入的港口活动；", "(d) 继续开展第1587(2005)号决议第3(a)至(c)段、第1844(2008)号决议第 23(a)至(c)段和第1907(2009)号决议第19(a)至(d)段提出的工作；", "(e) 与相关国际机构协调，对所有产生收入以用于违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的活动，包括金融、海事和其他部门的活动，进行调查；", "(f) 调查任何用于违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的运输工具、路线、海港、机场及其他设施；", "(g) 继续改进和增订索马里境内外有上文第1段所述行为的个人和实体及其积极支持者的名单草稿，以便安理会可在今后采取措施，并在委员会认为适当时向其提交这些资料；", "(h) 编制厄立特里亚境内外有第1907(2009)号决议第15(a)至(e)段所述行为的个人和实体及其积极支持者的名单草稿，以便安理会可在今后采取措施，并在委员会认为适当时向其提交这些资料；", "(i) 继续根据其调查结果、第1425(2002)号和第1474(2003)号决议任命的专家小组以前的报告(S/2003/223和S/2005/1035)，以及第1519(2003)号、第1558(2004)号、第1587(2005)号、第1630(2005)号、第1676(2006)号、第1724(2006)号、第1766(2007)号、第1811(2008)号、第1853(2008)号和第1916(2010)号决议任命的监察组以前的报告(S/2004/604、S/2005/153、S/2005/625、S/2006/229、S/2006/913、S/2007/436、S/2008/274、S/2008/769和S/2010/91)，提出建议；", "(j) 与委员会密切合作，以便就采取补充措施，改进索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和关于厄立特里亚的第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定措施的总体遵守情况提出具体建议；", "(k) 协助确定可在哪些领域中加强该区域国家的能力，以便协助执行索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和关于厄立特里亚的第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定的措施；", "(l) 在设立之后六个月内，通过委员会向安理会提出中期简报，并每月向委员会提交进度报告；", "(m) 至迟在监察组任期结束前15天，通过委员会提交两份涵盖以上所有任务的最后报告，一份以索马里为重点，另外一份以厄立特里亚为重点，供安全理事会审议；", "7. 还请秘书长作出必要的财政安排，支持监察组的工作；", "8. 请委员会根据其授权，同监察组和其他相关联合国实体协商，审议监察组报告中的建议，并根据继续发生的违禁行为，就如何改进索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定措施的执行和遵守情况，向安理会提出建议；", "9. 决定在本决议通过之日起12个月内，在不妨碍别处开展的人道主义援助方案的情况下，第1844(2008)号决议第3段为会员国规定的义务不适用于为确保联合国、其专门机构或方案、在联合国大会具有观察员地位的提供人道主义援助的人道主义组织和其执行伙伴(包括参加联合国关于索马里的联合呼吁的双边或多边资助的非政府组织)在索马里及时提供迫切需要的人道主义援助而需要支付的资金、其他金融资产或经济资源；", "10. 敦促所有各方和所有国家，包括厄立特里亚、该区域的其他国家和过渡联邦政府以及国际、区域和次区域组织，确保同监察组合作，确保监察组成员的安全，尤其确保可以不受阻碍地接触监察组认为与执行其任务有关的人、文件和地点；", "11. 决定继续积极处理本案。" ]

[ "Resolution 2002 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6596th meeting, on 29 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions and the statements of its President concerning the situation in Somalia, and concerning Eritrea, in particular resolution 733 (1992), which established an embargo on all delivery of weapons and military equipment to Somalia (hereinafter referred to as the “Somalia arms embargo”), resolution 1519 (2003), resolution 1558 (2004), resolution 1587 (2005), resolution 1630 (2005), resolution 1676 (2006), resolution 1724 (2006), resolution 1744 (2007), resolution 1766 (2007), resolution 1772 (2007), resolution 1801 (2008), resolution 1811 (2008), resolution 1844 (2008), resolution 1853 (2008), resolution 1862 (2009,) resolution 1907 (2009), resolution 1916 (2010), and resolution 1972 (2011),", "Recalling that, as set out in its resolutions 1744 (2007) and 1772 (2007), the arms embargo on Somalia does not apply to (a) weapons and military equipment, technical training and assistance intended solely for support of or use by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), and (b) supplies and technical assistance by States intended solely for the purpose of helping develop security sector institutions, consistent with the political process set out in those resolutions and in the absence of a negative decision by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992), the mandate of which was expanded pursuant to resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”), within five working days of receiving an advance notification of such supplies or assistance on a case-by-case basis,", "Recalling its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, and resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1612 (2005), 1674 (2006), 1738 (2006), 1820 (2008), 1882 (2009), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts,", "Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea respectively,", "Reaffirming that the Djibouti Peace Agreement and the Peace Process represent the basis for a resolution of the conflict in Somalia, and reiterating its commitment to a comprehensive and lasting settlement of the situation in Somalia based on the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), and reiterating the urgent need for all Somali leaders to take tangible steps to continue political dialogue,", "Taking note of the report of the Monitoring Group dated 18 July 2011 (S/2011/433) submitted pursuant to paragraph 6 (k) of resolution 1916 (2010) and the observations and recommendations contained therein,", "Condemning flows of weapons and ammunition supplies to and through Somalia and Eritrea in violation of the Somalia arms embargo and the Eritrea arms embargo established pursuant to resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as the “Eritrea arms embargo”), as a serious threat towards peace and stability in the region,", "Calling upon all Member States, in particular those in the region, to refrain from any action in contravention of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, and to take all necessary steps to hold violators accountable,", "Reaffirming the importance of enhancing the monitoring of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes through persistent and vigilant investigation into the violations, bearing in mind that strict enforcement of the arms embargoes will improve the overall security situation in the region,", "Expressing concern at acts of intimidation against the Monitoring Group and interference with the Monitoring Group’s work,", "Reiterating its serious concern about the worsening humanitarian situation in Somalia, and the impact of the current drought and famine, strongly condemning the targeting and obstruction of the delivery of humanitarian aid by armed groups in Somalia, which has prevented the delivery of such aid in some areas and deploring the repeated attacks on humanitarian personnel,", "Reiterating its condemnation in the strongest terms of all acts of violence, abuses and violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, committed against civilians, including children, in violation of applicable international law, stressing that the perpetrators must be brought to justice, recalling all its relevant resolutions on women, peace and security, on children and armed conflict, and on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and considering therefore that the existing designation criteria for targeted measures under resolution 1844 (2008) need to be reaffirmed and further strengthened,", "Reaffirming the need for both the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) and donors to be mutually accountable and transparent in the allocation of financial resources,", "Calling for the end of the misappropriation of financial funds which undermine the ability of local authorities to deliver services in Somalia,", "Determining that the situation in Somalia, Eritrea’s actions undermining peace and reconciliation in Somalia as well as the dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea continue to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides that the measures in paragraphs 1, 3, and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall apply to individuals, and that the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 7 of that resolution shall apply to entities, designated by the Committee:", "(a) as engaging in or providing support for acts that threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia, including acts that threaten the Djibouti Agreement of 18 August 2008 or the political process, or threaten the TFIs or AMISOM by force;", "(b) as having acted in violation of the general and complete arms embargo reaffirmed in paragraph 6 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) as obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Somalia, or access to, or distribution of, humanitarian assistance in Somalia;", "(d) as being political or military leaders recruiting or using children in armed conflicts in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "(e) as being responsible for violations of applicable international law in Somalia involving the targeting of civilians including children and women in situations of armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual and gender-based violence, attacks on schools and hospitals and abduction and forced displacement;", "2. Considers that acts under paragraph 1 (a) above may include, but are not limited to, the misappropriation of financial resources which undermines the Transitional Federal Institutions’ ability to fulfil their obligations in delivering services within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement;", "3. Considers that all non-local commerce via Al-Shabaab controlled ports, that constitutes financial support for a designated entity, poses a threat to the peace, stability, and security of Somalia, and thereby individuals and entities engaged in such commerce may be designated by the Committee and made subject to the targeted measures established by resolution 1844 (2008);", "4. Calls upon the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to consider banning all trade by large merchant vessels with Al-Shabaab controlled ports;", "5. Demands that all parties ensure full, safe and unhindered access for the timely delivery of humanitarian aid to persons in need of assistance across Somalia, underlines its grave concern at the worsening humanitarian situation in Somalia, urges all parties and armed groups to take appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and supplies, and expresses its readiness to apply targeted sanctions against such individuals and entities if they meet the listing criteria set out in paragraph 1 (c) above;", "6. Decides to extend the mandate of the Monitoring Group referred to in paragraph 3 of resolution 1558 (2004), extended by paragraph 6 of resolution 1916, and requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary administrative measures as expeditiously as possible to re-establish the Monitoring Group for a period of 12 months from the date of this resolution, consisting of eight experts, drawing, as appropriate, on the expertise of the members of the Monitoring Group established pursuant to resolution 1916 (2010), and consistent with resolution 1907 (2009), in order to fulfil its expanded mandate, this mandate being as follows:", "(a) to assist the Committee in monitoring the implementation of the measures imposed in paragraph 1, 3, and 7 of 1844 (2008), including by reporting any information on violations; to include in its reports to the Committee any information relevant to the potential designation of the individuals and entities described in paragraph 1 above;", "(b) to assist the Committee in compiling narrative summaries, referred to in paragraph 14 of resolution 1844 (2008) of individuals and entities designated pursuant to paragraph 1 above;", "(c) to investigate any seaport operations in Somalia that may generate revenue for Al-Shabaab, an entity designated by the Committee for meeting the listing criteria in resolution 1844 (2008);", "(d) to continue the tasks outlined in paragraphs 3 (a) to (c) of resolution 1587 (2005), paragraphs 23 (a) to (c) of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 19 (a) to (d) of resolution 1907 (2009);", "(e) to investigate, in coordination with relevant international agencies, all activities, including in the financial, maritime and other sectors, which generate revenues used to commit violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(f) to investigate any means of transport, routes, seaports, airports and other facilities used in connection with violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(g) to continue refining and updating information on the draft list of those individuals and entities that engage in acts described in paragraph 1 above, inside and outside Somalia, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to present such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(h) to compile a draft list of those individuals and entities that engage in acts described in paragraphs 15 (a)-(e) of resolution 1907 (2009) inside and outside Eritrea, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to present such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(i) to continue making recommendations based on its investigations, on the previous reports of the Panel of Experts (S/2003/223 and S/2003/1035) appointed pursuant to resolutions 1425 (2002) and 1474 (2003), and on the previous reports of the Monitoring Group (S/2004/604, S/2005/153, S/2005/625, S/2006/229, S/2006/913, S/2007/436, S/2008/274, S/2008/769 and S/2010/91) appointed pursuant to resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1766 (2007), 1811 (2008) 1853 (2008) and 1916 (2010);", "(j) to work closely with the Committee on specific recommendations for additional measures to improve overall compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, as well as the measures imposed in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(k) to assist in identifying areas where the capacities of States in the region can be strengthened to facilitate the implementation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, as well as the measures imposed in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(l) to provide to the Council, through the Committee, a midterm briefing within six months of its establishment, and to submit progress reports to the Committee on a monthly basis;", "(m) to submit, for the Security Council’s consideration, through the Committee, two final reports; one focusing on Somalia, the other on Eritrea, covering all the tasks set out above, no later than 15 days prior to the termination of the Monitoring Group’s mandate;", "7. Further requests the Secretary-General to make the necessary financial arrangements to support the work of the Monitoring Group;", "8. Requests the Committee, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Monitoring Group and other relevant United Nations entities, to consider the recommendations in the reports of the Monitoring Group and recommend to the Council ways to improve implementation of and compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes as well as implementation of the targeted measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3, and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009), in response to continuing violations;", "9. Decides that for a period of twelve months from the date of this resolution, and without prejudice to humanitarian assistance programmes conducted elsewhere, the obligations placed on Member States in paragraph 3 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall not apply to the payment of funds, other financial assets or economic resources necessary to ensure the timely delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance in Somalia, by the United Nations, its specialised agencies or programmes, humanitarian organizations having observer status with the United Nations General Assembly that provide humanitarian assistance, and their implementing partners, including bilaterally or multilaterally funded NGOs participating in the UN Consolidated Appeal for Somalia;", "10. Urges all parties and all States, including Eritrea, other States in the region, and the TFG, as well as international, regional and subregional organizations, ensure cooperation with the Monitoring Group, and ensure the safety of the members of the Monitoring Group, and unhindered access, in particular to persons, documents and sites the Monitoring Group deems relevant to the execution of its mandate;", "11. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "Resolution 2002 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6596th meeting, on 29 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions and the statements of its President concerning the situation in Somalia and Eritrea, in particular resolution 733 (1992), which established a ban on all delivery of weapons and military equipment to Somalia (hereinafter referred to as the “Somalia arms embargo”), and resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1766 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1844 (2008), 1853 (2008), 1862 (2009), 1907 (2009), 1916 (2010) and 1972 (2011),", "Recalling that, in accordance with its resolutions 1744 (2007) and 1772 (2007), the arms embargo on Somalia does not apply to: (a) weapons and military equipment, technical training and assistance intended solely for the support of or use by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); and (b) supplies and technical assistance provided by States intended solely for the purpose of contributing to the development of security sector institutions in accordance with the political process referred to in those resolutions, and the absence of a negative decision by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”) whose mandate was expanded by resolution 1907 (2009) to do so on a case-by-case basis within five working days of receiving advance notification of such supplies or assistance,", "Recalling its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, and its resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1612 (2005), 1674 (2006), 1738 (2006), 1820 (2008), 1882 (2009), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict,", "Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea,", "Reaffirming the Djibouti Peace Agreement and the peace process as the basis for a solution to the conflict in Somalia, reaffirming its commitment to a comprehensive and lasting settlement of the situation in Somalia in accordance with the Transitional Federal Charter, and reiterating the urgent need for all Somali leaders to take concrete steps to continue political dialogue,", "Taking note of the report of the Monitoring Group dated 18 July 2011 (S/2011/433) submitted pursuant to paragraph 6 (k) of resolution 1916 (2010) and the observations and recommendations contained therein,", "Condemning the flow of weapons and ammunition to and through Somalia and Eritrea in violation of the Somalia arms embargo and the Eritrea arms embargo imposed by resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as the “Eritrea arms embargo”), as a serious threat to peace and stability in the region,", "Calling upon all Member States, in particular those in the region, to refrain from any action in violation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and to take all necessary steps to hold violators accountable,", "Reiterating the importance of persistent and vigilant investigation into violations of the arms embargo and strengthening the monitoring of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, bearing in mind that strict enforcement of the arms embargo will improve the overall security situation in the region,", "Expressing concern at the intimidation of the Monitoring Group and the disruption of its work,", "Reiterating its serious concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Somalia and the impact of the current drought and famine, strongly condemning the attacks by Somali armed groups and the obstruction of the delivery of humanitarian assistance, which has prevented its delivery to some areas, and condemning the repeated attacks on humanitarian personnel,", "Reiterating its condemnation in the strongest terms of all acts of violence, ill-treatment and violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, committed against civilians, including children, in violation of applicable international law, stressing that perpetrators must be brought to justice, recalling all its relevant resolutions on women, peace and security, children and armed conflict and the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and in this regard considering that existing designation criteria need to be reaffirmed and further strengthened in order to take targeted measures as set out in resolution 1844 (2008),", "Reaffirming the need for the Transitional Federal Institutions and donors to be mutually accountable and transparent in the allocation of financial resources,", "Calling for an end to the misappropriation of funds, which undermines the ability of local Somali authorities to provide services,", "Determining that the situation in Somalia, Eritrea ' s actions to undermine peace and reconciliation in Somalia and the dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea continue to threaten international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides that the measures in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall apply to individuals designated by the Committee as:", "(a) To engage in or support acts that threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia, including threats to the Djibouti Agreement of 18 August 2008 or the political process, or threats by force to the Transitional Federal Institutions or AMISOM;", "(b) In violation of the general and complete arms embargo reaffirmed in paragraph 6 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) To obstruct the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Somalia or the access to and distribution of humanitarian assistance in Somalia;", "(d) Political or military leaders who recruit or use children in armed conflict in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "(e) Those responsible for attacks on civilians, including children or women, in armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual and gender-based violence, attacks on schools and hospitals and abductions and forced displacements in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "2. Considers that the conduct described in paragraph 1 (a) above may include, but is not limited to, the misappropriation of funds, as it undermines the ability of the transitional federal institutions to fulfil their obligation to provide services within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement;", "3. Considers that all non-local commercial activities carried out through Al-Shabaab-controlled ports constitute financial support to designated entities and constitute a threat to the peace, stability and security of Somalia and that the Committee may therefore designate individuals and entities engaged in such commercial activities and may impose targeted measures as set out in resolution 1844 (2008);", "4. Calls upon the Transitional Federal Government to consider prohibiting all trade by large merchant vessels in ports controlled by Al-Shabaab;", "5. Demands that all parties ensure full, safe and unhindered access for the timely delivery of humanitarian assistance to those in need throughout Somalia, stresses its grave concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Somalia, urges all parties and armed groups to take appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and supplies, and expresses its readiness to impose targeted sanctions against such individuals and entities when they meet the listing criteria set out in paragraph 1 (c) above;", "6. Decides to renew the mandate of the Monitoring Group as set out in paragraph 3 of resolution 1558 (2004), as renewed by paragraph 6 of resolution 1916, and requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary administrative measures as expeditiously as possible to re-establish the Monitoring Group for a period of 12 months from the date of this resolution, consisting of eight experts, drawing, as appropriate, on the expertise of the members of the Monitoring Group established pursuant to resolution 1916 (2010), and consistent with resolution 1907 (2009), in order to carry out its expanded mandate, which is as follows:", "(a) To assist the Committee in monitoring the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), including by reporting information on violations; and to include in its reports to the Committee information on the possible designation of individuals and entities referred to in paragraph 1 above;", "(b) To assist the Committee in the preparation of narrative summaries of individuals and entities designated pursuant to paragraph 1 above, as referred to in paragraph 14 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) To investigate any port activities in Somalia that may generate revenues for Al-Shabaab, an entity designated by the Committee to meet the listing criteria of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(d) To continue the work set out in paragraphs 3 (a) to (c) of resolution 1587 (2005), paragraph 23 (a) to (c) of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraph 19 (a) to (d) of resolution 1907 (2009);", "(e) To investigate, in coordination with relevant international agencies, all activities, including in the financial, maritime and other sectors, that generate revenues to be used in violation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(f) To investigate any means of transport, routes, seaports, airports and other facilities used in connection with violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(g) to continue refining and updating information on the draft list of individuals and entities who commit acts described in paragraph 1 above, inside and outside Somalia, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to submit such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(h) To prepare a draft list of individuals and entities acting under paragraphs 15 (a) to (e) of resolution 1907 (2009) inside and outside Eritrea, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to submit such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(i) To continue to make recommendations based on its investigations, on the previous reports of the Panel of Experts appointed pursuant to resolutions 1425 (2002) and 1474 (2003) (S/2003/223 and S/2005/1035) and on the previous reports of the Monitoring Group appointed pursuant to resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1766 (2007), 1811 (2008), 1853 (2008) and 1916 (2010) (S/2004/604, S/2005/153, S/2005/625, S/2006/229, S/2006/913, S/2007/436, S/2008/274, S/2008/769 and S/2010/91);", "(j) To work closely with the Committee with a view to making specific recommendations on additional measures to improve overall compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(k) To assist in identifying areas where the capacity of States in the region can be strengthened to facilitate the implementation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(l) To provide to the Council, through the Committee, a midterm briefing within six months of its establishment and to submit progress reports to the Committee on a monthly basis;", "(m) To submit, for the consideration of the Security Council, through the Committee, two final reports, one focusing on Somalia and the other on Eritrea, covering all the tasks set out above, no later than 15 days prior to the termination of the Monitoring Group ' s mandate;", "7. Further requests the Secretary-General to make the necessary financial arrangements to support the work of the Monitoring Group;", "8. Requests the Committee, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Monitoring Group and other relevant United Nations entities, to consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Monitoring Group and to make recommendations to the Council on how to improve implementation of and compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) in the light of continuing violations;", "9. Decides that for a period of twelve months from the date of adoption of this resolution and without prejudice to humanitarian assistance programmes carried out elsewhere, the obligations imposed on Member States by paragraph 3 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall not apply to funds, other financial assets or economic resources required to ensure the timely delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance in Somalia by the United Nations, its specialized agencies or programmes, humanitarian organizations having observer status in the General Assembly that provide humanitarian assistance and their implementing partners, including bilaterally or multilaterally funded non-governmental organizations participating in the United Nations Consolidated Appeal for Somalia;", "10. Urges all parties and all States, including Eritrea, other States in the region and the Transitional Federal Government, as well as international, regional and subregional organizations, to ensure cooperation with the Monitoring Group and to ensure the security of the members of the Monitoring Group, in particular unhindered access to persons, documents and sites the Monitoring Group deems relevant to the implementation of its mandate;", "11. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "法国、加蓬、德国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国：决议草案", "安全理事会,", "重申其以往关于索马里局势和厄立特里亚的各项决议和主席声明，尤其是规定禁止向索马里运送任何武器和军事装备(下称“索马里军火禁运”)的第733(1992)号决议，以及第1519(2003)号、第1558(2004)号、第1587(2005)号、第1630(2005)号、第1676(2006)号、第1724(2006)号、第1744(2007)号、第1766(2007)号、第1772(2007)号、第1801(2008)号、第1811(2008)号、第1844(2008)号、第1853(2008)号、第1862(2009)号、第1907(2009)号、第1916(2010)号和第1972(2011)号决议，", "回顾根据其第1744(2007)号和第1772(2007)号决议的规定，对索马里实施的军火禁运不适用于：(a) 专门用于支持非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)或供其使用的武器和军事装备、技术培训和援助；(b) 各国提供的、专门用于依循这些决议所述政治进程帮助建设安全部门机构的用品和技术援助，而且经第1907(2009)号决议扩大了任务范围的第751(1992)号决议所设委员会(下称“委员会”)在收到关于这些用品或援助的预先通知后五个工作日内进行逐案处理后，未作出反对的决定，", "回顾其关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于在武装冲突中保护平民的第1265(1999)号、第1296(2000)号、第1325(2000)号、第1612(2005)号、第1674(2006)号、第1738(2006)号、第1820(2008)号、第1882(2009)号、第1888(2009)号和第1889(2009)号决议，", "重申尊重索马里、吉布提和厄立特里亚的主权、领土完整、政治独立和统一，", "重申《吉布提和平协议》及和平进程是达成一项索马里冲突解决方案的基础，重申根据《过渡联邦宪章》全面、持久地解决索马里局势的承诺，并重申所有索马里领导人亟需采取具体步骤继续进行政治对话，", "注意到2011年7月18日监察组依照第1916(2010)号决议第6(k)段提交的报告(S/2011/433)和报告中的意见和建议，", "谴责有武器和弹药违反索马里军火禁运和第1907(2009)号决议规定的厄立特里亚军火禁运(下称“厄立特里亚军火禁运”)流入或流经索马里和厄立特里亚，严重威胁该区域的和平与稳定，", "呼吁所有会员国，特别是该区域各国，不采取任何违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的行动，采取一切必要步骤来追究违禁者的责任，", "重申必须坚持不懈和警惕地调查违反军火禁运的行为，加强对索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的监测，铭记严格强制执行军火禁运将改善该区域的总体安全形势，", "对监察组受到恐吓和监察组的工作遭受干扰表示关切，", "再次严重关切索马里境内人道主义局势的不断恶化和当前干旱和饥荒的影响，强烈谴责索马里武装团体袭击和阻碍人道主义援助的运送，致使援助无法运送到一些地区，谴责一再袭击人道主义人员的行为，", "再次最强烈地谴责一切违反适用国际法对平民、包括对儿童实施暴力、虐待和侵犯的行为，包括性暴力和基于性别的暴力行为，强调必须将实施侵害者绳之以法，回顾安理会关于妇女、和平与安全、关于儿童与武装冲突和关于武装冲突中保护平民的所有相关决议，并为此认为，需要重申和进一步加强现有的指认标准，以便采取第1844(2008)号决议规定的定向措施，", "重申过渡联邦机构和捐助方在分配财务资源时都要做到相互负责和透明，", "呼吁终止挪用资金行为，因为它损害索马里地方当局提供服务的能力，", "认定索马里局势、厄立特里亚破坏索马里和平与和解的行动以及吉布提与厄立特里亚之间的争端继续威胁该区域的国际和平与安全，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动,", "1. 决定，第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段中的措施适用于委员会指认的有以下行为的个人，该决议第3和7段的规定适用于委员会指认的有以下行为的实体：", "(a) 从事或支持威胁索马里和平、安全或稳定的行为，包括威胁2008年8月18日《吉布提协议》或政治进程或以武力威胁过渡联邦机构或非索特派团；", "(b) 违反了第1844(2008)号决议第6段重申的全面彻底军火禁运；", "(c) 阻碍向索马里运送人道主义援助物资，或阻碍在索马里境内获得和分发人道主义援助；", "(d) 是违反适用国际法在索马里武装冲突中招募或使用儿童的政治或军事领导人；", "(e) 应对在索马里违反适用国际法，在武装冲突中袭击包括儿童或妇女在内的平民，包括杀害和致残、性暴力和基于性别的暴力、袭击学校和医院以及劫持和强迫流离失所行为负责的人；", "2. 认为上文第1(a)段所述行为可包括但不限于挪用资金，因为这种行为损害过渡联邦机构在《吉布提协议》框架内履行其提供服务义务的能力；", "3. 认为所有通过青年党所控制港口进行的非本地的商业活动是为被指认实体提供财务支持，对索马里的和平、稳定与安全构成威胁，因此委员会可以对从事这些商业活动的个人和实体进行指认，并可对其采取第1844(2008)号决议规定的定向措施；", "4. 呼吁过渡联邦政府考虑禁止大型商船在青年党所控制港口进行的所有贸易；", "5. 要求所有各方确保可以全面、安全和不受阻碍地进出，以便及时把人道主义援助送交给索马里各地需要援助的人，强调安理会严重关切索马里境内人道主义局势不断恶化，敦促所有各方和武装团体采取适当步骤，确保人道主义人员和物资的安全和保障，表示安理会随时准备在这些个人和实体符合上文第1(c)段规定的列名标准时，对其实行定向制裁；", "6. 决定延长第1558(2004)号决议第3段所述监察组的经第1916号决议第6段延长的授权，请秘书长尽快采取必要的行政措施，重新组建监察组，使其自本决议之日起任期12个月，由8名专家组成，酌情利用第1916(2010)号决议所设监察组成员的知识专长，并遵循第1907(2009)号决议，以便执行范围有所扩大的以下任务：", "(a) 协助委员会监测第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段规定措施的执行情况，包括上报违禁行为的相关信息；在给委员会的报告中列入可能指认上文第1段所述个人和实体的相关信息；", "(b) 协助委员会如第1844(2008)号决议第14段所述，编写关于按照上文第1段指认的个人和实体的叙述性简要说明；", "(c) 调查索马里境内任何可能为委员会指认的、符合第1844(2008)号决议的列名标准的实体青年党带来收入的港口活动；", "(d) 继续开展第1587(2005)号决议第3(a)至(c)段、第1844(2008)号决议第 23(a)至(c)段和第1907(2009)号决议第19(a)至(d)段提出的工作；", "(e) 与相关国际机构协调，对所有产生收入以用于违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的活动，包括金融、海事和其他部门的活动，进行调查；", "(f) 调查任何用于违反索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运的运输工具、路线、海港、机场及其他设施；", "(g) 继续改进和增订索马里境内外有上文第1段所述行为的个人和实体及其积极支持者的名单草稿，以便安理会可在今后采取措施，并在委员会认为适当时向其提交这些资料；", "(h) 编制厄立特里亚境内外有第1907(2009)号决议第15(a)至(e)段所述行为的个人和实体及其积极支持者的名单草稿，以便安理会可在今后采取措施，并在委员会认为适当时向其提交这些资料；", "(i) 继续根据其调查结果、第1425(2002)号和第1474(2003)号决议任命的专家小组以前的报告(S/2003/223和S/2005/1035)，以及第1519(2003)号、第1558(2004)号、第1587(2005)号、第1630(2005)号、第1676(2006)号、第1724(2006)号、第1766(2007)号、第1811(2008)号、第1853(2008)号和第1916(2010)号决议任命的监察组以前的报告(S/2004/604、S/2005/153、S/2005/625、S/2006/229、S/2006/913、S/2007/436、S/2008/274、S/2008/769和S/2010/91)，提出建议；", "(j) 与委员会密切合作，以便就采取补充措施，改进索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和关于厄立特里亚的第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定措施的总体遵守情况提出具体建议；", "(k) 协助确定可在哪些领域中加强该区域国家的能力，以便协助执行索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和关于厄立特里亚的第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定的措施；", "(l) 在设立之后六个月内，通过委员会向安理会提出中期简报，并每月向委员会提交进度报告；", "(m) 至迟在监察组任期结束前15天，通过委员会提交两份涵盖以上所有任务的最后报告，一份以索马里为重点，另外一份以厄立特里亚为重点，供安全理事会审议；", "7. 还请秘书长作出必要的财政安排，支持监察组的工作；", "8. 请委员会根据其授权，同监察组和其他相关联合国实体协商，审议监察组报告中的建议，并根据继续发生的违禁行为，就如何改进索马里和厄立特里亚军火禁运以及第1844(2008)号决议第1、3和7段和第1907(2009)号决议第5、6、8、10、12和13段规定措施的执行和遵守情况，向安理会提出建议；", "9. 决定在本决议通过之日起12个月内，在不妨碍别处开展的人道主义援助方案的情况下，第1844(2008)号决议第3段为会员国规定的义务不适用于为确保联合国、其专门机构或方案、在联合国大会具有观察员地位的提供人道主义援助的人道主义组织和其执行伙伴(包括参加联合国关于索马里的联合呼吁的双边或多边资助的非政府组织)在索马里及时提供迫切需要的人道主义援助而需要支付的资金、其他金融资产或经济资源；", "10. 敦促所有各方和所有国家，包括厄立特里亚、该区域的其他国家和过渡联邦政府以及国际、区域和次区域组织，确保同监察组合作，确保监察组成员的安全，尤其确保可以不受阻碍地接触监察组认为与执行其任务有关的人、文件和地点；", "11. 决定继续积极处理本案。" ]

[ "France, Gabon, Germany and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions and the statements of its President concerning the situation in Somalia, and concerning Eritrea, in particular resolution 733 (1992), which established an embargo on all delivery of weapons and military equipment to Somalia (hereinafter referred to as the “Somalia arms embargo”), resolution 1519 (2003), resolution 1558 (2004), resolution 1587 (2005), resolution 1630 (2005), resolution 1676 (2006), resolution 1724 (2006), resolution 1744 (2007), resolution 1766 (2007), resolution 1772 (2007), resolution 1801 (2008), resolution 1811 (2008), resolution 1844 (2008), resolution 1853 (2008), resolution 1862 (2009,) resolution 1907 (2009), resolution 1916 (2010), and resolution 1972 (2011),", "Recalling that, as set out in its resolutions 1744 (2007) and 1772 (2007), the arms embargo on Somalia does not apply to (a) weapons and military equipment, technical training and assistance intended solely for support of or use by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), and (b) supplies and technical assistance by States intended solely for the purpose of helping develop security sector institutions, consistent with the political process set out in those resolutions and in the absence of a negative decision by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992), the mandate of which was expanded pursuant to resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”), within five working days of receiving an advance notification of such supplies or assistance on a case-by-case basis,", "Recalling its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, and resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1612 (2005), 1674 (2006), 1738 (2006), 1820 (2008), 1882 (2009), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts,", "Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea respectively,", "Reaffirming that the Djibouti Peace Agreement and the Peace Process represent the basis for a resolution of the conflict in Somalia, and reiterating its commitment to a comprehensive and lasting settlement of the situation in Somalia based on the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), and reiterating the urgent need for all Somali leaders to take tangible steps to continue political dialogue,", "Taking note of the report of the Monitoring Group dated 18 July 2011 (S/2011/433) submitted pursuant to paragraph 6 (k) of resolution 1916 (2010) and the observations and recommendations contained therein,", "Condemning flows of weapons and ammunition supplies to and through Somalia and Eritrea in violation of the Somalia arms embargo and the Eritrea arms embargo established pursuant to resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as the “Eritrea arms embargo”), as a serious threat towards peace and stability in the region,", "Calling upon all Member states, in particular those in the region, to refrain from any action in contravention of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, and to take all necessary steps to hold violators accountable,", "Reaffirming the importance of enhancing the monitoring of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes through persistent and vigilant investigation into the violations, bearing in mind that strict enforcement of the arms embargoes will improve the overall security situation in the region,", "Expressing concern at acts of intimidation against the Monitoring Group and interference with the Monitoring Group’s work,", "Reiterating its serious concern about the worsening humanitarian situation in Somalia, and the impact of the current drought and famine, strongly condemning the targeting and obstruction of the delivery of humanitarian aid by armed groups in Somalia, which has prevented the delivery of such aid in some areas and deploring the repeated attacks on humanitarian personnel,", "Reiterating its condemnation in the strongest terms of all acts of violence, abuses and violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, committed against civilians, including children, in violation of applicable international law, stressing that the perpetrators must be brought to justice, recalling all its relevant resolutions on women, peace and security, on children and armed conflict, and on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and considering therefore that the existing designation criteria for targeted measures under resolution 1844 (2008) need to be reaffirmed and further strengthened,", "Reaffirming the need for both the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) and donors to be mutually accountable and transparent in the allocation of financial resources,", "Calling for the end of the misappropriation of financial funds which undermine the ability of local authorities to deliver services in Somalia,", "Determining that the situation in Somalia, Eritrea’s actions undermining peace and reconciliation in Somalia as well as the dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea continue to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides that the measures in paragraphs 1, 3, and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall apply to individuals, and that the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 7 of that resolution shall apply to entities, designated by the Committee:", "(a) as engaging in or providing support for acts that threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia, including acts that threaten the Djibouti Agreement of 18 August 2008 or the political process, or threaten the TFIs or AMISOM by force;", "(b) as having acted in violation of the general and complete arms embargo reaffirmed in paragraph 6 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) as obstructing the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Somalia, or access to, or distribution of, humanitarian assistance in Somalia;", "(d) as being political or military leaders recruiting or using children in armed conflicts in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "(e) as being responsible for violations of applicable international law in Somalia involving the targeting of civilians including children and women in situations of armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual and gender-based violence, attacks on schools and hospitals and abduction and forced displacement;", "2. Considers that acts under paragraph 1 (a) above may include, but are not limited to, the misappropriation of financial resources which undermines the Transitional Federal Institutions’ ability to fulfil their obligations in delivering services within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement;", "3. Considers that all non-local commerce via Al-Shabaab controlled ports, that constitutes financial support for a designated entity, poses a threat to the peace, stability, and security of Somalia, and thereby individuals and entities engaged in such commerce may be designated by the Committee and made subject to the targeted measures established by resolution 1844 (2008);", "4. Calls upon the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to consider banning all trade by large merchant vessels with Al-Shabaab controlled ports;", "5. Demands that all parties ensure full, safe and unhindered access for the timely delivery of humanitarian aid to persons in need of assistance across Somalia, underlines its grave concern at the worsening humanitarian situation in Somalia, urges all parties and armed groups to take appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and supplies, and expresses its readiness to apply targeted sanctions against such individuals and entities if they meet the listing criteria set out in paragraph 1 (c) above;", "6. Decides to extend the mandate of the Monitoring Group referred to in paragraph 3 of resolution 1558 (2004), extended by paragraph 6 of resolution 1916, and requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary administrative measures as expeditiously as possible to re-establish the Monitoring Group for a period of 12 months from the date of this resolution, consisting of eight experts, drawing, as appropriate, on the expertise of the members of the Monitoring Group established pursuant to resolution 1916 (2010), and consistent with resolution 1907 (2009), in order to fulfil its expanded mandate, this mandate being as follows:", "(a) to assist the Committee in monitoring the implementation of the measures imposed in paragraph 1, 3, and 7 of 1844 (2008), including by reporting any information on violations; to include in its reports to the Committee any information relevant to the potential designation of the individuals and entities described in paragraph 1 above;", "(b) to assist the Committee in compiling narrative summaries, referred to in paragraph 14 of resolution 1844 (2008) of individuals and entities designated pursuant to paragraph 1 above;", "(c) to investigate any seaport operations in Somalia that may generate revenue for Al-Shabaab, an entity designated by the Committee for meeting the listing criteria in resolution 1844 (2008);", "(d) to continue the tasks outlined in paragraphs 3 (a) to (c) of resolution 1587 (2005), paragraphs 23 (a) to (c) of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 19 (a) to (d) of resolution 1907 (2009);", "(e) to investigate, in coordination with relevant international agencies, all activities, including in the financial, maritime and other sectors, which generate revenues used to commit violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(f) to investigate any means of transport, routes, seaports, airports and other facilities used in connection with violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(g) to continue refining and updating information on the draft list of those individuals and entities that engage in acts described in paragraph 1 above, inside and outside Somalia, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to present such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(h) to compile a draft list of those individuals and entities that engage in acts described in paragraphs 15 (a)-(e) of resolution 1907 (2009) inside and outside Eritrea, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to present such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(i) to continue making recommendations based on its investigations, on the previous reports of the Panel of Experts (S/2003/223 and S/2003/1035) appointed pursuant to resolutions 1425 (2002) and 1474 (2003), and on the previous reports of the Monitoring Group (S/2004/604, S/2005/153, S/2005/625, S/2006/229, S/2006/913, S/2007/436, S/2008/274, S/2008/769 and S/2010/91) appointed pursuant to resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1766 (2007), 1811 (2008) 1853 (2008) and 1916 (2010);", "(j) to work closely with the Committee on specific recommendations for additional measures to improve overall compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, as well as the measures imposed in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(k) to assist in identifying areas where the capacities of States in the region can be strengthened to facilitate the implementation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, as well as the measures imposed in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(l) to provide to the Council, through the Committee, a midterm briefing within six months of its establishment, and to submit progress reports to the Committee on a monthly basis;", "(m) to submit, for the Security Council’s consideration, through the Committee, two final reports; one focusing on Somalia, the other on Eritrea, covering all the tasks set out above, no later than 15 days prior to the termination of the Monitoring Group’s mandate;", "7. Further requests the Secretary-General to make the necessary financial arrangements to support the work of the Monitoring Group;", "8. Requests the Committee, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Monitoring Group and other relevant United Nations entities, to consider the recommendations in the reports of the Monitoring Group and recommend to the Council ways to improve implementation of and compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes as well as implementation of the targeted measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3, and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009), in response to continuing violations;", "9. Decides that for a period of twelve months from the date of this resolution, and without prejudice to humanitarian assistance programmes conducted elsewhere, the obligations placed on Member States in paragraph 3 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall not apply to the payment of funds, other financial assets or economic resources necessary to ensure the timely delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance in Somalia, by the United Nations, its specialised agencies or programmes, humanitarian organisations having observer status with the United Nations General Assembly that provide humanitarian assistance, and their implementing partners, including bilaterally or multilaterally funded NGOs participating in the UN Consolidated Appeal for Somalia;", "10. Urges all parties and all States, including Eritrea, other States in the region, and the TFG, as well as international, regional and subregional organisations, ensure cooperation with the Monitoring Group, and ensure the safety of the members of the Monitoring Group, and unhindered access, in particular to persons, documents and sites the Monitoring Group deems relevant to the execution of its mandate;", "11. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "France, Gabon, Germany and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions and the statements of its President concerning the situation in Somalia and Eritrea, in particular resolution 733 (1992), which established a ban on all delivery of weapons and military equipment to Somalia (hereinafter referred to as the “Somalia arms embargo”), and resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1766 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1844 (2008), 1853 (2008), 1862 (2009), 1907 (2009), 1916 (2010) and 1972 (2011),", "Recalling that, in accordance with its resolutions 1744 (2007) and 1772 (2007), the arms embargo on Somalia does not apply to: (a) weapons and military equipment, technical training and assistance intended solely for the support of or use by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); and (b) supplies and technical assistance provided by States intended solely for the purpose of contributing to the development of security sector institutions in accordance with the political process referred to in those resolutions, and the absence of a negative decision by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”) whose mandate was expanded by resolution 1907 (2009) to do so on a case-by-case basis within five working days of receiving advance notification of such supplies or assistance,", "Recalling its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, and its resolutions 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), 1325 (2000), 1612 (2005), 1674 (2006), 1738 (2006), 1820 (2008), 1882 (2009), 1888 (2009) and 1889 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict,", "Reaffirming its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia, Djibouti and Eritrea,", "Reaffirming the Djibouti Peace Agreement and the peace process as the basis for a solution to the conflict in Somalia, reaffirming its commitment to a comprehensive and lasting settlement of the situation in Somalia in accordance with the Transitional Federal Charter, and reiterating the urgent need for all Somali leaders to take concrete steps to continue political dialogue,", "Taking note of the report of the Monitoring Group dated 18 July 2011 (S/2011/433) submitted pursuant to paragraph 6 (k) of resolution 1916 (2010) and the observations and recommendations contained therein,", "Condemning the flow of weapons and ammunition to and through Somalia and Eritrea in violation of the Somalia arms embargo and the Eritrea arms embargo imposed by resolution 1907 (2009) (hereinafter referred to as the “Eritrea arms embargo”), as a serious threat to peace and stability in the region,", "Calling upon all Member States, in particular those in the region, to refrain from any action in violation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and to take all necessary steps to hold violators accountable,", "Reiterating the importance of persistent and vigilant investigation into violations of the arms embargo and strengthening the monitoring of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes, bearing in mind that strict enforcement of the arms embargo will improve the overall security situation in the region,", "Expressing concern at the intimidation of the Monitoring Group and the disruption of its work,", "Reiterating its serious concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Somalia and the impact of the current drought and famine, strongly condemning the attacks by Somali armed groups and the obstruction of the delivery of humanitarian assistance, which has prevented its delivery to some areas, and condemning the repeated attacks on humanitarian personnel,", "Reiterating its condemnation in the strongest terms of all acts of violence, ill-treatment and violations, including sexual and gender-based violence, committed against civilians, including children, in violation of applicable international law, stressing that perpetrators must be brought to justice, recalling all its relevant resolutions on women, peace and security, children and armed conflict and the protection of civilians in armed conflict, and in this regard considering that existing designation criteria need to be reaffirmed and further strengthened in order to take targeted measures as set out in resolution 1844 (2008),", "Reaffirming the need for the Transitional Federal Institutions and donors to be mutually accountable and transparent in the allocation of financial resources,", "Calling for an end to the misappropriation of funds, which undermines the ability of local Somali authorities to provide services,", "Determining that the situation in Somalia, Eritrea ' s actions to undermine peace and reconciliation in Somalia and the dispute between Djibouti and Eritrea continue to threaten international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides that the measures in paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall apply to individuals designated by the Committee as:", "(a) To engage in or support acts that threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia, including threats to the Djibouti Agreement of 18 August 2008 or the political process, or threats by force to the Transitional Federal Institutions or AMISOM;", "(b) In violation of the general and complete arms embargo reaffirmed in paragraph 6 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) To obstruct the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Somalia or the access to and distribution of humanitarian assistance in Somalia;", "(d) Political or military leaders who recruit or use children in armed conflict in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "(e) Those responsible for attacks on civilians, including children or women, in armed conflict, including killing and maiming, sexual and gender-based violence, attacks on schools and hospitals and abductions and forced displacements in Somalia in violation of applicable international law;", "2. Considers that the conduct described in paragraph 1 (a) above may include, but is not limited to, the misappropriation of funds, as it undermines the ability of the transitional federal institutions to fulfil their obligation to provide services within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement;", "3. Considers that all non-local commercial activities carried out through Al-Shabaab-controlled ports constitute financial support to designated entities and constitute a threat to the peace, stability and security of Somalia and that the Committee may therefore designate individuals and entities engaged in such commercial activities and may impose targeted measures as set out in resolution 1844 (2008);", "4. Calls upon the Transitional Federal Government to consider prohibiting all trade by large merchant vessels in ports controlled by Al-Shabaab;", "5. Demands that all parties ensure full, safe and unhindered access for the timely delivery of humanitarian assistance to those in need throughout Somalia, stresses its grave concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation in Somalia, urges all parties and armed groups to take appropriate steps to ensure the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and supplies, and expresses its readiness to impose targeted sanctions against such individuals and entities when they meet the listing criteria set out in paragraph 1 (c) above;", "6. Decides to renew the mandate of the Monitoring Group as set out in paragraph 3 of resolution 1558 (2004), as renewed by paragraph 6 of resolution 1916, and requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary administrative measures as expeditiously as possible to re-establish the Monitoring Group for a period of 12 months from the date of this resolution, consisting of eight experts, drawing, as appropriate, on the expertise of the members of the Monitoring Group established pursuant to resolution 1916 (2010), and consistent with resolution 1907 (2009), in order to carry out its expanded mandate, which is as follows:", "(a) To assist the Committee in monitoring the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008), including by reporting information on violations; and to include in its reports to the Committee information on the possible designation of individuals and entities referred to in paragraph 1 above;", "(b) To assist the Committee in the preparation of narrative summaries of individuals and entities designated pursuant to paragraph 1 above, as referred to in paragraph 14 of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(c) To investigate any port activities in Somalia that may generate revenues for Al-Shabaab, an entity designated by the Committee to meet the listing criteria of resolution 1844 (2008);", "(d) To continue the work set out in paragraphs 3 (a) to (c) of resolution 1587 (2005), paragraph 23 (a) to (c) of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraph 19 (a) to (d) of resolution 1907 (2009);", "(e) To investigate, in coordination with relevant international agencies, all activities, including in the financial, maritime and other sectors, that generate revenues to be used in violation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(f) To investigate any means of transport, routes, seaports, airports and other facilities used in connection with violations of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes;", "(g) to continue refining and updating information on the draft list of individuals and entities who commit acts described in paragraph 1 above, inside and outside Somalia, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to submit such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(h) To prepare a draft list of individuals and entities acting under paragraphs 15 (a) to (e) of resolution 1907 (2009) inside and outside Eritrea, and their active supporters, for possible future measures by the Council, and to submit such information to the Committee as and when the Committee deems appropriate;", "(i) To continue to make recommendations based on its investigations, on the previous reports of the Panel of Experts appointed pursuant to resolutions 1425 (2002) and 1474 (2003) (S/2003/223 and S/2005/1035) and on the previous reports of the Monitoring Group appointed pursuant to resolutions 1519 (2003), 1558 (2004), 1587 (2005), 1630 (2005), 1676 (2006), 1724 (2006), 1766 (2007), 1811 (2008), 1853 (2008) and 1916 (2010) (S/2004/604, S/2005/153, S/2005/625, S/2006/229, S/2006/913, S/2007/436, S/2008/274, S/2008/769 and S/2010/91);", "(j) To work closely with the Committee with a view to making specific recommendations on additional measures to improve overall compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(k) To assist in identifying areas where the capacity of States in the region can be strengthened to facilitate the implementation of the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) concerning Eritrea;", "(l) To provide to the Council, through the Committee, a midterm briefing within six months of its establishment and to submit progress reports to the Committee on a monthly basis;", "(m) To submit, for the consideration of the Security Council, through the Committee, two final reports, one focusing on Somalia and the other on Eritrea, covering all the tasks set out above, no later than 15 days prior to the termination of the Monitoring Group ' s mandate;", "7. Further requests the Secretary-General to make the necessary financial arrangements to support the work of the Monitoring Group;", "8. Requests the Committee, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Monitoring Group and other relevant United Nations entities, to consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Monitoring Group and to make recommendations to the Council on how to improve implementation of and compliance with the Somalia and Eritrea arms embargoes and the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 3 and 7 of resolution 1844 (2008) and paragraphs 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 of resolution 1907 (2009) in the light of continuing violations;", "9. Decides that for a period of twelve months from the date of adoption of this resolution and without prejudice to humanitarian assistance programmes carried out elsewhere, the obligations imposed on Member States by paragraph 3 of resolution 1844 (2008) shall not apply to funds, other financial assets or economic resources required to ensure the timely delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance in Somalia by the United Nations, its specialized agencies or programmes, humanitarian organizations having observer status in the General Assembly that provide humanitarian assistance and their implementing partners, including bilaterally or multilaterally funded non-governmental organizations participating in the United Nations Consolidated Appeal for Somalia;", "10. Urges all parties and all States, including Eritrea, other States in the region and the Transitional Federal Government, as well as international, regional and subregional organizations, to ensure cooperation with the Monitoring Group and to ensure the security of the members of the Monitoring Group, in particular unhindered access to persons, documents and sites the Monitoring Group deems relevant to the implementation of its mandate;", "11. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会第6596次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月29日星期五下午5时30分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6596th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 5.30 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)." ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6596th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 5.30 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目2", "财务、预算和行政事项", "开发署2011-2013年度机构概算", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "1. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会审议了关于联合国开发计划署2012-2013两年期机构概算的报告(DP/2011/34)。在审议该报告期间，委员会会见了开发署署长和其他代表，他们提出了补充的资料和说明。", "2. 署长指出，开发署两年期机构概算是根据各种职务分配的，而这些职务反映所要取得的战略性和业务性成果。各项提案的战略和财务背景分别载于第一章和第二章，2012-2013年机构预算各项提案则载于该文件第四章A节和B节。", "一. 战略背景", "3. 署长指出，战略计划的中期审查确定了今后3至5年(2011-2016年)的首要优先事项，这些优先事项跨越多个领域，在着手起草下一个战略计划(2014-2017年)之际，每年都要对其进行审查和重新评估。机构预算文件中概略说明这些优先事项(同上第2段)。", "4. 报告中指出，署长于2011年4月启动的开发署“机构变革议程”预期将会给该机构注入新的活力，以成功实施战略计划中期审查的各项建议(同上第4段)，其基础是在三个跨部门领域改善职能和成果：内部治理；机构效力；领导才能、文化和行为(同上第5段)。该报告说，在2012-2013年期间，开发署的最高优先事项，除了按照执行局第2011/14号决定所提供的指示制定2014-2017年度战略计划外，就是加速实施机构变革议程。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年度的机构概算和署长的有关提议将通过以下三个主要途径，直接支持战略计划的制定和变革议程：㈠ 实现机构的战略成果，作为实现发展战略成果的先决条件和基础，并做到相互促进；㈡ 继续对机构进行战略投资；㈢ 寻找更多机会来提高业务效果和效率(同上第6段)。", "5. 署长在报告中指出，2012-2013年度机构预算是战略计划的一个组成部分(同上第8段)。战略计划中核准的订正后机构战略成果框架体现了执行局第2010/32号决定核可的统一费用分类，根据第2011/10号决定提出了管理、联合国发展协调、发展实效和特别目标方面所规划的成果及指标。署长表示，综合预算最终将把目前机构预算中的机构成果规划和资源以及目前方案编制安排中的发展成果规划和资源并入一个规划和预算框架(同上第9段)。", "二. 财务背景", "6. 2012-2013两年期资源计划载于该报告中表1。该表将2010年的实际数与2011年的订正估计数合并列出，以供比较。表1显示，战略计划中期审查核定2012-2013年度经常资源估计数为21.5亿美元。这比2010-2011年度收入预测数19.67亿美元名义上增加了1.53亿美元。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年度估计数21.5亿美元与总表1所载2010-2011年度最初计划的经常资源23.5亿美元相比，减少了2亿美元。", "7. 报告指出，开发署2012-2013年资源计划，涵盖经常资源和其他资源，略述开发署的综合资源规划框架，按照第2009/22号和第2010/32号决定核定的类别，对活动进行分类(同上第20段)。资源计划有3个部分，涵盖捐助资源和当地资源，开列为：", "(a) 可用的总资源估计为128.887亿美元，包括期初结余31.623亿美元，捐款96.0亿美元，以及其他收入1.253亿美元；", "(b) 预计使用资源117.292亿美元，包括发展活动103.341亿美元，联合国发展协调活动2.634亿美元，管理活动10.16亿美元，以及特殊目的活动1.157亿美元；", "(c) 预期资源结余约为11.584亿美元。", "8. 报告中附有关于管理活动、发展实效活动、联合国发展协调活动和特殊目的活动的表、图和文字，辅助说明2012-2013年资源计划。表2载列将由经常资源和其他资源供资的机构活动的预算估计数。咨询委员会注意到，表2所列数额只包括作为表1的一部分提出而指定用于机构活动的数额(同上第21段)。", "9. 报告载有六个两年期按资金类别开列的捐款概况(同上图1)，包括2010-2011年和2012-2013年的估计数。按名义价值，2012-2013年经常捐助资源预计为21.5亿美元。用于信托基金和分摊费用的其他捐助资源预计名义上将减少约3.6亿美元(5.7%)，从目前估计的2010-2011两年期63.1亿美元，降至2012-2013两年期59.5亿美元。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期捐助者和当地捐款总额估计为96亿美元，比2010-2011年估计数减少2.08亿美元(2.2%)。咨询委员会建议执行局鼓励开发署加紧推动筹款工作。", "10. 署长在报告中指出，2012-2013年东道国政府提供的当地资源也预计名义上将减少约3 100万美元(2.1%)，降至15亿美元，而且在过去四个两年期东道国政府提供的当地资源一直减少(同上图1)。咨询委员会经询问后，获悉在执行局第2007/32号和第2011/14号决定核可的总资源框架范围内，当地资源方面的收入减少。", "11. 咨询委员会从报告中注意到，开发署2012-2013年的资源有88%将用于发展活动(同上第19段)，而管理活动将占2012-2013两年期支出的8.7%。", "三. 战略性机构成果框架", "12. 开发署署长指出，战略计划是开发署唯一的总体成果框架，机构预算是根据战略性机构成果框架和其中所载高层有关2012-2013年的资源预测制订的，并与之完全相符(同上第23段)。报告指出， 机构成果框架为实现战略计划中的发展成果提供支撑和直接支持。该框架涵盖管理、联合国发展协调、特殊目的和发展实效各领域的预定战略性机构活动，所有这些活动是开发署借以满足方案国对发展和协调服务需要的业务基础(同上第26段)。开发署的机构成果框架涵盖报告中所列的一个周期(同上第28段)。其中指出每一项战略性机构成果有一个牵头单位或一组牵头单位(同上第30段)。报告第43至83段描述战略计划在管理、联合国发展协调、特别目的和发展效率等领域的产出。委员会注意到，诸如工作人员安保和国际公共部门会计准则的实施等活动已经作为管理活动列在战略计划的产出之下。", "13. 咨询委员会回顾以前曾经建议开发署继续与人口基金和儿童基金会合作，根据通用术语和标准进一步制定和统一成果制框架的内容，并在今后提交两年期支助预算时提供有关这一领域进一步进展的资料(DP/2010/4，第4段)。委员会注意到，开发署2012-2013年度机构预算是按照与人口基金和儿童基金会统一的步骤编制的，并不断接受执行局的指导(DP/2011/34，第24段)。2012-2013年机构预算采用执行局第2009/22号和第2010/32号决定核准的统一费用分类(同上，第25段)，还采用执行局第2011/10号决定核准的统一成果预算编制办法。署长在报告中指出，开发署、人口基金和儿童基金会是通过费用分类、成果预算编制、成本回收以及预算资料的编写和列报等方面的改进方法，实现统一(同上第9段)。", "14. 报告中指出，开发署、人口基金和儿童基金会即将按照执行局第2011/10号决定，从2014年起提出个别综合预算。经询问后，咨询委员会获悉，每个实体的综合预算将反映出活动和相关费用的统一分类，以及战略计划中各项成果与取得这些成果所需资源之间的更好联系。委员会注意到，开发署和儿童基金会在其2010年1月第一届常会上审议了关于综合预算格式路线图的联合情况说明，并对其表示欢迎。开发署执行局在其第2010/32号决定中核可统一费用定义以及活动和相关费用统一分类，供2012-2013两年期起实施。执行局还在第2011/10号决定中核可拟议的统一成果预算编制方法和主要预算表格，供2012-2013两年期起实施。同样，儿童基金会执行局在其第2010/20号和第2011/6号决定中核可统一费用定义及活动和相关费用统一分类，以及拟议的成果预算编制方法和主要预算表格，供2012-2013两年期起实施。同时指出，这三个组织已同意向各自执行局2012年第二届常会提供资料说明：(a) 从2014年起在综合预算和新战略计划的范围内对同意费用回收率的影响的联合审查结果；(b) 模拟综合预算；(c) 在综合预算方面所采步骤和所获进展的报告。", "15. 委员会对开发署在实施成果预算编制方面所获进展，包括精简战略计划产出的职务以配合新的费用分类，表示欢迎，并敦促开发署继续协同人口基金和儿童基金会作出这方面的努力。咨询委员会深信，今后开发署的综合预算将反映出预期的变革，包括活动和相关费用的统一分类以及战略计划中各项成果与取得这些成果所需资源之间的更好联系，连同上个两年期支出数据，以供比较。", "16. 在关于工作人员和房舍安保及增加环境安全借以促进方案执行的战略计划产出项下，署长指出这项产出需要提供全面和符合成本效益的全球安保，包括建立、维持和采用各种安全管理和问责政策和系统(同上第49段)。咨询委员会注意到，在2010-2011年达到最低运作安保标准的国家办事处的基线百分比是63%，预订达到最低运作安保标准的目标在2012年是75%，在2013年是80%。考虑到安全危险评估，委员会承认需要优先采取措施以求达到最低运作安保标准，并注意到未来两年期机构预算中所列达到最低运作安保标准的开发署办事处预期增加的数目。", "四. 2012-2013年机构预算的提案", "17. 报告表2概略说明开发署各项机构活动按战略计划产出分列的拟议预算估计数。2012-2013年拟议的机构预算，按毛额表示，共计9.319亿美元，扣除预计收入7 540万美元，得出2012-2013年机构预算净额8.565亿美元。2012-2013两年期经常资源总额为8.565亿美元，2010-2011两年期机构预算总额则为9.058亿美元。", "18. 署长指出，机构预算中减少的4 930万美元包括因机构缩编战略而减少的数额1.201亿美元，这个战略包括改进效率；完成前期投资；将费用转移到预算外资源，以改进责任分担；增加集中管理费用分计的透明度(同上第15段)。上述减少数被非斟酌性支出项下增加数3 110万美元和提议投资方面增加数4 000万美元所抵减。非斟酌性支出增加3 110万美元，主要原因是：", "(a) 通胀对国际工作人员和总部当地工作人员的工作地点调整数和其他应享待遇、本国干事和国家办事处当地工作人员应享待遇以及业务费用的影响(1 740万美元)；", "(b) 由于国际工作人员和总部当地工作人员的职等内加薪以及联合国规定的本国干事及国家办事处当地工作人员薪金调整调查的结果，造成薪金待遇增加(1 200万美元)；", "(c) 与美元相对的汇率波动的总体影响所造成的货币调整(150万美元)(同上第86段)。", "19. 署长在报告中指出，她针对执行局成员表达的关切，并考虑到当前的全球经济危机，进一步控制和更好地调整机构费用，继续优先注重执行预算纪律的必要性(同上第88段)。实际数额减少1.201亿美元，包括非工作人员支出减少的9 600万美元，比2010-2011年核定的预算批款总额减少12.3%，减少支出的方法是：", "(a) 提高整体的业务实效，消除多余和不必要的服务和活动，确定优先程度较低而可以削减的职能，包括冻结员额(3 060万美元)；", "(b) 按照中央管理费用的归属办法，更好地调整机构一级的费用(5 520万美元)；", "(c) 按照经常资源和预算外资源分担责任的改进办法，更好地调整单位一级的费用(1 300万美元)；", "(d) 剔除已完成的资本投资和其他投资(2 130万美元)。", "20. 咨询委员会注意到，工作人员费用项下减少数额2 410万美元涉及33个国际专业人员员额和55个当地员额。现提议冻结20个国际专业人员员额和23个当地员额，并裁撤4个国际专业人员员额和14个当地人员员额(1 820万美元)，并将9个国际专业人员员额和18个当地人员员额转移到预算外资源(590万美元)(同上第90段；并参看下面第22至28段，第34和35段)。", "21. 署长还声称，更有效地提供政策和机构服务是2012-2013年期间开发署的最重要优先事项，更加注重更快、更便宜和更好的业务流程，导致费用的大量减少和其他成果(同上第91段)。将推出一系列具体措施来处理冗长和经常缺少灵活性的方案和项目流程，署长认为，这种流程往往妨碍国家办事处一级的业务效率。 将制订一套灵活的、更适合国家有自主权的发展议程的方案编制工具，作为精简办事处业务工作和减少不增加价值的繁琐官僚主义流程的第一个重要步骤。报告指出，现已推出一项机构举措，根据工作人员人数和费用总额，把更多中央管理费用分配给相应的资金来源，结果在联合国秘书处提供的服务方面和参加联合国系统共同资助的活动方面，查出5 520万美元有更好的费用归属(同上第94段)。", "提议的投资", "22. 署长指出，现提议在五个战略领域增加4 000万美元，其中包括经常投资和非经常投资，其数额分别为3 010万美元和990万美元。这些投资总共需要77个新设职位，包括32个国际专业人员职位和45个当地人员职位。据报告说，提议的各项投资都明确开列，并按照战略性机构成果框架的规定列入其相应的计划战略产出中(同上第96段)。", "23. 署长提议从执行变革议程项下的经常资源投资中提出680万美元，其中：㈠ 动用500万美元，通过设立10个国际专业人员职位，直接支持加强战略规划和管理能力；㈡ 动用80万美元，通过设立1个D-2职等的首席经济学家和1个支助工作人员，直接支持政策领导(参看下面第34和35段)；㈢ 动用100万美元，为改善整个开发署成果管理的各个方面提供重要支持，以拟订下一个战略规划和成果框架(同上第101段)。", "24. 署长提议从经常资源中拨出400万美元的投资，以加强战略性人力资源管理，包括加强人才管理和工作人员规划工具与系统。这项加强工作将需要6个国际专业人员职位和8个当地人员职位，以应付合同改革所带来的额外工作量；改进业务流程，制定人员能力战略，并确定各类办事处所需的专门技能(同上第104段)。", "25. 署长指出，因为按照大会关于人力资源管理的第63/250号决议实施合同改革，开发计划署目前管理的国际专业工作人员增加了1 200人。相应的长期任用和定期任用的人数有所增加，离职和新任用的人数也有所增加。这一切都增加了开发署的工作量。", "26. 署长提议动用经常资源投资420万美元，通过设立以下职位支持转变中的脆弱国家：㈠ 在苏丹南方设立1个D-2职等的高级国家主任和6个当地人员员额；㈡ 在也门设立1个D-2职等的高级国家主任；㈢ 鉴于阿拉伯国家区域同时发生多个危机，在该区域设立1个D-1职等的过渡小组组长，以协调支助工作。(参看下面第34和35段。)开发署还要协助伊拉克国家办事处分阶段从安曼搬迁到巴格达(同上第108段)。", "27. 署长建议在确定全球发展议程项下动用经常资源投资400万美元，其中：㈠ 200万美元用于支持12个方案国家扩大编写高质量的千年发展目标加速执行框架行动计划的工作；㈡ 100万美元用于支持里约+20会议编写一份探讨问题的文件，阐明绿色经济如何有助于实施可持续发展议程；㈢ 100万美元用于支持现有的数据、报告和系统能力的升级，以便成功地引进国际援助透明度举措通过的透明度标准(同上第112段)。", "28. 最后，署长建议用经常资源投资2 100万美元，以支持经强化的机构增值服务和问责制。其中1 000万美元将用于直接支持采用《公共部门会计准则》，380万美元为非经常性投资，620万美元为经常性投资，为全球合办服务中心提供资金，包括设立10个国际专业人员职位和30个当地人员职位。另有1 000万美元用于支持信息和通信技术活动，其中610万美元为非经常性投资，390万美元为经常性投资。此外，开发署拟对调查股进行经常性投资100万美元，用于设立两个国际专业人员职位(同上第118段)。", "29. 咨询委员会虽然承认开发署在投资方面提出的各项倡议的价值，但期望这种投资在一个明确期间内，以改善任务执行情况、效率和功效的方式，取得可以衡量的收益。在第63/205号决议的执行方面，委员会指出，该决议引起的工作量增加情况应属暂时性质。因此，委员会期望经常审查增加的资源，以确定是否继续需要。开发署下一份机构预算里应该提供这方面的资料。", "国际公共部门会计准则的实施", "30. 咨询委员会回顾，开发署实施《国际公共部门会计准则》的目标日期已经从2010年1月推迟到2012年1月(DP/2010/4，第27段)。经询问后，委员会获悉，因为开发署是一个高度分散的组织，各个国家办事处一般都是个别办理会计的职务。随着企业资源规划制度(PeopleSoft/Atlas)的实施，开发署总结认为需要更高一级的技术来担任《国际公共部门会计准则》范围内复杂的财务工作，因为这个制度带来更大程度的复杂性，尤其是在收入管理、财产、工厂和设备以及员工福利等方面。", "31. 咨询委员会还获悉，开发署在2009年1月根据事实，对工作量所受影响进行了一次详细分析，确定在单独一个全球中心集中办理最复杂的各种职务是最具战略性的解决办法，带来巨大的规模经济，减少费用，从而尽量降低该组织面临的财务影响和风险。后来由一家独立的公司进行了一项咨询研究，就全球合办服务中心的少数备选地点，以及是否需要增设区域服务中心的问题，提出了建议。咨询研究建议说，单独一个集中的全球合办服务中心可以做到适当地平衡兼顾降低费用和中心的良好业绩。咨询委员会还获悉，咨询研究建议若干可能的地点。署长表示，开发署正在考虑这些建议，将根据与可能的东道国政府磋商的结果，决定这个拟议的全球合办服务中心的适当地点。", "32. 此外，经询问后，咨询委员会获悉，由发展业务协调办公室设立、包括开发署、人口基金、儿童基金会和粮食署在内的主计长小组和联合国主计长正在努力把财务条例和细则统一起来，以便规定这三个基金和方案都采用《国际公共部门会计准则》和新的费用分类。咨询委员会的意见和建议载于它有关《开发署财务条例和细则》的拟议修正案的另一份报告。咨询委员会还获悉，行政首长理事会的全系统《国际公共部门会计准则》支助工作队将提供今后《国际公共部门会计准则》政策的拟订工作所需的协调，并担任诸如提供便利和通信等其他相关事务。委员会还获悉，全球合办服务中心将办理与《国际公共部门会计准则》有关的多种新的复杂职务，并在《国际公共部门会计准则》的实施方面向开发署各个国家办事处提供咨询服务和支助。咨询委员会重申它认为，在《国际公共部门会计准则》有关的事务上，与秘书处和联合国其他各组织进行密切协调，具有价值。在这方面，委员会鼓励开发署继续分享在实施《国际公共部门会计准则》方面的成果和经验。", "估计收入", "33. 署长指出，2012-2013年机构预算估计收入总额为7 540万美元，比2010-2011年的收入增加30万美元。预料这种收入将来自三方面：政府为支付当地办事处费用的捐款；联合国志愿人员方案向联合国组织提供志愿者产生的收入；自愿捐款并账计算，对偿还联合国工作人员支付的薪酬所得税产生的费用进行冲销。报告指出，2010年，开发署实际收到政府为支付当地办事处费用的捐款只占承付款的75%(同上表4)。咨询委员会关切地注意到政府没有充分偿还当地办事处费用，鼓励开发署继续努力取得所需资源，以维持其外地业务。", "提议的员额变动", "34. 咨询委员会注意到，开发署提议把经常资源提供经费的工作人员总数净减11个员额，从2010-2011年3 217个减少到2012-2013年3 206个。这项提议包括：", "(a) 管理活动：净减3个D-2职等职位，净增1个D-1职等职位，净增16个国际专业人员职位和净减4个当地人员职位；", "(b) 发展成效活动：增加1个D-2职等职位和1个D-1职等职位，净减18个国际专业人员职位和3个当地人员职位；", "(c) 联合国发展协调活动：减少1个当地人员职位；", "(d) 特殊目的活动：减少1个当地人员职位(同上第124段)。", "35. 咨询委员会注意到，高级工作人员的提议之中，D-1以上职等的员额总数保持不变；但是，D-2员额总数将减少2个，D-1员额总数则增加2个。同时提议冻结3个D-2员额，并将1个D-2员额向下改叙为D-1职等。报告指出，2012-2013年拟议的员额变动受到两大因素影响：预算表格所列的数量减少和上面提到的拟议投资。署长还告诉咨询委员会说，开发署高级职位的零增长率是为了节制费用，并考虑到执行局和委员会先前的指示。报告中除了将也门驻地协调员的D-1员额改叙为D-2职等外，还建议设立3个新的D-2员额，以安置苏丹南部和也门的高级企业经济学家和高级国家主任。同时提议设立一个新的D-1员额，以安置阿拉伯国家区域过渡小组组长，并裁撤执行办公室的一个D-1员额，两相抵消(同上第130段；参看上面第26段)。咨询委员会承认，开发署通过员额需求的评估，努力节制费用。但它鼓励开发署扩大作出这种努力。在这方面，咨询委员会重申它认为，在按照核定员额征聘人员时，应考虑到资金的可用情况，保持审慎态度。委员会对提议的员额变动没有异议。", "其他资源", "36. 如上文所述，署长表示由经常资源供资的2012-2013年机构预算估计数净额为8.565亿美元，2010-2011年的数额为9.058亿美元，由其他资源供资的估计数为6.463亿美元，2010-2011年的数额为5.874亿美元(同上第132段)。咨询委员会还注意到，2010-2011年期间由其他资源供资的预期支出在计划支出总额(经常和其他支出)中所占比例总共增加了39%，预料在2012-2013年会进一步增加到机构预算的43%。这种情况继续显示一个积极的趋势。咨询委员会虽然承认，在最近几个两年期，机构预算中由其他资源供资的比例不断增加，但重申委员会的立场是：必须进一步审查经常资源和其他资源之间分担机构预算的办法。", "费用回收", "37. 2012-2013年费用回收收入目前估计为5.92亿美元，2010-2011年为5.68亿美元(同上表6)。这表明估计会增加2 400万美元，即4%。署长指出，2012-2013年费用回收估计为5.92亿美元，包括下列几项：", "(a) 由捐助方共同出资的一般管理服务收入估计数为4.18亿美元(2010-2011年为3.84亿美元)，为67亿美元(2010-2011年为64亿美元)的6.25%(2010-2011年为6%)；", "(b) 来自方案国家费用分摊的一般管理服务收入估计数为4 900万美元(2010-2011年为6 000万美元)，为当地资源出资的方案支出估计数13.92亿美元的3.5%(2010-2011年为3.7%)；", "(c) 总部一级的联合国组织事务费用回收收入估计数为5 000万美元，2010-2011年为5 100万美元；", "(d) 国家办事处一级的联合国组织事务费用回收收入估计数2 200万美元，2010-2011年为2 100万美元；", "(e) 其他费用回收收入估计数5 300万美元，2010-2011年为5 200万美元(同上第133段)。", "38. 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年其他相关资源目前估计为1.36亿美元，其中包括利息及当地管理和集中管理费用的归属，2010-2011年则为0.8亿美元，这表示估计增加70%(同上第134段)。", "39. 署长指出，原则上，国家方案行动计划、年度项目工作计划和项目文件中界定的所有项目活动及其相关费用，按照国家执行/国家实施模式(NEX/NIM)，由政府对应机构承担，这意味着采用执行局在第2007/18号决定中批准的对一般管理服务回收7%的费用的政策，由开发署将所有相关机构费用全额回收，作为预算外资源(同上第136段)。此外，国家执行/国家实施模式问责制框架说明方案国家政府和开发署的作用，根据这个框架，开发署的所有监督及相关活动(即一般管理服务)应由机构预算或预算外账户供资(同上第137段)。署长描述该组织在这方面面临的一些挑战：", "(a) 变革议程强调的问题：各国的需要不同，不能采用一刀切的办法，不能以提供服务为重点，派驻形式不能一成不变(第138段)。", "(b) 以更透明和更优良的方式，将费用及其供资来源分派给发展活动或机构活动(同上第139段)。", "(c) 流入预算外账户的资源与机构活动供资更好地协调配合，因为机构活动支持由其他资源供资的发展活动(同上第140段)。", "40. 署长指出，目前的费用回收政策规定至少回收所有第三方分摊费用和信托基金捐款的7%，以及所有政府分摊费用捐款的3%，以便支付相关机构活动(即一般管理服务)的经费。经常资源供资的机构活动不应过分支助(补贴)已分派给其他资源的活动(同上)。在以往预算中，开发署双边和多边捐助资源的可变间接回收率是根据基准机构的概念计算的，在DP/2010/3中，基准机构被界定为开发署为执行其核心任务必须具备的最低能力(同上第141段)。署长指出，这项政策也许再也不能用来确定经常资源和其他资源之间如何公平分担机构费用。因此，将在一个机构间场合重新讨论基准机构和相关费用回收政策，作为2014年起综合预算联合路线图的一部分(同上第144段)。咨询委员会敦促开发署在机构间框架内审查费用回收政策和模式的各项基本假设，并在下一次综合预算的范围内提出建议。" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 2 of the provisional agenda", "Financial, budgetary and administrative matters", "UNDP institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered the report on the institutional budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Development Programme (DP/2011/34). During its consideration of the report, the Committee met with the Administrator of UNDP and other representatives, who provided additional information and clarification.", "2. The Administrator indicates that the UNDP biennial institutional budget resources are allocated based on the functions reflecting the strategic and operational results to be achieved. The strategic and financial context of the proposals is presented in chapters I and II, respectively, and the proposals for 2012-2013 institutional budget are presented in chapter IV, sections A and B, of the document.", "I. Strategic context", "3. The Administrator indicates that the midterm review of the strategic plan established four over‑arching priorities for the next 3 to 5 years (2011-2016), which are cross-cutting and will be subject to annual review and reassessment as preparations commence for the next strategic plan (2014-2017). These priorities are outlined in the institutional budget document (ibid., para. 2)", "4. It is indicated in the report that the UNDP “agenda for organizational change”, which the Administrator launched in April 2011, is expected to re-energize the organization to successfully implement the recommendations of the midterm review of the strategic plan (ibid., para. 4), and is based on improved functionality and results in three cross‑cutting areas: internal governance; organizational effectiveness; and leadership, culture and behaviour (ibid., para. 5). The report states that, during 2012-2013, the highest priority for UNDP, together with the formulation of the 2014-2017 strategic plan as informed by the guidance provided by the Executive Board in decision 2011/14, will be to accelerate implementation of the Agenda for Organizational Change. The Advisory Committee notes that the 2012-2013 institutional budget estimates and related proposals of the Administrator will directly support strategic plan formulation and the change agenda in three major ways: (i) by delivering strategic institutional results that serve as prerequisites for, and thus underlay and mutually reinforce, the achievement of strategic development results; (ii) by further investing strategically in the organization; and (iii) by identifying increased opportunities for improved operational effectiveness and efficiency (ibid., para. 6).", "5. The Administrator indicates in the report that the 2012-2013 UNDP institutional budget forms an integral part of the strategic plan (ibid., para. 8). The revised strategic institutional results framework approved therein reflects the harmonized cost classifications approved in Executive Board decision 2010/32, and present the planned results and indicators for management, United Nations development coordination, development effectiveness and special purpose activities in line with Executive Board decision 2011/10. The Administrator informs that, ultimately, the integrated budget will incorporate into one planning and budgetary framework the planning and resources for the institutional results currently reflected in the institutional budget, and the planning and resources for the development results currently reflected in the programming arrangements (ibid., para. 9).", "II. Financial context", "6. The resource plan for 2012-2013 biennium is presented in table 1 of the report. Actual figures for 2010 and revised estimates for 2011 have been combined and reflected therein for comparative purposes. Table 1 reflects estimated regular resources of $2,150 million for 2012-2013, as approved in the midterm review of the strategic plan, which represents a $153 million nominal increase over the most current 2010-2011 income projections of $1,967 million. The Advisory Committee notes that the 2012-2013 estimate of $2,150 million represents a decrease of $200 million compared to the initially planned 2010-2011 regular resources of $2,350 million contained in summary table 1.", "7. The report indicates that the UNDP resource plan for 2012-2013, covering both regular and other resources, outlines the integrated resource planning framework of the organization, classifying activities under the categories approved in Executive Board decisions 2009/22 and 2010/32 (ibid., para. 20). The resource plan has three segments covering donor and local resources that reflect:", "(a) $12,888.7 million in estimated total resources available, comprising an opening balance of $3,162.3 million, contributions of $9,600 million and other income of $125.3 million;", "(b) $11,729.2 million in projected use of resources, comprising development activities of $10,334.1 million, United Nations development coordination activities of $263.4 million, management activities of $1,016.0 million, and special purpose activities of $115.7 million; and,", "(c) a projected balance of resources of approximately $1,158.4 million.", "8. The resource plan for 2012-2013 is supported by the accompanying tables, figures and text in the report with respect to management activities, development effectiveness activities, United Nations development coordination activities and special purpose activities. Table 2 contains budget estimates for institutional activities to be funded from regular and other resources. The Advisory Committee notes that the amounts in Table 2 comprise only the resource plan amounts presented as part of Table 1 that are dedicated to institutional activities (ibid., para. 21).", "9. The report includes an overview of contributions, by funding category, over six bienniums (ibid., figure 1), including estimates for 2010-2011 and 2012-13. In nominal terms, regular donor resources are projected at $2,150.0 million for 2012-2013, while other donor resources, for trust funds and cost sharing, are projected to decrease nominally by $360 million (5.7 per cent), from current estimates of $6,310 million in the 2010-2011 biennium, to $5,950 million in the 2012-2013 biennium. The Advisory Committee notes that aggregate donor and local contributions for the 2012-2013 biennium are estimated at $9,600 million, $208 million (2.2 per cent) less than 2010-2011 estimates. The Committee recommends that the Executive Board should encourage UNDP to intensify its fund-raising efforts.", "10. The Administrator indicates in the report that local resources provided by governments are also expected to decrease nominally by about $31 million (2.1 per cent) to $1,500 million in 2012-2013, and that the level of local resources provided by host governments has declined in the last four bienniums (ibid., figure 1). The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the level of income in the form of local resources has declined in the context of the integrated resources framework endorsed in Executive Board decisions 2007/32 and 2011/14.", "11. The Advisory Committee notes from the report that UNDP will utilize 88 per cent of its resources in the 2012-2013 on development activities (ibid., para. 19), and that management activities will account for 8.7 per cent of expenditure in the 2012-2013 biennium.", "III. Strategic institutional results framework", "12. The UNDP Administrator indicates that the strategic plan constitutes the single, overarching results framework of UNDP, and that the institutional budget is informed by and fully aligned with the strategic institutional results framework and high-level resource projections for 2012-2013 contained therein (ibid., para. 23). The report indicates that the institutional results framework underpins and directly supports the achievement of the development results contained in the strategic plan. It covers planned strategic institutional activities in the areas of management, United Nations development coordination, special purpose and development effectiveness, all of which form the operational foundation that UNDP leverages to respond to demands from programme countries for development and coordination services (ibid., para. 26) The UNDP institutional results framework consists of a cycle enumerated in the report (ibid., para.28). It is indicated that each strategic institutional result has a lead unit or a lead group of units designated as the corporate sponsor (ibid., para.30). The strategic plan outputs under the areas of management, United Nations development coordination, special purpose and development effectiveness are described in paragraphs 43 to 83 of the report. The Committee notes that such activities as staff security and IPSAS implementation have been included under the strategic plan outputs as management activities.", "13. The Advisory Committee recalls its previous recommendation that UNDP should continue its collaboration with UNFPA and UNICEF, and to further develop and harmonize the elements of the results-based framework, based on common terminology and standards, and that information on further progress in this area should be provided in future biennial support budget submissions (DP/2010/4, para. 4). The Committee notes that the 2012-2013 UNDP institutional budget has been prepared following the harmonized approach with UNFPA and UNICEF, and has benefited from the continuous guidance of the Executive Board (DP/2011/34, para. 24). The 2012-2013 institutional budget incorporates the harmonized cost classifications approved in Executive Board decisions 2009/22 and 2010/32 (ibid., para. 25) and incorporates the harmonized results-based budgeting approach approved in Executive Board decision 2011/10. The Administrator indicates in the report that the harmonization between UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF is accomplished through enhanced approaches in the areas of cost classification, results-based budgeting, cost recovery and the compilation and presentation of budgetary information (ibid., para. 9).", "14. It is indicated in the report that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF are on track to present individual, integrated budgets from 2014 onwards, in accordance with Executive Board decision 2011/10. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that each entity’s integrated budget would reflect harmonized classifications of activities and associated costs as well as improved linkages between results in strategic plans and resources required to achieve such results. The Committee notes that at their first regular sessions in January 2010, the UNDP and UNICEF Executive Boards considered and welcomed the joint information note on the road map to an integrated budget format. In its decision 2010/32, the UNDP Executive Board endorsed harmonized cost definitions and the harmonized classification of activities and associated costs for application effective in the 2012-2013 biennium, and, in its decision 2011/10, the Board also endorsed the proposed harmonized results-based budgeting approach and key budget tables for application effective in the 2012-2013 biennium. Similarly, the UNICEF Executive Board, in its decisions 2010/20 and 2011/6, endorsed the harmonized cost definitions and the classification of activities and associated costs as well as the proposed results-based budgeting approach and key tables for application effective in the 2012-2013 biennium. It is also indicated that the three organizations have agreed to provide to the respective Executive Boards at their second regular session in 2012 information on (a) results of the joint review of the impact on harmonized cost recovery rates within the context of the integrated budget and the new strategic plans from 2014 onwards; (b) a mock integrated budget; and (c) a reporting of the steps taken and progress achieved towards the integrated budget.", "15. The Committee welcomes the progress made by UNDP in the implementation of results-based budgeting, including the consolidation of functions under strategic plan outputs corresponding to the new cost classification categories, and urges UNDP to continue its efforts in this regard in collaboration with UNFPA and UNICEF. The Advisory Committee trusts that subsequent UNDP integrated budgets will reflect the envisaged changes, including the harmonized classifications of activities and associated costs, as well as improved linkages between results in strategic plans and resources required to achieve the results, along with expenditure data for the previous biennium for comparison purposes.", "16. Under the strategic plan output for Security for staff and premises and a safer environment for enhanced programme delivery, the Administrator indicates that this output requires comprehensive and cost-effective global security provisions, including establishing, maintaining and implementing policies and systems for security management and accountability (ibid., para. 49). The Advisory Committee notes that the baseline percentage of Minimum Operational Security Standards (MOSS) compliant country offices is 63 per cent in 2010-2011, and goals for MOSS-compliance are set at 75 per cent in 2012 and 80 per cent in 2013. Taking into account the security risk assessment, the Committee recognizes the need to prioritize measures related to compliance with Minimum Operational Security Standards (MOSS), and takes note of the projected increase in the number of UNDP offices that will be MOSS-compliant as reflected in the institutional budget for the coming biennium.", "IV. Proposals for the 2012-2013 institutional budget", "17. The proposed budget estimates for UNDP’s institutional activities by strategic plan output is summarized in table 2 of the report. The proposed institutional budget for 2012-2013 in gross terms amounts to $931.9 million, against which income offsets of $75.4 million are projected, resulting in an institutional budget for 2012-2013, in net terms, of $856.5 million. The total regular resources amount of $856.5 million in the 2012-2013 biennium compares to the amount of $905.8 million for the institutional budget in the 2010-2011 biennium.", "18. The Administrator indicates that the reduction of $49.3 million in the institutional budget comprises $120.1 million in volume decreases resulting from the organizational reduction strategy, including improved effectiveness; completion of investments in previous periods; the shifting of costs to extrabudgetary sources to improve burden sharing; and, enhanced transparency in the attribution of centrally managed costs (ibid., para. 15). These decreases are offset in part by increases of $31.1 million under non-discretionary expenditure and $40.0 million in proposed investments.The non-discretionary increases of $31.1 million are mainly due to:", "(a) the effect of inflation on post adjustment and other entitlements of international and Headquarters local staff, entitlements of national officers and country-office local staff, and operating costs ($17.4 million);", "(b) salary entitlements due to within-grade salary increments of international and Headquarters local staff, and United Nations-mandated salary revision surveys for national officers and country-office local staff ($12.0 million); and", "(c) currency adjustments due to the aggregate impact of exchange-rate fluctuations in comparison to the dollar ($1.5 million) (ibid., para.86).", "19. The Administrator indicates in her report that in response to concerns expressed by Executive Board members, and in the context of the ongoing global economic crisis, she continues to assign a high priority to the need for exercising budgetary discipline through the further containment and better alignment of institutional costs (ibid., para. 86). The reduction of $120.1 million in real volume decreases, of which $96 million pertain to non-staff expenses, represents a 12.3 per cent decrease in volume from the approved gross budget appropriation for 2010-2011, and was achieved by:", "(a) improving overall operational effectiveness by eliminating redundant and non-essential services and activities, and by identifying lower priority functions that could be reduced, including the freezing of posts ($30.6 million);", "(b) improving the alignment of costs at the corporate level with respect to the attribution of centrally managed costs ($55.2 million);", "(c) improving the alignment of costs at the unit level with respect to improved burden-sharing between regular and extrabudgetary resources ($13.0 million); and,", "(d) the elimination of completed capital and other investments ($21.3 million).", "20. The Advisory Committee notes that the reductions under staff costs amounting to $24.1 million pertain to 33 international professional and 55 local posts. It is proposed to freeze 20 international professional and 23 local posts, and abolish 4 international professional and 14 local posts ($18.2 million), and to shift to extrabudgetary resources 9 international professional and 18 local posts ($5.9 million) (ibid., para. 90; see also paras. 22-28, 34 and 35 below).", "21. The Administrator further states that a more effective delivery of policy and corporate services will be a top priority for UNDP during 2012‑2013, with increased focus being placed on faster, cheaper and better business processes leading to, inter alia, significant reductions in costs (ibid., para. 91). A series of concrete measures will be introduced to address the lengthy and often inflexible programme and project processes that, according to the Administrator, have often impeded operational effectiveness at the country-office level. A mix of flexible programming tools that are better suited to nationally-owned development agendas will be developed as an important first step in streamlining office operations and reducing burdensome bureaucratic procedures that add little value. The report indicates that a corporate initiative was launched to enhance the apportionment of centrally-managed costs to their corresponding sources of funding based on staff numbers and total costs, which resulted in the identification of $55.2 million in improved cost attributions with respect to services provided by the United Nations Secretariat and the costs of participating in United Nations system jointly financed activities (ibid., para. 94).", "Proposed investments", "22. The Administrator indicates that a total of $40 million in volume increases are proposed in five strategic areas to include both recurring and non-recurring investments of $30.1 million and $9.9 million, respectively. These investments require a total of 77 new positions, comprising 32 international professional and 45 local positions. According to the report, all proposed investments are specifically identified and included in their corresponding planned strategic output in accordance with the strategic institutional results framework (ibid., para. 96).", "23. The Administrator proposes $6.8 million from regular resources under the Implementation of the change agenda, of which (i) $5 million will directly support stronger strategic planning and management capability through the establishment of 10 international professional positions; (ii) $0.8 million will directly support policy leadership through the establishment of a chief economist at the D-2 level and one support staff member (see also para. 34 and 35 below); and (iii) $1 million will provide critical support to improving all aspects of results‑based management across the organization in preparation for the next strategic plan and results frameworks (ibid., para. 101).", "24. An investment of $4 million from regular resources is proposed to strengthen strategic human resources management, including the enhancement of talent management and workforce planning tools and systems. This strengthening will require six international professional positions and eight local positions to meet the additional workload attributed to contractual reform; improve business processes, develop a people-capability strategy and determine the specialized skills that will be needed by the different types of offices (ibid., para. 104).", "25. The Administrator indicates that, as a result of contractual reform implementation in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/250 on human resources management, a total of 1,200 additional international professional staff are now administered by UNDP. The number of corresponding permanent and fixed‑term appointments has increased, as has the number of separations and new appointments, all of which has increased workload in UNDP.", "26. A total of $4.2 million from regular resources is proposed, as an investment, to support countries in the midst of fragile transitions, through the establishment of the following positions: (i) one D-2 senior country director and six local posts in South Sudan; (ii) one D-2 senior country director in Yemen; and (iii) one D-1 transition team leader in the Arab States region to coordinate support, in view of the multiple and simultaneous crises taking place across the region. (See also paras. 34 and 35 below.) Support will also be provided for a phased relocation of the Iraq country office from Amman to Baghdad (ibid., para. 108).", "27. An investment of $4 million from regular resources proposed under framing the global development agenda, of which: (i) $2 million will support the expansion of the preparation of high-quality MDG Acceleration Framework action plans in 12 programme countries; (ii) $1 million will support the preparation for Rio+20 of an issues paper clarifying how the green economy can contribute to the implementation of the sustainable development agenda; and (iii) $1 million will support the upgrading of existing data, reporting and systems capabilities in order to successfully introduce the transparency standards adopted by the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) (ibid., para. 112).", "28. Lastly, an investment of $21 million from regular resources is proposed to support enhanced value-added corporate services and accountability. Of this total, $10 million will directly support IPSAS implementation through a non-recurring investment of $3.8 million, and recurring investments of $6.2 million to fund the global shared services centre, including the establishment of 10 international professional and 30 local positions. Another $10.0 million will support information and communications technology-related activities, of which $6.1 million represents non-recurring investments and $3.9 million represents recurring investments. In addition, $1.0 million in recurring investments in the Investigations Unit are proposed through the establishment of two international professional positions (ibid., para. 118).", "29. While recognizing the value of the initiatives proposed by UNDP under the category of investments, the Advisory Committee expects a measurable return on such investments over a specific period of time in the form of improved mandate implementation, efficiency and effectiveness. With regard to the implementation of resolution 63/250, the Committee points out that the surge in workload attributable to that resolution should be temporary in nature. It therefore expects that the additional resources will be kept under review to determine the continued need. Information in this regard should be provided in the context of the next UNDP institutional budget.", "IPSAS implementation", "30. The Advisory Committee recalls that the target date for implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) by UNDP had been deferred from January 2010 to January 2012 (DP/2010/4, para. 27). The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that, as UNDP was a highly decentralized organization, accounting functions are generally performed individually in each country office. Following implementation of its enterprise resource planning (ERP) system (PeopleSoft/Atlas), UNDP concluded that a higher level of skills was required to perform complex financial functions in the context of IPSAS, which brings with it a greater level of complexity, particularly in: revenue management; property, plant and equipment; and employee benefits.", "31. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in January 2009, UNDP undertook a detailed fact-based workload impact analysis, which determined that the centralization of the most complex functions in a single global center was the most strategic solution, providing significant economies of scale, reduced costs, and hence minimizing the financial impact and risk to the Organization. Subsequently, a consultancy study was conducted by an independent firm, which provided recommendations on a short list of suitable options for the location of the Global Shared Service Centre and on whether additional regional service centers would be needed. The consulting recommended that a single consolidated Global Shared Service Centre would achieve the optimal balance of lower costs and the benefit of a center of excellence. The Advisory Committee was further informed that the consultancy study had recommended various possible locations. It was indicated that UNDP was considering the recommendations and would take a decision on a suitable location for the proposed Global Shared Service Centre based upon the outcome of consultations with potential host governments.", "32. Furthermore, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the Comptrollers Group, established by the Development Operations Coordination Office (DOCO), and comprising UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, as well as the United Nations Controller, were coordinating efforts on the harmonization of the financial regulations and rules to incorporate the introduction of IPSAS, as well as the new cost classifications for the three funds and programmes. The observations and recommendations of the Advisory Committee are contained in its separate report on the proposed amendments to the Financial Regulations and Rules of UNDP. The Advisory Committee was further informed that the Chief Executives Board system-wide IPSAS support team would provide the requisite coordination for the formulation of future IPSAS policies, as well as other relevant tasks, such as facilitation and communication. The Committee was also informed that the Global Shared Service Centre will perform new and complex IPSAS-related functions and provide advisory services and support to UNDP country offices in the implementation of IPSAS. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view on the value of close harmonization with the Secretariat and other United Nations organizations on IPSAS-related matters. In this regard, the Committee encourages UNDP to continue to share the results of its experience with the implementation of IPSAS.", "Estimated income", "33. The Administrator indicates that total estimated income of the institutional budget for 2012-2013 amounts to $75.4 million, representing an increase of $0.3 million over 2010-2011. Such income is expected to come from three sources: government contributions towards local office costs (GLOC); the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme for providing volunteers to United Nations organizations; and an accounting linkage to voluntary contributions to offset the cost of reimbursing income taxes paid by some staff on their salaries. The report indicates that in the year 2010 only 75 per cent of the obligations under government contributions towards local office costs has been in fact received by UNDP (ibid., table 4). The Advisory Committee notes with concern the shortfalls in reimbursements from governments for local office costs, and encourages UNDP to continue efforts to receive the resources needed to sustain its operations in the field.", "Proposed staffing changes", "34. The Advisory Committee notes that UNDP is proposing that the total staff funded from regular resources decrease by a net amount of 11 posts, from 3,217 during 2010-2011 to 3,206 during 2012-2013. The proposals include:", "(a) for management activities: a net reduction of three D-2 level positions and a net increase of one D-1 level position, as well as a net increase of 16 international professional positions and a net reduction of four local positions;", "(b) for development effectiveness activities: an increase of one D-2 level position and 1 D-1 level position, as well as the net reduction of 18 international professional and three local positions;", "(c) for United Nations development coordination activities: a reduction of 1 local position; and", "(d) for special purpose activities: a reduction of 1 local position (ibid., para. 124).", "35. The Advisory Committee notes that, among senior staffing proposals, the number of posts at the D-1 level and above would remain the same; however, the total number of D-2 posts would decrease by two, while the total number of D-1 posts would increase by two. It is also proposed to freeze three D-2 posts and reclassify downward one D-2 post to the D-1 level. The report indicates that the proposed post changes during 2012-2013 are influenced by two major factors: the proposed volume reductions tabled in the budget, and proposed investments referred to above. The Administrator further informed the Advisory Committee that the zero growth in senior positions in UNDP is intended to contain costs and are in consideration of previous guidance from the Executive Board and the Committee. The report includes the establishment of three new D-2 posts, for senior corporate economist and senior country director positions in South Sudan and in Yemen, in addition to the reclassification of the D-1 post of resident coordinator in Yemen to D-2 level. A new D-1 also post is proposed to be established for transition team leader in the Arab States region, which is offset by the abolition of a D-1 post in the Executive Office (ibid., para. 130; see also para. 26 above). The Advisory Committee acknowledges efforts by UNDP to contain costs, including through assessment of staffing requirements. It nonetheless encourages UNDP to broaden these efforts. In this connection, the Advisory Committee reiterates its view that prudence be exercised in recruiting against the approved posts, taking into account the availability of funding. The Committee has no objection to the proposed staffing changes.", "Other resources", "36. As noted above, the Administrator indicates that the 2012-2013 net institutional budget estimates funded from regular resources would amount to $856.5 million, as compared to $905.8 million in 2010-2011, and that the estimates to be funded from other resources amount to $646.3 million, as compared to $587.4 million in 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 132). The Advisory Committee notes that during 2010-2011, projected expenditures to be funded from other resources as a function of total planned expenditures (regular and other) increased to 39 per cent of the total, and that in 2012-2013, it is expected to further increase to 43 per cent of the institutional budget. This continues to show a positive trend. While the Advisory Committee recognizes the increasing proportion of the institutional budget funded from other sources over recent bienniums, it reiterates its position that the formula for apportioning the institutional budget between the regular and other resources should continue to be further examined.", "Cost recovery", "37. Current estimates for cost-recovery income in 2012-2013 amount to $592 million, compared to $568 million for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 6), which represents an estimated increase of $24 million, or 4 per cent. The Administrator indicates that the 2012-2013 cost-recovery estimates of $592 million comprise the following:", "(a) General management services (GMS) income estimate from donor co-financing of $418 million ($384 million in 2010-2011) represents 6.25 per cent (6 per cent in 2010-2011) of $6.7 billion ($6.4 billion in 2010-2011);", "(b) General management services income estimate from programme country cost-sharing of $49 million, compared to $60 million in 2010-2011, which represents 3.5 per cent (3.7 per cent in 2010-2011) of $1,392 million in estimated programme expenditures funded from local resources;", "(c) United Nations organization services cost-recovery income estimate at the Headquarters level of $50 million, compared to $51 million in 2010-2011;", "(d) United Nations organization services cost-recovery income estimate at the country-office level of $22 million, compared to $21 million in 2010-2011;", "(e) Other cost-recovery income estimates of $53 million, compared to $52 million in 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 133).", "38. The Advisory Committee notes that the current estimates for related other resources in 2012-2013, including interest and attribution of locally- and centrally-managed costs, amount to $136 million, compared to $80 million for 2010-2011, which represents an estimated increase of 70 per cent (ibid., para. 134).", "39. The Administrator indicates that, in principle, all project activities and their associated costs, as defined in the Country Programme Action Plan, annual project workplans and project documents, are incurred by government counterpart agencies under the national execution/national implementation modality (NEX/NIM), which implies that all related institutional costs are fully recovered by UNDP, as extrabudgetary resources, through the application of the 7 per cent cost-recovery policy with respect to general management services approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2007/18 (ibid., para. 136). Furthermore, in accordance with the NEX/NIM accountability framework, which describes the roles of programme country governments and UNDP, all oversight and related activities of UNDP (i.e., general management services) should be funded from the institutional budget or extrabudgetary account (ibid., para. 137). The Administrator describes a number of challenges facing the Organization in this regard:", "(a) the issues highlighted in the change agenda with respect to different country requirements, which preclude one-size-fits-all approaches, service-driven menus and formula-based presences (ibid., para. 138).", "(b) arriving at a more transparent and optimal ways of attributing costs, and their sources of funding, to either development or institutional activities (ibid., para. 139).", "(c) the improved alignment between the resources that flow into the extrabudgetary account and the funding of the institutional activities that underpin development activities funded from other resources (ibid., para. 140).", "40. The Administrator indicates that that the current cost-recovery policy provides for the recovery of a minimum of 7 per cent on all third-party cost sharing and trust fund contributions, and a minimum of 3 per cent on all government cost-sharing contributions, in order to fund related institutional activities (i.e., general management services). Institutional activities funded from regular resources should not unduly support (subsidize) activities attributed to other resources (ibid). In previous budgets, the calculation of the UNDP variable indirect recovery rate for bilateral and multilateral donor resources was based on the concept of the base structure, defined in DP/2010/3 as the minimum capacity that the organization needs in order to carry out its core mandate (ibid., para. 141). The Administrator indicates that this policy may no longer be applicable for the purpose of determining an equitable burden-sharing of institutional costs between regular and other resources. The base structure and related cost-recovery policy will therefore be revisited in an inter-agency context as part of the joint road map to an integrated budget from 2014 onwards (ibid., para. 144). The Advisory Committee urges UNDP to review the assumptions underlying the cost recovery policy and modalities, within the inter-agency framework, and to present proposals in the context of the next integrated budget." ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 2 of the provisional agenda", "Financial, budgetary and administrative matters", "UNDP institutional budget estimates for 2011-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered the report on the institutional budget estimates for the United Nations Development Programme for the biennium 2012-2013 (DP/2011/34). During its consideration of the report, the Committee met with the Administrator and other representatives of UNDP, who provided additional information and clarification.", "2. The Administrator stated that the UNDP biennial institutional budget estimates were based on a variety of functions that reflected the strategic and operational results to be achieved. The strategic and financial context of the proposals is contained in chapters I and II, respectively, and the proposals for the institutional budget for 2012-2013 are contained in sections A and B of chapter IV of the document.", "Strategic context", "3. The Administrator noted that the midterm review of the strategic plan had identified the top priorities for the next three to five years (2011-2016), which cut across multiple areas and were reviewed and reassessed annually as the next strategic plan (2014-2017) was being drafted. These priorities are outlined in the institutional budget document (ibid., para. 2).", "The report states that the UNDP “agenda for institutional change”, launched by the Administrator in April 2011, is expected to reinvigorate the agency to successfully implement the recommendations of the midterm review of the strategic plan (ibid., para. 4), based on improved functions and results in three cross-cutting areas: internal governance; institutional effectiveness; and leadership, culture and behaviour (ibid., para. The report states that, during 2012-2013, the highest priority for UNDP will be to accelerate the implementation of the agenda for institutional change, in addition to the development of the strategic plan, 2014-2017, in line with the guidance provided by the Executive Board in decision 2011/14. The Advisory Committee notes that the institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013 and the related proposals of the Administrator directly support the formulation of the strategic plan and the agenda for change through the following three main means: (i) achievement of the strategic results of the organization as a prerequisite and as a basis for achieving development strategy results and as mutually reinforcing; (ii) continued strategic investment in the organization; and (iii) identification of additional opportunities for operational effectiveness and efficiency (ibid., para. 6).", "5. The Administrator indicates in his report that the institutional budget for 2012-2013 is an integral part of the strategic plan (ibid., para. 8). The revised corporate strategic results framework approved in the strategic plan reflects the harmonized cost classification approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2010/32 and presents planned results and indicators for management, United Nations development coordination, development effectiveness and special objectives in line with decision 2011/10. The Administrator stated that the integrated budget would eventually integrate the planning and resources for institutional results in the current institutional budget and for development results in the current programming arrangements into a planning and budgetary framework (ibid., para. 9).", "II. Financial context", "6. The resource plan for the biennium 2012-2013 is contained in table 1 of the report. The table consolidates the actual figures for 2010 and the revised estimates for 2011 for comparison. Table 1 shows that the midterm review of the strategic plan approved regular resources estimates of $2.15 billion for 2012-2013. This represents a nominal increase of $153 million over the income projection of $1,967 million for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimate of $2.15 billion for 2012-2013 represents a decrease of $200 million compared with the originally planned regular resources of $2.35 billion for 2010-2011, as contained in summary table 1.", "7. The report states that the UNDP resource plan for 2012-2013 covers both regular and other resources and outlines the UNDP integrated resource planning framework, classifying activities according to the categories approved in decisions 2009/22 and 2010/32 (ibid., para. 20). The resource plan has three components, covering both donor and local resources, as follows:", "(a) The total resources available are estimated at $12.888.7 million, comprising an opening balance of $3,162.3 million, contributions of $9.60 billion and other income of $125.3 million;", "(b) Projected use of resources of $11,729.2 million, comprising $10,334.1 million for development activities, $263.4 million for United Nations development coordination activities, $1,016 million for management activities and $115.7 million for special purpose activities;", "(c) An expected resource balance of approximately $1,158.4 million.", "8. The report is supported by tables, graphs and text on management activities, development effectiveness activities, United Nations development coordination activities and special-purpose activities. Table 2 contains budget estimates for institutional activities to be funded from regular and other resources. The Advisory Committee notes that the amounts shown in table 2 include only those earmarked for institutional activities as part of table 1 (ibid., para. 21).", "9. The report contains an overview of contributions by funding category for six bienniums (ibid., figure 1), including estimates for 2010-2011 and 2012-2013. In nominal terms, regular donor resources are projected at $2.15 billion for 2012-2013. Other donor resources for trust funds and cost-sharing are projected to decrease in nominal terms by some $360 million (5.7 per cent), from the current estimate of $6.31 billion for the biennium 2010-2011 to $5.95 billion for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that total donor and local contributions are estimated at $9.6 billion for the biennium 2012-2013, a decrease of $208 million (2.2 per cent) compared with the estimates for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends that the Executive Board encourage UNDP to accelerate its fund-raising efforts.", "10. In his report, the Administrator noted that local resources provided by host Governments in 2012-2013 were also expected to decrease in nominal terms by some $31 million (2.1 per cent) to $1.5 billion and that local resources provided by host Governments had been declining over the past four bienniums (ibid., figure 1). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that income from local resources had decreased within the overall resources framework approved by the Executive Board in its decisions 2007/32 and 2011/14.", "11. The Advisory Committee notes from the report that 88 per cent of UNDP resources for 2012-2013 will be for development activities (ibid., para. 19), while management activities will account for 8.7 per cent of expenditure for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Strategic institutional results framework", "12. The Administrator of UNDP stated that the strategic plan was the only corporate results framework for UNDP and that the institutional budget was based on and fully aligned with the strategic institutional results framework and the high-level resource projections for 2012-2013 contained therein (ibid., para. 23). The report notes that the corporate results framework supports and directly supports the achievement of development results in the strategic plan. The framework covers targeted strategic institutional activities in the areas of management, United Nations development coordination, special purpose and development effectiveness, all of which constitute the operational basis for UNDP to address the development and coordination services needs of programme countries (ibid., para. 26). The UNDP corporate results framework covers one of the cycles outlined in the report (ibid., para. 28). It indicates that each strategic institutional outcome has a focal point or group of focal points (ibid., para. 30). Paragraphs 43 to 83 of the report describe the outputs of the strategic plan in the areas of management, United Nations development coordination, special purposes and development efficiency. The Committee notes that activities such as staff security and the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards have been included as management activities under the outputs of the strategic plan.", "13. The Advisory Committee recalls its previous recommendation that UNDP continue to work with UNFPA and UNICEF to further develop and harmonize the content of the results-based framework in line with common terminology and standards and to provide information on further progress in this area in future biennial support budget submissions (DP/2010/4, para. 4). The Committee notes that the UNDP institutional budget for 2012-2013 has been prepared in line with the harmonized steps with UNFPA and UNICEF and is under continuous guidance from the Executive Board (DP/2011/34, para. 24). The 2012-2013 institutional budget follows the harmonized cost classification approved by the Executive Board in its decisions 2009/22 and 2010/32 (ibid., para. 25) and the harmonized results-based budgeting approach approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2011/10. In his report, the Administrator noted that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF had achieved harmonization through improved methods in cost classification, results-based budgeting, cost recovery and preparation and presentation of budget information (ibid., para. 9).", "14. It is indicated in the report that UNDP, UNFPA and UNICEF will be presenting individual integrated budgets as of 2014, in accordance with Executive Board decision 2011/10. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the integrated budget for each entity would reflect a harmonized classification of activities and related costs and a better link between the results in the strategic plan and the resources required to achieve them. The Committee notes that at its first regular session in January 2010, UNDP and UNICEF considered and welcomed the joint information note on the road map to an integrated budget format. In its decision 2010/32, the UNDP Executive Board approved the harmonized cost definitions and harmonized classification of activities and related costs for implementation from the biennium 2012-2013. In its decision 2011/10, the Executive Board also approved the proposed harmonized results-based budgeting methodology and key budget tables for implementation from the biennium 2012-2013. Similarly, the UNICEF Executive Board, in its decisions 2010/20 and 2011/6, approved the harmonized cost definitions and harmonized classification of activities and related costs, as well as the proposed results-based budgeting methodology and key budget tables, for implementation from the biennium 2012-2013. At the same time, it was noted that the three organizations had agreed to provide information to their respective Executive Boards at the second regular session of 2012 on: (a) the results of the joint review of the impact of the agreed cost-recovery rates in the context of the integrated budget and the new strategic plan from 2014 onwards; (b) the mock-up of the integrated budget; and (c) the report on steps taken and progress made in the integrated budget.", "15. The Board welcomes the progress made by UNDP in the implementation of results-based budgeting, including the streamlining of strategic plan output functions to accommodate the new cost classification, and urges UNDP to continue its efforts in this regard in collaboration with UNFPA and UNICEF. The Advisory Committee trusts that future UNDP integrated budgets will reflect anticipated changes, including a harmonized classification of activities and related costs and a better link between the results in the strategic plan and the resources required to achieve them, together with expenditure data for the previous biennium, for comparison.", "16. Under the strategic plan output on security of staff and premises and increased environmental security as a means of facilitating programme delivery, the Administrator indicates that this output requires the provision of comprehensive and cost-effective global security, including the establishment, maintenance and application of security management and accountability policies and systems (ibid., para. 49). The Advisory Committee notes that the baseline percentage of country offices meeting minimum operating security standards in 2010-2011 is 63 per cent and that the target of scheduled compliance was 75 per cent in 2012 and 80 per cent in 2013. Taking into account the security risk assessment, the Committee recognizes the need to prioritize measures to meet minimum operating security standards and notes the expected increase in the number of UNDP offices meeting minimum operating security standards, as reflected in the institutional budget for the coming biennium.", "IV. Proposals for the institutional budget for 2012-2013", "Table 2 of the report provides an overview of the proposed budget estimates by strategic plan output for UNDP corporate activities. The 2012-2013 proposed institutional budget, expressed in gross terms, amounts to $931.9 million, net of projected income of $75.4 million, resulting in $856.5 million for 2012-2013. Total regular resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amounted to $856.5 million, compared with a total institutional budget of $905.8 million for the biennium 2010-2011.", "18. The Administrator noted that the reduction of $49.3 million in the institutional budget included a reduction of $120.1 million as a result of the institutional downsizing strategy, which included improvements in efficiency; the completion of prior investments; the transfer of costs to extrabudgetary resources to improve burden-sharing; and increased transparency in the centralization of cost-sharing (ibid., para. 15). These decreases are offset by an increase of $31.1 million under non-discretionary expenditure and an increase of $40 million in proposed investments. The increase of $31.1 million in non-discretionary expenditure is attributable mainly to:", "(a) The impact of inflation on the post adjustment and other entitlements of international and headquarters local staff, national officers and country office local staff entitlements and operational costs ($17.4 million);", "(b) Increased salary entitlements ($12 million) as a result of within-grade salary increases for international and headquarters local staff and salary adjustment surveys for United Nations-mandated National Officers and country office local staff;", "(c) Currency adjustments due to the overall effect of exchange rate fluctuations relative to the United States dollar ($1.5 million) (ibid., para. 86).", "19. In her report, the Administrator indicated that she continued to give priority to the need for budgetary discipline in response to the concerns expressed by Board members and in the light of the current global economic crisis to further control and better adjust institutional costs (ibid., para. 88). The actual amount decreased by $120.1 million, including $96 million for non-staff expenditures, representing a decrease of 12.3 per cent over the total budget appropriation approved for 2010-2011, by:", "(a) Improving overall operational effectiveness, eliminating redundant and unnecessary services and activities and identifying functions with lower priority that could be reduced, including the freezing of posts ($30.6 million);", "(b) Better alignment of costs at the institutional level with the attribution of centrally managed costs ($55.2 million);", "(c) Better alignment of unit-level costs ($13 million) with improved burden-sharing between regular and extrabudgetary resources;", "(d) Elimination of completed capital and other investments ($21.3 million).", "20. The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease of $24.1 million under staff costs relates to 33 international Professional posts and 55 local posts. It is proposed to freeze 20 international Professional posts and 23 local posts, to abolish 4 international Professional posts and 14 local posts ($18.2 million) and to transfer 9 international Professional posts and 18 local posts to extrabudgetary resources ($5.9 million) (ibid., para. 90; see also paras. 22-28 below, paras. 34 and 35).", "21. The Administrator also stated that more effective delivery of policy and institutional services was a top priority for UNDP during 2012-2013, with an increased focus on faster, cheaper and better business processes, leading to significant cost reductions and other results (ibid., para. 91). A series of specific measures will be introduced to address lengthy and often inflexible programme and project processes, which, in the Administrator ' s view, often hamper operational efficiency at the country office level. A flexible set of programming tools better suited to the country-owned development agenda will be developed as an important first step towards streamlining the operations of the Office and reducing the cumbersome bureaucratic processes that do not add value. The report indicates that an institutional initiative has been launched to allocate more centrally managed costs to the respective sources of funding, depending on the number of staff and total costs, resulting in a better attribution of $55.2 million for services provided by the United Nations Secretariat and for participation in jointly financed activities of the United Nations system (ibid., para. 94).", "Proposed investments", "22. The Administrator noted that an increase of $40 million was proposed in five strategic areas, including recurrent and non-recurrent investments, amounting to $30.1 million and $9.9 million, respectively. A total of 77 new positions are required for these investments, including 32 international professional and 45 local positions. It was reported that the proposed investments were clearly identified and included in their respective planned strategic outputs in accordance with the strategic institutional results framework (ibid., para. 96).", "23. The Administrator proposes $6.8 million from regular resources investments under the Agenda for Change implementation, of which: (i) $5 million to directly support the strengthening of strategic planning and management capacity through the establishment of 10 international professional positions; (ii) $0.8 million to directly support policy leadership through the establishment of a Chief Economist at the D-2 level and a support staff member (see paras. 34 and 35 below); and (iii) $1 million to provide critical support for the improvement of all aspects of results-based management throughout UNDP to develop the next strategic plan and results framework (ibid., para. 101).", "24. The Administrator proposes to invest $4 million from regular resources to strengthen strategic human resources management, including talent management and staff planning tools and systems. This strengthening will require six international Professional and eight local positions to cope with the additional workload resulting from the contractual reform; improve business processes, develop a capacity strategy and identify the specialized skills required by the various offices (ibid., para. 104).", "25. The Administrator noted that the implementation of contractual reforms in line with General Assembly resolution 63/250 on human resources management had resulted in an increase of 1,200 international Professional staff currently administered by UNDP. The corresponding number of permanent and fixed-term appointments had increased, as had the number of separations and new appointments. This has increased the workload of UNDP.", "26. The Administrator proposes to invest $4.2 million in regular resources to support the fragile countries in transition through the establishment of (i) a Senior Country Director at the D-2 level and six Local level posts in Southern Sudan; (ii) a Senior Country Director at the D-2 level in Yemen; and (iii) a Transition Team Leader at the D-1 level in the Arab States region to coordinate support in view of the multiple crises that have occurred simultaneously. (See paras. 34 and 35 below. UNDP will also assist in the phased relocation of the Iraq country office from Amman to Baghdad (ibid., para. 108).", "27. The Administrator proposes to invest $4 million in regular resources under the global development agenda, including: (i) $2 million to support 12 programme countries in scaling up the preparation of a high-quality action plan for the Millennium Development Goals acceleration framework; (ii) $1 million to support the Rio+20 Conference in preparing an issue paper on how a green economy can contribute to the implementation of the sustainable development agenda; and (iii) $1 million to support the upgrading of existing data, reporting and systems capacity to successfully introduce transparency standards adopted by the International Aid Transparency Initiative (ibid., para. 112).", "28. Finally, the Administrator proposes to invest $21 million in regular resources to support strengthened corporate value-added services and accountability. Of this amount, $10 million would directly support the adoption of IPSAS, $3.8 million for non-recurrent investments, $6.2 million for recurrent investments and funding of the Global Joint Service Centre, including the establishment of 10 international professional and 30 local positions. An additional $10 million was used to support information and communications technology activities, of which $6.1 million was for non-recurrent investments and $3.9 million for recurrent investments. In addition, UNDP proposes to make a recurrent investment of $1 million to the Investigations Unit for the establishment of two international professional positions (ibid., para. 118).", "29. While the Advisory Committee recognizes the value of UNDP initiatives in terms of investment, it expects that such investment will yield measurable benefits over a specified period of time in order to improve mandate implementation, efficiency and effectiveness. In connection with the implementation of resolution 63/205, the Committee points out that the increase in workload resulting from that resolution should be of a temporary nature. The Committee therefore expects that the additional resources will be kept under review to determine whether there is a continued need. This information should be provided in the next UNDP institutional budget.", "Implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "30. The Advisory Committee recalls that the target date for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards by UNDP was postponed from January 2010 to January 2012 (DP/2010/4, para. 27). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as UNDP is a highly decentralized organization, country offices are generally the sole accounting function. With the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (PeopleSoft/Atlas), UNDP has concluded that a higher level of technology is required to perform complex financial tasks within the context of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), as the system brings with it greater complexity, particularly in the areas of revenue management, property, plant and equipment, and employee benefits.", "31. The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in January 2009, UNDP had conducted a fact-based detailed analysis of the impact of its workload, identifying the centralization of the most complex functions in a single global centre as the most strategic solution, bringing about significant economies of scale and reducing costs, thereby minimizing the financial impact and risks faced by the organization. A consultancy study was subsequently conducted by an independent firm to recommend a few alternative locations for the Global Shared Service Centre and the need for additional regional service centres. The consultancy recommended that a single, centralized global joint service centre could achieve an appropriate balance between cost reductions and the good performance of the centre. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the consultancy study had recommended a number of possible locations. The Administrator indicated that UNDP was considering these recommendations and would decide on the appropriate location for the proposed global joint service centre, based on consultations with potential host Governments.", "32. In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the Group of Comptrollers, established by the Development Operations Coordination Office, including UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, and the United Nations Controller were working to harmonize the financial regulations and rules to provide for the adoption of IPSAS and the new cost classification for all three funds and programmes. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee are contained in a separate report on the proposed amendments to the UNDP Financial Regulations and Rules. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the CEB system-wide IPSAS support team would provide the coordination required for future IPSAS policy development and perform other related services such as facilitation and communications. The Committee was also informed that the Global Joint Service Centre would handle a variety of new and complex IPSAS-related functions and provide advisory services and support to UNDP country offices on IPSAS implementation. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that there is value in close coordination with the Secretariat and other United Nations organizations on IPSAS-related matters. In this regard, the Committee encourages UNDP to continue to share results and experience in the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Estimated income", "33. The Administrator noted that the total estimated income to the institutional budget for 2012-2013 was $75.4 million, an increase of $0.3 million over the income for 2010-2011. This income is expected to come from three sources: government contributions to cover local office costs; income from the United Nations Volunteers programme to provide volunteers to United Nations organizations; and the co-counting of voluntary contributions to offset the cost of reimbursement to United Nations staff members for income taxes on remuneration. The report indicates that in 2010, UNDP actually received only 75 per cent of commitments from Governments to cover local office costs (ibid., table 4). The Advisory Committee notes with concern that local office costs are not fully reimbursed by the Government and encourages UNDP to continue its efforts to secure the required resources to sustain its field operations.", "Proposed post changes", "34. The Advisory Committee notes that UNDP proposes a net decrease of 11 posts in the total number of staff funded from regular resources, from 3,217 in 2010-2011 to 3,206 in 2012-2013. This proposal includes:", "(a) Management activities: net decrease of 3 D-2 positions and net increase of 1 D-1 position, net increase of 16 international Professional positions and net decrease of 4 Local level positions;", "(b) Development effectiveness activities: one additional position at the D-2 level and one additional position at the D-1 level, resulting in a net decrease of 18 international Professional and 3 local level positions;", "(c) United Nations development coordination activities: reduction of 1 local position;", "(d) Special-purpose activities: reduction of one Local level position (ibid., para. 124).", "35. The Advisory Committee notes that the total number of posts at the D-1 level and above in the proposal for senior staff remains unchanged; however, the total number of D-2 posts will be reduced by two and the total number of D-1 posts will be increased by two. It is also proposed that three D-2 posts be frozen and that one D-2 post be reclassified downward to the D-1 level. The report indicates that the proposed post changes for 2012-2013 are affected by two main factors: the volume decrease shown in the budget table and the proposed investments mentioned above. The Administrator also informed the Advisory Committee that the zero growth rate for senior positions in UNDP was intended to contain costs and to take into account previous directives of the Executive Board and the Committee. In addition to the reclassification of the D-1 post of Resident Coordinator in Yemen to the D-2 level, it is proposed to establish three new D-2 posts for senior business economists and senior country directors in Southern Sudan and Yemen. At the same time, it is proposed to establish a new D-1 post to accommodate the Head of the Regional Transition Team for the Arab States, offset by the abolition of one D-1 post in the Executive Office (ibid., para. 130; see para. 26 above). The Advisory Committee recognizes the efforts made by UNDP to contain costs through an assessment of post requirements. However, it encouraged UNDP to scale up such efforts. In this connection, the Advisory Committee reiterates its view that when recruiting against approved posts, care should be taken to take into account the availability of funds. The Committee has no objection to the proposed post changes.", "Other resources", "36. As indicated above, the Administrator indicates that the net institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013, funded from regular resources, amount to $856.5 million, for 2010-2011 to $905.8 million and for 2010-2011 to $646.3 million from other resources, and for 2010-2011 to $587.4 million (ibid., para. 132). The Advisory Committee also notes that projected expenditures funded from other resources in 2010-2011 have increased by a total of 39 per cent of total planned expenditures (regular and other) and are expected to increase further to 43 per cent of the institutional budget in 2012-2013. This situation continues to show a positive trend. While acknowledging that the proportion of the institutional budget funded from other resources has increased in recent bienniums, the Advisory Committee reiterates its position that the sharing of institutional budgets between regular and other resources must be further reviewed.", "Cost recovery", "37. Cost recovery income is currently estimated at $592 million for 2012-2013 and $568 million for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 6). This represents an estimated increase of $24 million, or 4 per cent. The Administrator notes that cost recovery for 2012-2013 is estimated at $592 million, including the following:", "(a) General management services income from donor co-financing is estimated at $418 million ($384 million in 2010-2011), or 6.25 per cent (6 per cent in 2010-2011) of $6.7 billion ($6.4 billion in 2010-2011);", "(b) General management services income from programme country cost-sharing is estimated at $49 million ($60 million in 2010-2011) and programme expenditure for local resources at $1,392 million at 3.5 per cent ($3.7 per cent in 2010-2011);", "(c) Cost recovery income for United Nations organizations at the headquarters level is estimated at $50 million, compared with $51 million in 2010-2011;", "(d) Estimated income from cost recovery for United Nations organization services at the country office level of $22 million, compared with $21 million in 2010-2011;", "(e) Other cost recovery income estimates of $53 million, compared to $52 million in 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 133).", "38. The Advisory Committee notes that other related resources for 2012-2013 are currently estimated at $136 million, including interest and attribution of local and centrally managed costs, compared to $80 million in 2010-2011, which represents an estimated 70 per cent increase (ibid., para. 134).", "39. The Administrator noted that, in principle, all project activities and their associated costs, as defined in the country programme action plans, annual project work plans and project documents, were covered by government counterparts in accordance with the national execution/national implementation modality (NEX/NIM), which meant that UNDP would fully recover all related agency costs as extrabudgetary resources, using the policy of 7 per cent cost recovery for general management services approved by the Executive Board in decision 2007/18 (ibid., para. 136). In addition, the NEX/NIM accountability framework describes the roles of programme country governments and UNDP, according to which all oversight and related activities of UNDP (i.e. general management services) should be funded from institutional budgets or extrabudgetary accounts (ibid., para. 137). The Administrator described some of the challenges facing the organization in this regard:", "(a) Issues highlighted in the agenda for change: the needs of countries are different, there is no one-size-fits-all approach, there is no focus on service delivery and the form of the presence is not static (para. 138).", "(b) Allocate costs and their funding sources to development activities or institutional activities in a more transparent and better manner (ibid., para. 139).", "(c) Improved alignment of resources flowing into extrabudgetary accounts with the funding of institutional activities, which support development activities funded from other resources (ibid., para. 140).", "40. The Administrator noted that the current cost-recovery policy provided for the recovery of at least 7 per cent of all third-party cost-sharing and trust fund contributions, as well as 3 per cent of all government cost-sharing contributions, in order to cover related agency activities (i.e., general management services). Institutional activities funded from regular resources should not oversupport (subsidize) activities that have been assigned to other resources (ibid.). In previous budgets, the variable indirect recovery rate for UNDP bilateral and multilateral donor resources had been calculated on the basis of the base agency concept, defined in DP/2010/3 as the minimum capacity that UNDP must have to carry out its core mandate (ibid., para. 141). The Administrator noted that the policy could no longer be used to determine how institutional costs could be equitably shared between regular and other resources. Accordingly, the base structure and related cost recovery policies will be revisited in an inter-agency setting as part of the joint road map for the integrated budget from 2014 (ibid., para. 144). The Advisory Committee urges UNDP to review the underlying assumptions of the cost-recovery policy and model within the inter-agency framework and to make recommendations in the context of the next integrated budget." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目4", "联合国项目事务厅", "联合国项目事务厅2012-2013两年期预算估计", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "1. 行政和预算问题咨询委员会审议了联合国项目事务厅2012-2013两年期预算估计预发本(DP/OPS/2011/5)。审议期间，咨询委员会会晤了项目厅执行主任。执行主任做了更多补充和澄清。", "管理成果和预算框架", "2. 咨询委员会注意到，2010-2011年预算估计是根据16项统一职能格式(AC/1705，第2段)编制的，而2012-2013年预算估计则是在执行局2011年第一届常会作出决定之后按照有7项统一职能组群的简化框架列报的(DP/OPS/2011/5，　附件1，第1和27段)。简化框架也适用于开发计划署、人口基金和联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)。预算估计表1包含了按7个职能组群分列的2012-2013年资源分配信息，并包括绩效指标，基准和目标。项目厅表示，框架包括三个关键部分：管理成果，核心活动和整体职能。管理成果和预算框架详细信息见预算估计附件一第35至75段。", "3. 咨询委员会理解，简化预算框架是开发计划署、人口基金、项目厅和儿基会采用的统一办法，用于成本重新分类和成果预算编制，但也认为，可考虑作出进一步改善，以更方便读者的方式编制文件。例如，提交给委员会的预发本图一、五和六的文字模糊，难以辨读。", "2012-2013年预算估计", "4. 2012-2013年的预算估计为1.487亿美元，占两年期预计总开支的5.5%(同上，第76段和图二)。2012-2013年的估计数包括：(a) 管理资源1.397亿美元，(b) 估计100万美元的一次性额外开支，用于向国际公共部门会计准则过渡，(c) 800万美元备用款。相比之下，当前两年期预算估计为1.302亿美元用于管理资源，备用款500万美元。关于2012-2013年的预计总收入毛额，咨询委员会注意到，目标估计为1.487亿美元，其中1.185亿美元为项目执行服务收入，2 000万美元为咨询和业务往来服务收入，1 000万美元为杂项收入(同上，第27段)。", "5. 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年，项目厅建议削减顾问费用(210万美元，即9%)和业务支出(270万美元，即11%)。委员会还注意到，项目厅正计划将其总部迁往哥本哈根市新的联合国大楼，与联合国在该国的其他组织共用办公空间。咨询委员会欢迎这些举措，期待联合国组织在哥本哈根共用办公空间将有助于分担共同服务，提高效率，节省经费。", "6. 在该项预算文件中，咨询委员会还注意到，2012-2013年预算估计为可能发放绩优奖提供了资金。这一奖励关系到项目厅按照其财务条例和细则，并得到国际公务员制度委员会的认可，就表彰、奖励和惩罚而开展的一项3年期业绩管理试点工作(同上，第85段)。咨询委员会希望，下次提交预算时，将介绍试点项目的执行情况。", "员额", "7. 关于当前和下一个两年期的员额，项目厅表示，2012-2013年的员额与2011年相同(同上，第78和80段)。咨询委员会在预算估计表2中看到，2012-2013年共有366个员额，同目前两年期的345个员额相比，净增加21个员额。项目厅表示，2012-2013年净增加的21个员额，主要反映了在2010年期间完成了关于进一步按照组织整体结构调整人员编制的执行局第2009/5号决定2009年启动的改叙工作(同上，第81段)。经查询，咨询委员会获悉，项目厅截至2011年1月，共有366个员额，包括反映在表2中的2012-2013年增加的21个员额。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，财务条例14.02条授权执行主任在核准的两年期管理预算内调配资金，增减资金，包括人员编制表中的员额，条件是实现执行局设立的两年期净收入目标(同上，第24段)。", "8. 如预算估计所反映，有一项提议是把执行主任职位从助理秘书长职等提升为副秘书长职等，以确认该职位增加的问责和责任。咨询委员会经询问获悉，项目厅采用新治理结构后，管理项目厅财政和人力资源的责任由执行主任担负，执行主任向执行局和秘书长负责。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，大会在其2010年12月20日第65/176号决议中，重申项目厅是联合国系统采购与合同管理，以及土建工程和基础设施建设，包括相关能力建设活动的核心资源。在同一决议中，大会决定改变执行局的名称，使之包括联合国项目事务厅(改名为开发计划署/人口基金/项目厅执行局)。咨询委员会不反对提议的执行主任的升级。", "列报", "9. 在其关于项目厅2010-2011两年期预算估计的报告(AC/1075，第7段)中，咨询委员会建议，2012-2013年两年期支助概算按主要支出用途，详列支出细目。在这方面，委员会注意到，预算估计汇总表3提供了支出类别信息。咨询委员会欢迎列入所要求的信息。然而，委员会还注意到，预算文件中只有10段文字介绍2012-2013两年期预算估计，没有充分解释工作人员和非工作人员费用方面的拟议变动。咨询委员会认为，今后的预算估计应更加详细，尤其是说明拟议的变动和组织系统表。", "国际公共部门会计准则", "10. 据项目厅目前估计，2012年从联合国系统会计标准过渡到国际公共部门会计标准(公共部门会计准则)，将使2012-2013年净收入净减少约1 300万美元，主要原因是：(a) 根据公共部门会计标准，1 200万美元的收入推迟确认，(b) 100万美元的资产以不同方式处理(同上，第18至20段)。咨询委员会注意到，估计延迟确认的1 200万美元，只有一次性效应，不会影响今后两年期的收入。", "11. 在这方面，咨询委员会询问后获悉，作为联合国系统内唯一自筹资金经营的机构，项目厅必须完成业绩指标，包括实现执行局规定的业务准备金。鉴于预计2012年1 200万美元管理费收入延迟(20%)，项目厅向咨询委员会和执行局通报了在向公共部门会计准则过渡的第一年，预计其净收入会减少，以便增加对项目厅要负责的财务结果的理解和此种结果的透明度。", "12. 咨询委员会经询问还获悉，项目厅有充足的资源全面实施公共部门会计准则。此外，项目厅还考虑了最关键的会计政策，包括收入和费用的确认及资产和现金管理。咨询委员会回顾，项目厅已经修订了财务条例和细则，为实施公共部门会计准则作好准备。关于企业资源管理系统，委员会获悉，项目厅依靠开发计划署进行任何系统变化，但也拟定了会计数据收集、清理和迁移的计划。第一次使用真实会计数据的模拟运行将在2012年上半年进行。咨询委员会赞扬项目厅为实施公共部门会计准则提前做好准备。", "业务准备金", "13. 关于项目厅业务准备金的信息，见预算估计第29至34段，详细情况和使用情况见该预算文件附件二。其中表明，业务准备金最低要求是根据基金最近3年管理预算和项目支出合并数额滚动平均数的4%计算的。项目厅作为一个完全自筹资金的组织，重要的是将业务准备金维持在高于最低要求的水平上，以作为收入预测不确定时的缓冲，并作为现预算期间之后的未来投资。咨询委员会注意到，项目厅到2009年底，实现了要求的业务准备金目标，比2010-2011两年期预算估计确立的目标提前两年。2010-2011年，准备金期初余额为4 270万美元，高于最低要求60万美元；期末余额目前估计在5 700万美元，高于届时估计的最低储备金要求1 000万美元。项目厅表示，正在努力实现在当前和下一个两年期积累足够准备金的目标，使业务准备金在2013年底保持在最低要求之上，同时考虑到公共部门会计准则的相关会计做法带来的重大负面影响(见上文第10段)。", "14. 项目厅有信心，能实现或超过当前两年期的净收入目标，但也承认，2011年的不确定性仍然很大。项目厅将认真监测收入和支出模式，根据财务条例14.02条，必要时调整预算，让管理开支符合不断变化的现实。在这种情况下，鉴于将向国际公共部门会计准则过渡，项目厅计划在2012年进行审查，具体评估业务储备金数额和规定的最低数额(同上，第16、31、33和34段)。在这方面，咨询委员会鼓励项目厅继续审慎管理其掌握的资源，保持迄今所取得的成果，确保项目厅财务在中长期内保持良好状态(AC/1705，第20段)。", "其他意见", "15. 咨询委员会注意到，在预算估计中，项目厅在过去几年成就斐然。项目厅连续5年财务良好，并提前两年，在2009年底达到业务储备金的最低要求。2008-2009年期间，获得了无保留的外部审计，荣获了ISO 9001质量管理体系认证和2011年英国皇家采购与供应学会采购政策和程序认证(DP/OPS/2011/5，第6、8和9段)。咨询委员会赞扬项目厅的这些成就。", "16. 咨询委员会在审议2012-2013年拟议预算估计期间，还收到了项目厅的年度报告。委员会认为，报告信息详实有益。委员会注意到项目厅在跨领域问题开展的活动，特别是项目厅2010年支持的所有项目的30%致力于改善性别平等，并以某种方式赋予妇女权力(第45页)。咨询委员会欢迎项目厅在这方面所作的努力，鼓励它继续进行这些活动。" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 4 of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "United Nations Office for Project Services budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered an advance version of the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (DP/OPS/2011/5) of the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). During its consideration of the budget estimates for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee met with the Executive Director of UNOPS, who provided additional information and clarification.", "Management results and budget framework", "2. The Advisory Committee notes that the budget estimates for 2010-2011 were based on the format of 16 harmonized functions (AC/1705, para. 2), whereas the budget estimates for 2012-2013 are presented in a simplified framework of 7 harmonized functional clusters, following a decision by the Executive Board at its first regular session in 2011 (DP/OPS/2011/5, Annex 1, paras. 1 and 27). The simplified framework also applies to UNDP, UNFPA and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Table 1 of the budget estimates contains information with respect to the allocation of resources for 2012-2013 by the seven functional clusters, with performance indicators, a baseline and targets. UNOPS indicates that the framework comprises three key components: management results, core activities and corporate functions. Detailed information on the management results and budget framework is provided in paragraphs 35 to 75 and Annex 1 to the budget estimates.", "3. While the Advisory Committee understands that the simplified budget framework represents an harmonized approach adopted by UNDP, UNFPA, UNOPS and UNICEF for cost reclassification and results-based budgeting, it is of the view that further improvements could be considered in order to present the document in a more reader-friendly manner. For example, Figures I, V and VI, in the advance version provided to the Committee, contain indistinct text and are therefore difficult to read.", "Budget estimates for 2012-2013", "4. The budget estimates for 2012-2013 amount to $148.7 million, representing 5.5 per cent of the projected total expenditure for the biennium (ibid., para. 76 and Figure II). The estimates for 2012-2013 include (a) $139.7 million for management resources, (b) $1 million in estimated additional one-off expenditure due to the transition to IPSAS, and (c) $8 million for potential provisions. In comparison, the budget estimates for the current biennium provide for $130.2 million for management resources and $5 million for potential provisions. With respect to the projected total gross revenue for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee notes that the target is estimated at $148.7 million, consisting of $118.5 million from project implementation services, $20 million from advisory and transactional services and $10 million from miscellaneous income (ibid., para. 27).", "5. The Advisory Committee notes that for 2012-2013, UNOPS has proposed reductions under consultants ($2.1 million, or 9 per cent) and operating expenses ($2.7 million, or 11 per cent). The Committee also notes that UNOPS is planning to move its headquarters to the new UN City in Copenhagen, where it will share offices with other United Nations organizations present in the country. The Advisory Committee welcomes these initiatives and expects that the co-location by the United Nations organizations in Copenhagen will facilitate shared common services, which should result in efficiencies and savings.", "6. The Advisory Committee further notes from the budget document that the estimates for 2012-2013 provide for potential merit rewards associated with UNOPS three-year performance management pilot on recognition, rewards and sanctions, in accordance with its financial regulations and rules and endorsed by the International Civil Service Commission (ibid., para. 85). The Advisory Committee hopes that information with respect to the implementation of the pilot project will be included in the context of the next budget submission.", "Posts", "7. With respect to the posts for the current and next biennium, UNOPS indicates that the number of posts for 2012-2013 is the same as what is in place in 2011 (ibid., paras. 78 and 80). The Advisory Committee notes from table 2 of the budget estimates that there will be a total of 366 posts for 2012-2013, reflecting a net increase of 21 posts, compared with 345 posts for the current biennium. UNOPS indicates that the net increase of 21 posts for 2012-2013 primarily reflects the completion during 2010 of the reclassification exercise initiated in 2009 in line with Executive Board decision 2009/5 to further align staffing with the overall organizational structure (ibid., para. 81). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNOPS had 366 posts as at 1 January 2011, including the additional 21 posts reflected for 2012-2013 in table 2. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that financial regulation 14.02 grants the Executive Director authority to redeploy funds within the approved biennial management budget, as well as to increase or reduce funds, including the number of posts in the staffing table, provided the net revenue target for the biennium established by the Executive Board is met (ibid., para. 24).", "8. As reflected in the budget estimates, there is a proposal to upgrade the position of the Executive Director from the level of Assistant Secretary-General to Under-Secretary-General, in recognition of the enhanced accountability and responsibility of the position. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that following the adoption of the new governance structure of UNOPS, responsibility for managing the UNOPS financial and human resources was vested with the Executive Director, who was accountable to the Executive Board and the Secretary-General. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that in its resolution 65/176 of 20 December 2010, the General Assembly reaffirmed the role of UNOPS as a central resource for the United Nations system in procurement and contracts management as well as in civil works and physical infrastructure development, including related capacity development activities. In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to rename the Executive Board to include UNOPS (the Executive Board of UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed upgrade of the position of the Executive Director.", "Presentation", "9. In its report on the budget estimates of UNOPS for the biennium 2010-2011 (AC/1075, para. 7), the Advisory Committee recommended that a breakdown of expenditures by major object of expenditure be provided in the context of the proposed biennial support budget for 2012-2013. In this connection, the Committee notes that summary table 3 of the budget estimates provides information by expenditure category. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of the information requested. However, the Committee also notes that the budget document contains only 10 paragraphs on the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, without sufficient explanations on the changes proposed in respect of staff and non-staff costs. The Advisory Committee is of the view that more detailed information should be provided in future budget estimates, in particular information related to proposed changes and the organigramme.", "IPSAS", "10. It is currently estimated by UNOPS that the transition from the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS) to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in 2012 would have a negative effect on its net revenue for 2012-2013 by approximately $13 million, owing mainly to (a) a delayed recognition of revenue of $12 million under IPSAS, and (b) different treatment of assets of $1 million (ibid., paras. 18 to 20). The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated delayed revenue of $12 million will be a one-time effect that will not affect revenues of future bienniums.", "11. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed upon enquiry that, as the only agency in the United Nations system with a self-financing business modality, UNOPS had to accomplish the performance targets, including the attainment of operational reserves, set by its Executive Board. Given the projected delay in revenue from management fees of $12 million, or 20 per cent, for 2012, UNOPS was communicating to the Advisory Committee and to the Executive Board the projected negative impact on its net revenue during the first year of the transition to IPSAS in order to enhance the understanding and transparency of the financial results for which UNOPS was accountable.", "12. The Advisory Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that UNOPS had a comprehensive IPSAS implementation plan which was adequately resourced. In addition, the Office had addressed the most critical accounting policies, including revenue and expense recognition and asset and cash management. The Advisory Committee recalls that UNOPS has already revised its financial regulations and rules to prepare for the implementation of IPSAS. With respect to its enterprise resources management system, the Committee was informed that while UNOPS relied on UNDP for any changes to the system, it had developed plans for gathering, cleansing and migrating its accounting data. The first dry run using real accounting data would be performed in the first part of 2012. The Advisory Committee commends UNOPS for its advanced preparedness in relation to the implementation of IPSAS.", "Operational reserve", "13. Information with respect to the operational reserve of UNOPS is provided in paragraphs 29 to 34 of the budget estimates, and detailed information on the reserve and its use is contained in annex II to the budget document. It is indicated that the operational reserve minimum requirement is based on 4 per cent of the rolling average of the combined management budget and project expenditures for the last three years of operations. As a fully self-financed organization, it is important for UNOPS to maintain its operational reserve above the minimum requirement in order to provide a security cushion against uncertainties associated with revenue predictions and for future investments required beyond the current budget period. The Advisory Committee notes that UNOPS achieved the operational reserve requirement target by the end of 2009, two years ahead of the time set out in the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. For 2010-2011, the opening balance of the reserve was $42.7 million, or $0.6 million above the minimum requirement; and the closing balance is currently estimated at $57 million, or $10 million above the estimated minimum reserve requirement at that time. UNOPS indicates that it is striving to reach the goal of accumulating sufficient margins during the current and next biennium so that the operational reserves will remain above the minimum requirement at the end of 2013, taking into consideration the significant negative effect of IPSAS-related accounting (see para. 10 above).", "14. While UNOPS is confident that it will meet, or exceed, the net revenue target set for the current biennium, it recognizes that there is still significant uncertainty for 2011. The Office will carefully monitor revenue and expenditure patterns, and, in line with financial regulation 14.02, make adjustments to the budget as necessary to align management expenditure with evolving realities. In this context, UNOPS is planning to conduct a review in 2012 to assess, inter alia, the level of its operational reserve and the mandated minimum requirement, owing to the transition to IPSAS (ibid., paras. 16, 31, 33 and 34). In this connection, the Advisory Committee encourages UNOPS to continue to exercise prudence in managing the resources at its disposal, so as to secure the gains achieved thus far and also to ensure the continued financial viability of the Office over the medium to long term (AC/1705, para. 20).", "Other comments", "15. The Advisory Committee notes from the budget estimates that UNOPS has achieved much during the past few years. UNOPS has maintained its financial viability for 5 consecutive years and achieved its operational reserves minimum requirement by the end of 2009, two years ahead of the target. It also received an unqualified external audit for the period 2008-2009, and was awarded the ISO 9001 quality management system certification and the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply Certification in Procurement Policies and Procedures in 2011 (DP/OPS/2011/5, paras. 6, 8 and 9). The Advisory Committee commends UNOPS for these achievements.", "16. During its consideration of the proposed budget estimates for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee also had before it the annual report of UNOPS, which the Committee finds informative and useful. The Committee notes the activities carried out by UNOPS in cross-cutting issues, in particular the fact that 30 per cent of all the projects supported by the Office in 2010 worked to improve gender equality and the empowerment of women in some way (p. 45). The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made by UNOPS in this regard and encourages it to continue these activities." ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 4 of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "Budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office for Project Services", "Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative", "1. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions has considered an advance version of the budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office for Project Services (DP/OPS/2011/5). During its deliberations, the Advisory Committee met with the Executive Director of UNOPS. The Executive Director provided additional information and clarification.", "Management results and budget framework", "2. The Advisory Committee notes that the 2010-2011 budget estimates are based on 16 harmonized functional formats (AC/1705, para. 2), while the 2012-2013 budget estimates are presented in accordance with a simplified framework with seven harmonized functional clusters following a decision by the Executive Board at its first regular session 2011 (DP/OPS/2011/5, annex 1, paras. 1 and 27). The simplified framework also applies to UNDP, UNFPA and the United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF). Table 1 of the budget estimates contains information on the distribution of resources for 2012-2013 by seven functional clusters and includes indicators of achievement, benchmarks and targets. UNOPS indicated that the framework comprised three key components: management results, core activities and corporate functions. Detailed information on management results and the budget framework is provided in paragraphs 35 to 75 of annex I to the budget estimates.", "3. While the Advisory Committee understands that the simplified budget framework is the harmonized approach adopted by UNDP, UNFPA, UNOPS and UNICEF for the reclassification of costs and results-based budgeting, it is of the view that further improvements could be considered to produce documents in a more reader-friendly manner. For example, figures I, V and VI of the advance version submitted to the Commission are vague and difficult to read.", "Budget estimates for 2012-2013", "4. The budget for 2012-2013 is estimated at $148.7 million, representing 5.5 per cent of the total projected expenditure for the biennium (ibid., para. 76 and figure II). The estimates for 2012-2013 include: (a) $139.7 million in management resources; (b) an estimated one-time additional expenditure of $1 million for the transition to IPSAS; and (c) a provision of $8 million. In contrast, the current biennial budget is estimated at $130.2 million for the management of resources and $5 million for the reserve. With regard to the projected gross gross income for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee notes that the target is estimated at $148.7 million, of which $118.5 million relates to project implementation services income, $20 million to consultancy and transactional services income and $10 million to miscellaneous income (ibid., para. 27).", "5. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2012-2013, UNOPS proposes reductions in consultants ($2.1 million, or 9 per cent) and operational expenditures ($2.7 million, or 11 per cent). The Board also noted that UNOPS was planning to relocate its headquarters to the new United Nations building in Copenhagen, sharing office space with other United Nations organizations in the country. The Advisory Committee welcomes these initiatives and expects that the sharing of office space among the United Nations organizations in Copenhagen will contribute to the sharing of common services, efficiency and cost savings.", "6. In the budget document, the Advisory Committee also notes that the budget for 2012-2013 is estimated to fund the possible award of merit awards. This award relates to a three-year performance management pilot exercise on recognition, rewards and penalties, which UNOPS has undertaken in accordance with its financial regulations and rules and endorsed by the International Civil Service Commission (ibid., para. 85). The Committee expects that information on the implementation of the pilot project will be provided in the next budget submission.", "Posts", "7. With regard to posts for the current and next bienniums, UNOPS indicated that posts for 2012-2013 were the same as in 2011 (ibid., paras. 78 and 80). The Advisory Committee notes from table 2 of the budget estimates that there were 366 posts in 2012-2013, a net increase of 21 posts compared with 345 in the current biennium. UNOPS indicated that the net increase of 21 posts in 2012-2013 reflects, inter alia, the completion of the reclassification exercise initiated in 2009 by the Executive Board in its decision 2009/5 on staffing for further organizational restructuring (ibid., para. 81). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that UNOPS had 366 posts as at January 2011, including 21 additional posts for 2012-2013, as reflected in table 2. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that financial regulation 14.02 authorizes the Executive Director to redeploy funds within the approved biennial management budget and to increase or decrease funds, including posts in the staffing table, provided that the net income target for the biennium established by the Executive Board is met (ibid., para. 24).", "8. As reflected in the budget estimates, one proposal is to upgrade the position of Executive Director from the Assistant Secretary-General to the Under-Secretary-General level to confirm the increased accountability and responsibility of the position. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following the adoption of the new governance structure, responsibility for the management of the financial and human resources of UNOPS rests with the Executive Director, who is accountable to the Executive Board and the Secretary-General. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/176 of 20 December 2010, reaffirmed that UNOPS is a core resource for procurement and contract management in the United Nations system, as well as for civil works and infrastructure, including related capacity-building activities. In the same resolution, the General Assembly decided to change the name of the Executive Board to include the United Nations Office for Project Services (renamed the UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS Executive Board). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed upgrade of the Executive Director.", "Presentation", "9. In its report on UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (AC/1075, para. 7), the Advisory Committee recommended that the proposed biennial support budget for 2012-2013 provide a breakdown of expenditures by major object of expenditure. In this connection, the Committee notes that information on expenditure categories is provided in summary table 3 of the budget estimates. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of the requested information. The Committee also notes, however, that only 10 paragraphs of the budget document contain budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, without adequate explanation of the proposed changes in staff and non-staff costs. The Advisory Committee is of the view that future budget estimates should be more detailed, in particular with regard to the proposed changes and the organizational chart.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "10. UNOPS currently estimates that the transition from the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS) to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in 2012 will result in a net decrease of about $13 million in net income in 2012-2013, mainly due to: (a) the delayed recognition of $12 million of income under IPSAS; and (b) the different treatment of $1 million of assets (ibid., paras. 18-20). The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated amount of $12 million, which was delayed, would have a one-time effect and would not affect income in future bienniums.", "11. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that, as the only self-financing organization in the United Nations system, UNOPS must complete performance indicators, including the operational reserve established by the Executive Board. In view of the projected delay of $12 million (20 per cent) in 2012 in revenue from management fees, UNOPS informed the Advisory Committee and the Executive Board that its net income was expected to decrease during the first year of the transition to IPSAS in order to increase the understanding and transparency of the financial results for which UNOPS is responsible.", "12. The Advisory Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that UNOPS had sufficient resources to fully implement IPSAS. In addition, UNOPS has considered the most critical accounting policies, including revenue and cost recognition and asset and cash management. The Advisory Committee recalls that UNOPS has revised its financial regulations and rules to prepare for the implementation of IPSAS. With regard to the enterprise resource management system, the Committee was informed that UNOPS relied on UNDP for any change in the system, but had also developed an accounting data collection, clean-up and migration plan. The first simulation using real accounting data will take place in the first half of 2012. The Advisory Committee commends UNOPS for its advance preparation for the implementation of IPSAS.", "Operational reserve", "13. Information on the operational reserve of UNOPS is provided in paragraphs 29 to 34 of the budget estimates, and details and utilization are provided in annex II to the budget document. It indicates that the minimum requirements for the operational reserve are calculated on the basis of 4 per cent of the combined average of the Fund ' s management budget and project expenditure for the last three years. As a fully self-financing organization, it is important that UNOPS maintain the operational reserve above the minimum requirements as a buffer against uncertainty in income projections and as a future investment beyond the current budget period. The Advisory Committee notes that UNOPS achieved the required operational reserve target by the end of 2009, two years ahead of the target set in the budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. In 2010-2011, the opening balance of the reserve was $42.7 million, higher than the minimum requirement of $0.6 million; the closing balance is currently estimated at $57 million, higher than the estimated minimum reserve requirement of $10 million at that time. UNOPS indicated that it was working to achieve the goal of accumulating sufficient reserves in the current and next bienniums to keep the operational reserve above minimum requirements at the end of 2013, taking into account the significant negative impact of IPSAS-related accounting practices (see para. 10 above).", "14. UNOPS is confident that it will be able to meet or exceed the net income target for the current biennium, but acknowledges that the uncertainty remains high in 2011. UNOPS will carefully monitor income and expenditure patterns and adjust its budget, as necessary, to bring management expenditure into line with changing realities, in accordance with financial regulation 14.02. In this context, and in view of the transition to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, UNOPS plans to undertake a review in 2012 to assess specifically the level of the operational reserve and the prescribed minimum (ibid., paras. 16, 31, 33 and 34). In this regard, the Advisory Committee encourages UNOPS to continue to prudently manage the resources at its disposal, to maintain the results achieved so far and to ensure that UNOPS finances remain in good health in the medium to long term (AC/1705, para. 20).", "Other comments", "15. The Advisory Committee notes that, in the budget estimates, UNOPS has achieved significant results over the past few years. UNOPS had been financially sound for five consecutive years and had met the minimum requirements for the operational reserve by the end of 2009, two years ahead of schedule. Unreserved external audit was obtained during 2008-2009, with ISO 9001 certification of quality management system and the 2011 certification of procurement policies and procedures of the Royal Institute of Purchasing and Supply (CPPS/2011/5, paras. 6, 8 and 9). The Advisory Committee commends UNOPS for these achievements.", "16. During its consideration of the proposed budget estimates for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee also received the annual report of UNOPS. The Committee considers that the report is informative and useful. The Board noted the activities of UNOPS on cross-cutting issues, in particular that 30 per cent of all projects supported by UNOPS in 2010 were committed to improving gender equality and in some way empowering women (p. 45). The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts of UNOPS in this regard and encourages it to continue these activities." ]

[ "大会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程^(*) 项目63(b)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和 国际支持：非洲境内冲突起因和 促进持久和平与可持续发展", "秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/278号决议提交的。大会第六十五届会议在通过这项决议之前，审议了2010年7月20日秘书长的报告(A/65/152-S/2010/526)，其中审查1998年关于非洲境内冲突起因及促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告(A/52/871-S/1998/318)所载建议的执行情况。", "本报告对过去一年非洲大陆的主要事态发展进行评估，并审查了联合国系统在审查报告中确定的关键优先领域的执行情况。根据第65/278号决议提出的就新出现的挑战制定政策建议的任务，报告深入分析了非洲的两个最紧迫问题，即“青年、教育与就业”和“冲突与自然资源”，并提出了具体且实际的建议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 按照安全理事会的要求，我的前任在1998年对非洲境内冲突起因及促进持久和平与可持续发展进行了一次全面的分析。时任秘书长分发了一份报告，提议采取一整套切实可行的措施，以大幅缓和非洲国家内部和国家间的政治紧张气氛和暴力局面，建设持久和平，促进社会经济和政治发展(A/52/871-S/1998/318)。", "2. 大会第63/304号决议请我提交一份报告，说明最初报告所载建议以及1998年以来作出的承诺、采取的行动、取得的进展和汲取的经验教训的审查结果。由于与会员国、非洲联盟和非洲各区域经济共同体、民间社会组织、布雷顿森林机构以及通过由非洲特别顾问办公室协调的机构间非洲问题工作队与联合国系统的广泛协商，我分发了一份审查报告，提出关于联合国继续援助非洲的各种建议和提议(A/65/152-S/2010/526)。", "二. 一年来的回顾", "3. 我在审查报告中强调，有必要改变关于非洲的讨论，集中注意机遇并承认非洲大陆存在的各种现实情况。今天，世界对非洲刮目相看，是从希望和敬佩非洲正在取得的进展的角度来看非洲的。", "4. 虽然人们仍可以感到全球危机的影响，但非洲去年实现了强劲经济增长和社会发展指数改善，特别是在健康和教育领域。2011年1月南苏丹和平举行独立公民投票、南非成功举办国际足球协会联合会(国际足联)世界杯赛、肯尼亚通过新宪法、几内亚和尼日尔从军人统治过渡到民主文官统治、埃及和突尼斯发生由人民推动的变革，都有助于改变对非洲大陆的旧观念。各新兴经济体在非洲大陆越来越多的参与以及非洲的快速变革，正在迅速改变非洲领导人运作的政策空间。事实上，非洲已成为全球在政治和经济层次上发生的稳步转变的缩影，并在迫使我们重新思考我们的许多运作方式。", "5. 尽管取得了这些进展，非洲一些地区依然存在武装冲突、脆弱性、破坏法治和长期贫穷等挑战，而且妇女和儿童首当其冲。暴力示威和恐怖袭击的威胁越来越大，围绕选举进程出现的问题未得到解决，以及无人对多样性进行管理，都继续给非洲及其国际社会合作伙伴带来战略性挑战。人权继续遭到侵犯，冲突期间平民遭到蓄意杀害、残害、性攻击和剥削，而妇女和儿童受到的影响特别严重。", "6. 北非以及最近撒哈拉以南非洲发生的一些反抗引发了持续暴力，并在阿拉伯利比亚民众国遽变成广泛暴力行为，自冲突开始以来，有650 000余人离开本国。安全理事第1970(2011)号决议决定将阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势交由国际刑事法庭处理，并对该国实行了军火禁运，对某些政府官员实行了旅行禁令和资产冻结。违宪政权更迭和选举后暴力仍然是一个令人严重关切的问题。在科特迪瓦，瓦塔拉总统2011年5月6日在宪政当局主持下正式宣誓就职，政治僵局最终得到解决。", "7. 尽管成功进行了独立公民投票，但是，非洲最新成立的国家由于持续不断的暴力而面临不稳定威胁。1月以来，苏丹人民解放军(苏丹解放军)与反叛部队之间在琼莱州、上尼罗州和联合州的冲突造成数百人死亡，数千人流离失所。叛乱领导人不断招募的报告和苏丹解放军部队在这些地区增兵的报告将在今后几个月带来安全和政治挑战。2011年6月，苏丹解放军在阿卜耶伊与北方部队发生冲突，100 000多人为躲避战火而逃离。针对这种情况，安全理事会在6月27日，通过第1990(2011)号决议，建立了联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队。在邻近的南科尔多凡州，6月5日开始的战斗继续导致许多平民死亡，成千上万人流离失所，使联合国工作人员直接受到威胁。在非洲联盟调解人的协助下，苏丹政府和苏丹人民解放运动于2011年6月28日在亚的斯亚贝巴签署《关于青尼罗州和南科尔多凡州政治和安全安排的框架协定》。7月8日，安全理事会第1996(2011)号决议建立了联合国南苏丹共和国特派团(联南苏丹特派团)，以协助新成立的南苏丹国巩固境内和平。截至2011年6月，联合国和合作伙伴苏丹工作计划获得资金7.31亿美元，占要求提供的17亿美元资金的43%。", "8. 国际海洋局报告称，2010年，索马里沿海海盗暴力袭击次数增多，49只船被劫持，1 016名船员被劫为人质。据称索马里海盗活动延伸到印度洋。在索马里境内，长期冲突继续给区域稳定造成威胁。约有190万索马里人在境内流离失所，240万人(或每三个索马里人中有一人)需要人道主义援助。2011年6月9日，安全理事会欢迎《坎帕拉协定》的签署。", "9. 据《2011年非洲经济展望》指出，非洲各经济体已渡过全球危机，平均增长从2009年的2.3%反弹到2010年的4.7%，撒哈拉以南非洲的增长快于北非。不过，由于2011年食品和燃料价格飞涨，非洲赤贫人数实际增多。高失业率以及获取的能源有限，继续制约非洲大陆创造财富和就业的能力。", "10. 2010年千年发展目标首脑会议要求国际社会遵守对非洲的援助承诺。总体来说，官方发展援助付款净额从2004年的299亿美元增加到2010年的480亿美元，而发展援助委员会国家付款净额则从194亿美元增加到293亿美元。", "11. 巴西、中国、印度或土耳其在非洲的新供资和投资正在从根本上改变非洲大陆与世界其他国家的经济关系。非洲与新兴经济大国之间的贸易在过去几年大幅度增长。非洲各国政府和机构把基础设施发展明确作为重中之重，以便通过与新兴经济体加强关系获益。根据非洲联盟/非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)的优先事项，目前正在大力注重帮助小农(其中许多人是妇女)，支持创造就业的中小企业，并为容易受到经济冲击的家庭提供基本服务和安全网。", "12. 非洲侨汇目前每年达到约400亿美元，在某些情况下超过官方发展援助，对非洲许多国家的生活产生重大影响。不过，有必要降低汇款交易费，并为面向发展的投资创造机会。尽管全球经济出现衰退，2010-2011年非洲收到的侨汇估计增长4.5%。然而，这个比例远远低于全球危机之前。遗憾的是，阿拉伯利比亚民众国目前的动乱迫使来自萨赫勒的大批移民返回原籍国。", "13. 今年，我们庆祝新伙伴关系——非洲自己的区域社会经济进步蓝图——十周年。这使我们有机会思考该方案的许多成就，并重申我们承诺支持非洲自己促进增长、发展和参与全球经济的努力。", "更加重视和平与发展之间的相互联系", "14. 我在审查报告中指出，当今的许多冲突往往发生在国内，触发原因可能是社会上许多人被系统地排斥在政治治理机构之外，无法获取关键的经济资产和社会服务。在存在明显的不平等、机构薄弱和无代表性、特别是众多青年人口缺乏体面工作、机会和自由的国家，发生动荡的风险越来越大。", "15. 我们虽然对武装暴力的社会经济动因及其对发展的消极影响有了更好了解，但在多数情况下，我们未能相应拟定计划或适当说明这种关系。我们必须调整当前发展战略的重心,除千年发展目标外,确立一个更加有力和更加促进两性平等的社会、政治和经济议程以及更强大的体制框架，以应对相互关联的和平与发展挑战。联合国若干实体就一系列与巩固和平有关的问题,(包括保护平民和赋予妇女权)制定了指标和基准。这些工具有助于联合国行动强调支持不断执行其任务所需的手段。我将与非洲问题机构间工作队接触，制定可衡量的指标，检视我在审查报告中提出的各项建议的进展情况，以便更好地认识和平与安全之间的关系和急需注意的领域。", "三. 审查报告所载建议的执行情况", "16. 我的审查报告概述了一系列建议，以处理可能在非洲议程上占据主要位置、因此将需要重点注意的一些关键问题。本节概述了联合国系统在我的审查报告中确定的关键优先领域的执行情况。", "A. 机构合作", "17. 联合国驻非洲联盟办事处精简联合国在亚的斯亚贝巴的和平与安全存在，加强非洲联盟-联合国协调和本组织的能力，以支持非洲联盟为和平行动开展的业务和能力建设工作。2011年2月2日，我发布了一份报告，审查了《非洲联盟十年能力建设方案》(A/65/716-S/2011/54)。我在报告中要求双方为实现方案目标加强合作，并提出一个共同的战略愿景。非洲区域协调机制建议，通过区域协调机制分组和非洲联盟机构采取一项全面的工作方案，加快方案实施。有效的政治合作需要更好的分析能力、战略规划和两个组织之间的协调，包括在新闻和宣传方面作出更大努力。由非洲问题特别顾问办公室牵头的区域协调机制宣传和交流专题组正在就此与非洲联盟建立一个交流战略框架。", "18. 各区域经济共同体与秘书处的合作也在加强，由非洲问题特别顾问办公室定期举行通报，以便与各区域经济共同体和各部厅(如裁军事务厅)交流信息，并就制定关于军火贸易条约的共同立场向若干区域共同体提供技术咨询。联合国驻非洲联盟办事处还将努力加强联合国、非洲联盟和各区域经济共同体之间的合作与协调。2010年9月，政治事务部和南部非洲发展共同体签署了一项新的合作协定。", "B. 预防冲突、维持和平和管理冲突", "19. 为在一个协调一致的战略框架内概述预防冲突活动采取了更多步骤，包括在2011年9月和平与安全联合工作队第三次会议上发布联合国-非洲联盟调停伙伴关系准则。联合国中非区域办事处于2010年成立，以集中注意预防性外交和与中非各国政府和组织的合作。维持和平行动部与裁军事务厅等其他部厅一道，支持非洲联盟委员会制定一项《非洲联盟安全部门改革政策框架》，旨在为非洲联盟成员国、各区域经济共同体及其合作伙伴提供一个框架，制定、审查并实施有效和负责任的安全部门改革。维持和平行动部与非洲联盟委员会共同制定了一项多年期支助方案，以协助建设实施这项政策的能力。", "20. 2011年3月，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室和维持和平行动部签署了一项联合行动计划，在冲突和冲突后国家(包括几内亚比绍)进一步加强打击有组织犯罪和非法贩运合作。在某些情况下，在任务规定中包括打击贩运毒品，将十分有助于维持和平和稳定部队获得成功。联合国随时准备支持和平行动东道国酌情发展打击有组织犯罪和非法贩运的能力。", "21. 综合特派团规划进程和综合战略框架(见A/65/669)这些机制旨在帮助协调联合国的活动，确保在维持和平行动离开后处理冲突起因的工作不间断地继续下去，并确保顺利过渡到和平建设。公众对联合国及其合作伙伴的工作的看法对于确保成功执行任务和过渡到长期稳定工作至关重要。在塞拉利昂和中非共和国，联合国维持和平电台开创性地过渡到战后公共广播电台，是联合国赞助方案在维持和平后环境中实现服务逐渐过渡的例子。", "C. 冲突后建设和平与恢复", "22. 建设和平委员会正在执行联合国建设和平架构审查(见A/64/868-S/2010/ 393，附件)就如何更加明确阐述原则、程序和行动提出的建议。2011年1月25日，组织委员会通过了一个2011年暂行行动路线图，以确保适当侧重于一组有限的优先任务，目的是加强其对议程上各国的影响。2011年2月23日，建设和平委员会决定将几内亚列入议程，首次在安全理事会没有移交的情况下，应几内亚的请求采取行动。", "23. 打击非法贩运和有组织犯罪问题已作为联合西非海岸倡议的一部分，列入联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处的工作。这一工作以冲突后国家为对象，促进建设和平倡议和安全部门改革。在2011年将与政治事务部联合实施应对中非安全威胁的伙伴关系。", "24. 我在关于妇女参与建设和平的报告(A/65/354-S/2010/466)中，提出了一项7点行动计划，作为让妇女参与预防冲突和社会重建的更广泛努力的一部分，确保将建设和平资金的更大部分用于支持权赋妇女和两性平等。联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)和建设和平支助办公室将负责监测和报告本组织在实施该计划方面取得的进展。建设和平基金已承诺，到2012年把建设和平、权赋妇女和性别平等支出翻一番。", "D. 持续经济增长和可持续发展", "25. 大会第65/280号决议赞同第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的《伊斯坦布尔宣言》[1] 和《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》。[2] 该决议高度重视建设生产能力，并呼吁所有相关利益攸关方承诺执行《行动纲领》。该纲领与非洲特别有关系(在现有的48个最不发达国家中，有33个在非洲)，并且述及武装冲突与发展之间的联系。", "26. 确保粮食安全和促进农村发展，仍是联合国经济增长政策的主要组成部分。国际农业发展基金(农发组织)和粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)通过农业发展注重冲突后恢复工作，并对收获后技术进行投资，以减少每年40亿美元的粮食损失，增进非洲大陆的粮食安全。据粮农组织称，缩小农业中的性别差距会产生很大效益，可将饥饿人数减少12%至17%。支持新伙伴关系的非洲农业发展综合方案，包括为饥饿穷人设立安全网以及为改善营养进行直接干预，仍极为重要。", "27. 信息和通信技术在促进经济和社会变革方面显示出力量。非洲是移动电话使用增长最快的地区。然而，有必要确保这些工具为和平与发展事业服务，联合国应建立与21世纪的创新相适应的适当伙伴关系，以成功应对当今的挑战。例如，我已把创新列为《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》的一个优先事项。", "E. 人权", "28. 我们朝着建立一个全面的监测和问责架构迈出了重大步伐，以打破战时性暴力不受惩罚这种恶性循环。安全理事会第1960(2010)号决议呼吁公布犯罪人名单，并予以制裁。我的武装冲突中性暴力问题特别代表(其办公室现已进入全面运作)已执行数次出差任务，以查证广泛和有系统强奸的指控。联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团采取了创新性办法并制定了各种机制来帮助保护该国的平民，包括妇女和儿童。联合国系统以及妇女署(通过联合国系统)继续致力于协助各会员国实施两性平等政策，并推动妇女在和平、安全与发展所有领域的平等代表性和有效参与。", "29. 人权事务高级专员办事处与政治事务部等其他部厅合作，为防卫或安全部队提供了关于保护人权和追究侵犯人权行为的能力建设培训，特别是在选举期间。", "四. 新出现的挑战", "30. 大会第65/278号决议请我与相关合作伙伴磋商，就我的审查报告中确定的问题制定政策提议。与此同时，作为一个系统，我们显然需要更好地综合我们与非洲接触的各种政策框架。在当今受资源制约的环境中，需要富有想象力的想法来确保协同作用和优先事项安排，包括大会和安全理事会在指导联合国系统和建立让联合国和其他合作伙伴参与的适当政策空间方面的领导和承诺。我呼吁大会和安全理事会通过预防和解决非洲冲突特设工作组，推动联合国系统参与执行本报告所载各项建议，并就最迫切和新出现的问题提供指导。", "31. 本节着眼于对非洲政治和经济发展与稳定的影响，就处理非洲大陆两个最紧迫的问题(即“青年、教育与就业”和“冲突与自然资源”)进行深入分析，并提出务实建议。", "A. 青年、教育与就业", "32. 适当接受高质量教育和获取体面就业，是减少贫穷、政治稳定、和平、安全和可持续发展的一个重要组成部分。这一复杂问题需要协调和创新的对策，既处理青年教育和事业的社会经济层面，也处理青年被排斥在政治参与之外的后果。", "33. 我在审查报告中呼吁，联合国把旨在增强青年力量和为青年能够充分参与社会所有方面创造必要条件的政策和方案列为主要工作，并予以实施。我还着重指出，有必要确保将与青年相关的政策适当列入冲突后建设和平战略，并加紧执行促进就业和减缓贫穷的《瓦加杜古行动计划》。", "34. 据联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部人口司称，非洲约有10亿人口，其中60%在25岁以下。随着青年人口膨胀，有必要更多强调急需为他们提供高质量教育、技能和就业，以及为其在政治和社会方面进行有效参与和充当代表提供适当空间。在很大程度上，北非一些地区目前不满情绪的主要原因之一是，多年来经济管理不善，社会投资不足，以及青年人缺乏政治参与和体面工作的机会。", "35. 这些运动不光涉及就业，也涉及正义、公平和民主。这些运动带来的局面，有可能产生更多的社会、政治和经济机会，也有可能使青年的愿望甚至更难实现。结果将在很大程度上取决于我们是否成功地回应这些期望。在协助各社区消除不满情绪的根源时，我们必须更好地了解它们的历史、社会和政治背景，并确保各项方案适当顾及地方的关切和敏感问题。", "36. 我们必须在任何时候都意识到，青年可以对本国的社会发展作出巨大贡献。如果我们不承认和利用青年资产，那么不稳定、欠发达和不平等的跨代循环问题将继续存在。联合国宣布2010年为国际青年年(主题是对话和相互理解)，以及非洲联盟2011年6月23日至7月1日在赤道几内亚马拉博首脑会议上举行关于加快赋予青年可持续发展能力的辩论，表明两个组织都承认当今很少有问题比积极和紧急地回应青年人的愿望和梦想更紧迫。", "1. 教育", "37. 撒哈拉以南非洲的小学平均净入学率约为76%，北非约为94%。大多数非洲国家已走上到2015年实现普及小学教育千年发展目标的轨道。总体来讲，通过取消学费：增加公共投资和改进捐助者支助，入学率取得了进展。", "38. 不过，其他方面的成就较少，主要是教育质量、毕业率、中高等教育入学率、基础教育改革、教员招聘以及技术和职业培训。撒哈拉以南非洲每年有1 000多万学生辍学，数百万儿童离开学校，但并没有掌握基本的识字和识数技巧。在不上学的7 100万青少年中，50%以上在撒哈拉以南非洲。3 000多万非洲儿童由于经济、社会、文化或身体障碍而完全被排斥在教育之外。在许多社区，文化信念和习俗对女性受教育具有不成比例的不利影响，许多国家政策没有触及女童受教育权利的问题。除了青年妇女，残疾青年或是青年难民或移徙工人也往往被排斥在教育系统之外。", "39. 据联合国教育、科学及文化组织《2010年全民教育全球监测报告：涵盖边缘化群体》(2010年，巴黎)指出，2008-2015年年均筹资差距在撒哈拉以南非洲约为65%，师生比例在乍得达到68：1，在埃塞俄比亚达到65：1。按照这些比例，非洲到2015年将需要120万名新教员。教师工资低，大量教师因艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他疾病无法工作，难以复盖城市非正规居住区或边远地区的最弱势儿童和青年，以及缺乏学校用品，都是导致学业成绩水平低下的因素。", "40. 尽管国际捐助者的参与日益增加，协作倡议增多，但拥有高等教育学位的青年人数仍然极少。在整个非洲大陆，高等教育机构入学率为6%，女性参与低得令人沮丧，约有40%高等教育机构教职依然空缺。", "2. 就业", "41. 在非洲，教育已促进缩小两性不平等差距，提高识字水平，但对失业率的影响很小。教育程度较高青年的失业率也较高，而技能较少青年的失业率则较低，因为后者必须为生存而工作。国际劳工组织(劳工组织)指出，非洲创造的就业约90%是在非正规经济部门，1.52亿青年工人(其中多数在撒哈拉以南非洲)生活在贫穷家庭，日人均开支低于1.25美元。青年非洲人无论教育程度高低，都难以找到体面工作。", "42. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，15到24岁的年轻人占劳动力的36%。据世界银行称，每年有1 000万青年毕业生进入就业市场。联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)指出，2009年490万(这一数字到2020年将几乎加倍，达到960万)名毕业生中的大多数获得社会科学、工商和法律学位，但工程、制造业、建筑业和保健等领域的高校毕业生的比例最低。教育与劳动力市场脱节日趋严重。公共服务部门人满为患，私营部门规模小，不能大量雇人，劳工需求存在障碍，求职者与潜在雇主之间存在信息差距，以及创造和发展商业机会面临阻碍，都使失业率高居不下。", "43. 鉴于最近每年近6%的高经济增长率，非洲目前的失业状况是严重的，尽管不同区域有很大差别。劳工组织数据显示，撒哈拉以南非洲过去十年的失业率一直是12%，但差距很大，从南非的55.8%到纳米比亚的10.9%。在塞拉利昂，青年失业率是52.5%，而该国平均数则为10.2%。北非目前正在发生的起义部分是青年失业所致，突尼斯和埃及的青年失业率分别为31%和34%。", "44. 失业数字不意味着真正的挑战。这些数字不包含其他方面，如就业不足和有工作的穷人，这在自给自足的农业和城市非正规部门十分普遍，受影响的大多是妇女，她们往往聚集在低技术，低收入，进出要求也低的部门。城市失业率高于农村地区，年轻妇女和残疾青年受不成比例的影响，原因是社会问题和工作场所的歧视。", "45. 无学历和失业青年的经济、社会和政治成本都非常高。由于没有谋生的机会，贫困的代际循环持续存在。失业可能促使青年从事犯罪和暴力。由于没有社会保障，很多年轻人，包括大学毕业生，靠从事非正规经济活动或移居到城市地区或其他国家谋生。任何类型的无管理迁移，都给目的地的资源和就业带来竞争，因此必须加强移徙的积极影响，如金融和社会汇款，以实现发展潜力。", "46. 非洲私营部门在解决青年失业问题上可发挥核心作用。如果妇女的创业潜力释放出来，获得实现增长的机会，而不是进入非正规经济和产量低、已达到饱和的行业，就会有巨大的就业收益。现在正应仔细考虑创造就业的财政、货币、贸易和产业政策，让更多当地创造就业的方法，响应地方和社区的愿望，协助维护社会稳定和地方经济发展。", "3. 联合国和非洲倡议", "47. 几十年来，联合国、非洲联盟和非洲各国政府推动的若干全球和区域举措把青年发展议程推向前进，这包括：1995年世界行动纲领；2000年达喀尔全民教育行动框架；非洲联盟第二个非洲教育十年(2006-2015年)；青年十年期间的“非洲青年宪章”和青年发展的优先次序(2009-2018年)；联合国教育促进可持续发展十年行动计划(2005-2014年)。非洲联盟青年志愿团成立于2010年12月，67名成员来自非洲各国。志愿团作为非洲大陆的发展方案，招聘帮助青年志愿者，在非洲所有53个国家工作。", "48. 非洲各国政府在国家和次区域各级共同努力，包括采取全部门办法，开办促发展识字班，在几乎所有国家取消小学学费。在索马里，拟定临时体面工作国家方案，侧重冲突的根本原因，如资源控制、就业和经济问题，与所有利益相关者协调解决关键要素。类似的包容性社会对话论坛在刚果民主共和国和布隆迪也有收效。", "49. 2009年12月，大会通过第64/134号决议，宣布今年为国际青年年，自2010年8月12日开始，主题是：“对话和相互理解”。2011年7月25日和26日，在纽约举行青年工作高级别会议。国际年标志着国际社会的举措迈出重要一步，将把重点放在青年的作用上，并加强其在全球事务中的发言权。2011年6月在赤道几内亚马拉博召开的第17届常会上，非洲联盟决定拟订技术和职业教育与培训框架，专门解决农业及信息和通信技术问题，同时加快青年十年行动计划的实施。经济及社会理事会2011年7月4日至29日举行了高级别会议，通过了部长宣言，呼吁更有效地开展国际合作，实现普及教育目标：教育质量、早期儿童护理和教育、技能开发和成人识字。", "4. 政策提议和建议", "50. 非洲人口正迅速增长。据预计，到2050年，世界上15至24岁的人口中，非洲将占29%。这种转变将继续带来严重的财政、政治和社会影响，包括教育和医疗费用增加、发生社会动乱的风险和移民压力。", "51. 青年就业战略需要综合办法，以解决劳动力供需以及就业数量和质量问题；促进为青年设立社会保障机制；确保社会对话，提高就业权利；提供基本的最低工资；提高生产率和劳动标准，改善工作场所的基本原则和权利。有利于增长的政策也应增加社会及政治机会分配和收入的公平，特别关注弱势群体和传统弱势群体，特别是妇女和年轻人，并考虑到区域一体化和全球化给青年发展带来的机遇和挑战。", "52. 把青年作为建设和平和经济发展参与者的行动和方案的阐述和拟订工作依然薄弱。青年在很大程度上被排斥在国际和平与发展努力的议程之外，青少年在战争中或战争后很少受到任何特别注意或心理援助，以解决融入社会和人格形成的规律被打乱的问题。联合国及其非洲合作伙伴必须找到适当的机制，让青年参与建设和平与发展，以及确定参与的内容。", "53. 所有利益相关者都要更好地理解问题的程度和青年的巨大潜力，加强就业和建设和平之间的关键环节。联合国与各国政府、非洲联盟、捐助者和民间社会密切合作，在解决非洲年轻人口的困境方面可以发挥重要作用。", "54. 我呼吁大会、安全理事会和联合国系统深化与青年的接触，促进其通过正式和非正式磋商参与决策进程，以查明和消除青年中间社会、政治和经济不满的根源。联合国各实体应加强协调和努力，更全面和更综合地促进青年发展。", "55. 我将考虑如何确保在必要时把向受冲突影响的青年团体提供社会和心理支持纳入维持和平、建设和平和发展任务，向卫生部、教育部或社会事务部或就业部及社区为基础的系统提供足够的援助，支助冲突地区的青年和青少年。", "56. 我再次呼吁非洲区域协调机制把青年问题纳入所有集群的主流，并按照非洲发展新伙伴关系，支持能够争取投资、促进青年就业的部门优先事项，即改善基础设施，发展新的信息和通信技术，投资小型农业和中小企业，确保流行病得到控制。", "57. 联合国国家工作队在冲突后国家的存在，可以有助于与青年接触，优先考虑高质量和创新教育(正规和非正规)，如实习、志愿服务和电子学习、创业学习、企业培训和便利青年侨民参与，以及在绿色就业机会和可再生能源基础上向绿色经济过渡，特别是对妇女而言。这可以通过与全球契约、民营企业和其他实体合作来实现。", "B. 冲突与自然资源", "58. 大会在多个场合强调，需要解决非法开采自然资源的负面影响的所有方面，以此促进非洲和平、安全与发展，还谴责了助长武装冲突的自然资源非法贸易。", "59. 我在审查报告(A/65/152-S/2010/526)中呼吁联合国系统在每次评价非洲的政治冲突时，系统地考虑自然资源(包括获得土地和土地使用权、水、生物多样性和原材料、以及开采自然资源收益的分配)的作用。", "60. 自然资源引发的冲突已使非洲成为国际关注的焦点，尤其是在过去十年。尽管非洲矿物丰富，可耕地肥沃，但许多非洲人却从这笔财富中无从受益。在国家和国际层面上，围绕自然资源的拥有、管理和控制发生的政治和经济之间的相互作用很复杂，扰乱了社区，助长了武装冲突，增加了腐败，在非洲大陆几个地区为外部干预打开了大门。一些冲突已成为区域冲突，有可能影响到全球自然资源的供给。", "61. 在某些情况下，各国家都经历了“资源诅咒”，因为矿物和燃料的富足产生了负面的发展结局，包括经济表现不佳，增长停滞，高层腐败，流离失所，环境恶化，严重侵犯人权，无效治理及国家权力削弱和政治暴力增加。", "62. 在这种背景下出现若干复杂问题，包括土地和自然资源争夺助长不稳定和不安全，国家和国际级别上各个争夺集团之间承受大量赞助、腐败和冲突的压力，福利和收入分配不平等，尤其是精英阶层。有人指责，一些设在国外的企业和主权财富基金开采非洲资源的方式不利于当地居民的长远利益，从而助长了当地的腐败精英，他们反过来阻碍响应及时和负责任的国家的出现。", "63. 采掘业以及土地、森林、水和能源安全的管理，是值得进一步关注的关键领域。", "1. 采掘业", "64. 非洲采掘业往往是出口导向型。控制黄金、钻石和其他宝石、钶、铀和木材等矿产的开采及其收益，一直是安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、利比里亚和塞拉利昂等国发生“资源战争”的重要因素。在这些国家，犯罪网络及外国和本国武装团体越来越多地参与经济活动，主要是采矿，极大地助长不安全和暴力。", "65. 收入透明是一个国家治理方案的重要组成部分，有助于从自然资源开采中谋取利益。但采掘业透明度方面取得了缓慢进展。2010年9月，刚果民主共和国总统卡比拉宣布禁止在某些地区从事采矿活动，以便从矿区清除非法武装集团，因为那里的矿警已经在很大程度上取代了军队。这项措施旨在结束警察中的犯罪网络参与采矿活动，让该部门的所有参与者都能够登记。3月，解除了这一禁令。", "66. 2011年5月19日，经济合作与发展组织通过对无冲突供应链克尽职守自愿联合框架；2011年5月27日，八国集团首次赞同强制公布采掘业给政府支付的款项，以落实透明度法律法规，推广自愿性标准，要求或鼓励石油、天然气和采矿公司公开向政府支付的款项。", "2. 土地和森林", "67. 世界上32个国家长期存在粮食危机，其中17个是非洲国家。生态系统退化、荒漠化、水土流失和干旱加剧，是气候变化同土地冲突之间产生联系的因素。在半干旱地区，资源冲突往往是发生在牧民和农民之间，并将成为日益受到关注的问题。由于非保护区的自然资源减少，保护区就成为偷猎、非法放牧和其他人类活动的焦点，影响了这些地区的可持续性，经常增加自然资源的跨界非法运输，这又往往与国家和或地区冲突相联系。", "68. 土地权和使用权制度都很重要，决定着政治和社会阶层，这意味着，非洲的土地往往是激烈争夺的对象。最近的土地冲突大多是地方性冲突，一直持续几代人，往往增加了邻里之间早就存在的历史差异，常常在地方上处理。还要进一步探讨应付气候变化的地方能力。", "69. 土地改革，尤其是获得土地，在整个非洲是一个高度敏感的问题。外国人大规模购买土地用于产业农业或生物燃料，已成为争议焦点，一些人认为这威胁到粮食供应、主权和小规模农户的生存。非常少的土地是妇女所有或由妇女控制。这影响到社区从冲突中恢复并重新建立粮食安全的能力，尤其是在冲突后，不允许女性为户主的家庭重新控制因男性不在而空出的土地。", "70. 非洲拥有世界上第二大热带雨林和各种干燥森林。森林发挥重要的生态、社会和经济作用，影响到森林的问题也与土地、粮食安全、水资源和能源安全相关的问题相互交织，因为薪材是森林对扶贫的主要贡献之一。森林助长了冲突，如在利比里亚，那里出现了“冲突木材”一词。森林还可刺激经济增长。在刚果民主共和国，设立了优惠和税收制度，确保所有利益相关者，包括当地居民和国家，在地方和国家级别上都获得公平的利益分享。", "3. 水", "71. 管理水引发的冲突，是努力实现有效的全球环境治理面临的最大挑战之一。尽管水是潜在的冲突问题，围绕水资源的大多数重大分歧已经通过合作和谈判得到解决。教科文组织的“从潜在冲突到合作潜力：水促进和平”方案有助于促进合作与发展，管理好跨界水资源。", "72. 非洲有80个跨界河流和湖泊盆地，包括38个为不止一个国家新共享的地下水含水层盆地。南部非洲半干旱地区，以及塞内加尔河流域和尼罗河盆地沿岸国家仍然担忧水的供应，因为沿河各国人口增长，越来越需要能源和水，而且气候变化使情况更加严峻。", "73. 约有40%的撒哈拉以南非洲地区人口仍然缺乏安全饮用水，69%没有足够的卫生设施。农村地区的情况更糟糕，53%和76%的人无安全饮用水和适当卫生设施。非洲缺水人数到2020年可能增加7 500万，到2050年，增加数亿人。水资源和服务不发达，以及健康状况不佳、能源和供电不足，是非洲粮食安全的核心。非洲开发银行估计，未来20年，每年需要500亿至540亿美元的投资来满足非洲对水的需求。缺水也是阻碍妇女生产力的最重要的因素之一，在撒哈拉以南非洲，妇女每年花费40多亿个小时打水，这相当于法国全体劳工一年的劳动时间。2011年6月27日和28日，在喀土穆举行了达尔富尔水促进可持续发展国际会议，强调水不仅有助于可持续和平，也有助于达尔富尔的发展；调动当地社区参与规划和实施达尔富尔三个州65个水务项目的各阶段。", "4. 能源安全", "74. 非洲能源消费最低，撒哈拉以南非洲有5亿人没有电，在那里的48个国家中，有23个易于遭受能源冲击。极端贫困和缺少其他燃料，意味着80%的人口依赖生物质(如木材和植被)。这又造成植被砍伐和对生态系统带来不利变化，并可能导致流离失所。采伐森林不可持续，土壤退化加剧，供应中断，都对可持续发展和人类安全构成威胁。在某一层面上，一些国家争取“能源自给自足”，以保障能源供应，这可能导致国家间争端。另一个值得关注的问题是，不可靠、负担不起的电力对发展的影响。气候变化造成河流流量下降，可能导致水电生产下降，这反过来又影响到能源投资的财务可行性和可持续性。2012年是人人享有可持续能源国际年，这一年必须带来全球性的清洁能源革命，因为这是最大限度减少气候风险，减轻贫困和改善全球健康，赋予妇女权力和实现千年发展目标的关键。", "5. 自然资源的治理", "75. 对自然资源进行适当的政治、经济和企业治理，是促进负责任管理的关键，它要求所有参与者，从政府到国际公司和当地社区都拟定政策，推动对国家和地方经济产生积极影响。", "76. 我们需要支持由非洲主导，在对环境、冲突、发展和边境建设和平议程之间的联系拥有知情认识的基础上，拟定自然资源治理最低标准进程。我们必须持续努力，加强政府和民间社会的自然资源管理能力，包括加强监测和执法机制；在冲突后重建和发展活动中让私营部门作为合作伙伴参与；加强现有的规范机制，包括采掘业透明度倡议或金伯利进程。新伙伴关系和非洲同行审议机制提供了一个平台，让非洲国家能有效地进行自然资源管理，评估施政。解决腐败问题同样重要，因为其往往与自然资源开采相联系。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室已经协助加强反腐败机构，根据《联合国反腐败公约》制定国家反腐败政策。联合国贸易发展会议、粮农组织、农发基金和世界银行正在拟定负责任的农业投资原则。", "77. 不必用矿物燃料或土地的丰富来决定非洲国家的政治或经济轨迹。只要非法开采自然资源或以腐败方式和不公平方式管理自然资源一直是冲突的核心，在冲突后时期就必须尽早恢复透明和负责任的资源治理。环境署的“冲突与灾难”方案就是一个例子。该方案提供能力建设，以便更好地管理自然资源，在环境管理中运用最佳实践，确保自然资源支持开发和建设和平的优先事项。还应提供能力，测绘资源，并提供就自然资源开采合同和协议进行谈判的必要技能。", "6. 联合国与自然资源的非法开采", "78. 非洲的进步，需要用给人们生活带来实实在在的改善来衡量。每当呼吁联合国提供援助时，就需要有效地针对地方社区的需要，提高个人在自然资源面前的福祉和安全。不过，联合国把自然资源分析和环境需要纳入预防冲突、人道主义援助和早期恢复业务规划的主流，提供了进行改进的空间。", "79. 已经做了一些努力。历史上，安全理事会采取了果断措施，解决自然资源的非法开采问题。安理会对所有来自利比里亚的圆木和木材产品实施了禁运，对来自安哥拉、科特迪瓦和塞拉利昂的所有毛坯钻石实施禁运，对出售或供应给安哥拉和塞拉利昂的石油实施禁运。安理会还授权联合国利比里亚特派团协助过渡政府恢复对自然资源的适当管理，并成立专家小组，提出措施，防止非法开采自然资源被当作资助刚果民主共和国东部的武装团体的手段。这个问题也列入了其他政府间机构，如经济及社会理事会和建设和平委员会的议程。", "80. 打击野生动物犯罪国际联合会于2010年11月成立，现正采取全面和协作方式，帮助防止非法开采自然资源，包括濒危物种和森林犯罪。毒品和犯罪问题办公室目前正在中部非洲进行威胁分析，其中包括有组织犯罪和非法贩运自然资源，分析结果将作为更好的知情决策的工具。自2009年6月起，维持和平行动部和外勤支助部专门拟定联合国外地特派团环境政策，其中包括各关键领域，如废物、能源、水及文化和历史资源的管理。", "81. 联合国预防性行动机构间框架小组由联合国开发计划署(开发署)预防危机和复原局主办，负责管理联合国和欧洲联盟共同方案。该方案汇集了经济及社会事务部、政治部、建设和平支助办公室、联合国人居署、开发署和联合国环境规划署，旨在支持各国改善自然资源管理，促进预防冲突和和平建设，并管理和减缓因环境问题产生的紧张局势。该伙伴关系增进总部和外地一级关键行动者之间的政策制定和方案协调，编写系列指导说明、培训手册和网上自定进度的学习工具。", "82. 联合国和非洲各机构不仅应考虑国家的看法，还应考虑以区域方法解决自然资源非法开采问题，解决问题的区域层面，包括与非法军火贸易、雇佣军或贩毒有联系的问题。西非倡议由联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、联合国西非办事处、维持和平行动部、政治事务部和国际刑警组织发起，以支持执行西非国家经济共同体的区域行动计划，解决西非贩毒、有组织犯罪和毒品滥用问题(2008-2011年)。该倡议是这方面合作的范例。", "7. 政策提议和建议", "83. 我们需要调整政策和应对机制，有效应对新一代多方位危机，其中可能包括与开采自然资源和环境变化有关的内容。对于这一点，我们需要明确而精确的政策指导方针、工具、信息共享机制和组织内部的专业知识。联合国特派团和国家工作队需要协助国家和社区把自然资源和环境因素纳入冲突后和发展计划，特别是在区域一级。加强体制结构和区域合作，加强私营部门和金融部门代表之间的相互作用，对于确保共同商定战略取得成功很有帮助。", "84. 联合国与非洲联盟、各区域经济共同体、各国政府、捐助者、民间社会和当地社区合作，应着眼于促进非洲主导的进程，在冲突和冲突后局势中把自然资源财富从和平负债转化为和平资产。", "85. 我呼吁联合国系统把对土地改革，水管理和环境挑战等自然资源管理问题的分析，纳入维持和平、建设和平和人道主义评估的主流。", "86. 我将考虑向维持和平行动派遣自然资源管理专家的可能性。", "87. 我呼吁联合国国家工作队和建设和平支助办事处在国家减贫战略中纳入各种计划，以促进非洲冲突和冲突后国家以负责任、公正、促进两性平等和具有经济效益的方式进行资源管理。", "88. 在自然资源构成国家重要资产时，联合国应支持国家对话，探讨自然资源收入在社会上的作用，以期拟定包容性增长和发展战略，推动更透明和更负责地利用自然资源，包括大力执行有效的反腐败政策。这应该与社区机构、区域经济共同体和非洲联盟-新伙伴关系协调进行。", "89. 我呼吁国际合作伙伴和私营部门坚持企业的责任守则，遵守现行规章制度，确保自然资源收入不转用于加剧冲突的活动。", "90. 我呼吁所有伙伴考虑有效使用土著居民和妇女在自然资源管理以及减缓和适应气候变化影响方面的知识和做法，包括长老会和地方治安委员会等地方土地利用调解机制", "91. 我呼吁非洲区域协调机制和其他合作伙伴协助建设现有河流流域机构的能力，如尼罗河流域倡议、马诺河流域联盟秘书处和努比亚地下含水层系统国家，以使他们根据非洲联盟、区域经济共同体和其他伙伴关系和方案(如非洲联盟能力建设十年方案)的现行框架，更及时地应对气候变化和冲突带来的挑战。", "[1] A/CONF.219/L.1。", "[2] A/CONF.219/3和Rev.1。" ]

[ "* A/66/150.", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 63 (b) of the provisionalagenda* \nNew Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment: progressin implementation and internationalsupport: causes of conflict and thepromotion of durable peace andsustainable development in Africa", "Implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in compliance with General Assembly resolution 65/278, which was adopted following the consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session of the report of the Secretary-General dated 20 July 2010 (A/65/152-S/2010/526) containing a review of the implementation of the recommendations contained in the 1998 report on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (A/52/871-S/1998/318).", "The report provides an assessment of major developments on the continent during the past year and examines the implementation by the United Nations system of key priority areas identified in the review report. In keeping with the mandate of resolution 65/278 to develop policy proposals on emerging challenges, the report provides an in-depth analysis of two of the most pressing issues in Africa, namely, “youth, education and employment” and “conflict and natural resources” and proposes concrete and practical recommendations.", "I. Introduction", "1. In response to a request from the Security Council, in 1998 my predecessor undertook a comprehensive analysis of the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa. The then Secretary-General issued a report proposing a set of realistic and achievable measures to significantly reduce political tensions and violence within and between African States, build durable peace and promote socio-economic and political development (A/52/871-S/1998/318).", "2. In its resolution 63/304, the General Assembly requested me to submit a report on the outcome of the review of the recommendations contained in the original report as well as of the commitments made, the actions taken, the progress achieved and the lessons learned since 1998. As a result of broad-based consultations with Member States, the African Union and African regional economic communities, civil society organizations, the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations system through the Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa coordinated by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, I issued a review report setting out recommendations and proposals for a renewed United Nations engagement with Africa (A/65/152-S/2010/526).", "II. A year in review", "3. In my review report, I stressed the need to change the discourse around Africa, focusing on opportunities and acknowledging the existence of different realities on the continent. Today the world looks at Africa in a different light, one of hope and admiration for the progress that it is making.", "4. Although the effects of the global crises are still felt, last year Africa experienced strong economic growth and improvement in social development indicators, especially in health and education. The peaceful independence referendum in Southern Sudan in January 2011, the success of the Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA) World Cup in South Africa, the adoption of a new constitution in Kenya, the transition of Guinea and Niger from military to democratic civilian rule, and the people-driven changes in Egypt and Tunisia are contributing to a change in old perceptions about the continent. The increased engagement of emerging economies on the continent and Africa’s rapid transformations are swiftly changing the policy space in which African leaders operate. In fact, Africa has come to epitomize the steady shift that is taking place globally at the political and economic levels and that is forcing us to rethink many of the ways in which we operate.", "5. In spite of this progress, some parts of Africa continue to endure armed conflict, fragility, erosion of the rule of law and chronic poverty, with women and children bearing the brunt of those challenges. The increased threat of violent demonstrations and terrorist attacks as well as unresolved issues around electoral processes and unmanaged diversity continue to pose a strategic challenge for Africa and for its partners within the international community. Human rights continue to be violated with civilians purposely being killed, maimed, sexually assaulted and exploited during conflict, with especially grave impact on women and children.", "6. Some of the revolts in North Africa, and most recently in sub-Saharan Africa, have resulted in sustained violence and in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya erupted into broad violence, with more than 650,000 leaving the country since the start of the conflict. The Security Council, by its resolution 1970 (2011), decided to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the International Criminal Court and to impose an arms embargo on the country and a travel ban and assets freeze on certain Government officials. Unconstitutional changes of power and post-electoral violence remain a major concern. In Côte d’Ivoire, a political stalemate was eventually resolved when President Ouattara was formally sworn in by the constitutional authorities on 6 May 2011.", "7. In spite of the successful independence referendum, Africa’s newest nation faces the threat of instability due to ongoing violence. Since January, clashes between the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and rebel forces in Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity State, resulted in hundreds killed and thousands displaced. Reports of ongoing recruitment by rebel leadership and reports of SPLA troop increases in those areas will pose security and political challenges in the months to come. In June 2011, SPLA clashed with Northern troops in Abyei, with over 100,000 people fleeing the fighting. In response, on 27 June, the Security Council adopted resolution 1990 (2011) establishing the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA). In neighbouring Southern Kordofan State, fighting that began on 5 June continues to cause the deaths of many civilians and the displacement of tens of thousands and has put United Nations staff directly at risk. With the assistance of mediators from the African Union, on 28 June 2011 in Addis Ababa, the Government of the Sudan and SPLM signed a Framework Agreement on Political and Security Arrangements in Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan States. On 8 July, by its resolution 1996 (2011) the Security Council established the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) to assist the new State of South Sudan to consolidate the peace in the country. As of June 2011, the United Nations and Partners Work Plan for Sudan was million funded in the amount of $731 million, 43 per cent of the $1.7 billion sought.", "8. The International Maritime Bureau reported a growing number of violent pirate attacks off the coast of Somalia in 2010, with 49 vessels hijacked and 1,016 crew members taken hostage. Somali pirates are allegedly active further into the Indian Ocean. Inside Somalia, the long-standing conflict continues to pose a threat to the stability of the region. About 1.9 million Somalis are internally displaced, and 2.4 million people, one in three Somalis, are in need of humanitarian assistance. On 9 June 2011, the Security Council welcomed the signing of the Kampala Accord.", "9. According to the 2011 African Economic Outlook, Africa’s economies have weathered the global crisis, rebounding to an average 4.7 per cent growth in 2010, up from 2.3 per cent in 2009, with sub-Saharan Africa growing faster than North Africa. Owing to skyrocketing food and fuel prices in 2011, however, the number of people in Africa living in extreme poverty has actually increased. The high rates of unemployment and the limited access to energy continue to constrain the continent’s ability to create wealth and jobs.", "10. The 2010 summit on the Millennium Development Goals called for the international community to honour its aid commitments to Africa. Overall, net disbursements of official development assistance increased from $29.9 billion in 2004 to $48 billion in 2010, while net disbursements by Development Assistance Committee countries increased from $19.4 billion to $29.3 billion.", "11. New funding and investment in Africa by Brazil, China, India or Turkey are fundamentally altering the continent’s economic relationships with the rest of the world. Trade between Africa and the emerging economic powers has grown significantly over the past few years. African governments and institutions have clearly defined infrastructure development as among their top priorities in order to reap the benefits of their enhanced relations with emerging economies. Following the priorities of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a strong focus is being placed on helping small farmers, many of whom are women, and providing support to small and medium-sized enterprises that generate jobs and provide access to basic services and safety nets for families vulnerable to economic shocks.", "12. The remittances of Africans in the diaspora, which currently run at approximately $40 billion a year, which in some instances exceeds official development assistance, are having a major impact upon lives in many African countries. It is necessary, however, to lower the transaction costs of remittances and create opportunities for development-oriented investment. Despite the downturn in the global economy, growth of remittance flows to Africa over 2010-2011 is estimated at 4.5 per cent. However, that percentage is far lower than it was before the global crisis. Unfortunately, the current upheaval in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has resulted in large numbers of migrants from the Sahel returning to their countries of origin.", "13. This year we celebrate the tenth anniversary of NEPAD, Africa’s own blueprint for the region’s socio-economic advancement. This occasion provides an opportunity to reflect on the many achievements of the programme and to renew our commitment to support Africa’s own efforts to promote its growth, its development and its participation in the global economy.", "An enhanced focus on the interlinkages between peace and development", "14. In my review report, I noted that many of today’s conflicts would often be within States and would likely be triggered by the systematic exclusion of significant portions of society from institutions of political governance and from access to key economic assets and social services. Countries facing stark inequality, weak and unrepresentative institutions, and lacking decent jobs, opportunities and freedoms, particularly for a large youth population, are at an increased risk of instability.", "15. Although we understand better the socio-economic dynamics of armed violence and its negative impact on development, in most instances we fail to programme accordingly or to appropriately account for this relation. It is critical that we refocus current development strategies to establish, together with the Millennium Development Goals, a more robust and gender responsive social, political and economic agenda and stronger institutional frameworks to address the interconnected peace and development challenges. A number of United Nations entities have developed indicators and benchmarks on a range of issues related to peace consolidation, including on the protection of civilians and the empowerment of women. Such tools help United Nations operations highlight the means required to support continued implementation of their tasks. I will engage the Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa to develop measurable indicators and examine the progress achieved in the recommendations I set out in my review report in order to acquire a better understanding of the correlation between peace and development and of the areas that need urgent attention.", "III. Implementation of the recommendations contained in the review report", "16. My review report outlined a series of recommendations to address some of the key issues that are likely to dominate the African agenda and will therefore require focused attention. This section provides an outline of the implementation by the United Nations system of key priority areas identified in my review report.", "A. Institutional cooperation", "17. The United Nations Office to the African Union (UNOAU) streamlines the peace and security presence of the United Nations in Addis Ababa, strengthens African Union-United Nations coordination and the capacity of the Organization to support the operational and capacity-building efforts of the African Union for peace operations. On 2 February 2011, I issued a report reviewing the 10-year capacity-building programme for the African Union (A/65/716-S/2011/54), in which I called for better cooperation and a common strategic vision on both sides towards meeting the objectives of the programme. The Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa has recommended that the implementation of the programme be accelerated through a comprehensive work programme among the regional coordination mechanism clusters and the African Union organs. Effective political cooperation requires better analytical capacity, strategic planning and coordination between both organizations, including more efforts in public information and advocacy. The regional coordination mechanism advocacy and communications cluster, convened by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, is in the process of establishing a strategic framework on communications with the African Union in this regard.", "18. Cooperation between the regional economic communities and the Secretariat is also being strengthened, with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa instituting regular briefings to exchange information with the regional economic communities and departments and offices, such as the Office for Disarmament Affairs, and providing technical advice to several regional communities for the formulation of common positions on the arms trade treaty. UNOAU will also be working to strengthen cooperation and coordination among the United Nations, the African Union and the regional economic communities. The Department of Political Affairs and the Southern African Development Community signed a new cooperation agreement in September 2010.", "B. Conflict prevention, peacekeeping and conflict management", "19. Additional steps have been taken to outline conflict prevention activities within a coherent strategic framework, including the launching of the United Nations-African Union mediation partnership guidelines at the third Joint Task Force on Peace and Security in September 2011. The United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa was established in 2010 to focus on preventive diplomacy and work with Central African governments and organizations. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, together with other departments and offices, such as the Office for Disarmament Affairs, support the African Union Commission in developing an African Union Policy Framework on Security Sector Reform aimed at providing a framework for African Union member States, the regional economic communities and their partners to formulate, review and implement effective and accountable security sector reform. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations has developed a multi-year support programme with the African Union Commission to help build capacities to implement this policy.", "20. In March 2011, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations signed a joint plan of action to further strengthen their cooperation against organized crime and illicit trafficking in conflict and post-conflict countries, including in Guinea-Bissau. The success of peacekeeping and stabilization forces would greatly benefit, in certain situations, from having a mandate related to the fight against drug trafficking. The United Nations stands ready to support States hosting peace operations to develop their capacity to counter organized crime and illicit trafficking, as appropriate.", "21. The integrated mission planning process and the integrated strategic framework (see A/65/669) are mechanisms designed to help coordinate United Nations activities and to ensure that efforts to address the root causes of conflict continue without interruption after the departure of a peacekeeping operation as well as to ensure a smooth transition to peacebuilding. Public perceptions about the work of the United Nations and its partners are critical in ensuring successful implementation of mandates and transition to long-term stabilization efforts. The pioneering transitions of United Nations peacekeeping radio stations to post-war public broadcasting stations in Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic serve as examples of service that is oriented towards gradual transition for United Nations-sponsored programmes in post-peacekeeping environments.", "C. Post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery", "22. The Peacebuilding Commission is implementing the recommendations contained in the review of the United Nations peacebuilding architecture (see A/64/868-S/2010/393, annex) on how to attain greater clarity on principles, processes and actions. On 25 January 2011, the Organizational Committee adopted a provisional Road map for actions in 2011 to ensure appropriate focus on a limited set of priority tasks aimed at enhancing its impact in the countries on its agenda. On 23 February 2011, the Peacebuilding Commission decided to place Guinea on its agenda, acting for the first time without a referral from the Security Council but instead in response to a request from Guinea itself.", "23. The issues of countering illicit trafficking and organized crime have been included in the work of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone as part of the joint West Africa Coast Initiative, which targets post-conflict countries and contributes to peacebuilding initiatives and security sector reforms. A partnership to address security threats in Central Africa will be jointly implemented with the Department of Political Affairs in 2011.", "24. In my report on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466), I set out a seven-point action plan to ensure that a greater proportion of peacebuilding funds support women’s empowerment and gender equality as part of a broader effort to engage women in conflict prevention and social reconstruction. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the Peacebuilding Support Office will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the progress of the Organization in the implementation of the plan. The Peacebuilding Fund has committed to doubling its expenditure on peacebuilding, women’s empowerment and gender equality by 2012.", "D. Sustained economic growth and sustainable development", "25. Through its resolution A/65/280, the General Assembly endorsed the Istanbul Declaration[1] and the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020[2] adopted by the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which has a strong focus on building productive capacity, and called upon all relevant stakeholders to commit to implementing the Programme of Action. The programme is of special interest for Africa, which has 33 out of the current 48 least developed countries, as it also covers the link between armed conflict and development.", "26. Ensuring food security and promoting rural development remain major components of United Nations policy for economic growth. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) focus on post-conflict rehabilitation through agricultural development and invest in post-harvest technologies to reduce the $4 billion a year in food losses and boost the continent’s food security. According to FAO, closing the gender gap in agriculture would generate significant gains that could reduce the number of hungry people by 12 to 17 per cent. Support for the NEPAD Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, which includes the creation of safety nets for the hungry poor and direct interventions to improve nutrition, remains critical.", "27. Information and communications technologies have demonstrated their power in promoting economic and social change. Africa is the fastest growing region in the use of mobile phones. It is necessary, however, to ensure that those tools serve the cause of peace and development and that the United Nations matches twenty-first century innovation with the right partnerships in order to successfully address today’s challenges. For instance, I have made innovation a priority of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health.", "E. Human rights", "28. We have taken significant steps towards establishing a more comprehensive monitoring and accountability architecture to tackle the vicious cycle of impunity for wartime sexual violence, with Security Council resolution 1960 (2010) calling for perpetrators to be publicly listed and punished with sanctions. My Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, whose office is now fully operational, has completed a number of missions to shed light on allegations of widespread and systematic rape. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has taken innovative approaches and put in place mechanisms to help protect civilians in the country, including women and children. The United Nations system and, through it, UN-Women, remains committed to further assisting Member States in implementing gender equality policies and promoting the equitable representation and effective participation of women in all areas of peace, security and development.", "29. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in cooperation with other departments and offices, such as the Office for Disarmament Affairs, has provided capacity-building training to defence/security forces on the protection of human rights and accountability for their violation, in particular during election periods.", "IV. Emerging challenges", "30. In its resolution 65/278, the General Assembly requested me to develop, in consultation with relevant partners, policy proposals on issues identified in my review report. In so doing, it has become clear that as a system we need to better integrate the different policy frameworks in which we engage with Africa. In today’s resource-constrained environment, imaginative ideas to ensure synergies and prioritization will be necessary, including the leadership and commitment of the General Assembly and the Security Council in guiding the United Nations system and in establishing appropriate policy spaces to engage with the United Nations and other partners. I call on the General Assembly and the Security Council, through its Ad Hoc Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Africa, to further engage with the United Nations system in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the present report and to provide guidelines on the most pressing and emerging issues.", "31. In the light of the implications for the political and economic development and stability in Africa, this section provides an in-depth analysis and proposes practical recommendations to address two of the most pressing issues on the continent, namely, “youth, education and employment” and “conflict and natural resources”.", "A. Youth, education and employment", "32. Adequate access to quality education and to decent employment is a vital component for poverty reduction, political stability, peace, security and sustainable development. This complex issue requires coordinated and innovative responses that address both the socio-economic dimension of youth education and unemployment as well as the consequences of the exclusion of youth from political participation.", "33. In my review report, I called on the United Nations to mainstream and operationalize policies and programmes aimed at empowering youth and creating the necessary conditions to enable them to fully participate in all aspects of society. I also highlighted the need to ensure the appropriate inclusion of youth-related policies in post-conflict peacebuilding strategies and to step up the implementation of the Ouagadougou Plan of Action for promotion of employment and poverty alleviation.", "34. According to the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 60 per cent of Africa’s approximate population of 1 billion is under the age of 25. With the increasing youth bulge, much greater emphasis needs to be placed upon the urgent need to provide them with quality education, skills and decent jobs as well as adequate spaces for effective political and social participation and representation. One of the main drivers of the current discontent in some parts of Northern Africa is, in large measure, the result of years of economic mismanagement, inadequate social investment and the lack of political participation and decent job opportunities for young people.", "35. These movements are as much about jobs as they are about justice, equity and democracy. They are creating conditions that could either generate more social, political and economic opportunities or make the aspirations of youth even more difficult to achieve. The outcome will depend, to a great extent, on our success in responding to those expectations. In assisting communities to tackle the root causes of discontent, we must be better aware of their historical, social and political context and ensure that programmes appropriately incorporate local concerns and sensitivities.", "36. We must be conscious at all times of the enormous contribution that young people can make to the development of their societies. If we do not recognize and utilize youth assets, the generational cycle of instability, underdevelopment and inequity will continue. The United Nations, through the proclamation of 2010 as the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, and the African Union, which, at the Summit held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, from 23 June to 1 July 2011, held a debate on “accelerating youth empowerment for sustainable development”, have acknowledged that there are today fewer issues more pressing than positively and urgently responding to the aspirations and dreams of the young people.", "1. Education", "37. The average net primary school enrolment rate is about 76 per cent in sub‑Saharan Africa and 94 per cent in North Africa. The majority of African countries are on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education by 2015. In general, progress in enrolment rates has been achieved through the abolition of school fees, greater public investments and improved donor support.", "38. There is, however, less success in other areas, mainly in the quality of education, completion rates, enrolment in secondary and tertiary education, basic education reform, teacher recruitment and technical and vocational training. Each year, over 10 million pupils in sub-Saharan Africa drop out of school, and millions of children leave school without basic skills in literacy and numeracy. Of the 71 million adolescents who are not in school, more than 50 per cent are in sub‑Saharan Africa, and more than 30 million African children remain totally excluded from education owing to financial, social, cultural or physical barriers. In many communities, cultural beliefs and practices have a disproportionate adverse impact on female participation in education, and many national policies do not address the issue of girls’ right to education. In addition to young women, young persons who have disabilities or are refugees or migrant workers are often excluded from the educational system.", "39. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the marginalized (Paris, 2010), the average annual financing gap in education for 2008-2015 is about 65 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, and the pupil-to-teacher ratio reached 68:1 in Chad and 65:1 in Ethiopia. At those rates, Africa will need 1.2 million new teachers up to 2015. Low teacher remuneration, the number of teachers unable to work due to HIV/AIDS and other diseases, the difficulties in reaching the most vulnerable children and youth in urban informal settlements or in remote areas, and the lack of school supplies contribute to the low levels of academic achievement.", "40. In spite of the growing engagement of international donors and collaborative initiatives, the numbers of young people with higher education degrees remains extremely low. Across the continent, the enrolment rate at such institutions is 6 per cent, with female participation distressingly low; approximately 40 per cent of faculty positions at higher education institutions remain vacant.", "2. Employment", "41. Education has contributed to narrowing the gender inequality gap and increasing literacy levels in Africa, although it has had little impact on unemployment rates. Youth with higher levels of education experience higher rates of unemployment, whereas unemployment among the lesser skilled is lower because of their need to work to survive. The International Labour Organization (ILO) indicates that approximately 90 per cent of the jobs created in Africa are in the informal economy and that 152 million young workers, most of them in sub‑Saharan Africa, live in poor households with a per capita expenditure below $1.25 a day. Young Africans, irrespective of their level of education, struggle to find decent employment.", "42. In sub-Saharan Africa, young people aged 15 to 24 make up 36 per cent of the workforce. According to the World Bank, 10 million young graduates come onto the job market every year. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) indicates that most of the 4.9 million graduates in 2009, a figure that will almost double to 9.6 million by 2020, obtained their degrees in the social sciences, business and law, while the fields of engineering, manufacturing, construction and health recorded the lowest percentage of tertiary graduates. There is mismatch between education and the labour market is increasing. Saturated public services; a private sector that is small and unable to employ large numbers of people; labour demand barriers; information gaps between job seekers and potential employers; and barriers to the creation and development of business opportunities contribute to high unemployment rates.", "43. The current joblessness situation in Africa is significant given the recent high economic growth rate of nearly 6 per cent annually, though there are considerable differences among regions. ILO data shows a persistent rate of 12 per cent unemployment in sub-Saharan Africa for the past decade, albeit with enormous disparities, from 55.8 per cent in South Africa to 10.9 per cent in Namibia. In Sierra Leone, youth unemployment is 52.5 per cent against the national average of 10.2 per cent. The current and ongoing uprisings in North Africa have been attributed partly to youth unemployment, which stands at 31 per cent and 34 per cent in Tunisia and Egypt, respectively.", "44. Unemployment figures do not hint to the real challenge. They do not capture other dimensions, such as underemployment and the working poor, which are prevalent in subsistence agriculture and the urban informal sector and affect mostly women, who tend to be congregated into low skilled, low paying, low entry and low exit sectors. Urban unemployment is higher than in rural areas, and young women and young persons with disabilities are disproportionately affected because of social issues and discrimination at the workplace.", "45. The economic, social and political costs of non-educated and unemployed youth are extraordinarily high. Without opportunities to earn a living, intergenerational cycles of poverty will persist. Joblessness may fuel young people to engage in crime and violence. With no social protection, many young people, including graduates, survive by taking up activities in the informal economy or migrating to urban areas or to other countries. Although any type of unmanaged migration may create competition for resources and jobs in destination areas, the positive effects of migration, such as financial and social remittances, must be enhanced in order to reap development potential.", "46. The private sector in Africa has a central role to play in addressing youth unemployment. There are also significant employment gains to be made if the entrepreneurial potential of women is unleashed towards growth opportunities rather than the informal economy and low-yield, saturated sectors. Now is the time to carefully consider job-generating fiscal, monetary, trade and industrial policies with more local methods of employment creation that respond to local and community aspirations and contribute to the maintenance of social peace and locally based economic development.", "3. United Nations and African initiatives", "47. In recent decades, a number of global and regional initiatives spurred by the United Nations, the African Union and African governments have pushed the youth development agenda forward, including: the 1995 World Programme of Action for Youth; the 2000 Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All; the African Union’s Plan of Action for the Second Decade of Education for Africa (2006-2015); the African Youth Charter and the prioritization of youth development during the Youth Decade (2009-2018); and the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014). The African Union Youth Volunteers Corps was launched in December 2010 with 67 members from across Africa as a continental development programme that recruits and works with youth volunteers, to work in all 53 countries in Africa.", "48. African governments have made concerted efforts at the national and subregional levels, including the adoption of sector-wide approaches, the initiation of projects on literacy for development and the abolition of primary school fees in almost all countries. In Somalia, the development of an interim Decent Work country programme focuses on the underlying causes of conflict, such as resource control and employment and economic issues, and addresses key elements in a concerted manner with all relevant stakeholders. Similar inclusive social dialogue forums have worked well in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi.", "49. In December 2009, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/134 proclaiming the year commencing 12 August 2010 as the International Year of Youth under the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding”. A high-level meeting on youth was held on 25 and 26 July 2011 in New York. The International Year marked an important step in the international community’s initiatives to focus on the role of youth and to strengthen their voice in global affairs. During its 17th Ordinary Session, held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, in June 2011, the African Union decided to elaborate a technical and vocational education and training framework, specifically addressing the domains of agriculture and information and communications technology, while accelerating the implementation of the Youth Decade Plan of Action. The Economic and Social Council held a high-level segment from 4 to 29 July 2011 and adopted a ministerial declaration calling for more effective international cooperation to achieve the Education for All goals: quality of education, early childhood care and education, skills development and adult literacy.", "4. Policy proposals and recommendations", "50. Africa’s population is growing rapidly. It is expected that by 2050 Africa will account for 29 per cent of the world’s population aged 15 to 24. This transition will continue to have serious fiscal, political and social implications, ranging from increased education and health costs, to risks of social unrest and migration pressures.", "51. The strategy for tackling youth employment requires an integrated approach that addresses labour demand and supply as well as the quantity and quality of employment; promotes the creation of social protection mechanisms for youth; ensures social dialogue for improved employment rights; provides basic minimum wages; and improves productivity as well as labour standards and fundamental principles and rights at work. Pro-growth policies should also increase equity in the distribution of social and political opportunities and income, with special attention focused on vulnerable and traditionally disadvantaged groups, especially women and young people, and consider the opportunities and challenges that regional integration and globalization bring to the development of young people.", "52. The definition and framing of plans of action and programmes targeting youth as agents of building peace and economic development remains weak. Youth has been largely excluded from the agenda of international peace and development efforts, and adolescents, during or after wars, seldom receive any special attention or psychological assistance in addressing issues related to disrupted patterns of social integration and formation of personal identity. The United Nations and its African partners must work to find the appropriate mechanisms for engaging youth in peacebuilding and development as well as identify the content of that engagement.", "53. It is necessary for all stakeholders to attain a better understanding of the extent of the problem and of the immense potential that youth represents and to strengthen the crucial link between employment and peacebuilding. In close cooperation with governments, the African Union, donors and civil society, the United Nations has an important role to play in providing responses to the plight of Africa’s young population.", "54. I call on the General Assembly, the Security Council and the United Nations system to deepen their engagement with youth and facilitate their participation in decision-making processes through formal and informal consultations in order to identify and aim at removing sources of social, political and economic discontent among young people. United Nations entities should enhance their coordination and efforts towards a more comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development.", "55. I will consider ways to ensure that social and psychological support to youth groups affected by conflict is included, when necessary, in peacekeeping, peacebuilding and development mandates and that adequate assistance is provided to the Ministries of Health, Education or Social Affairs and the Ministries of Employment and to community-based support systems for youth and adolescents in conflict areas.", "56. I reiterate my call to the Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa to mainstream the issue of youth into all clusters and to support sectoral priorities, as identified by NEPAD, capable of securing investments and facilitating the creation of jobs for young people, namely, improvement of infrastructure, development of new information and communications technologies, investment in small farming and small and medium-sized enterprises, and ensuring that health epidemics are brought under control.", "57. United Nations country teams and presences in post-conflict countries can assist in engaging with young people and prioritizing quality and innovative education (formal and non-formal), such as internships, volunteerism and e‑learning, entrepreneurial learning, enterprise training and facilitation of the involvement of youth diaspora as well as on the transition to green economy based on green jobs and renewable energy, especially for women. This could be achieved by partnering with the Global Compact, private businesses and other entities.", "B. Conflict and natural resources", "58. The General Assembly has underlined on several occasions the need to address the negative implications of the illegal exploitation of natural resources in all its aspects as a way to promote peace, security and development in Africa, and has condemned the illicit trade in natural resources that fuels armed conflict.", "59. In my review report (A/65/152-S/2010/526), I called on the United Nations system to systematically take into account the role of natural resources (including access to land and secure tenure rights to land, water, biodiversity and raw materials, as well as the distribution of proceeds from the exploitation of natural resources) in every evaluation of the political conflicts in Africa.", "60. Conflict over natural resources has made Africa the focus of international attention, particularly during the past decade. In spite of the continent’s richness in minerals and arable lands, many Africans do not benefit from this wealth. The complex interplay between politics and economics at the national and international levels surrounding the ownership, management and control of natural resources have disrupted communities, fuelled armed conflicts, increased corruption and opened the doors for external intervention in several areas of the continent. Some of the conflicts have become regional and have the potential to have a global impact on the supply of natural resources.", "61. In some instances, countries have experienced the so-called “resource curse”, as mineral and fuel abundance has generated negative developmental outcomes, including poor economic performance, growth collapses, high levels of corruption, displacement, environmental degradation, serious human rights violations, ineffective governance and erosion of State authority and greater political violence.", "62. A number of complex issues arise in this context. These include struggles for land and natural resources fuelling instability and insecurity, significant amounts of pressure for patronage, corruption and conflict among contending groups at the national and international levels and inequalities in the distribution of benefits and revenues, especially to the elite. Some foreign-based companies and sovereign wealth funds have been accused of seeking to exploit Africa’s resources in ways adverse to the long-term interests of local populations, thereby promoting the growth of local corrupt elites who, in turn, obstruct the emergence of responsive and accountable states.", "63. The extractive industries and the management of land, forests and water and energy security are critical areas that merit further attention.", "1. Extractive industries", "64. Extractive industries in Africa tend to be export-oriented. Control over the exploitation of and the benefits derived from mineral wealth, such as gold, diamonds and other gemstones, coltan, uranium and timber, have been important factors in the resource wars in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Sierra Leone, where the increasing involvement of criminal networks and foreign and national armed groups in economic activities, notably mining, have contributed significantly to insecurity and violence.", "65. Revenue transparency is a critical part of the governance package for nations to reap benefits from exploitation of their natural resources. Although it is slow, progress in achieving transparency in the extractive industries is happening. In September 2010, President Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo announced a ban on mining activity in certain areas in order to facilitate the removal of illegal armed groups from mines, where army units have been largely replaced by mining police. The measure was aimed at ending the involvement in mining of criminal networks within the ranks of the police and enable the registration of all those participating in the sector. The ban was lifted in March.", "66. On 19 May 2011, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development adopted a voluntary joint framework for due diligence on conflict-free supply chains, and on 27 May 2011, the Group of Eight endorsed for the first time mandatory disclosure of extractive industry payments to governments to set in place transparency laws and regulations and to promote voluntary standards that require or encourage oil, gas and mining companies to disclose the payments they make to governments.", "2. Land and forests", "67. Among the 22 countries across the globe considered to be in protracted food crises, 17 are in Africa. Ecosystem degradation, desertification, soil erosion and intensified drought are factors that connect climate change to conflict over land. Conflicts over resources in semi-arid areas, often between pastoralists and farmers, will become a growing concern. As the availability of natural resources in non‑protected areas dwindles, the protected areas become a focus for poaching, illegal grazing and other human activities, affecting the sustainability of those areas and often increasing the illegal transportation of natural resources across borders, which is often linked to national and/or regional conflicts.", "68. The combination of the importance of land rights and tenure systems in determining political and social hierarchies means that Africa’s lands are often a matter of intense contestation. Most of the recent conflicts over land are local, have been going on for generations, often feed on pre-existing historical differences between neighbours and are traditionally dealt with at the local level. Indigenous capacities in relation to remedies to climate change issues over land need to be further explored.", "69. Land reform, and especially access to it, is a highly sensitive issue throughout Africa. Large-scale acquisition of land by foreigners for industrial agriculture or biofuels has become controversial, and it is seen by some as a threat to the food supply, sovereignty and survival of small-scale farmers. A very small proportion of land is owned or controlled by women. This has negative consequences for the capacity of communities to recover from conflict and re-establish food security, especially when, after conflict, female-headed households are not permitted to reassert control over the land of absent males.", "70. Africa is home to the second largest tropical rainforest in the world and to a variety of dry forests. Forests play essential ecological, social and economic roles, and the problems affecting them intersect with issues related to land, food security, water and energy security, fuelwood being one of the main contributions of forests to poverty alleviation. Forests have played a role in fuelling conflict, such as in Liberia, where the term “conflict timber” was coined. They can also stimulate economic growth. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a concessionary and taxation system has been established to ensure equitable benefit-sharing among all relevant stakeholders, including local populations and the State, both at the local and national levels.", "3. Water", "71. The management of conflicts over water is one of the biggest challenges in the effort to achieve effective global environmental governance. Whereas water is potentially a conflict issue, most major differences over water resources have been resolved through cooperation and negotiation. The UNESCO programme “From potential conflict to cooperation potential: water for peace”, for instance, helps promote cooperation and development related to the management of transboundary water resources.", "72. Africa has 80 transboundary rivers and lake water basins, including 38 groundwater aquifer basins shared by more than one country. Concerns over the availability of water in the semi-arid region of southern Africa continue as well as those in the Senegal River Basin and the Nile River Basin in the light of the growing populations of the riparian States and an ever-increasing need for energy and water, aggravated by the impact of climate change.", "73. Approximately 40 per cent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa still lacks access to safe drinking water, and 69 per cent does not have access to adequate sanitation facilities. The situation in rural areas is worse, with 53 per cent and 76 per cent of the population not having access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, respectively. The number of people in Africa experiencing water scarcity may increase by 75 million by 2020, and several hundred million by 2050. The underdevelopment of water resources and services as well as its poor health, energy and power predicament, is at the heart of Africa’s food security. The African Development Bank estimates the investment required to meet Africa’s water needs at $50 billion to $54 billion per year for each of the next 20 years. Water scarcity also accounts for one of the most significant constraints to women’s productivity, with women in sub-Saharan Africa spending over 40 billion hours a year collecting water, the equivalent of a year’s worth of labour by the entire workforce of France. The Darfur International Conference on Water for Sustainable Peace was held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 to underline the importance of water not only for sustainable peace but also for development in Darfur and involved local communities in the planning and implementation phases of 65 water projects for the three Darfur States.", "4. Energy security", "74. Africa is the lowest consumer of energy, with 500 million people living without electricity in sub-Saharan Africa, where 23 of the 48 countries are vulnerable to energy shocks. Extreme poverty and the lack of access to other fuels means that 80 per cent of the population relies on biomass (e.g., wood and vegetation). This in turn promotes the removal of vegetation and negative changes to ecosystems, in turn possibly contributing to displacement. The combination of unsustainable harvesting of forests, increased soil degradation and supply disruption poses a threat to sustainable development and human security. At one level, the move towards “energy autarky” by some States in order to protect energy supplies has the potential to lead to inter-State disputes. Another concern is the impact on development from unreliable and unaffordable electricity. Declining river flows due to the impacts of climate change may lead to declining hydropower production, which in turn will have an impact on the financial viability and the sustainability of energy investments. 2012 is the International Year for Sustainable Energy for All. The year must bring a global clean energy revolution, which is essential for minimizing climate risks, reducing poverty and improving global health, empowering women and meeting the Millennium Development Goals.", "5. Governance of natural resources", "75. The appropriate political, economic and corporate governance of natural resources is critical to promoting their responsible management and requires that all actors, from governments to international companies to local communities, develop policies that promote a positive impact on national and local economies.", "76. We need to support African-led processes of developing minimum standards for natural resource governance based on an informed understanding of the linkages among the environment, conflict, development and a broader peacebuilding agenda. We must sustain efforts aimed at enhancing the capacity of governments and civil society for natural resource management, including the strengthening of monitoring and enforcement mechanisms; the involvement of the private sector as a partner in post-conflict reconstruction and development activities; and the strengthening of existing regulatory mechanisms, including the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, or the Kimberly Process. NEPAD and the African Peer Review Mechanism provide a platform in which African countries can effectively tackle natural resource management in evaluating governance. It is equally critical to address issues related to corruption, so often linked with the exploitation of natural resources. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime already provides assistance aimed at strengthening anti-corruption authorities and at developing national policies against corruption, in line with the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, FAO, IFAD and the World Bank are developing principles for responsible agricultural investment.", "77. The abundance of minerals, fuel or land does not need to determine either the political or the economic trajectory of African countries. Where the illegal exploitation or corrupt and inequitable management of natural resources has been central to conflict dynamics, the early restoration of transparent and accountable resource governance in the post-conflict period is crucial. The UNEP “conflicts and disasters” programme serves as an example of this. The programme provides capacity-building for better governance of natural resources and best practices in environmental management and ensuring that natural resources support development and peacebuilding priorities. Capacity should also be provided to map out the resources and provide the necessary skills to negotiate contracts and agreements on the exploitation of natural resources.", "6. The United Nations and the illegal exploitation of natural resources", "78. Africa’s progress needs to be measured in tangible improvements to peoples’ lives. Whenever the United Nations is called upon to assist, it needs to effectively target the needs of local communities to improve the well-being and security of individuals in the context of management of natural resources. Yet, mainstreaming by the United Nations of natural resource analysis and environmental needs in the planning of conflict prevention, humanitarian assistance and early recovery operations provides room for improvement.", "79. Some efforts have been undertaken. Historically, the Security Council has taken resolute measures to address the issue of the illegal exploitation of natural resources. It has imposed embargoes on all round logs and timber products from Liberia, an embargo on all rough diamonds from Angola, Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone, and an embargo on the sale or supply of oil to Angola and Sierra Leone. The Council also mandated the United Nations Mission in Liberia to assist the transitional government in restoring proper administration of natural resources and established a group of experts to propose measures to prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources financing armed groups in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The issue has also featured in the agenda of other intergovernmental bodies, such as the Economic and Social Council and the Peacebuilding Commission.", "80. The International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime, launched in November 2010, is working to adopt a comprehensive and collaborative approach to help prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources, including endangered species and forest crime. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime is currently undertaking a threat analysis in Central Africa which includes organized crime and illicit trafficking of natural resources which will serve as a tool for a better informed policymaking. Since June 2009, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support have a dedicated environmental policy for United Nations field missions that covers key areas, such as waste, energy, water, and management of cultural and historical resources.", "81. The United Nations inter-agency framework team for preventive action, hosted by the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), manages a joint United Nations-European Union programme that brings together the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Department of Political Affairs, the Peacebuilding Support Office, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UNDP and the United Nations Environment Programme to support countries in improving natural resource management for conflict prevention and peacebuilding and to manage and mitigate tensions over environmental issues. The partnership enhances policy development and programme coordination between key actors at Headquarters and the field level and develops a series of guidance notes, training manuals and an online self-paced learning tool.", "82. The United Nations and African bodies should consider the issue of the illicit exploitation of natural resources from a regional approach, in addition to a national perspective, to address the regional dimensions of the problem, including issues such as the link with illicit trade in arms, mercenaries or drug trafficking. The West African Initiative, launched by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Office for West Africa, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Interpol to support implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Regional Action Plan to address drug trafficking, organized crime and drug abuse in West Africa (2008-2011), provides a good example of cooperation in this area.", "7. Policy proposals and recommendations", "83. We need to adapt our policy and response mechanisms to effectively respond to a new generation of multi faceted crises that may include elements related to the exploitation of natural resources and environmental change. For this, we need clear and concise policy guidelines, tools, information-sharing mechanisms and expertise within the organization. United Nations missions and country teams need to assist countries and communities to integrate natural resource and environmental considerations into their post-conflict and development plans, especially at the regional level. Strengthening the institutional architecture and regional cooperation and enhancing the interplay with the representatives of the private and financial sectors will go a long way to ensure success in commonly agreed strategies.", "84. In cooperation with the African Union, regional economic communities, governments, donors, civil society and local communities, the United Nations should aim at promoting an Africa-led process in transforming natural resource wealth from a peace liability to a peace asset in conflict and post-conflict situations.", "85. I call on the United Nations system to mainstream analysis of natural resource management issues, including land reform, water management and environmental challenges, within peacekeeping, peacebuilding and humanitarian assessments.", "86. I will consider the possibility of deploying experts in natural resource management in peacekeeping operations.", "87. I call on United Nations country teams and peacebuilding support offices to include in national poverty reduction strategies programmes to promote responsible, equitable, gender-responsive and economically productive resource management in conflict and post-conflict countries in Africa.", "88. Where national resources form an important national asset, the United Nations should support a national dialogue on the role of natural resources revenues in the society with a view to defining an inclusive growth and development strategy and promoting a more accountable and transparent use of natural resources, including through the enforcement of effective anti‑corruption policies. This should be done in coordination with community-based institutions, regional economic communities and the African Union-NEPAD.", "89. I call on international partners and the private sector to uphold corporate responsibility codes and comply with existing regulatory mechanisms to ensure that natural resource revenues are not diverted into activities that exacerbate conflict.", "90. I call on all partners to consider the effective use of indigenous and women’s knowledge and practices in natural resources management and in mitigation of and adaptation to the impact of climate change, including local mediation mechanisms for land use, such as councils of elders and local peace councils.", "91. I call on the Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa and other partners to assist in building the capacity of existing river basin institutions, such as the Nile River Basin Initiative and Mano River Union secretariat, and the Nubian aquifer system countries so that they are more responsive to the challenges of climate change and conflict in line with existing frameworks for the African Union, the regional economic communities and other partnerships and programmes, such as the ten-year capacity-building programme for the African Union.", "[1] A/CONF.219/L.1.", "[2] A/CONF.219/3 and Rev.1." ]

[ "ORIGINAL: ENGLISH GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL", "Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year", "Item 63 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "New Partnership for Africa ' s Development: progress in implementation and international support: causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "Implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/278. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General of 20 July 2010 (A/65/152-S/2010/526) reviewing the implementation of the recommendations contained in the 1998 report on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (A/52/871-S/1998/318).", "The present report assesses major developments on the continent over the past year and reviews the implementation by the United Nations system of the key priority areas identified in the review. In line with the mandate set out in resolution 65/278 to develop policy recommendations on emerging challenges, the report provides an in-depth analysis of two of the most pressing issues in Africa, namely “Youth, education and employment” and “Conflicts and natural resources”, and makes specific and practical recommendations.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. As requested by the Security Council, in 1998 my predecessor conducted a comprehensive analysis of the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa. The then Secretary-General circulated a report proposing a set of practical measures to significantly reduce the climate of political tension and violence within and among African countries and to build lasting peace and promote socio-economic and political development (A/52/871-S/1998/318).", "2. In its resolution 63/304, the General Assembly requested me to submit a report on the review of the recommendations contained in the initial report, as well as the commitments made since 1998, actions taken, progress made and lessons learned. As a result of extensive consultations with Member States, the African Union and the African regional economic communities, civil society organizations, the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations system through the Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa, coordinated by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, I circulated a review report with recommendations and proposals for continued United Nations assistance to Africa (A/65/152-S/2010/526).", "II. Year in review", "3. In my review, I stressed the need to change the discussions on Africa, focusing on opportunities and recognizing the various realities of the African continent. Today, the world is impressed by Africa in terms of hope and admiration for the progress it is making.", "Although the impact of the global crisis can still be felt, Africa achieved strong economic growth and improved social development indicators over the past year, particularly in the areas of health and education. The peaceful holding of an independent referendum in South Sudan in January 2011, the successful holding of the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) World Cup in South Africa, the adoption of a new constitution in Kenya, the transition from military rule to democratic civilian rule in Guinea and Niger, and people-driven changes in Egypt and Tunisia have helped to change old perceptions of the African continent. The increasing involvement of emerging economies on the continent and the rapid transformation of Africa are rapidly changing the policy space for African leaders to operate. Indeed, Africa has become a microcosm of the steady global transformation at the political and economic levels and is forcing us to rethink many of our ways of doing business.", "5. Despite these advances, challenges such as armed conflict, vulnerability, breaches of the rule of law and chronic poverty remain in some parts of Africa, with women and children bearing the brunt. The growing threat of violent demonstrations and terrorist attacks, unresolved issues surrounding electoral processes and the lack of management of diversity continue to pose strategic challenges to Africa and its international community partners. Human rights continue to be violated, with the deliberate killing, maiming, sexual assault and exploitation of civilians during conflicts, particularly affecting women and children.", "6. In North Africa and, more recently, sub-Saharan Africa, where some resistance triggered continued violence and became widespread violence, more than 650,000 people have left the country since the conflict began. By its resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the International Criminal Court and imposed an arms embargo on the country and a travel ban and assets freeze on certain Government officials. Unconstitutional changes of power and post-election violence remain a serious concern. In Côte d ' Ivoire, President Ouattara was formally sworn in on 6 May 2011, under the auspices of the constitutional authorities, and the political impasse was finally resolved.", "Despite the success of the independence referendum, the newest countries in Africa were threatened with instability as a result of the ongoing violence. Since January, clashes between the Sudan People ' s Liberation Army (SPLA) and rebel forces in Jonglei, Upper Nile and Unity States have resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands of displaced persons. Ongoing reports of recruitment by rebel leaders and reports of SPLA troop reinforcements in these areas will pose security and political challenges in the coming months. In June 2011, SPLA clashed with northern forces in Abyei and more than 100,000 fled from fighting. In response, on 27 June, the Security Council adopted resolution 1990 (2011), by which it established the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei. In the neighbouring state of Southern Kordofan, the fighting that began on 5 June continued to result in the death of many civilians and the displacement of thousands of people, placing United Nations staff under direct threat. With the assistance of the African Union mediator, the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People ' s Liberation Movement signed the Framework Agreement on Political and Security Arrangements in Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan States in Addis Ababa on 28 June 2011. On 8 July, the Security Council, by its resolution 1996 (2011), established the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) to assist the newly established State of South Sudan in consolidating peace in its territory. As of June 2011, the United Nations and partners workplan for the Sudan had received $731 million, or 43 per cent of the $1.7 billion requested.", "8. The International Maritime Bureau reported an increase in the number of violent pirate attacks off the coast of Somalia in 2010, with 49 vessels hijacked and 1,016 crew members taken hostage. It is alleged that Somali piracy extends to the Indian Ocean. In Somalia, prolonged conflict continues to pose a threat to regional stability. Some 1.9 million Somalis are internally displaced and 2.4 million (or one out of three Somalis) are in need of humanitarian assistance. On 9 June 2011, the Security Council welcomed the signing of the Kampala Accord.", "9. According to Africa ' s Economic Outlook 2011, African economies have weathered the global crisis, with average growth rebounding from 2.3 per cent in 2009 to 4.7 per cent in 2010, with sub-Saharan Africa growing faster than North Africa. However, as food and fuel prices skyrocketed in 2011, the number of people living in extreme poverty in Africa actually increased. High unemployment and limited access to energy continue to constrain the continent ' s ability to generate wealth and employment.", "10. The 2010 Millennium Development Goals Summit called on the international community to honour its aid commitments to Africa. Overall, net ODA disbursements increased from $29.9 billion in 2004 to $48 billion in 2010, while net disbursements by Development Assistance Committee countries increased from $19.4 billion to $29.3 billion.", "11. New funding and investment from Brazil, China, India or Turkey in Africa is fundamentally transforming the continent ' s economic relations with the rest of the world. Trade between Africa and the major emerging economies has grown significantly over the past few years. African Governments and institutions have made infrastructure development a clear priority in order to benefit from enhanced relations with emerging economies. In line with the priorities of the African Union/New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD), a strong focus is being placed on helping smallholder farmers, many of whom are women, supporting job-creating small and medium-sized enterprises and providing basic services and safety nets for families vulnerable to economic shocks.", "African remittances currently amount to about $40 billion per year, in some cases exceeding official development assistance (ODA), with a significant impact on the lives of many African countries. However, there was a need to reduce the transaction costs of remittances and create opportunities for development-oriented investment. Despite the global economic downturn, remittances to Africa grew by an estimated 4.5 per cent in 2010-2011. However, this proportion is far lower than it was before the global crisis. Unfortunately, the current unrest in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had forced a large number of migrants from the Sahel to return to their countries of origin.", "This year we celebrate the tenth anniversary of NEPAD — Africa's own blueprint for regional socio-economic progress. This gives us an opportunity to reflect on the many achievements of the programme and to reaffirm our commitment to support Africa ' s own efforts to promote growth, development and participation in the global economy.", "Greater attention to the interlinkages between peace and development", "14. In my review report, I noted that many of today ' s conflicts often occur at the domestic level and may be triggered by the systematic exclusion of many in society from political governance institutions and access to critical economic assets and social services. There is a growing risk of instability in countries where there are clear inequalities, weak institutions and non-representativeness, in particular the lack of decent work, opportunities and freedoms for large segments of the youth population.", "15. While we have a better understanding of the socio-economic dynamics of armed violence and its negative impact on development, in most cases we have not been able to plan or properly describe the relationship accordingly. We must refocus our current development strategies to establish, in addition to the Millennium Development Goals, a stronger and more gender-responsive social, political and economic agenda and stronger institutional frameworks to address the interconnected challenges of peace and development. Several United Nations entities have developed indicators and benchmarks on a range of issues related to peace consolidation, including the protection of civilians and the empowerment of women. These tools help United Nations operations to emphasize the means needed to support their ongoing implementation. I will engage with the Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa to develop measurable indicators to review the progress of the recommendations I have made in my review in order to better understand the relationship between peace and security and areas requiring urgent attention.", "III. Implementation of the recommendations contained in the review report", "16. My review outlined a series of recommendations to address some of the key issues that may dominate the African agenda and therefore require focused attention. This section provides an overview of the implementation by the United Nations system of the key priority areas identified in my review report.", "A. Institutional cooperation", "17. The United Nations Office to the African Union streamlined the United Nations peace and security presence in Addis Ababa and strengthened the African Union-United Nations coordination and organizational capacity to support the operational and capacity-building efforts of the African Union for peace operations. On 2 February 2011, I issued a report reviewing the Ten-Year Capacity-Building Programme for the African Union (A/65/716-S/2011/54). In my report, I called for increased cooperation between the two sides to achieve the objectives of the programme and a common strategic vision. The Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa recommended that programme implementation be accelerated through a comprehensive work programme of the Regional Coordination Mechanism clusters and African Union institutions. Effective political cooperation required better analytical capacity, strategic planning and coordination between the two organizations, including greater efforts in public information and advocacy. The advocacy and communications cluster of the Regional Coordination Mechanism, led by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, is developing a strategic framework for communication with the African Union in this regard.", "Cooperation between the regional economic communities and the Secretariat is also being strengthened, with regular briefings by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa to exchange information with regional economic communities and departments and offices, such as the Office for Disarmament Affairs, and to provide technical advice to several regional communities on the development of common positions on an arms trade treaty. UNOAU will also work to strengthen cooperation and coordination between the United Nations, the African Union and the regional economic communities. In September 2010, the Department of Political Affairs and the Southern African Development Community signed a new cooperation agreement.", "Conflict prevention, peacekeeping and conflict management", "19. Additional steps have been taken to outline conflict prevention activities within a coherent strategic framework, including the release of the United Nations-African Union Mediation Partnership Guidelines at the third meeting of the Joint Task Force on Peace and Security in September 2011. The United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa was established in 2010 to focus on preventive diplomacy and cooperation with Central African Governments and organizations. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, together with other departments and offices, such as the Office for Disarmament Affairs, supports the African Union Commission in developing an African Union Security Sector Reform Policy Framework, which aims to provide a framework for African Union member States, regional economic communities and their partners to develop, review and implement effective and accountable security sector reform. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, together with the African Union Commission, has developed a multi-year support programme to assist in building capacity to implement the policy.", "20. In March 2011, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations signed a joint action plan to further strengthen cooperation in combating organized crime and illicit trafficking in conflict and post-conflict countries, including Guinea-Bissau. In some cases, the inclusion of a mandate to combat drug trafficking would greatly contribute to the success of peacekeeping and stabilization forces. The United Nations stands ready to support host countries of peace operations in developing capacity to combat organized crime and illicit trafficking, as appropriate.", "21. These mechanisms, the integrated mission planning process and the integrated strategic framework (see A/65/669), are designed to help coordinate United Nations activities, ensure the uninterrupted continuation of efforts to address the causes of conflict after the departure of peacekeeping operations and ensure a smooth transition to peacebuilding. Public perceptions of the work of the United Nations and its partners are essential to ensure the successful implementation of mandates and the transition to long-term stability. In Sierra Leone and the Central African Republic, the groundbreaking transition of United Nations peacekeeping radio to a post-war public radio station is an example of the gradual transition of United Nations-sponsored programmes in a post-peacekeeping environment.", "C. Post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery", "22. The Peacebuilding Commission is implementing the recommendations of the review of the United Nations peacebuilding architecture (see A/64/868-S/2010/393, annex) for a clearer articulation of principles, procedures and actions. On 25 January 2011, the Organizational Committee adopted a provisional road map for action for 2011 to ensure an appropriate focus on a limited set of priorities, with the aim of enhancing its impact on the countries on its agenda. On 23 February 2011, the Peacebuilding Commission decided to place Guinea on its agenda, acting for the first time at the request of Guinea in the absence of a transfer from the Security Council.", "23. Combating illicit trafficking and organized crime has been included in the work of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone as part of the Joint West Africa Coast Initiative. This work has targeted post-conflict countries to promote peacebuilding initiatives and security sector reform. Partnerships to address security threats in Central Africa will be implemented jointly with the Department of Political Affairs in 2011.", "24. In my report on women ' s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466), I put forward a seven-point action plan to ensure that a greater proportion of peacebuilding funding supports women ' s empowerment and gender equality as part of broader efforts to involve women in conflict prevention and social reconstruction. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the Peacebuilding Support Office will be responsible for monitoring and reporting on the Organization ' s progress in implementing the plan. The Peacebuilding Fund has committed to doubling spending on peacebuilding, women ' s empowerment and gender equality by 2012.", "D. Sustained economic growth and sustainable development", "25. In its resolution 65/280, the General Assembly endorsed the Istanbul Declaration and the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020, adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. [2] The resolution attaches great importance to building productive capacities and calls upon all relevant stakeholders to commit to the implementation of the Programme of Action. The Programme is particularly relevant to Africa (33 of the 48 existing least developed countries are in Africa) and addresses the link between armed conflict and development.", "26. Ensuring food security and promoting rural development remain key components of United Nations economic growth policies. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) focused on post-conflict recovery through agricultural development and invested in post-harvest technologies to reduce food losses of $4 billion per year and to enhance food security on the continent. According to FAO, narrowing the gender gap in agriculture can do a great deal to reduce the number of hungry people by 12 to 17 per cent. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme in support of NEPAD, including the creation of safety nets for the hungry poor and direct interventions to improve nutrition, remain of critical importance.", "Information and communication technologies (ICT) have shown strength in promoting economic and social change. Africa is the fastest-growing region for mobile phone use. However, there is a need to ensure that these tools serve the cause of peace and development, and the United Nations should build appropriate partnerships that match the innovations of the twenty-first century to successfully address today's challenges. For example, I have made innovation a priority of the Global Strategy for Women ' s and Children ' s Health.", "E. Human rights", "28. We have made significant strides towards establishing a comprehensive monitoring and accountability architecture to break the vicious circle of impunity for sexual violence in wartime. Security Council resolution 1960 (2010) called for the publication of lists of perpetrators and the imposition of sanctions. My Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, whose office is now fully operational, has undertaken several missions to identify allegations of widespread and systematic rape. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has taken an innovative approach and developed mechanisms to help protect the civilian population of the country, including women and children. The United Nations system and UN-Women (through the United Nations system) remain committed to assisting Member States in implementing gender equality policies and promoting equal representation and effective participation of women in all areas of peace, security and development.", "29. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in cooperation with other departments and offices, such as the Department of Political Affairs, provided capacity-building training for defence or security forces on the protection of human rights and accountability for human rights violations, particularly during elections.", "IV. Emerging challenges", "30. In its resolution 65/278, the General Assembly requested me to develop policy proposals, in consultation with relevant partners, on the issues identified in my review report. At the same time, as a system, we clearly need to better integrate the policy frameworks for our engagement with Africa. In today ' s resource-constrained environment, imaginative ideas are needed to ensure synergy and prioritization, including the leadership and commitment of the General Assembly and the Security Council in guiding the United Nations system and in establishing appropriate policy space for United Nations and other partners. I call upon the General Assembly and the Security Council, through the Ad Hoc Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Africa, to promote the involvement of the United Nations system in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the present report and to provide guidance on the most pressing and emerging issues.", "This section focuses on the impact on political and economic development and stability in Africa and provides an in-depth analysis and practical recommendations on addressing the two most pressing issues on the continent, namely “Youth, Education and Employment” and “Conflicts and Natural Resources”.", "A. Youth, education and employment", "32. Adequate access to quality education and decent employment is an important component of poverty reduction, political stability, peace, security and sustainable development. This complex issue requires coordinated and innovative responses that address both the socio-economic dimensions of youth education and careers and the consequences of their exclusion from political participation.", "33. In my review, I called for the United Nations to mainstream and implement policies and programmes aimed at empowering youth and creating the necessary conditions for their full participation in all aspects of society. I also stressed the need to ensure that youth-related policies are appropriately integrated into post-conflict peace-building strategies and to intensify the implementation of the Ouagadougou Action Plan for employment promotion and poverty alleviation.", "34. According to the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Africa has about 1 billion people, 60 per cent of whom are under the age of 25. As the youth population expands, there is a need for greater emphasis on the urgent need to provide them with high-quality education, skills and employment, as well as adequate space for their effective political and social participation and representation. To a large extent, one of the main causes of the current discontent in some parts of North Africa has been years of poor economic management, inadequate social investment and lack of opportunities for political participation and decent work for young people.", "35. These movements relate not only to employment but also to justice, equity and democracy. The situation created by these movements has the potential to generate greater social, political and economic opportunities, as well as to make it even more difficult for young people to realize their aspirations. The outcome will depend to a large extent on our success in responding to those expectations. In assisting communities to address the root causes of grievances, we must better understand their historical, social and political context and ensure that programmes take due account of local concerns and sensitivities.", "36. We must be aware at all times that young people can make a significant contribution to the development of their societies. If we do not recognize and use youth assets, the intergenerational cycle of instability, underdevelopment and inequality will persist. The proclamation by the United Nations of 2010 as the International Year of Youth, with the theme of dialogue and mutual understanding, and the debate held by the African Union at the Malabo Summit, held in Equatorial Guinea from 23 June to 1 July 2011, on accelerating the empowerment of youth for sustainable development, demonstrate that both organizations recognize that few issues today are more urgent than responding positively and urgently to the aspirations and dreams of young people.", "1. Education", "37. The average net primary school enrolment rate is about 76 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 94 per cent in North Africa. Most African countries are on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education by 2015. Overall, progress has been made in school enrolment through the abolition of school fees: increased public investment and improved donor support.", "38. Other achievements, however, have been modest, mainly in the quality of education, completion rates, enrolment in secondary and tertiary education, basic education reform, teacher recruitment and technical and vocational training. Each year, more than 10 million students in sub-Saharan Africa drop out of school and millions of children leave school without basic literacy and numeracy skills. Of the 71 million adolescents who do not attend school, more than 50 per cent are in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 30 million African children are completely excluded from education because of economic, social, cultural or physical barriers. In many communities, cultural beliefs and practices have a disproportionate negative impact on women ' s education, and many national policies do not address the right of girls to education. In addition to young women, young people with disabilities or young refugees or migrant workers are often excluded from the education system.", "39. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching marginalized groups (Paris, 2010), the average annual funding gap for 2008-2015 was about 65 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, with the teacher-pupil ratio reaching 68:1 in Chad and 65:1 in Ethiopia. At these rates, Africa will need 1.2 million new teachers by 2015. Low salaries for teachers, the inability of a large number of teachers to work due to HIV/AIDS and other diseases, the difficulty of covering the most vulnerable children and young people in urban informal settlements or remote areas, and the lack of school supplies are all factors contributing to the low level of academic achievement.", "40. Despite the increased involvement of international donors and collaborative initiatives, the number of young people with higher education degrees remains very low. Across the African continent, the enrolment rate in higher education institutions is 6 per cent, the participation of women is discouragingly low, and about 40 per cent of teaching posts in higher education institutions remain vacant.", "2. Employment", "41. In Africa, education has contributed to reducing gender disparities and improving literacy levels, but with little impact on unemployment. Unemployment is also higher among the more educated and lower among the less skilled, who must work for survival. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), about 90 per cent of jobs created in Africa are in the informal sector, while 152 million young workers, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa, live in poor households and spend less than $1.25 a day per capita. Young Africans, regardless of their level of education, have difficulty finding decent work.", "42. In sub-Saharan Africa, young people aged 15-24 account for 36 per cent of the labour force. According to the World Bank, 10 million young graduates enter the job market every year. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the majority of the 4.9 million graduates in 2009 (which will almost double to 9.6 million by 2020) received degrees in social sciences, business and law, but the lowest percentage of tertiary graduates was in the fields of engineering, manufacturing, construction and health. There is a growing disconnect between education and the labour market. Overcrowding in the public service, the small size of the private sector, the inability to employ large numbers of people, barriers to labour demand, information gaps between job-seekers and potential employers, and obstacles to the creation and development of business opportunities contribute to high unemployment rates.", "43. Given the recent high economic growth rate of nearly 6 per cent per year, the current unemployment situation in Africa is serious, although it varies considerably from region to region. ILO data show that the unemployment rate in sub-Saharan Africa has been 12 per cent over the past decade, with a wide gap, from 55.8 per cent in South Africa to 10.9 per cent in Namibia. In Sierra Leone, the youth unemployment rate was 52.5 per cent, compared with the national average of 10.2 per cent. The current intifada in North Africa is partly the result of youth unemployment, which is 31 per cent in Tunisia and 34 per cent in Egypt.", "44. Unemployment figures do not mean real challenges. These figures do not include other aspects, such as the underemployed and working poor, which are common in self-sufficient agriculture and the urban informal sector and are mostly affected by women, who tend to cluster in low-skilled, low-income and low-demand sectors. Urban unemployment is higher than in rural areas and young women and young people with disabilities are disproportionately affected by social problems and discrimination in the workplace.", "45. The economic, social and political costs of uneducated and unemployed youth are very high. Intergenerational cycles of poverty persist because of the lack of livelihood opportunities. Unemployment may encourage youth to engage in crime and violence. In the absence of social security, many young people, including university graduates, earn their living through informal economic activities or migration to urban areas or other countries. Any type of unregulated migration brought competition for resources and employment at destination, and it was therefore necessary to strengthen the positive impact of migration, such as financial and social remittances, in order to realize development potential.", "46. The private sector in Africa has a central role to play in addressing youth unemployment. If women ' s entrepreneurial potential is unleashed and opportunities for growth are realized, rather than entering the informal economy and low-yielding, saturated industries, there will be significant employment gains. Careful consideration should now be given to fiscal, monetary, trade and industrial policies for job creation, to more local job creation methods, to respond to local and community aspirations and to help maintain social stability and local economic development.", "3. United Nations and African initiatives", "For decades, the youth development agenda has been advanced by a number of global and regional initiatives promoted by the United Nations, the African Union and African Governments, including: the 1995 World Programme of Action; the 2000 Dakar Framework for Action on Education for All; the African Union's Second Decade of Education for Africa (2006-2015); the “African Youth Charter” and youth development priorities during the Decade of Youth (2009-2018); and the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development Plan of Action (2005-2014). The African Union Youth Volunteer Corps was established in December 2010 with 67 members from African countries. As a development programme for the African continent, the Volunteer Corps recruited youth volunteers to work in all 53 African countries.", "48. African Governments have worked together at the national and subregional levels, including through sector-wide approaches, literacy promotion and the elimination of primary school fees in almost all countries. In Somalia, the development of the interim decent work country programme focuses on the root causes of the conflict, such as resource control, employment and economic issues, and addresses key elements in coordination with all stakeholders. Similar forums for inclusive social dialogue have worked in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi.", "In December 2009, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/134 declaring the year the International Year of Youth, beginning on 12 August 2010, under the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding”. A high-level meeting on youth was held in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011. The Year marked an important step forward in the international community ' s initiatives to focus on the role of youth and to strengthen their voice in global affairs. At its seventeenth ordinary session, held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, in June 2011, the African Union decided to develop a framework for technical and vocational education and training that would specifically address agriculture and information and communication technologies, while accelerating the implementation of the Ten-Year Plan of Action for Youth. The high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council, held from 4 to 29 July 2011, adopted a ministerial declaration calling for more effective international cooperation to achieve the Education for All goals: quality of education, early childhood care and education, skills development and adult literacy.", "4. Policy proposals and recommendations", "50. The population of Africa is growing rapidly. Africa is projected to account for 29 per cent of the world ' s population aged 15-24 by 2050. This transformation will continue to have serious financial, political and social implications, including increased costs of education and health care, the risk of social unrest and migration pressures.", "51. Youth employment strategies require an integrated approach to address labour supply and demand, as well as the quantity and quality of employment; to promote social protection mechanisms for youth; to ensure social dialogue to enhance employment rights; to provide a basic minimum wage; and to improve productivity and labour standards and basic principles and rights at work. Pro-growth policies should also increase the distribution of social and political opportunities and income equity, paying particular attention to vulnerable groups and traditional vulnerable groups, especially women and young people, and taking into account the opportunities and challenges of regional integration and globalization for youth development.", "52. The articulation and formulation of actions and programmes to include youth as participants in peacebuilding and economic development remains weak. Young people are largely excluded from the agenda of international peace and development efforts, and young people receive little special attention or psychological assistance during or after war to address the disruption of patterns of integration and personality formation. The United Nations and its African partners must find appropriate mechanisms to involve youth in peacebuilding and development, as well as to define the content of their participation.", "53. All stakeholders need to better understand the extent of the problem and the immense potential of young people to strengthen the critical link between employment and peacebuilding. Working closely with Governments, the African Union, donors and civil society, the United Nations has an important role to play in addressing the plight of young people in Africa.", "54. I call on the General Assembly, the Security Council and the United Nations system to deepen their engagement with youth and to promote their participation in decision-making processes through formal and informal consultations to identify and address the root causes of social, political and economic discontent among youth. United Nations entities should strengthen their coordination and efforts to promote youth development in a more comprehensive and integrated manner.", "55. I will consider how to ensure that, where necessary, social and psychological support for youth groups affected by conflict is integrated into peacekeeping, peace-building and development mandates, and that adequate assistance is provided to ministries of health, education or social affairs or community-based systems to support youth and adolescents in conflict areas.", "56. I reiterate my call to the Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa to mainstream youth issues in all clusters and, in line with the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development, to support sectoral priorities that can secure investment and promote youth employment, namely, improving infrastructure, developing new information and communication technologies, investing in small-scale agriculture and small and medium-sized enterprises and ensuring that epidemics are contained.", "57. The presence of United Nations country teams in post-conflict countries can facilitate engagement with youth, giving priority to quality and innovative education (formal and informal), such as internships, volunteering and e-learning, entrepreneurship learning, business training and facilitating the participation of young diasporas, as well as the transition to a green economy based on green jobs and renewable energy, especially for women. This can be achieved by working with the Global Compact, private enterprises and other entities.", "B. Conflict and natural resources", "58. On several occasions, the General Assembly has stressed the need to address all aspects of the negative impact of the illegal exploitation of natural resources as a contribution to peace, security and development in Africa, and has condemned the illicit trade in natural resources that fuels armed conflicts.", "59. In my review report (A/65/152-S/2010/526), I called upon the United Nations system to systematically take into account the role of natural resources, including access to land and land, water, biodiversity and raw materials, and the distribution of proceeds from the exploitation of natural resources, in every evaluation of political conflicts in Africa.", "60. Conflicts over natural resources have brought Africa to the forefront of international attention, particularly in the past decade. Although Africa is rich in minerals and fertile arable land, many Africans have not benefited from this wealth. At the national and international levels, the political and economic interactions surrounding the ownership, management and control of natural resources are complex, disrupting communities, fuelling armed conflict, increasing corruption and opening the door to external intervention in several parts of the continent. Some conflicts have become regional conflicts and have the potential to affect the global supply of natural resources.", "In some cases, countries have experienced a “resource curse” because of the negative development outcomes of mineral and fuel abundance, including poor economic performance, stagnant growth, high-level corruption, displacement, environmental degradation, gross human rights violations, ineffective governance and increased State authority and political violence.", "Against this background, a number of complex issues arise, including competition for land and natural resources, which contributes to instability and insecurity, high levels of sponsorship, corruption and conflict among competing groups at the national and international levels, and unequal distribution of benefits and income, especially among elites. It has been alleged that some foreign-based businesses and sovereign wealth funds exploit African resources in ways that do not serve the long-term interests of the local population, thereby fuelling local corrupt elites who, in turn, impede the emergence of responsive and responsible States.", "63. Extractive industries and the management of land, forests, water and energy security are key areas that deserve further attention.", "1. Extractive industries", "64. Africa ' s extractive industries are often export-oriented. Controlling the exploitation of and revenues from minerals such as gold, diamonds and other precious stones, coltan, uranium and timber has been an important factor in “resource wars” in countries such as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Sierra Leone. In those countries, criminal networks and foreign and national armed groups are increasingly involved in economic activities, mainly mining, which contributes significantly to insecurity and violence.", "65. Revenue transparency is an important component of a national governance programme that helps to derive benefits from the exploitation of natural resources. However, progress in transparency in extractive industries has been slow. In September 2010, President Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo announced a ban on mining activities in certain areas in order to remove illegal armed groups from mining areas, where mining police have largely replaced the army. This measure aims to end the involvement of criminal networks within the police in mining activities and to enable all participants in the sector to register. In March, the ban was lifted.", "66. On 19 May 2011, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development adopted a joint voluntary due diligence framework for conflict-free supply chains; on 27 May 2011, the Group of Eight for the first time endorsed the mandatory publication of payments to Governments from extractive industries to implement transparency laws and regulations, promote voluntary standards and require or encourage oil, gas and mining companies to make public payments to Governments.", "2. Land and forests", "67. The food crisis persisted in 32 countries of the world, 17 of which were in Africa. Ecosystem degradation, desertification, soil erosion and increased drought are factors that link climate change to land conflicts. In semi-arid areas, resource conflicts often occur between pastoralists and farmers and will be a growing concern. Because of the decline in natural resources in non-protected areas, protected areas have become the focus of poaching, illegal grazing and other human activities, affecting the sustainability of those areas and often increasing the illegal cross-border transport of natural resources, often linked to national and/or regional conflicts.", "68. Land rights and tenure systems are important and determine political and social class, which means that land in Africa is often the subject of intense competition. Most of the recent land conflicts have been localized and have persisted for generations, often adding to the long-standing historical differences between neighbours, often at the local level. Local capacity to address climate change needs to be further explored.", "69. Land reform, particularly access to land, is a highly sensitive issue throughout Africa. Large-scale land purchases by foreigners for industrial agriculture or biofuels have become the focus of controversy, which some view as threatening food supplies, sovereignty and the survival of small-scale farmers. Very little land is owned or controlled by women. This affects the ability of communities to recover from conflict and re-establish food security, particularly in post-conflict situations, where female-headed households are not allowed to regain control over land vacated by male absence.", "70. Africa has the world ' s second largest tropical rainforest and various dry forests. Forests play an important ecological, social and economic role and issues affecting forests are also intertwined with those related to land, food security, water resources and energy security, as fuelwood is one of the main contributions of forests to poverty alleviation. Forests fuel conflict, as in Liberia, where the term “conflict timber” appears. Forests can also stimulate economic growth. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a system of preferences and taxation has been established to ensure that all stakeholders, including the local population and the State, benefit-sharing is equitable at the local and national levels.", "3. Water", "71. Managing water-induced conflicts is one of the greatest challenges to efforts to achieve effective global environmental governance. While water is a potential conflict issue, most of the major differences surrounding water resources have been resolved through cooperation and negotiation. The UNESCO programme “From potential conflict to potential for cooperation: water for peace” helps to promote cooperation and development and to manage transboundary water resources.", "72. There are 80 transboundary river and lake basins in Africa, including 38 newly shared groundwater aquifer basins. The semi-arid regions of southern Africa, as well as the countries along the Senegal and Nile basins, remain concerned about the availability of water, given the increasing demand for energy and water as a result of the population growth of the countries along the river and the severity of the situation as a result of climate change.", "73. About 40 per cent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa still lack access to safe drinking water and 69 per cent lack adequate sanitation. The situation is worse in rural areas, where 53 per cent and 76 per cent of the population do not have access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Africa ' s water shortage is likely to increase by 75 million by 2020 and by hundreds of millions by 2050. Inadequate water resources and services, as well as poor health, energy and electricity, are at the core of food security in Africa. The African Development Bank estimates that between $50 billion and $54 billion per year will be required over the next 20 years to meet Africa ' s water needs. Water scarcity is also one of the most important factors hindering women ' s productivity. In sub-Saharan Africa, women spend more than 4 billion hours a year fetching water, which is equivalent to one year of work for all French workers. The International Conference on Water for Sustainable Development in Darfur, held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011, emphasized that water contributed not only to sustainable peace but also to development in Darfur; and engaged local communities in planning and implementing all phases of 65 water projects in the three Darfur states.", "4. Energy security", "74. Africa has the lowest energy consumption, with 500 million people without electricity in sub-Saharan Africa, where 23 out of 48 countries are vulnerable to energy shocks. Extreme poverty and lack of other fuels mean that 80 per cent of the population is dependent on biomass (such as timber and vegetation). This in turn results in deforestation of vegetation and adverse changes in ecosystems, and may lead to displacement. Unsustainable deforestation, increased soil degradation and disruption of supply pose threats to sustainable development and human security. At one level, some countries seek “energy self-sufficiency” to guarantee energy supply, which may lead to disputes between States. Another concern is the impact of unreliable and unaffordable electricity on development. The decline in river flows caused by climate change may lead to a decline in hydropower production, which in turn affects the financial viability and sustainability of energy investments. The year 2012, the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, must bring about a global clean energy revolution, which is key to minimizing climate risks, reducing poverty and improving global health, empowering women and achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "5. Governance of natural resources", "75. Appropriate political, economic and corporate governance of natural resources is key to promoting responsible management, requiring all actors, from Governments to international companies and local communities, to formulate policies that promote a positive impact on national and local economies.", "76. We need to support an African-led process to develop minimum standards for natural resource governance based on an informed understanding of the linkages between the environment, conflict, development and border-building agendas. We must continue our efforts to strengthen the natural resource management capacity of Governments and civil society, including by strengthening monitoring and enforcement mechanisms; engaging the private sector as a partner in post-conflict reconstruction and development activities; and strengthening existing regulatory mechanisms, including the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative or the Kimberley Process. NEPAD and the African Peer Review Mechanism provide a platform for African countries to effectively manage natural resources and assess governance. It was equally important to address corruption, which was often linked to the exploitation of natural resources. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has assisted in strengthening anti-corruption institutions and in developing national anti-corruption policies in line with the United Nations Convention against Corruption. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, FAO, IFAD and the World Bank are developing principles for responsible agricultural investment.", "77. The political or economic trajectory of African countries need not be determined by the abundance of fossil fuels or land. As long as the illegal exploitation of natural resources or the corrupt and unfair management of natural resources have been at the heart of conflicts, transparent and accountable resource governance must be restored as soon as possible in the post-conflict period. An example is the UNEP “Conflicts and Disasters” programme. The programme provides capacity-building to better manage natural resources, apply best practices in environmental management and ensure that natural resources support development and peacebuilding priorities. Capacity should also be provided to map resources and provide the necessary skills to negotiate contracts and agreements for the exploitation of natural resources.", "6. The United Nations and the illegal exploitation of natural resources", "78. Progress in Africa needs to be measured by tangible improvements in people ' s lives. Whenever the United Nations is called upon to provide assistance, it is necessary to respond effectively to the needs of local communities and to enhance the well-being and security of individuals in the face of natural resources. However, the United Nations has provided room for improvement by mainstreaming natural resource analysis and environmental needs into operational planning for conflict prevention, humanitarian assistance and early recovery.", "79. Some efforts have been made. Historically, the Security Council has taken decisive measures to address the illegal exploitation of natural resources. The Council imposed embargoes on all round logs and timber products from Liberia, on all rough diamonds from Angola, Côte d ' Ivoire and Sierra Leone, and on oil sold or supplied to Angola and Sierra Leone. The Council also authorized the United Nations Mission in Liberia to assist the Transitional Government in restoring proper management of natural resources and to establish a panel of experts to propose measures to prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources from being used as a means of financing armed groups in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This issue is also on the agenda of other intergovernmental bodies, such as the Economic and Social Council and the Peacebuilding Commission.", "80. The International Federation against Wildlife Crime, established in November 2010, is taking a comprehensive and collaborative approach to help prevent the illegal exploitation of natural resources, including endangered species and forest crimes. UNODC is currently conducting a threat analysis in Central Africa, including organized crime and illicit trafficking in natural resources, the results of which will serve as tools for better informed decision-making. Since June 2009, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support have dedicated themselves to the development of environmental policies for United Nations field missions, which include key areas such as waste, energy, water and management of cultural and historical resources.", "81. The United Nations Inter-Agency Framework Team for Preventive Action, hosted by the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), manages the joint United Nations-European Union programme. The programme brings together the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Department of Political Affairs, the Peacebuilding Support Office, UN-Habitat, UNDP and the United Nations Environment Programme to support countries in improving natural resource management, promoting conflict prevention and peace-building and managing and mitigating tensions arising from environmental issues. The Partnership enhances policy development and programme coordination among key actors at Headquarters and in the field, developing a series of guidance notes, training manuals and web-based self-paced learning tools.", "82. The United Nations and African institutions should take into account not only the views of States but also regional approaches to the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the regional dimensions of the problem, including those linked to the illicit arms trade, mercenaries or drug trafficking. The West Africa Initiative was launched by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Office for West Africa, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs and INTERPOL to support the implementation of the ECOWAS regional action plan to address drug trafficking, organized crime and drug abuse in West Africa (2008-2011). This initiative is an example of cooperation in this regard.", "7. Policy proposals and recommendations", "83. We need to adapt policies and coping mechanisms to respond effectively to a new generation of multidimensional crises, which may include elements related to the exploitation of natural resources and environmental change. For that, we need clear and precise policy guidelines, tools, information-sharing mechanisms and in-house expertise. United Nations missions and country teams need to assist countries and communities in integrating natural resources and environmental considerations into post-conflict and development plans, particularly at the regional level. Strengthening institutional structures and regional cooperation and enhancing the interaction between representatives of the private and financial sectors would help to ensure the success of jointly agreed strategies.", "84. The United Nations, in cooperation with the African Union, the regional economic communities, Governments, donors, civil society and local communities, should aim to promote an African-led process to transform the wealth of natural resources from a peace liability to a peace asset in conflict and post-conflict situations.", "85. I call on the United Nations system to mainstream analysis of natural resource management issues, such as land reform, water management and environmental challenges, into peacekeeping, peacebuilding and humanitarian assessments.", "86. I will consider the possibility of sending natural resource management experts to peacekeeping operations.", "87. I call upon the United Nations country teams and peacebuilding support offices to include in their national poverty reduction strategies plans to promote responsible, just, gender-responsive and cost-effective resource management in conflict and post-conflict countries in Africa.", "88. When natural resources constitute an important asset of the State, the United Nations should support national dialogue on the role of natural resource revenues in society, with a view to developing inclusive growth and development strategies and promoting more transparent and accountable use of natural resources, including through vigorous implementation of effective anti-corruption policies. This should be done in coordination with community institutions, the regional economic communities and the African Union-NEPAD.", "89. I call on international partners and the private sector to adhere to corporate codes of responsibility and to comply with existing regulations to ensure that revenues from natural resources are not diverted to activities that exacerbate conflict.", "90. I call on all partners to consider the effective use of the knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples and women in natural resource management and in mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change, including local land-use mediation mechanisms such as Presbyterian councils and local security councils", "91. I call upon the Regional Coordination Mechanism for Africa and other partners to assist in building the capacity of existing river basin institutions, such as the Nile Basin Initiative, the Mano River Basin Union secretariat and the Nubian Underground Aquifer System countries, to enable them to respond in a more timely manner to the challenges posed by climate change and conflict, within the existing framework of the African Union, the regional economic communities and other partnerships and programmes, such as the African Union 10-year capacity-building programme.", "[1] A/CONF.219/L.1.", "[2] A/CONF.219/3 and Rev.1." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目28", "提高妇女地位", "秘书长的说明", "^(*) A/66/150。", "秘书长谨依照大会第65/187号决议，向大会转交暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员Rashida Manjoo的报告。", "暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "这是暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员Rashida Manjoo依照大会第65/187号决议向大会提交的第一份书面报告，其中概述了特别报告员的工作情况和主要调查结果，以及继续面临的种种挑战，并提出具体建议，通过基于各国尊重、保护和落实妇女和女童人权的义务的综合框架，处理暴力侵害妇女行为。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 4\n 2. 活动 4\n A. 国别访问 4\n B. 专题报告 4\n C. 函件与新闻稿 4\n D. 妇女地位委员会 5\n E. 关于刚果民主共和国的联合报告 5\n F. 区域合作 5\n G. 其他活动 5\n 3. 从家庭至跨界领域暴力侵害妇女行为持续存在：有效补救的挑战 6\n A. 暴力侵害妇女行为作为人权问题 6\n B. 暴力侵害妇女行为在四个领域中的表现 8\nC. 各国根据国际人权法尽职调查：不断发展的实践，判例和现存的挑战\t15\nD. 预防和保护综合框架\t21\n 附录 \n1. 截至2011年7月30日暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的专题年度报告\t25\n2. 截至2011年7月30日暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的国别访问报告\t26", "一. 导言", "1. 这是暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员Rashida Manjoo 依照大会第65/187号决议向大会提交的第一份书面报告，其中第一节概述特别报告员在2010年10月和2001年7月期间开展的活动；第二节概述其工作情况和主要调查结果，以及继续面临的种种挑战，并提出具体建议，通过一个综合框架处理暴力侵害妇女行为。", "二. 活动", "A. 国别访问", "2. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员正式访问了阿尔及利亚(2010年11月1日至10日)、赞比亚(2010年12月6日至11日)和美利坚合众国(2011年1月24日至2月7日)。[1]", "3. 2011年，意大利和约旦对特别报告员的访问要求给予肯定答复。特别报告员敦促尚未作出回应的政府这样做。她期待得到孟加拉国、尼泊尔、巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛、索马里、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和津巴布韦政府的肯定答复。", "B. 专题报告", "4. 特别报告员2011年6月向人权理事会提交专题报告(A/HRC/17/26)，着重阐述了相互交叉的多重形式歧视，并建议采取综合办法，处理助长和加剧暴力侵害妇女行为的相互交叉的多重形式歧视。[2] 本报告第二节进一步阐明了这一办法。", "C. 函件与新闻稿", "5. 给各国政府的函件涉及一系列问题，反映出与暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果有关的不平等和歧视格局。[3] 这些包括但不限于任意拘留、酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚、即决处决和法外处决及包括强奸、性虐待和性剥削在内的性暴力。特别报告员感到遗憾的是，在本报告所述期间，13个有关国家政府中只有3个对收到的函件作出答复。[4]", "6. 特别报告员还单独或与其他任务负责人共同发布新闻稿。", "D. 妇女地位委员会", "7. 2011年2月，特别报告员向妇女地位委员会提出口头报告，呼吁参照从《北京行动纲要》执行情况的15年审查汲取的教训，对妇女权利采取一种新的看法。她还强调指出，各国应更有效地履行涉及暴力侵害妇女行为的应尽义务。", "E. 关于刚果民主共和国的联合报告", "8. 依照人权理事会第10/33号和第13/22号决议，特别报告员为七名联合国专家关于刚果民主共和国局势的第三次联合报告提供了资料。[5] 特别报告员对继续普遍侵犯妇女和女童权利而不受处罚表示关切，并与她的同事一道再次吁请安全理事会考虑制订一项特别程序国别任务。", "F. 区域合作", "9. 特别报告员继续积极与民间社会组织接触，包括通过参加区域协商会议。2010年9月，她与文化权利独立专家一起参加在尼泊尔举行的区域协商会议，重点是妇女、文化和人权。2011年1月，她参加了在马来西亚举行的亚太区域协商会议，重点是多重形式歧视的主题，随后举行了全国协商会议。2011年6月，特别报告员参加了在布鲁塞尔与欧洲民间社会组织举行的协商会议，包括欧洲暴力侵犯妇女行为观测站的代表。", "G. 其他活动", "10. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员参加了一些与其任务有关的专题会议、研讨会和会外活动，包括：二次参加在马德里举行的杀害女人问题会议；关于国际人权条约在欧洲联盟适用促进和保护移徙家政工人权利的讨论会；关于传统价值观和人权的研讨会；人权理事会举办的关于妇女的小组讨论会。应挪威司法部长的邀请，她对挪威进行了考察访问，期间她与许多国家行为者和非国家行为者举行会晤，讨论不断发展的做法，寻求消除暴力侵害妇女行为。特别报告员承认这些访问的价值，通过访问，她有机会与国家利益攸关方接触，并学习国家经验。她感谢挪威政府提供这次机会。", "11. 特别报告员在大会第六十五届会议期间举办关于赔偿女性暴力受害者的会外活动，在人权理事会2011年6月第十七届会议期间，举办关于区域标准和暴力侵害妇女行为的会外活动。非洲、亚洲、欧洲和美洲区域人权机制的代表参加了第二次会外活动，该活动的目的是分析各区域人权文书中关于暴力侵害妇女行为的各项规定，以及各区域机制发展的相关判例。此外，还对确定潜在合作领域进行了探讨。", "三. 从家庭至跨界领域暴力侵害妇女行为持续存在：有效补救的挑战", "12. 在世界各地，暴力侵害妇女行为无所不在，非常普遍，让人不可接受。暴力侵害妇女是剥削和虐待的持续，其根源是相互交织的多重形式歧视和不平等，与妇女的社会和经济状况密切相关。无论是发生在冲突中、后冲突或所谓和平期间，暴力侵害妇女行为的各种形式和表现同时是歧视、不平等和压迫的因果。", "13. 考虑到暴力的相互交织和持续性日益模糊公共和私人领域暴力之间的差别，特别报告员分析了四大领域中暴力侵害妇女行为：㈠ 家庭中；㈡ 社区中；㈢ 国家实施或宽恕的暴力；㈣ 在跨国领域。[6] 这四大领域既不相互冲突，也不分主次。如果在这些领域中发生的暴力针对妇女或主要由妇女组成的团体，则暴力构成歧视妇女。[7]", "14. 下文A节跟踪暴力侵害妇女行为作为人权问题的逐渐发展，包括任命暴力侵害妇女行为问题特别报告员。B节说明特别报告员在家庭、社区、国家和跨国领域中确定的最普遍表现的暴力侵害妇女行为。C节着重说明在各国履行其防止、保护、调查和惩处的应尽义务方面，一些不断发展的做法、判例和挑战。最后，D节建议采取综合办法，处理相互交织的多重形式的歧视和暴力侵害妇女行为。", "A. 暴力侵害妇女行为作为人权问题", "1. 暴力侵害妇女行为作为人权问题的逐渐发展", "15. 全球打击暴力侵害妇女行为运动25多年来一直努力“大大改变人权问题讨论中妇女的地位和基于性别的暴力状况”。[8] 1985年，第三次审查和评价联合国妇女十年：平等、发展与和平成就世界会议在肯尼亚内罗毕举行，标志着妇女十年(1976-1985)的结束，并评价了国际社会在实现妇女平等、发展与和平目标方面取得的进展。内罗毕会议“再次重申对妇女地位的国际关切并为国际社会再次承诺提高妇女地位和消除基于性别的歧视提供了一个框架”。⁸ 暴力侵害妇女行为是与会者提出的关切问题之一。", "16. 1993年世界人权会议通过了《宣言和行动纲领》，承认“妇女和女童的人权是普遍性人权中不可剥夺和不可分割的一个整体部分”。[9] 世界会议吁请大会通过关于暴力侵害妇女行为的宣言草案，并敦促各国依照其规定杜绝暴力侵害妇女行为。[10] 1993年，大会通过《消除对妇女暴力行为宣言》，其中在国家的定义、范围和义务及联合国作用方面，提出关于暴力侵害妇女行为的更全面框架。[11] 人权委员会同年作出决定，其中委员会考虑指定一名暴力侵害妇女论及特别报告员。依照该决定，第1994/45号决议规定，特别报告员的任务是将妇女权利纳入联合国人权机制并消除暴力侵害妇女行为。", "17. 关于《北京宣言和行动纲要》执行情况五年审查的大会第二十三届特别会议明确指出，暴力侵害妇女行为已成为许多国家议程上的优先问题。特别会议的成果文件进一步呼吁各国“把对各种年龄妇女和女孩一切形式的暴力行为,包括基于一切形式歧视的暴力行为，视为应受法律惩处的犯罪行为”。[12] 2010年，会员国在北京会议十五年审查会议上承认，实现两性平等和增强妇女权利的努力中，执行《北京宣言》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》相辅相成，并强调履行这些承诺和实现国际商定的发展目标之间相互依存。[13]", "18. 这些事态发展导致大会、人权理事会和安全理事会通过多项特别关注暴力侵害妇女和女童行为的决议。例如，大会和人权理事会日益将不平等和歧视(包括性别暴力)确定为侵犯妇女和女童人权行为。这些机构通过的决议日益指出，遭受多种形式歧视的妇女更可能遭受性别暴力，并将“男女权利失衡和结构性不平等)确定为暴力侵害妇女行为的根源。[14] 在和平与安全方面，安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议和第1820(2008)号决议呼吁采取特殊措施，保护武装冲突中妇女和女童免受性别暴力。", "19. 全球仍非常关切暴力侵害妇女行为普遍存在的问题。例如，在2010年消除对妇女歧视委员会审议的代表各区域的21个国家中，大多数国家普遍存在或持续存在或不断增加暴力侵害妇女行为。[15] 该委员会已在其第12 (1989)号和第19 (1992)号一般性建议中明确将歧视妇女与性别暴力挂钩，并经常呼吁缔约国在他们提交委员会的报告中提供有关暴力的信息，说明为消除此类暴力所采取的各项措施。", "20. 目前，联合国根据以下三项原则讨论暴力侵害妇女行为：第一，将暴力侵害妇女和女童行为作为男女平等和不歧视事项来处理；第二，将相互交织的多重形式歧视视为危险因素，使一些妇女更可能遭受定向、多重或结构性歧视；第三，人权相互依存反映在诸多努力中，如努力处理与民事、文化、经济、政治和社会领域有关的暴力侵犯妇女行为的原因。[16]", "2. 暴力侵害妇女行为问题特别报告员的任务规定", "21. 1994年以来, 暴力侵害妇女行为问题特别报告员一直研究暴力侵害妇女行为的各种形式、普遍程度、原因和后果；分析在保护妇女免遭暴力方面的法律和机构发展情况及其余挑战；向各国政府和国际社会提出克服这些挑战的主要建议。", "22. 通过专题报告、[17] 国别访问、[18] 协商会、专家会议、致各国政府函和其他机制，特别报告员执行任务，处理生活各领域中暴力侵害妇女行为问题，特别是在上述四个领域中。[19]", "23. 特别报告员编写的专题报告和国别访问报告有助于提供一个处理不同形式性别暴力的框架，其中分析了暴力的因果，并说明国家行为者和非国家行为者及区域和国际利益攸关方在消除公共和私人领域中暴力行为方面的作用。专题报告还有助于引导政策，改进国际法中的妇女人权标准。例如，人权高专办利用特别报告员关于赔偿问题的2010年报告，在乌干达北部实施一个关于赔偿和能力建设的项目，并与联合国联合人权办公室共同实施一个联合项目，重点是刚果民主共和国性暴力受害者的补救和赔偿问题。[20]", "B. 暴力侵害妇女行为在四个领域中的表现", "24. 下节借鉴特别报告员在2009年至2011年进行国别访问(吉尔吉斯斯坦、阿尔及利亚、萨尔瓦多、赞比亚和美利坚合众国)期间的调查结果，以及以前各位任务负责人的调查结果，说明暴力侵害妇女行为在四个领域的每一领域中的普遍程度和各种表现。同样，本节不打算详尽阐述全球暴力侵害妇女行为的各种形式，而是努力通过选定特别报告员涉及的主题，着重说明此类暴力如何能够自我表现的具体事例。", "1. 家庭暴力", "25. 特别报告员确定了两大类家庭暴力侵害妇女行为；家庭暴力；暴力对待和 (或)欺压妇女的有害和有辱人格的做法，无论根据宗教、习俗或其他社会法律和做法是否有理。[21] 特别报告员还制定了宽泛的家庭定义，包括亲密伴侣和人际关系，包括非同居伴侣、前伴侣和家政工人。[22]", "26. 特别报告员国别访问确认，家庭暴力仍然非常普遍，对社会各阶层妇女造成影响。正如她访问美利坚合众国的报告所述，2008年大约552 000名妇女遭到其亲密伴侣的暴力侵害。[23] 在萨尔瓦多，2008年家庭健康报告指出，44%的已婚妇女或与伴侣同居妇女遭受心理暴力，24%遭受身体暴力，12%遭受性暴力。[24] 根据阿尔及利亚的一项全国调查，30%以上的妇女经常遭受身体或心理暴力的威胁，10.9%的妇女不止一次被其亲密伴侣强迫发生性关系。[25]", "27. 国别访问表明，某些妇女群体尤其可能遭受暴力。[26] 在美国，特别报告员注意到非裔美国妇女遭到亲密伴侣暴力侵害的比率比白人妇女高35%。[27] 为进一步说明贫穷、排斥和暴力之间的关系，国别访问还披露，美国土著妇女遭受家庭暴力和性攻击的普遍程度超过该国其他人口群体。[28] 特别报告员还发现贫穷妇女和受教育少的妇女、寡妇或分居妇女特别弱势，因为她们没有家庭和社区的支持。在阿尔及利亚和吉尔吉斯斯坦，据报25岁至44岁妇女和有二个以上子女的妇女遭受很多家庭暴力。[29]", "28. 家庭暴力继续被视为社会可接受的合法行为。特别报告员在访问吉尔吉斯斯坦期间发现，38%的15岁至49岁妇女认为，丈夫有权在各种情况下殴打妻子。[30] 家庭暴力还是举报率极低的罪行。在进行国别访问期间，受害人提出了不愿联系当局的类似原因：害怕报复；家庭或社区施压，不让揭露家庭问题；对权力的认识水平低；没有支助服务；经济依赖；认为警察不会适当作出反应。[31]", "29. 其他形式家庭暴力的起诉率仍然很低。在萨尔瓦多，家庭法庭中家人暴力案件司法程序的数目从2003年的4 890降至2007年的1 240。[32] 特别报告员多次听到有人说，警官鼓励当事方非正式解决和和解，而不是逮捕施暴者。在赞比亚，妇女宁愿调解，主要原因是家庭压力和经济上依赖虐待者。[33] 妇女面临多种形式歧视，如移民妇女和土著妇女或少数族裔妇女尤其不愿意与当局接触，她们认为当局是压迫者而不是保护者。特别报告员在访问美利坚合众国期间收到多份报告，称有色妇女和少数族裔妇女在家庭暴力之后被捕。[34]", "30. 有害和有辱人格的做法与家庭暴力密切相关，损害妇女的权利和地位，而且尽管有关法律禁令不断增加，仍不对其进行系统监测或惩处。[35] 在一些国家，早婚和强迫婚姻、一夫多妻制和未登记婚姻仍令人关切。特别报告员认为这些做法是“加重因素”，使妇女更容易遭受暴力。[36] 在吉尔吉斯斯坦，报告员发现早婚(12.2%的妇女)和未登记婚姻与失业率不断上升、贫穷女性化及家长制传统和宗教保守主义重新出现之间的相互关系。早婚助长高孕产妇死亡率，因为分娩时间长和其他并发症。[37] 同样，叙利亚未登记婚姻中的妇女更容易遭受暴力和虐待，而且据报她们很难结束虐待关系，因为得不到支持，而且没有其他住房和法律保护。[38] 尽管法律限制一夫多妻制，但遭受丈夫暴力或暴力威胁的妇女告诉特别报告员，她们的丈夫想让她们同意一夫多妻制。[39]", "31. 许多妇女不仅遭受丈夫而且遭受丈夫家人的暴力侵害。比如，在实行“新娘标价/嫁妆”的国家，配偶和婆家人认为他们购买了新娘，因此有权对他们的“财产”实施暴力和其他形式虐待。[40]", "32. 与维护名誉有关的暴力侵害和危害妇女行为与家庭和社区中的歧视和不平等交织在一起。联合国人口基金会(人口基金)统计数据表明，每年大约5 000名妇女在与维护名誉有关的暴力中被家人杀害。[41] 自从任命特别报告员以来，在报告员访问阿尔及利亚、[42] 阿富汗、[43] 伊朗、[44] 荷兰、[45] 和巴勒斯坦被占领土、[46] 巴基斯坦、[47] 瑞典[48] 和土耳其[49] 期间，报告了以维护名誉名义暴力侵害和杀害妇女的情况。正如秘书长2006年关于一切形式暴力侵害妇女行为的深入研究报告指出，以维护名誉的名义实施的罪行通常具有集体性质，整个家庭都认为受到妇女实际或察觉到的行为的伤害。这些还具有公开性质，影响其他妇女的行为。[50] 由于这一集体因素，极难将受害人与实际或潜在实施者分开，除非她愿意断绝所有家庭关系，在她的社会圈子之外开始生活。[51]", "2. 社会上的暴力行为", "33. 任务中列出了社区内各种形式的暴力侵害妇女行为，强奸/性侵犯、性骚扰、机构内的暴力、贩卖、强迫卖淫、对移徙女工的暴力和色情。[52] 盯梢、对同性恋、双性恋和变性人的暴力、绑架新娘、[53] 杀害妇女(包括与巫术[54] 和嫁妆[55] 相关的杀人)，是对妇女暴力行为这一领域的其他表现。", "34. 性暴力是一种基于性别的暴力的普遍广泛的表现，植根于歧视文化，其中使男性利用掌控女性身体合法化。[56] 在萨尔瓦多，性暴力发生率从2007年的3 368例，增加到2008年的4 120例。[57] 强奸和性侵犯也是美国国内对妇女暴力行为的普及形式，2008年，估计有500名妇女每天被强奸。[58] 在赞比亚，10名妇女中就有一名经历过性虐待。[59] 通常，性暴力在公众意识中不一定认为是犯罪。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，统计表明，对妇女的性暴力案件增加，[60] 意识非常低：35%的城市妇女和25%的农村妇女表示，她们不认为性暴力构成犯罪。[61]", "35. 学校和工作场所的性骚扰是公认的普遍暴力表现形式。[62] 在萨尔瓦多，特别报告员听到的证词表明，在出口加工厂，年轻妇女的工作条件很差，受到工头的口头和身体虐待、性骚扰和强制性妊娠测试。在阿尔及利亚，教育和培训机构的性骚扰无孔不入，在特别报告员访问时也报告不足，尽管当局采取值得称道的步骤，把滥用权力的性骚扰定为犯罪。[63] 访问美国时发现，无证移民妇女特别容易受到暴力侵害，包括工作场所的性骚扰和虐待。[64] 特别报告员访问赞比亚期间的报告中表示，学校男工作人员和男生在教育机构中性虐待和身体暴力侵害女生仍然是个问题。[65] 从家到学校的距离很远，也增加了骚扰的风险，据报，女生与小巴和的士司机发生性关系，充作乘车费。", "36. 特别报告员关注的是，妇女因自己的性倾向和性别认同，普遍遭受歧视和暴力。[66] 在吉尔吉斯斯坦的访问表明，社会对同性恋、女同性恋、双性恋和变性人高度憎恶、歧视和实施暴力。对话者讲述了这类暴力事件，包括残酷的轮奸、“治疗”强奸和家庭暴力，原因就是女性的性认同和性别认同。[67] 一项研究表明，23%的女同性恋和双性恋女性有强迫的性接触，56%的家人试图迫使其改变自己的性认同或倾向。访问萨尔瓦多时也发现同样情况，其中，谋杀同性恋、双性恋、变性者和雌雄同体社区的案件，从2003年4起，增加到2009年12起。向特别报告员讲述了普遍的歧视和暴力行为，包括轮奸和家庭暴力。[68]", "37. 杀害妇女是指暴力杀人/谋杀妇女，其原因正是因为她们是妇女，这发生在许多情况下，分跨四个领域。[69] 它包括亲密伴侣暴力谋杀、性谋杀、荣誉杀人、⁶⁹ 杀害女婴、因嫁妆死亡、杀害妓女、杀害被控施巫术的妇女，以及自杀和无法辨认的产妇死亡。杀害妇女往往与家庭暴力有关，其最严重的会导致死亡。来自澳大利亚、加拿大、以色列、南非和美国的杀害妇女的研究表明，40%至70%的女性谋杀受害者，是被丈夫或男友杀害的。[70] 2004年纽约市的一项研究还表明，经历各种各样歧视的妇女特别易受暴力行为，其中表明，亲密伴侣凶杀案受害者的51%是外国出生的，45%是出生在美国。[71] 2008年消除对妇女一切形式歧视委员会在加拿大的审查发现了20年来数百起土著妇女失踪案件或被杀案件，这项都没有进行充分调查，没得到了优先重视，肇事者至今仍然逍遥法外。[72]", "38. 特别报告员2010年后续访问萨尔瓦多，发现全国极端暴力谋杀妇女和女童的案件惊人地增长。[73] 这些谋杀的模式类似于前特别报告员访问萨尔瓦多、危地马拉和墨西哥时报告的杀害妇女的情况：受害者10至29岁，被绑架后给杀害在公园或荒地，身上经常有性虐待痕迹，有时遭受切割、酷刑和斩首。极端的社会经济不平等，重男轻女文化，犯罪率高等基本因素，促成了社会上对妇女的暴力和歧视。如特别报告员访问美国的情况，妇女受谋杀，以及强奸和殴打，也与缠扰行为有关，这方面，女性成为目标远远高于男性。[74]", "3. 国家实施或纵容的暴力", "39. 国家实施或纵容的暴力可包括冲突期间基于性别的暴力，拘留暴力，对难民和国内流离失所者，以及对土著和少数群体妇女的暴力行为。⁷⁴", "40. 冲突和冲突后局势往往会加剧现有的对妇女的歧视，压迫和暴力，加剧男性对性行为的控制。第一个任务负责人关于武装冲突时期对妇女的暴力行为的报告讲述了“难以想象的暴行”，现在情况仍然如此。[75] 军事环境一般特点是等级森严，服从命令，妇女遭受暴力和虐待的风险最高。如特别报告员访问美国后所报告，军队中性攻击和性骚扰妇女已经成为普遍的对妇女暴力行为的形式。[76] 军队中的性侵犯大多数没有报告，但统计数据表明，妇女占已经报告的案件中的绝大多数。类似于通过谈判与和解解决家庭暴力案件，美国军队中绝大多数的性侵犯案件也是通过非司法处罚处理的：只有14-18%的案件被起诉。[77]", "41. 正如前酷刑问题特别报告员表示，对妇女的暴力监禁非常通常包括强奸和其他形式的性暴力，如威胁强奸、触摸、“贞操测试”、剥光衣服、强力搜身、有性含义的侮辱和屈辱。[78] 特别报告员希望提请注意，2010年，给各国政府的38份来文中，15份涉及在指控当局使妇女受到酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。[79] 在赞比亚，据称，妇女在拘留设施遭受虐待、暴力和侮辱或有辱人格的处罚，用以逼供。[80] 根据2008-2009年美国监狱和拘留所性受害者情况报告，监狱中4.7%的妇女经历犯人的性侵犯，2.1%经历了工作人员的不当性行为。访问期间，对犯人的采访表明，工作人员利用职权强迫性活动，然后给予打电话、访问或基本用品，如食品、洗发水或肥皂的方便。[81]", "42. 在吉尔吉斯斯坦，妇女在逮捕并在调查当局寻求口供的调查期间，面临受虐待的最大风险。一些组织和妇女受害者讲述了在警察拘留期间受到威逼利诱，被绑到散热器上，枪指着头，殴打和烧伤等。[82] 在拘禁设施中的许多妇女，往往无法获得足够的医疗和护理。在赞比亚，女性被拘留者，无论是在警察局或监狱中，很少获得产前和产后护理和治疗，艾滋病毒/艾滋病和结核病检测，很少或根本没有营养补充。[83]", "4. 跨国暴力行为", "43. 前特别报告员突出说明了跨国方面对妇女的暴力行为的风险和更大的脆弱性，称其为“跨越传统国家边界的生活经验”的第四个领域。[84] 在此分析贩卖和其他当代形式奴隶制的妇女受害者、难民妇女、移徙女工、特别是不正规的移徙工人的情况，以及跨国人员，如维持和平人员对妇女的剥削。", "44. 污辱、强奸、早婚和为生存卖淫，仍然是难民营以及城市地区寻求庇护和难民妇女的主要问题。[85] 在冲突期间，妇女往往被跨国贩卖，为武装冲突战斗人员提供性服务。武装冲突增加了妇女和女童被绑架，被迫成为性奴隶和/或强迫卖淫的风险。现在大多数冲突是内部的，但妇女和女童可能被运到邻国境内的武装团伙营地。部署在联合国维持和平行动中的国际人员也虐待妇女和女童。[86]", "45. 特别报告员访问了萨尔瓦多、吉尔吉斯斯坦和赞比亚——三个都是贩卖认可的来源国、过境国和目的地国——发现了贩卖妇女和儿童强烈的共性。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，贩卖妇女和儿童在过渡期越来越普遍，并仍然是个问题。[87] 尚无可靠数据说明人口贩运的普遍程度，但政府报告指出，被贩卖的受害者98%是15至30岁的妇女和女孩。到城市就业的诱惑，吸引农村年轻妇女和女孩到城市，或是到国外，然后就被迫受到性剥削。一位年轻女子在访问期间接受采访，她表示，曾来比什凯克寻求就业，但被引诱到城郊，被锁了几个月，并被迫与客户性交。由于害怕报复，她没有报告警方，甚至害怕在街上行走。同样，在萨尔瓦多，特别报告员发现，人口贩运受害者大多数是妇女和女孩，给从农村转移到城市。[88] 措施不足，无以确保保护受害者和证人，执法人员缺乏支持服务和相应无效，促成了漏报现象。", "46. 不正规的女性移民、寻求庇护的妇女和难民，特别容易在跨国贩卖遭受暴力行为。访问赞比亚时，特别报告员获悉，女性移民，尤其是从事性工作者，往往遭受性虐待，感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病，因为她们无法求得安全性交。[89] 此外，她们的不正规状态，使得其不愿意寻求医疗保健。同样，在美国的移民妇女往往遭受虐待的比率更高，因为她们鲜有机会获得法律、社会和支持服务。[90] 与美国伙伴生活在一起的无证移民妇女的证词显示，受虐待时，她们担心被驱逐出境，不愿意向当局寻求援助。也有人指出，施暴者可能不去为其外国伴侣或妻子申请获得永久居留身份，以此保持他们的权力，控制这些妇女。[91]", "C. 各国根据国际人权法尽职调查：不断发展的实践，判例和现存的挑战", "47. 在国际人权法中的尽职调查标准，已越来越成为衡量国家遵守义务，防止和应对暴力侵害妇女行为的标尺。[92] 1993年“消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言”敦促各国行使尽职调查，“防止，调查，并按照本国法律惩处对妇女施加暴力的行为，不论是由国家或私人所施加者”。[93]", "48. 宣言“规定各国应在本国法律中拟定刑事、民事、劳动和行政处分规定，以惩罚和纠正使妇女遭受暴力伤害的错误行为；应为遭受暴力行为的妇女提供运用司法机制的机会，并根据国家立法的规定为受到伤害的妇女提供公正而有效的补救办法；各国还应使妇女了解通过这种机制寻求补救的各项权利”。⁹³", "49. 各国努力履行尽职调查义务，不应只注重立法改革，普及司法，并为受害者提供服务，还必须解决预防问题，特别解决暴力侵害妇女的根本原因。通过实施现有的人权标准，各国应确保，在社会各阶层，从家庭开始，直至跨国领域，解决对妇女暴力行为的根源和后果。这样做时，各国应考虑妇女遭受的暴力的多种形式，歧视的不同类型，以采取多方面策略，有效防止和打击这种暴力。[94]", "50. 如上所述，尽职调查的责任，包括国家以下义务：(a) 防止对妇女的暴力行为，(b) 调查和惩罚所有对妇女的暴力行为，(c) 保护妇女免受一切暴力行为，(d) 对暴力行为受害者提供补救和赔偿。本节探讨各国如何努力遵守这些义务。", "1. 预防", "51. 秘书长2006年的一项研究报告，突出说明了初级预防方面的一些积极战略，即防止暴力滋生。这些措施包括：(a) 宣传和活动，(b) 教育和能力建设，(c) 社会动员，(d) 调动男子，(e) 利用新闻媒体和信息技术，(f) 促进公众安全。[95]", "52. 这项任务还强调，无保留地批准所有有关人权文书，将其纳入国内法律、司法和行政秩序，通过措施加以实施，是国家履行尽职调查标准的先决条件。[96]", "53. 许多国家采用的防止对妇女的暴力行为最常见的第一步是立法。需要进一步关注的是，解决直接歧视妇女的法律和惯例，或对妇女或特定妇女群体具有差别和偏见影响的法律和惯例。其中包括立法继续直接歧视妇女的领域，如有关妇女私人领域权利的法律(包括自由决定婚姻、离婚和性与生殖健康的权利)，或围绕妇女经济权利的法律(包括体面工作、继承、土地和其他生产资源的权利)。⁹⁷", "54. 联合国妇女的一份报告指出，过去30年，世界上，法律改革尊重妇女权利方面取得重大进展。目前139个国家的宪法保证性别平等，各国颁布了国内立法，除其他外，禁止家庭暴力，建立同工同酬的法律，保证带薪产假，禁止工作场所的性骚扰，或建立妇女平等的财产权和继承权。[97]", "55. 一些国家加强了机构间合作，防止对妇女的暴力行为，通过国家行动计划，消除暴力。在一些情况下，设立了国家妇女机构，或任命专员/监察人作为联络人，有时还与民间社会组织合作。[98] 这些机制如果在国家议程上得不到重视，或没有提供足够的财政和人力资源，其效益会被削弱。例如，政府机构内的性别问题联络人常常缺乏决策权力或能力，难以影响机构议程。[99] 特别报告员也表示关注警察、法医服务和检察系统之间缺乏有效的协调机制，而这三者是防止暴力，打击有罪不罚和让公众对司法系统保持信任的关键。[100]", "56. 其他预防措施包括开展公共教育活动，利用海报、杂志广告、网站和电视及电台广告；消除对妇女的暴力行为；规定全国消除性别暴力行为行动日；开展宣传活动，邀请知名人士参加；开办培训和提高意识方案，培训有关专业团体，包括警察、检察官、司法机构成员、医生、护士和社会工作者。[101]", "2. 起诉和惩罚", "57. 尽责标准挑战了将国家在人权方面的责任局限在公共领域的传统国际法编纂方式。如今已十分明确，如果国家不处理包括亲密伴侣暴力和/或家庭暴力在内的私人领域暴力，就可能由于不履行以不歧视的方式提供保护和惩罚暴力和虐待的义务而被追究责任。[102]", "58. 各国主要通过加强警方、检察官和法官的能力和权力来履行其调查暴力侵害妇女行为的义务。各国还对刑法作了修正，以确保暴力行为受到恰当惩治。有些国家通过了规定新的刑事罪行的具体法律，并通常规定设立专门的调查或起诉部门。关于调查和起诉暴力侵害妇女案的具体政策措施和程序也得到制定。[103] 在家庭暴力方面，民事保护令、强制逮捕政策和强制起诉政策等措施旨在保护受害人免受更多身体伤害，并确保家庭暴力案件即便受害人不愿出庭作证也不会不予受理。[104] 尽管如此，一些国家仍未能在其国家法律中将一切表现的暴力侵害妇女行为定为犯罪，包括婚内性暴力行为和其他形式的家庭暴力。[105]", "59. 设立妇女派出所有助于提高对暴力侵害妇女行为的认识并增加报案数量。[106] 这些专门派出所在启动暴力伤害妇女案件的法律程序方面发挥主导作用，并负责确保执行保护措施、立即为幸存者提供援助及进行讯问，并指导在刑事司法系统中的办案进程。民间社会组织监测这些机构开展的工作并查明可能需要改进的领域。¹⁰⁶ 特别报告员欢迎采取其他有关措施，包括让拥有具体知识专长的女警官参与登记和处理性别暴力。[107] 此举旨在创造一个鼓励报案的有利环境。", "60. 尽管如此，在许多情况下，各国不履行其调查并适当惩处暴力侵害妇女行为的责任，对于在私人领域发生的暴力尤其如此。执法和司法系统中普遍存在男尊女卑的态度，加之缺乏资源和对现行适用法律知识不足，导致对暴力侵害妇女案件所作反应不充分，而且这种行为一直为社会所接受。[108]", "61. Vertido诉菲律宾案涉及一名妇女受到性攻击以及随后根据基于性别的有关强奸的谬论和错误理念无罪释放犯罪人。消除对妇女歧视委员会认为本案中缔约国违反了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》。委员会指出，《公约》缔约国有义务采取适当措施，修改或取缔歧视妇女的现行法律规章及习俗和惯例。在这方面，委员会着重指出，陈规定型影响妇女获得公平、公正审判的权利，司法机构必须谨慎行事，不要仅仅根据关于强奸受害人或一般性别暴力受害人的先入为主的观念，订立妇女或女孩应当如何面对或应对强奸的固定标准。[109]", "62. 特别报告员从试图借助法律系统的家庭暴力受害人那里收集的证词表明，除非暴力导致严重人身伤害，否则警方、起诉人和法官仍倾向于息事宁人，因为他们相信家庭暴力属于私事。因此，他们劝阻受害人起诉案件并力促和解，从而使受害人返回受虐环境。家庭暴力案件往往被视为行政罪而不是刑事罪，或是被归类为轻罪，导致轻判或不当判决。[110]", "63. 对危害妇女罪的起诉非常少，这使受害人更加相信，司法机关没有系统地保证对暴力侵害妇女行为作出反应，虐待她们的人不会受到惩罚。这导致报案率低，这些案件进一步被大事化小，小事化了，而影响妇女的各种暴力更加变本加厉。[111]", "3. 保护", "64. 各国在尽责保护义务方面采取了许多措施，主要包括提供服务，比如电话热线、保康、咨询中心、法律协助、收容所、限制令和资助暴力受害者。但是，尽管采取了保护措施，但执行工作前后不一致以及不克尽职责有时会导致举报暴力事件的妇女再次受害。", "65. 在实施保护义务方面的主要差距包括：警方执法不当；缺乏关于暴力侵害妇女的民事赔偿和刑事处罚的司法制度；缺少或不能充分提供收容所等服务设施，这意味着妇女通常没有选择而必须继续与虐待她的人生活在一起。此外，保护的重点往往是提供短期紧急援助，而不是为受害者人提供避免再次受害的手段。[112]", "66. 缺乏足够的暴力受害妇女和女孩专用收容所致使她们不露面和沉默。特别报告员注意到，在大多数她访问过的国家里，即便存在政府运营的收容所，非政府组织也在管理收容所设施和向暴力受害妇女提供心理、医疗和法律援助方面发挥关键作用。不论由私人资助还是接受政府补助，这些中心通常均数量不足，缺乏人力物力资源，而且往往集中在不是所有妇女均可前往的地区。在赞扬民间社会组织的工作时，特别报告员指出，保护妇女免受暴力侵害的尽责义务主要应由国家及其代理人承担。因此，国家有责任确保家庭暴力受害人能够获得并利用有效保护和支持服务。[113] 此外，特别报告员对整个健康、心理和法律部门缺乏确保向受害人及时提供协调一致的支持服务的政策指导表示关注。[114]", "67. 特别报告员访问美国期间参观了明尼苏达州Hennepin县家庭虐待服务中心，这是一个向暴力受害妇女提供服务的“一站式中心”。该中心的一个创新点是，同一建筑内设有若干市、县机构和宣传机构，在整个司法程序中帮助受害人。该中心的倡导者不仅帮助受害人完成申请保护令的必要文书工作并解释民事和刑事法院的诉讼程序，而且陪同受害人出庭，帮助她们为自己和家庭制定安全计划，并帮助她们寻找收容所或临时住处，还介绍她们求助于其他资源和服务提供方。[115]", "68. 避免受到暴力侵害的妇女再度受到伤害的另外一个重要因素是制订提供证词的程序规则，必须保证受害人和证人不会因为提出指控而受到进一步伤害。¹¹¹", "69. 在国际一级，国际刑事法院已经建立若干机制，以确保适当处理在武装冲突期间犯下的基于性别的罪行。法院被害人和证人股提供保护、支持和其他适当援助，以确保作证者的人身安全、身心健康、尊严和隐私。[116] 在诉讼的各个阶段，从审判前/调查至审判后均可请求被害人和证人股提供服务。[117] 此外，法院受害人信托基金的任务是协助受害人并执行法院下令进行的赔偿。¹¹⁶ 在国家一级，塞拉利昂问题特别法庭受害人和证人股已制定了一整套保护和支持方案，根据后续研究，已听取通报并获得支持的证人在法院的经历基本上是正面的。¹¹⁶", "4. 提供赔偿", "70. 大部分人权和人道主义法律条约均规定了获得补救的权利。对于粗暴和系统地侵犯人权，大会于2005年通过了《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》，其前提即“各国有责任确保人权受到侵害的受害人享有个人获得赔偿的权利”。《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》和《消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言》都规定，国家有义务为所有暴力行为提供赔偿。然而，正如特别报告员2010年的报告所述，实际上履行尽责义务进行赔偿仍严重不足。[118] 在实质和程序层面都极少关注有性别区分的赔偿，与之形成鲜明对照的是，妇女常常是性暴力和其他形式暴力的对象。[119]", "71. 鉴于暴力对妇女和不同妇女群体的影响各不相同，因此有必要制定具体补救措施，以便满足妇女的具体需要和优先要求。由于暴力侵害妇妇女个人行为通常属于业已存在并常常贯穿各领域的结构性从属地位和系统性边缘化的模式，因此，补救措施必须将对个人的赔偿与结构转变挂钩。[120] 这意味着，赔偿应当尽可能颠覆而不是强化业已存在的贯穿各领域的结构性从属地位、性别等级、系统性边缘化和结构性不平等模式，因为这些模式可能是妇女遭遇暴力的根源。¹²⁰", "72. 美洲人权法院2009年就Gonzalez等(“棉田”)诉墨西哥案所作判决阐述了上述原则。[121] 本案涉及2003年非国家行为者对两名儿童和一名年青妇女实施绑架、杀害和性暴力，在本案中法院宽泛解释了国家对暴力侵害妇女行为进行预防、调查并惩处的尽责义务。这一判决的重要意义在于，美洲法院首次以变革方式采纳对性别问题有敏感认识的赔偿的概念。法院认为，在结构性歧视的情况下，赔偿应以改变这一现状为目标，不仅寻求赔偿，还应寻求改正。[122] 该法院制定了评估赔偿适用的标准，包括以下内容：㈠ 赔偿应当与法院认定的暴力行为有直接关系；㈡ 赔偿应对金钱和非金钱损害作适当补救；㈢ 不得将赔偿作为致富或使人陷于贫困的手段；㈣ 赔偿是目标之一，但不得违反不歧视原则；㈤ 赔偿应“努力查明和消除歧视的结构性因素”；㈥ 赔偿应考虑性别差异；以及㈦ 考虑到国家声称为弥补损害采取的所有措施。[123]", "73. 关于赔偿的其他判例还包括欧洲人权法院审理的Opuz诉土耳其案。案件原告Opuz女士和她的母亲曾多年遭受前者丈夫的暴力侵害。虽然她们提出了申诉，但警察和检察机关没有向两名妇女提供适当保护，Opuz女士母亲最终被女儿前夫杀害。法院裁定，申诉人因母亲被害遭受了痛苦和不幸，主管机关没有采取充分措施，通过威慑惩处措施防止申诉人丈夫实施家庭暴力，因此判给申诉人非金钱损害赔偿金。", "D. 预防和保护综合框架", "74. 各国和其他利益攸关方消除暴力侵害妇女行为的努力必须以预防为中心。预防必须通过解决各国保护、尊重并实现所有妇女和女孩的所有人权的基本人权义务，解决暴力的根本原因。[124] 各种战略必须适应当地具体情况，还必须都针对助长暴力侵害妇女行为普遍存在的对此类行为的社会默许，并力图增强妇女权能，实现妇女社会地位平等。", "75. 如前一节所述，解决暴力侵害妇女行为的预防框架除其他外应包括：(a) 立法措施，包括批准国际人权文书、协调国家法律、通过关于暴力侵害妇女行为的专门法律，并分配充足预算和人力资源，确保这些法律得到有效实施；(b) 体制和政策措施，包括消除调查和起诉暴力侵害妇女行为的任何障碍、提供充足的人力、技术和财政资源以向性别暴力受害人提供支持和服务，以及建立当局和服务方之间的协调机制，以确保就有关调查和起诉暴力侵害妇女行为事宜进行有效合作和信息共享；(c) 能力建设活动，包括培训和提高认识，如为所有处理暴力侵害妇女行为和歧视妇女的公职人员举办对性别问题有敏感认识的培训、旨在消除歧视态度并解决定型观念的提高认识运动，并将性别平等观点纳入学校教科书和教学大纲。", "76. 日益清楚的是，暴力侵害妇女行为的发生率与有效应对问责措施之间存在相关性。向女性暴力受害者提供的调查、起诉、保护和补救措施将对这种暴力行为的发生率产生直接影响。¹¹¹ 在调查和惩罚暴力侵害妇女行为时，以及保护这种暴力的受害人并向其提供补救时，各国努力的最终目标应该是解决结构性歧视并确保增强赋予妇女权能，以防止受害人再次受害和今后再出现暴力行为。", "77. 尽管如此，如果不以综合办法采取这些措施，同时进行社会变革和增强妇女权能，，就不会带来实质性成果。特别报告员强调，为了解决暴力侵害妇女行为的结构性原因，应当将暴力与社会中普遍存在的其他压迫制度联系起来。为使妇女能够逐步全方位实现其人权(公民权利、政治权利、经济权利、社会和文化权利)，各国应促进并支持通过教育、技能培训、普及法律知识和获得生产资源增强其权能。这将提高妇女的自觉、自尊、自信和自立。[125] 现行社会和经济力量体系与结构在机构和个人层面均加重了两性不平等，使妇女更易遭受暴力，特别是贫穷妇女、移徙妇女、土著妇女，以及年轻或老年妇女。[126] 通过诸如让妇女拥有财产/土地权、适当住房、经济独立或接受中学教育等预防因素增强妇女经济权能，或许可以成为遏制此类暴力的一个因素。[127] 权能增强的妇女懂得屈从和暴力并非是命中注定。她们抗拒将压迫内部化，培养自立能力，并在公共和私人领域不断质疑并通过谈判解决自己的生存条件。¹²⁵", "78. 关于在社区和家庭层面增强妇女权能，各国应开展“文化磋商”，籍此正视暴力侵害妇女行为的根本原因，揭露某些社会惯例的压迫性质。这一文化磋商要求查明和挑战文化和宗教代言权垄断者的合法性。[128] 正是那些垄断文化或宗教代言权的人，而非文化或宗教本身，准许殴打、打残或杀害妇女。因此，挑战并改变霸道的家长制结构和惯例的核心是国家参与增强妇女权能和社会变革。[129]", "79. 实现妇女人权还需要政治意志和充足的资源分配，以解决当前的不平等和歧视现象。在进行这些努力时，各国应当以不歧视的方式行事，并且必须承诺为防止、调查、惩治暴力侵犯妇女行为和提供补偿作出相同努力和分配相同资源，因为他们承诺处理其他形式暴力。各国必须秉着诚意采取行动，并采取积极步骤和措施，以保证妇女人权得到保护、尊重、促进和落实。[130]", "1. 结论与建议：采用综合办法处理暴力侵害妇女行为", "80. 采取综合办法了解歧视和暴力侵害妇女行为除其他外要求：(a) 将各项权利视为普遍、相互依存和不可分割的；(b) 将暴力行为置于跨越人与人之间的暴力和结构性暴力的连续统一体中；(c) 说明个人歧视和结构性歧视，包括结构性和体制性不平等；(d) 分析妇女中和男女之间，即性别内和性别间的社会和(或)经济等级制度。", "81. 人权是普遍的。每个人，不管住在哪里，社会地位如何，都有权让其权利得到尊重、保护和实现，其中包括妇女不受暴力侵害的权利。然而，将权利理解为是普遍的不应妨碍各国考虑到暴力侵害妇女行为的特殊性，也不妨碍各国在当地进行参与并充分承认妇女受压迫的各种不同的经历。[131] 考虑对暴力侵害妇女行为采取有计划的应对措施不可脱离个人、家庭、社区或国家的情况。[132]", "82. 人权也是互相依存的和不可分割的。各国应摒弃注重公民和政治权利上的错误做法，认识到否认社会、经济和文化权利如何限制妇女有意义地享有公民和政治生活。[133] 采取综合办法了解歧视和暴力侵害妇女行为时，必须包括分析适当生活水准权，尤其是把重点放在身体完整权、受教育权、公民和政治参与权和个人自决权。这些基本权利直接影响到妇女平等和全面参与公共和私人空间的能力。[134]", "83. 采取综合办法处理暴力行为要求理解这种暴力在时间和空间上均处于一个连续统一体中，其各种不同的形式和表现反映出这一点。虽然进行一定的分类有助于向受害人提供服务(如门诊、心理或法律服务等)，但从综合角度看，所有形式的虐待在质量上影响妇女及其社区和国家的经济、社会、文化和政治福祉。各国必须认识到，暴力侵害妇女行为并不是根源问题，之所以发生这种暴力行为是因为允许其他形式的歧视盛行。通过把暴力置于连续统一体中，各国能够恰当地分析暴力行为的来龙去脉，并认识到剥夺水、食物和其他人权就像家庭暴力一样恶劣并使人虚弱无力。虽然这些暴力形式绝不相同，但在审议其互相关系时，可被看作是平行的、类似的。[135]", "84. 采取综合办法还要求各国认识到与歧视有关的结构性和体制性不平等的存在。基于种族、族裔、国籍、能力、社会经济阶层、性取向、性别认同、宗教、文化、传统和其他现实的歧视往往会加剧暴力侵害妇女的行为。承认歧视的结构性方面和因素对于实现不歧视和平等是必要的。[136] 结束一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为的努力必须不仅考虑到暴力的直接后果如何影响到相关个人的生活，而且要考虑到歧视和不平等的结构如何延续和加剧受害者的痛苦经历。[137] 人与人之间、体制性和结构性形式的暴力延长了性别不平等，也延长了种族等级、宗教的正统性、排斥族裔群体的做法，以及以其他妇女群体为代价有利于某些妇女群体的资源分配。仅试图改善虐待现象而未考虑到妇女现实的措施，没有挑战从源头上助长了虐待现象的根本的性别不平等和歧视。", "85. 采取综合办法处理性别暴力要求了解性别间和性别内差别存在的方式，以及体制性和结构性不平等通过互相交织的多种形式歧视方式加剧暴力的方式。[138] 各国在履行其国际法律义务时，必须铭记歧视影响妇女的形式多种多样，这取决于她们在社会、经济和文化等级制度中的地位，某些妇女享有普遍人权的能力会被这种制度禁止或进一步削弱。这一办法也揭示了性别内歧视和不平等的关键方面，在迄今为止的努力中看不见这些方面，因为处理暴力行为时将所有妇女都视为毫无差别。¹³¹", "86. “一刀切”的方案办法不足以消除性别暴力。暴力是个人、家庭、社区和社会因素复杂的相互作用的结果，而且即使世界上每一个社会中的所有妇女都面临遭受暴力的危险，但并非所有女人都同样易遭暴力行为和结构的侵害。采用综合办法消除一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为要求通过采用处理妇女之间和男女之间不平等和歧视现象的措施，解决系统性歧视和边缘化问题。联合国人权条约、宣言和机制提供了体制框架，各国政府、非国家行为体和地方活动分子可在该框架内促进采取综合应对办法，识别、预防和最终结束一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为。争取妇女人权的斗争仍是一项集体努力，我们应当联合采取行动，以确保全世界每个妇女和女孩都能充分享受这些人权。", "附录一", "截至2011年7月30日暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的专题年度报告", "专题和年份 报告文号", "对妇女的多种互相交织的歧视形式和暴力侵害(2011) A/HRC/17/26", "向遭受暴力侵害的妇女提供赔偿(2010) A/HRC/14/22", "妇女人权的政治经济学(2009) A/HRC/11/6", "暴力侵害妇女行为的指标和国家应对措施(2008) A/HRC/7/6", "文化与暴力侵害妇女行为之间的关系(2007) A/HRC/4/34", "作为消除暴力侵害妇女手段的尽责标准(2006) E/CN.4/2006/61", "暴力侵害妇女与艾滋病毒/艾滋病相互交织(2005) E/CN.4/2005/72", "有效执行消除暴力侵害妇女行为的国际准则(2004) E/CN.4/2004/66", "1994至2003年对妇女暴力行为方面的国际、区域和国家事态发展(2003) E/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1", "家庭中以暴力对待妇女的文化习俗(2002) E/CN.4/2002/83", "武装冲突期间国家实施或怂恿的暴力侵害妇女行为(2001) E/CN.4/2001/73", "贩卖妇女、妇女的移徙和对妇女的暴力等问题(2000) E/CN.4/2000/68", "关于侵害妇女的家庭暴力的后续报告(1999) E/CN.4/1999/68", "国家犯下或纵容的暴力(1998) E/CN.4/1998/54", "社区中对妇女的暴力(1997) E/CN.4/1997/47", "对妇女的家庭暴力(1996) E/CN.4/1996/53", "初步报告(1995) E/CN.4/1995/42", "附录二", "截至2011年7月30日暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员的国别访问报告", "国家 报告文号", "美利坚合众国(2011年1月-2月) A/HRC/17/26/Add.5", "赞比亚(2010年12月) A/HRC/17/26/Add.4", "阿尔及利亚(2010年11月) A/HRC/17/26/Add.3", "萨尔瓦多(2010年3月) A/HRC/17/26/Add.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦(2009年11月) A/HRC/14/22/Add.2", "摩尔多瓦(2008年7月) A/HRC/11/6/Add.4", "塔吉克斯坦(2008年5月) A/HRC/11/6/Add.2", "沙特阿拉伯(2008年2月) A/HRC/11/6/Add.3", "刚果民主共和国(2007年7月) A/HRC/7/6/Add.4", "加纳(2007年7月) A/HRC/7/6/Add.3", "阿尔及利亚(2007年1月) A/HRC/7/6/Add.2", "荷兰(2006年7月) A/HRC/4/34/Add.4", "瑞典(2006年6月) A/HRC/4/34/Add.3", "土耳其(2006年5月) A/HRC/4/34/Add.2", "阿富汗(2005年7月) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5；A/58/421", "墨西哥(2005年2月) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.4", "俄罗斯联邦(2004年12月) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.2", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2005年2月) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.3", "苏丹达尔富尔地区(2004年9月) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.5", "巴勒斯坦被占领土(2004年6月) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4", "危地马拉(2004年2月) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.3", "萨尔瓦多(2004年2月) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.2", "哥伦比亚(2001年11月) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.3", "塞拉利昂(2001年8月) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.2", "孟加拉国、尼泊尔和印度(2000年11月) E/CN.4/2001/73/Add.2", "东帝汶(1999年11月) A/54/660", "巴基斯坦和阿富汗(1999年9月) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4", "海地(1999年6月) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.3", "古巴(1999年6月) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.2", "印度尼西亚和东帝汶(1998年11月) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.3", "美利坚合众国(1998年6月) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.2", "列支敦士登(1998年4月 E/CN.4/1999/68", "卢旺达(1997年9月) E/CN.4/1998/54/Add.1", "南非(1996年10月) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.3", "巴西(1996年7月) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.2", "波兰(1996年5月) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.1", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、大韩民国和 E/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1 日本(1995年7月)", "[1] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3至Add.5。", "[2] A/HRC/17/26／Add.1至5。", "[3] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.1和A/HRC/17/26/Add.1。", "[4] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.1。", "[5] A/HRC/16/68。", "[6] 见A/HRC/11/6/Add.5和第48/104号决议。", "[7] 见A/HRC/17/26，第64段。", "[8] 见A/HRC/17/26，第12段。", "[9] A/CONF.157/23，第18段。", "[10] 同上，第38段。", "[11] 第48/104号决议。", "[12] 第S-23/3(2000)号决议。", "[13] E/2010/27-E/CN.6/2010/11，附件；第65/187号决议。", "[14] A/HRC/14/L.9/Rev.1。", "[15] CEDAW/C/EGY/CO/7，第23段；CEDAW/C/MWI/CO/6,第22段；CEDAW/PAN/CO/7,第7段；CEDAW/C/ALB/CO/3,第26段；CEDAW/C/AUS/CO/7,第28段；CEDAW/C/FIJ/CO/4,第22段；CEDAW/C/USR/CO/7,第22段；CEDAW/C/CO/TUR/6,第22段；CEDAW/C/MLT/CO/4,第22段；CEDAW/C/TUN/CO/6,第26段；CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7,第23段。", "[16] A/HRC/17/26，第17段。", "[17] 专题报告完整清单见附录1。", "[18] 国别访问报告完整清单见附录2。", "[19] A/HRC/11/6/Add.5，第2段。", "[20] 例如，见www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/DRC_Reparations_Report_en.pdf。", "[21] 见A/HRC/11/6/Add.5，第30段。", "[22] 同上，第31段。", "[23] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第8段。", "[24] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第18段。", "[25] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第14段。", "[26] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第25和28段。", "[27] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第52段。", "[28] 同上，第62段。", "[29] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第15段；A/HRC/14/22,第28段。", "[30] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第27段。", "[31] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第21段；A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第13段。", "[32] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第20段。", "[33] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第24段。", "[34] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5。", "[35] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第47段。", "[36] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第45段。", "[37] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第23段。", "[38] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第15段。", "[39] 见同上，第56段。", "[40] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第22段。", "[41] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第124段和http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=3516。", "[42] 见A/HRC/7/6/Add.2(2008)，第37段。", "[43] 见E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5，第 30段。", "[44] 同上，第35段。", "[45] 见A/HRC/4/34/Add.4，第18段。", "[46] 见E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4，第56-58段。", "[47] 见E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4，第46段。", "[48] 见A/HRC/4/34/Add.3，第34段。", "[49] 见A/HRC/4/34/Add.2，第30-33段。", "[50] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第84段。", "[51] A/HRC/4/34/Add.3，第36段。", "[52] 见A/HRC/11/6/Add.5，第12段。", "[53] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第29段。", "[54] 见A/HRC/11/12/2，第43段。", "[55] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第123段。", "[56] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.1，第17段。", "[57] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第22段。", "[58] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第11段。", "[59] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第17段。", "[60] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第42段。", "[61] 同上，第43段。", "[62] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第23段。", "[63] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第18，19段。", "[64] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第57段。", "[65] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第34段。", "[66] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.1，第23段。", "[67] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第38段。", "[68] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第28段。", "[69] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第84段。", "[70] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第115段。又见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第9段。", "[71] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第56段。", "[72] 见CEDAW/C/CAN/CO/7，第31段。", "[73] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第25段。", "[74] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第12段。", "[75] 见E/CN.4/2001/73。", "[76] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第22段。", "[77] 同上，第29段。", "[78] 见CAT/C/MEX/CO/4；CAT/C/GUY/CO/1；CAT/C/TGO/CO/1；CAT/C/BDI/CO/1。", "[79] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.1，第16段。", "[80] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第33段。", "[81] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第34段。", "[82] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第39段。", "[83] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第31段。", "[84] 见E/CN.4/2004/66，第42段。", "[85] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第29段。", "[86] 见A/59/710。", "[87] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第33段。", "[88] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第36。", "[89] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第28段。", "[90] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第58段。", "[91] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.5，第60段。", "[92] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第29段。", "[93] 第48/104号决议，第4(c)条。", "[94] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第16段。", "[95] 见A/61/122/Add.1，第339-354段。", "[96] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第89段。", "[97] 见联合国妇女报告：世界妇女进步：秉公执法(2011)。第24页。", "[98] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第41段。", "[99] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第91段。", "[100] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第60段。", "[101] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第44-45段。", "[102] 见E/CN.4/2006/61,第61段。", "[103] 同上，第50段。", "[104] 见E/CN.4/1996/53。", "[105] 见A/HRC/14/22/Add.2，第60段。", "[106] 妇女署，世界妇女的进步：追求正义(2011)，第58页。", "[107] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第44段。", "[108] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第59段。", "[109] 见CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008，第8.4段。", "[110] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.2，第59段；A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第13段。", "[111] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第92段。", "[112] 同上，第49段。", "[113] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.3，第73段和A/HRC/17/26/Add.4。", "[114] 见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第81段。", "[115] 摘自访美期间所作访谈。", "[116] 妇女署，世界妇女的进步：追求正义(2011)，第91页。", "[117] 见http：//www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure+of+the+Court/Protection/Victims+ and+Witness+Unit.htm。", "[118] 见A/HRC/14/22。", "[119] 同上，第23段。", "[120] 同上，第24段。", "[121] 本案还涉及此后该国未尽责调查、起诉和惩处犯罪人，不尊重死者亲属。", "[122] 见A/HRC/14/22，第 77段。", "[123] 见A/HRC/14/22，第78段。", "[124] 见A/61/299，第3-10段。", "[125] 同上，第80段。", "[126] 见A/HRC/17/22，第39段。", "[127] 同上，第40段。", "[128] E/CN.4/2006/61，第85段。", "[129] 同上，第88段。", "[130] 见E/CN.4/2006/61，第35-36段。", "[131] 见A/HRC/17/26，第59-60段。", "[132] 同上，第101段。", "[133] 同上，第60段。", "[134] 同上，第103段。", "[135] 同上，第64-66段。", "[136] 同上，第67段。", "[137] 同上，第102段。", "[138] 同上，第70段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 28 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Advancement of women", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/187.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences", "Summary", "This is the first written report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, to the General Assembly, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/187. The report provides an overview of the mandate’s work and main findings and the challenges it continues to encounter, and presents specific recommendations to address violence against women through a holistic framework based on States’ obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of women and girls.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4\nII. Activities 4A.Country 4 \nvisits B.Thematic 4 \nreport C.Communications 4 and press \nreleases D.Commission 5 on the Status of \nWomen E. Joint 5 report on the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo F.Regional 5 \nconsultations G. Other 5 \nactivities III. Continuum 6 of violence against women from the home to the transnational sphere: the challenges of effective \nredress A.Violence 7 against women as a human rights \nissue B.Manifestations 9 of violence against women in the four \nspheres C.Due 16 diligence obligation of States under international human rights law: evolving practices, jurisprudence and remaining \nchallenges D.Holistic 22 framework for prevention and \nprotection \nAppendices I.Thematic 26 annual reports by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July \n 2011 II.Country 27 mission reports by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July \n 2011", "I. Introduction", "1. This is the first written report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, to the General Assembly, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/187. Section I summarizes the activities of the Special Rapporteur between October 2010 and July 2011. Section II provides an overview of the mandate’s work and main findings and the challenges it continues to encounter, and presents specific recommendations to address violence against women through a holistic framework.", "II. Activities", "A. Country visits", "2. In the period under review, the Special Rapporteur conducted official country missions to Algeria (1-10 November 2010), Zambia (6-11 December 2010), and the United States of America (24 January-7 February 2011).[2]", "3. In 2011, the Special Rapporteur received positive replies to her requests to visit Italy and Jordan. She has urged those Governments that have not yet responded to do so favourably. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to receiving favourable responses from the Governments of Bangladesh, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe.", "B. Thematic report", "4. The Special Rapporteur’s thematic report (A/HRC/17/26), submitted to the Human Rights Council in June 2011, focused on multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and proposed a holistic approach to addressing the multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination that contribute to and exacerbate violence against women.[3] This approach is further explained in section III.D of the present report.", "C. Communications and press releases", "5. The communications sent to Governments concern a wide array of issues that reflect a pattern of inequality and discrimination related to violence against women, its causes and consequences.[4] These included, but were not limited to, arbitrary detention; torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; summary and extrajudicial executions; sexual violence, including rape, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation. The Special Rapporteur regrets that only 3 Governments out of the 13 concerned replied to the communications sent to them during the reporting period.[5]", "6. The Special Rapporteur has also issued press statements, either individually or jointly with other mandate holders.", "D. Commission on the Status of Women", "7. In February 2011, the Special Rapporteur presented an oral report to the Commission on the Status of Women calling for a new vision of women’s rights informed by the lessons learned from the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. She also stressed the need for more effective implementation by States of the due diligence obligation in regard to violence against women.", "E. Joint report on the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "8. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 10/33 and 13/22, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the third joint report of seven United Nations experts on the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[6] The Special Rapporteur expressed concern at the pervasive violations of the human rights of women and girls that continue to be perpetrated with impunity and joined her peers in reiterating the call on the Human Rights Council to consider the establishment of a special procedures country-specific mandate.", "F. Regional consultations", "9. The Special Rapporteur continued to engage actively with civil society organizations, including through participation in regional consultations. In September 2010, together with the Independent Expert in the field of cultural rights, she attended a regional consultation in Nepal, which focused on women, culture and human rights. In January 2011, she took part in the regional consultation for the Asia Pacific region, held in Malaysia, which focused on the theme of multiple forms of discrimination and was followed by a national consultation. In June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in consultations held in Brussels with European civil society organizations, including representatives of European observatories on violence against women.", "G. Other activities", "10. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of conferences, workshops and side events on several topics related to her mandate. These include participation in two conferences in Madrid on the theme of femicide; a colloquium on the applicability of international human rights treaties to the promotion and protection of the human rights of migrant domestic workers in the European Union; a seminar on traditional values and human rights and in three panel discussions on women’s rights organized by the Human Rights Council. She conducted a study visit to Norway, at the invitation of the Minister of Justice, during which she met with various State and non-State actors who discussed evolving practices in the quest to eliminate violence against women. The Special Rapporteur acknowledges the value of such visits, which provide an opportunity to engage with national stakeholders and learn from the country experience. She thanks the Government of Norway for having provided this opportunity.", "11. The Special Rapporteur convened a side event on the subject of reparations to women victims of violence during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly and a side event on regional standards and violence against women during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council in June 2011. The objective of the latter event, which brought together representatives of regional human rights mechanisms from Africa, Asia, Europe and the Inter-American region, was to analyse the different provisions on violence against women elaborated in the regional human rights instruments and relevant jurisprudence developed by the regional mechanisms. The identification of potential areas of collaboration was also explored.", "III. Continuum of violence against women from the home to the transnational sphere: the challenges of effective redress", "12. Throughout the world, violence against women is pervasive, widespread and unacceptable. Rooted in multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and inequalities, and strongly linked to the social and economic situation of women, violence against women constitutes a continuum of exploitation and abuse. Whether it occurs in times of conflict, post conflict or so called peace, the various forms and manifestations of violence against women are simultaneously causes and consequences of discrimination, inequality and oppression.", "13. Taking into account the intersectionality and the continuum of violence approach that have increasingly blurred the distinction between violence perpetrated in the public and the private spheres, the mandate analyses violence against women in four main spheres: (i) in the family; (ii) in the community; (iii) violence perpetrated or condoned by the State; and (iv) in the transnational arena.[7] These broad categories are neither mutually exclusive nor ranked. If any violence that falls somewhere on this continuum is either directed at women, or experienced by a group that is overwhelmingly female, then the violence constitutes discrimination against women.[8]", "14. Section A below tracks the evolution of violence against women as a human rights issue, including the appointment of a Special Rapporteur on violence against women. Section B describes the most prevalent manifestations of violence against women that the mandate has identified in the family, the community, the State and the transitional arena. Section C highlights some evolving practices, jurisprudence and challenges regarding States’ compliance with their due diligence obligation to prevent, protect, investigate and punish and provide reparations to women victims of violence. Finally, section D proposes a holistic approach to addressing the multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and violence against women.", "A. Violence against women as a human rights issue", "1. Evolution of violence against women as a human rights issue", "15. For more than 25 years, the global movement against violence against women has worked to “transform significantly the place of women and the status of gender based violence within the human rights discourse”.[9] In 1985, the Third World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, held in Nairobi, marked the end of the United Nations Decade for Women (1976-1985) and evaluated progress made by the international community in achieving the goals of equality, development and peace for women. The Nairobi Conference “reaffirm[ed] the international concern regarding the status of women and provide[d] a framework for renewed commitment by the international community to the advancement of women and the elimination of gender-based discrimination”.⁸ Violence against women was one of the concerns raised by participants at this meeting.", "16. The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights adopted the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action that recognized that “the human rights of women and of the girl child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights”.[10] The World Conference called upon the General Assembly to adopt the draft declaration on violence against women and urged States to combat violence against women in accordance with its provisions.[11] In 1993, the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which provides a more comprehensive framework on violence against women in terms of definition, scope, obligations of the State, and the role of the United Nations.[12] Pursuant to a decision of the Commission on Human Rights the same year in which it considered the appointment of a special rapporteur on violence against women, the mandate was established by resolution 1994/45 on the integration of the rights of women into the human rights mechanisms of the United Nations and the elimination of violence against women.", "17. The twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the five-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action clearly demonstrated that violence against women had become a priority issue on the agenda of many Member States. The outcome document of the session went a step further in calling on States to “treat all forms of violence against women and girls of all ages as a criminal offence punishable by law, including violence based on all forms of discrimination”.[13] In 2010, at the Beijing + 15 review, Member States recognized that implementation of the Beijing Declaration and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was mutually reinforcing in the quest to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and emphasized the interdependency between the implementation of these commitments and achieving the internationally agreed development goals.[14]", "18. These developments led the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the Security Council to pass resolutions that focus particularly on violence against women and girls. The General Assembly and the Human Rights Council have, for example, increasingly identified inequality and discrimination, including gender-based violence, as violations of human rights of women and girls. Resolutions adopted by these organs have increasingly referred to the heightened risk of gender-based violence for women who suffer multiple forms of discrimination and have identified “power imbalances and structural inequality between men and women” as root causes of violence against women.[15] In the context of peace and security, the Security Council, through resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008), has called for special measures to protect women and girls from gender-based violence in situations of armed conflict.", "19. The prevalence of violence against women remains a global concern. For example, in the majority of the 21 countries considered by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2010, representing all regions, prevalence of violence was either high, persistent or on the increase.[16] The Committee had already explicitly linked discrimination against women and gender-based violence in its general recommendations No. 12 (1989) and No. 19 (1992). It constantly calls on States parties to include in their reports to the Committee information on violence and on measures introduced to overcome such violence.", "20. Currently, the United Nations discourse regarding violence against women hinges on three principles: first, violence against women and girls is addressed as a matter of equality and non-discrimination between women and men; second, multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination are recognized as increasing the risk that some women will experience targeted, compounded or structural discrimination; and third, the interdependence of human rights is reflected in efforts such as those that seek to address the causes of violence against women related to the civil, cultural, economic, political and social spheres.[17]", "2. Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women", "21. Since 1994, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women has studied the forms, prevalence, causes and consequences of violence against women; analysed the legal and institutional developments in the protection of women against violence and the remaining challenges; and provided key recommendations to Governments and to the international community to overcome such challenges.", "22. Through thematic reports,[18] country missions,[19] consultations, experts meetings, communications to Governments, and other mechanisms, the mandate of the Special Rapporteur has addressed violence against women in all spheres of life, specifically in the four spheres referred to above.[20]", "23. The thematic and country mission reports produced by the Special Rapporteur help provide a framework for addressing distinct forms of gender-based violence by analysing the causes and consequences of violence, and elaborating on the role of both States, non-State actors, and regional and international stakeholders in combating violence in the public and private domains. Thematic reports also help inform policy and shape the advancement of women’s human rights standards in international law. For example, the Special Rapporteur’s 2010 report on reparations has been used by OHCHR to implement a project on reparations and capacity-building in northern Uganda, as well as a joint project with the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office, which focuses on remedies and reparations for victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[21]", "B. Manifestations of violence against women in the four spheres", "24. The section below describes prevalence and illustrations of manifestations of violence against women in each of the four spheres by drawing on findings from the country visits undertaken by the Special Rapporteur between 2009 and 2011 (Kyrgyzstan, Algeria, El Salvador, Zambia, United States of America), as well as findings of previous mandate-holders. As such, it does not purport at providing an exhaustive account of forms of violence against women globally, but rather seeks to highlight examples of how such violence can manifest itself by selecting main themes covered and encountered by the Special Rapporteur.", "1. Violence in the family", "25. The mandate has identified two main categories of violence against women in the family sphere: domestic violence and harmful and degrading practices that are violent to and/or subordinate women, whether justified on the basis of religious, customary or other societal laws and practices.[22] The mandate has adopted a broad definition of the family that encompasses intimate-partner and interpersonal relationships, including non-cohabitating partners, previous partners and domestic workers.[23]", "26. The Special Rapporteur’s country visits confirm that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata. As reported in the mission report on her visit to the United States of America, approximately 552,000 violent crimes against women by an intimate partner were committed in 2008.[24] In El Salvador, a 2008 survey on family health indicated that 44 per cent of women who had been married or lived with a partner had suffered psychological violence, 24 per cent physical violence and 12 per cent sexual violence.[25] According to a national survey in Algeria, over 30 per cent of women had been regularly subjected to threats of physical or psychological violence and 10.9 per cent subjected to forced sexual relationships on more than one occasion by their intimate partner.[26]", "27. Country visits indicate that certain groups of women are at particular risk of violence.[27] In the United States, the Special Rapporteur noted that women of African-American descent experience intimate partner violence at rates 35 per cent higher than white women.[28] Further demonstrating the nexus between poverty, exclusion and violence, the country visit revealed that prevalence of domestic violence and sexual assault against Native-American women exceeded that of any other population group in the country.[29] The Special Rapporteur also found that poor women and those with little education, widows or separated women are particularly vulnerable as they lack family and community support. In Algeria and Kyrgyzstan, women between the ages of 25 and 44, and women with two or more children reportedly suffered high levels of domestic violence.[30]", "28. Domestic violence continues to be perceived as both socially acceptable and legitimate. During her visit to Kyrgyzstan, the Special Rapporteur found that 38 per cent of women between 15 and 49 years of age believed that a husband had the right to beat his wife in various situations.[31] Domestic violence is also an extremely underreported crime. Throughout country visits, victims put forward similar reasons why they hesitate to contact the authorities: fear of retaliation, family or community pressure not to reveal domestic problems, poor awareness of rights, lack of support services, economic dependency, and perceptions that the police will not respond adequately.[32]", "29. Prosecution of domestic and other forms of family violence remains low. El Salvador saw a decline from 4,890 (2003) to 1,240 (2007) in the number of judicial proceedings in intra-family violence cases initiated in family courts.[33] The Special Rapporteur recurrently hears accounts of police officers encouraging informal resolutions and reconciliation between the parties rather than arresting the perpetrators. In Zambia, women preferred conciliation primarily due to family pressure and economic dependency on the abuser.[34] Women facing multiple forms of discrimination, such as immigrant and indigenous women or women belonging to a minority, may be particularly reluctant to reach out to the authorities, who they may perceive as oppressive rather than protective. The Special Rapporteur received reports of the arrest of women of colour and of minority women following domestic violence incidents during her visit to the United States of America.[35]", "30. Closely tied to domestic violence, practices that are harmful and degrading undermine the rights and status of women and girls and continue without systematic monitoring or punishment, despite the increasing existence of legal prohibitions.[36] In some countries, early and forced marriage, polygamy and unregistered marriages continue to be of concern. The mandate considers these practices “aggravated factors” that increase vulnerability of women to violence.[37] In Kyrgyzstan, the Special Rapporteur found correlation between early marriages (12.2 per cent of women) and unregistered marriages, on the one hand, and rising unemployment and feminization of poverty and the resurfacing of patriarchal traditions and religious conservatism, on the other. Early marriage contributes to high maternal mortality rates due to prolonged labour and other complications.[38] Similarly, women living in unregistered marriages in Algeria experienced heightened vulnerability to violence and abuse and were reported to have difficulties in ending abusive relationships due to lack of support, alternative housing and legal protection.[39] Despite legal restrictions in regard to polygamy, the Special Rapporteur heard accounts from women who were subjected to violence or threats of violence by husbands who wished to obtain consent to a polygamous marriage.[40]", "31. Many women are subjected to violence by their husbands, but also by their husbands’ families. For examples, in countries where “bride price/dowry” is still practised, spouses and in-law family members believe they have purchased the bride and are therefore entitled to subject their “property” to violence and other forms of ill-treatment.[41]", "32. Honour-related violence and killings against women intersect with discrimination and inequalities within both the family and community spheres. Statistics from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) suggest that approximately 5,000 women are murdered each year by family members in honour-related violence.[42] Since the establishment of the mandate, violence and murder of women in the name of honour have been reported on in the course of visits to Algeria,[43] Afghanistan,[44] the Islamic Republic of Iran,[45] the Netherlands,[46] the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[47] Pakistan,[48] Sweden,[49] and Turkey.[50] As described by the Secretary-General in his 2006 in-depth study on all forms of violence against women, crimes committed in the name of honour often have a collective dimension, with the family as a whole considered to be injured by a woman’s actual or perceived behaviour. They are also public in character and influence the conduct of other women.[51] This collective element makes it extremely difficult to separate the victim from actual or potential perpetrators unless she is willing to break all family relations and start a life outside her social frame of reference.[52]", "2. Violence in the community", "33. The mandate has identified rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence within institutions, trafficking, forced prostitution, violence against women migrant workers, and pornography as forms of violence against women occurring in the community.[53] Stalking, violence against lesbians, bisexuals and transgender persons, bride-kidnapping,[54] femicide (including killings in connection to witchcraft[55] and dowry)[56] are other manifestations of violence against women in this sphere.", "34. Sexual violence is a universal and widespread manifestation of gender-based violence that is rooted in a culture of discrimination that legitimizes the appropriation and control of women’s bodies by men.[57] In El Salvador, the incidence of sexual violence increased from 3,368 cases in 2007 to 4,120 cases in 2008.[58] Rape and sexual assault were also noted as prevalent forms of violence against women in the United States, where an estimated 500 women were raped every day in 2008.[59] One in 10 women in Zambia had experienced sexual abuse.[60] Often, public awareness of sexual violence as a crime is not necessarily a given. In Kyrgyzstan, where statistics disclosed an increase of cases of sexual violence against women,[61] awareness was very low: 35 per cent of urban women and 25 per cent of rural women indicated that they did not believe sexual violence constituted a crime.[62]", "35. Sexual harassment at school and at the workplace is acknowledged as a pervasive manifestation of violence.[63] In El Salvador, the Special Rapporteur heard testimonies of the working conditions of young women working in the maquila plants, where they were subjected to verbal and physical abuse by supervisors, sexual harassment, and mandatory pregnancy tests. Sexual harassment in educational and training institutions in Algeria was pervasive and underreported at the time of the visit of the Special Rapporteur, despite commendable steps by the authorities to criminalize sexual harassment based on abuse of authority.[64] The visit to the United States revealed the particular vulnerability of undocumented immigrant women to violence, including sexual harassment and abuse, in the workplace.[65] Sexual and physical violence against girls in educational establishments perpetrated by male school staff and school boys remains problematic, as reported during the visit of the Special Rapporteur in Zambia.[66] Long distances from home to school also increased risk of harassment, with girls reportedly having sexual relationships with minibus and taxi drivers as a way of coping with transportation costs.", "36. The Special Rapporteur is concerned at widespread discrimination and violence suffered by women as a result of their sexual orientation and gender identity.[67] The visit to Kyrgyzstan indicated a high level of societal homophobia, discrimination and violence against lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. Interlocutors shared accounts of incidents of such violence, including brutal gang rapes, “curative” rapes and family violence owing to their sexual identity and gender identity.[68] One study indicated that 23 per cent of lesbian and bisexual women have had forced sexual contacts and 56 per cent have had their families try to force them to change their sexual identity or orientation. A similar pattern was found during the visit to El Salvador, where murders had increased towards homosexuals, bisexuals, transgender and intersex communities from 4 in 2003 to at least 12 in 2009. Accounts of widespread discrimination and violence, including gang rapes and family violence, were shared with the Special Rapporteur.[69]", "37. Femicide refers to violent killing/murder of women because they are women and occurs in many contexts, cutting across the four spheres.[70] It includes murder in the context of intimate partner violence, sexual murder, killings in the name of honour,⁶⁹ female infanticide, dowry deaths, and killing of prostitutes, and the killing of women accused of witchcraft, as well as certain deaths due to suicide and unidentifiable maternal deaths. Femicide is often linked to domestic violence, which, at its most severe, leads to death. Research on femicide from Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States indicates that 40 to 70 per cent of female murder victims were killed by their husbands or boyfriends.[71] The particular vulnerability to violence of women experiencing multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination is further reflected in the findings of a 2004 study in New York City, according to which 51 per cent of intimate partner homicide victims were foreign-born, while 45 per cent were born in the United States.[72] During the examination of Canada by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2008, concern was raised about the hundreds of cases of missing or murdered aboriginal women that had occurred during the past two decades that had neither been fully investigated nor attracted priority attention, with perpetrators remaining unpunished.[73]", "38. The follow-up visit by the Special Rapporteur to El Salvador in 2010 revealed an alarming increase in extremely violent murders of women and girls in the country.[74] The pattern of these murders was similar to femicides reported on by the former Special Rapporteur during visits to El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico: victims aged 10 to 29 are kidnapped and found murdered in parks or wasteland, often carrying signs of sexual abuse, sometimes mutilation, torture and decapitation. Extreme socio-economic inequalities, a machista culture and high criminality levels are underlying factors that sustain violence against women and discrimination in these societies. As referred to in the report of the Special Rapporteur on her visit to the United States, the murder of women, as well as rape and battering, can also be connected to stalking, which tends to target women at higher rates than men.[75]", "3. Violence perpetrated or condoned by the State", "39. Violence perpetrated or condoned by the State may include gender-based violence during conflict, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced persons as well as against women from indigenous and minority groups.⁷⁴", "40. Conflict and post-conflict situations often exacerbate an existing environment of discrimination, subordination, violence against women and men’s control over their sexuality. Findings of “unimaginable brutality” in the first mandate-holder’s report on violence against women during times of armed conflict continue to hold true.[76] Military environments in general, characterized by a hierarchical and command-driven culture, expose women to heightened risks of violence and abuse. As reported following the visit of the Special Rapporteur to the United States, sexual assault and harassment of women in the military has been acknowledged as a pervasive form of violence against women.[77] While most cases of sexual assault in the military go unreported, statistics suggest that women constitute the vast majority of those who report cases. Reflective of a similar tendency of solving domestic violence cases through negotiation and reconciliation, the overwhelming majority of sexual assault cases in the United States military are disposed of through non‑judicial punishment: only 14 to 18 per cent of cases are prosecuted.[78]", "41. As indicated by the former Special Rapporteur on torture, custodial violence against women very often includes rape and other forms of sexual violence such as threats of rape, touching, “virginity testing”, being stripped naked, invasive body searches, insults and humiliations of a sexual nature.[79] The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw attention to the fact that 15 out of 38 communications sent to Governments in 2010 concerned cases in which authorities allegedly tortured or subjected women to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.[80] In Zambia, women in detention facilities were allegedly subjected to abuse, violence and humiliating or degrading punishment in order to extract confessions. Women were also offered release in exchange for sex.[81] According to a 2008-2009 report on sexual victimization in prisons and jails in the United States, 4.7 per cent of women in prison had experienced sexual assault by an inmate and 2.1 per cent had experienced sexual misconduct by a staff member. During her visit, interviews with inmates indicated that staff used their positions of power to coerce sexual activity in return for access to phone calls, visits, or basic supplies such as food, shampoo, or soap.[82]", "42. In Kyrgyzstan, women faced highest risk of ill treatment immediately after arrest and during the investigation period when investigating authorities are seeking a confession. Organizations and several women victims provided accounts of extortion and bribery while in police custody, including being chained to a radiator, having a gun held to their head, beatings and burns.[83] Many women in custodial facilities often face inadequate access to medical treatment and care. Female detainees in Zambia, whether in police custody or in prisons, received little medical attention for prenatal and post-natal care and treatment, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis testing, and little or no nutrition support.[84]", "4. Violence in the transnational arena", "43. The risks and heightened vulnerability of violence against women in the transnational arena were highlighted by the former Special Rapporteur who referred to this fourth sphere as a “continuum of life experience across conventional state boundaries”.[85] The situation of women victims of trafficking and other forms of contemporary forms of slavery, refugee women and women migrant workers, especially irregular migrant workers, as well as the exploitation of women by actors operating in the transnational sphere such as peacekeepers, are examined here.", "44. Defilement, rape, early marriages and survival sex continue to be major problems affecting women asylum-seekers and refugees, both in camps as well as women residing in urban areas.[86] During conflicts, women are often trafficked across borders to provide sexual services to combatants in armed conflict. Armed conflict increases the risk of women and girls being abducted and forced into sexual slavery and/or forced prostitution. Although most conflicts are now internal, women and girls may be transported across international borders to camps of armed groups located in the territory of a neighbouring State. Abuses against women and girls have also been committed by international personnel deployed in United Nations peace operations.[87]", "45. The Special Rapporteur’s visits to El Salvador, Kyrgyzstan and Zambia — all three source, transit and destination countries for human trafficking — indicated strong commonalities with regard to trafficking of women and children. In Kyrgyzstan, trafficking of women and children became increasingly common during the country’s transition period and continues to be a problem.[88] While there are no reliable statistical data with respect to the prevalence of trafficking, a Government report noted that 98 per cent of trafficking victims are women and girls between 15 and 30 years of age. Offers of false employment in urban areas lure young women and girls from rural areas to move to cities, or abroad, where they are forced into sexual exploitation. One young woman interviewed during the visit, who had come to Bishkek to seek employment, was lured to a house in the outskirts of the city where she was locked up for months and forced to have sex with clients. Due to fear of retaliation, she had not reported the case to the police and was even afraid to walk the streets. Similarly, in El Salvador the Special Rapporteur found that the majority of victims of trafficking were women and girls transferred from rural to urban areas in the country.[89] Insufficient measures to ensure victim and witness protection, lack of support services and ineffective responses by law enforcement officials contributed to underreporting of the phenomenon.", "46. Irregular women migrants, women asylum seekers and refugees are particularly vulnerable to violence in the transnational arena. During the country mission to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur was informed that female migrants, especially those engaging in sex work, are often subjected to sexual abuse and at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS due to their inability to negotiate safe sex.[90] Also, their irregular status makes them reluctant to seek health care. Similarly, immigrant women in the United States of America often suffer higher rates of battering as they have less access to legal, social and support services.[91] Testimonies from undocumented immigrant women living with a United States partner reveal hesitation to seek assistance from authorities when facing abuse due to fear of deportation. It was also indicated that abusers may not initiate the process to acquire permanent residence status for their foreign partner or wife as a way to maintain their power and control over these women.[92]", "C. Due diligence obligation of States under international human rights law: evolving practices, jurisprudence and remaining challenges", "47. The due diligence standard, within international human rights law, has increasingly become the parameter that measures the level of State compliance with its obligations to prevent and respond to acts of violence against women.[93] The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women urges States to exercise due diligence to “prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons”.[94]", "48. The Declaration establishes that States should “develop penal, civil, labour and administrative sanctions in domestic legislation to punish and redress the wrongs caused to women who are subjected to violence; women who are subjected to violence should be provided with access to the mechanisms of justice and to just and effective remedies for the harm that they have suffered; States should also inform women of their rights in seeking redress through such mechanisms”.⁹³", "49. States’ efforts to comply with their due diligence obligation should not only focus on legislative reform, access to justice and the provision of services for victims, but must also address issues of prevention, especially in terms of attacking the structural causes that lead to violence against women. Through the implementation of existing human rights standards, States should ensure that the root causes and consequences of violence against women are tackled at all levels of society, starting within the family and up to the transnational arena. In doing so, States should consider the multiple forms of violence suffered by women and the different types of discrimination they encounter, in order to adopt multifaceted strategies to effectively prevent and combat this violence.[95]", "50. As discussed above, the due diligence responsibility comprises the obligation of States to: (a) prevent acts of violence against women; (b) investigate and punish all acts of violence against women; (c) protect women against acts of violence, and (d) provide remedy and reparation to victims of violence against women. This section examines how States have endeavoured to comply with these obligations.", "1. Prevention", "51. The 2006 study of the Secretary-General highlights some positive strategies in terms of primary prevention, i.e., preventing violence from occurring in the first place. These include (a) advocacy and campaigns; (b) education and capacity-building; (c) community mobilization; (d) working with men; (e) using the news media and information technology; and (f) promoting public safety.[96]", "52. This mandate has also stressed that the ratification without reservations to all relevant human rights instruments, their incorporation into the domestic legal, judicial and administrative order, and the adoption of measures for their implementation are prerequisites for State’s compliance with the due diligence standard.[97]", "53. The most common first step to prevent acts of violence against women, which many States have adopted, is the enactment of legislation. Addressing the issue of laws and practices that discriminate against women directly or that have a differentiated and biased impact on women generally, or on particular groups of women, is an area that needs further attention. These include areas in which legislation continues to directly discriminate against women, such as laws relating to the rights of women in the private sphere (including the right to decide freely on marriage, divorce and sexual and reproductive health) or laws revolving around women’s economic rights (including the right to decent work, inheritance, land and other productive resources).[98]", "54. A report by UN-Women indicates that in the last 30 years significant progress has been made in legal reform in favour of women’s rights throughout the world. Gender equality is currently guaranteed in 139 national constitutions, and States have enacted domestic legislation that, inter alia, outlaw domestic violence, establish equal pay laws, guarantee paid maternity leave, outlaw sexual harassment in the workplace or establish equal property and inheritance rights for women.⁹⁷", "55. Some States have strengthened inter-agency cooperation to prevent violence through the adoption of national action plans on violence against women. In some cases, national women’s institutes have been established or commissioners/ ombudspersons appointed to act as focal points, at times in collaboration with civil society organizations.[99] The effectiveness of these mechanisms can be undermined if they are marginalized in the national agenda or are not provided with sufficient financial or human resources to operate. For example, it is not uncommon for gender focal points within Government agencies to lack decision-making authority or the capacity to influence the agenda of their institutions.[100] The Special Rapporteur has also expressed concern at the absence of effective coordination mechanisms between the police, forensic services, and the prosecutorial system, which remain critical to prevent violence by combating impunity and instilling public trust in the justice system.[101]", "56. Other preventative measures include public education campaigns on violence against women, using posters, magazine advertisements, websites and television and radio commercials; the establishment of national days of action on gender violence; the launch of awareness-building activities and campaigns with the participation of high-profile personalities; and the development of training and awareness-raising programmes directed at relevant professional groups, including police, prosecutors, members of the judiciary, doctors, nurses and social workers.[102]", "2. Prosecution and punishment", "57. The due diligence standard has challenged the traditional codification of international law that limited States’ responsibility regarding human rights to the public sphere. It has now become clear that, by failing to respond to violence perpetrated in private spaces including intimate partner violence and/or domestic violence, States may be held responsible for not fulfilling their obligation to protect and punish violence and abuse in a non-discriminatory way.[103]", "58. States have responded to their obligation to investigate acts of violence against women mainly through the reinforcement of capacities and powers for police, prosecutors and judges. States have also made amendments to their criminal codes to ensure that violent acts are met with appropriate punishments. Some States have adopted specific legislation that establish new criminal offences and often provide for the creation of specialized investigatory and prosecutorial units. Specific policing practices and procedures in relation to the investigation and prosecution of cases of violence against women have also been developed.[104] With respect to domestic violence, measures such as civil protection orders, mandatory arrest policies and mandatory prosecution policies aim to protect victims from further physical harm and ensure that cases of domestic violence are not dismissed even if a victim is unwilling to be present in a court and testify.[105] Nevertheless, some States still fail to criminalize all manifestations of violence against women, including marital sexual violence and other forms of domestic violence in their national legislation.[106]", "59. The establishment of women’s police stations can help raise awareness of violence against women and increase reporting levels.[107] These specialized police stations have a leading role in initiating legal proceedings in cases of violence against women and are charged with ensuring the implementation of protective measures, providing immediate assistance to survivors, undertaking inquiries and steering cases through the criminal justice system. The work carried out by these facilities is monitored by civil society organizations that identify potential areas of improvements.¹⁰⁶ Other related measures that the Special Rapporteur has welcomed include the inclusion of female police officers with specific expertise in registering and dealing with gender-based violence.[108] This aims to create a responsive environment to encourage reporting.", "60. There are, nevertheless, numerous instances in which States fail in their duty to investigate and punish acts of violence against women appropriately, particularly with regard to violence committed in the private sphere. The pervasiveness of patriarchal attitudes in the law enforcement and justice system, coupled with a lack of resources and insufficient knowledge on existing applicable legislation, leads to inadequate responses to cases of violence against women and the persisting social acceptance of such acts.[109]", "61. In Vertido v. Philippines, which concerned the sexual assault of a woman and the subsequent acquittal of the perpetrator based on gender-based myths and misconceptions about rape, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women found the State party in violation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Committee noted the obligations of States parties to the Convention to take appropriate measures to modify or abolish not only existing laws and regulations, but also customs and practices that constitute discrimination against women. In this regard, the Committee stressed that stereotyping affects women’s right to a fair and just trial and underlined that the judiciary must take caution not to create inflexible standards of what women or girls should be or what they should have done when confronted with a situation of rape, based merely on preconceived notions of what defines a rape victim or a victim of gender-based violence, in general.[110]", "62. The testimonies compiled by the Special Rapporteur from victims of domestic violence who attempted to access the legal system show that, unless violence results in serious physical injuries, the police, prosecutors and judges still tend to minimize offences in the belief that domestic violence is a private matter. As such, they discourage victims from pursuing cases and promote conciliation, thus returning victims to situations of abuse. Cases of domestic violence are often treated as administrative rather than criminal offences, or are classified as misdemeanours, resulting in reduced or inappropriate sentences.[111]", "63. Low levels of prosecution of crimes against women reinforce the belief among victims that there is no systematic and guaranteed judicial response to violence against women and that there might be no punishment for their abusers. This results in underreporting, further minimization and invisibility of these crimes, and the reinforcement of the continuum of violence affecting women.[112]", "3. Protection", "64. States have adopted numerous measures in terms of their due diligence obligation to protect, which consist mainly of the provision of services such as telephone hotlines, health care, counselling centres, legal assistance, shelters, restraining orders and financial aid to victims of violence. Yet, despite the adoption of protective measures, inconsistencies in implementation and failure to exercise due diligence have sometimes resulted in the re-victimization of women who report instances of violence.", "65. The major gaps in the enforcement of protective obligations include a lack of adequate enforcement by police and the judiciary of civil remedies and criminal sanctions for violence against women, and an absence or inadequate provision of services such as shelters, which mean that women often have no alternative housing options besides continuing to live with their abusers. In addition, the focus of protection has too frequently been on the provision of short-term emergency assistance rather than on providing victims the means to avoid re-victimization.[113]", "66. The lack of sufficient specialized shelters for women and girls victims of violence contributes to their invisibility and silencing. Even when government-run shelters are available, the Special Rapporteur has noted in most of her country missions the crucial role played by non-governmental organizations in managing shelter facilities and offering psychological, medical and legal assistance to women victims of violence. Whether privately funded or receiving governmental grants, these centres are usually insufficient in number, lack human and material resources, and are commonly concentrated in areas that are not accessible to all women. While commending the work of civil society organizations, the Special Rapporteur has noted that the due diligence obligation to protect women from violence rests primarily upon the State and its agents. It is therefore the responsibility of States to ensure accessibility and availability of effective protection and support services to victims of domestic violence.[114] Further, the Special Rapporteur has raised concern at the lack of policy guidelines across health, psychosocial and legal sectors ensuring coordinated, prompt and supportive services to victims.[115]", "67. During her visit to the United States, the Special Rapporteur visited the Hennepin County Domestic Abuse Service Center in Minnesota, a “one stop centre” that offers services to women victims of violence. An innovative feature of this centre is that it hosts in the same building several city, county and advocacy agencies that help victims during the entire judicial process. Advocates at the centre not only help victims complete the necessary paperwork to request a protection order and explain the civil and criminal court process, but they also accompany victims to court, help them create safety plans for them and their families, help them find shelter or temporary housing, and refer them to other resources and service providers.[116]", "68. Another crucial element to avoid the re-victimization of women who have been subjected to violence is the establishment of procedural rules regarding the provision of evidence. These should ensure the protection for victims and witnesses from further harm as a result of filing a complaint.¹¹¹", "69. At the international level, the International Criminal Court has established mechanisms to ensure that gender-based crimes committed during armed conflict are dealt with appropriately. The Court’s Victims and Witnesses Unit provides protection, support and other appropriate assistance to ensure the personal safety, physical and psychological well-being, dignity and privacy of those testifying.[117] The services of the Victims and Witnesses Unit can be requested and provided at all stages of proceedings, from pre-trial/investigation to post-trial.[118] Furthermore, the Court’s Trust Fund for Victims is mandated to assist victims and administer court-ordered reparations.¹¹⁶ At a national level, the Victims and Witnesses Unit of the Special Court for Sierra Leone has developed a comprehensive package of protection and support and, according to follow-up research, witnesses who had been briefed and supported had a largely positive experience of the Court.¹¹⁶", "4. Provision of reparations", "70. Most human rights and humanitarian law treaties provide for a right to a remedy. In the context of gross and systematic violations of human rights, the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and serious violations of International Humanitarian Law, adopted by the General Assembly in 2005, start with the premise that “the State is responsible for ensuring that victims of human rights violations enjoy an individual right to reparation”. Both the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women place upon the State the duty to provide compensation for all acts of violence. Yet, the implementation of the due diligence obligation to reparations remains grossly underdeveloped in practice, as discussed in the 2010 report of this mandate.[119] The little attention devoted to gender-specific reparations, both at a substantive and procedural level, contrasts with the fact that women are often the target of both sex-specific and other forms of violence.[120]", "71. Given the disparate and differentiated impact that violence has on women and on different groups of women, there is a need for specific measures of redress in order to meet their specific needs and priorities. Since violence perpetrated against individual women generally feeds into patterns of pre-existing and often cross-cutting structural subordination and systemic marginalization, measures of redress need to link individual reparation and structural transformation.[121] This implies that reparations should aspire, to the extent possible, to subvert, instead of reinforce, pre-existing patterns of cross-cutting structural subordination, gender hierarchies, systemic marginalization and structural inequalities that may be at the root cause of the violence that women experience.¹²⁰", "72. The principles discussed above were articulated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its 2009 ruling of Gonzalez et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. México.[122] In this case, concerning the abduction, killing and sexual violence of two children and a young woman by non-State actors in 2003, the Court broadly interpreted the State’s obligations to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and impose penalties for violence against women. The decision is seminal in that the Inter‑American Court for the first time embraced the concept of gender-sensitive reparations with a transformative approach. It held that in a situation of structural discrimination, reparations should aim at transforming such situation, thus aspiring not only to restitution but also to correction.[123] It spelled out the criteria to be applied for the assessment of reparations, which include the following: (i) reparations should have a direct connection with the violations found by the Court; (ii) they should repair in a proportional manner pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages; (iii) they cannot be a source of enrichment or impoverishment; (iv) restitution is an aim but without breaching the principle of non-discrimination; (v) reparations should be “oriented to identify and eliminate the structural factors of discrimination”; (vi) they should take into account a gender perspective; and (vii) take into account all the measures alleged by the State to have been taken to repair the harm.[124]", "73. Further jurisprudence with regard to reparations includes the case Opuz v. Turkey, before the European Court of Human Rights. The case was brought by Ms. Opuz, who, along with her mother, suffered years of violence at the hands of her husband. Despite their complaints, the police and prosecuting authorities did not adequately protect the women and, ultimately, Ms. Opuz’s mother was killed by the former husband. The Court decided to award the victim non-pecuniary damages for the anguish and distress suffered on account of the killing of her mother and the authorities’ failure to undertake sufficient measures to prevent the domestic violence perpetrated by her husband through deterrent punishment measure.", "D. Holistic framework for prevention and protection", "74. Prevention must be at the centre of States’ and other stakeholders’ efforts to eradicate violence against women. Prevention must address the underlying causes of violence by addressing States’ fundamental human rights obligations of protecting, respecting and fulfilling all human rights of all women and girls.[125] While strategies need to respond to local specificities, they must all target the tacit social acceptance surrounding violence against women that contributes to its prevalence and be directed towards the empowerment and equal status of women in society.", "75. As discussed in the preceding section, a framework of prevention to address violence against women should include, inter alia: (a) legislative measures, including the ratification of international human rights instruments, the harmonization of national legislation, the adoption of specific legislation on violence against women and the allocation of adequate budgetary and human resources to ensure effective implementation of such laws; (b) institutional and policy measures, including the removal of any obstacles to the investigation and prosecution of violence against women, the provision of adequate human, technical and financial resources to provide support and services to victims of gender-based violence, the establishment of coordination mechanisms between authorities and service providers to ensure effective cooperation and information-sharing on matters relating to investigation and prosecution of violence against women; (c) capacity-building activities, including training and awareness-raising, such as gender-sensitive training for all civil servants addressing violence and discrimination against women, awareness-raising campaigns with an aim to eliminating discriminatory attitudes and addressing stereotypical attitudes, and the integration of a gender equality perspective into school textbooks and curricula.", "76. It has become increasingly clear that there is a correlation between prevalence rates and effective and responsive accountability measures. The investigation, prosecution, protection and redress measures, offered to women victims of violence, will have a direct effect on the prevalence rates of such violence.¹¹¹ The ultimate objective of States’ efforts when investigating and punishing acts of violence against women, and when protecting and offering redress to victims of such violence, should be the prevention of revictimization and future acts of violence by addressing structural discrimination and ensuring empowerment of women.", "77. Nevertheless, these measures will not bring about substantive results if not implemented within a holistic approach that targets both societal transformation and the empowerment of women. This mandate has stressed that linkages should be made between violence and other systems of oppression prevalent within societies, in order to tackle the structural causes of violence against women. In order for women to be able to progressively realize the full range of their human rights (civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights), States should promote and support their empowerment through education, skills training, legal literacy and access to productive resources. This will enhance women’s self-awareness, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-reliance.[126] Existing social and economic power systems and structures, at the institutional and individual levels, reinforce gender inequalities that make women more vulnerable to violence, in particular women living in poverty, migrant women, indigenous women, and young or elderly women.[127] The economic empowerment of women through preventative factors, such as property and land rights for women, adequate housing, economic independence, or secondary education, may serve as a deterrent to such violence.[128] Women that are empowered understand that they are not destined to subordination and violence. They resist internalizing oppression, they develop their capabilities as autonomous beings and they increasingly question and negotiate the terms of their existence in both public and private spheres.¹²⁵", "78. In terms of women’s empowerment at the community and family level, States should engage in “cultural negotiations” through which the root causes of violence against women may be confronted and the oppressive nature of certain societal practices made evident. This cultural negotiation requires identifying and contesting the legitimacy of those who monopolize the right to speak on behalf of culture and religion.[129] It is not culture or religion per se that sanctions the beating, mutilation or killing of women. Rather, it is those who monopolize the right to speak on behalf of culture or religion. As a consequence, State engagement in women’s empowerment and societal transformations is central to challenging and changing hegemonic patriarchal structures and practices.[130]", "79. The fulfilment of the human rights of women also requires political will and an adequate allocation of resources, to address existing inequalities and discrimination. In taking upon these endeavours, States should act without discrimination, and must commit the same efforts and resources to preventing, investigating, punishing and providing remedies for acts of violence against women, as they commit to address other forms of violence. States should act in good faith, and take positive steps and measures to ensure that women’s human rights are protected, respected, promoted and fulfilled.[131]", "Conclusions and recommendations: adopting a holistic approach to violence against women", "80. A holistic approach to understanding discrimination and violence against women requires, among others, (a) treating rights as universal, interdependent and indivisible; (b) situating violence on a continuum that spans interpersonal and structural violence; (c) accounting for both individual and structural discrimination, including structural and institutional inequalities; and (d) analysing social and/or economic hierarchies among women, and between women and men, i.e., both intra‑gender and inter-gender.", "81. Human rights are universal. Everyone is entitled to have their human rights respected, protected and fulfilled regardless of their geographic location or social position, and this includes the right of women to be free from violence. Yet, understanding rights as universal should not preclude States from taking into consideration the specificities of violence against women and engaging at a local level to adequately recognize the diverse experiences of oppression faced by women.[132] The programmatic responses to violence against women cannot be considered in isolation from the context of individuals, households, communities or States.[133]", "82. Human rights are also interdependent and indivisible. States should move beyond the erroneous focus that privileges civil and political rights and recognize how the denegation of social, economic, and cultural rights restricts women from meaningfully exercising civil and political life.[134] In pursuing a holistic approach to understanding discrimination and violence against women, it is imperative to include an analysis of the right to an adequate standard of living and also a focus on, inter alia, bodily integrity rights, education, civil and political engagement and individual self-determination. These fundamentals directly affect a woman’s ability to equitably and holistically participate in public and private spaces.[135]", "83. A holistic approach to dealing with violence requires an understanding that such violence is situated along a continuum both in terms of time and space, and the varied forms and manifestations reflect this. Although some categorization might be useful in terms of the provision of services for victims, such as clinical, psychosocial or legal, a holistic perspective sees all forms of abuse qualitatively impacting the economic, social, cultural and political well-being of women, of their communities and of the State. States must acknowledge that violence against women is not the root problem, but that violence occurs because other forms of discrimination are allowed to flourish. By situating violence along a continuum, States may appropriately contextualize violence and recognize that the deprivation of water, food, and other human rights can be just as egregious and debilitating as family violence. Although these forms of violence are by no means the same, they can be viewed as parallel and similar when considering their interrelationship.[136]", "84. The holistic approach also requires States to recognize the existence of structural and institutional inequalities related to discrimination. Whether based on race, ethnicity, national origin, ability, socio-economic class, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, culture, tradition or other realities, discrimination often intensifies acts of violence against women. The acknowledgement of structural aspects and factors of discrimination is necessary for achieving non-discrimination and equality.[137] Efforts to end all forms of violence against women must consider not only how individual lives are affected by the immediate impact of abuse, but how structures of discrimination and inequality perpetuate and exacerbate a victim’s experience.[138] Interpersonal, institutional and structural forms of violence perpetuate gender inequities, but also racial hierarchies, religious orthodoxies, ethnic group exclusionary practices, and resource allocation that benefit some groups of women at the expense of others. Interventions that seek to only ameliorate the abuse, and that do not factor in women’s realities, are not challenging the fundamental gender inequalities and discrimination that contribute to the abuse in the first place.", "85. Adopting a holistic model with regards to gender-based violence requires an understanding of the ways in which inter- and intra-gender differences exist and the ways in which institutional and structural inequalities exacerbate violence through multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination.[139] In meeting their international legal obligations, States must bear in mind that discrimination affects women in different ways depending on how they are positioned within the social, economic and cultural hierarchies that prohibit or further compromise certain women’s ability to enjoy universal human rights. This approach also reveals critical aspects of intra‑gender discrimination and inequality, which up until now have been invisible in efforts that treat all women homogenously in the responses to violence.¹³¹", "86. A one-size-fits-all programmatic approach is insufficient for combating gender-based violence. Violence results from a complex interplay of individual, family, community and social factors — and, even though all women are at risk for violence in every society in the world, not all women are equally vulnerable to acts and structures of violence. A holistic approach for the elimination of all forms of violence against all women requires addressing systematic discrimination and marginalization through the adoption of measures that address inequality and discrimination among women, and between women and men. The United Nations human rights treaties, declarations and mechanisms provide the institutional framework within which Governments, non-State actors, and local activists can promote a holistic response to identifying, preventing, and ultimately ending, all forms of violence against women. The fight for the human rights of women remains a collective endeavour in which we should jointly take action to ensure their full enjoyment by every woman and girl worldwide.", "Appendix I", "Thematic annual reports by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July 2011", "Theme and year\tSymbol number ofreport \nMultiple and intersecting forms ofdiscrimination and violence against women(2011)\tA/HRC/17/26\nReparations to women who have been subjectedto violence (2010)\tA/HRC/14/22\nPolitical economy of women’s human rights(2009)\tA/HRC/11/6\nIndicators on violence against women and Stateresponse (2008)\tA/HRC/7/6\nIntersections between culture and violenceagainst women (2007)\tA/HRC/4/34\nThe due diligence standard as a tool forelimination of violence against women (2006)\tE/CN.4/2006/61\nIntersections of violence against women andHIV/AIDS (2005)\tE/CN.4/2005/72\nTowards an effective implementation ofinternational norms to end violence againstwomen (2004)\tE/CN.4/2004/66\nInternational, regional and nationaldevelopments in the area of violence againstwomen, 1994-2003 (2003)\tE/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1\nCultural practices in the family that areviolent towards women (2002)\tE/CN.4/2002/83\nViolence against women perpetrated or condonedby the State during times of armed conflict(2001)\tE/CN.4/2001/73\nTrafficking in women, women’s migration andviolence against women (2000)\tE/CN.4/2000/68\nFollow-up report on violence against women inthe family (1999)\tE/CN.4/1999/68\nViolence perpetrated or condoned by the State(1998)\tE/CN.4/1998/54\n Violence against women in the community (1997) E/CN.4/1997/47 \n Violence against women in the family (1996) E/CN.4/1996/53 \n Preliminary report (1995) E/CN.4/1995/42", "Appendix II", "Country mission reports by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July 2011", "Country\tSymbol number ofreport \nUnited States of America (January-February2011)\tA/HRC/17/26/Add.5\n Zambia (December 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.4 \n Algeria (November 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.3 \n El Salvador (March 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.2 \n Kyrgyzstan (November 2009) A/HRC/14/22/Add.2 \n Moldova (July 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.4 \n Tajikistan (May 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.2 \n Saudi Arabia (February 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.3 \nDemocratic Republic of the Congo (July2007)\tA/HRC/7/6/Add.4\n Ghana (July 2007) A/HRC/7/6/Add.3 \n Algeria (January 2007) A/HRC/7/6/Add.2 \n Netherlands (July 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.4 \n Sweden (June 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.3 \n Turkey (May 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.2 \nAfghanistan (July 2005)\tE/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5;A/58/421\n Mexico (February 2005) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.4\n Russian Federation (December 2004) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.2\n Islamic Republic of Iran (February 2005) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.3\n Darfur region of the Sudan (September 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.5\n Occupied Palestinian Territory (June 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4\n Guatemala (February 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.3\n El Salvador (February 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.2\n Colombia (November 2001) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.3\n Sierra Leone (August 2001) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.2\n Bangladesh, Nepal and India (November 2000) E/CN.4/2001/73/Add.2\n East Timor (November 1999) A/54/660 \n Pakistan and Afghanistan (September 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4\n Haiti (June 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.3\n Cuba (June 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.2\n Indonesia and East Timor (November 1998) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.3\n United States of America (June 1998) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.2\n Liechtenstein (April 1998) E/CN.4/1999/68 \n Rwanda (September 1997) E/CN.4/1998/54/Add.1\n South Africa (October 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.3\n Brazil (July 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.2\n Poland (May 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.1\nDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea,Republic of Korea and Japan (July 1995\tE/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3-5.", "[3] A/HRC/17/26/Add.1-5.", "[4] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, A/HRC/17/26/Add.1.", "[5] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.1.", "[6] A/HRC/16/68.", "[7] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5 and resolution 48/104.", "[8] See A/HRC/17/26, para. 64.", "[9] See A/HRC/17/26, para. 12.", "[10] A/CONF.157/23, para. 18.", "[11] Ibid., para. 38.", "[12] Resolution 48/104.", "[13] Resolution S-23/3 (2000).", "[14] E/2010/27-E/CN.6/2010/11, annex, and resolution 65/187.", "[15] A/HRC/14/L.9/Rev.1.", "[16] CEDAW/C/EGY/CO/7, para. 23; CEDAW/C/MWI/CO/6, para. 22; CEDAW/PAN/CO/7, para. 7; CEDAW/C/ALB/CO/3, para. 26; CEDAW/C/AUS/CO/7, para. 28; CEDAW/C/FIJ/CO/4, para. 22; CEDAW/C/USR/CO/7, para. 22; CEDAW/C/CO/TUR/6, para. 22; CEDAW/C/MLT/CO/4, para. 22; CEDAW/C/TUN/CO/6, para. 26; CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7, para. 23.", "[17] A/HRC/17/26, para. 17.", "[18] For a complete list of thematic reports see appendix 1.", "[19] For a complete list of country mission reports see appendix 2.", "[20] A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para. 2.", "[21] See, for example, www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/DRC_Reparations_Report_en.pdf.", "[22] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para. 30.", "[23] Ibid., para. 31.", "[24] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 8.", "[25] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 18.", "[26] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 14.", "[27] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, paras. 25 and 28.", "[28] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 52.", "[29] Ibid., para. 62.", "[30] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 15, and A/HRC/14/22, para. 28.", "[31] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 27.", "[32] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 21, and A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 13.", "[33] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 20.", "[34] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 24.", "[35] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5.", "[36] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 47.", "[37] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 45.", "[38] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 23.", "[39] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 15.", "[40] Ibid., para. 56.", "[41] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 22.", "[42] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 124, and http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=3516.", "[43] See A/HRC/7/6/Add.2 (2008), para. 37.", "[44] See E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5, para. 30.", "[45] Ibid., Add.3, para. 35.", "[46] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.4, para. 18.", "[47] See E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4, paras. 56-58.", "[48] See E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4, para. 46.", "[49] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.3, para. 34.", "[50] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.2, paras. 30-33.", "[51] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 84.", "[52] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.3, para. 36.", "[53] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para. 12.", "[54] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 29.", "[55] See A/HRC/11/12/2, para. 43.", "[56] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 123.", "[57] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 17.", "[58] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 22.", "[59] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 11.", "[60] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 17.", "[61] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 42.", "[62] Ibid., para. 43.", "[63] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 23.", "[64] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, paras. 18, 19.", "[65] See A/ HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 57.", "[66] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 34.", "[67] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 23.", "[68] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 38.", "[69] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 28.", "[70] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 84.", "[71] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 115; see also A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 9.", "[72] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 56.", "[73] See CEDAW/C/CAN/CO/7, para. 31.", "[74] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 25.", "[75] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 12.", "[76] See E/CN.4/2001/73.", "[77] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 22.", "[78] Ibid., para. 29.", "[79] See CAT/C/MEX/CO/4; CAT/C/GUY/CO/1; CAT/C/TGO/CO/1; CAT/C/BDI/CO/1.", "[80] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 16.", "[81] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 33.", "[82] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 34.", "[83] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 39.", "[84] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 31.", "[85] See E/CN.4/2004/66, para. 42.", "[86] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 29.", "[87] See A/59/710.", "[88] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 33.", "[89] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 36.", "[90] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28.", "[91] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 58.", "[92] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 60.", "[93] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 29.", "[94] Resolution 48/104, art. 4 (c).", "[95] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 16.", "[96] See A/61/122/Add.1, paras. 339-354.", "[97] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 89.", "[98] See UN Women, Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice (2011), p. 24.", "[99] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 41.", "[100] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 91.", "[101] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 60.", "[102] See E/CN.4/2006/61, paras. 44-45.", "[103] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 61.", "[104] Ibid., para. 50.", "[105] See E/CN.4/1996/53.", "[106] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 60.", "[107] UN-Women, Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice (2011), p. 58.", "[108] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 44.", "[109] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 59.", "[110] See CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, para. 8.4.", "[111] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 59; A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 13.", "[112] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 92.", "[113] Ibid., para. 49.", "[114] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 73 and A/HRC/17/26/Add.4.", "[115] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 81.", "[116] Taken from interview conducted during mission to the United States.", "[117] See UN-Women, Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice, p. 91.", "[118] See http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure+of+the+Court/Protection/Victims+and+ Witness+Unit.htm.", "[119] See A/HRC/14/22.", "[120] Ibid., para. 23.", "[121] Ibid., para. 24.", "[122] This case also refers to the subsequent failure of the State to diligently investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators and to treat the relatives of the deceased in a dignified way.", "[123] See A/HRC/14/22, para. 77.", "[124] See A/HRC/14/22, para. 78.", "[125] See A/61/299, paras. 3-10.", "[126] Ibid., para. 80.", "[127] See A/HRC/17/22, para. 39.", "[128] Ibid., para. 40.", "[129] E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 85.", "[130] Ibid., para. 88.", "[131] See E/CN.4/2006/61, paras. 35-36.", "[132] See A/HRC/17/26, paras. 59-60.", "[133] Ibid., para. 101.", "[134] Ibid., para. 60.", "[135] Ibid., para. 103.", "[136] Ibid., paras. 64-66.", "[137] Ibid., para. 67.", "[138] Ibid., para. 102.", "[139] Ibid., para. 70." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 28 of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women", "Note by the Secretary-General", "A/66/150.", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/187.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences", "Summary", "This is the first written report submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/187, which provides an overview of the work and main findings of the Special Rapporteur, as well as continuing challenges, and makes specific recommendations to address violence against women through a comprehensive framework based on States ' obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of women and girls.", "Contents", "1. Activities 4A. Country visits 4C. Thematic reports 4D. Communications and press releases 5E. Joint report on the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5F. Regional cooperation 5G. Other activities 3 3. The persistence of violence against women from the family to the cross-border sphere: challenges to effective remedies 6A. Violence against women as a human rights issue 6B. The performance of violence against women in four areas 8C. Due diligence by States under international human rights law: evolving practice, jurisprudence and remaining challenges 15D. Integrated framework for prevention and protection", "Introduction", "1. This is the first written report submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/187, which, in section I, summarizes the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur during October 2010 and July 2001; and in section II, summarizes the work of the Special Rapporteur and key findings, as well as the challenges that continue to be faced, and makes specific recommendations to address violence against women through a comprehensive framework.", "Activities", "A. Country visits", "2. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur undertook official missions to Algeria (1-10 November 2010), Zambia (6-11 December 2010) and the United States of America (24 January-7 February 2011). [1]", "3. In 2011, Italy and Jordan responded positively to the Special Rapporteur ' s request for a visit. The Special Rapporteur urges Governments that have not yet responded to do so. She looked forward to receiving positive responses from the Governments of Bangladesh, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Zimbabwe.", "B. Thematic reports", "4. In his thematic report to the Human Rights Council in June 2011 (A/HRC/17/26), the Special Rapporteur highlighted the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination and recommended a comprehensive approach to address the intersectional forms of discrimination that contribute to and exacerbate violence against women. This approach is further elaborated in section II of the present report.", "C. Communications and press releases", "Communications to Governments covered a range of issues, reflecting patterns of inequality and discrimination related to violence against women, its causes and consequences. [3] These include, but are not limited to, arbitrary detention, torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, summary and extrajudicial executions and sexual violence, including rape, sexual abuse and exploitation. The Special Rapporteur regrets that only 3 of the 13 Governments concerned replied to the communications received during the reporting period. [4]", "6. The Special Rapporteur also issued press releases, either individually or jointly with other mandate holders.", "Commission on the Status of Women", "7. In February 2011, the Special Rapporteur presented an oral report to the Commission on the Status of Women calling for a new perspective on women ' s rights in the light of the lessons learned from the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action. She also stressed that States should fulfil their due diligence obligations in relation to violence against women more effectively.", "E. Joint report on the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "8. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 10/33 and 13/22, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the third joint report of seven United Nations experts on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [5] The Special Rapporteur is concerned at the continuing widespread violations of the rights of women and girls with impunity and joins her colleagues in reiterating his appeal to the Security Council to consider the establishment of a special procedures country mandate.", "F. Regional cooperation", "9. The Special Rapporteur continued to engage actively with civil society organizations, including through participation in regional consultations. In September 2010, she participated in a regional consultation in Nepal with the independent expert on cultural rights, focusing on women, culture and human rights. In January 2011, she participated in the Asia-Pacific Regional Consultation in Malaysia, which focused on the theme of multiple forms of discrimination, followed by a national consultation. In June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in a consultative meeting with European civil society organizations in Brussels, including representatives of the European Observatory on Violence against Women.", "Other activities", "10. During the period under review, the Special Rapporteur participated in a number of thematic meetings, seminars and side events relevant to his mandate, including two meetings in Madrid on femicide; a seminar on the application of international human rights treaties to the promotion and protection of the rights of migrant domestic workers in the European Union; a seminar on traditional values and human rights; and a panel discussion on women organized by the Human Rights Council. At the invitation of the Norwegian Minister of Justice, she undertook a study visit to Norway, during which she met with a wide range of State and non-State actors to discuss evolving practices and seek to eliminate violence against women. The Special Rapporteur recognizes the value of these visits, through which she has the opportunity to engage with national stakeholders and to learn from national experiences. She thanked the Government of Norway for this opportunity.", "11. During the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur organized a side event on reparations for women victims of violence and a side event on regional standards and violence against women during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council in June 2011. Representatives of the regional human rights mechanisms for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas participated in the second side event, which aimed to analyse the provisions on violence against women in regional human rights instruments and relevant jurisprudence on the development of regional mechanisms. In addition, potential areas of cooperation were identified.", "III. Persistence of violence against women, from the family to the cross-border sphere: the challenge of effective remedies", "12. Violence against women is pervasive, widespread and unacceptable throughout the world. Violence against women is a continuation of exploitation and abuse, rooted in the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination and inequality and closely related to the social and economic situation of women. Whether in conflict, post-conflict or so-called peacetime, violence against women in all its forms and manifestations is at the same time a cause and consequence of discrimination, inequality and oppression.", "13. Taking into account the intersection and persistence of violence, which increasingly obscures the differences between violence in the public and private spheres, the Special Rapporteur analyses violence against women in four main areas: (i) the family; (ii) the community; (iii) violence perpetrated or condoned by the State; and (iv) the transnational sphere. [6] These four areas are neither conflicting nor prioritized. Violence in these areas constitutes discrimination against women if it is directed against women or groups composed mainly of women. [7]", "14. Section A below tracks the progressive development of violence against women as a human rights issue, including the appointment of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women. Section B describes the most widespread manifestations of violence against women identified by the Special Rapporteur in the areas of family, community, national and transnational violence. Section C highlights some of the evolving practices, jurisprudence and challenges of States in fulfilling their due diligence obligations to prevent, protect, investigate and punish. Finally, section D recommends an integrated approach to address the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination and violence against women.", "A. Violence against women as a human rights issue", "1. Progressive development of violence against women as a human rights issue", "The Global Campaign to Combat Violence against Women has been working for more than 25 years “a significant change in the status of women and gender-based violence in human rights discussions”. [8] In 1985, the Third World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace, held in Nairobi, Kenya, marked the end of the Decade for Women (1976-1985) and assessed the progress made by the international community towards achieving the goals of women ' s equality, development and peace. The Nairobi Conference “reaffirmed the international concern about the status of women and provided a framework for a renewed commitment by the international community to the advancement of women and the elimination of gender-based discrimination”. Violence against women was one of the concerns raised.", "The Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993 recognized that “the human rights of women and girls are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights”. [9] The World Conference calls upon the General Assembly to adopt a draft declaration on violence against women and urges States to end violence against women in accordance with its provisions. [10] In 1993, the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which provides a more comprehensive framework on violence against women with respect to the definition, scope and obligations of States and the role of the United Nations. [11] In its decision of the same year, the Commission on Human Rights considered the appointment of a special rapporteur on violence against women. Pursuant to that decision, resolution 1994/45 mandated the Special Rapporteur to integrate the rights of women into United Nations human rights mechanisms and to eliminate violence against women.", "17. The twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the five-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action made it clear that violence against women had become a priority issue on the agenda of many countries. The outcome document of the special session further called upon States to “consider all forms of violence against women and girls of all ages, including violence based on all forms of discrimination, as a criminal offence punishable by law”. [12] In 2010, Member States, at the Beijing+15 Review Conference, recognized that the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women were mutually reinforcing in efforts to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and stressed the interdependence between the implementation of those commitments and the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals. [13]", "18. These developments have led to the adoption by the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and the Security Council of resolutions that pay particular attention to violence against women and girls. For example, the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council increasingly identified inequality and discrimination, including gender-based violence, as violations of the human rights of women and girls. The resolutions adopted by these bodies increasingly indicate that women who suffer multiple forms of discrimination are more likely to be subjected to gender-based violence and identify “imbalances in the rights of men and women and structural inequalities” as the root causes of violence against women. In the area of peace and security, Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) call for special measures to protect women and girls from gender-based violence in armed conflict.", "19. The prevalence of violence against women remains of great global concern. For example, in most of the 21 countries considered by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2010, representing all regions, violence against women is widespread or persistent or increasing. [15] The Committee has explicitly linked discrimination against women to gender-based violence in its general recommendations Nos. 12 (1989) and 19 (1992) and has frequently called upon States parties to provide information on violence in their reports to the Committee on measures taken to eliminate such violence.", "20. At present, violence against women is addressed by the United Nations on the basis of three principles: first, that violence against women and girls is addressed as a matter of equality and non-discrimination between men and women; secondly, that the intersection of multiple forms of discrimination is considered a risk factor that increases the vulnerability of some women to targeted, multiple or structural discrimination; and thirdly, that the interdependence of human rights is reflected in efforts to address the causes of violence against women in relation to civil, cultural, economic, political and social spheres. [16]", "2. Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women", "21. Since 1994, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women has been studying the forms, prevalence, causes and consequences of violence against women; analysing legal and institutional developments and remaining challenges in protecting women from violence; and making key recommendations to Governments and the international community to overcome these challenges.", "22. Through thematic reports,[17] country visits,[18] consultations, expert meetings, communications to Governments and other mechanisms, the Special Rapporteur is mandated to address the issue of violence against women in all areas of life, in particular in the above-mentioned four areas. [19]", "23. Thematic and country visit reports prepared by the Special Rapporteur have helped to provide a framework for addressing different forms of gender-based violence, analysing the causes and consequences of violence and the role of State and non-State actors and regional and international stakeholders in eliminating violence in both the public and private spheres. Thematic reports also help to inform policies and improve women ' s human rights standards in international law. For example, OHCHR used the 2010 report of the Special Rapporteur on reparations to implement a project on reparations and capacity-building in northern Uganda and a joint project with the United Nations Joint Human Rights Office, focusing on redress and reparations for victims of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [20]", "B. Performance of violence against women in four areas", "24. The following section draws on the findings of the Special Rapporteur during his country visits from 2009 to 2011 (Kyrgyzstan, Algeria, El Salvador, Zambia and the United States of America), as well as the findings of previous mandate holders, and illustrates the prevalence and manifestations of violence against women in each of the four areas. Similarly, the present section does not attempt to elaborate on the various forms of global violence against women, but rather to highlight specific examples of how such violence can be self-expressed through the selection of themes to be addressed by the Special Rapporteur.", "1. Domestic violence", "25. The Special Rapporteur has identified two main categories of domestic violence against women; domestic violence; and harmful and degrading practices that treat and/or oppress women, whether justified by religion, custom or other social laws and practices. The Special Rapporteur has also developed a broad definition of family, including intimate and interpersonal relationships, including non-cohabiting partners, former partners and domestic workers. [22]", "26. The Special Rapporteur ' s country visits confirmed that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women at all levels of society. As reported in her mission to the United States of America, about 552,000 women were subjected to violence by their intimate partners in 2008. In El Salvador, the 2008 Family Health Report noted that 44 per cent of married women or women living with a partner suffered psychological violence, 24 per cent physical violence and 12 per cent sexual violence. [24] According to a national survey in Algeria, more than 30 per cent of women are often threatened by physical or psychological violence, and 10.9 per cent of women are forced by their intimate partners to have sex more than once. [25]", "27. Country visits indicate that certain groups of women are particularly at risk of violence. [26] In the United States, the Special Rapporteur notes that women of African descent in the United States suffer 35 per cent more from intimate partner violence than white women. [27] To further illustrate the relationship between poverty, exclusion and violence, country visits also revealed that indigenous women in the United States are more commonly exposed to domestic violence and sexual assault than other population groups in the country. The Special Rapporteur has also found that poor women and women with little education, widows or separated women are particularly vulnerable because they do not have family and community support. In Algeria and Kyrgyzstan, women between the ages of 25 and 44 years and women with two or more children were reported to have suffered a high level of domestic violence. [29]", "28. Domestic violence continues to be regarded as socially acceptable and lawful. During her visit to Kyrgyzstan, the Special Rapporteur found that 38 per cent of women between the ages of 15 and 49 believed that husbands had the right to beat their wives in all circumstances. [30] Domestic violence is also an offence with a very low rate of reporting. During the country visit, victims raised similar reasons for their reluctance to contact the authorities: fear of reprisals; pressure from the family or the community not to expose family problems; low level of awareness of power; lack of support services; financial dependence; and belief that the police would not respond adequately. [31]", "29. The prosecution rate for other forms of domestic violence remains low. In El Salvador, the number of judicial proceedings in family violence cases in family courts decreased from 4,890 in 2003 to 1,240 in 2007. The Special Rapporteur has heard on numerous occasions that police officers encourage informal resolution and reconciliation between the parties rather than arresting the perpetrators. In Zambia, women preferred mediation, mainly because of family pressure and economic dependence on abusers. [33] Women face multiple forms of discrimination, such as the particular reluctance of immigrant and indigenous women or women from ethnic minorities to engage with the authorities, who perceive them as oppressors rather than protectors. During her visit to the United States of America, the Special Rapporteur received reports of arrests of women of colour and ethnic minorities following domestic violence. [34]", "30. Harmful and degrading practices are closely related to domestic violence, undermining women ' s rights and status and are not systematically monitored or punished despite the increasing number of legal prohibitions. In some countries, early and forced marriage, polygamy and unregistered marriages remain of concern. The Special Rapporteur considers these practices to be “a aggravating factor” that increases women's vulnerability to violence. In Kyrgyzstan, the Special Rapporteur found a correlation between early marriage (12.2 per cent of women) and unregistered marriages and rising unemployment, the feminization of poverty and the re-emergence of patriarchal traditions and religious conservatism. Early marriage contributes to high maternal mortality rates because of long delivery times and other complications. Similarly, women in unregistered marriages in Syria are more vulnerable to violence and abuse and reportedly have difficulty ending abusive relationships because of lack of support and lack of alternative housing and legal protection. [38] Despite the legal restrictions on polygamy, women subjected to violence or threats of violence from their husbands told the Special Rapporteur that their husbands wanted them to consent to polygamy. [39]", "Many women suffer violence not only from their husbands but also from their husbands' families. For example, in countries where the “bride price/dowry” is in force, spouses and parents-in-law consider that they have bought the bride and are therefore entitled to violence and other forms of abuse against their “property”. [40]", "32. Honour-related violence and violence against women are intertwined with discrimination and inequality within families and communities. Statistics from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) indicate that approximately 5,000 women are killed by family members each year in honour-related violence. [45] Since the appointment of the Special Rapporteur, reports of violence and killings of women in the name of honour have been made during his visits to Algeria, [42] Afghanistan, [43] Iran, [44] the Netherlands, [45] the Occupied Palestinian Territory, [46] Pakistan, [47] Sweden[48] and Turkey [49]. As indicated in the Secretary-General ' s 2006 in-depth study on all forms of violence against women, crimes committed in the name of honour are usually of a collective nature and are considered by the family as a whole to be the result of actual or perceived behaviour by women. These are also of an overt nature and affect the behaviour of other women. [50] As a result of this collective factor, it is extremely difficult to separate the victim from the actual or potential perpetrator, unless she is willing to break all family ties and start living outside her social circle. [51]", "2. Violence in society", "33. Various forms of violence against women within the community, rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, institutional violence, trafficking, forced prostitution, violence against women migrant workers and pornography are listed in the mandate. [52] Stalking, violence against lesbian, bisexual and transgender people, bride kidnapping, and the killing of women, including those related to witchcraft [54] and dowry [55], are other manifestations of violence against women in this area.", "34. Sexual violence is a widespread manifestation of gender-based violence, rooted in a culture of discrimination that legitimizes men ' s use of control over women ' s bodies. [56] In El Salvador, the incidence of sexual violence increased from 3,368 in 2007 to 4,120 in 2008. [57] Rape and sexual assault are also widespread forms of violence against women in the United States, with an estimated 500 women raped daily in 2008. [58] In Zambia, one in 10 women has experienced sexual abuse. As a rule, sexual violence is not necessarily considered a crime in public awareness. In Kyrgyzstan, statistics show an increase in cases of sexual violence against women,[60] very low awareness: 35 per cent of urban women and 25 per cent of rural women indicate that they do not consider sexual violence a crime. [61]", "35. Sexual harassment in schools and in the workplace is recognized as a widespread form of violence. In El Salvador, the Special Rapporteur heard testimonies of poor working conditions of young women in processing factories, verbal and physical abuse, sexual harassment and compulsory pregnancy testing by foremen. Sexual harassment in educational and training institutions was pervasive and underreported at the time of the Special Rapporteur ' s visit, despite commendable steps taken by the authorities to criminalize abuse of power. When visiting the United States, undocumented migrant women were found to be particularly vulnerable to violence, including sexual harassment and abuse in the workplace. According to the report of the Special Rapporteur during her visit to Zambia, sexual abuse and physical violence against girls in educational institutions by male school staff and boys remains a problem. The distance from home to school also increases the risk of harassment, with girls reportedly having sexual relations with their minibuses and taxi drivers as a means of transportation.", "36. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about widespread discrimination and violence against women based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. The visit to Kyrgyzstan revealed a high level of social hatred, discrimination and violence against LGBT persons. The interlocutors described such violence, including brutal gang rape, “therapeutic” rape and domestic violence, as a result of female sexual and gender identity. A study showed that 23 per cent of lesbian and bisexual women had forced sexual contact and 56 per cent of their families had tried to force them to change their sexual identity or orientation. The same situation was observed during the visit to El Salvador, where the number of murders of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex communities increased from 4 in 2003 to 12 in 2009. The Special Rapporteur was informed about widespread discrimination and violence, including gang rape and domestic violence. [68]", "37. Femicide refers to the violent killing/murder of women precisely because they are women, which in many cases occurs in four areas. [69] It includes intimate partner violent murder, sexual murder, honour killings, female infanticide, dowry deaths, the killing of prostitutes, the killing of women accused of witchcraft, as well as suicide and unidentified maternal deaths. Femicide is often associated with domestic violence, the most serious of which leads to death. Studies of femicide from Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States show that between 40 and 70 per cent of female murder victims were killed by their husbands or boyfriends. [70] A 2004 study in New York City also showed that women who experienced various forms of discrimination were particularly vulnerable to violence, indicating that 51 per cent of intimate partner homicide victims were foreign-born and 45 per cent were born in the United States. The 2008 review of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in Canada found hundreds of cases of disappearances or killings of aboriginal women over the past 20 years, which were not fully investigated and given priority, and the perpetrators remain at large. [72]", "38. The Special Rapporteur ' s follow-up visit to El Salvador in 2010 revealed an alarming increase in extreme violent murders of women and girls throughout the country. The pattern of these murders is similar to the killings of women reported by the former Special Rapporteur during his visits to El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico: the victims are between the ages of 10 and 29, abducted and killed in parks or wastelands, often with signs of sexual abuse, sometimes of mutilation, torture and beheading. Extreme socio-economic inequalities, patriarchal cultures and the underlying factors of high crime rates contribute to violence and discrimination against women in society. As in the case of the Special Rapporteur ' s visit to the United States, the murder of women, as well as rape and beatings, are also associated with stalking, where women are far more targeted than men. [74]", "3. Violence perpetrated or condoned by the State", "39. Violence perpetrated or condoned by States may include gender-based violence during conflict, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced persons, and violence against indigenous and minority women. 74", "40. Conflict and post-conflict situations often exacerbate existing discrimination, oppression and violence against women and increase male control over sexual behaviour. The first mandate-holder's report on violence against women in times of armed conflict described “unimaginable atrocities”, which is still the case. The military environment is generally characterized by a high level of hierarchy and compliance with orders, with women at the highest risk of violence and abuse. As reported by the Special Rapporteur following her visit to the United States, sexual assault and sexual harassment of women in the military have become widespread forms of violence against women. [76] Sexual assault in the military is mostly unreported, but statistics indicate that women constitute the vast majority of reported cases. Similar to cases of domestic violence resolved through negotiation and reconciliation, the vast majority of sexual assault cases in the United States military are handled through non-judicial sanctions: only 14-18 per cent of cases have been prosecuted. [77]", "As indicated by the former Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, imprisonment for violence against women often includes rape and other forms of sexual violence, such as threats of rape, touching, “virtual testing”, stripping, robust body searches, sexual insults and humiliation. The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw attention to the fact that, in 2010, 15 of the 38 communications sent to Governments concerned allegations of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment against women by the authorities. In Zambia, women were allegedly subjected to ill-treatment, violence and humiliating or degrading punishment in detention facilities to extract confessions. [80] According to the 2008-2009 United States report on sexual victims in prisons and detention facilities, 4.7 per cent of women in prisons experienced sexual abuse by prisoners and 2.1 per cent experienced sexual misconduct by staff. Interviews with prisoners during the visit indicated that staff members used their office to force sexual activity and then facilitated telephone calls, visits or basic supplies such as food, shampoo or soap. [81]", "42. In Kyrgyzstan, women face the greatest risk of ill-treatment during their arrest and during investigations by investigative authorities seeking confessions. Some organizations and women victims described being coerced into police custody, tied to a radiator, gun pointed at the head, beatings and burns. [82] Many women in detention facilities often do not have access to adequate medical care and care. In Zambia, female detainees, whether in police stations or prisons, have little or no access to prenatal and post-natal care and treatment, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis testing, and little or no nutritional supplements. [83]", "4. Transnational violence", "The former Special Rapporteur highlighted the risk and greater vulnerability of violence against women in a transnational context as the fourth area of “living experience across traditional national boundaries”. [84] The situation of women victims of trafficking and other contemporary forms of slavery, refugee women, women migrant workers, in particular irregular migrant workers, and the exploitation of women by transnational actors, such as peacekeepers, is analysed here.", "44. Stigma, rape, early marriage and survival prostitution remain major problems for asylum-seeking and refugee women in refugee camps and in urban areas. [85] During conflict, women are often trafficked across borders to provide sexual services to combatants in armed conflict. Armed conflict increases the risk of women and girls being abducted, forced into sexual slavery and/or forced prostitution. Most conflicts are now internal, but women and girls may be transported to armed group camps in neighbouring countries. International personnel deployed in United Nations peacekeeping operations also abuse women and girls. [86]", "The Special Rapporteur visited El Salvador, Kyrgyzstan and Zambia — all recognized countries of origin, transit and destination of trafficking — and found a strong commonality in trafficking in women and children. Trafficking in women and children is becoming more widespread and remains a problem in Kyrgyzstan during the transition period. While there are no reliable data on the prevalence of human trafficking, the Government reports that 98 per cent of victims of trafficking are women and girls between 15 and 30 years of age. The temptation to enter urban employment attracts young rural women and girls to urban areas or abroad and is then forced into sexual exploitation. A young woman interviewed during her visit stated that she had come to Bishkek to seek employment but had been lured to the outskirts of the city, locked up for months and forced to have sexual intercourse with her client. Fearing reprisals, she did not report it to the police and was even afraid to walk in the street. Similarly, in El Salvador, the Special Rapporteur found that the majority of victims of trafficking were women and girls, moving from rural to urban areas. The inadequacy of measures to ensure the protection of victims and witnesses, the lack of support services for law enforcement personnel and the corresponding ineffectiveness contributed to underreporting.", "46. Irregular female migrants, asylum-seeking women and refugees are particularly vulnerable to violence in cross-border trafficking. During her visit to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur was informed that female migrants, especially sex workers, were often sexually abused and infected with HIV/AIDS because they could not seek safe sex. In addition, their irregular situation discourages them from seeking health care. Similarly, migrant women in the United States often suffer higher rates of abuse, as they have little access to legal, social and support services. [90] Testimonies from undocumented migrant women living with United States partners indicate that they are reluctant to seek assistance from the authorities for fear of deportation in case of abuse. It was also pointed out that perpetrators may not seek permanent residence status for their foreign partners or wives, thereby preserving their power to control these women. [91]", "C. Due diligence by States under international human rights law: evolving practice, jurisprudence and existing challenges", "47. The due diligence standard in international human rights law has increasingly become a yardstick for States ' compliance with their obligations to prevent and respond to violence against women. [92] The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women urges States to exercise due diligence to “prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national law, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons”. [93]", "The Declaration “provides that States shall develop in their domestic law penal, civil, labour and administrative sanctions to punish and redress wrongs that result in violence against women; that women who are victims of violence shall be provided with access to justice mechanisms and to just and effective remedies for women who are victims of violence, in accordance with national legislation; and that States shall inform women of their rights to seek redress through such mechanisms”. 93", "49. States ' efforts to fulfil their due diligence obligations should not focus solely on legislative reform, access to justice and services for victims, but must also address prevention, in particular the root causes of violence against women. By implementing existing human rights standards, States should ensure that the causes and consequences of violence against women are addressed at all levels of society, from the family to the transnational sphere. In doing so, States should take into account the multiple forms of violence and the different types of discrimination to which women are subjected in order to adopt multidimensional strategies to effectively prevent and combat such violence. [94]", "50. As mentioned above, the duty of due diligence includes the obligation of States to: (a) prevent violence against women; (b) investigate and punish all acts of violence against women; (c) protect women from all acts of violence; and (d) provide redress and compensation to victims of violence. This section explores how States are striving to comply with these obligations.", "1. Prevention", "51. A 2006 study by the Secretary-General highlighted some of the positive strategies in primary prevention, namely, preventing the growth of violence. These include: (a) advocacy and activities; (b) education and capacity-building; (c) social mobilization; (d) mobilization of men; (e) use of the media and information technology; and (f) promotion of public safety. [95]", "52. The mandate also emphasizes that the ratification without reservations of all relevant human rights instruments, their incorporation into the domestic legal, judicial and administrative order and their implementation through measures are prerequisites for States to meet due diligence standards. [96]", "53. The most common first step in preventing violence against women in many countries is legislation. Further attention is needed to address laws and practices that directly discriminate against women, or have a differential and biased impact on women or particular groups of women. These include areas where legislation continues to directly discriminate against women, such as laws on women ' s rights in the private sphere (including the right to freely determine marriage, divorce and sexual and reproductive health) or laws surrounding women ' s economic rights (including the right to decent work, inheritance, land and other productive resources). 97", "54. A United Nations report on women noted that, over the past 30 years, significant progress had been made in law reform to respect women ' s rights in the world. Currently 139 constitutions guarantee gender equality, and States have enacted domestic legislation, inter alia, prohibiting domestic violence, establishing laws on equal pay for equal work, guaranteeing paid maternity leave, prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace or establishing equal property and inheritance rights for women. [97]", "55. Some countries have strengthened inter-agency cooperation to prevent violence against women and to eliminate violence through national action plans. In some cases, national women ' s machineries have been established or commissioners/ombudsmen have been appointed as focal points, sometimes in cooperation with civil society organizations. [98] The effectiveness of these mechanisms will be undermined if they are not given prominence on national agendas or if they do not provide adequate financial and human resources. For example, gender focal points within government agencies often lack decision-making power or capacity to influence the institutional agenda. The Special Rapporteur is also concerned at the lack of an effective coordination mechanism between the police, forensic services and the prosecution system, which are key to preventing violence, combating impunity and maintaining public confidence in the justice system. [100]", "56. Other preventive measures included public education activities, using posters, magazine advertisements, websites and television and radio advertisements; the elimination of violence against women; the establishment of a national day for action to eliminate gender-based violence; awareness-raising campaigns, with the participation of prominent persons; and training and awareness-raising programmes for relevant professional groups, including the police, prosecutors, members of the judiciary, doctors, nurses and social workers. [101]", "2. Prosecution and punishment", "57. The due diligence standard challenges traditional ways of codifying international law, which limits the responsibilities of States with regard to human rights to the public sphere. It is now clear that if States do not address violence in the private sphere, including intimate partner violence and/or domestic violence, they may be held accountable for failing to meet their obligations to protect and punish violence and abuse in a non-discriminatory manner. [102]", "58. States fulfil their obligation to investigate violence against women primarily by strengthening the capacity and authority of police, prosecutors and judges. Criminal laws have also been amended to ensure that acts of violence are adequately punished. Some States have adopted specific laws providing for new criminal offences and usually provide for the establishment of specialized investigation or prosecution services. Specific policy measures and procedures for investigating and prosecuting cases of violence against women have also been developed. In the area of domestic violence, measures such as civil protection orders, mandatory arrest policies and mandatory prosecution policies are designed to protect victims from further physical harm and to ensure that cases of domestic violence are not inadmissible even if the victim is unwilling to testify. Nevertheless, some States have failed to criminalize violence against women in all its manifestations in their national laws, including sexual violence within marriage and other forms of domestic violence. [105]", "59. The establishment of women ' s police stations helped to raise awareness of violence against women and to increase the number of reported cases. [106] These specialized presences play a leading role in initiating legal proceedings in cases of violence against women and are responsible for ensuring the implementation of protection measures, providing immediate assistance to survivors and conducting interrogations, and guiding the process of cases in the criminal justice system. Civil society organizations monitor the work carried out by these institutions and identify areas for possible improvement. The Special Rapporteur welcomes other relevant measures, including the involvement of female police officers with specific expertise in the registration and treatment of gender-based violence. [107] This is intended to create an enabling environment to encourage reporting.", "60. Nevertheless, in many cases, States fail to meet their responsibilities to investigate and adequately punish violence against women, especially when violence occurs in the private sphere. The prevalence of patriarchal attitudes in law enforcement and the judicial system, coupled with a lack of resources and knowledge of the applicable laws in force, has led to inadequate responses to cases of violence against women and their continued social acceptance. [108]", "61. Vertido v. The Philippines concerned the sexual assault of a woman and the subsequent acquittal of the perpetrator on the basis of gender-based misconceptions and misconceptions about rape. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considered that the State party had violated the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in the present case. The Committee notes that States parties to the Convention are obliged to take appropriate measures to modify or abolish existing legal regulations and customs and practices that discriminate against women. In this regard, the Committee underlines the fact that stereotypical attitudes affect women ' s right to a fair and fair trial and that the judiciary must be careful not to set fixed standards on how women or girls should face or respond to rape solely on the basis of preconceived notions of rape victims or victims of gender-based violence in general. [109]", "62. Testimonies gathered by the Special Rapporteur from victims of domestic violence who tried to avail themselves of the legal system indicate that, unless violence results in serious bodily harm, the police, prosecutors and judges continue to prefer to remain calm because they believe that domestic violence is a private matter. As a result, they discourage victims from prosecuting cases and promote reconciliation, thus enabling victims to return to abusive environments. Cases of domestic violence are often regarded as administrative offences rather than criminal offences, or classified as minor offences, leading to light or improper sentences. [110]", "63. The very low number of prosecutions for crimes against women increased the confidence of victims that the judiciary did not systematically guarantee a response to violence against women and that those who abused them would not be punished. This has led to a low rate of reporting, which has been further reduced and reduced, while violence affecting women has increased. [111]", "Protection", "64. States have taken a number of measures in the area of due diligence obligations, including, inter alia, the provision of services such as telephone hotlines, health, counselling centres, legal assistance, shelters, restraining orders and funding for victims of violence. However, despite protection measures, inconsistent implementation and failure to exercise due diligence sometimes lead to revictimization of women reporting violence.", "65. The main gaps in the implementation of the obligation to protect include: inadequate police enforcement; lack of a judicial system for civil compensation and criminal sanctions for violence against women; and lack or inadequate provision of services such as shelters, which means that women often have no choice but to continue to live with their abusers. Moreover, the focus of protection is often on providing short-term emergency assistance rather than providing victims with the means to avoid revictimization. [112]", "66. The lack of adequate shelters for women and girls who are victims of violence leads to their lack of visibility and silence. The Special Rapporteur notes that in most of the countries she visited, non-governmental organizations play a key role in managing shelter facilities and providing psychological, medical and legal assistance to women victims of violence, even where Government-run shelters exist. Whether privately funded or subsidized by the Government, these centres are often insufficient in number, lack human and material resources and are often concentrated in areas not accessible to all women. In commending the work of civil society organizations, the Special Rapporteur noted that the duty of due diligence to protect women from violence rests primarily with the State and its agents. It is therefore the responsibility of the State to ensure that victims of domestic violence have access to and use effective protection and support services. In addition, the Special Rapporteur is concerned at the lack of policy guidance for the health, psychological and legal sectors as a whole to ensure the timely provision of coordinated support services to victims. [114]", "During his visit to the United States, the Special Rapporteur visited the Home Abuse Centre of Hennepin County, Minnesota, a “one-stop centre” for women victims of violence. One of the innovations of the centre is the existence of a number of municipal, district and advocacy bodies in the same building to assist victims throughout the judicial process. The Center ' s advocates not only help victims to complete the necessary paperwork to apply for protection orders and explain the civil and criminal court proceedings, but also accompany victims to court, help them to develop safety plans for themselves and their families and help them find shelter or temporary accommodation, as well as introduce them to other resources and service providers. [115]", "68. Another important factor in avoiding the revictimization of women victims of violence is the establishment of procedural rules for the giving of testimony, which must ensure that victims and witnesses do not suffer further harm as a result of bringing charges. 111", "69. At the international level, the International Criminal Court has established a number of mechanisms to ensure that gender-based crimes committed during armed conflict are adequately addressed. The Court ' s Victims and Witnesses Unit provides protection, support and other appropriate assistance to ensure the personal safety, physical and psychological well-being, dignity and privacy of witnesses. [116] The Victims and Witnesses Unit may be requested for services at all stages of the proceedings, from pre-trial/investigation to post-trial. In addition, the Court Trust Fund for Victims is mandated to assist victims and to carry out reparations ordered by the Court. 116 At the national level, the Victims and Witnesses Unit of the Special Court for Sierra Leone has developed a comprehensive protection and support programme and, according to follow-up studies, the experience of witnesses who have been briefed and supported at the Court has been largely positive. 116", "4. Provision of compensation", "70. Most human rights and humanitarian law treaties provide for the right to a remedy. With regard to gross and systematic violations of human rights, in 2005 the General Assembly adopted the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, which are premised on “the responsibility of States to ensure that victims of human rights violations enjoy the right to individual reparation”. Both the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women stipulate that States have an obligation to provide compensation for all acts of violence. However, as noted by the Special Rapporteur in his 2010 report, reparation in practice remains grossly inadequate. In contrast to the minimal attention paid to gender-specific reparations at both the substantive and procedural levels, women are often the target of sexual and other forms of violence. [119]", "71. Given that violence affects women and different groups of women differently, it is necessary to develop specific remedies to meet the specific needs and priorities of women. Since violence against individual women and girls is often a pattern of structural subordination and systemic marginalization that already exists and often cross-cutting, remedies must be linked to individual compensation and structural transformation. [120] This means that reparations should, as far as possible, subvert, rather than reinforce, existing cross-cutting patterns of structural subordination, gender hierarchies, systemic marginalization and structural inequality, which may be the root causes of violence against women. 120", "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights set out these principles in its 2009 judgement in González et al. (“Tontan”) v. Mexico. The case concerned the abduction, killing and sexual violence committed by non-State actors against two children and a young woman in 2003, in which the State ' s due diligence obligation to prevent, investigate and punish violence against women was broadly explained by the courts. The significance of this decision lies in the fact that for the first time the Inter-American Court adopted the concept of gender-sensitive compensation in a transformative manner. In the Court ' s view, in the case of structural discrimination, compensation should be aimed at changing the status quo and seeking redress as well as compensation. [122] The Court has established criteria for assessing the applicability of compensation, including the following: (i) compensation should be directly related to the acts of violence determined by the Court; (ii) compensation should provide an appropriate remedy for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage; (iii) compensation should not be used as a means of enrichment or indigence; (iv) compensation should be one of the objectives, but not contrary to the principle of non-discrimination; (v) compensation should be “in an effort to identify and eliminate structural factors of discrimination”; (vi) compensation should take into account gender differences; and (vii) all measures the State claims to have taken to repair the damage. [123]", "73. Other jurisprudence on reparation also includes Opuz v. Turkey before the European Court of Human Rights. The plaintiff in the case, Ms. Opuz, and her mother had suffered years of violence from their husbands. Despite their complaints, the police and prosecution authorities failed to provide adequate protection to two women and Ms. Opuz ' s mother was eventually killed by her daughter ' s ex-husband. The Court found that the authorities had not taken sufficient measures to prevent the complainant ' s husband from committing domestic violence by deterring punishments, as the complainant had suffered pain and misfortune as a result of her mother ' s death, and awarded the complainant non-pecuniary damages.", "D. Integrated framework for prevention and protection", "74. Prevention must be at the centre of efforts by States and other stakeholders to eliminate violence against women. Prevention must address the root causes of violence by addressing the fundamental human rights obligations of States to protect, respect and fulfil all human rights of all women and girls. [124] Strategies must be tailored to local contexts and must address societal acquiescence in violence against women, which contributes to its prevalence, and seek to empower women and achieve their social equality.", "75. As noted in the previous section, prevention frameworks to address violence against women should include, inter alia: (a) legislative measures, including ratification of international human rights instruments, harmonization of national laws, adoption of specific laws on violence against women, and allocation of adequate budget and human resources to ensure their effective implementation; (b) institutional and policy measures, including the removal of any obstacles to the investigation and prosecution of violence against women, the provision of adequate human, technical and financial resources to provide support and services to victims of gender-based violence and the establishment of coordination mechanisms between authorities and services to ensure effective cooperation and information-sharing on matters related to the investigation and prosecution of violence against women; and (c) capacity-building activities, including training and awareness-raising, such as gender-sensitive training for all public officials who address violence against women and discrimination against women, awareness-raising campaigns aimed at eliminating discriminatory attitudes and addressing stereotypes, and the integration of a gender perspective into school textbooks and curricula.", "76. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a correlation between the incidence of violence against women and effective accountability measures. Investigations, prosecutions, protection and remedies provided to women victims of violence will have a direct impact on the incidence of such violence. When investigating and punishing violence against women, and when protecting and providing redress to victims of such violence, the ultimate goal of States ' efforts should be to address structural discrimination and ensure the empowerment of women to prevent revictimization and future violence.", "77. Nevertheless, without a comprehensive approach to these measures, accompanied by social change and the empowerment of women, there will be no tangible results. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, in order to address the structural causes of violence against women, violence should be linked to other systems of oppression prevalent in society. To enable women to progressively and comprehensively realize their human rights (civil, political, economic, social and cultural), States should promote and support the empowerment of women through education, skills training, legal literacy and access to productive resources. This will enhance women ' s self-confidence, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-reliance. [125] Existing systems and structures of social and economic power exacerbate gender inequalities at the institutional and individual levels and increase women ' s vulnerability to violence, in particular poor women, migrant women, indigenous women, and young or elderly women. [126] Women ' s economic empowerment through preventive factors such as access to property/land rights, adequate housing, economic independence or secondary education may be a factor in curbing such violence. [127] Empowered women understand that submission and violence are not fated. They resist internalizing oppression, building self-reliance and constantly questioning and negotiating their conditions in the public and private spheres. 125", "With regard to the empowerment of women at the community and family levels, States should undertake “cultural consultations” in order to address the root causes of violence against women and to expose the oppressive nature of certain social practices. This cultural consultation calls for the identification and challenge of the legitimacy of cultural and religious monopolists. [128] It is those who monopolize the right to speak for culture or religion, not culture or religion itself, who authorize the beating, maiming or killing of women. Therefore, at the heart of challenging and changing hegemonic patriarchal structures and practices is State participation in women ' s empowerment and social change. [129]", "79. The realization of women ' s human rights also requires political will and the allocation of adequate resources to address current inequalities and discrimination. In carrying out these efforts, States should act in a non-discriminatory manner and must commit themselves to making the same efforts and allocating the same resources to prevent, investigate, punish and provide redress for violence against women, as they commit to addressing other forms of violence. States must act in good faith and take positive steps and measures to ensure that women ' s human rights are protected, respected, promoted and implemented. [130]", "1. Conclusions and recommendations: an integrated approach to violence against women", "80. A holistic approach to understanding discrimination and violence against women requires, inter alia: (a) that rights be considered universal, interdependent and indivisible; (b) that violence be placed in a continuum of violence across people and structural violence; (c) that individual and structural discrimination be described, including structural and institutional inequalities; and (d) that an analysis of social and/or economic hierarchies be carried out between women and men, that is, within and between genders.", "81. Human rights are universal. Every person, regardless of his or her place of residence or social status, has the right to respect, protect and fulfil his or her rights, including the right of women to be free from violence. However, the understanding of rights as universal should not prevent States from taking into account the specificities of violence against women or from engaging on the ground and fully acknowledging the diverse experiences of women ' s oppression. [131] Consider a planned response to violence against women that cannot be separated from the individual, family, community or national context. [132]", "82. Human rights are also interdependent and indivisible. States should abandon wrong practices that focus on civil and political rights and recognize how denial of social, economic and cultural rights limits women ' s meaningful enjoyment of civil and political life. [133] An integrated approach to understanding discrimination and violence against women must include an analysis of the right to an adequate standard of living, with particular emphasis on the right to physical integrity, the right to education, the right to civil and political participation and the right to individual self-determination. These fundamental rights have a direct impact on women ' s ability to participate equally and fully in public and private spaces. [134]", "83. An integrated approach to violence requires an understanding of the fact that it is in a continuum of time and space, as reflected in its different forms and manifestations. While some sort of classification facilitates the provision of services to victims (e.g. outpatient, psychological or legal services, etc.), from a holistic perspective, all forms of abuse qualitatively affect the economic, social, cultural and political well-being of women and their communities and countries. States must recognize that violence against women is not a root cause and that it occurs because other forms of discrimination are allowed to flourish. By placing violence in a continuum, States can properly analyse the context of violence and recognize that the denial of water, food and other human rights is as bad as domestic violence and leaves people vulnerable. While these forms of violence are by no means identical, they can be considered parallel and similar when considering their interaction. [135]", "84. A holistic approach also requires States to recognize the existence of structural and institutional inequalities related to discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, nationality, capacity, socio-economic class, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, culture, tradition and other realities often exacerbates violence against women. The recognition of structural aspects and factors of discrimination is necessary to achieve non-discrimination and equality. [136] Efforts to end all forms of violence against women must take into account not only how the immediate consequences of violence affect the lives of the individuals concerned, but also how structures of discrimination and inequality perpetuate and exacerbate the painful experiences of victims. [137] Interpersonal, institutional and structural forms of violence perpetuate gender inequality, as well as racial hierarchies, religious orthodoxity, the exclusion of ethnic groups and the allocation of resources at the expense of other groups of women in favour of certain groups of women. Measures that seek to improve abuse without taking women ' s realities into account do not challenge the underlying gender inequalities and discrimination that contribute to abuse at its source.", "85. An integrated approach to gender-based violence requires an understanding of the ways in which gender and gender differences exist and how institutional and structural inequalities exacerbate violence through multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination. In fulfilling their international legal obligations, States must bear in mind that discrimination affects women in a variety of forms, depending on their status in the system of social, economic and cultural hierarchies, where the ability of certain women to enjoy universal human rights is prohibited or further diminished. This approach also reveals key aspects of gender-based discrimination and inequality, which are not visible in efforts to date, as all women are treated as non-differentiated when dealing with violence. 131", "A “one-size-fits-all” programme approach is insufficient to eliminate gender-based violence. Violence is the result of a complex interplay of individual, family, community and social factors and, even though all women in every society in the world are at risk of violence, not all women are equally vulnerable to violence and structural violence. The adoption of a comprehensive approach to the elimination of all forms of violence against women requires addressing systemic discrimination and marginalization through measures that address inequalities and discrimination between women and men. United Nations human rights treaties, declarations and mechanisms provide an institutional framework within which Governments, non-State actors and local activists can promote an integrated response to identify, prevent and ultimately end all forms of violence against women. The struggle for the human rights of women remains a collective effort, and we should act together to ensure that every woman and girl in the world can fully enjoy these human rights.", "Appendix I", "Thematic annual report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July 2011", "Theme and year Report symbol", "Multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination and violence against women (2011) A/HRC/17/26", "Reparations for women victims of violence (2010) A/HRC/14/22", "Political economy of women ' s human rights (2009) A/HRC/11/6", "Indicators on violence against women and national responses (2008) A/HRC/7/6", "A/HRC/4/34", "Due diligence standard as a means of eliminating violence against women (2006) E/CN.4/2006/61", "Intersection of violence against women and HIV/AIDS (2005) E/CN.4/2005/72", "Effective implementation of the International Guidelines on the Elimination of Violence against Women (2004) E/CN.4/2004/66", "International, regional and national developments regarding violence against women, 1994-2003 (2003) E/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1", "Cultural practices of violence against women in the family (2002) E/CN.4/2002/83", "Violence against women committed or instigated by States during armed conflicts (2001) E/CN.4/2001/73", "Trafficking in women, migration of women and violence against women (2000)", "Follow-up report on domestic violence against women (1999) E/CN.4/1999/68", "Violence perpetrated or condoned by the State (1998) E/CN.4/1998/54", "Violence against women in the community (1997) E/CN.4/1997/47", "Domestic violence against women (1996) E/CN.4/1996/53", "Preliminary report (1995) E/CN.4/1995/42", "Appendix II", "Country visit reports of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, as at 30 July 2011", "Country Report symbol", "United States of America (January-February 2011) A/HRC/17/26/Add.5", "Zambia (December 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.4", "Algeria (November 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.3", "El Salvador (March 2010) A/HRC/17/26/Add.2", "Kyrgyzstan (November 2009) A/HRC/14/22/Add.2", "Moldova (July 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.4", "Tajikistan (May 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.2", "Saudi Arabia (February 2008) A/HRC/11/6/Add.3", "Democratic Republic of the Congo (July 2007) A/HRC/7/6/Add.4", "Ghana (July 2007) A/HRC/7/6/Add.3", "Algeria (January 2007) A/HRC/7/6/Add.2", "Netherlands (July 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.4", "Sweden (June 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.3", "Turkey (May 2006) A/HRC/4/34/Add.2", "Afghanistan (July 2005) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5; A/58/421", "Mexico (February 2005) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.4", "Russian Federation (December 2004) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.2", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) (February 2005) E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.3", "Darfur region of the Sudan (September 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.5", "Occupied Palestinian Territory (June 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4", "Guatemala (February 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.3", "El Salvador (February 2004) E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.2", "Colombia (November 2001) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.3", "Sierra Leone (August 2001) E/CN.4/2002/83/Add.2", "Bangladesh, Nepal and India (November 2000) E/CN.4/2001/73/Add.2", "East Timor (November 1999) A/54/660", "Pakistan and Afghanistan (September 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4", "Haiti (June 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.3", "Cuba (June 1999) E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.2", "Indonesia and Timor-Leste (November 1998) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.3", "United States of America (June 1998) E/CN.4/1999/68/Add.2", "Liechtenstein (April 1998 E/CN.4/1999/68)", "Rwanda (September 1997) E/CN.4/1998/54/Add.1", "South Africa (October 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.3", "Brazil (July 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.2", "Poland (May 1996) E.CN.4/1997/47/Add.1", "Democratic People ' s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea and E/CN.4/1996/53/Add.1 Japan (July 1995)", "[1] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3 to Add.5.", "[2] A/HRC/17/26/Add.1-5.", "[3] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1 and A/HRC/17/26/Add.1.", "[4] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.1.", "[5] A/HRC/16/68.", "[6] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5 and resolution 48/104.", "[7] See A/HRC/17/26, para.", "[8] See A/HRC/17/26, para.", "[9] A/CONF.157/23), para.", "[10] Ibid., para. 38.", "[11] Resolution 48/104.", "[12] Resolution S-23/3 (2000).", "[13] E/2010/27-E/CN.6/2010/11, annex; resolution 65/187.", "[14] A/HRC/14/L.9/Rev.1.", "[15] CEDAW/C/EGY/CO/7, para. 23; CEDAW/C/MWI/CO/6, para. 22; CEDAW/PAN/CO/7, para. 7; CEDAW/C/ALB/CO/3, para. 26; CEDAW/C/AUS/CO/7, para. 28; CEDAW/C/FIJ/CO/4, para. 22; CEDAW/C/USR/CO/7, para. 22; CEDAW/C/CO/TUR/6, para. 22; CEDAW/C/MLT/CO/4, para. 22; CEDAW/C/TUN/CO/6, para. 26; CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7, para. 23.", "[16] A/HRC/17/26, para. 17.", "[17] For a complete list of thematic reports, see appendix 1.", "[18] For a complete list of country visit reports, see appendix 2.", "[19] A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para.", "[20] See, for example, www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/ZR/DRC_Reparations_Report_en.pdf.", "[21] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para. 30.", "[22] Ibid., para.", "[23] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 8.", "[24] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 18.", "[25] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 14.", "[26] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, paras. 25 and 28.", "[27] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 52.", "[28] Ibid., para.", "[29] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 15; A/HRC/14/22, para. 28.", "[30] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 27.", "[31] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 21; A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 13.", "[32] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 20.", "[33] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 24.", "[34] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5.", "[35] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 47.", "[36] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 45.", "[37] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 23.", "[38] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 15.", "[39] See ibid., para.", "[40] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 22.", "[41] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 124 and http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=3516.", "[42] See A/HRC/7/6/Add.2, para. 37.", "[43] See E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5, para. 30.", "[44] Ibid., para. 35.", "[45] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.4, para. 18.", "[46] See E/CN.4/2005/72/Add.4, paras.", "[47] See E/CN.4/2000/68/Add.4, para. 46.", "[48] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.3, para.", "[49] See A/HRC/4/34/Add.2, paras. 30-33.", "[50] See A/61/122/Add.1, para.", "[51] A/HRC/4/34/Add.3, para. 36.", "[52] See A/HRC/11/6/Add.5, para. 12.", "[53] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 29.", "[54] See A/HRC/11/12/2, para. 43.", "[55] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 123.", "[56] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 17.", "[57] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 22.", "[58] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 11.", "[59] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 17.", "[60] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 42.", "[61] Ibid., para.", "[62] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 23.", "[63] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, paras. 18, 19.", "[64] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 57.", "[65] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 34.", "[66] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 23.", "[67] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 38.", "[68] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 28.", "[69] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 84.", "[70] See A/61/122/Add.1, para. 115. See also A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para.", "[71] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 56.", "[72] See CEDAW/C/CAN/CO/7, para. 31.", "[73] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 25.", "[74] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 12.", "[75] See E/CN.4/2001/73.", "[76] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 22.", "[77] Ibid., para. 29.", "[78] See CAT/C/MEX/CO/4, CAT/C/GUY/CO/1, CAT/C/TGO/CO/1, CAT/C/BDI/CO/1.", "[79] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.1, para. 16.", "[80] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para.", "[81] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 34.", "[82] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 39.", "[83] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 31.", "[84] See E/CN.4/2004/66, para.", "[85] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 29.", "[86] See A/59/710.", "[87] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 33.", "[88] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 36.", "[89] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28.", "[90] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para.", "[91] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.5, para. 60.", "[92] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 29.", "[93] Resolution 48/104, article 4 (c).", "[94] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para.", "[95] See A/61/122/Add.1, paras. 339-354.", "[96] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 89.", "[97] See United Nations Women ' s Report: Progress of the World ' s Women: Justice in Law (2011). Page 24.", "[98] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 41.", "[99] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 91.", "[100] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para.", "[101] See E/CN.4/2006/61, paras.", "[102] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 61.", "[103] Ibid., para.", "[104] See E/CN.4/1996/53.", "[105] See A/HRC/14/22/Add.2, para. 60.", "[106] UN-Women, Progress of the World ' s Women: Seeking Justice (2011), p. 58.", "[107] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 44.", "[108] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 59.", "[109] See CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, para. 8.4.", "[111] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.2, para. 59; A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 13.", "[111] See E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 92.", "[112] Ibid., para.", "[113] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.3, para. 73 and A/HRC/17/26/Add.4.", "[114] See A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 81.", "[115] Excerpts from interviews conducted during visits to the United States.", "[116] UN-Women, Progress of the World ' s Women: Seeking Justice (2011), p. 91.", "[117] See http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Structure+of+the+Court/Protecing/Victims+ and+Wits+Unit.htm.", "[118] See A/HRC/14/22.", "[119] Ibid., para. 23.", "[120] Ibid., para.", "The case also concerns the subsequent failure of the State to investigate, prosecute and punish the perpetrators with due diligence and to respect the relatives of the deceased.", "[122] See A/HRC/14/22, para. 77.", "[123] See A/HRC/14/22, para. 78.", "[124] See A/61/299, paras.", "[125] Ibid., para.", "[126] See A/HRC/17/22, para. 39.", "[127] Ibid., para.", "[128] E/CN.4/2006/61, para. 85.", "[129] Ibid., para. 88.", "[130] See E/CN.4/2006/61, paras.", "[131] See A/HRC/17/26, paras. 59-60.", "[132] Ibid., para. 101.", "[133] Ibid., para.", "[134] Ibid., para. 103.", "[135] Ibid., paras.", "[136] Ibid., para.", "[137] Ibid., para. 102.", "[138] Ibid., para. 70." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "发展权", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告概述了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处关于促进和落实发展权的活动，包括为纪念《联合国发展权利宣言》二十五周年开展的活动。此外，本报告还汇编了人权理事会发展权工作组协商一致通过的各项结论和建议，以期为讨论有效落实发展权未来行动方向的政府间会议增砖添瓦。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 3\n3.发展权工作组协商一致通过的结论和建议汇编 4\nA.发展权的概念和落实发展权 5\nB.专题问题 10\nC.特殊群体和个人 14\nD.制订衡量落实发展权标准的进展 14\nE.今后应处理的的问题 16\n4.结论和建议 17", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第65/219号决议请联合国人权事务高级专员在发展权主流化方面开展活动，以加强……为促进发展而建立的全球伙伴关系，并在她向人权理事会提交的下次报告中详细说明这些活动。大会在同一决议请联合国人权事务高级专员办事处与会员国及其他相关利益攸关方协商启动2011年纪念《发展权利宣言》二十五周年的准备工作，又请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于本决议执行情况的报告，并向人权理事会提交一份关于本决议执行情况的临时报告，包括说明在国家、区域和国际三级为促进和落实发展权所作的努力。本报告是按照上述要求及惯例提出的，是为秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员有关发展权的综合报告。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "2. 按照大会第65/219号决议和人权理事会第15/25号决议的要求，人权事务高级专员办事处与会员国及其他相关利益攸关方协商，启动了2011年纪念《发展权利宣言》二十五周年的准备工作，并制订了一个活动日历。[2]", "3. 2011年2月在柏林，联合国人权事务高级专员在纪念《发展权利宣言》二十五周年的启动活动发表主旨讲话，题目是“发展权25周年：成就与挑战”。人权高级专员将北非和中东地区的人民起义与拒绝让人民有发展权利两者联系起来。该次活动还有一个专家座谈会，其中明确了落实发展权的三项挑战：政府间辩论陷入僵局；需要将发展权纳入联合国系统工作的主流；并需要建立一个更广大的支持发展权的群众基础。[3]", "4. 人权高专办在2011年5月在伊斯兰堡举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议指出，在为最不发达国家设想的发展进程中，人权包括发展权是最重要的部分；强调《发展权利宣言》二十五周年是一个契机，可以重振伙伴关系，打造有利发展包括促进人权原则的环境；强调发展、减贫和两性平等之间的联系以及妇女对发展的贡献；并重申人权高专办承诺支持最不发达国家基于人权的发展。", "5. 在人权理事会第十四次会议上，高级专员表示，希望关于发展权的下一阶段讨论将继续把重点放在改善人类福祉之上，促使个人和社区有能力全面参与作出影响他们的重要选择。高级专员强调机会平等和国际合作最为重要。在理事会第十六届会议上，高级专员强调，促进和落实发展权仍然是人权高专办的工作重点。", "6. 此外，在2011年，人权高专办印发了《发展权利宣言》小册子，制作了发展权海报及资料说明。", "7. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会在2011年5月发表了关于发展权的重要性和相关性的声明，决心继续监测落实《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》保护的所有权利，这也将对充分落实发展权的有关内容作出贡献(见E/C.12/2011/2)。同样，联合国人权条约机构主席在2011年7月通过一项声明，表示决心协力促进人们认识到所有人权条约都是为发展服务的，都是相互依存的，以便在解释和适用人权条约规定，以及在监测这些规定的遵守情况时，突出和强调发展权的重要性。[4]", "8. 在2011年7月经济及社会理事会实质性会议期间举行的关于发展权和促进发展全球伙伴关系的特别活动中，各方交换了意见，谈到促进发展权和实现千年发展目标8如何可以彼此相辅相成，联合国如何可以利用这些协同作用，展望2015年及以后的工作。", "9. 在2010年9月世界贸易组织安排的公开论坛上，人权高专办与非政府组织3D共同主办了一个关于发展权的小组讨论，以促进贸易、发展和人权的协同一致。该小组强调，全球机构需要确保不同利益求得一致、政策空间；提高生产能力和促进经济多样化的政策。[5]", "三. 发展权工作组协商一致通过的结论和建议汇编", "10. 第三节载有发展权工作组[6] 在1998-2010年期间[7] 协商一致通过的结论和建议汇编。", "A. 发展权的概念和落实发展权", "11. 1986年大会在第41/128号决议通过的《发展权利宣言》将发展权界定为一项不可剥夺的人权，由于这种权利，每个人和所有各国人民均有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展，在这种发展中，所有人权和基本自由都获得充分实现。它确认发展是经济、社会、文化和政治的全面进程。其目的是在全体人民和所有个人积极、自由和有意义地参与发展及其带来的利益的公平分配的基础上，不断改善全体人民和所有个人的福利。为了促进发展，应当一视同仁地重视和紧急考虑、增进和保护公民、政治、经济、社会和文化等权利。", "12. 发展权涵盖平等、不歧视、参与、透明、问责以及国际合作等原则。《发展权利宣言》的基本规定是：", "(a) 促进以人为本的发展；", "(b) 确保自由、积极和有意义的参与；", "(c) 确保不歧视；", "(d) 公平分配发展利益；", "(e) 尊重对自然资源的自决和主权；", "(f) 确保争取发展权是促进其他公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利进程的一部分。", "发展权的概念", "13. 发展权工作组的审议总结指出，在词汇的使用方面可能存在的细微差别，“对《发展权利宣言》体现出的发展权利没有任何影响”，而且所有利益攸关者——成员国、专家、发展问题从业人员、国际机构和民间社会——都应努力共同了解发展权的实质组成部分，而不管这些细微差别(见E/CN.4/2005/25，第38段)。", "14. 此外，工作组一致认为“以权利为本的经济增长和发展办法有利于落实发展权利，同时并不排除其在国家和国际一级的影响和要求”(见E/CN.4/2005/25，第46段)。", "15. 工作组一方面承认“持续的经济增长是落实发展权的一个不可或缺的组成部分”(E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第43段)，但又总结指出，“发展必须植根于有利于重视社会正义的增长的经济政策”，同时“需要在面向增长的发展战略和人权之间建立协同关系，这是对人们日益呼吁获得更多的权利、更多地拥有自主权和更加可持续地开展发展工作的回应”(E/CN.4/2005/25，第42段)。此外，工作组注意到发展权通过系统地将人权和透明、平等、参与、问责和不歧视原则在国家和国际一级纳入发展进程丰富了这些面向增长的战略。在这方面，发展权应该在确定资源分配和政策框架的优先事项和解决权衡交换问题中起到指导作用(E/CN.4/2005/25，第43段)。", "16. 工作组回顾了“作为发展权基础的各项原则，即平等、不歧视、参与、透明度、问责及国际合作”，并指出特别重视公平原则、各级的法治和善治，认为这些要素对发展权的落实至关重要(E/CN.4/2006/26，第40段)。", "落实发展权", "17. 工作组有时将各国对创造有利于落实发展权的国家环境和创造国际环境的责任分开处理，但一般来说，工作组一直强调两者之间的联系。(见E/CN.4/2002/28/　Rev.1，第95、96、103和104段)。关于创造有利的国际条件，工作组确认，“人们现在日益认识到，为落实发展权，需要在国家、区域和国际三级同时采取行动。尽管国家在落实发展权方面的作用如何强调也不过分，但这丝毫没有削弱国际合作在创造国际扶持环境方面的重要性”(E/CN.4/2006/26，第32段)。", "18. 工作组确认国际合作是《发展权宣言》提出的国际承诺之一，还将它列为《联合国宪章》规定的一种义务。该义务体现为相互承诺，这些承诺将一般的国际合作义务变为合作伙伴之间达成的具有约束力的具体安排。(E/CN.4/2006/26，第37段)。", "19. 此外，工作组一方面了解到国际合作有多种方面，也有多种形式，但强调多边合作和其他合作形式，如伙伴关系、承诺和声援，包括南南合作，都很重要(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第102段)。", "20. 工作组认为，由于全球环境不断变化，需要采取高度协调的办法去推动国际合作，确保以更好的协调、更强的伙伴关系、更重视成果的办法和更加一致的方式贯彻实施关于工作目标的共识，作为为落实发展权建立伙伴关系的具体步骤[……]，并注意到相互承诺可导致合作伙伴之间通过诚挚的谈判，界定和商定具有约束力的具体安排，确保各国在发展进程中拥有自主权(见E/CN.4/2005/25，第44段)。", "21. 工作组虽然提到落实发展权，但一再用“逐步”加以限制。例如，2004年，工作组一致认为“逐步落实发展权需要在国家和国际一级有一种明确的眼光、更大的一致性、有效协调各项政策和方案、可靠的审查程序、不断的评估和政治承诺(E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第43(h)段)。", "22. 明确确认有助于落实发展权的因素是：公开、公平、有章可循、可预见和不歧视的多边贸易体制；持续经济增长；继续不断的伙伴合作；发展、评估和传播；在国家和国际两级的实用和具体措施；遵守《发展权利宣言》的各项基本原则，作为多边发展和金融机构的政策和方案指南；以权利为基础的经济增长和发展；国家和国际两级的善治和法治；国家照顾弱势群体和边缘群体的程度；实现公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利(见E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，E/CN.4/2005/25和E/CN.4/2006/26)。落实发展权的组成部分还包括：体制基础；政策和方案制订的连贯性和合作；人力资源开发；公共财政和行政；金融调控和监管；基础教育；社会和性别敏感的预算政策；法治和司法系统；适用技术的发展和预防危机；技术援助、能力建设和信息共享，以帮助发展中国家的努力；查明与分析在国家和国际两级阻碍充分落实发展权的各种障碍。", "23. 工作组一致认为，应当通过收集和宣传良好做法和成功事例，分享有关落实发展权方面的知识和最佳做法，包括实际具体措施，并通过各利益攸关方在国家和国际一级的广泛协作努力，让人民和有关机构获益更多(E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第43段和E/CN.4/2005/25，第36段)。", "24. 工作组认为它不能也不会认为自己是其他国际组织主管领域多边谈判的替代，纵使它认为它有责任在现有机制对实现所有人的发展权产生不良影响的所有领域发出强烈的信息。在这方面，工作组希望有关组织采取一切必要步骤，纠正现有状况(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第101段)。工作组及其后续行动的重点将是实现《发展权利宣言》中确立的发展权，并使其成为主流。要使发展权在全球一级获得理解，就必须协调一致地将它纳入所有有关发展机构、国际金融和贸易机构以及国家政府的业务行动、政策和方案(见E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第42和43段)。", "25. 工作组又强调政策一致性问题，注意到各国在诸如世贸组织等国际论坛上通过协议和作出承诺时，以及在落实千年发展目标8的过程中，仍须履行其人权义务。因此，确保一国的国际人权义务与该国所有多边、双边贸易和发展协定的政策一致性，是落实发展权的一项核心先决条件。在谈判这种协定时，各国政府应当遵守并确保尊重其人权义务，采取一致、协调的做法，将发展权纳入国家政策，包括将其纳入国家和国际两级的发展战略(E/CN.4/2006/26，第41段)。", "26. 鉴于在国家一级的良治和法治将有助于所有国家促进和保护人权，包括发展权，工作组赞同各国努力查明和加强善政措施，包括维持透明、负责、问责和参与性政府，顺应人民的需求和愿望，也包括对发展、能力建议和技术援助采取结成伙伴关系的办法(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第105(e)段)。", "27. 此外，工作组促请政府以透明和负责任的态度利用好有助于落实发展权的资源，无论资源来自国内还是国外。工作组又注意到，有必要鼓励在国家和国际两级采取反腐行动，各国政府必须通过严格的法律规章对此作出真诚的政治承诺，包括遵行现有的反腐败文书，并支持其他的国际法制建设努力(E/CN.4/2002/28/　Rev.1，第105(g)段)。", "28. 关于国际经济、商业和金融领域与落实发展权存在着重要的联系，工作组强调需要扩大有关发展问题的国际决策基础，填补组织结构的空白，还需要加强联合国系统和其他多边机构，同时需要扩大和加强发展中国家和经济转型国家对国际经济决策和规范制订工作的参与(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第100(b)段)。关于全球治理方面的体制不对称现象，工作组指出了两类广泛公认应在千年发展目标8定期评估时加以讨论的问题。第一类问题是货币和金融体系不断加剧的失衡使全球经济遭到任何国家的力量都无法控制的冲击。第二类问题是国际贸易和金融决策及规则制定方面的不对称。由于发达国家的经济实力相对较强，世界银行和国际货币基金组织的表决结构大为有利于这些国家(E/CN.4/2006/26，第60段)。工作组强调有必要继续努力改革国际金融结构，这将有助于从发展权角度推动目标8的实现(E/CN.4/2006/26，第75段)。", "促进发展的全球和区域伙伴关系", "29. 工作组特别重视全球伙伴关系。2004年，它举办了一个专门讨论这个主题的高级别研讨会(见E/CN.4/2004/23、Add.1)。它请发展权高级别工作队审查关于千年发展目标8，并提出定期评估标准的建议(E/CN.4/2005/25，第54(i)段)。2006年，工作组通过了一份全球伙伴关系评估标准初步清单(E/CN.4/2006/26，第67段)。", "30. 工作组又强调需要同联合国机构和多边金融机构建立伙伴关系，包括诸如减贫战略文件和联合国发展援助框架的现有伙伴关系。此外，工作组认为，发展伙伴关系应该超出政府和多边机构之间的关系，将民间社会组织包括进来(E/CN.4/ 2005/25，第45段)。", "31. 确认在工作组的框架内，人权委员会与联合国各机关、机构、基金和方案、多边金融机构和发展机构以及世界贸易组织继续保持伙伴关系十分重要，以列明明落实发展权并加以主流化的具体措施，包括所有有关各方进行包容性对话和建设性参与(E/CN.4/2005/25，第35和36段)。", "32. 工作组认识到，在落实发展权，建立伙伴关系以提高全球伙伴关系方面，实际做法之间存在着差距和矛盾，认为有必要列明发展权原则的所有各方面，以指导和补充此种伙伴关系的工作(E/CN.4/2006/26，第39段)。", "33. 工作组又特别重视监测包括发展权在内的人权落实情况的区域举措，并强调此种区域伙伴关系作为发展契约所具有的潜在价值，此种契约规定将包容性的参与程序和透明的公众监督加以制度化，这种进程和监督有利于发展权的落实(E/CN.4/ 2006/26，第62段)。", "34. 工作组的一个重要讨论内容是，有必要履行国际社会作出的满足非洲特殊需求的承诺，包括以《非洲发展新伙伴关系》作为倡导权基发展的发展框架和实用例子。工作组认为，非洲同级审评机制可成为衡量千年发展目标8进展情况的恰当的报告机制，以期落实发展权。在这方面，各国需要将明文规定的能力建设、资源分配、监测及评估标准纳入从《非洲同级审评体制》中产生的国家行动纲领，更直接与发展权原则接轨(E/CN.4/2006/26，第63段)。", "35. 工作组确认非洲伙伴关系论坛开展的工作，并指出有必要对照2002年八国集团首脑会议通过的、得到《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》以及其他区域文书支持的《非洲行动计划》所载的承诺，制订进展和绩效基准。《非洲宪章》第22条是有关发展权的唯一具有法律约束力的条款，可为非洲各国定期评估非洲发展权落实情况提供基础。在其他区域，促进真正的同级审评进程，评估人权被纳入发展进程的程度，在很大程度上将推动发展权落实情况的定期评估(E/CN.4/2006/26，第63和64段)。", "36. 此外，工作组对关于实现千年发展目标的《萨拉曼卡宣言》及其《附加声明》表示欢迎，这有助于为减轻贫困和落实发展权结成战略伙伴关系(E/CN.4/2006/26，第65段)。", "跨国公司和公司责任", "37. 工作组确认需要在国家一级与私营部门建立有力的伙伴关系，共同谋求减少贫困，推动发展，同时需要促进良好的公司治理(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第105(f)段)。工作组意识到跨国公司和其他工商企业的活动能够对东道国的发展努力和人权的享受产生积极和消极的影响，建议跨国公司的运作方式应当符合东道国和母国的国内和国际人权义务，而且应当考虑拟订标准，以便定期评估跨国公司活动产生的影响(E/CN.4/2006/26，第56段)。", "38. 工作组强调，对于各个层面的活动所取得的进展情况，需要根据有待从人权角度制定的公司责任和问责标准进行监测，并认为定期监测跨国公司活动对促进发展的全球伙伴关系的影响应重视保持政策一致的必要性问题(E/CN.4/2006/ 26，第58和73段)。", "议会、国家机构和民间社会", "39. 工作组鼓励各国加强国家议会机制和立法机关以及民间社会组织和国家人权机构，以便从发展权角度评估千年发展目标8方面发挥更加突出的作用(E/CN.4/ 2006/26，第70段)。", "40. 工作组又一致认为，有必要在国家一级与公民社会组织建立有力的伙伴关系，共同努力消除贫穷和推动发展(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第105(f)段)。", "B. 专题问题", "全球化", "41. 工作组在第三届会议注意到，全球化虽然提供了机会，但全球化进程并没有实现将各国都纳入全球化世界的目标。它强调，许多发展中国家已被边缘化，其他发展中国家也有被边缘化的危险。工作组表明立场，指出如果使全球化进程成为包容所有国家的公平进程，就亟须在国家和国际上采取政策和措施，应对全球化的挑战和机会(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第100(a)段)。", "42. 工作组在第五届会议指出，为了促进落实发展权并应对有关挑战，需要采取一种综合办法，贯彻执行国家和国际两方面有关发展权的工作，同时在国家和国际两级查明并实施相互补充的措施(E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第43(e)和(f)段)。", "消除贫穷", "43. 工作组确认，消除贫穷是促进和落实发展权的关键，尽管不是唯一的办法。贫穷是一个多层面的问题，需要在贫穷的经济、政治、社会、环境和体制领域采取多层面的解决办法，特别是实现千年发展的目标，即到2015年将世界上日收入不足一美元的人口比例和挨饿的人口比例减少一半。在这方面，工作组确认世界银行和货币基金组织在减贫战略文件框架内起着相关作用，减贫战略文件是实现消除贫穷和发展的有用手段之一(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第105(a)段)。", "千年发展目标", "44. 工作组确认，千年发展目标是一套可以衡量的人类发展目标，实现这些目标对于建立更加人道、更加包容、更加平等和更可持续的世界至关重要，及时实现这些目标对于逐步落实发展权至关重要 (E/CN.4/2005/25，第50段)。 贯彻执行《千年宣言》、实现联合国有关会议结果认明的国际发展目标和千年发展目标，将有助于逐步落实发展权(E/CN.4/2004/23和Corr.1，第43(g)段)。", "45. 工作组强调指出，需要在国家和国际一级采取多管齐下的办法，不断解决实现千年发展目标中的各项制约问题，加强机构能力，弥合各方在信息上的差距，解决因问责制无法运行而损害到实现各项目标的情况，使各项目标具有必要的本地内容和国家拥有自主权(E/CN.4/2005/25，第51段)。", "46. 在这方面，工作组确认，以国际合作为重点的千年发展目标8是符合《宣言》所载国际责任的一个框架，不仅意味着发达国家和发展中国家需要发挥重大的国际作用，而且意味着国际金融机构、工商企业、媒体和非政府组织网络等其他相关全球性实体，也应当发挥重要作用。同样，相关的国际人权机构，如人权条约机构、人权委员会特别程序以及人权事务高级专员等，有责任在各自授权范围内与各国政府及其国际贸易、金融和发展伙伴合作，以便确保各国在这些领域的承诺与其总的人权义务尤其是落实发展权方面的义务相一致。工作组认为，所有千年发展目标国别报告都应从发展权角度介绍有关目标8的情况(E/CN.4/2006/26，第36、43和72段)。", "官方发展援助", "47. 工作组确认，探讨创新性资金来源很有意义，但这些资金来源不能对发展中国家构成过重的负担，并重申有关官方发展援助的承诺，促请尚未履行义务的发达国家作出具体努力，实现将0.7%的国内生产总值用于对发展中国家的官方发展援助，将0.15%-0.2%的国内生产总值用于对最不发达国家的官方发展援助的目标，鼓励发展中国家巩固已取得的进展，确保将官方发展援助有效地用于实现发展目标(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第100(c)和(d)段)。工作组又敦促所有有关各方认识到考虑增加向发展中国家净转让的重要性，其中包括诸如官方发展援助、多边和双边贷款、赠予和债务减免以及改善发展中国家的市场准入等各类外部财政援助(E/CN.4/2005/25，第54(b)段)。", "48. 工作组着重指出，援助本身并不是目的，援助是在仅仅依靠国家手段无法实现千年发展目标的情况下，有助于实现这些目标的一种必要手段。从发展权角度来看，要定期评估援助，必须：", "(a) 确保官方发展援助政策以总的人权尤其是发展权以及减贫目标为指导；", "(b) 官方发展援助必须遵循对捐助国和伙伴国都适用的官方发展援助讲求实效性的指导原则，如《关于援助实效性的巴黎宣言》，特别是规定提高官方发展援助的可预测性和统一性的原则；", "(c) 在实行善治和尊重人权的前提下，对每一方各自在伙伴关系框架内的承诺应负责任和掌控权加以确定，形诸文字并予以确立；", "(d) 各国对于促进发展的伙伴关系中的国家承诺拥有掌控权，这就需要在各级执行切实有效的反腐败计划，消除滥用援助现象，实现人类发展目标；", "(e) 不论紧急援助和出于国家安全目的的援助的要求如何，使官方发展援助达到净正值水平；", "(f) 许多发达国家在承诺到2015年达到国民生产总值的0.7%用于官方发展援助这一目标方面取得有效进展，同时有必要按照《蒙特雷共识》的建议探索其他资金来源(E/CN.4/2006/26，第45段)。", "贸易", "49. 工作组确认公平贸易的重要性，认为有必要扩大发展中国家参与全球经济的机会，同时必须建立一个有章可循、开放和不歧视的贸易体系，这是落实发展权的关键。工作组又着重指出，将发展权的基本原则纳入贸易关系，有助于金融货币和贸易体制履行治理、公平和透明方面的承诺，有助于多边贸易和金融体系履行公开、公平、有章可循、可预计和不歧视的承诺(见E/CN.4/2006/26，第46-48段)。需要采取适当措施，使发展中国家能够有效参与并受益于一个有助于落实发展权的公开、公平、有章可循、可以预计和不歧视的多边贸易制度(E/CN.4/2004/ 23和Corr.1，第43(j)段)。", "50. 工作组一致认为，必须解决发展中国家进入市场的问题，包括农业、服务业和非农产品，特别是对发展中国家重要的产品。必须以适当的速度实实在在地实现贸易自由化，包括正在谈判中的各个领域；在与实施有关的问题和关注上落实各项承诺；审查特别待遇和差别待遇条款，以便进一步强化并使它们更加具体、有效和可操作；避免新形式的保护主义；协助发展中国家推动能力建设和向它们提供技术援助等，都是推动有效落实发展权取得进展的重要问题(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第100(e)段)。", "51. 工作组在第七届会议重申《多哈工作方案》发展层面每一方面在世界贸易组织谈判中的关键重要性，并且欢迎所有国家作出承诺，以便不论从关于市场准入和规则制定的谈判结果来看，还是从在香港通过的《部长级宣言》所列与发展相关的具体问题来看，都能切实使这一层面成为现实。工作组又认识到，多哈回合贸易谈判的圆满完成，对于创造一个有助于落实发展权的环境来说非常重要，并指出多哈回合在农产品、知识产权和公共健康、服务贸易自由化、特殊和差别待遇以及与贸易相关的能力建设等方面取得重大进展，将有助于使全球贸易制度与发展权更为一致。克服对贸易能力的供应方制约，例如与物质基础设施、教育和技能培训相关的制约，是发展中国家尤其是最不发达国家面临的一项艰巨任务，后一类国家需要以贸易援助改革为目标的支持(E/CN.4/2006/26，第47和48段)。", "52. 工作组在第五届会议总结指出，在国家和国际一级对贸易和发展领域进行社会影响评价，应将发展权包括在内，在国家和国际一级对贸易和发展规则和政策进行影响评估时有必要考虑采用和加强人权标准和原则。这种办法对于查明应对国家和国际贸易与发展战略干预措施的消极影响需要采取哪些相辅相成的措施时也是十分必要的。工作组又强调指出，需要有工具支持以适当的办法和方式对发展权进行人权影响评估，各国在所有有关国际贸易论坛，包括在贸易政策审查机制和今后的贸易谈判范畴内，应考虑使用影响评估(E/CN.4/2005/25，第52、53和54(e)段)。", "53. 工作组在第六届会议一致指出，特别是在统计能力方面，迫切需要通过技术合作方案建设国家能力，鼓励为落实发展权在国家和国际一级利用人权影响评估和其他工具指导公共政策(E/CN.4/2005/25，第53和54(e)段)。为了逐步增强各发展中国家收集、分析和解读相关统计资料以及利用所得结果改进政策的能力，工作组鼓励发展合作伙伴为此种能力建设提供必要的培训和其他便利(E/CN.4/2006/26，第71段)。", "外国直接投资", "54. 工作组确认，发展权意味着外国直接投资应当以负责的方式，就是说以有利于社会发展、保护环境以及尊重东道国法治和财政义务的方式，推动地方和国家发展。发展权基本原则还意味着，所有相关当事方即投资方和接受国都有责任确保赢利考虑不致使人权保护受到忽视(E/CN.4/2006/26，第59段)。", "持续承受债务的能力", "55. 难以维持的债务负担严重阻碍着发展中国家实现千年发展目标和履行其在《经济、社会、公民权利国际公约》之下的义务(E/CN.4/2006/26，第49段)。", "56. 工作组着重指出，在为持续承受债务能力寻找解决办法方面，应当将减轻贫困以及促进和保护人权考虑在内，同时偿还国家债务的安排应当考虑到与人权义务相一致的人类发展和减轻贫困方面的国家优先事项(E/CN.4/2006/26，第50段)。", "57. 确认债权人需要采取积极措施，减轻债务负担，对落实发展权作出贡献。工作组建议捐助国和国际金融机构考虑采取更多办法，包括采取适当的债务转换措施，提高重债穷国及其他发展中国家持续承受债务的能力。应用重债穷国倡议和其他债务减免形式补充双边官方发展援助流动，发展中国家应该合理利用债务减免释放出的资源和其他发展资金，充分考虑穷人的利益和减少贫困战略 (E/CN.4/ 2002/28/Rev.1，第100(f)段)。", "获取药物", "58. 工作组认为，知识产权保护的结果不应当使保持最高水准的健康这项人权的享受遭到削弱；也不应当对基本药物的获取机会造成限制。在这方面，工作组强调《关于与贸易有关的知识产权协定和公共健康的多哈部长级宣言》、允许在强制性特许之下出口药物，以解决影响到许多发展中国家和最不发达国家的公共健康问题，特别是艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾、结核病和其他流行病造成的问题的各项决定，以及世贸组织的延长最不发达国家根据《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》对商标、版权、专利和其他知识产权实行保护的过渡期的其他决定，非常重要(E/CN.4/2006/26，第51-53段)。", "技术转让", "59. 工作组认为，知识是全球公益物，也是促进发展的关键手段(E/CN.4/2006/ 26，第51段)，同时需要由所有人享受新技术特别是信息和通信技术的好处，以及需要消除数字鸿沟(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第100(g)段)。在发展伙伴关系中转让技术应尊重人人均可得益于科学进步及其应用的权利。保护知识产权应为通过研究和发展刺激创新这个崇高的宗旨服务，而同时要尽量减少其对个人或国家利用这些研究和发展的不利影响。工作组又认为双边或区域贸易协议应当符合《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》和世贸组织其他协议的规定，此种协议不应妨碍缔约国利用《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》和世贸组织其他协议规定的灵活性和保障措施，不过需要进一步思考知识产权与人权的复杂关系，以便确定定期评估这一方面的标准(E/CN.4/2006/26，第51-54段)。", "C. 特殊群体和个人", "妇女的作用和性别平等观点", "60. 工作组确认妇女的作用和权利十分重要，应该在落实发展权的过程中将两性平等看作是贯穿一切的问题，并确认妇女教育与平等参与社区的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化活动，以及促进发展权之间存在着积极联系(E/CN.4/2002/28/ Rev.1，第105(b)段)。加强妇女积极、充分和有意义地参与拟订实现千年发展目标以及落实发展权的各项政策和战略的进程，至关重要。工作组建议会员国运用性别平等观点落实发展权。工作组一致认为应拟订和传播基于国家经验的具体办法，确保妇女在所有领域与男子平等地参与落实发展权(E/CN.4/2005/25，第54(f)段)。", "儿童权利", "61. 工作组确认需要在所有政策和计划纳入男女儿童的权利，确保保护和促进这些权利，特别是在健康、教育和充分发挥潜能方面(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1，第105(c)段)。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他传染性疾病的感染者", "62. 工作组着重指出，必须在国家和国际上采取措施，防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他传染病，同时考虑到正在作出的努力和实施的方案(E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1， 第105(d)段)。", "移徙", "63. 工作组确认国际移徙和发展之间有重要联系，还认识到有必要处理移徙给原籍国、目的地国和中转国带来的挑战和机遇。对于国际移徙问题，需要在分摊责任的基础上采取全方位、协调一致的既能处理移徙的根源又能处理其后果的办法。国际移徙给国际社会既带来挑战，也带来益处。必须找出恰当途径和手段尽量扩大移徙对发展的益处，同时尽量减少移徙造成的不利影响，以确保尊重和保护移徙者、移徙工人及其家属的人权(E/CN.4/2006/26，第61段)。", "D. 制订衡量落实发展权标准的进展", "64. 2005年，工作组请发展权高级别工作队从发展权的角度建议千年发展目标8定期评估全球发展伙伴关系的标准(E/CN.4/2006/25，第54(i)段)。2009年，工作组决定扩大标准的范围，以超出千年发展目标8，要以落实发展权为目的，同时要考虑到国际社会不断变化的优先事项(A/HRC/12/128，第43段)。[8] 工作组认为，应进一步开展政府间工作，使发展权问题在国家和国际两级都得到适当反应(A/HRC/15/23，第43段)。", "65. 2006年，工作组通过了一套暂行标准，确认除了在千年发展目标8中明确提到的领域以外，工作组认为，一些发展伙伴关系所涉其他领域也与发展权的有效落实相关，目标8的定期评估标准应当覆盖这些领域，即由跨国公司和外国直接投资组成的私营部门、全球治理、移民和区域举措。在这方面，工作组希望避免设立新的监测和报告实体，有关标准首先要由伙伴关系的当事各方运用，而且为了前后一致，责有所问，这些标准须持续运用。工作组进一步指出，可以为伙伴关系的存在和运作所依据的具体问题拟订附加标准(E/CN.4/2006/26，第44、55和66-68段)。", "66. 请发展权高级别工作队将暂行标准试用于某些伙伴关系，从而使这些标准具有操作性，逐步加以完善，并推动将发展权纳入国家、区域和国际三级相关行为者的政策和业务活动的主流，包括将发展权纳入多边金融、贸易和发展机构的政策和业务活动主流(E/CN.4/2006/26，第77段)。", "67. 工作组指导工作队进一步发展和完善这些标准。例如，工作组认识到，制订具体的落实标准，以及将这些标准适用于全球发展伙伴关系所具有的附加值。这有助于目前和未来的伙伴关系把发展权的基本内容纳入到各自的运作框架之中，从而推进发展权的落实工作，同时，为逐步制定和完善这些标准奠定了经验基础。有必要与各种伙伴关系进行更深层次的对话，并以循序渐进且分析严谨的方式，评估负责国际合作，包括贸易、援助、债务、技术转让、移徙和千年发展目标8 所确定的其它问题在内等其他方面的另外一些伙伴关系(A/HRC/4/47，第49和50段)。", "68. 工作组又发现，进一步审议千年发展目标8所确认的国际合作各方面内容的结构与覆盖面和进一步审议标准的适用方法，可使发展权标准受益。当前这些审议工作的目标应是努力使这些标准成为从发展权角度评估全球发展伙伴关系的实用工具，包括相关的伙伴关系行为人本身所作的评估在内。工作组鼓励工作队持续制订这些标准和相关的核对清单，可视后者为操作层面的次级标准(A/HRC/4/47，第49段)。", "69. 此外，工作组指示高级别工作队审议下列伙伴关系和问题：非洲同侪审议机制；非洲经济委员会/经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会进行发展实效相互审查；《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》；以及非加太国家与欧盟之间的《科托努协定》；发展中国家获取基本药物的问题(具体目标8.E)，包括公共卫生、创新和知识产权政府间工作组、全球防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金的工作；热带疾病研究和训练特别方案；邀请南方共同市场考虑与工作队开展对话。工作队负责研究下列主题：减免债务(具体目标8.B和8.D)，在负责重债穷国倡议和多边减免债务倡议机构及处理减免债务问题的其他机构和程序开展对话，和技术转让(具体目标8.F)，包括研究清洁发展机制和知识产权组织发展议程的想法(A/HRC/9/17，第43段)和布雷顿森林机构(A/HRC/12/28，第46段)。", "70. 2008年，工作组在讨论高级别工作队的工作计划时，指明了工作队应于审查的千年发展目标8 内其他专题和区域领域，包括技术转让、债务减免、国际合作和其他方面(A/HRC/9/17，第38段)。[9]", "71. 工作组建议，高级别工作队通过的标准应(a) 在分析和方法上使标准更为严谨；(b) 向有关落实发展伙伴关系的机构提供侧重经验的工具；及(c) 确保这些标准包括千年发展目标8和工作队迄今尚未涉及的其他方面(A/HRC/9/17，第42段)。", "72. 工作组一致指出，高级别工作队按照它的工作计划，也应当确保适当注意与发展权有关的其他问题，包括贫穷和饥饿，包括在气候变化和目前的全球经济和金融危机范围内注意这些问题。订正标准和次级标准应当全面和连贯地述及《发展权利宣言》界定的发展权的重要特点，包括千年发展目标8 所列举者以外的国际社会关切的优先事项，并且应符合人权理事会第9/3号决议所有相关条款规定的目标(A/HRC/12/28，第42和45段)。", "73. 此外，工作组建议，工作队应当借助专门知识，包括学术和研究机构以及相关联合国机构和其他相关全球性组织的专门知识，以及各国在促进实现发展权方面的经验。也应当适当注意从临时标准适用于发展伙伴关系中取得的经验和成员国表示的意见(A/HRC/12/28，第46段)。", "74. 2010年，工作组认为，应在政府间一级进一步开展工作，以充分反映发展权在国家和国际层面的各方面问题(A/HRC/15/23，第43段)。", "E. 今后应处理的的问题", "75. 2005年和2006年，工作组通过以下列问题指导它的工作：(a) 在落实发展权中的国家经济政策空间问题；(b) 确定各项措施和良好做法，促进以参与方式、并根据包括性别观点在内的人权准则和原则，来确定公共预算在社会部门的开支比例；(c) 审查将社会安全网和总体社会发展政策纳入与落实发展权相符的各项权利的机构经验、可行性和可持续性；(d) 探索增强诸如特殊和差别待遇条款等因素的办法，使国际贸易环境更能回应落实发展权的需要(E/CN.4/2005/25，第55段)；(e) 继续更为广泛地审议千年发展目标8这个专题，因为它尚未得到透彻的研究，因而要侧重审议目标8所涉的、由高级别工作队确定但尚未详细审议的其他问题(例如青年就业、内陆和小岛屿发展中国家等)；(f)侧重工作队认为与目标8相关、但没有被该目标所列指标涵盖的专题(如移徙、私营部门的作用、全球治理、区域行动等)；(g) 选定一个与目标8无关的新专题(E/CN.4/2006/26，第78段)。", "四. 结论与建议", "76. 一个促进发展的有效的全球伙伴关系，依靠以人权为基础的政策一致性和在所有各级上的协调，是落实发展权的最好的基础。", "77. 因此，在我们纪念《联合国发展权利宣言》二十五周年之际，需要作出新的努力：(a) 克服政治化和两极化的辩论；(b) 广泛动员广大群众和国际组织的支持；(c) 鼓励国际组织将所有人权，包括发展权充分纳入其工作。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/Calendarofevents.aspx。", "[3] 见http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/08156.pdf；http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/ Pages/DevelopmentHumanRightForAll.aspx；和http://www.fes.de/gpol/en/RTD_conference.htm。", "[4] 见http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/treaty/index.htm。", "[5] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/RtDandGlobalPartnershipfor Development.aspx。", "[6] 工作组是根据获经济及社会理事会第1998/269号决定赞同的人权委员会第1998/72号决议成立的，负责在国家和国际两级监测和审议按照《发展权利宣言》促进和落实发展权方面取得的进展，并就此提出建议，进一步分析阻止其获得充分享受的各种障碍，每年以宣言的一些具体承诺为重点；审查，各国、联合国机构、其他有关国际组织和非政府组织就它们的活动和发展权的关系提交的报告和资料；并提出会期报告，说明讨论情况，提交人权理事会审议，包括向人权高专办提出关于落实发展权的建议，并应有关国家的要求建议可能的技术援助方案，以促进落实发展权为目标。", "[7] 自1998年成立以来，工作组举行了11届会议。它以协商一致方式通过其结论和建议，第一、第二和第四界会议除外，这几届会议最后由各该主席提出结论。本摘要没有反映这些结论。本摘要的重点是涉及实质性问题的结论和建议而不是程序问题，除非后者与审议中的实质性问题有关。应当指出，工作组第五届会议注意到下列代表团的立场，这并不意味着阻止工作组达成协商一致意见：日本对贸易和减免债务保留立场，但加入协商一致意见；澳大利亚、加拿大和美利坚合众国不同意协商一致意见(E/CN.4/2005/25，第32段)。有好几次，一些国家和集团在各项结论和建议通过后解释其立场(例如见E/CN.4/2006/26，第28段；A/HRC/4/47，第47段；A/HRC/9/17，第37段；A/HRC/12/28，第39段)。", "[8] 按照工作组在2006年的要求(E/CN.4/2006/26，第77段)，高级别工作队在试点的基础上将这些标准适用于2007-2009年期间某些选定伙伴关系(A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.1和Corr.1)。这项工作的目的是为将标准操作化，并进一步加以发展，从而有助于将发展权纳入在国家、区域和国际各级行为人，包括多边金融、贸易和发展机构的政策和业务活动的主流。", "[9] 各项结论和建议通过后，一些国家和集团解释其立场。法国(代表欧洲联盟)和加拿大澄清，“其他方面”还包括国内一级的良治、民主和法治。古巴(代表不结盟运动)强调，“其他方面”是指将国民生产总值0.7%用于官方发展援助的承诺，建立新的国际经济秩序和公平的经济体系，以及在国际一级的良治和民主，包括国际贸易、金融和货币机构的运作。埃及与不结盟运动保持一致，补充指出，“其他方面”，如良治、民主和法治，既要适用于国家一级，也要适用于国际一级(A/HRC/9/17，第37段)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights:", "human rights questions, including alternative", "approaches for improving the effective enjoyment", "of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right to development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains an overview of the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights relating to the promotion and realization of the right to development, including in the context of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development. The report also presents a compilation of the conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development, of the Human Rights Council, with a view to contributing to intergovernmental deliberations on the future course of action in the effective implementation of the right to development.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights III.Compilation 5 of conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development of the Human Rights \nCouncil A.Concept 5 and realization of the right to \ndevelopment B.Thematic 11 \nissues C.Specific 16 groups and \nindividuals D. Measuring 17 progress in the implementation of the right to development \ncriteria E.Issues 20 for the \nfuture IV.Conclusions 20 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/219, the General Assembly requested the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in mainstreaming the right to development, to undertake activities to strengthen the global partnership for development and to reflect those activities in detail in her next report to the Human Rights Council. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), in consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, to launch preparations for the commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development in 2011 and also requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as well as an interim report to the Human Rights Council, on the implementation of the resolution, including efforts undertaken at the national, regional and international levels in the promotion and realization of the right to development. The present report, which is submitted in accordance with the above-mentioned requests and, in accordance with established practice, represents a consolidated report of the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to development.", "II. Activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "2. As requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/219 and by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 15/25, OHCHR, in consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, has launched a programme for the commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development and has elaborated a calendar of events and activities.[1]", "3. In February 2011, in Berlin, in her keynote address at an inaugural event to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development, entitled “25 years of the right to development: achievements and challenges”, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights linked the popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East to the denial of people’s right to development. At an expert symposium which was part of the event, three challenges to the realization of the right to development were identified: the impasse in the intergovernmental debate; the need to mainstream the right to development in the work of the United Nations system; and the need to build a broader right-to-development constituency.[2]", "4. On the occasion of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries held in Istanbul in May 2011, the High Commissioner observed that human rights, including the right to development, were central to the course of development envisaged for the least developed countries; highlighted the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development as an opportunity to reinvigorate partnerships to build an enabling environment for development, inclusive of human rights principles; stressed the linkages between development, poverty reduction and gender equality and the contribution of women to development; and reaffirmed the commitment of OHCHR to support the human rights-based development of the least developed countries.", "5. At the fourteenth session of the Human Rights Council, the High Commissioner expressed the hope that the next phase of deliberations on the right to development would continue to focus on the improvement in human well-being and the empowerment of individuals and communities to fully participate in making the important choices that affect them. The High Commissioner underlined the centrality of equality of opportunity and international cooperation. At the Council’s sixteenth session, the High Commissioner stressed that the promotion and realization of the right to development remained a key dimension of OHCHR’s work.", "6. Also in 2011, OHCHR published a booklet version of the Declaration on the Right to Development and produced a poster and information notes on the right to development.", "7. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in a statement on the importance and relevance of the right to development adopted in May 2011, resolved to continue monitoring the implementation of all the rights protected under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which also contribute to the full realization of the relevant elements of the right to development (see E/C.12/2011/2). Similarly, the Chairs of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies, in a statement adopted in July 2011, resolved to make a concerted effort to promote a development-based and interdependent reading of all human rights treaties in order to highlight and emphasize the relevance and importance of the right to development in interpreting and applying human rights treaty provisions and in monitoring compliance with them.[3]", "8. At a special event of the Economic and Social Council on the right to development and global partnership for development held at the Council’s substantive session in July 2011, views were exchanged on how the promotion of the right to development and the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 8 can reinforce each other and how the United Nations system can use these synergies in the perspective of 2015 and beyond.[4]", "9. At the public forum organized by the World Trade Organization in September 2010, OHCHR co-sponsored a panel discussion on the right to development together with the non-governmental organization 3D as a tool to boost coherence between trade, development and human rights. The panel underlined the need for global institutions to ensure convergence among different interests; policy space; and policies to enhance production capacities and economic diversification.", "III. Compilation of conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development of the Human Rights Council", "10. Section III contains a compilation of the conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development[5] during the period from 1998 to 2010.[6]", "A. The concept and the realization of the right to development", "11. The Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted by the General Assembly in 1986 in its resolution 41/128, defines the right to development as an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized. It recognizes that development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement in the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and at the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom. In order to promote development, equal attention and urgent consideration should be given to the implementation, promotion and protection of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "12. The right to development embodies the human rights principles of equality, non-discrimination, participation, transparency and accountability as well as international cooperation. The basic requirements of the Declaration on the Right to Development are:", "(a) Putting people at the centre of development;", "(b) Ensuring free, active and meaningful participation;", "(c) Securing non-discrimination;", "(d) Fairly distributing the benefits of development;", "(e) Respecting self-determination and sovereignty over natural resources;", "(f) Ensuring that the right to development is part of a process that advances other civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "The concept of the right to development", "13. In its deliberations, the Working Group on the Right to Development has concluded that possible nuances in the use of terminology in discussions on the right to development “have no bearing on the right to development as embodied in the Declaration on the Right to Development” and that all stakeholders — Member States, experts, development practitioners, international institutions and civil society should move towards a common understanding of the substantive components of the right to development regardless of such nuances (see E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 38).", "14. In addition, the Working Group agreed that a “rights-based approach to economic growth and development contributes to the realization of the right to development while it does not exhaust its implications and requirements at both national and international levels” (see E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 46).", "15. While recognizing that “sustained economic growth is an indispensable component of the realization of the right to development” (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43), the Working Group has concluded that “development has to be grounded in economic policies that foster growth with social justice,” and that “the need to build synergies between growth-oriented development strategies and human rights is a response to the growing call by people for more empowerment, more ownership and more sustainability in development efforts” (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 42). Furthermore, the Working Group has taken note of the fact that the right to development enriches growth-oriented development strategies through systematically incorporating human rights and the principles of transparency, equality, participation, accountability and non-discrimination into the development processes, at both national and international levels. In that context, the right to development should act as a guide in setting priorities and resolving trade-offs in resource allocations and policy frameworks (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 43).", "16. The Working Group in recalling “the principles that underlie the right to development, namely equality, non-discrimination, participation, transparency and accountability, as well as international cooperation” has attached particular importance to the principle of equity, the rule of law and good governance, at all levels, as being central to the realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 40).", "The realization of the right to development", "17. While the Working Group has, on occasion, addressed the responsibility of States for the creation of national as opposed to international conditions favourable to the realization of the right to development as separate issues in general it has stressed the link between them (see E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, paras. 95, 96, 103 and 104). With regard to the creation of favourable international conditions, the Working Group has recognized that “there is growing acceptance of the simultaneous levels of action required at the national, regional and international levels in the implementation of the right to development. While the importance of the implementation of the right to development by States cannot be overemphasized, this does not in any way reduce the importance of international cooperation in providing an enabling environment at the international level (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 32).", "18. Recognizing that international cooperation is one of the international commitments stated in the Declaration on the Right to Development, the Working Group has also identified it as a duty that is entrenched in the Charter of the United Nations and manifested in mutual commitments, which translate the general duty of international cooperation into specific binding arrangements between cooperating partners (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 37).", "19. In addition, while understanding that international cooperation has various aspects and modalities, the Working Group has stressed that multilateral cooperation and other forms of cooperation, such as partnership, commitment and solidarity, including South-South cooperation, are also important (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 102).", "20. The Working Group has expressed the opinion that the changing global context requires a well-coordinated approach to development cooperation that ensures improved coordination, stronger partnerships, results-based approaches and greater coherence in implementing the consensus on development goals as a concrete step towards building partnerships for the realization of the right to development […] and has noted that mutual commitments can lead to specific binding arrangements between cooperating partners, defined and agreed upon through genuine negotiations, so as to ensure national ownership of the development process (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 44).", "21. While referring to the realization of the right to development, the Working Group repeatedly used the qualification “progressively”. In 2004, for example, the Working Group agreed that progressive realization of the right to development needed a clear vision, enhanced coherence, effective coordination of policies and programmes, a credible review process, constant assessment and political commitment at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (h)).", "22. Among the factors explicitly recognized as contributing to the realization of the right to development were: an open, equitable, rules-based, predictable and non‑discriminatory multilateral trading system; sustained economic growth; continued partnerships; the evolution, assessment and dissemination of practical and specific measures at the national and international levels; adherence to the principles underlying the Declaration on the Right to Development as guides to the policies and programmes of the multilateral development and financial institutions; a rights-based approach to economic growth and development; good governance and the rule of law at both national and international levels; responsiveness on the part of States to vulnerable and marginalized groups and the realization of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights (see E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, E/CN.4/2005/25 and E/CN.4/2006/26). Additional components of the realization of the right to development identified included: institutional infrastructure; coherence and cooperation in policy and programme development; human resources development; public finance and administration; financial regulation and supervision; basic education; social- and gender-sensitive budget policies; rule of law and the judicial system; appropriate technological development and crisis prevention; technical assistance, capacity-building and information sharing to assist developing countries in their efforts; and the identification and analysis of obstacles impeding the full realization of the right to development at both the national and international levels.", "23. The Working Group has agreed that knowledge and best practices, including practical and specific measures, on implementing the right to development needed to be shared and made more accessible to people and institutions through the collection and dissemination of good practices and success stories through a broad-based collaborative effort by the various stakeholders at the national and the international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43, and E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 36).", "24. The Working Group did not see itself as a substitute for multilateral negotiations in areas where other international organizations were mandated to act, although it considered itself competent to send out a strong message in all areas where the existing system impacted adversely on the realization of the right to development for all in the hope that, in doing so, the concerned organizations would take all necessary steps to remedy the existing situation (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 101). The focus of the Working Group and of its follow-up actions would therefore be on the mainstreaming and implementation of the right to development, as established in the Declaration, since, in order for it to be understood at the global level, it had to be integrated coherently into the operational activities, policies and programmes of all relevant development agencies, international financial and trade institutions and national Governments (see E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, paras. 42 and 43).", "25. The Working Group also emphasized the issue of policy coherence, noting that States, while adopting agreements and making commitments at international forums, such as in the context of the World Trade Organization, as well as in the implementation of Millennium Development Goal 8, remained accountable for their human rights obligations. Ensuring policy coherence between a State’s international human rights obligations and all its multilateral and bilateral trade and development engagements was, therefore, a central prerequisite of the right to development. In negotiating such engagements, Governments should comply with and ensure respect for their human rights obligations by applying a coherent and coordinated approach, integrating the right to development into national policies, including development strategies, at both the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 41).", "26. Given the fact that good governance and the rule of law at the national level assist all States in promoting and protecting human rights, including the right to development, the Working Group agreed on the added value of efforts by States to identify and strengthen good governance practices, including transparent, responsible, accountable and participatory government, that are responsive and appropriate to their needs and aspirations, including in the context of agreed partnership approaches to development, capacity-building and technical assistance (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (e)).", "27. In addition, the Working Group urged Governments to use, in a transparent and responsible manner, resources that may contribute to the realization of the right to development, whether from domestic or foreign sources. The Group also noted the need to encourage action against corruption at the national and international levels, including the need for genuine political commitment on the part of national Governments through a firm legal framework, including adherence to existing instruments dealing with corruption and support for other international legal efforts (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (g)).", "28. With regard to the link between the international economic, commercial and financial spheres and the realization of the right to development, the Working Group highlighted the need to broaden the base of decision-making at the international level on issues of concern to development and to fill organizational gaps, to strengthen the United Nations system and the other multilateral institutions and to broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries and economies in transition in international economic decision-making and norm-setting (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (b)). With regard to institutional asymmetries in global governance, the Working Group identified two widely acknowledged types of problems in the context of the periodic evaluation of Millennium Development Goal 8. The first concerned the growing imbalances in the monetary and financial systems that expose the global economy to shocks that are beyond any national capacity to control. The second was the asymmetry in decision-making and norm-setting in international trade and finance. The voting structures of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were heavily weighted towards developed countries, based on their relative economic strength (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 60). In this regard, the Working Group stressed the importance of the continuing efforts to reform the international financial architecture, which could also contribute to the realization of Goal 8, from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 75).", "Global and regional partnerships for development", "29. The Working Group has paid particular attention to global partnerships. In 2004, it devoted a high-level seminar (see E/CN.4/2004/23/Add.1) to the topic. In 2005, it had requested the High-level Task Force on the Right to Development to examine Millennium Development Goal 8 and to suggest criteria for its periodic evaluation (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (i)). In 2006, the Working Group adopted a preliminary list of criteria for the evaluation of global partnerships (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 67).", "30. The Working Group has also stressed the need for partnerships with United Nations agencies and multilateral financial institutions, including existing partnerships such as the poverty reduction strategy papers and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process, as well as the need for them to be nationally owned. In addition, the Working Group is convinced that development partnerships should go beyond relationships between Governments and multilateral institutions to include civil society organizations (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 45).", "31. The importance of continued partnerships, within the framework of the Working Group, between the Commission on Human Rights and United Nations bodies, agencies, funds and programmes, multilateral financial and development institutions and the World Trade Organization, with a view identifying concrete measures to implement and mainstream the right to development, including inclusive dialogue among, and the constructive engagement of, all concerned parties, has been recognized (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 35 and 36).", "32. While the Working Group was aware of gaps and inconsistencies in the practices of development partnerships in enhancing the effectiveness of global partnerships for the implementation of the right to development, it expressed the opinion that it was necessary to identify all dimensions of the principle of the right to development that could guide and complement the work of such partnerships (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 39).", "33. The Working Group also attached particular importance to regional initiatives for monitoring the realization of human rights, including the right to development, and stressed the potential value of such partnerships as a development compact that provided for the institutionalization of an inclusive participatory process and transparent public scrutiny, which were conducive to the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 62).", "34. Meeting the international community’s commitment to address the special needs of Africa, including the New Partnership for Africa’s Development as a development framework and a practical example of an initiative for the promotion of a rights-based approach to development, is an important discussion within the Working Group. The Working Group was of the opinion that the African Peer Review Mechanism could be an appropriate reporting mechanism for measuring progress towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 8, with a view to implementing the right to development. In this regard, States would need to incorporate in their national programmes of action that emerge from the Review Mechanism explicit criteria for capacity-building, resource allocation, monitoring and evaluation more directly aligned with the principles of the right (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 63).", "35. In acknowledging the work of the African Partnership Forum, the Working Group noted the importance of linking benchmarks for progress and performance against the commitments contained in the Africa Action Plan adopted by the Group of Eight at its 2002 summit, and supported by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and other regional instruments. Article 22 of the African Charter, the only legally binding provision on the right to development, could provide a basis for African countries to periodically assess the realization of the right to development in the African context. In other regions, a genuine peer review process, assessing the extent to which human rights have been part of the development process, would contribute significantly to the periodic evaluation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 63 and 64).", "36. In addition, the Working Group welcomed the Salamanca Declaration and its additional statement on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals as a contribution to a strategic partnership for poverty reduction and the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 65).", "Transnational corporations and corporate responsibility", "37. The Working Group recognized the need for strong partnerships with the private sector at the national level in pursuing poverty eradication and development efforts, as well as the need for good corporate governance (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (f)). While acknowledging the potential positive and negative effects of transnational corporations and other business enterprises on the development efforts of host countries and the enjoyment of human rights, the Working Group recommended that transnational corporations should operate in a manner consistent with the domestic and international human rights obligations of the host countries and the countries of origin and that the elaboration of criteria should be considered for periodic evaluation of the effects of their activities (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 56).", "38. The Working Group stressed that monitoring of progress at all levels of action was needed on the basis of criteria of corporate responsibility and accountability, to be developed from a human rights perspective, and recommended that the periodic monitoring of the effects of the activities of transnational corporations on global partnerships for development should be attentive to the need for policy coherence and that it should also include a human rights perspective (E/CN.4.2006/26, paras. 58 and 73).", "Parliaments, national institutions and civil society", "39. The Working Group has encouraged States to strengthen national parliamentary mechanisms and legislative bodies, as well as civil society organizations and national human rights institutions, in order to play a more prominent role in the evaluation of Millennium Development Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 70).", "40. The Working Group also agreed that there is a need, at the national level, for strong partnerships with civil society organizations in poverty eradication and development efforts (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (f)).", "B. Thematic issues", "Globalization", "41. At its third session, the Working Group noted that while globalization offered opportunities and challenges, the process of globalization remained deficient in achieving the objective of integrating all countries in a globalized world. It stressed that many developing countries had been marginalized, and others were at risk of marginalization, and stated its position that, if the process of globalization was to be made fully inclusive and equitable, there was a strong need for policies and measures, at the national and global levels alike, to respond to the challenges and the opportunities of globalization (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (a)).", "42. At its fifth session the Working Group stated that in order for the globalization process to facilitate the realization of the right to development and to address the challenges it poses there is a need for an integrated approach to the implementation of national and international dimensions of the right to development and for the identification and implementation of complementary measures at the national and the international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, paras. 43 (e) and (f)).", "Poverty eradication", "43. The Working Group has recognized that the eradication of poverty is a critical, though not the only step in the promotion and realization of the right to development. Poverty is a multifaceted problem requiring a multifaceted approach to address the economic, political, social, environmental and institutional dimensions of poverty, especially in the context of the Millennium Development Goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of the world’s people whose income is less than one dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. In this regard the Working Group recognized the relevant role being played by the World Bank and IMF in the context of the poverty reduction strategy papers, which were useful tools for achieving poverty eradication and development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (a)).", "Millennium Development Goals", "44. The Working Group has recognized that the Millennium Development Goals represent a measurable set of human development objectives, the attainment of which is critical for building a more humane, inclusive, equitable and sustainable world, and that the timely attainment of the Goals is critical for the progressive realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 50). It is agreed that the implementation of the Millennium Declaration and attainment of other international development goals as identified in the outcomes of United Nations conferences and the Millennium Development Goals will contribute to the progressive realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (g)).", "45. The Working Group emphasized the need to employ a multipronged approach, at both national and international levels, to continuously address the constraints to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, strengthen institutional capacities, bridge the information gaps and address the accountability failures to implement the Goals and to give them the necessary local content and national ownership (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 51).", "46. In this regard, the Working Group recognized that Millennium Development Goal 8, with its focus on international cooperation, is a framework compatible with international responsibilities contained in the Declaration, and that, furthermore, it implies significant international roles not only for developed and developing States, but also for other relevant global entities, notably international financial institutions, business corporations, the media and networks of non-governmental organizations. Relevant international human rights institutions, such as human rights treaty bodies, the special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, have a responsibility, within their respective mandates, to work with Governments and their international trade, finance and development partners in order to ensure coherence between their undertakings in these areas and national human rights obligations in general, particularly with regard to the right to development. The Working Group was of the opinion that all country reports on the Millennium Development Goals should include information on Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 36, 43 and 72).", "Official development assistance", "47. The Working Group recognized the value in exploring innovative sources of finance, provided that those sources did not unduly burden developing countries and, reaffirming the commitment on official development assistance (ODA), urged developed countries that had not done so to make concrete efforts towards the targets of 0.7 per cent of their gross national income (GNI) for ODA to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.2 per cent of their GNI to the least developed countries and encouraged developing countries to build on progress achieved in ensuring that ODA is used effectively to help meet development goals and targets (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, paras. 100 (c) and (d)). The Working Group also urged all concerned to recognize the importance of considering an increase in net transfers to developing countries that encompasses all types of external financial assistance, such as ODA, multilateral and bilateral loans, grants and debt relief, as well as of improving market access for the developing countries (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (b))", "48. The Working Group stressed that aid is not an end in itself, but rather a necessary instrument for reaching the Millennium Development Goals where they could not be met by national means alone. The periodic evaluation of aid, from the perspective of the right to development, required:", "(a) Ensuring that ODA policies are guided by human rights in general, and the right to development in particular, as well as poverty reduction objectives;", "(b) Following guidelines on ODA for aid effectiveness, applicable to both donor and partner countries, such as the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, particularly the requirement that ODA be more predictable and harmonized;", "(c) Identifying, formulating and establishing accountability for and ownership by each party of their respective commitments within the framework of a partnership and in the context of good governance and respect for human rights;", "(d) National ownership of State commitments in partnerships for development, requiring the implementation of effective anti-corruption programmes at all levels that eliminate misuse of aid and meet human development objectives;", "(e) Achieving positive net levels of ODA, irrespective of requirements of emergency aid and aid for purposes of national security;", "(f) Effective progress by many developed countries in their commitments to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of their gross national product (GNP) to ODA by 2015, and the need to explore other sources of financing as recommended in the Monterrey Consensus (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 45).", "Trade", "49. The Working Group recognized the importance of fair trade and the need to enlarge opportunities for developing countries in the global economy and that further development of a rule-based, open and non-discriminatory trading system was also vital for the implementation of the right to development. The Working Group stressed that incorporating underlying principles of the right to development into trade relations contributes to fulfilling the commitments to governance, equity and transparency in the financial monetary and trading system and to open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial systems (see E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 46-48). Appropriate measures are needed to enable developing countries to effectively participate in and benefit from an open, equitable, rules-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (j)).", "50. The Working Group agreed that there is a need to address market access for developing countries, including in agriculture, services and non-agricultural products, in particular those of interest to developing countries. A desirable pace of meaningful trade liberalization, including in areas under negotiations, the implementation of commitments on implementation-related issues and concerns, the review of special and differential treatment provisions with a view to strengthening them and making them more precise, effective and operational, the avoidance of new forms of protectionism, and the advancement of capacity-building and technical assistance for developing countries were important issues in making progress towards the effective implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (e)).", "51. At its seventh session, the Working Group reaffirmed the central importance of the development dimension in every aspect of the Doha Work Programme within the negotiations of the World Trade Organization and welcomed the commitment of all States to making it a meaningful reality, in terms both of the results of the negotiations on market access and rule-making, and of the specific development-related issues set out in the Ministerial Declaration adopted at the negotiations in Hong Kong in 2005. The Working Group also recognized the importance of the successful completion of the Doha round of trade negotiations for building an environment conducive to the realization of the right to development and identified the substantial progress achieved in the Doha round with respect to agriculture, intellectual property and public health, liberalizing trade in services, special and differential treatment and trade-related capacity-building as positive steps in making the global trade regime more compatible with the right to development. Overcoming supply-side constraints on capacity to trade, such as those relating to physical infrastructure, education and skills training, was a major challenge facing developing countries, especially the least developed, which required support targeted on aid for trade reform (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 47 and 48).", "52. At its fifth session the Working Group concluded that there was a need to pursue social impact assessments in the areas of trade and development, at both the national and international levels, that would include the right to development and to consider introducing and strengthening human rights standards and principles in undertaking impact assessments of trade and development rules and policies at both national and international levels. Such an approach was necessary in identifying those complementary measures that might be required to address adverse consequences of both national and international trade and development policy interventions. The Working Group stressed that there was also a need for tools to support an adequate approach and methodology in undertaking human rights impact assessments for the right to development and that States should consider using impact assessments in the context of all the relevant international trade forums, including the Trade Policy Review Mechanism and future trade negotiations (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 52, 53 and 54 (e)).", "53. At its sixth session the Working Group agreed that there was an urgent need to build national capacity, especially statistical capacities, through technical cooperation programmes to encourage the use of human rights impact assessments and other tools in guiding public policy at the national and international levels for the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 53 and 54 (e)). In order to build the capacity of the developing countries to collect, analyse and interpret relevant statistical information, and to utilize the results for policy improvements, the Working Group encouraged development partners to provide the necessary training and other facilities for such capacity-building (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 71).", "Foreign direct investment", "54. The Working Group has recognized that the right to development implies that foreign direct investment should contribute to local and national development in a responsible manner, that is, in ways that are conducive to social development, protect the environment and respect the rule of law and fiscal obligations in the host countries. The principles underlying the right to development further implies that all parties involved, that is, investors and recipient countries, have the responsibility to ensure that profit considerations do not crowd out human rights protections (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 59).", "Debt sustainability", "55. An unsustainable debt burden and debt servicing are major obstacles for developing countries in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, meeting their obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and in making progress in the realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 49).", "56. The Working Group stressed that poverty reduction and the promotion and protection of human rights should be taken into consideration in finding solutions for debt sustainability and that arrangements to service national debt should take into account national priorities of human development and poverty reduction, consistent with human rights obligations (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 50).", "57. Recognizing that there is a need for enhanced initiatives by creditors to alleviate the debt burden as a contribution to the realization of the right to development, the Working Group recommended that donor countries and international financial institutions should consider additional ways, including appropriate debt swap measures, to promote debt sustainability for both the heavily indebted poor countries and other developing countries. The Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative and other forms of debt relief should be additional to bilateral ODA flows, and developing countries should use resources released by debt relief as well as other sources of development finance in a manner that fully takes into account the interests of the poor and poverty reduction strategies (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (f)).", "Access to medicines", "58. In the opinion of the Working Group, intellectual property protections should not result in the weakening of the enjoyment of the human right to the highest attainable standard of health, or in limiting access to essential medicines. In this regard, the Working Group stressed the importance of the Doha Declaration on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement and Public Health and the decisions allowing for the exportation of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licence to address the public health problems afflicting many developing and least developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other epidemics, as well as other WTO decisions to extend the transition period for least developed countries in providing protection for trademarks, copyright, patents and other intellectual property under TRIPS (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 51-53).", "Technology transfer", "59. The Working Group considers that knowledge is a global public good and a key instrument for development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 51) and that there is a need to make the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication technologies, available to all, as well as a need to bridge the digital divide (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (g)). The transfer of technology in development partnerships should respect the right of everyone to benefit from scientific progress and its applications. The protection of intellectual property should serve the valuable purpose of stimulating innovation through research and development, while minimizing its negative impact on individual or national access to such research and development. The Working Group also considered that bilateral or regional trade agreements should be consistent with TRIPS and other agreements of the World Trade Organization and should not impede the ability of States to make use of flexibilities and safeguards provided in TRIPS and other agreements reached by the World Trade Organization. Further reflection is needed, however, on the complex relationship between intellectual property and human rights, with a view to identifying criteria for the periodic evaluation of this aspect (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 51-54).", "C. Specific groups and individuals", "The role of women and the gender perspective", "60. The Working Group has recognized “the importance of the role and the rights of women and the application of a gender perspective as a cross-cutting issue in the process of realizing the right to development” and the fact that there is a positive relationship between women’s education and their equal participation in civil, political, economic, social and cultural activities of the community, and the promotion of the right to development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (b)). Enhancing means for the active, full and meaningful participation of women in the process of formulating policies and strategies for attaining the Millennium Development Goals and the realization of the right to development is critically important. The Working Group has recommended that Member States apply a gender perspective to the implementation of the right to development and has agreed to seek to build and disseminate practical means, based on country experiences, to ensure the participation of women on equal terms with men in all fields related to the realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (f)).", "The rights of the child", "61. The Working Group recognizes that there is a need for the integration of the rights of the child, boys and girls alike, in all policies and programmes and for ensuring the protection and promotion of those rights, especially in areas relating to health, education and the full development of their capacities (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (c)).", "Persons living with HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases", "62. The Working Group has stressed that measures must be taken at the national and international levels to fight HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases, taking into account ongoing efforts and programmes (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (d)).", "Migrants", "63. The Working Group recognizes that there is an important nexus between international migration and development and a need to deal with the challenges and opportunities that migration presents to countries of origin, destination and transit. International migration requires a holistic and coherent approach based on shared responsibility, which also and concurrently addresses the root causes and consequences of migration. International migration presents benefits, as well as challenges, to the global community. It is important to identify appropriate ways and means to maximize the development benefits and minimize the negative impacts of such migration in order to ensure respect for and protection of the human rights of migrants, migrant workers and members of their families (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 61).", "D. Measuring progress in the implementation of the right to development criteria", "64. In 2005, the Working Group requested the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development to suggest criteria for the periodic evaluation of global partnerships as identified in Millennium Development Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (i)). In 2009, the Working Group decided to expand the scope of the criteria beyond Millennium Development Goal 8 and aim at the implementation of the right to development, taking into account the evolving priorities of the international community (A/HRC/12/28, para. 43).[7] In 2010, the Working Group considered that further work should be undertaken at the intergovernmental level to adequately reflect both the national and international dimensions (A/HRC/15/23, para. 43).", "65. In 2006, the Working Group adopted a set of provisional criteria, while recognizing that in addition to the areas mentioned explicitly in Millennium Development Goal 8, other areas of development partnerships were relevant to the effective implementation of the right to development, and should be covered by criteria for periodic evaluation of Goal 8, namely the private sector, comprising transnational corporations and foreign direct investment, global governance, migration and regional initiatives. In that context, the Working Group underlined that it wished to avoid creating new monitoring and reporting entities, that the criteria were primarily to be applied by the parties to a partnership, and had to be applied on a continuing basis, in order to achieve coherence and accountability. The Working Group added that additional criteria could be developed for specific issues on which partnerships already existed and operated (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 44, 55 and 66-68).", "66. The high-level task force on the right to development was requested to apply the provisional criteria, on a pilot basis, to selected partnerships, with a view to operationalizing and progressively developing them, and thus contributing to mainstreaming the right to development in the policies and operational activities of relevant actors at the national, regional and international levels, including multilateral financial, trade and development institutions (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 77).", "67. The Working Group guided the task force in further developing and refining the criteria. It recognized, for example, the added value of developing concrete implementation criteria and applying them to the global partnership for development in order to facilitate the incorporation by current and future partnerships of essential elements of the right to development into their respective operational frameworks, thereby furthering the implementation of the right to development and, at the same time, providing the empirical basis for progressively developing and refining those criteria. There was a need for a deeper dialogue with the partnerships and the evaluation of additional partnerships dealing with other aspects of international cooperation, including trade, aid, debt, technology transfers, migration and other issues identified under Millennium Development Goal 8, in a step-by-step and an analytically rigorous manner (A/HRC/4/47, paras. 49 and 50).", "68. The Working Group also found that the right to development criteria would benefit from further review of their structure, coverage of aspects of international cooperation identified under Millennium Development Goal 8 and of the methodology for their application. The current objective of such elaboration should be to enhance the criteria as a practical tool for evaluating global development partnerships from the perspective of the right to development, including by actors in the relevant partnerships themselves. The Working Group encouraged the high-level task force to provide a consistent mapping of the criteria and relevant checklists, viewing the latter as operational sub-criteria (A/HRC/4/47, para. 51).", "69. In addition, the Working Group directed the high-level task force to consider the following partnerships and issues: the African Peer Review Mechanism; the Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness carried out by the Development Assistance Committee of the Economic Commission for Africa/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness; the Cotonou Agreement between African, Caribbean and Pacific countries and the European Union; the issue of access to essential medicines in developing countries (Target 8.E), including the work of the Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property, the Global Fund on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases; and an invitation to the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) to consider entering a dialogue with the task force. The task force was mandated to study the thematic issues of debt relief (Targets 8.B and D) with a view to engaging in a dialogue with the institutions responsible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and other institutions and procedures that address the issue of debt relief and transfer of technology (Target 8.F), including the idea of studying the Clean Development Mechanism and the Development Agenda of the World Intellectual Property Organization (A/HRC/9/17, para. 43) and the Bretton Woods institutions (A/HRC/12/28, para. 46).", "70. In 2008, the Working Group, while discussing the workplan of the high-level task force, identified additional thematic and regional areas under Millennium Development Goal 8, including technology transfer, debt relief, international cooperation and other aspects, as suitable topics for examination by the task force (A/HRC/9/17, para. 38).[8]", "71. The Working Group recommended that the criteria adopted by the high-level task force should (a) be analytically and methodologically rigorous; (b) provide empirically oriented tools to those involved in implementing development partnerships; and (c) cover Millennium Development Goal 8 and other aspects not covered by the task force (A/HRC/9/17, para. 42).", "72. The Working Group agreed that the task force, in accordance with its workplan, should also ensure that due attention is given to other issues relevant to the right to development, including poverty and hunger, including in the context of climate change and the current global economic and financial crisis. The revised criteria and sub-criteria should address the essential features of the right to development, as defined in the Declaration on the Right to Development, in a comprehensive and coherent way, including priority concerns of the international community beyond those enumerated in Millennium Development Goal 8, and should serve the purposes set out in all relevant provisions of Human Rights Council resolution 9/3 (A/HRC/12/28, paras. 42 and 45).", "73. In addition, the Working Group recommended that the task force draw on specialized expertise, including from academic institutions and relevant United Nations agencies and other relevant global organizations and the experience of countries in relation to the promotion of the realization of the right to development. It should also give due attention to the experience gained from the application of the provisional criteria to development partnerships and to the views expressed by Member States (A/HRC/12/28, para. 46).", "74. In 2010, the Working Group considered that further work should be undertaken at the intergovernmental level to adequately reflect both the national and international dimensions of the subject (A/HRC/15/23, para. 43).", "E. Issues for the future", "75. In 2005 and 2006, the Working Group adopted the following issues to guide its future work: (a) the issue of space for national economic policy in the implementation of the right to development; (b) measures and good practices to promote a participatory approach, based on human rights norms and principles, including gender perspective, in the allocation of social sector expenditures in public budgets; (c) examining the institutional experience, feasibility and sustainability of evolving social security nets and overall social development policies into entitlements consistent with the realization of the right to development; (d) exploring means of enhancing elements such as special and differential treatment provisions in making the international trade environment more responsive to the needs of implementing the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 55); (e) continuing to consider the broader topic of Millennium Development Goal 8, which has not been exhausted, thereby focusing on other issues covered by this Goal, as identified but not elaborated upon by the high-level task force (for example, youth employment and landlocked and small island developing States); (f) focusing on topics identified by the task force as pertinent to Goal 8, but not covered by the targets enumerated therein (for example, migration, the role of private sector, global governance and regional initiatives); and (g) selecting a new topic, which is not related to Goal 8 (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 78).", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "76. An effective global partnership for development, underpinned by human rights-based policy coherence and coordination at all levels, is the best foundation for realizing the right to development.", "77. As the United Nations commemorates the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, new efforts are needed (a) to overcome political and polarized debate; (b) to mobilize support from a wide public constituency; and (c) to encourage international organizations to fully integrate all human rights, including the right to development, into their work.", "[1] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/Calendarofevents.aspx.", "[2] See http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/08156.pdf; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/", "DevelopmentHumanRightForAll.aspx; and http://www.fes.de/gpol/en/RTD_conference.htm.", "[3] See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/treaty/index.htm.", "[4] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/", "RtDandGlobalPartnershipforDevelopment.aspx.", "[5] The Working Group was established by Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/72, and endorsed by Economic and Social Council decision 1998/269, with the mandate to monitor and review progress made in the promotion and implementation of the right to development, as elaborated in the Declaration on the Right to Development, at the national and international levels, providing recommendations thereon and further analysing obstacles to its full enjoyment, focusing each year on specific commitments in the Declaration; to review reports and any other information submitted by Member States, United Nations agencies, other relevant international organizations and non-governmental organizations on the relationship between their activities and the right to development; and to present for the consideration of the Human Rights Council a sessional report on its deliberations, including advice to OHCHR with regard to the implementation of the right to development, and suggesting possible programmes of technical assistance at the request of interested countries with the aim of promoting the implementation of the right to development.", "[6] Since its inception in 1998 the Working Group has held 11 sessions. It adopted its conclusions and recommendations by consensus, except at its first, second and fourth sessions, which ended with conclusions presented by the respective chairs. These are not reflected in the present summary. The summary focuses on those conclusions and recommendations related to substantive issues, as opposed to procedural questions, unless the latter were relevant to the substantive issue under consideration. It shall be noted, that the Working Group, at its fifth session, took note of the following positions of delegations, which were not meant to block consensus by the Working Group: Japan reserved its position on trade and debt relief, but joined the consensus; Australia, Canada and the United States of America dissociated themselves from the consensus (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 32). On other occasions, several States and groups presented explanations of their positions with regard to the conclusions and recommendations after their adoption (see for example E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 28, A/HRC/4/47, para. 47, A/HRC/9/17, para. 37 and A/HRC/12/28, para. 39).", "[7] As requested by the Working Group in 2006 (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 77), the high-level task force applied the criteria, on a pilot basis, for the period from 2007 to 2009, to selected partnerships (A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.1 and Corr.1). The purpose of the exercise was to operationalize and develop further the criteria, thus contributing to mainstreaming the right to development in policies and operational activities of relevant actors at the national, regional and international levels, including multilateral financial, trade and development institutions.", "[8] After the adoption of the conclusions and recommendations, several States and groups presented explanations of their positions with regard to the conclusions and recommendations. France (on behalf of the European Union) and Canada clarified that “other aspects” also included good governance, democracy and the rule of law at the domestic level. Cuba (on behalf of the Non‑Aligned Movement) emphasized that “other aspects” referred to an ODA commitment of 0.7 per cent of gross national product, establishing a new international economic order and a fair economic system, as well as good governance and democracy at the international level, including in the functioning of international trade, financial and monetary institutions. Egypt, aligned with the Non-Aligned Movement, added that “other aspects”, such as good governance, democracy and the rule of law, should apply at both the national and international levels (A/HRC/9/17, para. 37)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda [1]", "Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "The right to development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the promotion and implementation of the right to development, including activities to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development. In addition, the present report compiles the conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development of the Human Rights Council with a view to contributing to the intergovernmental meeting on the future course of action for the effective implementation of the right to development.", "Contents", "3. Compilation of conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development", "Introduction", "In its resolution 65/219, the General Assembly requested the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in mainstreaming the right to development, to undertake activities aimed at strengthening the global partnership for development and to elaborate on those activities in her next report to the Human Rights Council. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, to initiate preparations for the commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development in 2011, and also requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution and an interim report to the Human Rights Council on the implementation of the resolution, including efforts undertaken at the national, regional and international levels to promote and implement the right to development. The present report is submitted in accordance with that request and with established practice and is a comprehensive report of the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to development.", "Activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "2. As requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/219 and the Human Rights Council in its resolution 15/25, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with Member States and other relevant stakeholders, launched preparations for the commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development in 2011 and developed a calendar of events. [2]", "In February 2011, in Berlin, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights delivered a keynote address on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development, entitled “Twenty-fifth anniversary of the right to development: achievements and challenges”. The High Commissioner for Human Rights linked popular uprisings in North Africa and the Middle East to denial of the right to development. The event also included an expert colloquium, which identified three challenges to the implementation of the right to development: the deadlock in intergovernmental debate; the need to mainstream the right to development into the work of the United Nations system; and the need to build a broader constituency in support of the right to development. [3]", "4. At the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Islamabad in May 2011, OHCHR noted that human rights, including the right to development, were the most important components of the development process envisaged for the least developed countries; stressed that the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development was an opportunity to reinvigorate partnerships for an enabling environment for development, including the promotion of human rights principles; emphasized the link between development, poverty reduction and gender equality and the contribution of women to development; and reaffirmed its commitment to supporting human rights-based development in the least developed countries.", "5. At the fourteenth session of the Human Rights Council, the High Commissioner expressed the hope that the next phase of the discussion on the right to development would continue to focus on improving human well-being and empowering individuals and communities to participate fully in making important choices that affected them. The High Commissioner stressed the paramount importance of equal opportunity and international cooperation. At the sixteenth session of the Council, the High Commissioner emphasized that the promotion and implementation of the right to development remained the focus of OHCHR.", "6. In addition, in 2011, OHCHR published a booklet on the Declaration on the Right to Development and produced posters and information notes on the right to development.", "7. In May 2011, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a statement on the importance and relevance of the right to development, in which it resolved to continue to monitor the implementation of all the rights protected under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which would also contribute to the full realization of the relevant elements of the right to development (see E/C.12/2011/2). Similarly, in July 2011, the Chairs of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies adopted a statement in which they expressed their determination to work together to promote the recognition that all human rights treaties serve development and are interdependent, in order to highlight and emphasize the importance of the right to development in the interpretation and application of human rights treaty provisions and in monitoring compliance with them. [4]", "8. At the special event on the right to development and the global partnership for development, held during the substantive session of the Economic and Social Council in July 2011, an exchange of views was held on how the right to development and the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 8 could be mutually reinforcing, and how the United Nations could use those synergies to look ahead to 2015 and beyond.", "9. At an open forum organized by the World Trade Organization in September 2010, OHCHR co-sponsored a panel discussion on the right to development with the NGO 3D to promote coherence in trade, development and human rights. The panel emphasized the need for global institutions to ensure coherence of interests, policy space, and policies to enhance productive capacities and promote economic diversification. [5]", "Compilation of conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development", "10. Section III contains a compilation of conclusions and recommendations adopted by consensus by the Working Group on the Right to Development during the period 1998-2010.", "A. Concept of the right to development and the implementation of the right to development", "11. The Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 41/128 in 1986, defines the right to development as an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized. It recognizes development as a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process. It aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of all people and all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of the benefits resulting therefrom. In order to promote development, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights should be given equal attention and urgent consideration.", "12. The right to development encompasses the principles of equality, non-discrimination, participation, transparency, accountability and international cooperation. The basic provisions of the Declaration on the Right to Development are:", "(a) Promoting people-centred development;", "(b) To ensure free, active and meaningful participation;", "(c) Ensure non-discrimination;", "(d) Equitable distribution of development benefits;", "(e) Respect for self-determination and sovereignty over natural resources;", "(f) Ensuring that the right to development is part of the process of promoting other civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "Concept of the right to development", "The deliberations of the Working Group on the Right to Development concluded that there may be nuances in the use of terms, that “there is no impact on the right to development as reflected in the Declaration on the Right to Development”, and that all stakeholders — Member States, experts, development practitioners, international institutions and civil society — should work together to understand the substantive components of the right to development, regardless of those nuances (see E/CN.4/2005/25, para.", "In addition, the Working Group agreed that “a rights-based approach to economic growth and development facilitates the realization of the right to development without excluding its implications and requirements at the national and international levels” (see E/CN.4/2005/25, para.", "While recognizing that “sustained economic growth is an integral part of the realization of the right to development” (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43), the Working Group concludes that “development must be rooted in economic policies conducive to growth with a focus on social justice” and that “the need for synergy between growth-oriented development strategies and human rights is a response to the growing calls for greater rights, greater ownership and more sustainable development” (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. Furthermore, the Working Group notes that the right to development enriches these growth-oriented strategies by systematically integrating human rights and the principles of transparency, equality, participation, accountability and non-discrimination into the development process at the national and international levels. In this regard, the right to development should be guided in setting priorities for resource allocation and policy frameworks and in addressing trade-offs (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 43).", "The Working Group recalled “the principles upon which the right to development is based, namely equality, non-discrimination, participation, transparency, accountability and international cooperation” and noted that particular attention was paid to the principle of equity, the rule of law at all levels and good governance, which were considered essential for the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para.", "Implementation of the right to development", "17. The Working Group sometimes separates the responsibility of States to create a national and international environment conducive to the implementation of the right to development, but generally the Working Group has emphasized the link between the two. (See E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, paras. 95, 96, 103 and 104. With regard to the creation of favourable international conditions, the Working Group recognizes that “there is a growing recognition that the implementation of the right to development requires simultaneous action at the national, regional and international levels. While the role of the State in the implementation of the right to development cannot be overemphasized, this in no way diminishes the importance of international cooperation in creating an international enabling environment” (E/CN.4/2006/26, para.", "18. The Working Group recognizes that international cooperation is one of the international commitments set forth in the Declaration on the Right to Development and includes it as an obligation under the Charter of the United Nations. This obligation is reflected in mutual commitments that translate general obligations of international cooperation into specific binding arrangements between partners. (E/CN.4/2006/26, para.", "19. In addition, while the Working Group is aware of the multidimensional and multifaceted nature of international cooperation, it emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation and other forms of cooperation, such as partnership, commitment and solidarity, including South-South cooperation (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 102).", "The Working Group believes that the changing global environment calls for a highly coordinated approach to international cooperation to ensure better coordination, stronger partnerships, more results-oriented approaches and a more coherent approach to the implementation of the consensus on the objectives of the work as concrete steps for building partnerships for the implementation of the right to development [...], and notes that mutual commitments can lead to the definition and agreement among partners, through sincere negotiations, of specific binding arrangements to ensure national ownership of the development process (see E/CN.4/2005/25, para.", "While the Working Group refers to the implementation of the right to development, it has repeatedly used “progressive” restrictions. For example, in 2004, the Working Group agreed that “the progressive realization of the right to development requires a clear vision, greater coherence, effective coordination of policies and programmes, a credible review process, ongoing assessment and political commitment at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (h)).", "22. Clear recognition of the factors that contribute to the realization of the right to development are: an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system; sustained economic growth; continued partnership; development, assessment and dissemination; practical and concrete measures at the national and international levels; adherence to the fundamental principles of the Declaration on the Right to Development as policy and programme guidelines for multilateral development and financial institutions; rights-based economic growth and development; good governance and the rule of law at the national and international levels; the extent to which States take care of vulnerable and marginalized groups; and the realization of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights (see E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, E/CN.4/2005/25 and E/CN.4/2006/26). The components of the implementation of the right to development also include: institutional foundations; coherence and cooperation in policy and programme development; human resources development; public finance and administration; financial regulation and regulation; basic education; social and gender-sensitive budget policies; the rule of law and justice systems; the development of appropriate technologies and crisis prevention; technical assistance, capacity-building and information-sharing to assist developing countries in their efforts; and the identification and analysis of obstacles to the full realization of the right to development at the national and international levels.", "23. The Working Group agreed that people and relevant institutions should benefit more from the sharing of knowledge and best practices on the implementation of the right to development, including concrete practical measures, through the collection and dissemination of good practices and success stories, and through broad collaborative efforts among stakeholders at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 and E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 36).", "24. The Working Group believes that it cannot and will not consider itself a substitute for multilateral negotiations in areas of competence of other international organizations, even if it considers it to have a strong message in all areas where existing mechanisms have a negative impact on the realization of the right to development for all. In this regard, the Working Group hopes that the organizations concerned will take all necessary steps to remedy the existing situation (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 101). The focus of the Working Group and its follow-up will be on the realization and mainstreaming of the right to development as established in the Declaration on the Right to Development. For the right to development to be understood at the global level, it must be coherently integrated into the operational actions, policies and programmes of all relevant development agencies, international financial and trade institutions and national Governments (see E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, paras. 42 and 43).", "25. The Working Group also emphasized the issue of policy coherence, noting that States still had to fulfil their human rights obligations when adopting agreements and commitments in international forums such as the WTO and in the implementation of Millennium Development Goal 8. Ensuring the policy coherence of a country ' s international human rights obligations with all its multilateral, bilateral trade and development agreements is therefore a central prerequisite for the implementation of the right to development. In negotiating such agreements, Governments should respect and ensure respect for their human rights obligations and adopt a coherent and coordinated approach to integrating the right to development into national policies, including development strategies at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 41).", "26. Given that good governance and the rule of law at the national level will contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights, including the right to development, in all countries, the Working Group endorses national efforts to identify and strengthen good governance measures, including the maintenance of transparent, accountable, accountable and participatory government, responsive to the needs and aspirations of the people and including a partnership approach to development, capacity-building and technical assistance (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (e)).", "27. In addition, the Working Group urges Governments to use, in a transparent and responsible manner, resources that contribute to the implementation of the right to development, whether from domestic or foreign sources. The Working Group also noted the need to encourage action against corruption at the national and international levels and the need for Governments to make a genuine political commitment to that end through strict laws and regulations, including adherence to existing instruments against corruption and support for other international rule of law-building efforts (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (g)).", "With regard to the important link between the international economic, commercial and financial spheres and the realization of the right to development, the Working Group stresses the need to broaden the base of international decision-making on development-related issues and to fill organizational gaps, as well as the need to strengthen the United Nations system and other multilateral institutions, as well as the need to broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in international economic decision-making and norm-setting (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (b)). With regard to institutional asymmetries in global governance, the Working Group identified two broad categories of issues that should be addressed in the periodic assessment of Millennium Development Goal 8. The first is the growing imbalances in the monetary and financial systems, which expose the global economy to shocks beyond the control of the forces of any country. The second is asymmetries in international trade and financial decision-making and rule-making. The voting structures of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have greatly benefited developed countries because of their relatively strong economies (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 60). The Working Group stressed the need for continued efforts to reform the international financial architecture, which would contribute to the realization of Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 75).", "Global and regional partnerships for development", "29. The Working Group attaches particular importance to global partnerships. In 2004, it organized a high-level seminar devoted to this theme (see E/CN.4/2004/23, Add.1). It invited the high-level task force on the right to development to examine the question of Millennium Development Goal 8 and to recommend criteria for its periodic evaluation (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (i)). In 2006, the Working Group adopted a preliminary list of criteria for assessing global partnerships (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 67).", "30. The Working Group also stressed the need for partnerships with United Nations agencies and multilateral financial institutions, including existing partnerships such as poverty reduction strategy papers and United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks. In addition, the Working Group believes that partnerships for development should go beyond the relationship between Governments and multilateral institutions to include civil society organizations (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 45).", "31. Recognizes, within the framework of the Working Group, the importance of continued partnership between the Commission on Human Rights and United Nations organs, agencies, funds and programmes, multilateral financial and development institutions and the World Trade Organization, with a view to identifying concrete measures for the implementation of the right to development and its mainstreaming, including inclusive dialogue and constructive engagement by all parties concerned (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 35 and 36).", "32. The Working Group recognizes that there are gaps and contradictions in practice in the implementation of the right to development and in the establishment of partnerships to enhance global partnerships and considers it necessary to identify all aspects of the principles of the right to development in order to guide and complement the work of such partnerships (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 39).", "33. The Working Group also paid particular attention to regional initiatives to monitor the implementation of human rights, including the right to development, and emphasized the potential value of such regional partnerships as development compacts, which provide for the institutionalization of inclusive participatory processes and transparent public scrutiny, which are conducive to the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 62).", "34. An important part of the Working Group ' s discussions was the need to fulfil the commitments made by the international community to address the special needs of Africa, including the New Partnership for Africa ' s Development (NEPAD) as a development framework and a practical example of advocacy for rights-based development. The Working Group believes that the African Peer Review Mechanism could be an appropriate reporting mechanism for measuring progress on Millennium Development Goal 8, with a view to implementing the right to development. In this regard, States need to incorporate clearly defined criteria for capacity-building, resource allocation, monitoring and evaluation into their national programmes of action emanating from the African Peer Review System, more directly in line with the right to development principles (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 63).", "35. The Working Group acknowledges the work undertaken by the Africa Partnership Forum and notes the need to develop benchmarks for progress and performance against the commitments contained in the Africa Plan of Action adopted at the 2002 Group of Eight Summit and supported by the African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights and other regional instruments. Article 22 of the African Charter, the only legally binding provision on the right to development, could provide a basis for African countries to regularly assess the implementation of the right to development in Africa. In other regions, the promotion of a genuine peer review process to assess the extent to which human rights are integrated into the development process will, to a large extent, contribute to the periodic assessment of the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 63 and 64).", "36. In addition, the Working Group welcomes the Salamanca Declaration and its Additional Statement on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, which contribute to the strategic partnership for poverty reduction and the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 65).", "Transnational corporations and corporate responsibility", "The Working Group recognized the need for strong partnerships with the private sector at the national level in pursuit of poverty reduction and development, as well as the need to promote good corporate governance (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (f)). Aware that the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises can have a positive and negative impact on the development efforts of host countries and the enjoyment of human rights, the Working Group recommends that transnational corporations should operate in a manner that is consistent with the domestic and international human rights obligations of host and home countries, and that consideration should be given to the development of criteria to regularly assess the impact of their activities (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 56).", "38. The Working Group stressed the need to monitor the progress of activities at all levels, in accordance with standards of corporate responsibility and accountability to be developed from a human rights perspective, and considered that regular monitoring of the impact of the activities of transnational corporations on global partnerships for development should focus on the need for policy coherence (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 58 and 73).", "Parliaments, State institutions and civil society", "39. The Working Group encourages States to strengthen national parliamentary mechanisms and legislative bodies, as well as civil society organizations and national human rights institutions, in order to play a more prominent role in assessing Millennium Development Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 70).", "40. The Working Group also agreed on the need for strong partnerships with civil society organizations at the national level to work together to eradicate poverty and promote development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (f)).", "Thematic issues", "Globalization", "41. At its third session, the Working Group noted that, while globalization offered opportunities, the process of globalization had not achieved the goal of integrating all countries into a globalized world. It stressed that many developing countries had been marginalized, while others were at risk of being marginalized. The Working Group took a position that if the process of globalization is to be made equitable and inclusive of all countries, there is an urgent need for policies and measures at the national and international levels to address the challenges and opportunities of globalization (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (a)).", "42. At its fifth session, the Working Group noted that, in order to promote the implementation of the right to development and to address the related challenges, there was a need for an integrated approach to the follow-up and implementation of work on the right to development at the national and international levels, while identifying and implementing complementary measures at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, paras. 43 (e) and (f)).", "Poverty eradication", "43. The Working Group recognizes that poverty eradication is the key, though not the only, to the promotion and realization of the right to development. Poverty is a multidimensional problem requiring a multidimensional approach in the economic, political, social, environmental and institutional spheres of poverty, in particular to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of the world's people whose income is less than one dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. In this regard, the Working Group recognizes the relevant role of the World Bank and IMF within the framework of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), which are one of the useful tools for achieving poverty eradication and development (PRSPs). E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (a).", "Millennium Development Goals", "44. The Working Group recognizes that the Millennium Development Goals are a set of measurable human development goals that are essential for a more humane, inclusive, equitable and sustainable world and that their timely achievement is essential for the progressive realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 50). The implementation of the Millennium Declaration, the international development goals identified in the outcomes of relevant United Nations conferences and the Millennium Development Goals will contribute to the progressive realization of the right to development (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (g)).", "The Working Group stressed the need for a multi-pronged approach at the national and international levels to address the constraints of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to strengthen institutional capacity, to close information gaps, to address situations where accountability is not working to the detriment of the achievement of the Goals, and to give them the necessary local content and national ownership (E/CN.4/2005/25, para.", "46. In this regard, the Working Group recognizes that Millennium Development Goal 8, which focuses on international cooperation, is a framework for international responsibility consistent with the Declaration, which implies not only a major international role for developed and developing countries, but also an important role for other relevant global entities such as international financial institutions, business enterprises, media and NGO networks. Similarly, the relevant international human rights bodies, such as the human rights treaty bodies, the special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights and the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have the responsibility, within their respective mandates, to cooperate with Governments and their international trade, finance and development partners in order to ensure that their commitments in these areas are consistent with their human rights obligations in general and in the implementation of the right to development in particular. The Working Group believes that all MDG country reports should include information on Goal 8 from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 36, 43 and 72).", "Official development assistance", "47. The Working Group recognized the relevance of exploring innovative sources of finance, but that they could not place an excessive burden on developing countries, reaffirmed commitments on official development assistance, urged developed countries that had not yet done so to make concrete efforts to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross domestic product for official development assistance to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.2 per cent of gross national product for official development assistance to least developed countries, and encouraged developing countries to build on progress achieved in ensuring that official development assistance was used effectively to achieve development goals (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, paras. 100 (c) and (d)). The Working Group also urged all parties concerned to recognize the importance of considering increasing net transfers to developing countries, including all types of external financial assistance, such as official development assistance, multilateral and bilateral loans, grants and debt relief and improved market access for developing countries (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (b)).", "48. The Working Group stresses that aid is not an end in itself and that it is a necessary means to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals when it cannot be achieved by national means alone. From the perspective of the right to development, regular assessment of aid requires:", "(a) To ensure that official development assistance policies are guided by human rights in general and the right to development in particular, as well as by poverty reduction goals;", "(b) Official development assistance must be guided by the guiding principles for the effectiveness of official development assistance applicable to both donor and partner countries, such as the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, in particular the principle of increasing the predictability and coherence of official development assistance;", "(c) In the context of good governance and respect for human rights, the respective commitments of each party within the framework of the partnership should be defined, codified and established;", "(d) National ownership of the partnership for development requires effective anti-corruption plans at all levels to eliminate aid abuse and achieve human development goals;", "(e) To reach net positive levels of official development assistance, regardless of the requirements for emergency assistance and assistance for national security purposes;", "(f) The commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product for official development assistance by 2015 and the need to explore alternative sources of funding, as recommended in the Monterrey Consensus (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 45).", "Trade", "49. The Working Group recognizes the importance of fair trade and the need to expand opportunities for developing countries to participate in the global economy, as well as the need for a rule-based, open and non-discriminatory trading system, which is key to the implementation of the right to development. The Working Group also stressed that the integration of the fundamental principles of the right to development into trade relations contributes to the fulfilment of the commitments of the financial, monetary and trading systems in the areas of governance, equity and transparency and to the implementation of the commitments of the multilateral trading and financial systems in the areas of openness, equity, rules-based, predictable and non-discriminatory (see E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 46-48). Appropriate measures are needed to enable developing countries to participate effectively and benefit from an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system that contributes to the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2004/23 and Corr.1, para. 43 (j)).", "The Working Group agreed on the need to address market access for developing countries, including in agriculture, services and non-agricultural products, particularly those of importance to developing countries. Trade liberalization, including in areas under negotiation, must be pursued at an appropriate pace; implementation of commitments on implementation-related issues and concerns; review of special and differential treatment provisions with a view to further strengthening and making them more specific, effective and operational; avoidance of new forms of protectionism; and assistance to developing countries in promoting capacity-building and providing them with technical assistance are important issues for progress towards the effective implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (e)).", "51. At its seventh session, the Working Party reaffirmed the critical importance of each aspect of the development dimension of the Doha work programme in the World Trade Organization negotiations and welcomed the commitment of all countries to make this dimension a reality, both in terms of the outcome of the negotiations on market access and rule-making and in terms of the specific development-related issues set out in the Ministerial Declaration adopted in Hong Kong. The Working Group also recognized the importance of a successful conclusion of the Doha Round of trade negotiations in creating an environment conducive to the implementation of the right to development, and noted that significant progress had been made in the Doha Round in agriculture, intellectual property and public health, liberalization of trade in services, special and differential treatment and trade-related capacity-building, which would help to bring the global trading system more into line with the right to development. Overcoming supply-side constraints on trade capacity, such as those related to physical infrastructure, education and skills training, is a daunting task for developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, which need support aimed at Aid for Trade reform (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 47 and 48).", "52. At its fifth session, the Working Group concluded that social impact assessments in the area of trade and development at the national and international levels should include the right to development and that it was necessary to consider the adoption and strengthening of human rights standards and principles in impact assessments of trade and development rules and policies at the national and international levels. Such an approach is also necessary to identify mutually reinforcing measures needed to address the negative impacts of national and international trade and development strategic interventions. The Working Group also stressed the need for tools to support human rights impact assessments of the right to development in an appropriate way and in a manner, and that States should consider the use of impact assessments in all relevant international trade forums, including the Trade Policy Review Mechanism and future trade negotiations (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 52, 53 and 54 (e)).", "53. At its sixth session, the Working Group unanimously noted the urgent need to build national capacity through technical cooperation programmes to encourage the use of human rights impact assessments and other tools to guide public policies for the implementation of the right to development at the national and international levels (E/CN.4/2005/25, paras. 53 and 54 (e)). In order to progressively enhance the capacity of developing countries to collect, analyse and interpret relevant statistics and use the results to improve policies, the Working Group encourages development partners to provide the necessary training and other facilities for such capacity-building (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 71).", "Foreign direct investment", "54. The Working Group recognizes that the right to development implies that foreign direct investment should promote local and national development in a responsible manner, that is, in a manner that is conducive to social development, environmental protection and respect for the rule of law and financial obligations of host countries. The fundamental principle of the right to development also implies that it is the responsibility of all concerned parties, both investors and recipient countries, to ensure that profit-making considerations do not lead to human rights protection being neglected (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 59).", "Debt sustainability", "55. The unsustainable debt burden is a serious obstacle to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the fulfilment of the obligations of developing countries under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 49).", "56. The Working Group stressed that poverty reduction and the promotion and protection of human rights should be taken into account in the search for solutions to debt sustainability, and that national priorities for human development and poverty reduction, consistent with human rights obligations, should be taken into account in debt repayment arrangements (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 50).", "57. It was recognized that creditors needed to take positive measures to alleviate the debt burden and contribute to the realization of the right to development. The Working Group recommends that donor countries and international financial institutions consider additional options, including appropriate debt swaps, to enhance the debt sustainability of heavily indebted poor countries and other developing countries. Bilateral ODA flows should be complemented by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and other forms of debt relief, and developing countries should make rational use of resources released by debt relief and other development funds, taking into account the interests of the poor and poverty reduction strategies (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (f)).", "Access to medication", "The Working Group is of the view that intellectual property protection should not result in a weakening of the enjoyment of the human right to the highest attainable standard of health; nor should it limit access to essential medicines. In this regard, the Working Group stresses the importance of the Doha Ministerial Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, the decisions to allow the export of medicines under compulsory licensing to address public health problems affecting many developing and least developed countries, in particular those caused by HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other epidemics, and other WTO decisions to extend the transition period for least developed countries to protect trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 51-53).", "Technology transfer", "The Working Group considers that knowledge is a global public good and a key tool for development (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 51), and that the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication technologies, need to be accessible to all, as well as the need to bridge the digital divide (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 100 (g)). The transfer of technology in development partnership relations should respect the right of everyone to benefit from scientific progress and its applications. Protection of intellectual property rights should serve the noble purpose of stimulating innovation through research and development, while minimizing its negative impact on the use of such research and development by individuals or States. The Working Group also considered that bilateral or regional trade agreements should be consistent with the provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and other WTO agreements and that such agreements should not prevent States parties from making use of the flexibilities and safeguards provided for in the TRIPS Agreement and other WTO agreements, although further reflection was needed on the complex relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights in order to establish criteria for the periodic evaluation of this aspect (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 51-54).", "C. Special groups and individuals", "The role of women and a gender perspective", "60. The Working Group recognizes the importance of the role and rights of women as a cross-cutting issue in the implementation of the right to development and the positive link between women ' s education and their equal participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural activities of the community, as well as in the promotion of the right to development (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (b)). Enhancing the active, full and meaningful participation of women in the process of formulating policies and strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to implement the right to development is crucial. The Working Group recommends that Member States apply a gender perspective in the implementation of the right to development. The Working Group agreed to develop and disseminate concrete approaches, based on country experiences, to ensure the equal participation of women and men in all areas of the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 54 (f)).", "Rights of the child", "The Working Group recognizes the need to integrate the rights of boys and girls in all policies and programmes and to ensure their protection and promotion, particularly in the areas of health, education and the full realization of their potential (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (c)).", "People infected with HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases", "The Working Group underlines the importance of national and international measures to combat HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases, taking into account ongoing efforts and programmes (E/CN.4/2002/28/Rev.1, para. 105 (d)).", "Migration", "63. The Working Group recognized the important link between international migration and development and the need to address the challenges and opportunities that migration presents to countries of origin, destination and transit. With regard to international migration, a comprehensive and coordinated approach based on shared responsibility was needed that addressed both the root causes and the consequences of migration. International migration presents both challenges and benefits to the international community. Appropriate ways and means must be found to maximize the benefits of migration for development, while minimizing its negative impact, in order to ensure respect for and protection of the human rights of migrants, migrant workers and their families (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 61).", "D. Development of criteria to measure progress in the implementation of the right to development", "64. In 2005, the Working Group requested the high-level task force on the right to development to recommend criteria for the periodic evaluation of the global partnership for development from the perspective of the right to development (E/CN.4/2006/25, para. 54 (i)). In 2009, the Working Group decided to broaden the scope of the criteria beyond Millennium Development Goal 8, with the aim of implementing the right to development, taking into account the evolving priorities of the international community (A/HRC/12/128, para. 43). [8] The Working Group is of the view that further intergovernmental work should be undertaken to ensure that the right to development is appropriately reflected at both the national and international levels (A/HRC/15/23, para. 43).", "65. In 2006, the Working Group adopted a set of provisional criteria, recognizing that, in addition to the areas explicitly mentioned in Millennium Development Goal 8, it considered that other areas of development partnerships were also relevant to the effective implementation of the right to development and that the criteria for periodic evaluation of Goal 8 should cover those areas, namely the private sector, comprising transnational corporations and foreign direct investment, global governance, migration and regional initiatives. In this regard, the Working Group wishes to avoid the establishment of new monitoring and reporting entities, the standards being applied first and foremost by the parties to the partnership and, for the sake of consistency and accountability, their continued application. The Working Group further noted that additional criteria could be developed for the specific issues on which partnerships exist and operate (E/CN.4/2006/26, paras. 44, 55 and 66-68).", "66. The high-level task force on the right to development is requested to apply the provisional criteria to selected partnerships, with a view to making them operational and progressive, and to promote the mainstreaming of the right to development into the policies and operational activities of relevant actors at the national, regional and international levels, including multilateral financial, trade and development institutions (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 77).", "67. The Working Group directed the task force to further develop and refine these criteria. For example, the Working Group recognized the value added of developing concrete implementation criteria and applying them to global partnerships for development. This helps current and future partnerships to advance the implementation of the right to development by integrating the basic elements of the right to development into their respective operational frameworks, while providing an empirical basis for the progressive development and refinement of these criteria. There is a need for a more in-depth dialogue with partnerships and an assessment of other partnerships responsible for international cooperation, including trade, aid, debt, technology transfer, migration and other issues identified in Millennium Development Goal 8, in a gradual and analytical manner (A/HRC/4/47, paras. 49 and 50).", "68. The Working Group also found that the right-to-development criteria could benefit from further consideration of the structure and coverage of various aspects of international cooperation, as recognized in Millennium Development Goal 8, and of the methods of application of the criteria. The objective of these ongoing deliberations should be to work towards making these criteria a practical tool for assessing the global partnership for development from the perspective of the right to development, including by the relevant partnership actors themselves. The Working Group encouraged the task force to continue to develop these criteria and related checklists, which could be considered operational subcriteria (A/HRC/4/47, para. 49).", "69. In addition, the Working Group directed the high-level task force to consider the following partnerships and issues: the African Peer Review Mechanism; the Economic Commission for Africa/Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness; the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness; and the Cotonou Agreement between ACP countries and the European Union; access of developing countries to essential medicines (Target 8.E), including the work of the Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property, the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases; and the invitation to MERCOSUR to consider a dialogue with the Task Force. The task force is responsible for studying the following themes: debt relief (targets 8.B and 8.D), dialogue in the institutions responsible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative and other institutions and processes dealing with debt relief, and technology transfer (target 8.F), including the idea of a clean development mechanism and WIPO development agenda (A/HRC/9/17, para. 43) and the Bretton Woods institutions (A/HRC/12/28, para. 46).", "70. In 2008, in discussing the workplan of the high-level task force, the Working Group identified other thematic and regional areas, including technology transfer, debt relief, international cooperation and others, that the task force should review under Millennium Development Goal 8 (A/HRC/9/17, para. 38). [9]", "71. The Working Group recommended that the criteria adopted by the high-level task force should: (a) make them analytically and methodologically more rigorous; (b) provide empirically focused tools to agencies concerned with the implementation of development partnerships; and (c) ensure that they included Millennium Development Goal 8 and the Task Force to date. Other areas not yet covered (A/HRC/9/17, para. 42).", "72. The Working Group unanimously noted that, in accordance with its workplan, the high-level task force should also ensure that due attention is given to other issues relevant to the right to development, including poverty and hunger, including in the context of climate change and the current global economic and financial crisis. The revised criteria and subcriteria should address in a comprehensive and coherent manner the key features of the right to development as defined in the Declaration on the Right to Development, including the priorities of concern to the international community beyond those enumerated in Millennium Development Goal 8, and should be consistent with the objectives set out in all relevant provisions of Human Rights Council resolution 9/3 (A/HRC/12/28, paras. 42 and 45).", "73. In addition, the Working Group recommends that the task force should draw on expertise, including from academic and research institutions, relevant United Nations bodies and other relevant global organizations, as well as national experiences in promoting the realization of the right to development. Due attention should also be paid to the experience gained from the application of the provisional criteria to development partnership relations and the views expressed by Member States (A/HRC/12/28, para. 46).", "74. In 2010, the Working Group considered that further work should be undertaken at the intergovernmental level to fully reflect all aspects of the right to development at the national and international levels (A/HRC/15/23, para. 43).", "E. Future issues to be addressed", "75. In 2005 and 2006, the Working Group guided its work by: (a) the issue of national economic policy space in the implementation of the right to development; (b) the identification of measures and good practices to promote participatory approaches and to determine the proportion of public budget expenditures in the social sector, based on human rights norms and principles, including a gender perspective; (c) the review of institutional experiences, feasibility and sustainability of integrating social safety nets and overall social development policies into rights consistent with the implementation of the right to development; (d) the exploration of ways to enhance such factors as special and differential treatment provisions in order to make the international trading environment more responsive to the need for the implementation of the right to development (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 55); (e) the continuation of the broader consideration of the topic of Millennium Development Goal 8, as it has not been thoroughly studied, thus focusing on other issues covered by Goal 8 (e.g. youth employment, landlocked and small island developing States); (f) the focus on topics considered by the task force to be relevant to Goal 8 but not covered by the indicators listed in that goal (e.g. migration, the role of the private sector, global governance, regional action, etc.);", "Conclusions and recommendations", "76. An effective global partnership for development, based on human rights-based policy coherence and coordination at all levels, was the best basis for the implementation of the right to development.", "77. New efforts are therefore needed as we mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development: (a) Overcoming politicized and polarized debates; (b) mobilizing broad public and international support; and (c) encouraging international organizations to fully integrate all human rights, including the right to development, into their work.", "[1] ^ (*) A/66/150.", "[2] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/Calendaroferents.aspx.", "[3] See http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/08156.pdf; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DevelopmentHumanRightForAll.aspx; and http://www.fes.de/gpol/en/RTD_conference.htm.", "[4] See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/treaty/index.htm.", "[5] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/RtDandGlobalPartnership.aspx.", "[6] The Working Group was established by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 1998/72, as endorsed by the Economic and Social Council in its decision 1998/269, to monitor and review progress made in the promotion and implementation of the right to development, in accordance with the Declaration on the Right to Development, at the national and international levels, and to make recommendations thereon, to further analyse obstacles to its full enjoyment, focusing each year on specific commitments contained in the Declaration; to review reports and information submitted by States, United Nations agencies, other relevant international organizations and non-governmental organizations on their activities and on the relationship between the right to development; and to present in-session reports on the discussions, including recommendations to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, for consideration by the Council, and to recommend possible technical assistance programmes, at the request of the State concerned, aimed at promoting the realization of the right to development.", "[7] Since its establishment in 1998, the Working Group has held 11 sessions. It adopted its conclusions and recommendations by consensus, with the exception of the first, second and fourth meetings, which were concluded by the respective Chairs. These conclusions are not reflected in the present summary. The present summary focuses on conclusions and recommendations on substantive issues rather than procedural issues, unless the latter relate to the substantive issues under consideration. It should be noted that, at its fifth session, the Working Group took note of the position of the following delegations, which did not preclude consensus in the Working Group: Japan reserved its position on trade and debt relief but joined the consensus; Australia, Canada and the United States of America did not agree with the consensus (E/CN.4/2005/25, para. 32). On several occasions, a number of States and groups explained their positions following the adoption of the conclusions and recommendations (see, for example, E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 28; A/HRC/4/47, para. 47; A/HRC/9/17, para. 37; A/HRC/12/28, para. 39).", "[8] As requested by the Working Group in 2006 (E/CN.4/2006/26, para. 77), the high-level task force applied these criteria on a pilot basis to selected partnerships for the period 2007-2009 (A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.1 and Corr.1). The aim of this work is to operationalize standards and further develop them, thus contributing to mainstreaming the right to development in the policies and operational activities of actors at the national, regional and international levels, including multilateral financial, trade and development institutions.", "[9] After the adoption of the conclusions and recommendations, a number of States and groups explained their positions. France (on behalf of the European Union) and Canada clarified that “other aspects” included good governance, democracy and the rule of law at the domestic level. Cuba (on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement) emphasized that “other” means the commitment to allocate 0.7 per cent of gross national product to official development assistance, the establishment of a new international economic order and a fair economic system, as well as good governance and democracy at the international level, including the functioning of international trade, financial and monetary institutions. Consistent with the Non-Aligned Movement, Egypt added that “other aspects”, such as good governance, democracy and the rule of law, apply both at the national and international levels (A/HRC/9/17, para. 37)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(a)", "促进和保护人权：人权文书的执行情况", "联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金的现况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第46/122号决议提交的，介绍联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金董事会2010年12月6日至10日在日内瓦召开的第十五届会议上通过的赠款建议和其他有关决定。2011年1月20日，联合国人权事务高级专员代表秘书长核准了赠款建议。报告还提供了关于董事会为执行内部监督事务厅建议而通过的政策决定的资料，以期进一步加强基金的活动。报告更新了提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/64/94)的内容。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 基金的任务", "1. 大会第46/122号决议规定设立联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金，目的是向因当代形式奴隶制而人权遭受严重侵犯的人提供人道主义、法律和财政援助。基金的经费筹措采用从各国政府、非政府组织、公私实体和个人自愿捐款的办法。", "二. 基金的行政管理和董事会", "2. 根据大会第46/122号决议的规定，秘书长按照联合国关于一般人道主义援助信托基金的财务条例和细则，通过联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)，对基金加以管理，由董事会提供咨询意见。", "3. 董事会由人权领域、特别是在当代形式奴隶制问题上具有相关经验的五位联合国专家组成，他们均以个人身份任职。2007年12月，秘书长在适当考虑到公平地域分配的基础上，任命了以下五位董事，任期三年，到2010年12月31日为止：古尔纳拉·沙希尼扬女士(亚美尼亚)、弗吉尼亚·埃雷拉·穆里略女士(哥斯达尼加)、普拉滴普·温颂丹·哈达女士(泰国)、克利奥法斯·库吉奥·马利先生(多哥)和戴维·魏斯布罗德先生(美利坚合众国)。沙希尼扬女士在2008年5月23日辞职，因为她被任命为当代形式奴隶制包括其因果问题特别报告员。2009年3月，秘书长任命克拉拉·斯可利范柯瓦女士(捷克共和国)接替沙希尼扬女士。2011年6月，秘书长在适当考虑到公平地域分配的基础上，任命了以下董事，任期到2013年12月31日为止：弗吉尼亚·埃雷拉·穆里略女士(哥斯达黎加)、克拉拉·斯可利范柯瓦女士(捷克共和国)、阿斯玛·贾汉吉尔女士(巴基斯坦)、乔治·奥莫纳先生(乌干达)和迈克尔·贝尔斯福特·多特里奇先生(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)。", "三. 赠款周期和受理标准", "A. 赠款周期", "4. 2011年项目赠款的申请截止日期是2010年3月31日。收到的可受理申请由董事会第十五届会议于2010年12月6日至10日在日内瓦开会审查。董事会该届会议通过的赠款建议于2011年1月20日经联合国人权事务高级专员代表秘书长核准，核准的赠款将于2011年3月支付。在某些情况下，须收到有关受益人提交的更多资料或(和)逾期情况说明和财务报告后才可拨付款项。接受项目赠款的人必须在2011年9月30日之前向基金秘书处提交关于赠款使用情况的年中情况说明和财务报告，并在2012年3月30日之前提交关于赠款使用情况的最后年度情况说明和财务报告。直到收到关于过去赠款使用情况的令人满意的报告，才会付给这些受益人任何新的项目赠款。", "5. 2012年项目赠款的申请截止日期是2011年5月31日。收到的可受理申请将由董事会在预定于2011年11月在日内瓦召开的第十六届会议上审查。", "B. 可受理的新申请和甄选过程", "6. 按照大会第46/122号决议通过的甄选标准，接受基金援助的受益人应为其人权遭到当代形式的奴隶制的严重侵犯的个人。项目受理标准载于董事会的准则。", "7. 对可受理的申请表格是否符合核定甄选标准将予以核实，必要时要求所涉组织提供额外资料。如有必要，还将征询推荐组织和专门网络的意见。然后，秘书处将根据甄选标准对整个申请表格及所有必需的补充文件加以总结和分析，以协助董事会的工作。董事会将在年会上审查所有已宣布可受理的申请，包括原始申请表格、秘书处编制的摘要分析及任何其他有关资料。随后，董事会将根据其准则向秘书长提出建议。会后，秘书处将审查董事会的所有建议，使之符合联合国的有关行政和财务细则及条例。高级专员将代表秘书长核准关于项目赠款的建议。", "8. 受益组织须接受赠款的所有附带条件，例如在规定限期内提交额外文件和(或)关于赠款使用情况的年中和最后情况说明和财务报告。收到此项确认后，基金秘书处即要求联合国日内瓦办事处财务部门迅速支付项目赠款。", "C. 董事会和秘书处的监测和评价", "9. 秘书处审查受益组织提出的关于项目赠款使用情况的情况说明和财务报告，必要时会要求更多的资料。可要求人权高专办外地机构和联合国其他外地办事处，例如联合国开发计划署(开发署)外地办事处，向基金秘书处提供关于该组织或项目的更多资料。", "10. 在进行评价时，董事会和秘书处从事以下活动：", "(a) 董事会在年会上审查往年拨付的所有项目赠款情况。董事会如对某个组织的报告感到满意，则建议结案。如报告不完整，董事会则提出建议，要求提供更多的具体资料。董事会对报告感到满意之前，不向该组织拨付任何新赠款；", "(b) 董事会成员和基金秘书处可视察基金资助的各个项目；", "(c) 董事会成员必要时可与外地的项目负责人直接联系，以便更好地评价赠款使用情况。秘书处也可与项目负责人面谈；", "(d) 推荐组织和专门网络可应邀出席董事会审查申请的会议，以便提供关于特定组织或项目的更多资料。", "四. 基金财务状况", "11. 根据人权高专办在第十五届会议时提供的资料，自董事会第十四届会议以来可以使用的新捐款共计656 793美元(见表1)。", "表1. 董事会第十五届会议时可以使用的捐款", "捐款方 数额(美元) 支款日期", "比利时 73 964 2009年11月", "塞浦路斯 3 480 2010年11月", "埃及 5 000 2010年4月", "德国 369 913 2010年8月", "罗马教廷 1 476 2010年3月", "以色列 5 000 2010年2月", "日本 30 000 2010年6月", "日本 50 000 2010年11月", "西班牙 29 585 2009年11月", "瑞士 51 948 2009年12月", "土耳其 6 000 2010年8月", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 29 977 2010年3月", "戴维·魏斯布罗德先生 450 2009年11月", "捐款总额 656 793", "12. 图1显示1998至2010年按届会分列的捐款数趋势。", "图1 1998年至2010年收到的捐款数", "[]", "五. 董事会第十五届会议", "13. 联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金董事会第十五届会议于2010年12月6日至10日在日内瓦威尔逊宫举行。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处法治、平等和无差别待遇处处长代表高级专员主持了会议开幕式。", "14. 董事会的五名成员——弗吉尼亚·埃雷拉·穆里略女士(哥斯达尼加)、克拉拉·斯可利范柯瓦(捷克共和国)、普拉滴普·温颂丹·哈达女士(泰国)、克利奥法斯·库吉奥·马利先生(多哥)和戴维·魏斯布罗德先生(美利坚合众国)——全部出席了会议。魏斯布罗德先生再次当选为主席。埃雷拉·穆里略女士当选为董事会副主席。", "15. 董事会共举行了10次会议，审查了秘书处编写的以下方面的资料：在第十四届会议上通过的建议的执行情况；基金的财务状况；筹资工作；项目赠款申请；关于以往赠款使用的财务和情况说明报告；与联合国其他机构、机制和程序的合作；与联合国人口贩运行为受害者自愿基金的合作；研究金方案以及内部监督事务厅各项建议的后续行动。", "A. 关于赠款的建议", "16. 根据可供使用的经费，董事会通过了2010-2011年度订正费用计划共计1 027 885美元。", "17. 董事会审查了来自61个国家的243个项目赠款申请，共计3 754 000美元左右。此外，还有30项申请被宣布为不可接受。申请来自以下大洲、国家和领土：非洲(80)：贝宁(3)、布基纳法索(2)、布隆迪(1)、喀麦隆(8)、乍得(1)、刚果(1)、科特迪瓦(4)、刚果民主共和国(8)、加纳(8)、肯尼亚(7)、利比里亚(2)、纳米比亚(1)、尼日尔(2)、尼日利亚(4)、塞拉利昂(2)、南非(3)、苏丹(1)、多哥(4)、乌干达(10)、坦桑尼亚联合共和国(7)、赞比亚(1)；亚洲及太平洋(100)：孟加拉国(11)、柬埔寨(2)、中国(3)、印度(48)、印度尼西亚(3)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(1)、尼泊尔(5)、巴基斯坦(20)、菲律宾(2)、大韩民国(1)、新加坡(1)、斯里兰卡(1)、泰国(1)、东帝汶(1)；欧洲和中亚(35)：阿塞拜疆(1)、比利时(1)、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那(3)、保加利亚(1)、法国(3)、格鲁吉亚(1)、爱尔兰(1)、吉尔吉斯斯坦(1)、立陶宛(1)、摩尔多瓦共和国(4)、罗马尼亚(1)、俄罗斯联邦(6)、塞尔维亚(1)、塔吉克斯坦(2)、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国(5)、乌克兰(1)、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(2)；美洲(17)：巴西(3)、哥斯达黎加(1)、厄瓜多尔(2)、海地(7)、墨西哥(5)；中东和北非(12)：埃及(1)、伊拉克(6)、以色列(2)、毛里塔尼亚(1)、被占巴勒斯坦领土(1)、阿拉伯联合酋长国(1)。", "18. 根据甄选标准，董事会建议接受61个项目赔款，共555 115美元，援助以下区域的46个国家和领土的非政府组织：非洲：喀麦隆(2)、刚果(1)、科特迪瓦(2)、刚果民主共和国(2)、加纳(2)、肯尼亚(2)、利比里亚(1)、纳米比亚(1)、尼日尔(2)、尼日利亚(1)、南非(1)、多哥(1)、乌干达(2)、坦桑尼亚联合共和国(2)；亚洲及太平洋：孟加拉国(2)、柬埔寨(1)、中国(1)、印度(4)、印度尼西亚(1)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(1)、尼泊尔(2)、巴基斯坦(3)、菲律宾(1)、新加坡(1)、泰国(1)；欧洲和中亚：阿塞拜疆(1)、保加利亚(1)、法国(1)、爱尔兰(1)、吉尔吉斯斯坦(1)、立陶宛(1)、摩尔多瓦共和国(1)、罗马尼亚(1)、俄罗斯联邦(1)、塞尔维亚(1)、塔吉克斯坦(1)、乌克兰(1)；美洲：巴西(1)、哥斯达黎加(1)、厄瓜多尔(1)、海地(1)、墨西哥(1)；中东和北非：以色列(1)、毛里塔尼亚(1)、阿拉伯联合酋长国(1)、巴勒斯坦被占领土(1)(见附件一的项目赠款表)。", "19. 董事会还提出一个包括10个项目赠款的后备清单，总额89 000美元，以便在某些经遴选获得赠款的非政府组织不符合赠款附加条件的情况下发放赠款。拟议的后备清单列有10个国家的10个非政府组织：巴西(1)、科特迪瓦(1)、加纳(1)、海地(1)、印度(1)、巴基斯坦(1)、塔吉克斯坦(1)、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国(1)、多哥(1)和乌干达(1)(见附件二的项目赠款表)。", "20. 董事会还建议在一预算项目下开列20 000美元用于特别应急赠款。", "21. 董事会在审议项目赠款申请时，考虑到了男女比例、专题优先事项和国家及区域分配的重要性。", "22. 董事会自1998年开始拨付赠款以来的有关统计数字，其中包括收到的项目申请数和要求的款额，以及核准的赠款数和由基金拨付的款额，载于表2和图2。", "表2 1998至2010年期间旅费补助和项目赠款拨付数统计", "年度 可受理的申请份数^(a) 要求的款项(美元) 核准的赠款份数 拨付款项(美元)", "1999 23 800 000 5 27 000", "2000 25 552 236 17 83 500", "2001 23 330 000 18 148 700", "2002 39 600 000 21 121 000", "2003 55 743 990 28 130 920", "2004 43 553 275 20 150 700", "2005 63 696 057 25 215 330", "2006 89 1 026 445 47 590 156", "2007 129 1 625 732 33 269 200", "2008 181 2 190 837 71 733 109", "2009 274 3 831 322 63 726 090", "2010 243 3 754 000 61 555 115", "^(a) 每年收到约50-70份不可受理的申请。", "图2 1999-2010年期间基金收到的申请份数和核准的赔款份数", "[]", "B. 筹资", "23. 2010年12月10日，董事会与捐款国家政府、有关国家政府和其他捐助者举行了每年一度的会议。27个国家的政府代表和常驻观察员出席了会议，其中包括阿富汗、阿尔及利亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、巴林、比利时、贝宁、巴西、喀麦隆、加拿大、乍得、埃及、意大利、希腊、罗马教廷、伊拉克、以色列、老挝人民民主共和国、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、尼日尔、波兰、罗马尼亚、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、南非和土耳其。法语国家国际组织的一名代表也出席了会议。", "24. 主席和董事会成员感谢捐助方向基金慷慨解囊，介绍了由基金资助的向当代形式奴隶制受害者提供直接援助的多个项目。一些国家对基金的工作表示大力支持，对基金所做的杰出工作表示赞许。", "25. 董事会在其年会上注意到秘书长2010年12月2日在废除奴隶制国际日的声明。秘书长在声明中呼吁联合国所有会员国向联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金慷慨捐助，因为该基金帮助成千上万的受害者重获新生和人格尊严。", "26. 董事会评估了基金未来的需求，估计基金在其2011年第十六届会议之前至少需要150万美元才能令人满意地满足相关需求。", "27. 董事会建议主席和人权理事会秘书处请董事会一名代表在人权理事会第十八届会议上介绍基金的工作，报告基金的财务状况，并邀请捐助者向基金捐款。", "C. 执行内部监督事务厅建议的后续行动", "28. 根据董事会第十一届会议的建议，内部监督事务厅于2006年11月至2007年1月期间对基金进行了全面审查，以审查基金活动对目标群体的影响，评估基金报告和监测过程的效率和有效性。2007年6月发布的最后报告载有22项建议，报告得出结论认为，基金正在履行其任务，对当代形式奴隶制的受害者产生了积极的影响。", "29. 根据对内部监督事务厅建议采取后续行动的议程项目，董事会成员注意到基金秘书处和董事会成员在落实这些建议方面所取得的进展。董事会指出，内部监督事务厅提出的22项建议中，仅有4项建议仍未执行。董事会决定对内部监督事务厅认为已经完成的以下建议继续采取后续行动，以改善基金的方法，增强其效能：", "建议1", "30. 内部监督事务厅建议董事会为受益人的甄选过程制定更详细的准则。", "31. 董事会在其第十四届会议上通过了新准则和政策的终稿。董事会指出，新的准则已经张贴在基金网站上，并译成法文。董事会建议人权高专办将这些准则译成西班牙文。", "建议2和3", "32. 内部监督事务厅建议优先处理某些当代形式的奴隶制问题，特别是其他国际组织未予处理的奴隶制形式，包括与文化习俗有关的奴隶制形式，如强制劳动、儿童婚姻、转房婚、抵押劳工。内部监督事务厅还建议采用一项铲除问题根源的战略来支持各个项目，同时结合直接援助和创收活动来协助当代形式奴隶制的受害者。", "33. 董事会在其第十四届会议上通过了新准则，鼓励非政府组织制定可持续项目的特别规定，并辅以铲除现代奴隶制的根源的行动，同时结合直接援助和创收活动来协助当代形式奴隶制的受害者。", "34. 业已核准许多向与文化习俗有关的各类奴隶制受害者提供援助的项目，处理强迫婚姻、性奴役、强制劳动、儿童婚姻、转房婚、抵押劳工等。", "建议4", "35. 内部监督事务厅建议基金考虑与从事直接援助的组织建立较长期的关系，向它们提供两至三年的资金。", "36. 董事会在其第十四届会议上通过了新的准则和政策，其中包括关于两年期供资政策的特别规定，但需视是否具备资金而定。在第十五届会议上核准的61个赠款项目中，25个是用以资助以往曾从基金获得过资助的非政府组织。", "建议6和7", "37. 内部监督事务厅建议改进在基金网站上查阅信息的途径，以方便接受赠款人之间建立伙伴关系和交流最佳做法，进一步提高对奴隶制问题的认识，宣传基金的成就。", "38. 基金网站的订正版本于2009年推出，董事会建议将其翻译成法文和西班牙文。董事会建议起草并公开发表根据情况说明报告归纳的最佳做法和经验教训汇编。董事会还建议更新关于基金工作的情况介绍手册。董事会欣见人权高专办修订关于当代形式奴隶制的第14号概况介绍，并建议在董事会和人权高专办出版委员会审查后出版该文件。2011年6月，基金秘书处完成了更新情况介绍手册和汇编最佳做法与经验教训的工作。", "39. 董事会强调，废除奴隶制国际日(12月2日)作为一项提高人们对该议题的认识的年度活动，意义十分重大。董事会建议主席在当日继续发表一项声明。", "研究金方案", "40. 内部监督事务厅建议7要求人权高专办进一步提高各界对当代形式奴隶制的认识，根据这一建议，董事会在其第十四届会议上建议为工作人员和人权组织联系成员(特别是就当代形式奴隶制有关问题开展工作的人员)设立一项研究金方案，让他们有机会获取国际人权领域(特别是关于当代形式奴隶制问题)的第一手经验、知识和技能。", "41. 根据这一建议，秘书处于2010年7月启动研究金方案申请通知，收到了人权组织推荐的个人提出的40份申请。研究金方案设定为起始期4个月，从2010年8月16日起，到12月17日止。选定的候选人是Ana Paula G.C.de Souza女士(巴西)(反奴隶制国际)、Kouanté Sigfrid Gerlac Chrysole André Yoro先生(贝宁)(保卫儿童国际)、Mariannick Koffi女士(科特迪瓦/法国)和Adodo Esséna Sossou先生(几内亚)(反对剥削儿童与妇女行动)。", "42. 人权高专办工作人员和董事会成员为研究金学员提供有关国际人权制度的培训，包括条约机构制度、人权理事会、普遍定期审议和与当代形式奴隶制有关的特别程序。作为方案的一部分，一些研究金学员被分配了人权高专办其他分支机构的任务，包括条约机构和特别程序。研究金学员们通过撰写研究文件和提高认识的材料，充分利用自己的知识专长。鉴于方案十分有效，董事会建议将两项研究金延长8个月，从2011年1月5日延长至9月2日。", "43. 董事会还建议2011-2012年研究金方案改为2011年9月5日至2012年8月31日为期12个月的方案，颁发给2名研究金学员。", "建议8", "44. 内部监督事务厅建议董事会更加注意确定基金未来发展的优先事项、筹资、监测和为非政府组织提供技术专门知识等政策问题，以期从长远角度更好地满足奴隶制受害者的需要。", "45. 董事会就其在监测获准项目、预先筛选申请人、开展筹款努力和建立与秘书处沟通的正常渠道等方面的作用开展了讨论。董事会讨论了董事会成员的作用，建议在董事会下一届会议上纳入一项有关政策事项的议程项目，以讨论专题和区域优先事项以及申请人和接受赠款人的能力建设问题。", "建议9", "46. 内部监督事务厅建议设立一个正式的监测和评价机制。", "47. 董事会通过了项目评价的修订准则，建议秘书处继续与人权高专办各国家办事处、人权顾问、区域办事处、联合国和平特派团和开发署开展系统联系，实地监测和评价各个项目。", "48. 获得授权的咨询人在开展需求评估工作并评价曾经申请资金的选定非政府组织的既往活动和目前方案的有效性之后提交了报告，董事会对此表示欢迎。董事会建议拓展这方面的经验，并建议为此预留10 000美元的预算项目。", "49. 董事会建议定期视察选定项目。秘书处应编写项目视察报告供董事会在年度会议上审议。董事会建议分配总预算的5%为项目监测和评价供资。此外，董事会还建议将规划的评价工作团告知开发署和国际劳工组织外地办事处。", "建议10", "50. 内部监督事务厅建议建立一个管理信息系统，以便对赠款进行有效的监测和追踪，减少工作量。", "51. 董事会对人权高专办信息技术部门完成新管理信息系统的开发表示赞赏，目前联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金秘书处正在使用这一系统。董事会建议为聘用一名临时人员分配资金，该助手将负责在新赠款管理系统输入所需数据。 董事会建议在下一个赠款周期通过这一新的在线申请系统提交申请。董事会建议该系统不应是排他性的，应当允许没有能力提交电子申请的非政府组织继续通过邮件递交申请。", "建议13", "52. 内部监督事务厅建议修改基金的处理和供资周期。", "53. 董事会通过了2012年项目赠款的赠款周期：", "(a) 2012年提交项目申请的截止日期是2011年5月31日", "(b) 董事会年度会议定于2011年11月28日至12月5日举行", "(c) 付款日期为2012年1月至2月", "(d) 提交临时财务报告和陈述报告的时间为2012年9月30日", "(e) 提交最后财务报告和陈述报告的时间为2013年4月30日", "建议14和15", "54. 内部监督事务厅建议人权高专办制订一项更为全面、成本效益更高的预先筛选政策。", "55. 董事会在其第十四届会议上建议，对于每个新申请人，秘书处都要继续有计划地要求出示并审查组织的登记证明、组织的章程、标明组织签名人的银行记录复制件、银行对账单复制件、推荐信以及其他资金来源的证据。秘书处继续与联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金和共助社区项目开展联络，交换有关申请者的信息。秘书处继续有计划地与推荐人和捐助者进行联系。", "56. 董事会还建议秘书处继续与人权高专办外勤干事和主管干事开展成功合作，以核实新申请人所做的工作，特别是在基层为当代形式奴隶制受害者提供的援助质量。", "57. 董事会建议秘书处请儿基会和国际劳工组织提供其非政府组织名录。董事会还建议秘书处协助各组织准备如何提交申请，通过人权高专办的外地机构更好地满足基金的要求，如果没有这样的机构，则在可能的情况下借助联合国国家工作队。", "尚未执行的内部监督事务厅建议的后续行动", "建议11", "58. 内部监督事务厅建议编写并通过一份《标准作业程序手册》，为基金的运作和管理提供具体的指导方针。", "59. 2011年2月，基金秘书处在联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金秘书处编写的《标准作业程序手册》的基础上完成了该手册的拟订工作。", "建议16", "60. 依照董事会的建议，人权高专办正在对建议16(关于在乌干达分配的具体资金)采取后续行动。", "建议20和21", "61. 董事会成员敦促人权高专办执行建议20和 21，开展整体协调，建立一个由人权高专办管理的人道主义基金共同秘书处。", "62. 2011年3月，人权高专办核可了联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金和联合国酷刑受害者自愿基金秘书处合并的决定。", "D. 与联合国各机构的合作以及联合国系统在相关任务方面的发展情况", "63. 董事会与联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金秘书处举行会议，交流有关工作方法、董事会成员的作用和该基金的最佳做法的信息。董事会感兴趣地注意到，在线申请进程对于增强酷刑受害者自愿基金处理项目赠款的能力和增加该基金的董事会成员所开展的活动起到了积极的作用。", "64. 董事会与当代形式奴隶制及其因果问题特别报告员助理举行了会谈，讨论未来在传播和支持国家特派团方面开展合作的问题。董事会邀请特别报告员为庆祝基金成立20周年相关活动出谋划策。", "65. 根据内部监督事务厅建议6和8，董事会决定为在一预算项目下开列15 000美元，作为划拨给非政府组织的赠款，以便它们能够参加在特别报告员实地考察团框架内召集的区域、次区域和全国的会议，并为执行特别报告员在其报告中的建议作出贡献。", "66. 董事会建议在人权理事会第十八届会议的框架内与有关政府和非政府组织举办一次与特别报告员的并行活动。", "与联合国贩运人口行为受害者自愿信托基金的合作", "67. 在与联合国贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为受害者自愿信托基金有关的议程项目下，董事会成员与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室条约事务司工作人员和有组织犯罪与非法贩运处处长举行了会谈，讨论两个基金之间开展合作和协同增效的可能渠道。", "68. 董事会欢迎秘书长提名当代形式奴隶制问题基金两名成员担任贩运受害者基金董事会成员，这将确保两个基金之间开展沟通和协同增效。董事会还注意到，当代形式奴隶制问题基金发放的赠款中有25%分配给向贩运受害者直接提供援助的项目。董事会建议两个基金的秘书处举行定期会议，以确保继续开展合作，避免重复工作，并建议提高认识的材料中亦应参照提及这两个基金。董事会指出，预计新设立的贩运受害者基金将为政府和政府间举措发放赠款，这并不在联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金的任务规定之内，因而有利于减少两个基金之间的职能重迭问题。两个基金的秘书处同意交流工作方法并举行定期会议。", "E. 2011年基金20周年纪念", "69. 董事会成员回顾1991年12月17日大会通过了规定设立基金的第46/22号决议，董事会决定组织一系列的活动庆祝基金成立20周年。周年庆祝活动使我们有机会总结基金作为支持那些为当代形式奴隶制受害者直接提供援助的非政府组织开展工作的机制所产生的影响，有机会总结在该领域开展工作的经验教训并让更多的人了解防止奴役和保护受害者、让他们全面恢复正常生活的努力所面临挑战。", "70. 2011年6月1日，基金和反奴隶制国际与儿童团结组织、哥斯达黎加常驻代表团和乌拉圭常驻代表团举办了一场会外活动，以提高关于儿童家庭奴役的认识，并讨论人权作为保护儿童手段的作用。联合国各机构的代表、一些民间社会组织的代表以及亚美尼亚、加拿大、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、希腊、洪都拉斯、牙买加、菲律宾、南非、沙特阿拉伯、联合王国和乌拉圭等国的常驻代表团人员参加了这次活动。", "71. 2011年9月1日至28日，基金将在人权理事会期间第十八届会议期间于万国宫展览画廊主办一次展出，届时将展出与基金工作有关的56件艺术作品。", "72. 董事会还决定与当代形式奴隶制及其因果问题特别报告员合作，在人权理事会第十八届会议的框架之内组织一次会外活动。", "73. 庆祝基金成立20周年的活动将在2011年12月2日的废除奴隶制国际日纪念活动上达到高潮，董事会成员、当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员、基金以往的接受赠款人、非政府组织和政府代表将出席这次活动。", "74. 董事会核准了20 000美元的预算项目，为这些活动提供资助。", "六. 废除奴隶制国际日", "75. 2010年12月2日，董事会成员发表以下声明，纪念废除奴隶制国际日：", "(a) 值此废除奴隶制国际日之际，谨申明我们致力于彻底铲除奴隶制和类似奴隶制习俗。我们希望，今天的日子将会提醒我们：尽管几百年来世界各国为废除奴隶制作出了大量努力，但这种严重侵犯人权的行径并未在任何国家绝迹。", "(b) 有足够的证据表明，类似奴隶制习俗广泛存在。特别值得关切的是儿童的境况，他们被剥夺了生来自由和免遭奴役的基本权利。仅需引用一个数字，便可以管窥一斑：据估计，约有490万到6.15亿儿童陷入奴隶制和类似奴隶制习俗的桎梏。", "(c) 当今世界上仍有千百万人继续生活在当代形式奴隶制压迫下，这是一个令人震惊的现实。传统的奴隶制作为受法律许可的制度，已经在世界各地废除了；但是奴隶制并未得到彻底铲除，相反，新形式的奴隶制又出现了。", "(d) 债役、农奴制、强迫劳动、童工和奴役、贩卖人口和人体器官、性奴役、征募儿童兵、买卖儿童、强迫婚姻、买卖妻子和卖淫剥削侵犯了我们所有人不论性别、民族、社会地位、职业或其他差异都应享有的最基本人权。", "(e) 奴隶制即便在被废除后，也会留下自己的印记。在它寿终正寝之后，它还可能作为一种心态，在受害者及其后代的心中、在实行奴隶制的继承者的心中冥顽不灵。", "(f) 类似奴隶制习俗往往是隐秘的。恐惧、对权利的无知和生存的需要都阻碍受害者发声。大多数受害者都是最贫困、在社会上受排斥的人。贫困、阶级和种族等多重因素造成了结构性的问题，造成了难以打破的边缘化恶性循环。两性不平等和歧视、缺乏教育、渴求工作、对廉价劳动力的需求等，也是使人们坠入陷井的原因。", "(g) 联合国设立了若干有关专题程序，包括当代形式奴隶制及其因果问题特别报告员这一打击奴隶制和废除类似奴隶制习俗的关键机制，对这些挑战作出反应。联合国还设立了贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员；买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员；当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员；暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员；负责处于武装冲突中的儿童问题的秘书长特别代表和移徙者人权问题特别报告员。这些专题报告员对个案的信息作出迅速回应，在防止和制止侵犯行为方面卓有成效。", "(h) 1991年，联合国还创建了联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金，协助各个非政府组织为当代形式奴隶制的受害者和潜在受害者提供具体的人道主义、法律和财政援助。例如在2009-2010年期间，联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金就发放了63项赠款，援助44个国家的受害者和潜在受害者。信托基金今年又收到了250多份申请，所涉金额达3 550 700美元，这进一步反映了对此类援助的需求。", "(i) 在这一天，我们向所有致力于消灭奴隶制和确保所有受害者获得补救(包括全面恢复尽可能正常的生活的手段)的政府、民间社会组织和个人表示敬意。我们谨表示坚定致力于与奴隶制进行斗争，尤其将致力于帮助奴隶制的受害者。", "(j) 我们敦促所有国家批准和实施这一领域现有的文书，特别是《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》。", "(k) 我们还呼吁各会员国履行义务，取消和消除一切形式的奴隶制。我们感谢联合国援助当代奴隶制受害者自愿基金的所有捐助者，并呼吁国际社会向联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金慷慨捐款，以声援奴隶制受害者，增加基金对受害者的援助，并为在全世界范围内结束这些无法容忍和无法接受的做法作出贡献。", "七. 如何向基金捐款", "76. 各国政府、非政府组织和其他私营或公共实体可向基金捐款。捐款者应在支付委托书上标明“For the Slavery Fund，account SH”。捐款者如欲了解如何捐款，请与基金秘书处联系，地址如下：Secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; 电话：41 22 928 9737或928 9164；传真：41 22 928 9050。", "八. 结论与建议", "77. 基金已引起越来越多帮助奴隶制受害人的非政府组织的兴趣。2010年收到大约243个赠款申请，总额约3 754 000美元。董事会仅建议拨付555 115美元的赠款，占要求数额的15%以下。基金仍然跟不上不断增长的需求和支助需要。2011年收到大约450个赠款申请，总额约6 125 000美元。董事会估计，为了履行其任务规定对2011年收到的申请作出积极回应，在2011年11月举行的董事会第十六届会议之前基金将需要至少150万美元的新捐款。", "78. 鼓励捐助者和潜在捐助者进一步加强对基金的支持，让基金扩大对奴隶制受害人的关键援助。关于下一个周期，请捐助者在2011年11月之前捐款给基金，以便联合国财务主任在董事会第十六届年会之前将捐款记入账户。", "79. 董事会2011年第十六届会议的安排。董事会核准了定于2011年11月28日至12月5日在日内瓦举行的董事会下一届会议的临时议程。", "附件一", "^(a) 所有赠款均在收到令人满意的补充资料后再行决定。", "董事会第十五届会议建议的项目赠款^(a)", "组织 国家或领土 项目名称或所涉方面 核准数额(美元)", "非洲", "反对基于性别的暴力行为的妇女行动 喀麦隆 男性赋权和参与工具(MEET)，以制止早婚-强迫婚姻和出售妻子 4 800", "Mengbwa：青年行动 喀麦隆 反对Koutaba的Mbororo地区的早婚和强迫婚姻项目 6 000", "非洲发展新伙伴关系刚果分会 刚果 为布拉柴维尔受害于当代形式奴隶制的寡妇提供法律援助 10 000 Avenir协会", "Jekawili协会 科特迪瓦 改善Bouaké市当家庭佣工的女孩的生活和工作条件的项目 7 000", "国际天主教儿童局 科特迪瓦 在科特迪瓦防止和应对贩运和剥削儿童的项目 10 000", "社会发展工作社 刚果民主共和国 帮助强迫婚姻后离异的单身母亲和被迫从事家政者 10 000", "Kamituga母亲组织 刚果民主共和国 打击Mwenga农村矿区的奴隶制和剥削童工现象 6 000", "社区规划与发展网 加纳 制止小规模采矿(个体采矿者)的奴隶制的项目 5 000", "非洲儿童机构加纳分会 加纳 非洲儿童机构新起点方案 10 000", "提高年轻寡妇地位方案 肯尼亚 协助Kayole的寡妇获得和控制家庭财产，以减轻转房婚的某些负面影响 10 000", "收获希望自助社区中心 肯尼亚 通过赋权使肯尼亚Mtwapa镇的人口贩运和奴隶制受害者恢复正常生活 10 000", "非洲儿童虐待和忽视防范保护网(利比里亚分支) 利比里亚 通过在Montserrado县农村地区开展提高认识的运动来打击童工现象 5 000", "纳米比亚人权学会 纳米比亚 开展行动打击纳米比亚的类似奴隶制习俗 5 000", "Timidria协会(捍卫人权组织) 尼日尔 为Abalak和Tchintabaraden的奴隶制习俗的受害者家庭请求社会经济援助 10 000", "尼日尔打击童工协会(ALTEN) 尼日尔 Projefid 10 000", "妇女援助联合会(WACOL) 尼日利亚 保护在Abakaliki矿井和采石场工作的童工和儿童奴隶制受害者并恢复其正常生活 5 000", "Justice ACTs 南非 铲除人口贩运运动 10 000", "国际天主教儿童局 多哥 防止包括人口贩运在内的最恶劣的当代形式奴隶制，通过增加社会教育机会为高风险的弱势儿童提供关爱 10 000", "乌干达青年发展联系社 乌干达 到2011年底制止乌干达坎帕拉Kawempe、Rubaga和Makindye 7 615 Dividions区的儿童贩运、其他当代形式奴隶制和对年轻人的剥削", "乌干达青年援助组织 乌干达 预防童工和恢复童工正常生活的社区努力 10 000", "姆布图农业学会(MAS) 坦桑尼亚联合共和国 在Kisarawe和Mkuranga区向当地领导人宣传童工问题 10 000", "Kashog-Karagwe发展协会 坦桑尼亚联合共和国 归还政府征地 10 000", "亚洲和太平洋地区", "JOGAJOG 孟加拉国 防止街头的儿童遭受贩运 10 000", "Prova协会 孟加拉国 消灭和预防童工现象 9 000", "撒马利亚人资金国际救济机构 柬埔寨 防止贩运和同伴教育社区项目 8 000", "香港印度尼西亚移民工人联合会 中国 妇女赋权：培训和发展妇女领袖制止债役 10 000", "社区经济和发展顾问协会中心 印度 Sara Akash Hamara——通过教育和参与让从事童工的女孩(6至18岁)融入社会 9 300 (CECOEDECON)", "亚洲土著人民条约基金会 印度 为印度东北部的贩运和童工受害者提供社会融合支持 10 000", "Manav Seva Sansthan(Seva) 印度 快要到家了——基于权利的贩运受害者护理和支持 10 000", "妇女互联基金 印度 赋予人口贩运、性奴役、童工和儿童奴隶制受害者权力 10 000", "Pusat Kajian dan Perlindungan 印度尼西亚 制止儿童卷入印度尼西亚亚齐省的大麻种植和交易 8 000 Anak(学习和儿童保护中心)", "Omid-e-Mehr基金会 伊朗伊斯兰共和国 Omid戒毒治疗中心的住房项目 9 400", "社会服务从业儿童-妇女和人权 尼泊尔 家庭雇工的体面工作 9 000 (CWISH)", "人权倡导者组织(原明尼苏达人权宣传会) 尼泊尔 Sankhu-Palubari社区学校项目 5 000", "Insan Dost协会 巴基斯坦 通过教育制止奴役童工 10 000", "DAMAAN发展组织 巴基斯坦 旁遮普南部的暴力行为和强迫婚姻——让受害者恢复正常生活并为政治讨论创造条件 10 000", "巴基斯坦抵押劳工解放战线 巴基斯坦 通过教育争取自由 10 000", "亚洲反对贩卖儿童协会 菲律宾 应对菲律宾贩运器官问题的机构间办法 10 000", "人道主义移民和经济组织 新加坡 移民工人的求助服务台和庇护所 10 000", "森林之子基金会 泰国 Kelly Anusorn学校艺术中心 10 000", "欧洲和中亚", "“洁净世界”援助妇女社会联盟 阿塞拜疆 人口贩运受害者的支助和复原中心 10 000", "Animus协会基金 保加利亚 向人口贩运的女性幸存者提供可持续的人道主义援助 10 000", "妇女之友 法国 2010年的紧急状况：支持和维持对巴黎的贩运与性剥削受害者的援助和保护 10 000", "Ruhama 爱尔兰 为爱尔兰的性贩运受害者提供支持 10 000", "黄金目标 吉尔吉斯斯坦 为应对贩运、侵害儿童的暴力行为和其他形式的剥削提供有效的方案拟订支持 10 000", "Dingusių žmonių šeimų paramos 立陶宛 通过治疗之道使人口贩运的受害者融入社会 10 000 centras`(失踪者家庭支援中心)", "Interactiune非政府组织 摩尔多瓦共和国 你不是受害者——让你自己变得可持续 10 000", "重返社会和教育替代做法开发协会 罗马尼亚 为罗马尼亚的人口贩运受害者巩固援助服务 10 000", "民间援助委员会 俄罗斯联邦 协助强制劳动的受害者 10 000", "ASTRA-反贩运行动 塞尔维亚 通过社会融合为ASTRA的紧急求助热线和受害者直接援助提供支持 10 000", "“Saodat”公共组织 塔吉克斯坦 自由 10 000", "Kherson oblast中心“Uspishna Zhinka” 乌克兰 通过在农村社区提供教育服务和其他附加服务，使50名童工和儿童奴隶制的受害者重返社会 10 000", "美洲", "Acailandia捍卫生命与人权中心(CDVDH) 巴西 打击Maranhense亚马逊地区的奴隶制 10 000", "保护儿童国际哥斯达黎加分会 哥斯达黎加 为哥斯达黎加城市和农村地区贩卖儿童受害者和潜在受害者提供心理-社会和法律援助 10 000", "青年基金会 厄瓜多尔 为被贩运从事性剥削和童工的未成年少女重返社会提供支援服务 10 000", "瑞士地球社 海地 向海地太子港的儿童家庭雇工提供项目援助 10 000", "Fray Matías de Córdova A.C. 墨西哥 支持移民权利的就业诉讼 10 000 人权中心", "中东和北非", "移徙工人电话热线 以色列 打击贩运人口行为 6 000", "国际少数人权利团体 毛里塔尼亚 支持Hratine社区确定战略诉讼的案件 10 000", "VIVERE 阿拉伯联合酋长国 贩运人口从事性剥削和其他形式的严重生理虐待行为 10 000", "巴勒斯坦沟通和发展战略中心 巴勒斯坦被占领土 童工和儿童奴隶制 10 000", "附件二", "董事会第十五届会议建议的项目赠款后备清单", "组织 国家 项目名称或所涉方面 核准数额 (美元)", "牧地委员会(CPTOC) 巴西 防止巴西北部和中部的新农业经济前沿地区出现奴隶制现象 10 000", "Bouaké青年论坛 科特迪瓦 帮助遭受父母虐待的受害女孩和妇女恢复正常生活和重返社会 7 000", "方舟基金会 加纳 打击女孩商业性行为 5 000", "海地阳光妇女协会(AFASDA) 海地 反对海地儿童家庭雇工的倡议 9 000", "关爱社 印度 通过居民桥课程使Mathamma儿童不再充当童工 10 000", "巴基斯坦抵押劳工解放战线 巴基斯坦 通过教育争取自由 10 000", "慈善协会(Avesto) 塔吉克斯坦 制止21世纪的奴隶制 10 000", "Megjashi世界第一儿童大使馆 前南斯拉夫的马其顿 失学的街头儿童的日常护理中心 10 000 共和国", "ODJOUGBO 多哥 反对高原地区在校未成年少女充当家庭雇工 8 000", "乌干达民主与人权国家基金会 乌干达 援助乌干达西南部因奴隶制而遭受人权侵犯的儿童和其他人 10 000" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Status of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, which is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 46/122, describes the recommendations for grants and other related decisions that were adopted by the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery at its fifteenth session, held in Geneva from 6 to 10 December 2010. The recommendations for grants were approved by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on behalf of the Secretary-General on 20 January 2011. The report also provides information on policy decisions adopted by the Board in implementation of the recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services with a view to further enhancing the activities of the Fund. It updates the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/94).", "I. Mandate of the Fund", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 46/122, established the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery with the purpose of extending humanitarian, legal and financial aid to individuals whose human rights have been severely violated as a result of contemporary forms of slavery. Funding is obtained by means of voluntary contributions from Governments, non-governmental organizations, private or public entities and individuals.", "II. Administration of the Fund and Board of Trustees", "2. In conformity with resolution 46/122, the Fund is administered in accordance with the financial regulations and rules of the United Nations on general trust funds for humanitarian assistance, by the Secretary-General, through the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), with the advice of a Board of Trustees.", "3. The Board of Trustees is composed of five United Nations experts with relevant experience in the field of human rights and, in particular, on issues of contemporary forms of slavery, serving in their personal capacities. In December 2007, the Secretary-General appointed the following members for a three-year term ending on 31 December 2010, with due regard to equitable geographical distribution: Ms. Gulnara Shahinian (Armenia), Ms. Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Ms. Prateep Unsongtham Hata (Thailand), Mr. Cleophas Kwdjo Mally (Togo) and Mr. David Weissbrodt (United States of America). Ms. Shahinian resigned on 23 May 2008 because she was nominated as Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences. In March 2009, the Secretary-General appointed Ms. Klara Skrivankova (Czech Republic) to replace Ms. Shahinian. In June 2011, the Secretary-General appointed the following members for a term ending on 31 December 2013, with due regard to equitable geographical distribution: Ms. Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Ms. Klara Skrivankova (Czech Republic), Ms. Asma Jahangir (Pakistan), Mr. George Omona (Uganda) and Mr. Michael Bersford Dottridge (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).", "III. Grant cycle and admissibility criteria", "A. Grant cycle", "4. The deadline for submitting applications for project grants for 2011 was 31 March 2010. Admissible applications received were examined by the Board of Trustees at its fifteenth session, held in Geneva from 6 to 10 December 2010. The recommendations for grants adopted by the Board of Trustees at that session were approved by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, on behalf of the Secretary-General, on 20 January 2011, and the grants approved were to be paid in March 2011. In some cases, payment was subject to the receipt of additional information and/or overdue narrative and financial reports from the beneficiary in question. Beneficiaries of project grants will have to provide the secretariat of the Fund with mid-year narrative and financial reports on the use of their grants before 30 September 2011 and final year narrative and financial reports on the use of their grants before 30 March 2012. Until satisfactory reports on the use of previous grants are received, no new project grants can be paid to those beneficiaries.", "5. The deadline for submitting applications for project grants for 2012 was 31 May 2011. Admissible applications received will be examined by the Board of Trustees at its sixteenth session, to be held in Geneva in November 2011.", "B. Admissibility of new applications and selection process", "6. In accordance with the selection criteria adopted by the General Assembly in resolution 46/122, the beneficiaries of assistance from the Fund shall be individuals whose human rights have been severely violated as a result of contemporary forms of slavery. Project admissibility criteria are outlined in the Fund’s guidelines.", "7. Admissible application forms are verified as to their conformity with approved selection criteria and additional information is requested from the organization if necessary. Reference organizations and specialized networks are also consulted if necessary. The complete application form and all required additional documents are then summarized and analysed by the secretariat in accordance with the selection criteria, to facilitate the work of the Board of Trustees. At its annual session, the Board of Trustees reviews all applications declared admissible, including the original application form, the summary analysis prepared by the secretariat and any other relevant information. The Board of Trustees then makes recommendations to the Secretary-General in accordance with its guidelines. Following the session the secretariat reviews all the recommendations of the Board of Trustees for consistency with relevant United Nations administrative and financial rules and regulations. The High Commissioner subsequently approves, on behalf of the Secretary-General, the recommendations regarding project grants.", "8. The beneficiary organizations are requested to accept all conditions attached to the grant, such as providing additional documents and/or mid-year and final narrative and financial reports on the use of grants by a given deadline. Upon receipt of this confirmation, the secretariat of the Fund requests the financial services of the United Nations Office at Geneva to pay the project grant promptly.", "C. Monitoring and evaluation by the Board and secretariat", "9. The secretariat reviews all narrative and financial reports received from beneficiary organizations on the use of project grants and asks for additional information, if needed. OHCHR field presences and other United Nations field offices such as those of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) may be requested to provide the secretariat of the Fund with additional information on the organization or project.", "10. In carrying out their evaluation, the Board and the secretariat implement the following activities:", "(a) At its annual session the Board of Trustees reviews the situation of project grants allocated in previous years. When the Board is satisfied with the reporting by a given organization, it recommends closing the file. If the report is not complete, the Board makes a recommendation requesting specific additional information. No new grants will be allocated to that organization until the Board is satisfied with its report;", "(b) Board members and the secretariat may visit projects financed by the Fund;", "(c) Board members may establish, if needed, direct contact with project leaders in the field in order to better evaluate the use of the grants. The secretariat may also meet with project leaders;", "(d) Reference organizations and specialized networks may be invited to the session of the Board of Trustees to provide additional information on specific organizations or projects.", "IV. Financial status of the Fund", "11. According to information received from OHCHR at the fifteenth session, an amount of $656,793 was available from new contributions paid since the fourteenth session of the Board of Trustees (see table 1).", "Table 1 Contributions available at the fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees", "Donor\tAmount(United Statesdollars)\tDate paid \n Belgium 73 964 November 2009 \n Cyprus 3 480 November 2010 \n Egypt 5 000 April 2010 \n Germany 369 913 August 2010 \n Holy See 1 476 March 2010 \n Israel 5 000 February 2010 \n Japan 30 000 June 2010 \n Japan 50 000 November 2009 \n Spain 29 585 November 2009 \n Switzerland 51 948 December 2009 \n Turkey 6 000 August 2010 \n United Arab Emirates 29 977 March 2010 \n Weissbrodt, David 450 November 2009 \n Total contributions 656 793", "12. Figure I shows the trend in the amounts of contributions received from 1998 to 2010 per session.", "Figure I Contributions received from 1998 to 2010", "[]", "V. Fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees", "13. The fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery was held at Palais Wilson in Geneva from 6 to 10 December 2010. The session was opened by the Chief of the Rule of Law, Equality and Non-Discrimination Branch of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on behalf of the High Commissioner.", "14. All five members of the Board — Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Klara Skrivankova (Czech Republic), Prateep Unsongtham Hata (Thailand), Cleophas Kwdjo Mally (Togo) and David Weissbrodt (United States of America) — attended the session. Mr. Weissbrodt was re-elected as Chair of the Board. Ms. Herrera Murillo was elected as the Vice-Chair of the Board.", "15. The Board held 10 meetings during which it examined information prepared by the secretariat concerning the implementation of recommendations adopted at its fourteenth session, the financial situation of the Fund, fund-raising efforts, applications for project grants, financial and narrative reports on the use of previous grants, cooperation with other United Nations bodies, mechanisms and procedures, cooperation with the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking, the fellowship programme and follow-up to the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "A. Recommendations for grants", "16. On the basis of the available funds, the Board adopted its revised cost plan for 2010‑2011 for an amount of $1,027,885.", "17. The Board examined 243 admissible applications for project grants from 61 countries amounting to approximately $3,754,000. In addition, approximately 30 applications were declared inadmissible. Applications were received from the following continents, countries and territories: Africa (80): Benin (3), Burkina Faso (2), Burundi (1), Cameroon (8), Chad (1), Congo (1), Côte d’Ivoire (4), Democratic Republic of the Congo (8), Ghana (8), Kenya (7), Liberia (2), Namibia (1), Niger (2), Nigeria (4), Sierra Leone (2), South Africa (3), Sudan (1), Togo (4), Uganda (10), United Republic of Tanzania (7), Zambia (1); Asia and the Pacific (100): Bangladesh (11), Cambodia (2), China (3), India (48), Indonesia (3), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (1), Nepal (5), Pakistan (20), Philippines (2), Republic of Korea (1), Singapore (1), Sri Lanka (1), Thailand (1), Timor-Leste (1); Europe and Central Asia (35): Azerbaijan (1), Belgium (1), Bosnia and Herzegovina (3), Bulgaria (1), France (3), Georgia (1), Ireland (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Lithuania (1), Republic of Moldova (4), Romania (1), Russian Federation (6), Serbia (1), Tajikistan (2), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (5), Ukraine (1), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2); Americas (17): Brazil (3), Costa Rica (1), Ecuador (2), Haiti (7), Mexico (5); Middle East and North Africa (12): Egypt (1), Iraq (6), Israel (2), Mauritania (1), United Arab Emirates (1), Occupied Palestinian Territories (1).", "18. In the light of the selection criteria, the Board of Trustees recommended 61 project grants for a total amount of $555,115, which will assist non-governmental organizations in 46 countries and territories: Africa: Cameroon (2), Congo (1), Côte d’Ivoire (2), Democratic Republic of the Congo (2), Ghana (2), Kenya (2), Liberia (1), Namibia (1), Niger (2), Nigeria (1), South Africa (1), Togo (1), Uganda (2), United Republic of Tanzania (2); Asia and the Pacific: Bangladesh (2), Cambodia (1), China (1), India (4), Indonesia (1), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (1), Nepal (2), Pakistan (3), Philippines (1), Singapore (1), Thailand (1); Europe and Central Asia: Azerbaijan (1), Bulgaria (1), France (1), Ireland (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Lithuania (1), Republic of Moldova (1), Romania (1), Russian Federation (1), Serbia (1), Tajikistan (1), Ukraine (1); Americas: Brazil (1), Costa Rica (1), Ecuador (1), Haiti (1), Mexico (1); Middle East and North Africa: Israel (1), Mauritania (1), United Arab Emirates (1) and Occupied Palestinian Territories (1) (see list of project grants in annex I).", "19. The Board also recommended establishing a contingency list of 10 project grants for a total amount of $89,000, to be disbursed in case some of the non‑governmental organizations selected for grants do not comply with the conditions attached to their grants. The proposed contingency list includes 10 non‑governmental organizations in 10 countries including Brazil (1), Côte d’Ivoire (1), Ghana (1), Haiti (1), India (1), Pakistan (1), Tajikistan (1), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1), Togo (1) and Uganda (1) (see list of project grants in annex II).", "20. The Board also recommended setting aside a budget line of $20,000 for special emergency grants.", "21. The Board took into account the importance of gender representation, thematic priorities and national and regional distribution when considering applications for project grants.", "22. The relevant statistics since the Board started allocating grants in 1998, including the number of project applications received and the amount of money requested, as well as the number of grants received and the amount of money allocated by the Fund, are shown in table 2 and figure II.", "Table 2 Statistics on the allocation of travel and project grants, 1998-2010", "Year Number of Amount Number of Amount admissible requested grants allocated applications^(a) (United States approved (United States dollars) dollars)", "1999 23 800 000 5 27 000", "2000 25 552 236 17 83 500", "2001 23 330 000 18 148 700", "2002 39 600 000 21 121 000", "2003 55 743 990 28 130 920", "2004 43 553 275 20 150 700", "2005 63 696 057 25 215 330", "2006 89 1 026 445 47 590 156", "2007 129 1 625 732 33 269 200", "2008 181 2 190 837 71 733 109", "2009 274 3 831 322 63 726 090", "2010 243 3 754 000 61 555 115", "^(a) Each year, about 50 to 70 inadmissible applications are received.", "Figure II Number of applications received and number of grants approved by the Fund, 1999-2010", "[]", "B. Fund-raising", "23. The Board held its annual meeting with donor Governments, interested Governments and other donors on 10 December 2010. The meeting was attended by representatives of 27 Governments and Permanent Observers, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Egypt, Italy, Greece, the Holy See, Iraq, Israel, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mauritania, Mexico, the Niger, Poland, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey. A representative of the International Organization of la Francophonie also attended the meeting.", "24. The Chair and Board members thanked donors for their generous contributions to the Fund and presented a number of projects funded by the Fund which provided direct assistance to victims of contemporary forms of slavery. Several States expressed their strong support for the work of the Fund and commended the excellent work done by the Fund.", "25. During its annual session, the Board noted the Secretary-General’s statement on the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, 2 December 2010, in which he appealed to all Member States to contribute generously to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, which has helped thousands of victims to recover their lives and dignity.", "26. The Board assessed the future needs of the Fund and estimated that the Fund would need at least $1.5 million before its sixteenth session in 2011 in order to meet the demand in a satisfactory manner.", "27. The Board recommended that the Chair and the secretariat of the Human Rights Council invite a representative of the Board to introduce the work of the Fund at the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council, to report on the financial situation of the Fund and to invite donors to contribute to the Fund.", "C. Follow-up to the recommendations of the Office for Internal Oversight Services", "28. As recommended by the Board at its eleventh session, a global review of the Fund was undertaken by the Office of Internal Oversight Services from November 2006 to January 2007 to review the impact of the Fund’s activities on the target groups and to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of its reporting and monitoring processes. The final report, containing 22 recommendations, which was issued in June 2007, concluded that the Fund is addressing its mandate and has a positive impact on victims of contemporary forms of slavery.", "29. Under the agenda item on follow-up to the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, the Board members noted the progress made by the secretariat of the Fund and the members of the Board in implementing those recommendations. The Board noted that only 4 of the 22 recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services remain pending implementation. The Board decided to further follow up on the following recommendations that are considered as being completed by the Office of Internal Oversight Services in order to improve the Fund methodology and to enhance its effectiveness:", "Recommendation 1", "30. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that more detailed guidelines be established for the selection process of beneficiaries.", "31. The Board adopted the final version of its guidelines and policies at its fourteenth session. The Board noted that the guidelines were posted on the Fund website and were translated into French. The Board recommended that OHCHR translate the guidelines into Spanish.", "Recommendations 2 and 3", "32. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended prioritizing certain forms of contemporary slavery, in particular those not addressed by other international organizations, including forms of slavery related to cultural practices such as forced labour, child marriage, widow inheritance and bonded labour, and support for projects adopting a strategy that addresses the root cause of the problem, combined with direct assistance and income-generating activities that assist victims of contemporary forms of slavery.", "33. The Board adopted guidelines at the fourteenth session with special provisions encouraging non-governmental organizations to develop sustainable projects accompanied by actions addressing the root causes of modern slavery, combined with direct assistance and income-generating activities that assist victims of contemporary forms of slavery.", "34. A number of projects directed towards providing assistance to victims of forms of slavery linked to cultural practices such as forced marriage, sexual slavery, forced labour, child marriage, widow inheritance and bonded labour were approved.", "Recommendation 4", "35. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the Fund consider building a longer-term relationship with organizations that give direct assistance by providing funding to them over a period of two to three years.", "36. The Board adopted guidelines and policies containing special provisions on a two-year funding policy, subject to the availability of funds at its fourteenth session. Of the 61 project grants approved at the fifteenth session, 25 were approved for non‑governmental organizations that had previously received funding from the Fund.", "Recommendations 6 and 7", "37. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended improving access to information available on the Fund’s website in order to facilitate the establishment of partnerships and sharing of best practices among grantees, to raise awareness of the problem of slavery and to publicize the achievements of the Fund.", "38. A revised version of the website of the Fund was launched in 2009. The Board welcomed the translation of the website into French and Spanish. The Board recommended that best practices and lessons learned be compiled from narrative reports and be made publicly available. The Board further recommended updating the brochure on the work of the Fund. The Board welcomed the revision of OHCHR fact sheet No. 14 on Contemporary forms of slavery and recommended that it be published after review by the Board and the OHCHR Publication Committee. In June 2011, the secretariat of the Fund completed the update of the brochure and the compilation of best practices and lessons learned.", "39. The Board stressed the importance of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery (2 December) as an annual occasion to raise awareness of the issue and recommended that the Chair continue to make a statement on that occasion.", "Fellowship programme", "40. In line with recommendation 7 requesting OHCHR to raise awareness of contemporary forms of slavery, the Board recommended at its fourteenth session the establishment of a fellowship programme for staff members and affiliated members of human rights organizations, notably those working on issues related to contemporary forms of slavery, to give them the opportunity to gain first-hand experience, knowledge and skills in the field of international human rights, in general, and on contemporary forms of slavery, in particular.", "41. In line with that recommendation, the secretariat launched a call for applications for the fellowship programme in July 2010 and received 40 applications from individuals recommended by human rights organizations. The fellowship programme was established for an initial period of four months and was conducted from 16 August to 17 December 2010. The selected candidates were Ms. Ana Paula G. C. de Souza (Brazil) (Anti-Slavery International), Mr. Kouanté Sigfrid Gerlac Chrysole André Yoro (Benin) (Defence for Children International), Ms. Mariannick Koffi (Côte d’Ivoire/France) and Mr. Adodo Esséna Sossou (Guinea) (Action contre l’exploitation des enfants et des femmes).", "42. The staff of OHCHR and members of the Board of Trustees provided training for the fellows on the international human rights system including the treaty body system, the Human Rights Council, the universal periodic review and special procedures in relation to contemporary forms of slavery. As part of the programme, some fellows were given assignments in other OHCHR branches including the treaty bodies and the special procedures. The fellows used their expertise by producing research documents and awareness-raising materials. In view of the effectiveness of the programme, the Board recommended that two fellowships be extended for an additional period of eight months, from 5 January to 2 September 2011.", "43. The Board also recommended that the fellowship programme for 2011/12 be organized as a 12-month programme for two fellows for the period from 5 September 2011 to 31 August 2012.", "Recommendation 8", "44. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the Board of Trustees should focus to a greater extent on policy issues such as establishing priorities for the future development of the Fund, fund-raising, monitoring and providing technical expertise to non-governmental organizations in order to better address the needs of victims of slavery over the long term.", "45. The Board of Trustees had discussions relating to the role of the Board in the monitoring of the projects approved, in the pre-screening of the applications, in fund-raising efforts and in establishing regular channels of communication with the secretariat. The Board discussed the role of members of the Board and recommended including an agenda item on policy issues for the next session of the Board of Trustees to discuss thematic and regional priorities as well as capacity-building for applicants and grantees.", "Recommendation 9", "46. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended the establishment of a formal monitoring and evaluation mechanism.", "47. The Board adopted amended guidelines for project evaluation and recommended that the secretariat continue liaising systematically with OHCHR country offices, human rights advisers, regional offices, United Nations peace missions and UNDP to monitor and evaluate projects on the ground.", "48. The Board welcomed the report of the consultant mandated to undertake a needs-assessment exercise and to evaluate the effectiveness of the past activities and present programmes of selected non-governmental organizations that have applied for funding. The Board recommended expanding this experience and recommended setting aside a budget line of $10,000 for this purpose.", "49. The Board recommended that selected projects be visited on a regular basis. Reports of project visits should be prepared by the secretariat for consideration by the Board at its annual session. The Board recommended allocating 5 per cent of the total budget for monitoring and evaluation of projects. Furthermore, the Board recommended that UNDP and International Labour Organization field offices be informed of any planned evaluation missions.", "Recommendation 10", "50. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended establishing a management information system to allow effective monitoring and follow-up of grants and to reduce the workload.", "51. The Board expressed its appreciation for the completion of a new management information system that had been developed by the information technology section of OHCHR and was currently used by the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, and recommended the allocation of funds to engage a temporary assistant who would enter data in the new grant management system. The Board recommended that applications for the next cycle of grants should be submitted through this new online application system. The Board recommended that the system should not be exclusive and that non-governmental organizations that did not have the capacity to submit electronic applications should be allowed to continue to apply by post.", "Recommendation 13", "52. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended reformulating the processing and funding cycle of the Fund.", "53. The Board adopted a grant cycle for project grants for 2012 as follows:", "(a) Deadline for the submission of project applications for 2012: 31 May 2011", "(b) Annual session of the Board of Trustees: 28 November-5 December 2011", "(c) Disbursement: January to February 2012", "(d) Submission of interim financial and narrative reports: 30 September 2012", "(e) Submission of final financial and narrative reports: 30 April 2013", "Recommendations 14 and 15", "54. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that OHCHR establish a more comprehensive and cost-effective pre-screening policy.", "55. As recommended by the Board at its fourteenth session, for each new applicant, the secretariat continues to systematically request and review the registration certificate of the organization, the statute of the organization, a copy of bank records indicating signatories for the organization, copies of bank statements, letters of recommendation and evidence of other sources of funding. The secretariat continues to liaise with the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture and the Assisting Communities Together project to exchange information on applicants. For each grantee, the secretariat continues to systematically contact the referees and donors.", "56. The Board further recommended that the secretariat continue its successful cooperation with OHCHR field officers and desk officers to verify the work undertaken by new applicants, notably the quality of the assistance provided to victims of contemporary forms of slavery at the grass-roots level.", "57. The Board recommended that the secretariat request from UNICEF and the International Labour Organization their directory of non-governmental organizations. The Board further recommended that the secretariat assist organizations to prepare their applications and better meet the Fund’s requirements through OHCHR field presences and, where these do not exist, through United Nations country teams, whenever possible.", "Follow-up to the outstanding recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Recommendation 11", "58. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended the preparation and adoption of a manual on standard operating procedures providing detailed guidelines on the operation and administration of the Fund.", "59. In February 2011, the secretariat of the Fund completed the drafting of the manual, based on the manual on standard operating procedures prepared by the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture.", "Recommendation 16", "60. In accordance with a recommendation of the Board, OHCHR is following up on recommendation 16 concerning specific funding allocated in Uganda.", "Recommendations 20 and 21", "61. The Board members urged OHCHR to implement recommendations 20 and 21, relating to the overall coordination and establishment of a common secretariat of the humanitarian funds managed by OHCHR.", "62. In March 2011, OHCHR endorsed the decision to merge the secretariats of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery and the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture.", "D. Cooperation with United Nations agencies and developments in the United Nations system concerning relevant mandates", "63. The Board met with the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture to exchange information about work methodology, the role of Board members and the best practices of that Fund. The Board noted with interest the positive impact that the online application process had on increasing the capacity of the Fund for Victims of Torture in handling project grants and the various activities carried out by the Board members of that Fund.", "64. The Board met with the assistant of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences to discuss future collaboration with the Fund in terms of dissemination and support for country missions. The Board invited the Special Rapporteur to contribute to the activities relating to the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Fund.", "65. In line with recommendations 6 and 8 made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services, the Board decided to recommend that a budget line of $15,000 be allocated for grants to non-governmental organizations to enable them to attend regional, subregional and national meetings organized in the framework of the field missions of the Special Rapporteur and to contribute to the implementation of the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur in her reports.", "66. The Board recommended organizing a joint parallel event with the Special Rapporteur in the framework of the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council, with interested Governments and non-governmental organizations.", "Cooperation with the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking", "67. Under the agenda item relating to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, the Board members met staff members of the Division for Treaty Affairs and the Chief of the Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to discuss potential channels of collaboration and synergies between the two Funds.", "68. The Board welcomed the nomination by the Secretary-General of two members of the Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery as members of the Board of Trustees of the Fund for Victims of Trafficking, which would ensure communication and synergies between the two Funds. It was further noted that about 25 per cent of grants made by the Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery in 2010 was allocated to projects providing direct assistance to victims of trafficking. The Board recommended that the secretariats of the two Funds hold regular meetings, to ensure continued collaboration and avoid duplication of work, and that awareness-raising materials should also include cross references to the two Funds. The Board noted that the overlap of the two Funds is reduced by the fact that the new Fund for Victims of Trafficking is expected to allocate grants to government and inter-governmental initiatives, which are not within the mandate of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery. The secretariats of the two Funds agreed to exchange working methods and to have regular meetings.", "E. Twentieth anniversary of the Fund in 2011", "69. The Board members recalled that General Assembly resolution 46/22, by which the Fund was established, was adopted on 17 December 1991, and decided to organize a series of activities to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Fund. The anniversary offers the opportunity to reflect on the Fund’s impact as a mechanism supporting the work of non-governmental organizations providing direct assistance to victims of contemporary forms of slavery. It is also an opportunity to learn from the two decades of work in this field and to share with a wider audience the current challenges to the efforts to prevent slavery and to protect and fully rehabilitate victims.", "70. On 1 June 2011, the Fund and Anti-Slavery International, in cooperation with Children Unite, the Permanent Mission of Costa Rica and the Permanent Mission of Uruguay, organized a side event to raise awareness about child domestic servitude and to discuss the role of human rights as a means of protecting them. The event was attended by representatives of United Nations agencies, several civil society organizations and members of permanent missions, including those of Armenia, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Greece, Honduras, Jamaica, the Philippines, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.", "71. From 1 to 28 September 2011, coinciding with the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council, the Fund will host an exposition at the Exhibition Gallery, Palais des Nations, which will showcase 56 works of art related to the work of the Fund.", "72. The Board of Trustees also decided to organize a side event in the framework of the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council in cooperation with the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences.", "73. The celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Fund will culminate with an event on 2 December 2011, the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, which could include the participation of Board members, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, former fund grantees, non-governmental organizations and Governments.", "74. The Board approved the setting of a budget line of $20,000 to fund those events.", "VI. International Day for the Abolition of Slavery", "75. On 2 December 2010, the Board members made the following statement to commemorate the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery:", "(a) On the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, we express our commitment to the complete eradication of slavery and slavery-like practices. We hope that today serves as a reminder that, despite hundreds of years of effort to abolish slavery, no country is immune to those grave human rights abuses.", "(b) There is enough evidence to show that slavery-like practices are vast and widespread. Of special concern is the situation of children, who are denied the fundamental right to be born free and to be protected from enslavement. Just one figure tells a grim story: it is estimated that about 4.9 to 6.15 million children are trapped in slavery and slavery-like practices.", "(c) It is an appalling reality that today millions of human beings worldwide continue to be subjected to slavery and slavery-like practices. As a legally permitted system, traditional slavery has been abolished everywhere; but it has not been completely stamped out and new forms of slavery have emerged.", "(d) Debt bondage, serfdom, forced labour, child labour and servitude, trafficking in persons and in human organs, sexual slavery, the use of child soldiers, the sale of children, forced marriage and the sale of wives, and the exploitation of prostitution violate the most fundamental human rights, rights that we all possess, irrespective of sex, nationality, social status, occupation or other difference.", "(e) Even when abolished, slavery leaves traces. It can persist as a state of mind — among victims and their descendants and among the inheritors of those who practised it — long after it has formally ended.", "(f) Slavery-like practices are often clandestine. Fear, ignorance of one’s rights and the need to survive do not encourage victims to speak out. The majority of those who suffer are the poorest, socially excluded groups in society. The overlapping factors of poverty, class and race create structural problems and cycles of marginalization that are hard to break. Gender inequalities and discrimination, lack of education, desperation for work and demand for cheap labour also trap people.", "(g) The United Nations has responded to these challenges by establishing several relevant thematic procedures, including the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, a key mechanism in the fight against slavery and the eradication of slavery-like practices. The United Nations has also established the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences; the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants. These thematic rapporteurs respond quickly to information about individual cases and have been successful in preventing or stopping violations.", "(h) In 1991, the United Nations also created the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery which assists non‑governmental organization projects to provide concrete humanitarian, legal, and financial assistance to victims and potential victims of contemporary forms of slavery. For example, in 2009/10, the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery was able to assist victims and potential victims in 44 countries by giving 63 grants. The need for such assistance is further reflected in over 250 applications the Trust Fund has received this year amounting to about $3,550,700.", "(i) On this day, we pay tribute to all Governments, civil society organizations, and individuals engaged in activities aimed at eradicating slavery and ensuring that all victims obtain redress, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. We express our profound commitment to the struggle against slavery and particularly to the victims.", "(j) We urge all States to ratify and implement existing instruments in this area — in particular the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "(k) We also appeal to all Member States to implement their obligations to abolish and eradicate slavery in all its manifestations. We express our gratitude to all donors to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery and call upon the international community to express its solidarity with victims of slavery by contributing generously to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery to allow the Fund to increase assistance to victims and contribute to ending these intolerable and unacceptable practices worldwide.", "VII. How to contribute to the Fund", "76. Governments, non-governmental organizations and other private or public entities can contribute to the Fund. Donors should indicate “for the Slavery Fund, account SH” on a payment order. For information on how to contribute, donors are requested to contact the secretariat of the Fund at: Secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; Telephone: 41 22 928 9737 or 928 9164; Fax: 41 22 928 9050.", "VIII. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. The Fund has attracted increased interest among non-governmental organizations working to assist victims of slavery. About 243 applications for grants amounting to approximately $3,754,000 were received in 2010. The Board of Trustees was only able to recommend grants amounting to $555,115 which represents less than 15 per cent of the total amount requested. The Fund continues to fall short in terms of meeting the growing demand and need for support. About 450 applications for grants amounting to approximately $6,125,000 were received in 2011. The Board estimates that, in order to be able to fulfil its mandate and to respond positively to new applications to be received in 2011, the Fund would need new contributions amounting to at least $1.5 million prior to the sixteenth session of the Board of Trustees, to be held in November 2011.", "78. Donors and potential donors are encouraged to step up further their support to the Fund to allow the Fund to expand its crucial assistance to victims of slavery. In respect of the next cycle, donors are invited to contribute to the Fund before November 2011 in order for the contributions to be duly recorded by the United Nations Treasurer in advance of the sixteenth session of the Board.", "79. Organization of the sixteenth session of the Board in 2011. The Board approved a provisional agenda for the next session of the Board, to be held in Geneva from 28 November to 5 December 2011.", "Annex I", "Project grants recommended by the Board of Trustees at the fifteenth session[1]", "Organization\tCountryorterritory\tTitle of projector aspect covered\tAmountapproved(UnitedStatesdollars) \n Africa \nWomen in ActionagainstGender-BasedViolence\tCameroon\tMen Empowermentand EngagementTool (MEET) to endearly or forcedmarriages and saleof wives\t4 800\nMengbwa: ActionsJeunes\tCameroon\tProject to combatthe forced andearly marriage ofMbororo girls inKoutaba\t6 000\nAssociationAvenir NEPADCongo\tCongo\tLegal assistancefor widowedvictims ofcontemporary formsof slavery inBrazzaville\t10 000\nAssociationJekawili\tCôted’Ivoire\tProject to improvethe living andworking conditionsof young servantgirls in the cityof Bouaké\t7 000\nInternationalCatholic ChildBureau (BICE)\tCôted’Ivoire\tProject to preventand respond to thetrafficking andexploitation ofchildren in Côted’Ivoire\t10 000\nOeuvres Socialespour leDéveloppement(OSD)\tDemocraticRepublicof theCongo\tCare of divorcedchild mothersfollowing forcedmarriage andforced householdlabour\t10 000\nRegroupement desmamans deKamituga\tDemocraticRepublicof theCongo\tCombating theservitude andexploitation ofchildren used asworkers in miningareas in the ruralterritory ofMwenga\t6 000\nNetwork forCommunityPlanning andDevelopment\tGhana\tEnding Slavery inSmall-Scale Mining(Galamsey) Project\t5 000\nAfriKids Ghana\tGhana\tAfriKids NewBeginningsProgramme\t10 000\nYoung WidowsAdvancementProgram\tKenya\tAssisting widowsin Kayole to getaccess to andcontrol of familyproperty as ameans ofmitigating somenegative aspectsof widowinheritance\t10 000\nHarvest of HopeSelf-HelpCommunity Centre\tKenya\tRecovering victimsof trafficking andslavery in Mtwapatown in Kenya,throughempowerment\t10 000\nAfrican Networkfor thePrevention andProtectionagainst ChildAbuse andNeglect (ANPPCANLiberia)\tLiberia\tCombating childlabour throughawareness-raisingcampaign in ruralMontserrado County\t5 000\nNational Societyfor Human Rights(NSHR) ofNamibia\tNamibia\tOperation tocombatslavery-likepractices inNamibia\t5 000\nAssociationTimidria (humanrightsorganization)\tNiger\tRequest forassistance for thesocio-economicreintegration oftwo families thathave been victimsof practices ofslavery in Abalakand Tchintabaraden\t10 000\nAssociation pourla Lutte contrele Travail desEnfants au Niger(ALTEN)\tNiger\tProjefid\t10 000\nWomen’s AidCollective(WACOL)\tNigeria\tProtection andrehabilitation ofvictims of childlabour andservitude, workingat Abakaliki minesand quarries\t5 000\nJustice ACTs\tSouthAfrica\tTrafficking ProofCampaign\t10 000\nInternationalCatholic ChildBureau (BICE)\tTogo\tPreventing theworst contemporaryforms of slavery,includingtrafficking inchildren, andcaring forvulnerable andat-risk childrenby strengtheningsocial andeducationalopportunities\t10 000\nUganda YouthDevelopment Link\tUganda\tCombating childtrafficking andother contemporaryforms of slaveryand exploitationof young people inKawempe, Rubagaand MakindyeDivisions, KampalaDistrict, Uganda,by the end of 2011\t7 615\nYouth Aid Uganda\tUganda\tCommunity effortto child labourprevention andrehabilitation\t10 000\nMbutuAgriculturalSociety (MAS)\tUnitedRepublicofTanzania\tSensitization ofLocal Leaders onChild Labour inKisarawe andMkuranga District\t10 000\nKashog-KaragweDevelopmentAssociation\tUnitedRepublicofTanzania\tRestoration ofGovernment-appropriatedland\t10 000\nAsia and thePacific \nJOGAJOG\tBangladesh\tProtection ofstreet childrenfrom trafficking\t10 000\nProva Society\tBangladesh\tChild LabourElimination andPrevention (CLEP)\t9 000\nSamaritan’sPurseInternationalRelief\tCambodia\tCommunitytraffickingprevention andpeer educationproject\t8 000\nAssociation ofIndonesianMigrant Workersin Hong Kong\tChina\tWomen’sEmpowerment: TheTraining andDevelopment ofWomen Leaders toEnd Debt Bondage\t10 000\nCentre forCommunityEconomics andDevelopmentConsultantsSociety(CECOEDECON)\tIndia\tSara Akash Hamara— social inclusionof girls (6 to 18years old) engagedin child labourthrough educationand participation\t9 300\nAsia IndigenousPeoples PactFoundation\tIndia\tSocial integrationand support to thevictims oftrafficking andchild labour innorth-east India\t10 000\nManav SevaSansthan (Seva)\tIndia\tHalf-Way Home —right-based careand support forvictims oftrafficking\t10 000\nWomen’sInterlinkFoundation\tIndia\tEmpowerment ofvictims oftrafficking,sexual slavery,child labour andchild servitude\t10 000\nPusat Kajian danPerlindunganAnak (Centre forstudy and childprotection)\tIndonesia\tElimination ofchild involvementin marijuanacultivation andtrade, in AcehProvince,Indonesia\t8 000\nOmid-e-MehrFoundation\tIran(IslamicRepublicof)\tOmid Halfway HouseShelter Project\t9 400\nChildren — Womenin SocialServices andHuman Rights(CWISH)\tNepal\tDecent work fordomestic workers\t9 000\nThe Advocatesfor Human Rights(formerMinnesota HumanRightsAdvocates)\tNepal\tSankhu-Palubaricommunity schoolproject\t5 000\nInsan DostAssociation\tPakistan\tEnding ChildLabour throughEducation (ECLE)\t10 000\nDAMAANDevelopmentOrganization\tPakistan\tViolence andforced marriagesin southern Punjab— rehabilitatingvictims and makingways for politicaldiscourse\t10 000\nBonded LabourLiberation FrontPakistan, BLLFPakistan\tPakistan\tFreedom througheducation\t10 000\nAsia againstchildtrafficking(Asia ACTs),Inc.\tPhilippines\tInter-agencyapproach toaddress organtrafficking inPhilippines\t10 000\nHumanitarianOrganisation forMigrationEconomics\tSingapore\tHelp desks andshelters formigrant workers\t10 000\nChildren of theForestFoundation\tThailand\tKelly AnusornSchool Art Centre\t10 000\nEurope andCentral Asia \nClean World Aidto Women SocialUnion\tAzerbaijan\tSupport andrehabilitationcentre for humantraffickingvictims\t10 000\nAnimusAssociationFoundation\tBulgaria\tAssuringsustainablehumanitarian aidto women survivorsof trafficking\t10 000\nLes amis du busdes femmes\tFrance\tAn emergencysituation in 2010:to support andcontinue theprovision ofassistance to andprotection ofvictims oftrafficking andsexualexploitation inParis\t10 000\nRuhama\tIreland\tSupport to victimsof sex traffickingin Ireland\t10 000\nGolden Goal\tKyrgyzstan\tSupportingeffectiveprogramming totackletrafficking,violence againstchildren and otherforms ofexploitation\t10 000\nDingusių žmoniųšeimų paramoscentras (Missingpersons familiessupport centre)\tLithuania\tVictims of humantrafficking —integrationthrough the art oftherapy\t10 000\nNGO Interactiune\tRepublicofMoldova\tYou are not avictim — keepyourselfsustainable\t10 000\nAssociation forDevelopingAlternativePractices forReintegrationand Education\tRomania\tConsolidatingassistanceservices forvictims oftrafficking ofpersons in Romania\t10 000\nCivic AssistanceCommittee\tRussianFederation\tAssisting thevictims ofcompulsory labour\t10 000\nASTRA —Anti-traffickingaction\tSerbia\tSupport to ASTRASOS Hotline anddirect victimassistance throughsocial inclusion\t10 000\nPublicOrganization“Saodat”\tTajikistan\tFreedom\t10 000\nKherson oblastcentre “UspishnaZhinka”\tUkraine\tReintegration of50 children —victims of childlabour and childservitude — intothe community byprovidingeducationalservices and otheradditionalservices in therural communities\t10 000\n Americas \nCentro de Defesada Vida e dosDireitos Humanosde Açailândia(CDVDH)\tBrazil\tCombating Amazonrainforest slavelabour in thestate of Maranhão\t10 000\nDefensa de Niñasy NiñosInternacional,DNI-Costa Rica\tCostaRica\tPsychosocial andlegal assistancefor victims andpotential victimsof sex slavery andchild traffickingin urban and ruralareas of CostaRica\t10 000\nFundaciónNuestros Jóvenes\tEcuador\tSupport for thesocialreintegration ofadolescent girlswho have beenvictims of humantrafficking forpurposes of sexualexploitation andlabourexploitation\t10 000\nTerre des HommesSuisse\tHaiti\tProject to helpchild domesticservants inPort‑au-Prince\t10 000\nCentro dederechos humanosFray Matías deCórdova A.C.\tMexico\tLabour litigationfor the rights ofmigrants\t10 000\nMiddle East andNorth Africa \nHotline forMigrant Workers\tIsrael\tCombatingtrafficking inpersons\t6 000\nMinority RightsGroupInternational\tMauritania\tSupporting HratineSociety toidentify cases forstrategiclitigation\t10 000\nVIVERE\tUnitedArabEmirates\tTrafficking ofhuman beings forsexualexploitation andother forms ofserious physicalabuse\t10 000\nPalestinianCentre forCommunicationand DevelopmentStrategies\tOccupiedPalestinianTerritories\tChild labour andchild servitude\t10 000", "Annex II", "Contingency list of project grants recommended by the Board of Trustees at its fifteenth session", "Organization\tCountry\tTitle of projector aspect covered\tAmountapproved(UnitedStatesdollars) \nPastoral LandCommission (CPTOC)\tBrazil\tPreventingenslavement inthe newagribusinessfrontline, inNorth and CentralBrazil\t10 000\nCarrefour JeunesseBouaké\tCôted’Ivoire\tRehabilitationand reintegrationof girls andwomen victims ofabuse of parentalauthority\t7 000\nThe Ark Foundation\tGhana\tCombatingcommercial sexamong girls\t5 000\nAssociation FemmesSoleil d’Haiti(AFASDA)\tHaiti\tSpeaking outagainst thesituation ofchild servants inHaiti\t9 000\nCompassion Society\tIndia\tLiberate Mathammachildren fromchild labourthroughresidentialbridge course\t10 000\nBonded LabourLiberation FrontPakistan, BLLFPakistan\tPakistan\tFreedom througheducation\t10 000\nCharity Association(Avesto)\tTajikistan\tStop slavery in21st century\t10 000First Children’sEmbassy in the WorldMegjashi\tTheformerYugoslav\tDay-care centresfor streetchildren who donot go to school\t10 000 Republicof \n Macedonia \nODJOUGBO\tTogo\tCombatingdomestic labouramong underagegirls througheducation in thePlateaux region\t8 000\nNational Foundationfor Democracy andHuman Rights inUganda (NAFODU)\tUganda\tAssistingchildren andother individualswhose humanrights have beenviolated as aresult of slaveryin south-westernUganda\t10 000", "[1] All grants are to be kept pending until receipt of satisfactory additional information." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments", "Status of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 46/122, contains information on the recommendations for grants and other relevant decisions adopted by the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery at its fifteenth session, held in Geneva from 6 to 10 December 2010. On 20 January 2011, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights approved the grant proposal on behalf of the Secretary-General. The report also provides information on policy decisions adopted by the Board of Trustees to implement the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, with a view to further strengthening the activities of the Fund. It updates the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/64/94).", "A/66/150.", "Mandate of the Fund", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 46/122, established the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for the purpose of providing humanitarian, legal and financial assistance to persons whose human rights have been severely violated as a result of contemporary forms of slavery. The Fund is financed through voluntary contributions from Governments, non-governmental organizations, public and private entities and individuals.", "II. Administration of the Fund and Board of Trustees", "2. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 46/122, the Fund is administered by the Secretary-General through the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), with the advice of a Board of Trustees, in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations on general trust funds for humanitarian assistance.", "3. The Board of Trustees is composed of five United Nations experts with relevant experience in the field of human rights and, in particular, on contemporary forms of slavery, serving in their personal capacity. In December 2007, the Secretary-General, with due regard to equitable geographical distribution, appointed the following five members for a three-year term ending on 31 December 2010: Ms. Gulnara Shahinian (Armenia), Ms. Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Ms. Prattip Winsong Than Hada (Thailand), Mr. Cleopatra Cugio Marley (Togo) and Mr. David Weissbrodt (United States of America). Ms. Shahinian resigned on 23 May 2008 as she was appointed Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences. In March 2009, the Secretary-General appointed Ms. Clara Skolifankova (Czech Republic) to replace Ms. Shahinian. In June 2011, the Secretary-General appointed the following members of the Board, with due regard to equitable geographical distribution, for a term ending on 31 December 2013: Ms. Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Ms. Clara Skolifankova (Czech Republic), Ms. Asma Jahangir (Pakistan), Mr. George Omona (Uganda) and Mr. Michael Belsford Dotrich (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).", "III. Grant cycle and admissibility criteria", "A. Grant cycle", "4. The deadline for applications for project grants for 2011 is 31 March 2010. Admissible applications received were examined by the Board at its fifteenth session, held in Geneva from 6 to 10 December 2010. The recommendations for grants adopted by the Board at that session were approved by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 20 January 2011, on behalf of the Secretary-General, and the grants approved will be paid in March 2011. In some cases, further information or/or overdue statements and financial reports from the beneficiaries concerned are required before the disbursement can take place. Recipients of project grants are required to submit mid-year information notes and financial reports on the use of grants to the secretariat of the Fund by 30 September 2011 and final annual information notes and financial reports on the use of grants by 30 March 2012. No new project grants will be paid to these beneficiaries until satisfactory reports on the use of past grants are received.", "5. The deadline for applications for project grants for 2012 is 31 May 2011. Admissible applications received will be examined by the Board at its sixteenth session, scheduled to be held in Geneva in November 2011.", "B. Admissible new applications and selection process", "6. In accordance with the selection criteria adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 46/122, beneficiaries of assistance from the Fund shall be individuals whose human rights have been severely violated in contemporary forms of slavery. Project admissibility criteria are set out in the Board ' s guidelines.", "7. Admissible application forms will be verified for conformity with the approved selection criteria and, if necessary, additional information requested from the organization concerned. If necessary, reference organizations and specialized networks will also be consulted. The secretariat will then summarize and analyse the entire application form and all necessary additional documentation in accordance with the selection criteria to assist the Board in its work. At its annual session, the Board will examine all applications declared admissible, including the original application form, the summary analysis prepared by the secretariat and any other relevant information. The Board will then make recommendations to the Secretary-General in accordance with its guidelines. After the session, the secretariat will review all the Board ' s recommendations in order to bring them into conformity with the relevant administrative and financial rules and regulations of the United Nations. On behalf of the Secretary-General, the High Commissioner will approve the recommendations for project grants.", "8. Beneficiary organizations are required to accept all conditions attached to the grant, such as the submission of additional documentation and/or mid-year and final information notes and financial reports on the use of the grant within the established deadline. Upon receipt of this confirmation, the secretariat of the Fund requested the Treasury of the United Nations Office at Geneva to pay project grants promptly.", "C. Monitoring and evaluation by the Board and the secretariat", "The secretariat reviews information notes and financial reports submitted by beneficiary organizations on the use of project grants and requests additional information as necessary. OHCHR field presences and other United Nations field offices, such as those of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), could be requested to provide the Fund secretariat with additional information on the organization or project.", "10. In conducting its evaluation, the Board and the secretariat undertook the following activities:", "(a) At its annual session, the Board reviews all project grants awarded in previous years. If the Board is satisfied with the report of an organization, it recommends that the case be closed. If the report is incomplete, the Board makes recommendations requesting more specific information. The Board does not allocate any new grants to the organization until it is satisfied with the report;", "(b) Board members and the secretariat of the Fund may visit projects financed by the Fund;", "(c) Board members may, if necessary, make direct contact with project leaders in the field in order to better evaluate the use of grants. The secretariat may also interview project leaders;", "(d) Reference organizations and specialized networks may be invited to attend meetings of the Board to review applications in order to provide additional information on a particular organization or project.", "IV. Financial situation of the Fund", "11. According to information provided by OHCHR at its fifteenth session, new contributions totalling $656,793 have been available since the fourteenth session of the Board of Trustees (see table 1).", "Table 1. Contributions available at the fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees", "Amount (United States dollars)", "Belgium 73 964 November 2009", "Cyprus 3,480 November 2010", "Egypt 5,000 April 2010", "Germany 369 913 August 2010", "Holy See 1 476 March 2010", "Israel 5,000 February 2010", "Japan 30,000 June 2010", "Japan 50,000 November 2010", "Spain 29 585 November 2009", "Switzerland 51 948 December 2009", "Turkey 6,000 August 2010", "United Arab Emirates 29 977 March 2010", "Mr. David Weissbrodt", "Total contributions 656 793", "Figure 1 shows the trend in the number of contributions by session from 1998 to 2010.", "Figure 1 Contributions received from 1998 to 2010", "[Chuckles]", "Fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees", "13. The fifteenth session of the Board of Trustees of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery was held at the Palais Wilson, Geneva, from 6 to 10 December 2010. The Chief of the Rule of Law, Equality and Non-Discrimination Branch of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights opened the meeting on behalf of the High Commissioner.", "The session was attended by all five members of the Board, Ms. Virginia Herrera Murillo (Costa Rica), Ms. Clara Skolivankova (Czech Republic), Ms. Pratip Winsong Than Hada (Thailand), Mr. Cleopause Cugio Marley (Togo) and Mr. David Weissbrodt (United States of America). Mr. Weissbrodt was re-elected Chairman. Ms. Herrera Murillo was elected Vice-Chairperson of the Board.", "15. The Board held a total of 10 meetings and reviewed information prepared by the secretariat on the implementation of recommendations adopted at its fourteenth session; the financial situation of the Fund; fund-raising efforts; applications for project grants; financial and narrative reports on the use of previous grants; cooperation with other United Nations bodies, mechanisms and procedures; cooperation with the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons; the fellowship programme and follow-up to the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "Recommendations on grants", "16. On the basis of available funds, the Board adopted a revised cost plan for 2010-2011 totalling $1,027,885.", "17. The Board reviewed 243 applications for project grants from 61 countries totalling approximately $3,754,000. In addition, 30 applications were declared inadmissible. Applications from the following continents, countries and territories: Africa (80): Benin (3), Burkina Faso (2), Burundi (1), Cameroon (8), Chad (1), Congo (1), Côte d ' Ivoire (4), Democratic Republic of the Congo (8), Ghana (8), Kenya (7), Liberia (2), Namibia (1), Niger (2), Nigeria (4), Sierra Leone (2), South Africa (3), Sudan (1), Togo (4), Uganda (10), United Republic of Tanzania (7), Zambia (1); Asia and the Pacific (100): Bangladesh (11), Cambodia (2), China (3), India (48), Indonesia (3), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (1), Nepal (5), Pakistan (20), Philippines (2), Republic of Korea (1), Singapore (1), Sri Lanka (1), Thailand (1), Timor-Leste (1), Europe and Central Asia (35): Azerbaijan (1), Belgium (1), Bosnia and Herzegovina (3), Bulgaria (1), France (3), Georgia (1), Ireland (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Lithuania (1), Republic of Moldova (4), Romania (1), Russian Federation (6), Serbia (1), Tajikistan (2), The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (5), Ukraine (1), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2); Americas (17): Brazil (3), Costa Rica (1), Ecuador (2), Haiti (7), Mexico (5); Middle East and North Africa (12): Egypt (1),", "18. Based on the selection criteria, the Board recommended the acceptance of 61 project awards totalling $555,115 to assist non-governmental organizations in 46 countries and territories in Africa: Cameroon (2), Congo (1), Côte d ' Ivoire (2), Democratic Republic of the Congo (2), Ghana (2), Kenya (2), Liberia (1), Namibia (1), Niger (2), Nigeria (1), South Africa (1), Togo (1), Uganda (2), United Republic of Tanzania (2); Asia and the Pacific: Bangladesh (2), Cambodia (1), China (1), India (4), Indonesia (1), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (1), Nepal (2), Pakistan (3), Philippines (1), Singapore (1), Thailand (1); Europe and Central Asia: Azerbaijan (1), Bulgaria (1), France (1), Ireland (1), Kyrgyzstan (1), Lithuania (1), Republic of Moldova (1), Romania (1), Russian Federation (1), Serbia (1), Tajikistan (1), Ukraine (1); Americas: Brazil (1), Costa Rica (1), Ecuador (1), Haiti (1), Mexico (1); Middle East and North Africa: Israel (1), Mauritania (1), United Arab Emirates (1), Occupied Palestinian Territory (1) (see the project grant table in annex I).", "19. The Board also submitted a reserve list of 10 project grants, totalling $89,000, to be awarded to selected NGOs that did not qualify for grants. The proposed reserve list includes 10 NGOs from 10 countries: Brazil (1), Côte d ' Ivoire (1), Ghana (1), Haiti (1), India (1), Pakistan (1), Tajikistan (1), The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1), Togo (1) and Uganda (1) (see annex II for a table of project grants).", "20. The Board also recommended an amount of $20,000 under a budget line for special emergency grants.", "21. In considering applications for project grants, the Board took into account the gender balance, thematic priorities and the importance of national and regional allocations.", "22. The relevant statistics since the Board began allocating grants in 1998, including the number of project applications and requests received, as well as the number of grants approved and the amount disbursed by the Fund, are shown in table 2 and figure 2.", "Table 2 Statistics on the number of travel and project grants disbursed between 1998 and 2010", "Number of admissible applications (a) Amount requested (United States dollars) Number of grants approved (United States dollars)", "1999 23,800 000 5 27 000", "2000 25 552 236 17 83 500", "2001 23 330 000 18 148 700", "2002 39 600 000 21 121 000", "2003 55 743 990 28 130,920", "2004 43 553 275 20 150 700", "2005 63 696 057 25 215 330", "2006 89 1 026 445 47 590 156", "2007 129 1 625 732 33 269 200", "2008 181 2 190 837 71 733 109", "2009 274 3 831 322 63 726 090", "2010 243 3 754,000 61 555 115", "(a) Approximately 50 to 70 inadmissible applications are received each year.", "Figure 2 Number of applications received and awards approved by the Fund for the period 1999-2010", "[Chuckles]", "B. Financing", "23. On 10 December 2010, the Board held its annual meeting with donor Governments, interested Governments and other donors. The session was attended by representatives of Governments and permanent observers from 27 States, including Afghanistan, Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Egypt, Italy, Greece, the Holy See, Iraq, Israel, the Lao People ' s Democratic Republic, Mauritania, Mexico, the Niger, Poland, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey. A representative of the International Organization of la Francophonie also attended.", "24. The Chairperson and members of the Board thanked donors for their generous contributions to the Fund and for their presentations on a number of projects funded by the Fund that provided direct assistance to victims of contemporary forms of slavery. A number of countries expressed strong support for the work of the Fund and commended it for its outstanding work.", "25. At its annual session, the Board took note of the statement made by the Secretary-General on 2 December 2010 on the occasion of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery. In his statement, the Secretary-General appealed to all States Members of the United Nations to contribute generously to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, which had helped to restore the life and dignity of thousands of victims.", "26. The Board assessed the future needs of the Fund and estimated that the Fund would need at least $1.5 million before its sixteenth session, in 2011, to satisfactorily meet those needs.", "27. The Board recommended that the President and the secretariat of the Human Rights Council request a representative of the Board to present the work of the Fund at the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council, report on the financial situation of the Fund and invite donors to contribute to the Fund.", "C. Follow-up to the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "As recommended by the Board of Trustees at its eleventh session, the Office of Internal Oversight Services conducted a comprehensive review of the Fund between November 2006 and January 2007 to review the impact of the Fund's activities on target groups and to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the Fund's reporting and monitoring process. The final report issued in June 2007 contained 22 recommendations, which concluded that the Fund was fulfilling its mandate and had a positive impact on victims of contemporary forms of slavery.", "29. Under the agenda item on follow-up to the recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, Board members noted the progress made by the secretariat of the Fund and Board members in implementing those recommendations. The Board noted that only 4 of the 22 recommendations made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services remained unimplemented. The Board decided to continue to follow up on the following recommendations, which the Office of Internal Oversight Services considered had been completed, with a view to improving the Fund ' s methods and enhancing its effectiveness:", "Recommendation 1", "30. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the Board develop more detailed guidelines for the selection process of beneficiaries.", "31. At its fourteenth session, the Board adopted the final draft of the new guidelines and policy. The Board noted that the new guidelines had been posted on the Fund ' s website and translated into French. The Board recommended that OHCHR translate these guidelines into Spanish.", "Recommendations 2 and 3", "32. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that priority be given to certain contemporary forms of slavery, in particular those not addressed by other international organizations, including those related to cultural practices, such as forced labour, child marriage, trans-marriage and bonded labour. The Office of Internal Oversight Services also recommended the adoption of a strategy to address the root causes of the problem in support of projects, combining direct assistance and income-generating activities to assist victims of contemporary forms of slavery.", "33. At its fourteenth session, the Board of Trustees adopted new guidelines to encourage non-governmental organizations to develop special provisions for sustainable projects, supported by actions to eradicate the root causes of modern-day slavery, and to assist victims of contemporary forms of slavery in the context of direct assistance and income-generating activities.", "34. A number of projects have been approved to provide assistance to victims of various types of slavery related to cultural practices, dealing with forced marriage, sexual slavery, forced labour, child marriage, trans-marital marriage, bonded labour, etc.", "Recommendation 4", "35. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the Fund consider establishing a longer-term relationship with organizations engaged in direct assistance by providing them with funding for two to three years.", "At its fourteenth session, the Board adopted new guidelines and policies, including special provisions on a biennial funding policy, subject to the availability of funds. Of the 61 grant projects approved at the fifteenth session, 25 were for NGOs that had previously received funding from the Fund.", "Recommendations 6 and 7", "37. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended improving access to information on the Fund ' s website in order to facilitate the establishment of partnerships and the exchange of best practices among grantees, to further raise awareness of slavery issues and to publicize the Fund ' s achievements.", "38. A revised version of the Fund ' s website was launched in 2009 and the Board recommended its translation into French and Spanish. The Board recommended that a compilation of best practices and lessons learned based on the information note be drafted and made publicly available. The Board also recommended that the brochure on the work of the Fund be updated. The Board welcomed the revision of OHCHR Fact Sheet No. 14 on contemporary forms of slavery and recommended that it be published after review by the Board and the OHCHR Publications Board. In June 2011, the Fund secretariat completed the updating of the briefing manual and the compilation of best practices and lessons learned.", "39. The Board stressed the importance of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery (2 December) as an annual event to raise awareness of the topic. The Board recommended that the Chairperson continue to issue a statement on the same day.", "Fellowship programme", "40. In response to recommendation 7 of the Office of Internal Oversight Services requesting OHCHR to further raise awareness of contemporary forms of slavery, the Board, at its fourteenth session, recommended that a fellowship programme be established for associate members of staff and human rights organizations, in particular those working on issues related to contemporary forms of slavery, to provide them with access to first-hand experience, knowledge and skills in the field of international human rights, in particular on contemporary forms of slavery.", "41. In response to this recommendation, the secretariat launched a notice of application for the fellowship programme in July 2010 and received 40 applications from individuals recommended by human rights organizations. The fellowship programme was established for an initial period of four months, from 16 August to 17 December 2010. The candidates selected were Ms. Ana Paula G.C. de Souza (Brazil) (anti-Slavery International), Mr. Kouanté Sigfrid Gerlac Chrysole André Yoro (Benin) (Defence for Children International), Ms. Marianick Koffi (Côte d ' Ivoire/France) and Mr. Adodo Esséna Sossou (Guinea) (Action against the Exploitation of Children and Women).", "42. OHCHR staff and Board members provided training to fellows on the international human rights system, including the treaty body system, the Human Rights Council, the universal periodic review and special procedures related to contemporary forms of slavery. As part of the programme, a number of fellows were assigned mandates to other branches of OHCHR, including treaty bodies and special procedures. The fellows make full use of their expertise by preparing research papers and awareness-raising materials. In view of the effectiveness of the programme, the Board recommended that the two fellowships be extended for eight months, from 5 January to 2 September 2011.", "43. The Board also recommended that the 2011-2012 fellowship programme be converted to a 12-month programme for the period from 5 September 2011 to 31 August 2012 for two fellows.", "Recommendation 8", "44. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the Board pay more attention to policy issues such as the identification of priorities for the future development of the Fund, funding, monitoring and the provision of technical expertise to non-governmental organizations, with a view to better addressing the needs of victims of slavery in the long term.", "45. The Board discussed its role in monitoring approved projects, pre-screening applicants, fund-raising efforts and establishing regular channels of communication with the secretariat. The Board discussed the role of Board members and recommended that an agenda item on policy matters be included at its next session to discuss thematic and regional priorities and capacity-building for applicants and grantees.", "Recommendation 9", "46. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended the establishment of a formal monitoring and evaluation mechanism.", "47. The Board adopted revised guidelines for project evaluation and recommended that the secretariat continue to systematically liaise with OHCHR country offices, human rights advisers, regional offices, United Nations peace missions and UNDP to monitor and evaluate projects in the field.", "48. The Board welcomed the submission of reports by the authorized consultants following a needs assessment exercise and an evaluation of past activities and the effectiveness of current programmes of selected non-governmental organizations that had applied for funding. The Board recommended building on this experience and that a budget line of $10,000 be set aside for this purpose.", "49. The Board recommended regular visits to selected projects. The secretariat should prepare project inspection reports for consideration by the Board at its annual session. The Board recommended that 5 per cent of the total budget be allocated to project monitoring and evaluation. In addition, the Board recommended that UNDP and ILO field offices be informed of planned evaluation missions.", "Recommendation 10", "50. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended the establishment of a management information system to effectively monitor and track grants and reduce workload.", "51. The Board expressed its appreciation to the information technology component of OHCHR for completing the development of a new management information system, which is currently being used by the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture. The Board recommended that funds be allocated for the recruitment of a temporary staff member who would be responsible for inputting the required data into the new grant management system. The Board recommended that applications be submitted through this new online application system in the next grant cycle. The Board recommended that the system should not be exclusive and that non-governmental organizations not in a position to submit electronic applications should be allowed to continue to submit their applications by mail.", "Recommendation 13", "52. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that the processing and funding cycles of the Fund be modified.", "53. The Board adopted a grant cycle for project grants in 2012:", "(a) The deadline for submission of project applications in 2012 is 31 May 2011", "(b) Annual session of the Board of Trustees is scheduled to be held from 28 November to 5 December 2011", "(c) Payment dates from January to February 2012", "(d) Interim financial and narrative report submitted on 30 September 2012", "(e) Final financial and narrative report submitted on 30 April 2013", "Recommendations 14 and 15", "54. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended that OHCHR develop a more comprehensive and cost-effective pre-screening policy.", "55. At its fourteenth session, the Board of Trustees recommended that, for each new applicant, the secretariat continue to systematically request the presentation and review of the organization ' s registration certificate, the organization ' s charter, copies of bank records identifying the organizational signatory, copies of bank statements, references and evidence of other sources of funding. The secretariat continued to liaise with the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture and the Assisting Communities Together project to exchange information on applicants. The secretariat continues to systematically liaise with referees and donors.", "56. The Board also recommended that the secretariat continue to work successfully with OHCHR field and desk officers to verify the work done by new applicants, in particular the quality of assistance provided to victims of contemporary forms of slavery at the grass-roots level.", "57. The Board recommended that the secretariat request UNICEF and the International Labour Organization to provide their NGO directories. The Board also recommended that the secretariat assist organizations in preparing how to submit their applications and in better meeting the Fund ' s requirements through the OHCHR field presence or, in the absence of such a presence, through United Nations country teams where possible.", "Follow-up on outstanding recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Recommendation 11", "58. The Office of Internal Oversight Services recommended the preparation and adoption of a manual of standard operating procedures to provide specific guidelines for the operation and management of the Fund.", "59. In February 2011, the secretariat of the Fund completed the development of a manual of standard operating procedures prepared by the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture.", "Recommendation 16", "60. Following the recommendations of the Board of Trustees, OHCHR is following up on recommendation 16 (on specific funds allocated in Uganda).", "Recommendations 20 and 21", "61. The Board members urged OHCHR to implement recommendations 20 and 21 and to establish a common secretariat for humanitarian funds managed by OHCHR in an integrated and coordinated manner.", "62. In March 2011, OHCHR endorsed the decision to merge the secretariats of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery and the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture.", "D. Cooperation with United Nations bodies and developments in the United Nations system in relation to related mandates", "63. The Board met with the secretariat of the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture to exchange information on its working methods, the role of Board members and best practices of the Fund. The Board noted with interest that the online application process had been instrumental in enhancing the capacity of the Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture to process project grants and in increasing the activities of the members of the Board of Trustees of the Fund.", "64. The Board met with the Assistant Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, its causes and consequences to discuss future cooperation in disseminating and supporting country missions. The Board invited the Special Rapporteur to contribute to activities related to the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Fund.", "65. On the basis of recommendations 6 and 8 of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, the Board decided to allocate $15,000 under a budget line as a grant to non-governmental organizations to enable them to participate in regional, subregional and national meetings convened within the framework of field missions of the Special Rapporteur and to contribute to the implementation of the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur in his report.", "66. The Board recommended that a parallel event with the Special Rapporteur be organized within the framework of the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council with interested Governments and non-governmental organizations.", "Cooperation with the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons", "Under the agenda item relating to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, members of the Board met with the staff of the Division for Treaty Affairs of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Chief of the Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking Branch to discuss possible avenues for cooperation and synergies between the two funds.", "68. The Board welcomed the nomination by the Secretary-General of two members of the Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery as members of the Board of Trustees of the Fund for Victims of Trafficking, which would ensure communication and synergy between the two funds. The Board also noted that 25 per cent of the grants granted by the Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery were allocated to projects providing direct assistance to victims of trafficking. The Board recommended that the secretariats of the two funds hold regular meetings in order to ensure continued cooperation and avoid duplication of work, and that references to the two funds should also be included in awareness-raising materials. The Board noted that the new Fund for Victims of Trafficking, which was expected to grant grants to Governments and intergovernmental initiatives, did not fall within the mandate of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery and thus contributed to reducing the duplication of functions between the two funds. The secretariats of the two funds agreed to exchange working methods and hold regular meetings.", "E. Twentieth anniversary of the Fund in 2011", "69. The members of the Board recalled that on 17 December 1991, the General Assembly had adopted resolution 46/22 establishing the Fund and that the Board had decided to organize a series of events to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Fund. The anniversary celebrations provide an opportunity to take stock of the impact of the Fund ' s work as a mechanism to support non-governmental organizations that provide direct assistance to victims of contemporary forms of slavery, to take stock of lessons learned from their work in this area and to raise awareness of the challenges to the prevention of slavery and the protection and full rehabilitation of victims.", "70. On 1 June 2011, the Fund and Anti-Slavery International and Child Solidarity, the Permanent Missions of Costa Rica and Uruguay organized a side event to raise awareness about child domestic servitude and to discuss the role of human rights as a means of protecting children. The event was attended by representatives of United Nations agencies, representatives of a number of civil society organizations and members of the Permanent Missions of Armenia, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Greece, Honduras, Jamaica, the Philippines, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.", "71. From 1 to 28 September 2011, the Fund will host an exhibition at the exhibit gallery at the Palais des Nations during the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council, at which 56 works of art related to the work of the Fund will be displayed.", "72. The Board also decided to organize, in cooperation with the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, its causes and consequences, a side event within the framework of the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "73. The celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Fund will culminate in the commemoration of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery on 2 December 2011, with the participation of Board members, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, past grantees of the Fund, non-governmental organizations and government representatives.", "The Board approved a budget line of $20,000 to finance these activities.", "VI. International Day for the Abolition of Slavery", "75. On 2 December 2010, Board members issued the following statement in observance of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery:", "(a) On the occasion of the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, I would like to affirm our commitment to the total eradication of slavery and slavery-like practices. We hope that today ' s day will remind us that, despite the great efforts made by the nations of the world for centuries to abolish slavery, this gross violation of human rights has not been eradicated in any country.", "(b) There is sufficient evidence that slavery-like practices are widespread. Of particular concern is the situation of children who are deprived of their fundamental right to be born free and free from slavery. To quote only one number, one can look at it: it is estimated that between 4.9 million and 615 million children are trapped in slavery and slavery-like practices.", "(c) It is an alarming reality that millions of people in the world continue to live under the oppression of contemporary forms of slavery. Traditional slavery, as a system permitted by law, had been abolished in various parts of the world; however, it had not been completely eradicated and, on the contrary, new forms of slavery had emerged.", "(d) Debt bondage, serfdom, forced labour, child labour and servitude, trafficking in persons and human organs, sexual slavery, recruitment of child soldiers, sale of children, forced marriage, sale of wives and exploitation of prostitution violate the most basic human rights to which we all are entitled, regardless of gender, ethnicity, social status, occupation or other distinction.", "(e) Slavery leaves its mark even after its abolition. After its demise, it may also serve as a mentality, in the hearts of the victims and their descendants, and in the hearts of the successors to slavery.", "(f) Slavery-like practices are often hidden. Fear, ignorance of rights and the need for survival all prevent victims from speaking out. Most of the victims are the poorest and socially excluded. Multiple factors, such as poverty, class and ethnicity, create structural problems and create a vicious circle of unbreakable marginalization. Gender inequality and discrimination, lack of education, thirst for work and the demand for cheap labour are also causes for falling into a trap.", "(g) The United Nations has responded to these challenges by establishing a number of relevant thematic procedures, including the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, its causes and consequences, a key mechanism for combating slavery and abolishing slavery-like practices. The United Nations also established the Special Rapporteurs on trafficking in persons, especially women and children; on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; on violence against women, its causes and consequences; on children in armed conflict; and on the human rights of migrants. These thematic rapporteurs have been effective in preventing and suppressing violations by responding promptly to information on individual cases.", "(h) Also in 1991, the United Nations established the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery to assist non-governmental organizations in providing specific humanitarian, legal and financial assistance to victims and potential victims of contemporary forms of slavery. In 2009-2010, for example, the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery disbursed 63 grants to assist victims and potential victims in 44 countries. The need for such assistance is further reflected in the fact that the Trust Fund has received more than 250 applications this year, amounting to $3,550,700.", "(i) On this day, we pay tribute to all Governments, civil society organizations and individuals committed to the eradication of slavery and to ensuring that all victims have access to redress, including the means to fully restore a normal life as possible. We would like to express our firm commitment to the struggle against slavery, in particular to the victims of slavery.", "(j) We urge all States to ratify and implement existing instruments in this area, in particular the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "(k) We also call upon Member States to fulfil their obligations to abolish and eliminate slavery in all its forms. We thank all donors to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for the Victims of Contemporary Forms of Slavery and call upon the international community to contribute generously to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery in order to show solidarity with the victims of slavery, to increase the Fund ' s assistance to the victims and to contribute to ending these intolerable and unacceptable practices worldwide.", "VII. How to contribute to the Fund", "76. Governments, non-governmental organizations and other private or public entities may contribute to the Fund. Donors should indicate “For the Slavery Fund, account SH” on payment orders. Donors wishing to know how to contribute should contact the secretariat of the Fund at the following address: Security of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Continental Forms of Slavery, Office of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, United Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland; tel. 41 22 928 9737 or 928,9164; fax: 41 22 928 9050.", "VIII. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. The Fund has attracted the interest of an increasing number of non-governmental organizations working with victims of slavery. Some 243 applications for grants were received in 2010, totalling approximately $3,754,000. The Board recommended only $555,115 for grants, representing less than 15 per cent of the requested amount. The Fund continues to fall short of increasing demand and support needs. Approximately 450 applications for grants were received in 2011, totalling approximately $6,125,000. The Board estimated that, in order to fulfil its mandate to respond positively to applications received in 2011, the Fund would need at least $1.5 million in new contributions by the sixteenth session of the Board, to be held in November 2011.", "78. Donors and potential donors are encouraged to further strengthen their support for the Fund and to allow it to expand its critical assistance to victims of slavery. For the next cycle, donors are invited to contribute to the Fund by November 2011, so that contributions can be recorded by the United Nations Treasurer before the sixteenth annual session of the Board of Trustees.", "79. Arrangements for the sixteenth session of the Board of Trustees, 2011. The Board approved the provisional agenda for its next session, to be held in Geneva from 28 November to 5 December 2011.", "Annex I", "(a) All grants are decided upon upon receipt of satisfactory additional information.", "Project grants recommended by the Board of Trustees at its fifteenth session (a)", "Country or territory Title of project or related aspects Amount approved (United States dollars)", "Africa", "Women ' s Action against Gender-based Violence", "Mengbwa: Youth Action", "The Congo provides legal aid to widows in Brazzaville who are victims of contemporary forms of slavery", "Jekawili Association Côte d ' Ivoire Project to improve the living and working conditions of girls working as domestic workers in the city of Bouaké", "International Catholic Child Bureau Côte d ' Ivoire", "Social Development Work Society Democratic Republic of the Congo Assisting single mothers and forced domestic workers divorced from forced marriage", "Kamituga Mothers Organization Democratic Republic of the Congo Combating slavery and exploitation of child labour in rural Mwenga mines", "Project to combat slavery in small-scale mining (artisanal miners)", "New Beginnings Programme for African Children ' s Institutions", "Promotion of the Status of Young Widows Programme Kenya Assisted Widows in Kayole to Access and Control Family Property to mitigate some of the negative effects of conversion", "Kenya Rehabilitation of victims of human trafficking and slavery through empowerment in Mtwapa, Kenya", "Prevention and Protection of Child Abuse and Neglect in Africa (Liberia branch)", "Action against slavery-like practices in Namibia", "Association Timidria (Defence for Human Rights) Niger Request socio-economic assistance for families of victims of slavery practices in Abalak and Tchintbaraden", "Niger Association against Child Labour (ALTEN) Niger Projefid 10,000", "Women ' s Aid Federation (WACOL) Nigeria Protecting and Restoring Normal Life of Child Workers and Child Victims of Slavery at Abakaliki Mines and quarries", "Justice ACTs South Africa Campaign to End Trafficking in Human Beings", "International Catholic Child Bureau Togo Prevention of the worst contemporary forms of slavery, including human trafficking, and care for vulnerable children at high risk by increasing social education opportunities", "Uganda Youth Development Link Uganda End child trafficking, other contemporary forms of slavery and exploitation of young people in Kawempe, Rubaga and Makindye 7,615 Dividions districts, Kampala, Uganda by the end of 2011", "Uganda Youth Aid", "Mbutu Agricultural Institute (MAS) United Republic of Tanzania Sensitization of local leaders on child labour in Kisarawe and Mkulanga districts", "Kashog-Karagwe Development Association United Republic of Tanzania", "Asia and the Pacific", "JOGAJOG Bangladesh Prevention of Trafficking of Street Children", "Prova Association Bangladesh Elimination and Prevention of Child Labour 9,000", "Samaritan Foundation International Relief Agency Cambodia Prevention of Trafficking and Peer Education Community Project 8,000", "Women ' s empowerment: training and development of women leaders to end debt bondage", "Centre for Community Economics and Development Consultants' Association, India Sara Akash Hamara - Integration of girls (6-18 years of age) into society through education and participation", "Social Integration Support for Victims of Trafficking and Child Labour in North-East India", "Manav Seva Sansthan (Seva) India", "Women ' s Interconnection Fund India Empowerment of Victims of Trafficking, Sexual Slavery, Child Labour and Child Slavery", "Pusat Kajian dan Perlindungan Indonesia Stopping the involvement of children in cannabis cultivation and trade in Aceh, Indonesia", "Omid-e-Mehr Foundation Housing Project, Omid Drug Treatment Center, Islamic Republic of Iran", "Children in Social Services - Women and Human Rights Nepal Decent Work for Domestic Workers", "Human Rights Advocates (formerly Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights)", "Insan Dost Association Pakistan Combating Child Labour through Education", "DAMAAN Development Organization Violence and Forced Marriage in Southern Punjab, Pakistan - Rehabilitation of Victims and Creating Conditions for Political Discussion", "Pakistan’s Liberation Front for Bonded Labour", "Inter-agency approach to organ trafficking in the Philippines", "Help desks and shelters for migrant workers", "Foundation for the Sons of Forests", "Europe and Central Asia", "“Clean World” Social Union for Women", "Fundación Animus Bulgaria Sustainable humanitarian assistance to women survivors of trafficking", "France 2010 emergency: support and maintenance of assistance and protection for victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation in Paris", "Ruhama Ireland Support for Sexual Trafficking Victims in Ireland 10,000", "Kyrgyzstan Effective programming support to address trafficking, violence against children and other forms of exploitation", "Dingusiž žeimų paramos Lithuania Integration of victims of human trafficking through treatment 10,000 centras` (Family Support Centre for Missing Persons)", "Interactune NGO Republic of Moldova You're not a victim -- make yourself sustainable 10,000", "Development of Alternative Approaches to Reintegration and Education", "Russian Federation Assistance to victims of forced labour", "ASTRA - Anti-Trafficking Action Serbia Support to the ASTRA Emergency Helpline and Direct Victim Assistance through Social Integration", "“Saodat” Public Organization", "Kherson Oblast Centre “Uspishna Zhinka” Ukraine", "Americas", "Acailania Centre for the Defence of Life and Human Rights (CDVDH)", "Costa Rica Section of Defence for Children International", "Support services for the reintegration of minors trafficked for sexual exploitation and child labour", "Project assistance to child domestic workers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti", "Fray Matías de Córdova A.C. Mexico", "Middle East and North Africa", "Telephone hotline for migrant workers", "International Minority Rights Group Mauritania", "VIVERE United Arab Emirates Trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation and other forms of serious physical abuse", "Palestinian Centre for Communication and Development Strategy", "Annex II", "Reserve list of project grants recommended by the Board at its fifteenth session", "(United States dollars)", "CPTOC Brazil Prevention of slavery in the frontier areas of the new agricultural economy in northern and central Brazil", "Rehabilitation and reintegration of girls and women victims of parental abuse", "The Ark Foundation", "Haitian Association of Sunshine Women (AFASDA)", "Caring Society India Stoping Mathamma Children from Child Labour through the Resident Bridge Course 10,000", "Pakistan’s Liberation Front for Bonded Labour", "Association of Charities (Avesto) Tajikistan", "First Children's Embassy of Megjashi World Day Care Centre for Out-of-school Street Children in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "ODJOUGBO Togo Oppose schoolgirls to work as domestic workers in the highlands", "Uganda National Foundation for Democracy and Human Rights" ]

[ "秘书长关于联合国利比里亚特派团的第二十三次进度报告", "一. 导言", "1. 安全理事会第1938(2010)号决议将联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的任务期限延长至2011年9月30日，并请我报告在筹备2011年选举和实现核心过渡基准，包括制定一个联合过渡计划，以便将国内安全责任从联利特派团移交给有关国家当局方面取得的进展。本报告提供了自我2011年2月14日报告(S/2011/72)以来的主要事态发展的最新情况，并载有我关于延长联利特派团任务期限的建议。", "二. 主要事态发展", "A. 政治局势", "2. 在本报告所述期间，政治动态主要是各政党为筹备分别定于8月23日和10月11日举行的立宪公民投票以及总统选举和议会选举而开展的活动。尽管一些政党进行了合并，包括埃伦·约翰逊·瑟利夫总统所属的团结党得到壮大，但是政治格局仍是变动不定，较为分散，许多党派成员转换阵营。截至8月1日，32个注册的政治实体中有18个目前已推选出它们的总统候选人。在2005年成立的主要政党中，团结党确认其总统候选人为约翰逊·瑟利夫总统，副总统候选人为约瑟夫·博阿凯副总统，自由党选举查尔斯·布鲁姆斯基纳和邦州参议员富兰克林·西亚科尔为其总统和副总统候选人，民主变革大会选举温斯顿·塔布曼为其总统候选人，选举其2005年总统候选人乔治·维阿为副总统候选人。全国选举委员会定于8月22日宣布供竞选的88个议会席位的暂定候选人名单。[1]", "3. 跨党派协商委员会继续为解决各政党与全国选举委员会之间的关键问题(包括选举形式)提供了一个重要论坛。在委员会的框架内达成了一项协议，商定政党竞选活动期间于7月5日，而不是8月18日开始。然而，一些党派在选举的法律框架问题上与全国选举委员会之间仍有分歧，如果这些问题得不到解决，就有可能导致选举无法如期举行。有一个政党援引宪法规定采取法律行动叫停选举划区活动，尽管该要求未得到最高法院支持。另一起诉讼对全国选举委员会的组成提出异议，该诉讼尚未裁决。有政党援引宪法规定申请禁止令，以叫停全民投票，但尚未就此作出裁决。我的特别代表加紧斡旋，推动各政党参与包容各方的对话，以便就这些问题，包括对宪法第91条关于修改宪法的全民投票所需最低人数的解释达成共识。", "4. 与此同时，自总统1月向议会提交关于真相与和解委员会的建议执行情况的第三次季度报告以来，在民族和解进程方面进展甚微。根据总统的指示，国家人权问题独立委员会预计将在执行真相与和解委员会建议方面承担更大的责任，包括制订一个民族和解路线图，并建立便于犯罪者寻求公众宽恕的机制议事棚方案。迄今为止，在实施议事棚方案方面一直没有取得切实进展，尽管总统在6月表示将在未来几个月内实施。", "B. 安全局势", "5. 利比里亚的安全局势总体仍较稳定，但十分脆弱。科特迪瓦境内局势对利比里亚边境地区的影响，再加上持续不断的族裔和社区紧张关系以及有关土地和其他资源的争端，带来了重大安全挑战。就业和谋生机会有限，特别是青年人的就业和谋生机会有限，仍然是影响安全的主要因素，严重犯罪和其他非法活动仍然普遍存在。", "6. 正如我在2011年6月24日关于联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的最新一次报告(S/2011/387)中所指出的，科特迪瓦战斗人员进入利比里亚和在科特迪瓦作战的利比里亚国民，是主要的安全威胁，政府和联利特派团正在努力解决这一问题。4月，政府安全人员逮捕了一名被指称在科特迪瓦作战的著名利比里亚前军阀。在审问期间，他报告说，其他战斗人员已通过非官方过境点返回利比里亚。政府已表示打算起诉在科特迪瓦作战的利比里亚人，迄今为止已有大约20人被逮捕，尽管由于缺乏证据和(或)检察机关的起诉理由不充分，大多数已被释放。", "7. 6月，在邦州的一个特别设施拘禁了88名疑似科特迪瓦战斗人员，这些人于4月越过马里兰州边境后，曾被关押在当地监狱。据报告，由疑似战斗人员组成的一个混合团体，其中包括90多名科特迪瓦国民，于5月进入吉河州，6月14日，利比里亚安全机构从吉河州一个隐藏点搜到据信为该团体藏匿的大量武器弹药。联利特派团于7月销毁了这批武器弹药，与这批武器弹药有关的37人已被逮捕。", "8. 有关土地纠纷的紧张局势继续对利比里亚的长期稳定构成严重威胁。3月，在长期跨州土地纠纷再次爆发之后，据说来自马里兰州的约50人手持弯刀和单管枪，袭击了大克鲁州的一个村庄，放火烧了两座房子。国家警察和联利特派团进行了干预，并控制住局势，随后部署了利比里亚国家警察应急部队人员以维持和平。", "9. 劳资纠纷也不断引发安全事件，随着大种植园以及木材工业和采掘业的发展，这类事件有可能会增加。5月26日，马里兰州卡瓦拉橡胶公司的30名工人前往4名被捕工友将出庭受审的地方治安法院。在前往法院的路上，利比里亚国家警察应急部队人员试图阻止他们，并在随后的对抗中开枪打死一名工人。之后，一群居民烧毁了两栋种植园建筑。利比里亚国家警察和联利特派团派人前往现场，控制住了局势。3月，在蒙罗维亚，有关教师工资拖欠的抗议活动升级为学生与利比里亚国家警察的警察支援部队人员之间的暴力冲突，造成该市的学校暂时关闭。", "10. 族裔紧张局势仍是一个令人关切的问题。6月，大吉德州Sowaken村的马诺族和克拉恩族人之间发生口角，引发一群约20名克拉恩族人攻击和摧毁几栋房屋，并劫掠马诺族和吉奥族人的财物。利比里亚安全人员和联利特派团对此采取了应对措施，并恢复了平静。", "11. 在此期间，据报告发生了6起暴民对警察当局和基础设施的暴力事件。5月，联利特派团一台车辆与一辆摩托出租车发生了一次交通事故，引发暴民与国家警察之间的暴力冲突，导致烧毁了宁巴州Saclapea的一个警察局。", "C. 经济局势", "12. 2010年的经济增长为5.6%，略低于6.3%的预计增长率。2011年的增长率预计为6.8%。商品出口继续反弹，服务部门适度扩大和外国直接投资(主要集中在采掘业)的增加也为经济增长做出了贡献。5月，政府提交了总额为4.589亿美元的2011/12财政年度国家预算草案，比上年预算增加26%。尽管利比里亚于2010年6月达到了重债穷国倡议的完成点，将该国债务存量大幅减少，但是该国政府只要了少量优惠贷款。", "13. 2011年通货膨胀率预计将上升，达到8.1%，而2010年为7.2%，这反映了利比里亚对全球燃料和粮食价格上涨的脆弱性，因为利比里亚约三分之二的食品供应来自进口。一项近期调查发现，在过去6个月中，国内生活必需品(特别是大米)的价格已平均上涨30%以上。此外，2010年劳动力调查估计，利比里亚被雇用的人中有77%的人就业不稳定，而且不能指望基本福利或就业保障。", "14. 政府决定将减贫战略从2011年6月延至12月，准备工作正在进行，以拟定后续方案的框架。在计划与经济事务部和治理委员会的领导下，已成立了15个部门工作组，以审查减贫战略的实施情况，并制定该国经济、社会和基础设施部门继续发展的部门路线图，以纳入减贫战略第二阶段，并最终成为利比里亚2030年崛起远景项目的一部分。", "D. 区域局势", "15. 科特迪瓦选举后危机给利比里亚带来了重大的安全和人道主义挑战。正如上文第6和第7段所指出，科特迪瓦西部和边境地区民兵和其他武装分子的继续存在，继续给整个次区域，特别是利比里亚带来威胁。政府在联利特派团支持下，正在增加沿科特迪瓦边境线的巡逻和存在，以监测有关情况，并提供威慑，但700公里长的边界线难以监控。联利特派团和联科行动加强了特派团间合作，包括在“马尤行动”下重新启动联合边界活动，增加联席会议，协调地面和空中巡逻，并将信息共享制度化，包括在边界两侧的相邻特遣队之间设立联络官。联利特派团和联科行动于6月向科特迪瓦西部派出了联合评估团。此外，利比里亚和科特迪瓦政府开展了有关边境安全的讨论，其中包括7月9日，科特迪瓦总理率领一个代表团对蒙罗维亚进行正式访问。7月17日，在蒙罗维亚举行了马诺河联盟特别首脑会议，其中除其他问题以外，还讨论了跨国安全合作，并决定成立一个技术委员会，以更好地协调该地区边境安全问题。", "16. 正在密切监测几内亚境内重新出现的紧张局势。5月，利比里亚边境附近Galakpai镇克佩勒族人与曼西戈族人之间的暴力冲突导致几内亚人涌入利比里亚，主要是克佩勒族人。到8月1日，据利比里亚难民署估计，已经有3 000多名几内亚国民在利比里亚邦州的几个边境镇寻求避难。与此同时，在这一期间，利比里亚政府和联利特派团继续与几内亚和塞拉利昂两国政府联合开展边界行动。", "17. 利比里亚继续存在贩毒现象。通过利比里亚转运的硬性毒品，包括海洛因和可卡因的数量有限。大麻的国内生产迅速发展，在许多地区被认为正在取代其他农业活动，并有大量大麻过境进入邻国。还有关于人口贩运使用类似路线的报告。5月，政府加入了西非海岸倡议，这是执行西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)区域行动计划的一个多方利益攸关方框架，目的是解决西非日益严重的非法贩毒和有组织犯罪问题。7月，利比里亚国家警察打击跨国犯罪小组开始投入运作。", "E. 人道主义局势", "18. 截至5月底，在大吉德州、马里兰州、宁巴州和吉河州登记的科特迪瓦难民超过18万人。经联合国难民事务高级专员办事处核实，并在一些主要来自宁巴州的难民回返后，6月底的难民人数估计为14万。不过，难民继续进入利比里亚南部，尽管速度有所减慢，截至8月1日，登记的难民总数估计为16万人。在宁巴州和马里兰州兴建了难民营，过渡性难民营正在转化为永久性难民营，大吉德州还在兴建一个新的难民营。但是，绝大多数难民仍留在偏远的边境社区，使援助的提供十分困难，导致原本资源匮乏的收容社区面临更大压力。因此，政府鼓励难民迁移到被认为更安全、离边境更远一些的难民营或村庄。3月24日推出了修订后的紧急人道主义行动计划，需要1.465亿美元，以支持15万难民，其中已筹到50%的资金。该计划已作进一步修订，以满足所在社区16万难民和10万利比里亚人的人道主义需要，在2011年剩余时间里共需1.66亿美元。", "三. 任务执行情况", "A. 选举筹备工作", "19. 全民投票和选举的筹备工作在加快进行，全国选举委员会确认2011年8月23日为立宪公民投票日。有四项拟议宪法修正案，其中三项与选举有关：除总统和副总统以外，所有选举的选举制度由绝对多数改为简单多数；将选举日从10月移至11月；将总统和副总统候选人的居住年限规定由从选举前夕算起连续10年改为连续5年。第四条修正案将首席大法官的法定退休年龄提高到75岁。全国选举委员会已确认总统选举和议会选举的日期为2011年10月11日，但全民投票的结果有可能会将其改至11月8日。选民登记工作于2月结束，根据全国选举委员会提供的数据，近180万选民作了登记，占估计符合条件人口的大约89%，其中49%是妇女。", "20. 4月5日，全国选举委员会发起一个公民和选民教育运动，与民间社会合作设计了一系列活动。联利特派团支持在农村地区通过电台节目和其他宣传活动传播有关选举进程的信息。此外，全国选举委员会和其他伙伴还对400多名有意从政的妇女进行了培训。在最高法院审查根据《最低人数法》划定选区的合宪性前实行禁止令导致了延迟，但全国选举委员会还是完成了全国划区工作，并于7月8日印发了地图定稿。总体的选举时间表保持不变，候选人提名已经如期于7月20日开始。", "21. 如上文第3段所述，我的特别代表支持重新启动利比里亚国际联络小组和其他措施，以支持全国选举委员会的党派间对话。联利特派团加紧其对利比里亚当局的工作，以创造一个有利于和平选举的氛围，并加强了对选举、法律、政治、公共信息、安全和人权问题的监督，以缓解紧张局势，同时密切监测政党竞选活动。为了有助于确保一个平等的竞争环境，联利特派团电台继续向各政党提供公平的播出时间，供它们讨论其政纲；特派团向国内观察员小组提供人权检查单，以协助在选举期间进行监测。", "22. 联利特派团通过捐助者协调小组协调了对选举进程的国际援助，并继续努力动员捐助者帮助减少开发计划署(开发署)篮子基金的400万美元缺口。联利特派团还为国家安全机构提供关于规划和培训人员方面的能力建设，以便为选举提供安保，尽管政府仍未提供相关资源，以支付选举的安保费用。与此同时，特派团已拟定为国家当局举行和平选举提供有效的安保支持的安保和应急计划。", "23. 全国选举委员会已拟定了其向1 780个投票专用区运送选举材料的计划，并要求联利特派团通过空运支持向15个州中6个州交通最为不便的选区库房运送材料。联利特派团部署了地方选举官员，以支持各州的全国选举委员会地方官员。在雨季正盛的时候举行全民投票和可能的第一轮选举，后勤工作将面临巨大的挑战。由于选票在全民投票结果出来以前无法印刷，选票印刷与分发的时间表将极为紧张。", "B. 安全部门改革", "1. 国家安全战略和架构", "24. 有关的利益攸关方呼吁在本届立法会议结束前通过与安全部门有关的法律的关键部分。5月11日，众议院安全委员会就《国家安全改革和情报法案》举行了公开听证会，听证会上提出的若干建议被纳入草案，包括以某种形式保持缉毒署的一项规定，本来该机构将被解散，其活动纳入利比里亚国家警察。", "25. 开发署司法和安全信托基金(其职权范围最近扩展到包括对司法机构提供支持)和建设和平基金已开始在安全部门的成长中发挥重要作用，尤其是在利比里亚国家警察和其他安全和司法机构的工作中发挥重要作用。建设和平基金为邦加司法和安全中心的发展供资，开发署司法和安全信托基金则为培训和机动性以及至关重要的基础设施提供支助，从而为国家警察、移民和惩戒事务以及司法机关提供支持。政府已取得适度进展，在2011-2012年国家预算中增加了对安全部门的拨款，但经常性费用问题仍是一个挑战。需要扩展对安全部门的支助，尤其是对利比里亚国家警察的支助，鉴于即将到来的联利特派团的过渡，这一点正在变得更加明显。在促进加强监督和问责方面，已经启动对立法机构安全委员会能力的审查。", "2. 利比里亚武装部队", "26. 利比里亚武装部队的目前兵力为2 012人，包括步兵、工兵和军警部队，以及由51人组成、有四艘船只的海岸警卫队。50名美利坚合众国的军事教官继续支助建设一支有能力的专业部队，包括发展军事参谋人员，以承担更大的指挥责任。军队已实施2010-2011年度培训计划，其高潮为在2011年4月进行了两个由联利特派团支持的营级野战演习，以及一套培训方案，使军队为未来潜在的维和任务做准备。军队成功地进行了若干联合行动，包括与其他安全机构、内务部和联利特派团一起进行的复杂行动。6月，为了把全国疑似科特迪瓦前战斗人员运送到政府指定的拘留营，海岸警卫队还与联利特派团的空中海上巡逻队在沿海水道进行了联合行动，以查明和报告非法海上活动。", "27. 尽管估计军队将在2012年全面投入运作，一些因素，包括设备不足、新资产的采购推迟以及继续拖延国防战略的批准，有可能将军队的全面作战状态至少延迟到2014年。然而，迄今所开展的活动和行动显现出作战能力有所提高。", "28. 武装部队部分人员纪律不佳的事件继续引起关注，包括骚扰平民，与国家警察争吵，包括在一次事件中造成一名警官被杀，以及犯罪活动。", "3. 利比里亚国家警察", "29. 努力应对利比里亚与科特迪瓦边境的局势和规划选举是对利比里亚国家警察的重大挑战，这个已经不堪重负的组织还在继续发展其机构能力。在联利特派团的支持下，利比里亚国家警察的应急部队和其他警务人员与其他安全机构合作，参与边境行动。这为测试国家安全机构的能力提供了一个独特的机会。尽管利比里亚国家警察已经显示出更有能力执行复杂的行动，那些行动也揭示出在后勤和能力方面令人担忧的差距。特别是机动性仍是一个重大问题，影响到他们在全国各地迅速部署的能力，而联利特派团继续提供空中和其他后勤支援。利比里亚国家警察还准备在全民投票和选举期间发挥主要的安全作用。", "30. 鉴于过渡规划工作和沿边境变化的安全局势，联利特派团与利比里亚国家警察合作，重新制订其战略计划中各个项目的优先次序。25个优先项目已接近完成，并对基础和结构系统产生了影响，如车队管理和车辆的问责措施。人力编制计划几乎敲定，以确定合理的人员编制需求和职等结构，该计划考虑到不断变化的需求，以覆盖区域总部的人员配置。", "31. 在联利特派团和捐助者的支助下，国家警察培训学院继续培养新的警务人员。截至8月1日，共有4 153名利比里亚国家警察人员，包括620名警察支援部队人员和322名应急部队人员。警察支援部队620名人员的整体兵力，符合到选举举行前培养600名这类人员的战略目标，但最近的毕业生尚未完全具备行动能力，缺乏装备和后勤支持。总体而言，警察部队中的女性占16%。", "32. 移民和归化局继续发展。除了完成奠定体制基础的一些文件外，该机构已开始在沿科特迪瓦边境工作，这突出了该机构仍然面临巨大的挑战。开发署司法和安全信托基金正在提供支持，以加强其能力，并正在为移民官员入住邦加的中心作出安排，该中心将提供有效的前进行动基地。", "C. 司法、法律和惩戒机构", "33. 司法部门内部的协调和协作，以及司法部门与安全部门之间的协调和协作在继续加强。2月举行了司法机构和司法部的联合务虚会，随后又举办了建设和平讲习班，它们使重大利益攸关方聚集一堂，共同确定优先需求，以改善司法的提供。联利特派团继续侧重加强法治机构和机制的能力，支助改进交付和获得司法以及监测司法部门行动者的工作。", "34. 政府领导的审前拘留工作队继续努力解决刑事司法系统的延误问题，并制定了行动计划。已经就改革陪审团法以加快刑事案件的审理编写了草案，供提交立法机构。此外，完成了对法院和检察官办公室现有记录系统的评估，并已制订新的标准化设计，以便更好地追踪个案。此外，61个非律师治安法官6月从司法学院的专业治安法官培训计划毕业，这应提高刑事司法系统的效率，尤其是在农村地区。虽然尚未举行统一正式司法系统和习惯司法系统的预期协商，但这一议题仍在政府的议事日程上，相关活动正在进行，其中包括对部落首领法院系统的评估。", "35. 尽管有这些积极的事态发展，重大挑战仍在使司法领域的进步放缓，尤其是人的能力、基础设施和设备不足；法律框架过时；依赖捐助者的资金。通过刑事司法系统跟踪性暴力案件的一个项目说明了这个问题，该项目为期一年，在4月完成，它发现，以现在的能力，要清除积压的性暴力案件将需要约10年时间。", "36. 虽然继续全面努力改善对性暴力和基于性别暴力案件的预防、应对和管理，受到举报的强奸数目，特别是那些涉及年轻受害者的强奸数目居高不下，仍然是一个严重问题。继续努力加强利比里亚国家警察的保护妇女和儿童科，其总部已经在4月完成。注意到案件完成情况的改进和与检察官的协调。负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室的一个专家小组4月访问了利比里亚，以确定在应对性暴力方面对政府的最有效支持是什么。", "37. 惩戒设施的安全局势仍然脆弱，过去6个月里发生了10起越狱逃跑事件。蒙罗维亚以外的监狱人口趋向于缓慢但稳定的增加，而蒙罗维亚中央监狱的人口保持稳定，主要原因是那里有特殊的移动治安法院在工作。审前羁押率仍然极高，全国为80%。虽然人满为患对所有设施仍是一个问题，一些设施在发展囚犯的康复活动方面取得了一些进展。", "D. 人权", "38. 利比里亚继续努力在政策和计划中运用人权方针，并改善其人权状况。3月，一个政府代表团出席了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会普遍定期审议后续会议，对2010年11月会议上提出的共113个建议中剩余的41个作出应对。会议讨论了若干问题，包括死刑的适用、解决性暴力和基于性别暴力的措施、有害的传统习俗和真相与和解委员会建议的执行情况。利比里亚代表团指出，正在采取步骤来解决这些问题，但它不能就废除死刑和将切割女性生殖器定为犯罪而采取立场。已经建立了一个机制来促进和监测普遍定期审议各项建议的执行情况。联利特派团支助利比里亚政府筹备普遍定期审查，作为其正在进行的能力建设、监测和宣传任务的一部分。", "39. 自2010年10月正式成立以来，国家人权问题独立委员会的运作受到限制。尽管该委员会已进行了一些监测访问，并对警察在蒙罗维亚过度使用武力的指控进行了调查，它仍然面临内部分歧，这有损其公众形象，并影响到其2011年工作计划的实施。民间社会组织正在通过过渡时期司法工作组，与委员们会谈，以促进重新侧重委员会的任务。", "E. 巩固国家权力", "40. 政府为巩固国家权力采取了一些步骤，包括将行政服务从州总部扩大到地区，部署更多的技术人员，建设行政能力和更定期发放工资。总统正式批准权力下放政策，规定向15个州主管部门下放政治、财政和行政权力，并为立法行动做准备。在国际伙伴的支持下，正在9个州实施权力下放试点项目。但挑战依然存在，特别是在涉及到后勤和留住受过培训的合格技术人员方面。虽然实施减贫战略和州发展议程的协调机制继续发挥作用，但由于州重要官员的缺席，会议不能定期举行。", "41. 政府已为使用州发展基金制定了更严格的准则和程序，由于管理不善的指控，该基金曾在2010年被冻结。招聘州实地监测人员以跟踪和报告基金的使用，预计将有助于恢复公众对地方当局的信心。", "42. 自2010年11月以来，对超过1 000公里的道路进行了广泛施工，特别是在东南部。政府、多边和双边捐助者对此作出了贡献，同时，联利特派团继续沿其主要供应线进行维修。然而，利比里亚仍然没有新的重大铺路工程，这妨碍了政府在全国提供服务的努力。", "F. 治理", "43. 法律和其他方面的瓶颈继续阻碍对重大腐败案件提出有效起诉，但第一起贪污案的定罪已在5月下达，涉及中央银行雇员被控回收支票，这个案件的级别相对较低。就总审计委员会审计报告建议进行的后续行动仍很缓慢。3月，约翰逊·瑟里夫总统宣布她不会再提名审计长连任。", "44. 利比里亚反腐败委员会继续发挥作用，正在进行一个关于廉政问题的全国性宣传运动。2009年3月以来，该委员会共向司法部提出25起贪污案件供起诉。然而，总统关于给予该委员会起诉权的建议尚未推行。", "45. 土地委员会完成了其五年战略计划，并成立了解决土地争端工作队，以制定政策和探讨替代性的纠纷解决方法。委员会还继续进行统一州边界的工作，但由于资源的限制，迄今为止10项纠纷只解决了2项。此外，在行政命令下工作两年后，总统在6月签署成立法律改革委员会的法案，使其成为法律。尽管治理委员会努力重振宪法审查工作队，在宪法改革进程方面取得的进展很有限。", "G. 自然资源管理", "46. 对钻石开采和贸易的控制仍面临挑战。2009年金伯利进程审查团和利比里亚专家小组建议(S/2009/640)的执行工作仍然缓慢。10个多月没有举行会议的总统钻石工作队于7月15日举行会议，同意振兴工作队的工作和更频繁地举行会议。在国际社会的支持下，记录钻石统计数字的数据库系统现在已经开始运作，区域钻石办事处正在加强。1月至6月，共出口18 046克拉毛坯钻石，价值990万美元，政府收入约为30万美元。土地、矿产和能源部开始在巴波卢，大角山和宁巴州的采矿地点及其周围进行提高遵守金伯利进程守法意识活动。", "47. 政府从商品林部门的收入低于预期，在2010-2011财政年度，运营商在拖欠的1 350万美元中，仅支付了210万美元。成立了一个政府工作队，审查税制，评估放宽一些要求是否可能会改善公司守法情况。林业发展管理局还发布了社区林业发展委员会代表法律上有权分享利益的受影响社区获取和管理资金的程序。在西部和东南部各州，在租赁特许公司租赁的约46万公顷土地上，开始成立和运作棕榈油种植园。但是，业务的扩大正在遇到社区的抵制，它们要求赔偿，抗议特许权协议缺乏协商。", "H. 联合国系统一体化", "48. 在执行“一体行动”原则方面取得了更多进展。3月，成立了一个监测和评价支助股，支持“一个方案”的制订。此外，4月起草了一个路线图，概述了领导在利比里亚的联合国实现“一个方案”的框架和统一服务所需的方案和业务调整，联合国传播组根据“一体行动”的原则制订了新的工作计划。该路线图正在根据政府的国家远景规划以及增长和发展进程加以调整。", "四. 贯穿各领域的问题", "A. 新闻", "49. 联合国与政府及其他合作伙伴就难民危机密切合作，确保东道社区的慷慨得到适当的承认。联利特派团继续与利比里亚国家警察和司法部合作，加强能力建设，包括通过新闻人员的在职培训。政府/联利特派团每年联合举办的人才竞赛“一个明星的诞生”，其入围者推出了一个以儿童权利为主题的歌曲光盘。", "B. 两性平等", "50. 为了促进性别问题主流化，正在对包括联利特派团在内的所有联合国机构进行参与性性别审计。继续提供支助，以便将性别观点纳入政府政策的主流，包括移民和惩戒事务政策，以及对女警官进行技能培训。还对安全部门机构的性别培训方案进行评估，并为军队、惩戒和移民服务立即采取后续行动。", "C. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "51. 联利特派团为新部署的维和人员举办关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性传染病的认识和预防培训，并提供自愿的艾滋病毒检测和行为改变交流服务。为了增加艾滋病毒/艾滋病的同伴咨询人员的积累，对23名本国工作人员进行了培训。所有的服务已经扩展到在利比里亚运作的联合国各机构、基金和方案。", "D. 行为和纪律", "52. 联利特派团继续努力确保遵守我提出的对性剥削和性虐待的零容忍政策，采取预防性措施，如上岗培训和复习培训、抽查限制场所，以及为提高当地社区的觉悟开展宣传教育活动。在本报告所述期间，2 689名各个职等的联合国人员接受了行为和纪律问题综合培训，包括关于零容忍政策、压力管理和艾滋病毒/艾滋病知识的综合培训。联利特派团还为563名当地社区成员提供培训，提高他们对性剥削和性虐待的认识。", "53. 在本报告所述期间，收到26起关于严重不当行为的指控报告，其中包括16起关于性剥削和性虐待指控，反映出与上一报告期相比有所增加。", "E. 联合国人员的安全保障", "54. 犯罪依然是对联合国人员和财产安全的重大威胁，尤其是在蒙罗维亚。在本报告所述期间，报告了5起针对联合国人员的武装抢劫事件，还发生了56起不涉及武器的犯罪事件，包括入室盗窃、盗窃和殴打。3名本国工作人员、3名军事人员和一名警官死于枪击、疾病或事故。", "五. 特派团的部署", "A. 军事部门", "55. 如我前几次报告所述，2006年联利特派团进行了缩编前调整，连同2010年5月完成的特派团三个阶段的正式缩编，以及2011年3月从塞拉利昂问题特别法庭撤出军事警卫人员，特派团的兵力因此从15 250人减至目前的核定兵力7 952人。", "56. 联利特派团部队总部设在蒙罗维亚，在两个区部署了行动部队，每个区各有3个步兵营。快速反应部队设在蒙罗维亚，在通往几内亚和科特迪瓦边界的道路附近设有两个前方行动基地。7 703名军人、79名参谋和130名军事观察员来自共43个部队派遣国，这些人员中有209名妇女。", "57. 在本报告所述期间，联利特派团继续通过根据相关安全理事会决议所作的特派团间合作安排来支持联科行动。6月28日，两架暂时部署到联科行动的通用军用直升机回到了联利特派团，同时3架武装直升机仍部署在联科行动，为两个特派团举行的联合边界行动提供重要支助。", "B. 警察部门", "58. 截至8月1日，联利特派团的警察兵力为1 330人(核定最高兵力为1 375人)，其中包括456名警察顾问、七支建制警察部队中的843名警察和31名狱警。警察部门有200名妇女。在蒙罗维亚部署了三支建制警察部队，在邦州、大巴萨州、大吉德州和洛法州各有一支建制警察部队。联利特派团有11名移民顾问。", "六. 建设和平委员会", "59. 2011年5月5日批准了利比里亚建设和平方案，这一方案以建设和平基金优先计划为基础，估计需要7 100万美元资金。这一为期三年的方案集中于司法、安全和民族和解等方面。一个核心项目是建立五个地区司法和安全中心，以便在全国提供更有效的司法和安全服务以及存在。建设和平基金已首次拨款20 154 000美元来实施该方案，建设和平委员会已发起资源调动活动。", "60. 6月，建设和平委员会的一个代表团首次正式访问利比里亚，代表团成员包括约旦、利比里亚、尼日利亚、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美国。此访之前，建设和平委员会利比里亚组合主席访问过利比里亚两次。代表团会见了本国和国际利益攸关方，倡导进行立法改革和建立安全和司法部门的问责和监督机制。主席还得到总统对制定一项民族和解战略的建议的赞同，同时，该国政府同意，头一年重点关注某些关键的优先事项，包括邦加中心的运作、建立第二和第三个中心以及支持在一些农村地区建立新的惩戒设施和法院。对于和解，商定优先考虑向土地改革和增强青年权能提供初步支持。", "七. 过渡规划", "61. 安全理事会第1938(2010)号决议请联利特派团和利比里亚政府继续在过渡规划工作方面取得进展，特别是全面评估局势，找出协助顺利过渡需要弥补的重大差距，还请联合国与利比里亚政府起草关于联利特派团向国家相关部门移交国内安全责任的联合过渡计划。安理会还要求修订特派团的基准，以便将过渡基准包括在内，这些基准将指导联利特派团向国家相关部门移交安全责任。我2011年2月14日的前一次报告(S/2011/72)中阐明了这些基准。", "62. 继2010年6月举行一个过渡问题讲习班后，政府和联利特派团启动了联合过渡规划进程。在国家安全委员会的领导下，这一进程促成设立了一个高级别核心小组、一个工作组和四个安全任务组，安全任务组涵盖边境安全、法律和秩序、资产安全和后勤等领域。已经拟定联合形势评估和过渡工作清单表，其中概述了需移交给国家主管部门的具体任务。2011年4月，4个任务组开始评估利比里亚安全机构承担四个领域内责任的能力。但是，此项工作进展缓慢，特别是在涉及利比里亚国家警察方面，它需要担起法律和秩序方面的许多负担以及保障资产的安全。目前对边境安全和选举安全的关注，已使政府规划能力捉襟见肘，选举期间对过渡问题的过问很可能会减少。", "63. 关于制定联合安全过渡计划方面，一些重要任务仍然悬而未决，其中包括就尚存差距的性质达成协议；确定填补关键差距的战略；制定一项战略方针，测试国家相关部门不依靠联利特派团而独立维护安全的能力，这与政府安全计划和实施这些计划的能力有关。在我的下一份报告中，我打算提出建议，推动编写一份由联利特派团向国家相关部门移交国内安全责任的联合过渡计划。", "64. 在有关移交特派团民事活动的过渡战略方面，6月份，一个工作队开始绘制联利特派团给该国政府和联合国各机构、基金和方案提供的文职支助活动图，这将给关于补充正在进行的安全过渡规划和与“一体行动”一致的讨论提供资料。", "八. 财务问题", "65. 大会第65/301号决议为联利特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间批款5.256亿美元，相当于大约每月4 380万美元，其中包括维持费用5.134亿美元和为特派团提供的选举支助批款1 220万美元。如果安全理事会决定将联利特派团的任期延长至2011年9月30日以后，维持特派团至2012年6月30日的费用将限制在大会批准的数额内。", "66. 截至2011年7月15日，联利特派团特别账户的未缴摊款达5 500万美元。截至同日，所有维持和平行动的未缴摊款总金额为14.753亿美元。", "67. 截至2011年6月30日，对部队和建制警察派遣国的欠款共计2 980万美元。按照季度付款时间表，部队/建制警察费用和特遣队所属装备费用已分别偿还至2011年5月31日和3月31日。", "九. 意见", "68. 利比里亚即将举行冲突结束以来的第二轮民主选举。这些选举的成功以及新政府的和平就职，对巩固该国过去8年来取得的巨大进步很关键。通过选民登记活动的圆满完成，利比里亚当局显示出越来越有能力计划和实施公民投票和选举所代表的复杂的国家大事，在这一进程中保持势头很重要。在利比里亚的联合国大家庭将继续提供所需要的技术和后勤支持，以确保这一活动成功举行。然而，后勤方面的挑战将是重大的，因为可能所有的选举活动将在该国的雨季进行，时间表将极其紧张。因此，我敦促所有政治行为者和广大民众尽最大努力，以确保即将举行的选举做到自由、公正和无暴力。", "69. 随着选举的临近和竞选活动增加，我敦促所有政党利用民主空间，争取对其政治立场的支持，同时避免煽动性言论和挑衅行为。必须要坚持选举时间表。我鼓励政党和全国选举委员会立即解决其对法律框架某些方面理解上的剩余分歧，并鼓励政党和公民使用法律渠道和争端解决机制来解决选举过程中可能产生的争议。在这方面，我欢迎利比里亚问题国际联络小组恢复工作，并对跨党派协商委员会内的对话增加感到鼓舞。联合国将继续支持选举进程，包括通过我的特别代表的斡旋来支持。", "70. 政府/联利特派团联合过渡规划工作组的工作凸显，需要弥补相当大的国家安全差距，安全责任才能顺利由联利特派团移交给国家机构。沿利比里亚与科特迪瓦边境的局势给安全机构带来了证明自己业务能力的机会，但同时暴露出长期存在的挑战，尤其是后勤和装备方面。因此，迫切需要该国政府的国际伙伴增加对发展安全部门的支持，以确保随着联利特派团将安全责任转交给国家当局，特派团行动可以逐步缩小。在这方面，我欢迎建设和平委员会重点关注五个区域司法和安全中心，因为这些中心将提高整个国家诉诸司法和获得安全的机会。我敦促双边合作伙伴支持这些中心、开发署司法和安全信托基金以及利比里亚建设和平方案，以提高该国安全和法治部门的效力和问责，重点是机构监督和管理，以及关键的后勤支持和装备，尤其是要确保利比里亚国家警察在选举前配有足够的装备。", "71. 我对落实真相与和解委员会的建议进展缓慢表示关切，特别是考虑到和解在争取可持续和平中发挥的关键作用。我鼓励国家人权问题独立委员会克服其内部问题。该委员会必须履行其作为该国主要的独立人权机构的重要任务，并在制定落实真相与和解委员会各项建议的步骤方面担当主要角色。", "72. 科特迪瓦选举危机后造成的难民形势和与安全有关的问题，给利比里亚带来了重大挑战。重要的是向修订后的紧急人道主义行动计划提供财政支持，以满足到2011年底的人道主义需求，特别是考虑到难民的继续涌入。利比里亚政府采取积极的办法来解决来自科特迪瓦的战斗人员的问题，我对此感到鼓舞，并欢迎为被怀疑是科特迪瓦战斗人员者建立特殊的拘禁设施。我也欢迎利比里亚和科特迪瓦两国政府间加强合作，以及联利特派团和联科行动加强特派团间合作，以应对跨国安全挑战。我敦促所有利益攸关方防止武器流动，将难民与前战斗人员分开，并确保按照法律来对待疑似前战斗人员。", "73. 安全理事会第1938(2010)号决议将联利特派团的任务期限延长至2011年9月30日，核定兵力为7 952名军事人员和1 375名警务人员。鉴于国家安全机构的能力仍然有限，以及支持选举、边界和其他安全业务的迫切需要，我在2009年6月10日的特别报告(见S/2009/299)中提出的将特派团的军事和警察部门的上述核定兵力保持至2011年选举后的建议依然有效。下一届政府就职后，将向利比里亚派出一个由维持和平行动部带队的全面技术评估团，以拟定对特派团下一阶段缩编的详细提案，包括军事部门进一步消减的情况。这一评估将包括全面审查在实现为安全过渡拟定的基准方面取得的进展，并且将在与利比里亚政府和所有利益攸关方密切磋商的情况下进行。我将在2012年初向安全理事会提出对特派团缩编和安全过渡的下几个阶段的建议，这些建议将列入载有上述评估团的评估结果和建议的特别报告中。因此，我建议安全理事会将联利特派团的任期延长一年，至2012年9月30日，并在2012年5月30日以前根据上述技术评估团的评估结果，对军事人员和警察的核定兵力进行审查。", "74. 最后，我谨衷心感谢我的利比里亚问题特别代表埃伦·玛格丽特·洛伊以及联利特派团的文职人员和军警人员，感谢他们为巩固利比里亚和平做出的贡献。我还要感谢所有部队和警察派遣国、西非经共体、非洲联盟、利比里亚问题国际联络小组、联合国各机构、基金和方案、多边和双边捐助者以及国际和当地非政府组织，感谢它们为维护利比里亚和平并支持其发展而做出的承诺和贡献。", "附件", "联合国利比里亚特派团：军力和警力", "(截至2011年8月1日)", "军事部门\n 国家 军事观察员 参谋 部队 共计 建制警察单位 民警", "阿根廷 0 0 0 0 13", "孟加拉国 14 7 1 433 1 454 16", "贝宁 2 1 0 3 0", "多民族玻利维亚国 2 1 0 3 0", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 0 0 0 0 12", "巴西 0 2 0 2 0", "保加利亚 2 0 0 2 0", "中国 2 6 558 566 17", "克罗地亚 0 2 0 2 0", "捷克共和国 0 0 0 0 4", "丹麦 3 2 0 5 0", "厄瓜多尔 2 1 0 3 0", "埃及 5 0 0 5 4", "萨尔瓦多 2 0 0 2 1", "埃塞俄比亚 8 4 0 12 0", "斐济 0 0 0 0 28", "芬兰 0 2 0 2 0", "法国 0 1 0 1 0", "冈比亚 1 0 0 1 18", "德国 0 0 0 0 5", "加纳 9 7 700 716 20", "印度 0 0 0 0 243 3", "印度尼西亚 1 0 0 1 0", "牙买加 1", "约旦 4 5 114 123 240 13", "肯尼亚 0 0 0 0 18", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 3 0 0 3 2", "马来西亚 6 0 0 6 0", "马里 1 0 0 1 0", "蒙古 0 2 148 150 0", "黑山 2 0 0 2 0", "纳米比亚 1 3 0 4 4", "尼泊尔 2 3 15 20 240 14", "尼日尔 2 0 0 2 0", "尼日利亚 12 9 1 553 1 574 120 19", "挪威 0 0 0 0 9", "巴基斯坦 7 10 2 942 2 959 24", "巴拉圭 2 1 0 3 0", "秘鲁 2 2 0 4 0", "菲律宾 2 1 115 118 30", "波兰 2 0 0 2 3", "大韩民国 1 1 0 2 0", "摩尔多瓦共和国 2 0 0 2 0", "罗马尼亚 2 0 0 2 0", "俄罗斯联邦 4 0 0 4 11", "卢旺达 0 0 0 0 3", "萨摩亚 0 0 0 0 0", "塞内加尔 1 1 0 2 0", "塞尔维亚 4 0 0 4 6", "斯里兰卡 0 0 0 0 13", "瑞典 0 0 0 0 13", "瑞士 3", "多哥 2 1 0 3 0", "土耳其 0 0 0 0 26", "乌干达 0 0 0 0 6", "乌克兰 2 2 275 279 18", "美利坚合众国 4 5 0 9 11", "乌拉圭 0 0 0 0 0", "也门 0 1 0 1 6", "赞比亚 3 0 0 3 25", "津巴布韦 2 0 0 2 37", "共计 128 83 7 853 8 064 843 456", "地图", "[]", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年8月18日重新印发。" ]

[ "Twenty-third progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) until 30 September 2011 and requested me to report on preparations for the 2011 elections and progress in achieving the core transition benchmarks, including the development of a joint transition plan for the transfer of responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to the appropriate national authorities. The present report provides an update on major developments since my report of 14 February 2011 (S/2011/72) and contains my recommendations for the renewal of the UNMIL mandate.", "II. Major developments", "A. Political situation", "2. During the reporting period, political developments were dominated by activities of political parties in preparation for the upcoming constitutional referendum and the presidential and legislative elections, scheduled to take place on 23 August and 11 October, respectively. Despite a number of party mergers, including additions to the Unity Party, of which President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is a member, the political landscape remained fluid and fragmented, with significant floor-crossing. As of 1 August, 18 of the 32 registered political entities had elected their presidential candidates. Among the main parties from 2005, the Unity Party confirmed President Johnson Sirleaf as its presidential candidate and Vice-President Joseph Boakai as vice-presidential candidate; the Liberty Party elected Charles Brumskine and Bong County Senator Franklin Siakor as its presidential and vice‑presidential candidates; and the Congress for Democratic Change elected Winston Tubman as its presidential candidate and George Weah, its 2005 presidential candidate, as its vice-presidential candidate. On 22 August, the National Elections Commission is scheduled to announce a provisional list of candidates for the 88 legislative seats being contested.", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 18 August 2011.", "3. The Inter-Party Consultative Committee continued to provide an important forum for addressing key issues arising among political parties and the National Elections Commission, including modalities for the elections. Within the framework of the Committee, an agreement was reached to start the political campaign period on 5 July instead of 18 August. However, disagreements remain among some parties and with the National Elections Commission regarding the legal framework for the elections, which could threaten the electoral timeline should they remain unresolved. One party took legal action to halt the electoral districting exercise on constitutional grounds, although the petition was not upheld by the Supreme Court. Another suit, on which there is still no ruling, disputed the composition of the National Elections Commission, and an injunction to halt the conduct of the referendum was sought on constitutional grounds, but no ruling has been made. My Special Representative has intensified her good offices to engage political parties in an inclusive dialogue to reach a common understanding regarding these issues, including the interpretation of article 91 of the Constitution, regarding the threshold required for the referendum to amend the Constitution.", "4. Meanwhile, little progress has been made in the national reconciliation process since the President submitted the third quarterly report on the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to the legislature in January. As directed by the President, the Independent National Commission on Human Rights is expected to take on greater responsibilities regarding the recommendations, including to develop a road map for national reconciliation and to establish the Palava Hut Programme — a mechanism for perpetrators to seek public forgiveness. So far, there has been no concrete progress towards implementing the Palava Hut Programme, despite a statement by the President in June that it would be implemented in the coming months.", "B. Security situation", "5. The security situation in Liberia remained generally stable, but fragile. The impact of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire on the border areas of Liberia, combined with continuing ethnic and communal tensions and disputes over land and other resources, presented significant security challenges. Limited employment and livelihood opportunities, particularly among youth, remained major factors affecting security, while serious crime and other illegal activities are still prevalent.", "6. As indicated in my latest report on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) dated 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387), the influx into Liberia of Ivorian combatants and Liberian nationals who fought in Côte d’Ivoire constituted a major security threat that the Government and UNMIL are working to address. In April, Government security personnel arrested a known former Liberian warlord for allegedly fighting in Côte d’Ivoire. During questioning, he reported that other fighters had returned to Liberia through unofficial border-crossing points. The Government has shown its intention to prosecute Liberians who fought in Côte d’Ivoire, and about 20 have been arrested to date, although most were released owing to lack of evidence and/or weak cases brought by the prosecution.", "7. In June, 88 suspected Ivorian combatants, who were detained in a local prison after crossing the border in Maryland County in April, were interned in a special facility in Bong County. A mixed group of suspected fighters, including more than 90 Ivorian nationals, reportedly entered River Gee County in May, and on 14 June, Liberian security agencies retrieved a significant number of weapons and ammunition from a cache in River Gee County believed to have been hidden by this group. UNMIL destroyed the weapons and ammunition in July and 37 people have been arrested in connection with the cache.", "8. Tensions related to land disputes continued to pose serious threats to the long-term stability of Liberia. In March, following the renewal of a long-standing inter‑county land dispute, about 50 people armed with cutlasses and single-barrel shotguns, allegedly from Maryland County, attacked a village in Grand Kru County, setting two houses ablaze. The national police and UNMIL intervened and brought the situation under control, and officers of the Emergency Response Unit of the Liberia National Police were subsequently deployed to maintain the peace.", "9. Labour disputes also continued to cause security incidents, which are likely to increase given the development of large plantations and timber and extractive industries. On 26 May, 30 workers of the Cavalla Rubber Corporation in Maryland County went to the Magisterial Court, where four of their fellow workers were to appear following their arrest. On the way to court, elements from the Emergency Response Unit of the Liberia National Police attempted to stop them, and during the ensuing confrontation shot and killed one worker. Subsequently, a group of residents burned down two of the plantation buildings. The Liberia National Police and UNMIL were deployed to the scene and brought the situation under control. In March, protests in Monrovia regarding teachers’ salary arrears escalated into violent clashes between students and Liberia National Police Support Unit officers, resulting in the temporary closure of the city’s schools.", "10. Ethnic tensions continued to be a concern. In June, an altercation between members of the Mano and Krahn ethnic groups in Sowaken Village, Grand Gedeh County, resulted in a group of about 20 members of the Krahn ethnic group attacking and destroying several houses and looting belongings of members of the Mano and Gio ethnic groups. Liberian security officials and UNMIL responded and restored calm.", "11. Six incidents of mob violence against police authorities and infrastructure were reported in the period. In May, a traffic accident between an UNMIL vehicle and a motorcycle taxi resulted in a mob clashing violently with the national police, and the destruction by fire of a police station in Saclapea, Nimba County.", "C. Economic situation", "12. Economic growth in 2010 was 5.6 per cent, slightly lower than the projected rate of 6.3 per cent. The growth rate for 2011 is projected to be 6.8 per cent. Commodity exports continued to rebound, and modest expansion of the service sector and increases in foreign direct investment, mainly in extractive industries, contributed to economic growth. In May, the Government submitted a draft national budget of $458.9 million for fiscal year 2011/12, which was 26 per cent greater than the previous year’s budget. Despite achieving the completion point of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in June 2010, which reduced the country’s debt stock significantly, the Government has taken only a few concessional loans.", "13. Inflation was projected to be higher in 2011, at 8.1 per cent, compared to 7.2 per cent in 2010, reflecting the vulnerability of Liberia to global price increases of fuel and food, as it imports about two thirds of its food supply. A recent survey found that domestic prices of essential goods, especially rice, rose by an average of more than 30 per cent over the last six months. Also, a 2010 Labour Force Survey estimated that 77 per cent of employed Liberians were vulnerably employed and unable to count on basic benefits or job security.", "14. Following the Government’s decision to extend the poverty reduction strategy from June to December 2011, preparations have been under way to develop a framework for a successor programme. Led by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs and the Governance Commission, 15 sectoral working groups were established to review implementation of the poverty reduction strategy and produce sectoral road maps for continued development of the country’s economic, social and infrastructural sectors to feed into the second phase of the poverty reduction strategy, ultimately forming part of the Liberia Rising Vision 2030 Project.", "D. Regional situation", "15. The post-election crisis in Côte d’Ivoire has created significant security and humanitarian challenges for Liberia. As indicated in paragraphs 6 and 7 above, the continued presence of militias and other armed elements in western Côte d’Ivoire and border areas continued to pose a threat for the entire subregion, particularly Liberia. The Government, supported by UNMIL, is increasing its patrolling and presence along the Ivorian border to monitor the situation and provide deterrence, but the 700-km border is difficult to monitor. UNMIL and UNOCI have intensified inter-mission cooperation, including restarting joint border activities under “Operation Mayo”, increasing joint meetings, coordinating ground and air patrols and institutionalizing information-sharing, including by establishing liaison officers in neighbouring contingents across the border. UNMIL and UNOCI conducted a joint assessment mission to western Côte d’Ivoire in June. Furthermore, the Governments of Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire have engaged in discussions about border security, including on 9 July, when the Prime Minister of Côte d’Ivoire led a delegation on an official visit to Monrovia. An extraordinary summit of the Mano River Union was held in Monrovia on 17 July, where, in addition to other issues, cross-border security cooperation was discussed, and it was decided that a technical committee would be established to better coordinate border security issues in the region.", "16. Renewed tensions in Guinea are being monitored closely. Violent clashes in May between members of the Kpelle and Mandingo ethnic groups in the town of Galakpai, near the Liberian border, led to an influx of Guineans into Liberia, primarily from the Kpelle ethnic group. By 1 August, the Liberian refugee agency estimated that more than 3,000 Guinean nationals had sought refuge in several border towns in Bong County, Liberia. Meanwhile, during the period, the Government of Liberia and UNMIL continued to conduct joint border operations with the Governments of Guinea and Sierra Leone.", "17. Liberia continued to be vulnerable to drug trafficking. Hard drugs, including heroin and cocaine, transit through Liberia in limited amounts. Domestic production of marijuana is flourishing and in many areas is thought to be replacing other agricultural activities, with large amounts crossing into neighbouring countries. There are also reports of human trafficking using similar routes. In May, the Government joined the West Africa Coast Initiative, a multi-stakeholder framework for implementing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regional action plan to address the growing problem of illicit drug trafficking and organized crime in West Africa; and in July the Liberia National Police Transnational Crime Unit began operations.", "E. Humanitarian situation", "18. By the end of May, more than 180,000 refugees from Côte d’Ivoire were registered in Grand Gedeh, Maryland, Nimba and River Gee Counties. After verification by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and some returns, mainly from Nimba County, refugee figures were estimated to be 140,000 at the end of June. However, influxes into southern Liberia continued, albeit at a slower pace, and by 1 August the total number of registered refugees was estimated to be 160,000. Refugee camps were constructed in Nimba and Maryland Counties, transit camps are being converted into permanent camps, and a new camp is being constructed in Grand Gedeh County. The vast majority of refugees, however, remain in remote border communities, making the delivery of assistance difficult and putting pressure on already scarce resources in host communities. The Government is therefore encouraging refugees to relocate to refugee camps or villages farther from the border, which are considered more secure. A revised emergency humanitarian action plan was launched on 24 March and included a request for $146.5 million to support 150,000 refugees, of which 50 per cent has been funded. The plan has been revised further to cover the humanitarian needs of 160,000 refugees and 100,000 Liberians in host communities, requesting a total of $166 million for the rest of 2011.", "III. Mandate implementation", "A. Preparations for elections", "19. Preparations for the referendum and elections took on greater momentum, with the National Elections Commission confirming 23 August 2011 as the date for a constitutional referendum. There are four proposed amendments to the Constitution, three of which are election related: to change the electoral system from an absolute to a simple majority for all elections except those for president and vice-president; to move election day from October to November; and to revise the residency clause for presidential and vice-presidential candidates from 10 to 5 consecutive years immediately prior to an election. The fourth provision would increase the mandatory retirement age for chief justices to 75. The National Elections Commission has confirmed the date for the presidential and legislative elections as 11 October 2011, although the results of the referendum may shift them to 8 November. The voter registration exercise concluded in February and, according to the National Elections Commission, close to 1.8 million people registered, representing about 89 per cent of the estimated eligible population, of whom 49 per cent are women.", "20. The National Elections Commission launched a civic and voter education campaign on 5 April, designing a number of activities in partnership with civil society. UNMIL supported the dissemination of information on the electoral process through radio programmes and other outreach activities in rural areas. Also, training was conducted by the National Elections Commission and other partners for over 400 women political aspirants. Despite delays owing to a writ of prohibition before the Supreme Court that questioned the constitutionality of conducting districting based on the Threshold Bill, the National Elections Commission was able to complete districting countrywide and issued a final map on 8 July. The overall electoral timeline was maintained, and candidate nominations started as scheduled on 20 July.", "21. My Special Representative supported the reactivation of the International Contact Group for Liberia and other initiatives to support the inter-party dialogue of the National Elections Commission, as outlined in paragraph 3 above. UNMIL intensified its work with Liberian authorities to create an atmosphere conducive to peaceful elections and strengthened its monitoring of electoral, legal, political, public information, security and human rights issues to mitigate tensions, while closely monitoring the political campaign. To help ensure a level playing field, UNMIL Radio continues to provide equitable air time to all parties to discuss their political platforms, and the Mission provided a human rights checklist to national observer groups to assist with monitoring during electoral periods.", "22. UNMIL coordinated international assistance to the electoral process through the Donor Coordination Group and continues efforts to mobilize donors to help mitigate the $4 million shortfall in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) basket fund. UNMIL also provided capacity-building for national security institutions in the planning and training of personnel to provide security for the elections, although resources still have not been identified by the Government to cover the cost of securing the elections. Meanwhile, the Mission has developed security and contingency plans for the provision of effective security support to national authorities for the conduct of peaceful elections.", "23. The National Elections Commission developed its plan to deliver electoral materials to the 1,780 polling precincts and has requested the support of UNMIL to deliver materials by air to the least accessible magisterial warehouses in six of the 15 counties. UNMIL deployed magisterial electoral officers to support National Elections Commission magistrates in all counties. Conducting the referendum, and possibly the first round of elections, at the height of the rainy season will be a formidable logistical challenge. Given that the ballots cannot be printed until the outcome of the referendum is known, the timeline between ballot printing and distribution will be extremely tight.", "B. Security sector reform", "1. National security strategy and architecture", "24. Concerned stakeholders called for the passing of key pieces of security sector-related legislation before the current legislative session ends. The House of Representatives Security Committee held a public hearing on the National Security Reform and Intelligence Bill on 11 May, and a number of proposals put forward at the hearing were incorporated into the draft, including a provision to maintain, in some form, the Drug Enforcement Administration, which was originally to be dissolved and its activities incorporated into the Liberia National Police.", "25. The UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund, whose remit was recently extended to include support to justice institutions, and the Peacebuilding Fund have begun to play important roles in supporting the growth of the security sector, in particular the work of the Liberia National Police and other security and justice institutions. While the Peacebuilding Fund is financing the development of the Gbarnga Justice and Security Hub, the UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund has provided support to the national police, immigration and corrections services and the judiciary by providing support for training, mobility and critical infrastructure. The Government has made modest progress in increasing security sector allocations in the 2011-2012 national budget, although the issue of recurring costs remains a challenge. The need to scale up support for the security sector, particularly the Liberia National Police, is becoming more evident in view of the upcoming UNMIL transition. In terms of promoting enhanced oversight and accountability, a review of the capacity of legislative security committees has been initiated.", "2. Armed Forces of Liberia", "26. The current strength of the Armed Forces of Liberia stands at 2,012, including infantry, engineering and military police units, as well as a coast guard of 51 personnel with four vessels. Fifty military mentors from the United States of America continued to support the building of a professional and capable force, including developing army staff to assume greater command responsibilities. The army has implemented its 2010-2011 annual training plan, the culmination of which was the execution of two UNMIL-supported battalion-level field exercises in April 2011, as well as a training package to prepare the army for potential future peacekeeping duties. The army successfully conducted a number of joint operations, including a complex operation with other security institutions, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and UNMIL, in June, to transport suspected former combatants from Côte d’Ivoire across the country to the Government-designated internment camp. The Coast Guard also conducted joint operations with UNMIL aerial maritime patrols in coastal waterways to identify and report illegal maritime activities.", "27. Although it had been estimated that the army would become fully operational in 2012, a number of factors, including insufficient equipment, delays in the procurement of new assets and continued delays in endorsing the national defence strategy, will likely delay the army’s full operational status until at least 2014. Nevertheless, activities and operations undertaken so far showed growing operational capacity.", "28. Incidents of ill-discipline on the part of Armed Forces personnel, including harassment of civilians, altercations with national police, including one resulting in the murder of a police officer, and criminal activity, continued to raise concern.", "3. Liberia National Police", "29. Efforts to address the situation along the border between Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire and planning for the elections have created significant challenges for the Liberia National Police, an already stretched organization that is continuing to develop its institutional capacity. The Liberia National Police Emergency Response Unit and other police officers have engaged in border operations, in collaboration with other security agencies and with support from UNMIL, which presented a unique opportunity to test the capacity of national security agencies. While the Liberia National Police has shown increased capacity to execute complex operations, those operations have also revealed worrisome logistical and capability gaps. In particular, mobility remains a major issue, affecting their ability to rapidly deploy throughout the country, with UNMIL continuing to provide air and other logistical support. The Liberia National Police also prepared to assume the primary security role during the referendum and elections.", "30. In the light of the transition planning process and the evolving security situation along the border, UNMIL worked with the Liberia National Police to reprioritize projects in its strategic plan. Twenty-five priority projects are nearing completion and have already had an impact on foundational and structural systems, such as fleet management and vehicle accountability measures. A manpower establishment plan to identify rational staffing requirements and ranking structures, which takes into account changing needs to cover regional headquarters staffing, is almost finalized.", "31. With UNMIL and donor support, the National Police Training Academy continued to train new police officers. As at 1 August, there were 4,153 Liberia National Police officers, including 620 Police Support Unit officers and 322 Emergency Response Unit officers. The Police Support Unit’s overall strength of 620 personnel meets the strategic objective to train 600 such officers by the time elections are held, although recent graduates are not yet fully operational, lacking equipment and logistical support. Overall, female representation in the police force stands at 16 per cent.", "32. The development of the Bureau for Immigration and Naturalization continued. In addition to completing a number of documents laying its institutional foundation, the agency has been active along the border of Côte d’Ivoire, which has highlighted the huge challenges the Bureau still faces. The UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund is providing support to enhance its capacity and arrangements are being made for immigration officers to be housed in the Gbarnga Hub, which will provide an effective forward operational base.", "C. Judicial, legal and corrections institutions", "33. Coordination and collaboration within the justice sector and between the justice and security sectors has continued to strengthen. A joint judiciary and Ministry of Justice retreat in February and the subsequent peacebuilding workshop brought major stakeholders together to prioritize needs to improve justice delivery. UNMIL continued to focus on strengthening the capacity of rule of law institutions and mechanisms, supporting efforts to improve delivery and access to justice and mentoring key justice-sector actors.", "34. The Government-led Pretrial Detention Task Force continued its efforts to address delays in the criminal justice system and developed an action plan. A draft on reforming the jury law to expedite the processing of criminal cases has been prepared for presentation to the legislature. Also, an assessment of existing record-keeping systems in courts and prosecutors’ offices has been completed, and new standardized designs have been developed to better track cases. Furthermore, 61 non-lawyer magistrates graduated from the Judicial Institute’s Professional Magistrates Training Programme in June, which should increase the efficiency of the criminal justice system, especially in rural areas. Although anticipated consultations regarding the harmonization of formal and customary justice systems have not yet been held, the issue remained on the Government’s agenda and related activities are ongoing, including an assessment of the tribal governors’ court system.", "35. Despite these positive developments, significant challenges continued to slow progress in the justice sector, particularly insufficient human capacity, infrastructure and equipment; outdated legal frameworks; and dependence on donor funding. An illustration of this is a one-year project tracking cases of sexual violence through the criminal justice system, completed in April, which found that it would take roughly 10 years, working at the current capacity, to clear the backlog of sexual violence cases alone.", "36. Although comprehensive efforts continued to improve prevention, response to and management of cases of sexual and gender-based violence, the high number of reported rapes, particularly those involving young victims, remained a serious concern. Efforts continued to strengthen the Liberia National Police Women and Children Protection Section, and its headquarters was completed in April. Improvements in case follow-through and coordination with prosecutors have been noted. A team of experts from the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Sexual Violence in Conflict visited Liberia in April to identify support that could be most useful to the Government in responding to sexual violence.", "37. The security situation in corrections facilities remained fragile, with 10 prison escape incidents recorded in the past six months. Prison population trends outside of Monrovia showed a slow but steady increase, while the population at Monrovia Central Prison remained stable, owing largely to the special mobile magistrates’ court operating there. Pretrial detention rates remained extremely high at 80 per cent nationwide. Although overcrowding remained an issue in all facilities, there was some progress in developing prisoner rehabilitation activities at a number of facilities.", "D. Human rights", "38. Liberia continued its efforts to apply a human rights approach to policy and planning and to improve its human rights situation. In March, a Government delegation attended the Human Rights Council universal periodic review follow-up session in Geneva to present responses to the remaining 41 recommendations out of a total of 113 from the November 2010 session. The session addressed a number of issues, including the application of the death penalty, measures to address sexual and gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices and the implementation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission recommendations. The delegation from Liberia noted that while steps were being taken to address these issues, it could not take a position on the repeal of the death penalty and the criminalization of female genital mutilation. A mechanism has been put in place to promote and monitor implementation of the universal periodic review recommendations. UNMIL supported the Government of Liberia in its preparation for the universal periodic review as part of its ongoing capacity-building, monitoring and advocacy mandate.", "39. Since its formal establishment in October 2010, the functioning of the Independent National Commission on Human Rights has been limited. Although the Commission has conducted some monitoring visits and has investigated allegations of excessive force by police in Monrovia, it has faced internal divisions that have compromised its public image and affected implementation of its 2011 workplan. Civil society organizations, through the Transitional Justice Working Group, are holding talks with the commissioners to facilitate a refocus on the Commission’s mandate.", "E. Consolidation of State authority", "40. The Government took a number of steps to consolidate State authority, including extending administrative services from county headquarters to districts, deploying additional technical staff, building administrative capacity and paying salaries more regularly. The President formally endorsed the decentralization policy, providing for political, fiscal and administrative devolution of authority to the 15 county administrations and preparing the policy for legislative action. With the support of international partners, a pilot decentralization project is being implemented in nine counties. Challenges remain, however, especially relating to logistics and retaining trained and qualified technical staff. Although coordination mechanisms for the implementation of the poverty reduction strategy and county development agendas continued to function, meetings have been irregular owing to the absenteeism of key county officials.", "41. The Government has instituted stricter guidelines and procedures for the use of the county development fund, which was frozen in 2010 owing to allegations of mismanagement. The recruitment of county field monitoring officers to track and report on the use of the fund is expected to help restore public confidence in local authorities.", "42. Extensive work has been conducted on over 1,000 km of road since November 2010, in particular in the south-east, to which the Government and multilateral and bilateral donors have contributed, while UNMIL continued to carry out repairs along its main supply routes. However, Liberia still does not have new major paved-road construction, which hampers the efforts of the Government to provide services throughout the country.", "F. Governance", "43. Legal and other bottlenecks continued to hamper the effective prosecution of major corruption cases, and although the first corruption conviction was handed down in May, involving Central Bank employees accused of recycling cheques, the case was at a relatively low level. Follow-up on recommendations of General Auditing Commission audit reports continued to be slow. In March, President Johnson Sirleaf announced that she would not renominate the Auditor-General for another term.", "44. The operations of the Liberia Anti-Corruption Commission continued with a nationwide information campaign on integrity in public conduct. The Commission has submitted a total of 25 corruption cases to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution since March 2009. However, the President’s proposal that the Commission acquire prosecutorial powers has not yet been pursued.", "45. The Land Commission completed its five-year strategic plan and established a land dispute resolution task force to develop policy and explore alternative dispute resolution methods. The Commission also continued its work on the harmonization of county boundaries, but only 2 of 10 disputes had been resolved so far because of resource constraints. Also, after two years of working under executive orders, in June the President signed into law the act establishing the Law Reform Commission. Limited progress was made in the Constitutional reform process, despite the efforts of the Governance Commission to revive the Constitutional Review Task Force.", "G. Management of natural resources", "46. Control of diamond mining and trade continued to face challenges. Implementation of the recommendations of the 2009 Kimberley Process review mission and the Panel of Experts on Liberia (S/2009/640) continued to be slow. A meeting of the Presidential Task Force on Diamonds, which had not met for over 10 months, took place on 15 July and agreed to revitalize the work of the task force and hold more frequent meetings. With international support, the database system to record diamond statistics is now functional and regional diamond offices are being strengthened. A total of 18,046 carats of rough diamonds, valued at $9.9 million, were exported between January and June, with the Government collecting almost $300,000 in revenue. The Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy began conducting Kimberley Process compliance awareness activities in and around mining locations in Gbarpolu, Grand Cape Mount and Nimba Counties.", "47. Government revenue from the commercial forestry sector was short of expectations, with operators paying only $2.1 million of the $13.5 million owed during fiscal year 2010-2011. A Government task force has been established to review the tax regime and assess whether easing some requirements might improve company compliance. The Forestry Development Authority has also issued procedures for community forestry development committees to access and manage funds on behalf of affected communities legally entitled to benefit-sharing. The establishment and operation of palm oil plantations on about 460,000 ha of land leased by concession companies in western and south-eastern counties commenced. However, the extension of operations is meeting resistance from communities, which request compensation and protest a lack of consultation on concession agreements.", "H. Integration of the United Nations system", "48. Further progress was made towards the “delivering as one” principle. In March, a monitoring and evaluation support unit was established to support “one programme” development. Also, in April, a road map was drafted outlining the programmatic and operational adjustments required to lead the United Nations in Liberia towards a “one programme” framework and harmonized services, and the United Nations Communications Group developed a new workplan based on “delivering as one” principles. The road map is being aligned with the Government’s national visioning and growth and development processes.", "IV. Cross-cutting issues", "A. Public information", "49. The United Nations worked closely with the Government and other partners on the refugee crisis, ensuring that host communities were given appropriate recognition for their generosity. UNMIL continued to work with the Liberia National Police and the Ministry of Justice to build capacity, including through on-the-job training for public information officers. The finalists of the joint Government/UNMIL annual talent competition “A Star Is Born” launched a musical compact disc with songs on the theme of children’s rights.", "B. Gender", "50. To enhance gender mainstreaming, a participatory gender audit is being conducted of all United Nations agencies, including UNMIL. Continued support has been provided to mainstream a gender perspective into Government policies, including for the immigration and corrections services and for skills training for female police officers. An assessment of gender training programmes for security sector institutions was also conducted, with immediate follow-up action undertaken for the army, corrections and immigration services.", "C. HIV/AIDS", "51. UNMIL conducted awareness and prevention training on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections for newly deployed peacekeepers and offered voluntary HIV testing and behaviour change communication services. To increase the pool of HIV/AIDS peer counsellors, 23 national staff were trained. All services have been extended to United Nations agencies, funds and programmes operating in Liberia.", "D. Conduct and discipline", "52. UNMIL continued its efforts to ensure compliance with the zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse through the implementation of preventive measures, such as induction and refresher training, spot-checks of off-limits establishments and an ongoing awareness-raising campaign aimed at sensitizing local communities. During the reporting period, 2,689 people in all United Nations personnel categories received integrated conduct and discipline training, including on the zero-tolerance policy, stress management and HIV/AIDS awareness. UNMIL also provided sexual exploitation- and abuse-awareness training for 563 members of local communities.", "53. During the reporting period, 26 allegations of serious misconduct were reported, including 16 allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse, reflecting an overall increase from the previous reporting period.", "E. Security and safety of United Nations personnel", "54. Crime continued to pose a major security threat to United Nations personnel and property, especially in Monrovia. Five incidents of armed robbery targeting United Nations personnel were reported during the period in addition to 56 non‑weapon-related crimes, including burglary, theft and assault. Three national staff members, three military personnel and one police officer died as a result of shooting, illness or accident.", "V. Mission deployment", "A. Military component", "55. As indicated in my previous reports, the pre-drawdown adjustments to UNMIL in 2006, together with the three stages of the Mission’s formal drawdown, which was completed in May 2010, and the withdrawal of the military guard force from the Special Court in Sierra Leone in March 2011, reduced the Mission’s troop strength from 15,250 to its current authorized military strength of 7,952 personnel.", "56. The UNMIL force headquarters is located in Monrovia, with operating forces deployed in two sectors, each comprising three infantry battalions. The Quick Reaction Force is based in Monrovia, with two forward operating bases near routes to the borders of Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire. A total of 43 troop-contributing countries are represented among 7,703 troops, 79 staff officers and 130 military observers, including 209 women.", "57. During the reporting period, UNMIL continued to support UNOCI through inter-mission cooperation arrangements pursuant to relevant Security Council resolutions. Two military utility helicopters temporarily deployed to UNOCI returned to UNMIL on 28 June, while three armed helicopters remain deployed to UNOCI, providing critical support for joint border operations conducted by the two missions.", "B. Police component", "58. As at 1 August, the police strength of UNMIL stood at 1,330, out of an authorized ceiling of 1,375, including 456 police advisers, 843 officers in seven formed police units and 31 correction officers. There are 200 women in the police component. Three formed police units are deployed in Monrovia and one unit each in Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand Gedeh and Lofa Counties. UNMIL also has 11 immigration advisers.", "VI. Peacebuilding commission", "59. The Liberia Peacebuilding Programme, based on the Peacebuilding Fund priority plan and estimated at $71 million, was approved on 5 May 2011. The three-year programme is focused on justice, security and national reconciliation. A core project is the establishment of five regional justice and security hubs to provide more effective justice and security services and presence throughout the country. The Peacebuilding Fund has allotted an initial contribution of $20,154,000 for the implementation of the Programme, and the Peacebuilding Commission has initiated resource mobilization activities.", "60. In June, the first official visit of a Peacebuilding Commission delegation, comprising Jordan, Liberia, Nigeria, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States, travelled to Liberia. The visit followed two earlier missions to Liberia by the Chair of the Peacebuilding Commission Liberia Configuration. The delegation met with national and international stakeholders, advocating legislative reform and the establishment of accountability and oversight mechanisms for the security and justice sectors. The Chair also received the President’s endorsement of a proposal to develop a national reconciliation strategy, while the Government agreed to focus on certain key priorities for the first year, including the functioning of the Gbarnga Hub, the development of hubs two and three and support for the development of new corrections facilities and courts in some rural areas. With regard to reconciliation, it was agreed to prioritize initial support for land reform and youth empowerment.", "VII. Transition planning", "61. In its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council requested that UNMIL and the Government of Liberia continue to make progress in the transition planning process, especially towards conducting a comprehensive situational assessment and identifying critical gaps to be filled to facilitate a successful transition, and also requested that the United Nations and the Government draw up a joint transition plan on the transfer of responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to the appropriate national authorities. The Council also requested a revision of the Mission’s benchmarks to include transition benchmarks, which would guide the handover of security responsibilities from UNMIL to national authorities. These were set out in my previous report, dated 14 February 2011 (S/2011/72).", "62. Following a transition workshop in June 2010, the Government and UNMIL initiated a joint transition planning process. Led by the National Security Council, the process has resulted in the establishment of a senior-level core group, a working group and four security task groups covering the areas of border security, law and order, security of assets and logistics. Joint situational assessment and transition worksheets have been developed outlining specific tasks to be handed over to national authorities. In April 2011, the four task groups began assessing the capacity of Liberian security agencies to assume responsibility in the four areas. However, progress has slowed, particularly for the Liberia National Police, which will absorb much of the burden for law and order and security of assets. The present focus on border security and security for the elections has overstretched the Government’s planning capacity, and engagement on transition issues is likely to decrease during the electoral period.", "63. With regard to the development of a joint security transition plan, a number of important tasks remain outstanding, including reaching agreement on the nature of the remaining gaps, identifying a strategy for filling critical gaps and devising a strategic approach that allows for testing the ability of national authorities to maintain security independently of UNMIL, which will be linked to Government security plans and the capacity to implement them. In my next report, I intend to provide proposals for taking forward the preparation of a joint transition plan for the transfer of responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to the appropriate national authorities.", "64. With regard to the transition strategy for handing over the Mission’s civilian activities, in June a task force began mapping UNMIL civilian support activities to the Government and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, which will inform discussions on complementing ongoing security-transition planning and dovetailing with the “delivering as one” process.", "VIII. Financial aspects", "65. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/301, appropriated the amount of $525.6 million, equivalent to some $43.8 million per month, inclusive of $513.4 million for the maintenance of UNMIL for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and $12.2 million for electoral support to be provided by the Mission. Should the Security Council decide to extend the mandate of UNMIL beyond 30 September 2011, the cost of maintaining the Mission until 30 June 2012 would be limited to the amounts approved by the General Assembly.", "66. As at 15 July 2011, unpaid assessed contributions to the Special Account for UNMIL amounted to $55.0 million. The total outstanding assessed contributions for all peacekeeping operations as of that date amounted to $1,475.3 million.", "67. As at 30 June 2011, amounts owed to troop and formed police contributors totalled some $29.8 million. Reimbursement of troop/formed police costs and contingent-owned equipment costs have been made for the period up to 31 May and 31 March 2011, respectively, in accordance with the quarterly payment schedule.", "IX. Observations", "68. Liberia is about to engage in its second round of democratic elections since the end of the conflict. The success of these elections, and the peaceful inauguration of a new administration, will be critical to the consolidation of the tremendous progress the country has made over the past eight years. With the successful completion of the voter registration exercise, Liberian authorities have shown increasing capacity to plan and execute the complex national event that the referendum and the elections represent, and it will be important to maintain this momentum throughout the process. The United Nations family in Liberia will continue to provide technical and logistical support, as required, to ensure the operational success of the exercise. However, the logistical challenges will be significant, as possibly all electoral events will be conducted during the country’s rainy season and timelines will be extremely tight. I therefore urge all political actors and the population at large to make the utmost effort to ensure that the upcoming elections will be free, fair and without violence.", "69. As the elections draw near and campaign activities intensify, I urge all political parties to use the democratic space to canvass support for their political positions while refraining from inflammatory remarks and provocative actions. It is important to adhere to the electoral timeline. I encourage the prompt resolution of the remaining differences between political parties and the National Elections Commission concerning their understanding of certain aspects of the legal framework, and parties and citizens are encouraged to use legal channels and dispute mechanisms to resolve disputes that may arise regarding the electoral process. In this regard, I welcome the reactivation of the International Contact Group on Liberia, and am encouraged by increased dialogue within the Inter-Party Consultative Committee. The United Nations will continue to support the electoral process, including through the good offices of my Special Representative.", "70. The work of the Government/UNMIL joint transition working group has highlighted a considerable number of national security gaps that will need to be addressed to enable a smooth handover of security responsibilities from UNMIL to national institutions. The situation along the border between Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire presented opportunities for security institutions to demonstrate their operational capacity but revealed persistent challenges, especially in relation to logistics and equipment. It is therefore urgent that the Government’s international partners increase support for the development of the security sector to ensure that UNMIL operations can be progressively scaled down as it hands over security responsibilities to national authorities. In this regard, I welcome the Peacebuilding Commission’s focus on the five regional justice and security hubs, as they will increase access to justice and security throughout the country. I urge bilateral partners to support the hubs, the UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund and the Liberia Peacebuilding Programme to promote increased effectiveness and accountability of the country’s security and rule of law sectors, with a focus on institutional oversight and management, as well as critical logistical support and equipment, in particular to ensure that the Liberia National Police are adequately equipped before the elections.", "71. I am concerned by the slow implementation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s recommendations, especially given the critical role reconciliation will play towards sustainable peace. I encourage the Independent National Commission on Human Rights to overcome its internal problems. The Commission must perform its critical mandate to serve as the country’s premier independent human rights institution, as well as take on its central role in mapping the steps towards implementing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s recommendations.", "72. The refugee situation and security-related issues emanating from the post-election crisis in Côte d’Ivoire present significant challenges for Liberia. It is critical that financial support be provided to the revised Emergency Humanitarian Action Plan to cover humanitarian needs to the end of 2011, especially given that the influx of refugees continues. I am encouraged by the Government’s proactive approach to addressing the issue of fighters from Côte d’Ivoire and welcome the establishment of a special internment facility for suspected Ivorian combatants. I also welcome the increased cooperation between the Governments of Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire and the intensified inter-mission cooperation between UNMIL and UNOCI to address cross-border security challenges. I urge all stakeholders to prevent the movement of weapons, to separate refugees from former combatants and to ensure that suspected former combatants are treated in accordance with the law.", "73. In its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council renewed the mandate of UNMIL until 30 September 2011, with an authorized strength of 7,952 military and 1,375 police personnel. Given the still limited capacity of national security institutions and the critical need to support electoral, border and other security operations, the recommendations contained in my special report of 10 June 2009 (see S/2009/299) to maintain the Mission’s military and police components at that authorized strength until after the 2011 elections remain valid. A comprehensive technical assessment mission, led by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, will be deployed to Liberia after the inauguration of the next Government in order to develop detailed proposals for the next stages of the Mission’s drawdown, including further reductions of the military component. That assessment will include a thorough review of the progress made towards the benchmarks developed for the security transition and will be conducted in close consultation with the Government of Liberia and all relevant stakeholders. I will provide the Security Council with my proposals for the next stages of the Mission’s drawdown and the security transition in early 2012 in a special report containing the findings and recommendations of the assessment mission. I therefore recommend that the Security Council extend the Mission’s mandate for a period of one year, until 30 September 2012, and conduct a review of its authorized military and police strength by 30 May 2012, based on the findings of the technical assessment mission mentioned above.", "74. In conclusion, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Special Representative for Liberia, Ellen Margrethe Løj, and UNMIL civilian and uniformed personnel for their contribution towards peace consolidation in Liberia. I would also like to thank all troop- and police-contributing countries; ECOWAS; the African Union; the International Contact Group on Liberia; United Nations agencies, funds and programmes; multilateral and bilateral donors; and international and local non‑governmental organizations for their commitment and contributions to sustain peace and support development in Liberia.", "Annex", "United Nations Mission in Liberia: military and police strength", "(As at 1 August 2011)", "Military component\n Country Military Staff Troops Total Formed Civilian observers officers police police units", "Argentina 0 0 0 0 13", "Bangladesh 14 7 1 433 1 454 16", "Benin 2 1 0 3 0", "Bolivia 2 1 0 3 0 (Plurinational State of)", "Bosnia and 0 0 0 0 12 Herzegovina", "Brazil 0 2 0 2 0", "Bulgaria 2 0 0 2 0", "China 2 6 558 566 17", "Croatia 0 2 0 2 0", "Czech Republic 0 0 0 0 4", "Denmark 3 2 0 5 0", "Ecuador 2 1 0 3 0", "Egypt 5 0 0 5 4", "El Salvador 2 0 0 2 1", "Ethiopia 8 4 0 12 0", "Fiji 0 0 0 0 28", "Finland 0 2 0 2 0", "France 0 1 0 1 0", "Gambia 1 0 0 1 18", "Germany 0 0 0 0 5", "Ghana 9 7 700 716 20", "India 0 0 0 0 243 3", "Indonesia 1 0 0 1 0", "Jamaica 1", "Jordan 4 5 114 123 240 13", "Kenya 0 0 0 0 18", "Kyrgyzstan 3 0 0 3 2", "Malaysia 6 0 0 6 0", "Mali 1 0 0 1 0", "Mongolia 0 2 148 150 0", "Montenegro 2 0 0 2 0", "Namibia 1 3 0 4 4", "Nepal 2 3 15 20 240 14", "Niger 2 0 0 2 0", "Nigeria 12 9 1 553 1 574 120 19", "Norway 0 0 0 0 9", "Pakistan 7 10 2 942 2 959 24", "Paraguay 2 1 0 3 0", "Peru 2 2 0 4 0", "Philippines 2 1 115 118 30", "Poland 2 0 0 2 3", "Republic of Korea 1 1 0 2 0", "Republic of 2 0 0 2 0 Moldova", "Romania 2 0 0 2 0", "Russian 4 0 0 4 11 Federation", "Rwanda 0 0 0 0 3", "Samoa 0 0 0 0 0", "Senegal 1 1 0 2 0", "Serbia 4 0 0 4 6", "Sri Lanka 0 0 0 0 13", "Sweden 0 0 0 0 13", "Switzerland 3", "Togo 2 1 0 3 0", "Turkey 0 0 0 0 26", "Uganda 0 0 0 0 6", "Ukraine 2 2 275 279 18", "United States of 4 5 0 9 11 America", "Uruguay 0 0 0 0 0", "Yemen 0 1 0 1 6", "Zambia 3 0 0 3 25", "Zimbabwe 2 0 0 2 37", "Total 128 83 7 853 8 064 843 456", "[]" ]

[ "Twenty-third progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia", "Introduction", "1. By its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) until 30 September 2011 and requested me to report on progress made in preparing for the 2011 elections and in achieving the core transition benchmarks, including the development of a joint transition plan to transfer responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to the relevant national authorities. The present report provides an update on major developments since my report of 14 February 2011 (S/2011/72), and contains my recommendations on the extension of the mandate of UNMIL.", "II. Major developments", "A. Political situation", "2. During the reporting period, political developments were dominated by the activities of the political parties in preparation for the constitutional referendum and the presidential and parliamentary elections scheduled for 23 August and 11 October, respectively. Despite the consolidation of a number of political parties, including the strengthening of the Unity Party under President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, the political landscape remains volatile and fragmented, with many party members converting into camps. As at 1 August, 18 of the 32 registered political entities were currently electing their presidential candidates. Among the main political parties established in 2005, the Unity Party confirmed its presidential candidate as President Johnson-Sirleaf, the Vice-President as Vice-President Joseph Boakai, the Liberal Party elected Charles Brumskina and Bong State Senator Franklin Sial as its presidential and vice-presidential candidates, and the Democratic Change Congress elected Winston Tubman as its presidential candidate and its 2005 presidential candidate, George Via, as Vice-President. The National Elections Commission is scheduled to announce on 22 August a provisional list of candidates for 88 parliamentary seats. [1]", "3. The Inter-Party Consultative Committee continued to provide an important forum for addressing key issues between the political parties and the National Electoral Commission, including the format of the elections. Within the framework of the Commission, an agreement was reached that the duration of the party election campaign would begin on 5 July instead of 18 August. However, there are still differences between some parties on the legal framework for the elections and the National Electoral Commission, which, if not resolved, could result in the elections not being held as scheduled. One political party invoked the constitutional provision for legal action to suspend electoral districting, although the request was not upheld by the Supreme Court. Another lawsuit challenging the composition of the National Electoral Commission remains pending. Political parties have invoked constitutional provisions to apply for a restraining order to halt the referendum, but no decision has yet been taken on this. My Special Representative has intensified his good offices to facilitate the engagement of political parties in an inclusive dialogue in order to reach consensus on these issues, including the interpretation of article 91 of the Constitution on the minimum number required for a referendum to amend the Constitution.", "4. Meanwhile, little progress has been made in the national reconciliation process since the President presented his third quarterly report to Parliament in January on the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On the instructions of the President, the Independent National Commission on Human Rights is expected to assume greater responsibility for the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, including the development of a road map for national reconciliation and the establishment of a programme for a courtyard to facilitate the search for public forgiveness by perpetrators. So far, no tangible progress has been made in implementing the Palava Hut programme, despite the President ' s indication in June that it would be implemented in the coming months.", "B. Security situation", "5. The security situation in Liberia remains generally stable but fragile. The impact of the situation in Côte d ' Ivoire on Liberia ' s border areas, coupled with continuing ethnic and community tensions and disputes over land and other resources, poses significant security challenges. Limited employment and livelihood opportunities, especially for young people, remain major factors affecting security, and serious crimes and other illegal activities remain widespread.", "6. As indicated in my most recent report on the United Nations Operation in Côte d ' Ivoire (UNOCI) of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387), the entry of Ivorian combatants into Liberia and Liberian nationals fighting in Côte d ' Ivoire is a major security threat, and the Government and UNMIL are working to address this issue. In April, Government security personnel arrested a prominent former Liberian warlord who allegedly fought in Côte d ' Ivoire. During the interrogation, he reported that other combatants had returned to Liberia through unofficial crossing points. The Government has indicated its intention to prosecute Liberians fighting in Côte d ' Ivoire, and some 20 have been arrested to date, although most have been released owing to lack of evidence and/or insufficient prosecution grounds.", "7. In June, 88 suspected Ivorian combatants were detained at a special facility in Bong County, who were held in local prisons after crossing the Maryland border in April. A mixed group of suspected combatants, including more than 90 Ivorian nationals, reportedly entered River Gee County in May and, on 14 June, Liberian security agencies found large quantities of weapons and ammunition believed to be hidden for the group from a hiding point in River Gee County. UNMIL destroyed the arms and ammunition in July and 37 persons associated with the weapons and ammunition were arrested.", "Tensions over land disputes continue to pose a serious threat to the long-term stability of Liberia. In March, following the resumption of long-standing cross-state land disputes, some 50 people from Maryland State were said to have attacked a village in Grand Kru County with machete and single-barrel guns, setting two houses on fire. The national police and UNMIL intervened and took control of the situation, which was followed by the deployment of Liberian National Police Emergency Response Unit personnel to maintain peace.", "9. Labour disputes also continue to trigger security incidents, which are likely to increase as large plantations and the timber and extractive industries develop. On 26 May, 30 workers of the Cavalla Rubber Company in Maryland State went to the Magistrate ' s Court, where four arrested workers will appear before the court. On their way to court, members of the Liberia National Police Emergency Response Unit tried to stop them and shot and killed a worker in the ensuing confrontation. Subsequently, a group of residents burned down two plantation buildings. The Liberian National Police and UNMIL sent personnel to the scene to contain the situation. In March in Monrovia, protests over teachers ' salary arrears escalated into violent clashes between students and members of the Liberian National Police Police Police Support Unit, resulting in the temporary closure of schools in the city.", "10. Ethnic tensions remain a concern. In June, an altercation between the Mano and Krahn communities in Sowaken village, Grand Gedeh County, triggered a group of approximately 20 Krahns to attack and destroy several houses and loot property belonging to the Mano and Gio communities. Liberian security personnel and UNMIL have responded and returned to calm.", "11. During this period, six incidents of mob violence against police authorities and infrastructure were reported. In May, a traffic accident between an UNMIL vehicle and a motorcycle taxi triggered violent clashes between the mob and the national police, leading to the burning of a police station in Saclapea, Nimba County.", "C. Economic situation", "12. Economic growth in 2010 was 5.6 per cent, slightly below the projected rate of 6.3 per cent. Growth is projected at 6.8 per cent in 2011. Commodity exports continued to rebound, and the moderate expansion of the services sector and the increase in foreign direct investment (mainly in extractive industries) contributed to economic growth. In May, the Government submitted a draft national budget totalling $458.9 million for fiscal year 2011/12, an increase of 26 per cent over the previous budget. Although Liberia had reached the completion point of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative in June 2010, which had significantly reduced the country ' s debt stock, the Government had provided only a small amount of concessional loans.", "13. Inflation is expected to rise to 8.1 per cent in 2011, as compared to 7.2 per cent in 2010, reflecting Liberia ' s vulnerability to rising global fuel and food prices, as about two thirds of Liberia ' s food supply comes from imports. A recent survey found that the price of domestic necessities (especially rice) had risen by more than 30 per cent on average over the past six months. In addition, the 2010 Labour Force Survey estimated that 77 per cent of people employed in Liberia were job insecure and could not expect basic benefits or job security.", "14. The Government decided to extend the poverty reduction strategy from June to December 2011 and preparations are under way to develop a framework for a follow-up programme. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs and the Governance Commission, 15 sectoral working groups have been established to review the implementation of the poverty reduction strategy and to develop a sectoral road map for the continued development of the economic, social and infrastructure sectors of the country, to be integrated into the second phase of the poverty reduction strategy and eventually as part of the Liberia Vision 2030 project.", "D. Regional situation", "15. The post-electoral crisis in Côte d ' Ivoire poses major security and humanitarian challenges to Liberia. As noted in paragraphs 6 and 7 above, the continued presence of militias and other armed elements in the western and border areas of Côte d ' Ivoire continues to pose a threat to the entire subregion, in particular Liberia. With the support of UNMIL, the Government is increasing its patrols and presence along the Ivorian border to monitor the situation and provide deterrence, but the 700-kilometre border is difficult to monitor. UNMIL and UNOCI have strengthened inter-mission cooperation, including relaunching joint border activities under Operation Mayo, increasing joint meetings, coordinating ground and air patrols and institutionalizing information-sharing, including the establishment of liaison officers between neighbouring contingents on both sides of the border. UNMIL and UNOCI conducted a joint assessment mission to western Côte d ' Ivoire in June. In addition, the Governments of Liberia and Côte d ' Ivoire initiated discussions on border security, including an official visit to Monrovia on 9 July by a delegation led by the Prime Minister of Côte d ' Ivoire. On 17 July, an extraordinary summit of the Mano River Union was held in Monrovia, at which cross-border security cooperation was discussed, among other issues, and a decision was taken to establish a technical committee to better coordinate border security issues in the region.", "The renewed tensions in Guinea are being closely monitored. In May, violent clashes between the Croat and Mansigo ethnic groups in Galakpai town, near the Liberian border, led to an influx of Guineans into Liberia, mainly from the Kepel. By 1 August, UNHCR in Liberia estimated that more than 3,000 Guinean nationals had sought refuge in several border towns in Bong County, Liberia. Meanwhile, the Government of Liberia and UNMIL continued to conduct joint border operations with the Governments of Guinea and Sierra Leone during this period.", "17. Drug trafficking continues in Liberia. Hard drugs, including heroin and cocaine, transited through Liberia in limited quantities. Domestic production of cannabis is growing rapidly and is considered to be supplanting other agricultural activities in many regions, with large amounts of cannabis transiting into neighbouring countries. There are also reports of the use of similar routes in human trafficking. In May, the Government joined the West Africa Coast Initiative, a multi-stakeholder framework for the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regional action plan aimed at addressing the growing problem of illicit drug trafficking and organized crime in West Africa. In July, the Liberia National Police Transnational Crime Unit became operational.", "E. Humanitarian situation", "18. By the end of May, more than 180,000 Ivorian refugees had been registered in Grand Gedeh, Maryland, Nimba and River Gee counties. The estimated number of refugees at the end of June was 140,000, verified by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and following the return of some refugees, mainly from Nimba County. However, refugees continued to enter southern Liberia, albeit at a slower pace, with an estimated total of 160,000 registered refugees as at 1 August. Refugee camps have been built in Nimba and Maryland counties, transitional camps are being converted into permanent camps, and a new camp is being built in Grand Gedeh County. However, the vast majority of refugees remain in remote border communities, making the delivery of assistance very difficult and putting additional pressure on already resource-poor host communities. As a result, the Government encouraged the relocation of refugees to camps or villages considered safer and further from the border. The revised emergency humanitarian action plan was launched on 24 March, requiring $146.5 million to support 150,000 refugees, of which 50 per cent has been funded. The plan has been further revised to meet the humanitarian needs of 160,000 refugees and 100,000 Liberians in their communities, requiring a total of $166 million for the remainder of 2011.", "Mandate performance", "A. Preparations for elections", "19. Preparations for the referendum and elections are accelerating and the National Elections Commission confirmed 23 August 2011 as the date for the constitutional referendum. There are four proposed constitutional amendments, three of which are related to elections: the electoral system for all elections, with the exception of the President and Vice-President, was changed from an absolute majority to a simple majority; the election day was moved from October to November; and the residence period for presidential and vice-presidential candidates was changed from 10 to 5 consecutive years, starting immediately before the elections. The fourth amendment raised the mandatory retirement age for the Chief Justice to 75 years. The National Electoral Commission has confirmed the date of the presidential and parliamentary elections as 11 October 2011, but the results of the referendum are likely to be rescheduled to 8 November. The voter registration exercise ended in February, with nearly 1.8 million voters registered, or approximately 89 per cent of the estimated eligible population, 49 per cent of whom were women, according to data provided by the National Electoral Commission.", "20. On 5 April, the National Electoral Commission launched a civic and voter education campaign to design a series of activities in partnership with civil society. UNMIL supported the dissemination of information on the electoral process through radio programmes and other public information activities in rural areas. In addition, the National Electoral Commission and other partners trained over 400 women interested in political participation. The imposition of a restraining order pending a review by the Supreme Court of the constitutionality of the delimitation of constituencies under the Minimum Numbers Act resulted in delays, but the National Electoral Commission completed the zonalization of the country and issued a final map on 8 July. The overall electoral timetable remains unchanged and the nomination of candidates commenced on 20 July, as scheduled.", "21. As indicated in paragraph 3 above, my Special Representative supported the reactivation of the International Contact Group on Liberia and other measures to support the inter-party dialogue of the National Electoral Commission. UNMIL has intensified its work with the Liberian authorities to create an atmosphere conducive to peaceful elections and has strengthened its oversight of electoral, legal, political, public information, security and human rights issues in order to ease tensions, while closely monitoring political party electoral campaigns. To help ensure a level playing field, UNMIL Radio continued to provide political parties with fair air time to discuss their political platforms; and the Mission provided human rights checklists to national observer teams to assist in monitoring during the elections.", "22. UNMIL coordinated international assistance to the electoral process through the Donor Coordination Group and continued its efforts to mobilize donors to help reduce the $4 million shortfall in the UNDP basket fund. UNMIL also provided capacity-building to the national security institutions on planning and training of personnel to provide security for the elections, although the Government did not provide resources to cover the security costs of the elections. At the same time, the Mission has developed security and contingency plans to provide effective security support to national authorities in the conduct of peaceful elections.", "23. The National Elections Commission has developed its plan for the delivery of electoral materials to 1,780 polling areas and has requested UNMIL to support, by air, the delivery of materials to the most inaccessible constituency warehouses in six of the 15 counties. UNMIL has deployed local electoral officials to support local NEC officials in the counties. The holding of a referendum and a possible first round of elections in the midst of the rainy season will face enormous logistical challenges. Since the ballot papers cannot be printed until the results of the referendum are available, the timetable for their printing and distribution will be extremely tight.", "B. Security sector reform", "1. National security strategy and architecture", "24. Relevant stakeholders called for the adoption of key parts of the law relating to the security sector before the end of the current legislative session. On 11 May, the House of Representatives Security Committee held a public hearing on the National Security Reform and Intelligence Bill, at which a number of recommendations were incorporated into the draft, including the maintenance in some form of a provision of the Drug Enforcement Agency, which would have been disbanded and its activities incorporated into the Liberian National Police.", "25. The UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund, whose terms of reference have recently been extended to include support for the judiciary, and the Peacebuilding Fund have begun to play an important role in the growth of the security sector, particularly in the work of the Liberia National Police and other security and justice institutions. The Peacebuilding Fund funds the development of the Gbarnga Justice and Security Centre, and the UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund supports training and mobility, as well as critical infrastructure, to support the national police, immigration and corrections services and the judiciary. The Government has made modest progress by increasing allocations to the security sector in the 2011-2012 national budget, but recurrent costs remain a challenge. The need to expand support to the security sector, in particular the Liberian National Police, is becoming more evident in the light of the upcoming UNMIL transition. A review of the capacity of the legislative security committee has been initiated in the context of promoting enhanced oversight and accountability.", "Armed Forces of Liberia", "26. The current strength of the Armed Forces of Liberia is 2,012 personnel, including infantry, engineering and uniformed units, as well as a coast guard of 51 personnel with four vessels. Fifty United States military instructors continued to support the development of a capable and professional force, including the development of military staff officers, to assume greater command responsibility. The military has implemented a training plan for 2010-2011, which culminated in two UNMIL-supported battalion-level field exercises in April 2011 and a training programme to prepare the army for potential future peacekeeping tasks. The army has successfully conducted a number of joint operations, including complex operations with other security agencies, the Ministry of the Interior and UNMIL. In June, in an effort to transport suspected Ivorian ex-combatants throughout the country to Government-designated detention camps, the Coast Guard also conducted joint operations with UNMIL air-sea patrols on coastal waterways to identify and report illegal maritime activities.", "27. While it is estimated that the army will be fully operational in 2012, a number of factors, including inadequate equipment, delays in the procurement of new assets and continued delays in the approval of the national defence strategy, have the potential to delay at least the full operational status of the army until 2014. However, the activities and operations undertaken so far have demonstrated an increase in operational capability.", "28. Incidents of poor discipline among elements of the armed forces continued to raise concerns, including harassment of civilians, quarrelling with the national police, including the killing of a police officer in one incident, and criminal activities.", "3. Liberian National Police", "29. Efforts to address the situation along the border between Liberia and Côte d ' Ivoire and to plan elections represent a major challenge to the Liberian National Police, an already overburdened organization that continues to develop its institutional capacity. With UNMIL support, the Liberia National Police Emergency Response Unit and other police personnel are involved in border operations in cooperation with other security agencies. This provides a unique opportunity to test the capacity of national security institutions. While the Liberian National Police has demonstrated greater capacity to implement complex operations, those operations also reveal worrying logistical and capability gaps. In particular, mobility remains a major problem, affecting their ability to deploy rapidly throughout the country, while UNMIL continues to provide air and other logistical support. The Liberian National Police is also prepared to play a major security role during the referendum and elections.", "30. In view of the transition planning process and the changing security situation along the border, UNMIL, in collaboration with the Liberian National Police, has re-prioritized projects in its strategic plan. Twenty-five priority projects are nearing completion and have had an impact on basic and structural systems, such as vehicle fleet management and vehicle accountability measures. The staffing plan, which takes into account changing needs to cover the staffing of the regional headquarters, is almost finalized to determine a reasonable staffing requirement and grade structure.", "31. With support from UNMIL and donors, the National Police Training Academy continued to train new police personnel. As at 1 August, there were 4,153 Liberian National Police personnel, including 620 Police Support Unit and 322 Emergency Response Unit personnel. While the overall strength of 620 officers of the Police Support Unit is in line with the strategic objective of training 600 such personnel before the elections, recent graduates are not yet fully operational and lack equipment and logistical support. Overall, 16 per cent of the police force is female.", "32. The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization continues to develop. In addition to completing a number of documents laying the institutional foundations, the institution has begun to work along the Ivorian border, highlighting the enormous challenges that it still faces. The UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund is providing support to strengthen its capacity and is making arrangements for immigration officers to move to the Gbarnga centre, which will provide an effective forward base of operations.", "C. Judicial, legal and correctional institutions", "33. Coordination and collaboration within the justice sector, as well as between the justice sector and the security sector, continue to increase. A joint retreat between the judiciary and the Ministry of Justice was held in February, followed by peacebuilding workshops that brought together key stakeholders to identify priority needs to improve access to justice. UNMIL continued to focus on strengthening the capacity of rule of law institutions and mechanisms, supporting improved delivery of and access to justice and monitoring of justice sector actors.", "34. The Government-led pretrial detention task force continued its efforts to address delays in the criminal justice system and developed an action plan. Drafts have been prepared for submission to the legislature on the reform of the jury law to expedite criminal cases. In addition, an assessment of the existing records systems of the Court and the Office of the Prosecutor has been completed and a new standardized design has been developed to better track cases. In addition, 61 non-lawyers magistrates graduated from the Judicial Academy ' s professional magistrates training programme in June, which should enhance the efficiency of the criminal justice system, particularly in rural areas. Although the expected consultations on the harmonization of the formal and customary justice systems have not yet taken place, the subject remains on the Government ' s agenda and related activities are under way, including an assessment of the court system of tribal chiefs.", "35. Despite these positive developments, major challenges continue to slow progress in the area of the administration of justice, in particular inadequate human capacity, infrastructure and equipment; outdated legal frameworks; and dependence on donor funding. This is illustrated by a project to track cases of sexual violence in the criminal justice system, which lasted one year and was completed in April, which found that, with its present capacity, it would take about 10 years to clear the backlog of sexual violence cases.", "36. While comprehensive efforts continue to improve the prevention, response and management of cases of sexual and gender-based violence, the high number of reported rapes, especially those involving young victims, remains a serious problem. Efforts continue to strengthen the Women and Children Protection Section of the Liberian National Police, whose headquarters was completed in April. Improved completion of cases and coordination with the Prosecutor were noted. A team of experts from the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict visited Liberia in April to determine the most effective support to the Government in responding to sexual violence.", "37. The security situation in corrections facilities remains fragile, with 10 escapes over the past six months. While the prison population outside Monrovia tends to increase slowly but steadily, the population of Monrovia Central Prison remains stable, mainly because of the presence of special mobile security courts. Pretrial detention remains extremely high, at 80 per cent throughout the country. While overcrowding remains a problem for all facilities, some have made some progress in developing rehabilitation activities for prisoners.", "Human rights", "38. Liberia continued its efforts to apply a human rights approach to policies and plans and to improve its human rights situation. In March, a Government delegation attended the follow-up meeting to the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council in Geneva and responded to the remaining 41 of the 113 recommendations made at the November 2010 meeting. Several issues were discussed, including the application of the death penalty, measures to address sexual and gender-based violence, harmful traditional practices and the implementation of the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The delegation of Liberia stated that steps were being taken to address those issues, but it could not take a position on the abolition of the death penalty and the criminalization of female genital mutilation. A mechanism had been established to promote and monitor the implementation of universal periodic review recommendations. UNMIL supported the Government of Liberia in preparing for the universal periodic review as part of its ongoing capacity-building, monitoring and advocacy mandate.", "39. Since its formal establishment in October 2010, the functioning of the Independent National Commission on Human Rights has been restricted. Despite some monitoring visits and investigations into allegations of excessive use of force by the police in Monrovia, the Commission continues to face internal divisions that undermine its public image and affect the implementation of its 2011 workplan. Civil society organizations, through the Transitional Justice Working Group, are meeting with the Commissioners to facilitate a renewed focus on the mandate of the Commission.", "E. Consolidation of State authority", "40. The Government has taken a number of steps to consolidate State authority, including the extension of administrative services from state headquarters to districts, the deployment of additional technical personnel, the building of administrative capacity and more regular payroll. The President formally approved the decentralization policy, which provides for the decentralization of political, financial and executive powers to the 15 state authorities and prepares for legislative action. Decentralization pilot projects are being implemented in nine counties with the support of international partners. However, challenges remain, particularly with regard to logistics and the retention of trained and qualified technical personnel. While coordination mechanisms for the implementation of the poverty reduction strategy and the state development agenda continued to function, meetings were not held regularly owing to the absence of key state officials.", "41. The Government has established stricter guidelines and procedures for the use of state development funds, which were frozen in 2010 as a result of allegations of mismanagement. The recruitment of state field monitors to track and report on the use of the Fund is expected to help restore public confidence in local authorities.", "42. Since November 2010, extensive work has been carried out on over 1,000 kilometres of roads, particularly in the south-east. While the Government and multilateral and bilateral donors have contributed to this effort, UNMIL continues to carry out repairs along its main supply routes. However, there are still no major new pavements in Liberia, which hampers the Government ' s efforts to deliver services throughout the country.", "Governance", "43. Legal and other bottlenecks continue to prevent effective prosecution of major corruption cases, but the first corruption conviction was issued in May, involving a relatively low-level case involving Central Bank employees accused of recycling cheques. Follow-up on the recommendations of the audit report of the General Audit Committee remains slow. In March, President Johnson-Sirleaf announced that she would not nominate an Auditor-General for re-election.", "44. The Liberian Anti-Corruption Commission continues to function and is conducting a national information campaign on integrity. Since March 2009, the Commission has submitted 25 cases of corruption to the Ministry of Justice for prosecution. However, the President ' s recommendation to grant the Commission prosecutorial powers has not yet been implemented.", "45. The Land Commission completed its five-year strategic plan and established the Land Dispute Resolution Task Force to develop policies and explore alternative dispute resolution. The Commission has also continued its work on the unification of state borders, but, owing to resource constraints, only 2 of 10 disputes have been resolved so far. In addition, two years after the Executive Order, the President signed into law in June the bill establishing the Law Reform Commission. Despite the efforts of the Governance Commission to revitalize the Constitutional Review Task Force, limited progress has been made in the constitutional reform process.", "G. Natural resource management", "46. Control over diamond mining and trade remains a challenge. Implementation of the recommendations of the 2009 Kimberley Process review mission and the Panel of Experts on Liberia (S/2009/640) remains slow. The Presidential Diamond Task Force, which did not meet for more than 10 months, met on 15 July and agreed to revitalize the work of the Task Force and meet more frequently. With the support of the international community, the database system for the recording of diamond statistics is now operational, and regional diamond offices are being strengthened. Between January and June, a total of 18,046 carats of rough diamonds valued at $9.9 million were exported, with government revenues of approximately $300,000. The Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy has initiated activities to raise awareness of compliance with the Kimberley Process at and around mining sites in Gbarpolu, Grand Cape Mount and Nimba County.", "47. The Government ' s revenue from the commercial forest sector was lower than expected, with only $2.1 million out of $13.5 million outstanding from operators in fiscal year 2010-2011. A government task force was established to review the tax system and assess whether easing some of the requirements might improve corporate compliance. The Forestry Development Authority has also issued procedures for accessing and managing funds on behalf of affected communities legally entitled to share the benefits. In the Western and South-Eastern States, the establishment and operation of palm oil plantations began on approximately 460,000 hectares of land leased by the concessionaire. However, the expansion of operations is encountering resistance from communities seeking compensation for lack of consultation on concession agreements.", "H. Integration of the United Nations system", "Further progress has been made in implementing the “Delivering as one” principle. In March, a Monitoring and Evaluation Support Unit was established to support the development of the One Programme. In addition, a road map outlining the programmatic and operational adjustments required to lead the United Nations in Liberia towards the One Programme framework and to harmonize services was drafted in April, and the United Nations Communications Group developed a new workplan based on the principle of “delivering as one”. The road map is being adapted to the Government ' s national vision and the growth and development process.", "IV. Cross-cutting issues", "Public information", "49. The United Nations works closely with Governments and other partners on refugee crises to ensure that the generosity of host communities is duly recognized. UNMIL continued to work with the Liberia National Police and the Ministry of Justice to enhance capacity-building, including through on-the-job training of public information personnel. The Government/UNMIL joint annual talent competition, “The birth of a star”, brought out a CD-ROM on children's rights.", "Gender", "50. To promote gender mainstreaming, participatory gender audits are being conducted for all United Nations agencies, including UNMIL. Continued support for gender mainstreaming in government policies, including immigration and corrections policy, and skills training for female police officers. Gender training programmes for security sector institutions were also evaluated and immediate follow-up was provided to the army, corrections and immigration services.", "C. HIV/AIDS", "51. UNMIL conducted awareness and prevention training on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases for newly deployed peacekeepers and provided voluntary HIV testing and behaviour change communication services. To increase the accumulation of HIV/AIDS peer counsellors, 23 national staff were trained. All services have been extended to United Nations agencies, funds and programmes operating in Liberia.", "D. Conduct and discipline", "52. UNMIL continued its efforts to ensure compliance with my zero-tolerance policy on sexual exploitation and abuse through preventive measures, such as induction and refresher training, spot-checking of restricted sites and awareness-raising and education campaigns for local communities. During the reporting period, 2,689 United Nations personnel at all levels received comprehensive training on conduct and discipline issues, including on the zero-tolerance policy, stress management and HIV/AIDS. UNMIL also provided training to 563 local community members to raise their awareness of sexual exploitation and abuse.", "53. During the reporting period, 26 allegations of serious misconduct were reported, including 16 allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse, reflecting an increase over the previous reporting period.", "E. Safety and security of United Nations personnel", "54. Crime remains a major threat to the security of United Nations personnel and property, particularly in Monrovia. During the reporting period, five incidents of armed robbery against United Nations personnel were reported, as were 56 non-weapon-related crimes, including burglary, theft and assault. Three national staff, three military personnel and one police officer died from shooting, illness or accident.", "Deployment of the Mission", "A. Military component", "55. As indicated in my previous reports, the pre- downsizing adjustments made by UNMIL in 2006, together with the formal drawdown of the Mission ' s three phases, completed in May 2010, and the withdrawal of military security personnel from the Special Court for Sierra Leone in March 2011, have reduced the Mission ' s strength from 15,250 to its current authorized strength of 7,952.", "56. The UNMIL force headquarters is based in Monrovia and operational troops are deployed in two sectors, each with three infantry battalions. The quick reaction force is based in Monrovia and maintains two forward operating bases near the road to Guinea and Côte d ' Ivoire. Of the 7,703 troops, 79 staff officers and 130 military observers from 43 troop-contributing countries, 209 are women.", "57. During the reporting period, UNMIL continued to support UNOCI through inter-mission cooperation arrangements under relevant Security Council resolutions. On 28 June, two utility military helicopters temporarily deployed to UNOCI returned to UNMIL, while three armed helicopters remained deployed to UNOCI to provide critical support to the joint border operations conducted by the two missions.", "B. Police", "58. As at 1 August, the UNMIL police strength stood at 1,330 (in thousands of United States dollars). The authorized ceiling is 1,375 personnel, including 456 police advisers, 843 police officers and 31 corrections officers in seven formed police units. There are 200 women in the police. Three formed police units were deployed in Monrovia and one each in Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand Gedeh and Lofa counties. UNMIL has 11 immigration advisers.", "Peacebuilding Commission", "59. On 5 May 2011, the Liberia Peacebuilding Programme was approved, which is based on the Peacebuilding Fund priority plan and requires an estimated $71 million. This three-year programme focuses on justice, security and national reconciliation. A core project is the establishment of five regional justice and security centres to provide more effective justice and security services and presence throughout the country. The Peacebuilding Fund has allocated $20,154,000 for the first time to implement the programme, and the Peacebuilding Commission has initiated resource mobilization activities.", "60. In June, a delegation from the Peacebuilding Commission visited Liberia for the first time, including Jordan, Liberia, Nigeria, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States. This visit was preceded by two visits to Liberia by the Chair of the Liberia configuration of the Peacebuilding Commission. The delegation met with national and international stakeholders to advocate for legislative reform and the establishment of accountability and oversight mechanisms in the security and justice sectors. The Chair also received the President ' s endorsement of the proposal to develop a national reconciliation strategy, while the Government agreed to focus for the first year on certain key priorities, including the operation of the Gbarnga centre, the establishment of the second and third centres and support for the establishment of new corrections facilities and courts in some rural areas. For reconciliation, it was agreed to prioritize initial support for land reform and youth empowerment.", "VII. Transition planning", "61. In its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council requested UNMIL and the Government of Liberia to continue to make progress in the planning of the transition, in particular through a comprehensive assessment of the situation and the identification of critical gaps that need to be addressed to facilitate a smooth transition, and also requested the United Nations and the Government of Liberia to draft a joint transition plan for the transfer of responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to relevant national authorities. The Council also requested that the Mission ' s benchmarks be revised to include transition benchmarks that would guide the transfer of security responsibilities from UNMIL to relevant national components. These benchmarks were set out in my previous report of 14 February 2011 (S/2011/72).", "62. Following a transition workshop in June 2010, the Government and UNMIL initiated a joint transition planning process. Under the leadership of the National Security Council, this process led to the establishment of a high-level core group, a working group and four security task forces, which cover the areas of border security, law and order, asset security and logistics. A joint situation assessment and transition checklist outlining specific tasks to be transferred to national authorities has been developed. In April 2011, four task forces began to assess the capacity of Liberian security agencies to assume responsibility in four areas. However, progress has been slow, particularly with regard to the Liberian National Police, which has to shoulder many of the burden of law and order and secure assets. Current concerns about border security and electoral security have stretched the Government ' s planning capacity, and there is a risk that the number of questions on transition issues will decrease during the electoral period.", "63. With regard to the development of joint security transition plans, a number of important tasks remain outstanding, including agreement on the nature of remaining gaps; the identification of strategies to address critical gaps; and the development of a strategic approach to testing the ability of relevant national authorities to maintain security independently of UNMIL, which is related to the Government ' s security plans and the ability to implement them. In my next report, I intend to make recommendations to facilitate the preparation of a joint transition plan for the transfer of responsibility for internal security from UNMIL to the relevant national authorities.", "With regard to the transition strategy for the transfer of mission civilian activities, in June a task force began to map civilian support activities provided by UNMIL to the Government and United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, which will inform discussions on complementing ongoing security transition planning and alignment with “Delivering as One”.", "Financial aspects", "65. The General Assembly, by its resolution 65/301, appropriated an amount of $525.6 million for UNMIL for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, equivalent to some $43.8 million per month, comprising $513.4 million for maintenance and $12.2 million for electoral support to the Mission. Should the Security Council decide to extend the mandate of UNMIL beyond 30 September 2011, the cost of maintaining the Mission until 30 June 2012 would be limited to the amount approved by the General Assembly.", "66. As at 15 July 2011, unpaid assessed contributions to the Special Account for UNMIL amounted to $55 million. The total outstanding assessed contributions for all peacekeeping operations as at the same date amounted to $1,475.3 million.", "67. As at 30 June 2011, amounts owed to troop- and formed police-contributing countries totalled $29.8 million. Reimbursement for troop/formed police costs and contingent-owned equipment costs has been made for the period up to 31 May and 31 March 2011, respectively, in accordance with the quarterly payment schedule.", "Observations", "68. Liberia is approaching a second round of democratic elections since the end of the conflict. The success of these elections and the peaceful inauguration of the new Government are key to consolidating the enormous progress made in the country over the past eight years. It is important that the Liberian authorities, through the successful completion of the voter registration exercise, demonstrate their growing capacity to plan and implement the complex national events represented by the referendum and the elections, and maintain momentum in this process. The United Nations family in Liberia will continue to provide the technical and logistical support required to ensure the success of this event. However, logistical challenges will be significant, as all possible electoral activities will take place during the rainy season in the country and the timetable will be extremely tight. I therefore urge all political actors and the population at large to do their utmost to ensure that the upcoming elections are free, fair and free of violence.", "69. As the elections approach and campaigning increases, I urge all political parties to use the democratic space to gain support for their political positions while avoiding inflammatory rhetoric and provocations. The electoral timetable must be upheld. I encourage political parties and the National Electoral Commission to resolve immediately the remaining differences in their understanding of certain aspects of the legal framework and encourage political parties and citizens to use legal channels and dispute resolution mechanisms to resolve disputes that may arise during the electoral process. In this regard, I welcome the resumption of the work of the International Contact Group on Liberia and am encouraged by the increased dialogue within the Inter-Party Consultative Committee. The United Nations will continue to support the electoral process, including through the good offices of my Special Representative.", "70. The work of the joint Government/UNMIL transition planning working group highlighted the considerable national security gaps that need to be filled if security responsibilities are to be successfully transferred from UNMIL to national institutions. The situation along the border between Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire provides an opportunity for security agencies to prove their operational capacity, but at the same time exposes long-standing challenges, particularly in terms of logistics and equipment. There is therefore an urgent need for increased support from the Government ' s international partners for the development of the security sector to ensure that the Mission ' s operations can be scaled down as UNMIL transfers responsibility for security to national authorities. In this regard, I welcome the Peacebuilding Commission ' s focus on five regional justice and security centres, which will improve access to justice and security throughout the country. I urge bilateral partners to support the centres, the UNDP Justice and Security Trust Fund and the Liberia peacebuilding programme to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of the country ' s security and rule of law sectors, with a focus on institutional oversight and management, as well as on critical logistical support and equipment, in particular to ensure that the Liberian National Police is adequately equipped prior to the elections.", "71. I am concerned about the slow progress in implementing the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, particularly in view of the crucial role of reconciliation in the quest for sustainable peace. I encourage the Independent National Commission on Human Rights to overcome its internal problems. The Commission must fulfil its important mandate as the main independent human rights institution in the country and play a key role in developing steps to implement the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.", "72. The refugee situation and security-related issues resulting from the post-electoral crisis in Côte d ' Ivoire posed major challenges for Liberia. It was important to provide financial support to the revised emergency humanitarian action plan to meet humanitarian needs by the end of 2011, particularly in view of the continued influx of refugees. I am encouraged by the positive approach taken by the Government of Liberia to address the problem of combatants from Côte d'Ivoire and welcome the establishment of special detention facilities for suspected Ivorian combatants. I also welcome the increased cooperation between the Governments of Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire, as well as between UNMIL and UNOCI, to address cross-border security challenges. I urge all stakeholders to prevent the flow of weapons, to separate refugees from former combatants and to ensure that suspected ex-combatants are treated in accordance with the law.", "73. By its resolution 1938 (2010), the Security Council extended the mandate of UNMIL until 30 September 2011, with an authorized strength of 7,952 military personnel and 1,375 police personnel. In view of the still limited capacity of the national security institutions and the urgent need to support elections, borders and other security operations, the recommendation made in my special report of 10 June 2009 (see S/2009/299) to maintain the Mission ' s military and police components through the 2011 elections remains valid. Following the inauguration of the next Government, a comprehensive technical assessment mission, led by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, will be sent to Liberia to develop a detailed proposal for the next phase of the drawdown of the Mission, including further reductions in the military component. The assessment will include a comprehensive review of the progress made towards the benchmarks for the security transition and will be conducted in close consultation with the Government of Liberia and all stakeholders. I will submit recommendations to the Security Council in early 2012 on the next phases of the Mission ' s drawdown and security transition, which will be included in a special report containing the findings and recommendations of the assessment mission. I therefore recommend that the Security Council extend the mandate of UNMIL for one year, until 30 September 2012, and review the authorized strength of military and police personnel by 30 May 2012 on the basis of the findings of the above-mentioned technical assessment mission.", "74. In conclusion, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my Special Representative for Liberia, Ellen Margrethe Løj, and to the civilian and uniformed personnel of UNMIL for their contribution to the consolidation of peace in Liberia. I would also like to thank all troop- and police-contributing countries, ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Contact Group on Liberia, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, multilateral and bilateral donors and international and local non-governmental organizations for their commitment and contribution to maintaining peace in Liberia and supporting its development.", "Annex", "UNMIL: military and police strength", "(as at 1 August 2011)", "Military component", "Argentina 0 0 0 13", "Bangladesh 14 7 1 433 1 454 16", "Benin 2 1 0 3 0", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 12", "Brazil 0 2 0 2 0", "Bulgaria 2 0 2 0", "China 2 6 558 566 17", "Croatia 0 2 0 2 0", "Czech Republic 0 0 0 4", "Denmark 3 2 0 5 0", "Ecuador 2 1 0 3 0", "Egypt 5 0 5 4", "El Salvador 2 0 2 1", "Ethiopia 8 4 0 12 0", "Fiji 0 0 0 28", "Finland 0 2 0 2 0", "France 0 1 0 1 0", "Gambia", "Germany 0 0 0 5", "Ghana 9 7 700 716 20", "India 0 0 0 243 3", "Indonesia", "Jamaica 1", "Jordan 4 5 114 123 240 13", "Kenya 0 0 0 18", "Kyrgyzstan 3 0 3 2", "Malaysia 6 0 6 0", "Mali", "Mongolia 0 2 148 150 0", "Montenegro 2 0 2 0", "Namibia 1 3 0 4 4", "Nepal 2 3 15 20 240 14", "Niger 2 0 2 0", "Nigeria 12 9 1 553 1 574 120 19", "Norway 0 0 0 9", "Pakistan 7 10 2 942 2 959 24", "Paraguay 2 1 0 3 0", "Peru 2 2 0 4 0", "Philippines 2 1 115 118 30", "Poland 2 0 2 3", "Republic of Korea 1 1 0 2 0", "Republic of Moldova 2 0 2 0", "Romania", "Russian Federation 4 0 4 11", "Rwanda 0 0 0 3", "Samoa 0 0 0 0 0", "Senegal 1 0 2 0", "Serbia 4 0 4 6", "Sri Lanka 0 0 0 13", "Sweden 0 0 0 13", "Switzerland 3", "Togo 2 1 0 3 0", "Turkey 0 0 0 26", "Uganda 0 0 0 6", "Ukraine 2 2 275 279 18", "United States of America 4 5 0 9 11", "Uruguay 0 0 0 0 0", "Yemen 0 1 0 1 6", "Zambia 3 0 3 25", "Zimbabwe 2 0 2 37", "Total 128 83 7 853 8 064 843 456", "Map", "[Chuckles]", "[1] ^ (*) Reissued for technical reasons on 18 August 2011." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(b)", "可持续发展：《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中 国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》 的后续行动和执行情况", "审查联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家的支持", "* A/66/150。", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》都强调指出，联合国系统的支持对于促进小岛屿发展中国家的可持续发展努力至关重要。多年来，联合国实体在提供支持方面采取了不同方法。总体而言，联合国系统各组织结合《毛里求斯战略》并从各自的任务出发，向小岛屿发展中国家提供了广泛并具有针对性的支持。但是，在提供支持，包括交付协调一致的《毛里求斯战略》执行方案方面，仍然存在着差距和改进余地。联合国有关组织还作出集体承诺，支持小岛屿发展中国家的规范、分析和能力建设工作，以增进国际社会对其特殊需求的认识，并帮助其加强应对多重挑战的能力。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家的支持 4\nA.任务 4\nB.机构问题 5\nC.财政支持 6\nD.四个支持领域 7\nE.改进协调 13\n3.供审议的问题 14\nA.纳入主流 15\nB.连贯协调的办法 15\nC.机构支持 16\nD.知识管理 17\nE.共同立场 17\nF.作用和责任 18\nG.进一步突出小岛屿发展中国家的重要性 18", "一. 导言", "1. 国际社会在1992年通过的《21世纪议程》[1] 第17章中阐述了小岛屿发展中国家的特殊案例，首次正式确认小岛屿发展中国家在可持续发展方面面临的独特挑战。两年后通过的《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》(《巴巴多斯行动纲领》[2] 确认，联合国系统有关机关、方案和组织应利用各自专长并结合各自的任务大力支持和补充各国执行《行动纲领》的努力。", "2. 《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》(《毛里求斯战略》)[3] 通过以来，大会和经济及社会理事会多项决议确认，应审查和加强联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家支持的实效和协调一致。大会第65/2号决议通过了《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件，其中会员国的国家元首和政府首脑、部长和代表请秘书长开展一次全面审查，探讨如何加强联合国对小岛屿发展中国家支持的协调一致，向第六十六届会议提交报告，并向会员国提出相关具体建议。", "3. 本报告旨在审查联合国系统在把《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的执行工作纳入其任务、方案和进程主流方面取得的进展，以期增进联合国对小岛屿发展中国家支持的协调一致。本报告并就如何提高这种支持的针对性及效率和实效提出建议。", "4. 本报告参考了从各种来源收集的资料，包括联合国各组织的网站、报告和出版物、联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部可持续发展司小岛屿发展中国家股编写并提交发展政策委员会第十二届会议审议的文件、小岛屿发展中国家机构间协商小组成员的投入、委托编写的文件(就本报告所涉部分问题进行调查)、以及会员国的直接投入和意见。", "5. 下文第二节审查以下问题：联合国实体如何把对《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》执行工作的支持纳入各自的组织结构主流；全球、区域和国家各级如何处理与小岛屿发展中国家有关的问题；如何通过联合国系统在规范、能力建设、分析和协调等四个领域的工作向小岛屿发展中国家提供支持。第三节提出了若干建议。", "二. 联合国系统对小岛屿发展中国家的支持", "6. 本节概述联合国实体的有关任务、其组织机构、方案和项目。", "A. 任务", "7. 在全球一级，联合国总部小岛屿发展中国家股在支持执行《毛里求斯战略》方面受权履行多项职能(见大会第60/194号决议》。该股提供技术援助和咨询，支持政府间进程，主持机构之间的协调，并报告《毛里求斯战略》执行进展。最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处通过与联合国有关实体的伙伴关系开展支持小岛屿发展中国家的宣传工作，并为执行《毛里求斯战略》筹集资源(见A/56/645)。", "8. 在区域一级，《毛里求斯战略》委托各区域委员会进行宣传和协调，支持小岛屿发展中国家。区域委员会利用比较优势促进《毛里求斯战略》区域执行工作的协调与协作。为促进协调，有两个区域委员会设立了次区域办事处，即亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会太平洋业务中心和拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会加勒比次区域总部。[4]", "9. 联合国系统各组织的任务分别应对《毛里求斯战略》所涉具体方案领域，它们的共同目的是落实《毛里求斯战略》的诸多目标。因此，各机构、基金和方案在协助小岛屿发展中国家在各方案领域执行《毛里求斯战略》方面发挥重要作用。这些组织包括联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、[5] 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、[6] 联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、[7] 国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和联合国人口基金(人口基金)。", "10. 在经历严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家，尤其是非洲国家，《生物多样性公约》、[8] 《联合国气候变化框架公约》[9] 和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》[10] 与《毛里求斯战略》强调的重要问题挂钩。三项公约的缔约方大会分别提供全球论坛，使小岛屿发展中国家能够阐述自己的需求和优先工作，并争取联合国系统的支持。", "B. 机构问题", "为支持小岛屿发展中国家而建立的具体机构安排", "11. 《巴巴多斯行动纲领》在第128段中，请秘书长邀请联合国系统各组织和机构考虑为执行《行动纲领》建立协调中心。为此，各组织机构采取了不同的做法。", "12. 联合国系统仅有10个机构专门建立了小岛屿发展中国家协调中心。拉加经委会加勒比办事处设有46个经常预算员额，其中33个实务人员员额，13个行政人员员额；亚太经社会太平洋办事处设有9个经常预算员额和2个预算外员额。环境署在内罗毕总部设有专职协调中心，并在巴拿马城拉丁美洲和加勒比区域办事处设有负责加勒比的区域协调员。教科文组织成立了小岛屿和土著知识科，配备5个经常预算员额和4个预算外员额。粮农组织等其他机构结合广泛的工作任务设有小岛屿发展中国家协调中心。区域办事处负责履行协调职能，但其工作重点往往是区域活动，而不是根据《巴巴多斯行动纲领》的设想进行全球协调。", "13. 在联合国秘书处，由于多年来预算保持零增长，小岛屿发展中国家股的员额没有增加——2005年国际会议在毛里求斯召开之时，该股设有4国经常预算员额和3个预算外员额，如今这一数字和组成没有变化。这个小型团队负责各项规范、分析和能力建设工作。应该指出，该股目前直接向可持续发展司司长报告，这是2005年以来出现的一个积极发展。另外，高级代表办事处目前设有一个小岛屿发展中国家专职员额，2005年并无这一职位。", "14. 还有其他的一些机构安排。贸发会议将处理小岛屿发展中国家问题作为其专门方案的一部分。《生物多样性公约》制订了岛屿生物多样性工作方案，并配有专职人员。其他机构则结合总的工作方案应对小岛屿发展中国家的关切。", "把《毛里求斯战略》纳入联合国系统工作方案的主流", "15. 把与小岛屿发展中国家有关活动纳入联合国系统工作方案主流，已被定为《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》执行工作的重点(见大会第65/156号决议)。各个实体采取的做法各不相同。拉加经委会通过成立加勒比次区域总部，把小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题有效纳入工作主流。亚太经社会通过太平洋业务中心工作方案，把太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的优先事项纳入委员会的工作。联合国多数机构把与小岛屿发展中国家有关的问题纳入工作方案，但未必都订有专项方案。环境署采用全机构战略方法，确保把与小岛屿发展中国家需求和重点有关的问题纳入工作方案。教科文组织小岛屿发展中国家协调员协调开展各项活动，利用2007年建立的促进小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展部门间平台，全面开展可持续岛屿生活和发展工作，并强调区域合作的重要性。世界卫生组织(世卫组)把小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题纳入发展中国家工作总框架。各区域办事处则根据成员国的具体需求为其量身打造项目和方案。", "16. 还有一种方法，即开发署管理的联合国发展援助框架进程，旨在把涉及作为具体国家和次区域部分的小岛屿发展中国家的关切纳入联合国系统支持《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的发展活动主流。在国家一级，纳入主流工作还得到了其他双边战略的支持，如世界银行减贫战略文件和粮农组织四年滚动国家中期优先框架等。", "C. 财政支持", "为小岛屿发展中国家划拨的财政资源", "17. 经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会(经合组织-发援会)2008-2009年的援助统计显示，在对有援助数据的34个小岛屿发展中国家的官方发展援助方面，联合国各组织和布雷顿森林机构占援助总额的前十位。不计每个国家的差异，进入前十名的组织有全球环境基金(全环基金)、开发署、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)和世界银行集团国际开发协会(开发协会)。下文所载数据仅为本报告2011年7月定稿时得到的资料。", "18. 世界银行加大了对小国家的财政援助，这类国家包括几个小岛屿发展中国家。开发协会为巴布亚新几内亚及东帝汶以外的太平洋小岛屿国家划拨的资源，从开发协会上两个周期(2003-2005和2006-2008财政年度)的约4 000万美元增加到了本周期(2009-2011财政年度)的近1亿美元。2010年6月，世界银行集团董事会批准了以支持经济稳定、提高竞争力、实现包容和持续增长为目标的《东加勒比国家组织区域伙伴关系战略》；今后四年，除提供技术和咨询服务外，预计将提供最高达1.93亿美元的财政援助。世界银行通过气候投资基金，与加勒比和太平洋其他区域开发银行合作，开办气候适应能力试点方案，将提供6 000万至7 000万美元赠款，用于数据收集、监测和能力建设等多项活动。", "19. 符合全环基金供资条件的小岛屿发展中国家，在全环基金第四和第五次补充资金中得到了财政拨款。第五次补充资金共为所有符合条件的小岛屿发展中国家拨款约1.5亿美元。", "20. 教科文组织经常方案预算五年来共向小岛屿发展中国家划拨资金约1 500万美元。此外，教科文组织还通过参与方案向小岛屿发展中国家供资约800万美元，以使各国按照方案目标和本组织预算开展活动。", "21. 到2005年初，农发基金的小岛屿发展中国家项目共计拨款1.487亿美元。许多项目仍在执行中。农发基金通常以贷款和赠款两种形式提供资金，赠款专门用于最不发达国家的减贫工作。粮农组织利用粮食安全和食品安全信托基金为太平洋和加勒比的两个区域项目提供资金。", "资源筹集", "22. 长期以来，小岛屿发展中国家股积极筹集捐助资金，包括支持小岛屿发展中国家参加在毛里求斯举行的国际会议、参与《毛里求斯战略》五年期审查进程和目前正在为2012年联合国可持续发展会议进行的筹备工作。该股还争取双边资金，为有利于所有小岛屿发展中国家的拟议项目提供支持，包括西班牙政府出资的项目(预算超过280万美元并将更新小岛屿发展中国家信息网)；通过小岛屿发展中国家大学集团执行的虚拟培训方案；以及欧洲联盟出资的《毛里求斯战略》监测评价项目(47万美元)等。亚太经社会和拉加经委会帮助小岛屿发展中国家各级为执行《毛里求斯战略》筹集资金。全环基金通过国别拨款，为小岛屿发展中国家重点领域的方案和项目提供支持。全环基金与执行机构和国家建立伙伴关系，与其他捐助方一道争取为项目共同出资。开发署发挥关键作用，从全环基金争取到大量资源，用以在《毛里求斯战略》各领域开展活动。同样，世界银行在筹集财政资源方面发挥重要作用，利用开发协会第十六次补充资金加大援助力度，使小型经济体，包括小岛屿发展中国家得以在实现千年发展目标方面取得进展。此外，小岛屿发展中国家还得到了最不发达国家基金(最不发达国家类别中的10个小岛屿发展中国家可以有机会获取资助)和气候变化特别基金提供的资金，这两个基金均由全环基金负责管理。", "23. 联合国系统其他组织在其专门领域的筹资方面也发挥重要作用。环境署利用全环基金的资金，开展与生物多样性、气候变化、土地管理、持久性有机污染物和国际水域有关的活动和区域项目。环境署也向欧洲联盟委员会等双边和多边捐助方筹集项目和方案资金。世卫组织在支持成员争取从全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金筹集资金方面取得了成功。", "D. 四个支持领域", "1. 规范支持", "(a) 监测和报告", "24. 对《毛里求斯战略》执行进展进行监测和报告，是小岛屿发展中国家股的主要工作之一。该股向联合国负责监测《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》执行进展的主要机构可持续发展委员会报告。该股计划与印度洋委员会合作开办监测评价项目，项目由欧洲联盟出资，内容包括国家脆弱性和复原力分析，将帮助加强小岛屿发展中国家的监测能力。在加勒比，加勒比发展和合作委员会监测《毛里求斯战略》执行情况。开发署、环境署和亚太经社会也大力支持《毛里求斯战略》的各级后续行动和监测进程。许多机构、基金和方案就其支持小岛屿发展中国家的活动对各自的理事会负责。全环基金通过基金理事会对成员负责，并通过若干机制对捐助方负责。开发署/人口基金执行局为其方案建立了监测机制。并且，开发署为每个国家方案和次区域方案都制定了监测和报告进程。世界银行包括小岛屿国家在内的48个小国成员参加小国论坛，讨论最为紧迫的挑战，并就工作进展为本国承担责任并向伙伴作出交待。环境署理事会和全球部长级环境论坛是全球一级的重要监测机制，对环境署支持小岛屿发展中国家的工作进行监测。贸发会议定期向贸易和发展委员会报告为支持小岛屿发展中国家开展的活动，成员国在作为第十二届贸发会议(2008年)会议成果的《阿克拉协议》中六次提及这项工作。", "(b) 宣传", "25. 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处与小岛屿发展中国家股建立伙伴关系，在联合国系统中发挥重要的宣传作用。各区域委员会积极开展工作，努力确保小岛屿发展中国家的优先事项和关切问题在区域决定，包括有关联合国主要会议成果执行情况的决定中得到反映。这些成果有助于拟订全球政策议程，影响国际和区域组织倡导的政策以及双边捐助方希望出资的项目类型。联合国系统的一些组织，由理事会或类似机构协助开展有关小岛屿发展中国家的宣传工作。全环基金理事会提供论坛，在这个论坛内，小岛屿发展中国家向可能与全环基金共同出资举办活动的捐助机构宣传各自国家的需求和优先工作。环境署也在全球、区域、次区域和国家各级小岛屿发展中国家的宣传中发挥重要作用，特别是在《巴巴多斯行动纲领》确定的与其任务直接相关的领域。贸发会议宣传工作的重点是在小岛屿发展中国家呼吁特别待遇方式方面提供实质支持。这项工作涉及小岛屿发展中国家的一些极为重要的领域，如将从最不发达国家类别毕业的国家的平稳过渡措施，以及根据地位即可提供的技术援助。这意味着小岛屿发展中国家类别的可信度得到加强，对此贸发会议为分析和实用目的通过了一份29个小岛屿发展中国家名单。", "(c) 对政府间进程的支持", "26. 2010年，联合国系统与有关区域政府间组织合作，在小岛屿发展中国家机构间协商小组的范围内举办多次协商，以集体方式对《毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别五年期审查在国家、区域、区域间和全球各级的筹备进程提供支持。这种支持是规范性的，包括：(a) 应小岛屿发展中国家的请求向其提供国家咨询资金，用于开展国家评估；(b) 委托进行区域评估；(c) 为小岛屿发展中国家三个区域的筹备会议、区域间会议和高级别会议做好筹资、规划、组织和协调方面的实质和后勤安排。正在为联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作提供类似的支持。", "27. 小岛屿发展中国家股还为在大会期间进行的关于《毛里求斯战略》审查和后续行动以及与加勒比海和珊瑚礁有关问题的谈判提供支持，并为小岛屿发展中国家日的规划工作提供支持。可持续发展委员会2005年首次宣布了小岛屿发展中国家日，各次审查会议期间都举行了纪念活动。高级代表办事处组织能力建设活动，提高小岛屿发展中国家政府官员的谈判能力，并为鱼类种群会议上的谈判提供支持。", "(d) 知识管理", "28. 知识管理是小岛屿发展中国家股的另一主要职能。该股积极加强信息活动供小岛屿发展中国家做出决策，促进利益攸关方建立联系。作为其长期工作的一部分，该股在可持续发展司网站开设了专门栏目。小岛屿发展中国家通过这个门户获取多种来源提供的有关《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的信息。此外，该股为小岛屿发展中国家信息网提供支持，信息网首建于1997年，是《巴巴多斯行动纲领》的一项直接后续行动。作为西班牙政府出资的新项目的一部分，信息网正在重新设计和全面更新。信息网将转变为一个分享知识经验、探讨建立伙伴关系机会等许多其他活动亟需的中央知识管理系统和平台。", "29. 亚太经社会和拉加经委会网站为各自的次区域提供信息。全环基金网站设有专门栏目，介绍小岛屿发展中国家、网络和组织、与全环基金有关的岛屿国家经验、全环基金出资的小岛屿发展中国家项目、关心的专题、以及国家情况和联系方式。", "30. 世界银行建有小国家分网站，粮农组织设有专门网页，提供小岛屿发展中国家关心的具体项目的信息。教科文组织建有专门平台，提供在《毛里求斯战略》各个章节框架内为小岛屿发展中国家开展的行动情况。生物多样性公约综合网站中设有一个岛屿生物多样性网络门户。贸发会议网站设有小岛屿发展中国家分网站，提供有用的材料和链接。", "31. 开发署各次区域办事处都设有小岛屿发展中国家专门网站。在太平洋次区域，开发署与太平洋岛屿论坛秘书处、南太平洋大学和亚洲开发银行建立伙伴关系，并创建了太平洋问题对策交流平台，太平洋区域14个岛屿发展中国家的专家、决策者和从业人员参加了这个虚拟同业交流圈。", "2. 技术合作/能力建设支持", "32. 联合国各组织向小岛屿发展中国家提供能力建设支持的数量和质量都在稳步提高。随着小岛屿发展中国家的需要更加明确，能力建设支助更具针对性。挑战和差距继续存在，由于气候变化、灾害更加频繁、巨额债务以及燃料费用等许多其他因素，小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性不断加剧。", "33. 目前，可持续发展司、包括小岛屿发展中国家股为惠及小岛屿发展中国家开展的一揽子项目的资金已达到约470万美元。这些项目旨在帮助小岛屿发展中国家建设掌握信息与决策工具的能力，以便进行知识管理、监测与评价、拟订国家可持续发展战略和指标，并处理气候变化、能源、水、人的安全与社区灾害管理等专题领域的问题。", "34. 开发署协助小岛屿发展中国家的方式是，提供各种政策咨询服务，交付与国家发展重点密切保持一致的发展方案。关于贫困问题，开发署正在与若干小岛屿发展中国家在金融普惠领域合作，加强国家在千年发展目标政策和援助实效体系方面的能力，并推动交流有关社会保障制度的知识。就治国理政缺陷问题，开发署与各国议会紧密合作，加强其立法和监督能力，并倡导加强妇女的政治代表性。就气候变化问题，开发署努力增强社区的适应能力和复原力，并向各国政府提供有关气候融资的政策建议。该办法的一个实例是，与小岛屿国家联盟合作制订的“开发署/世界银行小岛屿发展中国家Dock倡议”。", "35. 全球环境基金是为支持执行《毛里求斯战略》而开展的方案和项目的主要资金来源。就报告经合组织-发援会援助统计数据的所有小岛屿发展中国家而言，全环基金是10个最大的官方发展援助捐助方之一。全环基金为各种环境问题项目和方案提供资金，包括生物多样性、气候变化、国际水域、土地退化、臭氧层和持久性有机污染物等。", "36. 拉加经委会和亚太经社会的努力主要侧重于，根据请求向小岛屿发展中国家政府提供技术咨询。目前，正在开展与《毛里求斯战略》强调的各专题有关的各种项目与活动。取得的成果包括，在两个区域委员会向接受技术合作服务的国家提供的分析投入和政策咨询影响下，有关政策出现了变化。", "37. 2009-2010年，联合国公共行政和发展管理司(公发司)与加勒比发展管理中心(发展管理中心)合作管理了为东加勒比国家举办的关于发展电子政务的能力建设训练班。此外，公发司还在拟定一个题为“支持加勒比各国议会的信通技术战略规划”项目，该项目旨在协助加勒比各国议会为在议会开发信息和通信技术(信通技术)提出构想和全面战略计划。这一项目由欧洲联盟供资，将与发展管理中心共同实施。", "38. 贸发会议为惠及小岛屿发展中国家开展的活动旨在增强这些国家的能力，使其在当今全球市场上发现有利的经济机会，并防止在全球经济中被进一步边缘化。采取的相关行动有：研究与分析，向一些国家提供政策咨询，并在一系列领域提供技术援助，从帮助将从最不发达国家类别毕业的小岛屿发展中国家制订平稳过渡战略，到贸易和投资政策等。在联合国系统内，贸发会议自1974年便开始处理具体关系小岛屿发展中国家的问题，因此具有最长的工作经验。", "39. 环境署为小岛屿发展中国家提供的能力建设支持涵盖环境署中期战略(2010-2013年)的六个贯穿各领域的优先主题，即气候变化、灾害与冲突、生态系统管理、环境治理、有害物质和有害废物以及资源使用效率。在加勒比地区，环境署根据本署的加勒比小岛屿发展中国家方案开展工作。", "40. 教科文组织2010-2011年方案在所有活动中纳入了针对岛屿国家的干预措施，特别强调气候变化、文化遗产和确定当地驱动的可持续发展办法等优先事项。教科文组织数个方案还确立次级方案，专门支助在该组织小岛屿发展中国家成员实施活动。", "41. 国际农业发展基金为在小岛屿发展中国家开展的大量项目提供了支持。农发基金为以下项目提供了资金：大西洋、印度洋、地中海和南海区域集团国家的23个项目，4个太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的8个项目和11个加勒比国家的29个项目。这些项目的目标包括：为制订扶贫政策和方案提供便利，以可持续和可盈利的方式管理渔业资源，改善受海洋环境过度开发威胁的沿海社区的生计，协助农村家庭开展多种多样的农业和非农业创收事业，并改善他们获得就业的前景。", "42. 粮农组织在其他活动中，努力加强农业、林业和渔业对小岛屿发展中国家发展议程的贡献。该组织实施保障粮食安全的国家方案和区域方案，努力协助小岛屿发展中国家将可持续粮食安全政策和方案纳入国家减贫战略。", "43. 国际电信联盟(国际电联)开展活动，旨在弥合小岛屿发展中国家与世界其他地区之间的数字鸿沟。国际电联开展的努力侧重于改革这些国家的电信部门，以便引入更有利于实现更快和持久电信发展的新架构，建立管理完善的现代网络，并确保普及这些服务。", "44. 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)在紧急情况中的儿童保护与教育领域，为各小岛屿发展中国家的政府官员提供培训。儿基会支助审查与修订政策，这些政策旨在确保在灾害期间保障儿童的教育权利，并支助研究气候变化对儿童生存、发展、保护及参与等问题的影响。", "45. 世界银行的努力侧重于使援助与各国优先事项保持一致，并使援助方案与其他机构的援助方案相互协调，以提高援助实效。在太平洋地区，世界银行积极推动小国议程，制订目标明确的创新性借贷方案，并执行顺应国情的国家活动方案。在加勒比地区，世行为减轻灾情提供灵活支助，包括提供有条件贷款并分析自然灾害对保险市场的影响。", "46. 世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)在所有三个区域的小岛屿发展中国家参与制订并加强国家知识产权制度和战略，促进其经济、社会和文化发展。该组织的努力包括保护传统知识，建设区域专利制度和拟定国家知识产权战略。", "47. 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在小岛屿发展中国家积极促进若干国家和区域项目，主要涉及能源领域。", "3. 分析支助", "(a) 出版物", "48. 2005-2010年期间，联合国各组织与小岛屿发展中国家有关的出版物以非经常性出版物为主。有关小岛屿发展中国家的专门出版物很少，但许多组织推出的有关发展问题的专题出版物或一般出版物涵盖它们关切的问题或与它们有关。", "49. 联合国系统各组织下列出版物所涉专题与小岛屿发展中国家有直接和间接的关系：(a) 贸发会议有关贸易与发展的出版物；(b) 开发署《人类发展报告》及其他有关发展问题的一般性出版物；(c) 教科文组织题为《变化之海中的孤岛：教科文组织关于小岛屿发展中国家的部门间平台》的手册(2009年，巴黎)；(d) 生物多样性公约组织与环境署、国际自然及自然资源保护联盟(自然保护联盟)和其他组织合作编写的各种技术报告，内容涉及外来入侵物种、生物多样性和旅游业等问题；(e) 可持续发展司近期为《毛里求斯战略》执行情况五周年审查编写的两份出版物，题为《可持续发展趋势：小岛屿发展中国家》[11] 和《小岛屿发展中国家相互合作的成功经验：南南合作的创新伙伴关系》(与开发署合编)；(f) 亚太经社会在最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处、开发署南南合作特设局和土耳其政府支持下编写的研究报告，题为《提高太平洋地区的连通性》(ST/ESCAP/2472)；[12] (g) 大量拉加经委会出版物，包括《加勒比经济调查》、《加勒比经济体的初步概述》、《加勒比发展报告》以及《研究与展望》丛刊中的报告；(h) 联合国社会发展研究所(社发所)与英联邦秘书处合作编写的系列专题文件和国别文件，重点研究11个小岛屿发展中国家，探讨政府政策、特别是社会政策在推动社会发展和经济转型中的作用。", "(b) 数据与统计数据", "50. 联合国系统一些组织发表有关小岛屿发展中国家的专门数据，并允许用户获取按国家分列的数据。《贸发会议统计手册》重点关注该组织业务名单上确定的29个小岛屿发展中国家。世界银行是有关所有国家、包括小岛屿发展中国家的统计数据和数据的主要提供者之一，特别是经济数据。环境署通过《环境状况》丛刊等其网站所列出版物，提供各种环境资料以及单个国家的环境资料。教科文组织网站的小岛屿发展中国家部分载有：通往教育统计数据等重点关注领域统计数据和数据的链接，以及有关研究和发展的资料，并可进入数据中心。该中心载有1 000多种有关教育、识字状况、科学技术、文化和通信的指标和原始数据。教科文组织还帮助成员国提高统计和分析能力。粮农组织通过粮农统计数据库，提供有关农业和粮食安全的数据和统计数据，包括小岛屿发展中国家的数据。可以设想通过更新小岛屿发展中国家信息网，很快将有一个专门提供有关小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的各种数据和统计资料的门户网站。最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处与经济和社会事务部统计司合作，编制了联合国《世界统计袖珍手册》专版。", "51. 在区域一级，亚太经社会和拉加经委会帮助各自区域的国家提高统计能力，加强国家统计基础结构，推动改进数据质量、国际可比性和适当应用新技术。在太平洋地区，捐助方、联合国各组织以及多边组织一起努力，通过太平洋地区统计十年战略，加强国家分列数据和资料系统。在加勒比地区，儿基会与加勒比共同体(加共体)结成伙伴关系，支助开发网络发展信息数据系统数据库，促使共享加共体秘书处信息系统(CARICOMInfo)和圣卢西亚信息系统(HelenInfo)中有关儿童的国家数据；东加勒比国家组织秘书处以及巴巴多斯、多米尼克、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯等国政府已开发出各自的桌面版数据库。此外，2009年，联合国统计司帮助加共体秘书处及其成员国制订专门针对加勒比的千年发展目标指标；2010年，统计司帮助发展了加共体成员国国家统计局工作人员应用技术和程序编辑人口和住房普查数据的能力。", "4. 协调机制", "52. 联合国系统内小岛屿发展中国家活动的协调机制在国家、区域和全球各级采用形式多样的协调办法。", "53. 在国家一级，开发署办事处协调联合国各组织活动的方法是，将各组织纳入联合国国家工作队总框架。国家工作队提供协调一致的服务，支助可持续发展目标和国家优先事项，以此推动实现千年发展目标。", "54. 在区域一级，加勒比区域协调机制推动拉加经委会、环境署以及加共体、加勒比国家联盟和东加勒比国家组织各秘书处结成伙伴关系。在太平洋地区，太平洋区域组织理事会可持续发展问题工作组成员包括在该区域开展活动的联合国以及非联合国的区域组织。开发署提供的支助，通过设在斐济和萨摩亚(服务太平洋地区)以及巴巴多斯(服务加勒比地区)的次区域办事处进行协调，并通过总部协调中心进行协调。大西洋、印度洋、地中海和南海区域的小岛屿发展中国家没有协调机制，一是因为缺乏专门的次区域协调办事处，二是因为这些国家在地理上过于分散。", "E. 改进协调", "55. 协调方面的进展参差不齐。在全球一级，小岛屿发展中国家股承担协调联合国系统内支持小岛屿发展中国家活动的主要责任，该股既是小岛屿发展中国家问题机构间协商小组的主席，也是其召集机构。机构间小组目前有24个成员，所有相关联合国组织和非联合国组织的协调人通过这一非正式协调机制进行协商，交流信息与观点，开展联合规划，推动支助小岛屿发展中国家的协作努力。机构间小组推动为《毛里求斯战略》执行情况五周年审查提供协调一致的支持，特别是在国家和区域两级。正在加强机构间合作，为2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作提供规范、分析和能力建设支持。各机构还在协作编写秘书长各项重要报告。", "56. 在区域一级，亚太经社会和拉加经委会通过各自次区域办事处，与其他联合国实体和区域组织紧密合作，协调联合国系统向小岛屿发展中国家提供的支持。加共体、南太平洋区域环境方案以及太平洋岛屿论坛等非联合国区域机构向拉加经委会和亚太经社会提供协助。通过这两个区域委员会的工作，小岛屿发展中国家与区域内其他国家的联系更加紧密，增进了区域合作。", "57. 联合国开发计划署通过其在太平洋和加勒比地区的国家办事处和次区域办事处，在协调联合国系统国家和区域两级活动方面发挥重大作用。开发署遍布全球的国家办事处和次区域办事处网络支持其发挥这一作用，它们帮助协调开发署以及其他联合国组织的发展活动，支持执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》。协调进程通常依照共同国家评估结果进行，这成为制订针对一国或一个次区域的联合国发展援助框架的基础。“太平洋框架”是说明这一进程以及联合国发展援助框架目的的一个良好实例，框架旨在为国家或次区域一级发展提供协调一致的“联合国一体行动”办法。已采用这一办法的小岛屿发展中国家包括佛得角、科摩罗、毛里求斯和塞舌尔。", "58. 联合国环境规划署利用其区域办事处网络、环境公约、行动计划和伙伴关系，加强各项活动的交付。环境署还通过“区域海洋方案”和“保护海洋环境免受陆上活动污染全球行动纲领”，协调针对小岛屿发展中国家的活动。[13] 教科文组织在向小岛屿发展中国家交付各种方案方面，与太平洋区域组织理事会和加共体等关键伙伴机构紧密合作。工发组织在向小岛屿发展中国家提供服务方面，与开发署、粮农组织、农发基金、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、世界贸易组织、环境署和全环基金结成伙伴关系。贸发会议与联合国总部小岛屿发展中国家股积极合作，处理与机构间协商小组有关的各种问题；与亚太经社会积极合作，为将从最不发达国家类别毕业的亚洲和太平洋国家提供技术援助；与开发署积极合作，在地方一级向将毕业的各小岛屿发展中国家提供直接支持；并与加勒比、太平洋以及大西洋、印度洋、地中海和南海区域的各区域政府间组织积极合作。", "三. 供审议的问题", "59. 总的结论是，总体上，联合国系统依照各自任务规定，为帮助实施《毛里求斯战略》，向小岛屿发展中国家提供了广泛的有针对性的支持措施。但在执行协调一致的方案方面，尚有改进和提高的空间。", "60. 应按照《毛里求斯战略》确定的重点，加大联合国的支持力度，以加快在实施该战略和实现千年发展目标方面的进展，并应依照大会第65/2号决议，帮助解决小岛屿发展中国家继续面临的可持续发展挑战。应在关键要素方面采取一致行动，使联合国系统的工作更为深入。鉴于下文讨论的这些关键因素以及在将小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题纳入联合国实体工作方案的主流过程遇到的困难中吸取的经验教训，会员国除其他外不妨考虑如下问题。", "A. 纳入主流", "61. 《毛里求斯战略》和大会若干决议都强调，联合国各实体必须将《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》纳入各自进程和方案的主流。本报告的主要结论之一是，整体而言，联合国各实体有效地将小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题纳入了工作方案的主流。各实体根据各自任务，对此采取了不同方式。联合国系统各组织所使用的各种办法显示，只要下定决心，资源充足，很多做法都行之有效。", "建议1 \n可以采取多种方式，将小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题有效纳入联合国系统工作的主流。主流化并不是非得制定针对这些国家的专门、独立的方案。经证明行之有效的办法是全机构战略办法，可确保与小岛屿发展中国家优先事项有关的问题纳入到联合国各组织全球工作方案的大局中。此后，各区域和地方办事处可促进根据各自组成国家的具体需要制订专门项目和方案。", "B. 连贯协调的办法", "62. 一个进展参差不齐的领域涉及制订连贯协调的办法应对与小岛屿发展中国家密切相关的问题：在这方面取得了一些成绩，但仍有一些差距有待克服。尽管小岛屿发展中国家股在协调联合国系统内的有关活动中发挥领导作用，大会一再呼吁加强该股，但因人力资源不足而受到制约。联合国系统行政首长协调理事会等高级别机制因任务复杂，不太可能具体处理有关小岛屿发展中国家的问题。", "63. 在全球一级，机构间协商小组虽然仅具有非正式地位，却发挥了有效作用，在工作一级协调小岛屿发展中国家关切的问题。联合国系统以外的区域政府间实体的参与加强了这一小组的工作。有人提出，是否应审议这一机制，以便让机构一级的负责人参加，该机制是否应具备一个更正式的结构，以及能否将其讨论的重要结果更系统地纳入联合国发展集团等联合国全系统协调机制。", "64. 在区域一级，开发署的次区域办事处以及亚太经社会和拉加经委会的次区域办事处为协调联合国系统的活动发挥了重要作用，非常适合监测《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》有关活动在区域一级的执行情况。在加勒比地区，联合国-加共体区域战略框架作为一种技术援助协调机制，可与拉加经委会的加勒比发展与合作委员会的决定保持一致，以便更好地反映加勒比国家的意见。这种互补将确保联合国秘书处的规范活动与联合国各基金、方案和专门机构的技术合作活动挂钩。这将有助于简化整个区域协调机制，促进政策的连贯性，并确保联合国的确是在一体行动。", "65. 在太平洋区域，太平洋区域组织理事会是一个有效的区域一级协调机制。太平洋计划行动委员会是另一个负责集体监测、确定优先事项和政策监督的论坛，有助于执行《毛里求斯战略》。", "66. 对于大西洋、印度洋、地中海和南海区域没有区域协调机制或联合国区域办事处的小岛屿发展中国家，可制订区域可持续发展机构框架。开发署就此可以发挥关键作用，通过其国家办事处，帮助向小岛屿发展中国家提供协调一致的支持，从而推动“联合国一体行动”的做法。非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)因为缺乏专门针对小岛屿发展中国家的办事处或方案，不妨重点确保将该地区小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要和优先事项纳入其工作方案。", "67. 在国家一级，联合国发展援助框架进程提供了良好做法的榜样，有助于联合国系统执行统一协调的发展方案。在国家一级实施“联合国一体行动”办法并取得积极成效的小岛屿发展中国家包括佛得角、科摩罗、毛里求斯和塞舌尔等。", "建议2 \n联合国实体向小岛屿发展中国家提供的各种支持之间的协调性和连贯性有待加强。在全球层面，努力的方向除其他外可包括，加强和扩大机构间协商小组对于小岛屿发展中国家的作用，审查其运作模式，探讨该小组的正式化问题以及审议其对联合国全系统协调机制的可能贡献。在区域一级，联合国在大西洋、印度洋、地中海和南海区域设有代表机构的各个组织应集体探讨如何建立针对小岛屿发展中国家的协调支持机制。在国家一级，努力的方向除其他外可包括，利用联合国发展援助框架进程，确保越来越多的小岛屿发展中国家采用“联合国一体行动”方式。", "C. 机构支持", "68. 联合国各实体已采取多种方式，向小岛屿发展中国家提供机构支持。一些组织为协调这种支持设立了具体机构，而另一些组织授权次区域内的区域办事处协调本组织的活动。然而，若负责处理与岛屿相关具体问题部门的所属单位肩负更广泛的区域或方案任务，则这些问题就可能“无暇顾及”。因此，设立一个专门的办公室和/或联络点有助于协调针对小岛屿发展中国家的各种支持行动。", "建议3 \n虽然在向小岛屿发展中国家提供有效的机构支持方面没有理想机制，但是在联合国每个涉及小岛屿发展中国家关切问题或相关专题问题的实体内设立或加强一个工作明确的专门联络中心至关重要，有助于为这些国家提供有效支持。加强经济和社会事务部可持续发展司小岛屿发展中国家股十分必要，需要比以往更为紧迫地注重在上述四个领域向小岛屿发展中国家提供有效支持，在继续帮助这些国家消除脆弱性、增强复原力、说明特殊发展情况方面尤其如此。", "D. 知识管理", "69. 信息和知识是《毛里求斯战略》执行情况方面的主要监测、决策和评价手段，联合国系统所有有关组织都应发挥重要的推动作用，在各自的特定任务内，帮助提供、分析和传播这种知识。专门针对小岛屿发展中国家的网站，如更新的小岛屿发展中国家信息网，能帮助小岛屿发展中国家促进有效知识管理，推动联合国系统各组织之间、小岛屿发展中国家之间以及与其他伙伴之间开展伙伴关系、建立联系和进行协作。所有相关组织的网站上涉及岛屿国家的其他网页应作为补充，链接到专门网站，以便促进获取小岛屿发展中国家感兴趣的技术和政策资源。", "建议4 \n应在所有小岛屿发展中国家及其伙伴的积极参与下，加强专门针对小岛屿发展中国家关切问题的网站，如小岛屿发展中国家信息网，以有效地促进伙伴关系，分享知识和专长，积累有关数据和信息，协助建立联系网，这些网站还应为小岛屿发展中国家的各自网站设置显著链接。这些网站应易于访问，载有小岛屿发展中国家关切的所有活动的全面信息，包括正在执行的项目和方案的最新财务信息。", "E. 共同立场", "70. 一个主要经验和成功范例是联合国各实体采取了正确方式，帮助小岛屿发展中国家在国际论坛上以一个声音发言。这帮助确保了这些国家的优先事项和关切问题在全球和区域决定中、包括在联合国会议成果的执行工作中得到反映。在全球层面上，小岛屿发展中国家股和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处克服资源不足，帮助小岛屿发展中国家尽可能表达自身关切和优先事项，并推动他们团结合作。这方面的正面例子包括支持小岛屿国家联盟，以及在联合国会议期间为小岛屿发展中国家代表团提供协助。同样，亚太经社会和拉加经委会帮助各自区域的小岛屿发展中国家在区域和全球各级团结合作、表达共同立场。教科文组织通过小岛屿之声和气候前线等倡议也推动了这一进程。其他专门机构也发挥了促进作用。", "建议5 \n小岛屿发展中国家应在全球层面发出强烈呼声。小岛屿发展中国家股、最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处、尤其是各区域委员会应发挥积极的促进作用，帮助小岛屿发展中国家以集体的声音表达自己的特别关切和优先事项。应鼓励联合国其他组织发挥日益重要的作用，帮助小岛屿发展中国家在国际论坛上发出自己的声音。", "F. 作用和责任", "71. 《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》确定了联合国系统在为促进小岛屿发展中国家的可持续发展而支持方案领域执行工作方面的关键作用。大会多项决议(例如，第59/311号和第65/2号决议)强调了这些重要作用。大会在这些决议中重申，小岛屿发展中国家本身对执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》负有主要责任，但联合国有关组织应发挥关键作用，在各自的专长和任务领域内，支持和协助各国的努力。本分析的结论是，联合国系统为促进各国执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》提供了多种支持，从协调重大项目和方案的活动、筹资和执行，到各专门机构提供积极支持。但小岛屿发展中国家可以发挥重要作用，确保联合国各组织能够为其国家努力提供有针对性的支持。小岛屿发展中国家有多种机会与联合国系统各组织建立伙伴关系，让其服务符合自身的特殊需求和优先事项。在国家一级，这些机会除其他外包括，由全环基金资助的国家能力自我评估全球支持方案、开发署开展的共同国家评估以及由联合国系统协调的联合国发展评估框架。每个小岛屿发展中国家应利用这些进程和其他相关进程，充分受益于联合国所有有关组织、机构、方案和基金的支持。", "建议6 \n小岛屿发展中国家和联合国系统应通过国家能力自我评估、共同国家评估和联合国发展援助框架等进程，利用各种机会进行密切合作。联合国系统各组织应加强合作，团结所有有关的非联合国区域组织，使小岛屿发展中国家充分受益于联合国系统的支持，并帮助联合国系统更好地调整自身服务，满足小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需求和优先事项。", "G. 进一步突出小岛屿发展中国家的重要性", "72. 一些组织已开展分析工作，探讨小岛屿发展中国家的特殊脆弱性。贸发会议的分析工作重点关注小岛屿发展中国家的结构性缺点和发展需求以及纳入最不发达国家分组的标准，这类分组包括一些小岛屿发展中国家在内。开发署开展了债务可持续性研究。", "73. 联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处和世界银行一直从事气候变化适应、风险评估和保险机制等工作。在《生物多样性公约》框架内探讨了生物多样性面临的威胁。", "建议7 \n联合国所有有关组织应继续以协调和全面的方式开展分析工作，以解决小岛屿发展中国家的特殊脆弱性，并探讨如何帮助它们建立复原力，以促使各种气候变化、经济和贸易论坛进一步突出小岛屿发展中国家的重要性。", "[1] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，第一卷：《环发会议通过的决议》，决议1，附件二。", "[2] 《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告，1994年4月25日至5月6日，巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.94.I.18和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[3] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告，2005年1月10日至14日，毛里求斯路易港》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.05.II.A.4和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[4] 见加勒比发展和合作委员会第65(XXI)号决议,载于委员会第二十一届会议报告第三部分(2006年1月16日和17日)(LC/CAR/L.86)。", "[5] 见理事会2003年2月7日第22/13号决定(A/58/25，附件)。", "[6] 见教科文组织大会第三十二届会议通过的第48号决议(2003年9月29日至10月17日)。", "[7] 见2008年贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协议》(TD/442/和Corr.1，第二节)。", "[8] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1760卷，第30619号。", "[9] 同上，第1771卷，第30822号。", "[10] 同上，第1954卷，第33480号。", "[11] 联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.II.A.12。", "[12] 联合国出版物，出售品编号：08.II.F.14。", "[13] 见A/51/116，附件二。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Sustainable development: follow-up to and implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Review of United Nations system support to small island developing States", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States have both underscored the importance of United Nations system support for efforts directed towards sustainable development in small island developing States. Over the years, the ways in which this support has been extended have varied among United Nations entities. On the whole, the organizations of the United Nations system have provided a wide range of targeted support for small island developing States in relation to the Mauritius Strategy, in accordance with their respective mandates. There are gaps and room for improvement, however, in the provision of this support, including in the delivery of coordinated and coherent programmes for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Collectively, relevant United Nations organizations are also committed to providing normative, analytical and capacity-building support to small island developing States with a view to enhancing international recognition of their special situation and helping to strengthen their resilience in the face of multiple challenges.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Support 4 provided by the United Nations system to small island developing \nStates \nA.Mandates 4B. Institutional 5 \nissues C. Financial 7 \ncontributions D.Four 8 areas of \nsupport E.Better 16 \ncoordination III. Issues 17 for \nconsideration \nA. Mainstreaming 17B.Coherent 18 and coordinated \napproaches C. Institutional 19 \nsupport D. Knowledge 20 \nmanagement E.One 21 \nvoice F. Roles 21 and \nresponsibilities G.Making 22 a stronger case for small island developing \nStates", "I. Introduction", "1. The unique sustainable development challenges facing small island developing States were first formally recognized by the international community when it articulated their special case in chapter 17 of Agenda 21,[2] adopted in 1992. The Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (“Barbados Programme of Action”),[3] adopted two years later, acknowledges the important role of all relevant organs, programmes and organizations of the United Nations system, within their respective areas of expertise and mandates, in supporting and supplementing national efforts in the implementation of the Programme of Action.", "2. Since the adoption of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (“Mauritius Strategy for Implementation”),[4] the need to review and enhance the effectiveness, coherence and coordination of United Nations system support for small island developing States has been recognized in their various resolutions by the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council. In the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, adopted by the Assembly, in its resolution 65/2, Heads of State and Government, Ministers and representatives of Member States called upon the Secretary-General to conduct a comprehensive review and examine ways to enhance the coherence and coordination of United Nations support for those States and to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, putting forward concrete recommendations to Member States in this regard.", "3. The objective of the present report is to review the progress made by the United Nations system in mainstreaming and integrating the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy for Implementation into its mandates, programmes and processes, in order to promote the coherence and coordination of United Nations support to small island developing States. The report also formulates recommendations on how such support can be better targeted and more efficient and effective.", "4. The report takes into account information gathered from a variety of sources, including websites, reports and publications of United Nations organizations, documentation prepared by the Small Island Developing States Unit, Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, for the consideration of the Committee for Development Policy at its twelfth session, inputs provided by members of the Inter-agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States, commissioned papers surveying some of the issues covered in this report, and direct inputs and views of Member States.", "5. Section II below reviews how United Nations entities have mainstreamed support for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy into their respective organizational structures; how issues relevant to small island developing States are dealt with at the global, regional and country levels; and how support is provided to small island developing States in four main domains, namely, the normative, capacity-building, analytical and coordinating work of the United Nations system. A number of recommendations are contained in section III.", "II. Support provided by the United Nations system to small island developing States", "6. The present section outlines relevant mandates of United Nations entities, institutional aspects, programmes and projects.", "A. Mandates", "7. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit at United Nations Headquarters has been entrusted with a broad range of functions aimed at providing support for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (see General Assembly resolution 60/194). The Unit provides technical assistance and advice, supports intergovernmental processes, leads inter-agency coordination, and reports on progress made in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States is mandated to undertake advocacy work in support of small island developing States, in partnership with the relevant entities of the United Nations, and to mobilize resources for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (see A/56/645).", "8. At the regional level, pursuant to the Mauritius Strategy the regional commissions are entrusted with responsibility for advocacy and the coordination of support to small island developing States. The regional commissions have a comparative advantage in facilitating coordination and collaboration with regard to the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy at the regional level. Two regional commissions have subregional offices that facilitate coordination. Those offices are the Pacific Operations Centre of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).[5]", "9. While the respective mandates of the organizations of the United Nations system relate to specific programme areas of relevance to the Mauritius Strategy, together they are directed towards implementing many of its objectives. The agencies, funds and programmes therefore play a major role in assisting small island developing States in implementing the Mauritius Strategy in various programme areas. Among these organizations are the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),[6] the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),[7] the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),[8] the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).", "10. The Convention on Biological Diversity,[9] the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[10] and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa,[11] cover important issues highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy. The Conference of the Parties to each of these three Conventions provides a global forum in which small island developing States can articulate their needs and priorities and leverage support from the United Nations system.", "B. Institutional issues", "Specific institutional set-ups in support of small island developing States", "11. In paragraph 128 of the Barbados Programme of Action, the Secretary-General was requested to invite the organizations and bodies of the United Nations system to consider the establishment of focal points for its implementation. The response to this call has been mixed.", "12. Only 10 United Nations organizations have designated a specific focal point for small island developing States. The ECLAC Caribbean office has 46 regular budget positions, 33 substantive and 13 administrative, while the ESCAP Pacific office has nine regular and two extrabudgetary posts. UNEP has a dedicated focal point at its headquarters in Nairobi and a regional focal point for the Caribbean within its Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, in Panama City. UNESCO has a Section for Small Islands and Indigenous Knowledge, consisting of five regular and four extrabudgetary staff. Others have a focal point dealing with small island developing States as part of a broader portfolio, as is the case for FAO. Where the functions of the focal point are carried out by a regional office, the focus tends to be on coordination of regional activities rather than on the global coordination envisaged in the Barbados Programme of Action.", "13. At the United Nations Secretariat, given the zero budget growth over many years, the number of posts within the Small Island Developing States Unit has not increased: the Unit had four regular posts and three extrabudgetary staff around the time of the convening of the International Meeting in Mauritius in 2005 and the numbers and composition remain the same today. This team conducts all normative, analytical and capacity-building activities. One positive development of note since 2005 has been the fact that the Unit now reports directly to the Director of the Division for Sustainable Development. Also, the Office of the High Representative now has one post dedicated to small island developing States, which did not exist in 2005.", "14. There are other institutional arrangements. UNCTAD deals with small island developing States as part of its special programmes. The Convention on Biological Diversity has a programme of work on island biodiversity, supported by a dedicated staff. Other bodies deal with the issues of concern to small island developing States as part of their overall programme of work.", "Mainstreaming the Mauritius Strategy into work programmes within the United Nations system", "15. The mainstreaming and integration of activities related to small island developing States into the work programmes of the United Nations system have been identified as key for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy (see General Assembly resolution 65/156). The ways in which this has been carried out differ from entity to entity. ECLAC has effectively mainstreamed and integrated issues of concern to small island developing States into its work through the establishment of its Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean. In the case of ESCAP, the priorities of Pacific small island developing States have been integrated into the work of the Commission through the work programme of its Pacific Operations Centre. Most United Nations organizations have mainstreamed issues relating to small island developing States into their programme of work without necessarily resorting to the establishment of a dedicated programme. UNEP takes an institution-wide strategic approach so as to ensure that issues related to the needs and priorities of small island developing States are mainstreamed into its programme of work. UNESCO, with activities coordinated by its small island developing States focal point, uses the intersectoral platform established in 2007 for the sustainable development of small island developing States to pursue an integrated approach in its work on sustainable island living and development, which emphasizes interregional cooperation. The World Health Organization (WHO) mainstreams issues of concern to small island developing States within the overall context of its work in all developing countries. The regional offices, however, help to tailor projects and programmes to the special needs of their constituent countries.", "16. Another approach used is the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process, managed by UNDP, which also helps to mainstream and integrate issues related to small island developing States, as individual countries and as part of a subregion, into the development activities of the United Nations system in support of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. At the country level, mainstreaming is also supported by other multilateral strategies, including the poverty reduction strategy papers of the World Bank and the four-year rolling national medium-term priority frameworks of FAO.", "C. Financial contributions", "Allocation of financial resources to small island developing States", "17. According to the 2008-2009 aid statistics of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-DAC), United Nations organizations and the Bretton Woods institutions ranked among the top 10 donors of gross official development assistance (ODA) to the 34 small island developing States for which such data were available. While there are country differences, organizations among those 10 included the Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group. The figures cited below represent only the information available at the time the present report was finalized, in July 2011.", "18. The World Bank has strengthened its financial assistance to small States, a category which includes several small island developing States. The resources allocated by IDA to small Pacific islands, except Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste, have increased from about $40 million in each of the two previous IDA cycles (fiscal years 2003-2005 and 2006-2008) to nearly $100 million in the current IDA cycle (fiscal years 2009-2011). In June 2010, the Board of Directors of the World Bank Group endorsed the Regional Partnership Strategy of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, which seeks to support economic stability, competitiveness and inclusive and sustained growth; financial assistance of up to $193 million is anticipated, in addition to technical and advisory services, for the next four years. Through its climate investment funds, the World Bank is working with other regional development banks in the Caribbean and the Pacific on the pilot programme of climate resilience. This effort provides from $60 million to $70 million in grant financing for a range of activities, including data collection, monitoring and capacity-building.", "19. Small island developing States eligible for GEF funding have received financial allocations under the fourth and fifth replenishments of GEF. The total allocation for all eligible small island developing States under the fifth replenishment is about $150 million.", "20. In its regular programme budget, UNESCO has devoted about $15 million to small island developing States over the past five years. In addition, approximately $8 million were provided to small island developing States through its Participation Programme, which allows national execution of activities in line with the objectives of the Programme and the budget of the Organization.", "21. By early 2005, the total allocation for IFAD projects in small island developing States amounted to $148.7 million. Many of these projects are ongoing. IFAD funds are usually a mixture of loans and grants, the latter being employed particularly in the least developed countries and to alleviate poverty. The FAO Trust Fund for Food Security and Food Safety has been used to fund two regional projects, in the Pacific and the Caribbean.", "Resource mobilization", "22. The Small Island Developing States Unit has, over time, been able to mobilize donor funding, including to support the participation of small island developing States in the International Meeting in Mauritius, in the five-year review process of the Mauritius Strategy and, currently, in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012. The Unit has also mobilized bilateral funding to support proposed projects that would benefit all small island developing States, including a project funded by the Government of Spain (with a budget of over $2.8 million) which encompasses the revitalization of the Small Island Developing States Network (SIDSnet), a virtual training programme to be implemented through the university consortium of small island developing States, and a European Union-funded monitoring and evaluation project for the Mauritius Strategy ($470,000). ESCAP and ECLAC have played a role in helping the small island developing States in their constituencies to mobilize resources for implementing the Mauritius Strategy. GEF has also supported programmes and projects for small island developing States in its areas of focus through country-specific allocations. GEF, in partnership with implementing agencies and countries, works with other donors to help secure co-financing of projects. UNDP has played a key role by mobilizing significant resources from GEF for the implementation of activities covering various areas of the Mauritius Strategy. The World Bank has also played an important role in mobilizing financial resources. In the sixteenth replenishment of IDA, there is enhanced financial support to enable small economies, including small island developing States, to make progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, small island developing States can also access other funds, such as the Least Developed Countries Fund (with access being available to the 10 small island developing States in the least developed countries group) and the Special Climate Change Fund, both of which are managed by GEF.", "23. Other organizations of the United Nations system have also played an important role in mobilizing resources in their area of specialization. UNEP has been able to mobilize funds from GEF for activities and regional projects related to biodiversity, climate change, land management, persistent organic pollutants and international waters. UNEP has also mobilized funds for projects and programmes from bilateral donors and multilateral donors, such as the European Commission. WHO has successfully supported member States in mobilizing resources from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "D. Four areas of support", "1. Normative support", "(a) Monitoring and reporting", "24. Monitoring of, and reporting on, the progress made in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy is one of the primary functions of the Small Island Developing States Unit. The Unit reports to the Commission on Sustainable Development, the main United Nations body responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The planned European Union-funded monitoring and evaluation project to be undertaken by the Unit, in cooperation with the Indian Ocean Commission, will help to strengthen the monitoring capacity of small island developing States, as it includes country vulnerability and resilience profiling. In the Caribbean, the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee monitors the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. UNDP, UNEP and ESCAP also play important roles in supporting the process of follow-up to and monitoring of the Mauritius Strategy at various levels. Many of the agencies, funds and programmes are accountable to their governing bodies in regard to activities in support of small island developing States. GEF is accountable to its members through the GEF Council and to donors through a number of mechanisms. The Executive Board of UNDP/UNFPA provides a monitoring mechanism for its programmes. Furthermore, UNDP has monitoring and reporting processes in place within each country programme, as well as in its subregional programmes. The 48 small States members of the World Bank, which group includes small island countries, gather at the Small States Forum to discuss their most pressing challenges and to hold themselves and their partners accountable for progress. The UNEP Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environment Forum provide a key monitoring mechanism at the global level for the work carried out by UNEP in relation to small island developing States. UNCTAD periodically reports to the Trade and Development Board on activities in favour of small island developing States, a denomination that was cited six times by member States in the Accra Accord, an outcome of the twelfth session of the Conference (2008).", "(b) Advocacy", "25. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States plays a key advocacy role within the United Nations system, in partnership with the Small Island Developing States Unit. The regional commissions work proactively to ensure that the priorities and concerns of small island developing States are reflected in regional decisions, including those concerning the implementation of the outcomes of United Nations conferences. Such outcomes help to set the global policy agenda and influence the policies advocated by international and regional organizations, as well as the types of projects that bilateral donors would be likely to fund. At some United Nations organizations, governing councils or similar bodies help with advocacy for small island developing States. The GEF Council provides a forum within which such States advocate for their needs and priorities with donor agencies, which could co-finance GEF-funded activities. UNEP also plays a key role in advocacy for small island developing States at the global, regional, subregional and national levels, particularly in areas identified by the Barbados Programme of Action that are directly related to its mandate. The advocacy role of UNCTAD focuses on substantively supporting small island developing States in their plea for modalities of special treatment. This relates to areas of critical importance to small island developing States, ranging from smooth transition measures for those that will be graduating from the least developed country category, to technical assistance that could be granted by virtue of their status. This implies enhancing the credibility of the category of small island developing State, a prerequisite to which UNCTAD has responded by adopting a list of 29 small island developing States for analytical and practical purposes.", "(c) Support to the intergovernmental process", "26. Support to the preparatory process for the high-level five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy at the national, regional, interregional and global levels in 2010 was provided collectively by the United Nations system, in cooperation with relevant regional intergovernmental organizations, through numerous consultations held within the context of the Inter-agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States. Support was normative and included (a) providing national consultancy funding to small island developing States, upon request, to be utilized in undertaking national assessments; (b) commissioning regional assessments; and (c) funding, planning, organizing and coordinating both substantive and logistic arrangements for preparatory meetings in the three regions of small island developing States, for interregional meetings and for the High-level Meeting itself. Similar support is being provided in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "27. The Small Island Developing States Unit has also provided support to the negotiations held during the General Assembly on the review of and follow-up to the Mauritius Strategy and issues related to the Caribbean Sea and coral reefs, and to the planning for Small Island Developing States Day, first proclaimed by the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2005 and observed during its review sessions. The Office of the High Representative organized capacity-building events to strengthen the negotiating capability of officials of small island developing States and provided support to negotiations in meetings concerning fish stocks.", "(d) Knowledge management", "28. Knowledge management is one of the key functions of the Small Island Developing States Unit. The Unit is actively engaged in strengthening information activities for decision-making by small island developing States, and facilitating networking among the stakeholders. As part of its ongoing efforts, the Unit maintains a dedicated section within the website of the Division for Sustainable Development. This resource serves as a portal of access by small island developing States to information from a number of sources relevant to the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. In addition, the Unit supports SIDSnet, which was first established in 1997 as a direct follow-up to the Barbados Programme of Action. SIDSnet is currently undergoing a complete redesign and revitalization, as part of a new project funded by the Government of Spain. The network will be transformed into a much-needed central knowledge management system and platform for sharing knowledge and experience, and exploring partnership opportunities, among many other activities.", "29. The ESCAP and ECLAC websites provide information for their subregions. The GEF website has a specific section that provides information on small island developing countries, networks and organizations, island country experiences in regard to GEF, the projects supported by GEF in small island developing States, topics of interest, and country information and contacts.", "30. The World Bank has a subsite on small States, while FAO has a web page containing information on specific items of interest to small island developing countries. UNESCO maintains a dedicated platform which provides information on its actions on behalf of small island developing States within the framework of the chapters of the Mauritius Strategy. The Convention on Biological Diversity has a comprehensive website which contains a web portal on island biodiversity. The UNCTAD website contains a subsite on small island developing States, which provides useful materials and links.", "31. The subregional offices of UNDP have websites dedicated to small island developing States. In the Pacific subregion, UNDP has established a partnership with the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, the University of the South Pacific and the Asian Development Bank which has led to the creation of the Pacific Solution Exchange, a virtual community of practice which brings together experts, policymakers and practitioners from 14 small island developing States in the Pacific region.", "2. Technical cooperation/capacity-building support", "32. The capacity-building support provided to small island developing States by various United Nations organizations has been steadily increasing in terms of both quantity and quality. As the needs of small island developing States have become better articulated, capacity-building support has become more targeted. Challenges and gaps continue to exist, with the vulnerability of small island developing States increasing owing to climate change, more frequent disasters, high debt and fuel costs, among many other factors.", "33. The financing of the portfolio of projects designed to benefit small island developing States that are carried out by the Division for Sustainable Development, including the Small Island Developing States Unit, now amounts to approximately $4.7 million. These projects aim to build the capacity of small island developing States within the context of the information and policymaking tools that address knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation, national sustainable development strategies and indicators, and thematic areas such as climate change, energy, water, human security and community-based disaster management.", "34. UNDP assists small island developing States by offering a broad menu of policy advisory services and by delivering development programmes that are closely aligned with national development priorities. With regard to poverty, UNDP is working with several small island developing States in the areas of financial inclusion, strengthening national capacities as regards Millennium Development Goals-based policies and aid effectiveness systems, and promoting the exchange of knowledge on social protection systems. As regards governance deficits, UNDP works closely with national parliaments to strengthen their legislative and oversight capacities and advocates for the stronger political representation of women. As regards climate change, UNDP strives to strengthen adaptive capacity and the resilience of communities, and provides policy advice to Governments on climate finance. One example of this approach is provided by the UNDP/World Bank SIDS Dock initiative, developed in partnership with the Alliance of Small Island States.", "35. The Global Environment Facility is the main source of funding for programmes and projects undertaken in support of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. GEF ranked among the 10 top official development assistance (ODA) donors in respect of all small island developing States for which OECD-DAC aid statistics were reported. GEF provides funding for a wide range of projects and programmes on environment issues, including biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.", "36. The efforts of ECLAC and ESCAP have mainly focused on providing technical advice to the Governments of small island developing States, upon request. Various projects and activities related to the topics highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy are currently under way. Results have included policy changes influenced by the analytical inputs and policy advice provided by the two regional commissions to countries receiving technical cooperation services.", "37. In 2009-2010, the United Nations Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) administered capacity-development training sessions on e-government development for eastern Caribbean States in partnership with the Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD). Further, the Division has a project under development entitled “Support to ICT strategic planning in the Caribbean parliaments” whose goal is to assist the Caribbean parliaments in developing their vision and comprehensive strategic plans for the effective deployment of information and communications technology (ICT) in parliament. The project is funded by the European Union and will be implemented in partnership with CARICAD.", "38. Activities carried out by UNCTAD for the benefit of small island developing States have been geared towards enhancing their capacities to find beneficial economic opportunities in current global markets and to prevent their further marginalization within the global economy. This action involves research and analysis, the provision of policy advice to individual countries and technical assistance in areas ranging from smooth transition strategies for small island developing States that are graduating from the least developed country category, to trade and investment policies. UNCTAD has the longest experience within the United Nations system in dealing with issues of specific relevance to small island developing States, having addressed such issues since 1974.", "39. The capacity-building support provided by UNEP to small island developing States covers six cross-cutting thematic priorities of its medium-term strategy (2010-2013), namely, climate change, disasters and conflicts, ecosystem management, environmental governance, harmful substances and hazardous waste, and resource efficiency. In the Caribbean, the efforts of UNEP are guided by its Caribbean small island developing States programme.", "40. The UNESCO programme for 2010-2011 includes interventions specific to island countries across the entire range of its activities, with particular emphasis given to such priorities as climate change, cultural heritage, and the identification of locally driven approaches to sustainable development. A number of UNESCO programmes have established subprogrammes dedicated to supporting the implementation of activities in the small island developing States members of the Organization.", "41. The International Fund for Agricultural Development has supported extensive projects in small island developing States. IFAD has funded 23 projects in countries of the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) group, 8 projects in 4 Pacific small island developing States and 29 projects in 11 Caribbean countries. The aims of these projects include facilitating the development of pro‑poor policies and programmes, managing fish resources sustainably and profitably, improving the livelihoods of coastal communities threatened by overexploitation of the marine environment, and assisting rural households in diversifying their on- and off-farm income-generating enterprises and improving their prospects for gaining employment.", "42. Among other activities, FAO works to enhance the contribution of agriculture, forestry and fisheries to the development agenda of small island developing States. It implements national and regional programmes for food security, and seeks to assist small island developing States in integrating sustainable food security policies and programmes into national poverty reduction strategies.", "43. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has carried out activities aimed at bridging the digital divide between small island developing States and the rest of the world. Efforts undertaken by ITU have focused on reforming the telecommunication sector of these countries to enable the introduction of new structures that are more conducive to faster and sustained telecommunication development, with well-managed and modern networks, and ensuring the achievement of universal access to such services.", "44. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has trained government officials in various small island developing States in the areas of child protection and education in emergencies. It has supported the review and revision of policies designed to ensure the educational rights of children during disasters, as well as the study of the impact of climate change on children in respect of survival, development, protection and participation issues.", "45. The World Bank has focused its efforts on aligning assistance with the priorities of individual countries and harmonizing aid programmes with those of other agencies so as to boost aid effectiveness. In the Pacific, the World Bank has been active in taking the small States agenda forward, developing a targeted and innovative lending programme, and implementing a responsive programme of country-based activities. In the Caribbean, it has provided flexible support for disaster mitigation, including contingent loans and analysis of the insurance market in relation to natural disasters.", "46. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has been engaged in the development and strengthening of national intellectual property systems and strategies to promote economic, social and cultural development in the small island developing States of all three regions. Efforts have included the protection of traditional knowledge, regional patent systems, and the formulation of national intellectual property strategies.", "47. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has been active in promoting a number of national and regional projects among small island developing States, mainly in the area of energy.", "3. Analytical support", "(a) Publications", "48. Overall, the publications of United Nations organizations related to small island developing States have been issued mostly on a non-recurrent basis over the period 2005-2010. Very few have focused solely on such States but many organizations have released thematic or generic development-related publications that encompass their interests or are relevant to them.", "49. Publications of organizations of the United Nations system on themes of direct interest or relevance to small island developing States include the following: (a) UNCTAD publications on trade and development; (b) the UNDP Human Development Report and other general development-related publications; (c) the UNESCO booklet entitled “Islands in a sea of change: UNESCO’s intersectoral platform for SIDS” (Paris, 2009); (d) the wide range of technical reports prepared by the Convention on Biological Diversity, in collaboration with UNEP; IUCN, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, and others, on issues such as invasive alien species, biodiversity and tourism; (e) the two recent publications prepared by the Division for Sustainable Development for the five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, entitled Trends in Sustainable Development: Small Island Developing States;[12] and “SIDS-SIDS success stories: an innovative partnership in South-South cooperation” (prepared jointly with UNDP); (f) the study entitled Enhancing Pacific Connectivity (ST/ESCAP/2472), prepared by ESCAP with the support of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation and the Government of Turkey;[13] (g) the wealth of ECLAC publications, including “Economic survey of the Caribbean”, “Preliminary overview of the economies of the Caribbean”, “Caribbean development report” and reports in the Studies and Perspectives series; and (h) the series of thematic and country-specific papers exploring the role of government policies and, in particular, social policies for the promotion of social development and economic transformation, focusing on 11 small island developing States, prepared by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) in collaboration with the Commonwealth Secretariat.", "(b) Data and statistics", "50. Some organizations of the United Nations system publish data specific to small island developing States and allow users to access country-specific data. The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics focuses on the group of 29 small island developing countries identified by UNCTAD as its operational list. The World Bank is one of the prime sources of statistics and data for all countries, including small island developing States, in particular in regard to economic data. UNEP provides a range of environmental information through the publications listed on its website, including the State of the Environment series, as well as environment-related information on individual countries. The section dedicated to small island developing countries on the UNESCO website contains links to statistics and data on key areas of interest, such as education statistics, and information on research and development, and access to the Data Centre which contains over 1,000 types of indicators and raw data on education, literacy, science and technology, culture and communication. UNESCO also provides assistance to member States in improving their statistical and analytical capacities. Through FAOSTAT, FAO provides data and statistics related to agriculture and food security, including for small island developing States. It is envisaged that, through the revitalization of SIDSnet, a dedicated web portal containing a broad range of data and statistical information related to the sustainable development of small island developing States will soon be available online. A special issue of the United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook was prepared by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States in collaboration with the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "51. At the regional level, ESCAP and ECLAC help to improve the statistical capabilities of the countries in their respective regions by strengthening national statistical infrastructure and promoting improvement in data quality, international comparability and the appropriate use of new techniques. In the Pacific, donors, United Nations organizations and multilateral organizations are working together to strengthen national disaggregated data and information systems through the 10-year Pacific statistics strategy. In the Caribbean, UNICEF, in partnership with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), has supported the development of online DevInfo databases to enable the sharing of national data on children in the CARICOM secretariat (CARICOMInfo) and Saint Lucia (HelenInfo), while the secretariat of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and the Governments of Barbados, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have developed desktop versions of their databases. Furthermore, in 2009, the United Nations Statistics Division supported the CARICOM Secretariat along with its member States in formulating Caribbean Specific MDG indicators (CSMDGs) and in 2010, helped develop the capacities of the staff of national statistical offices of the CARICOM member countries with respect to the techniques and procedures used in editing population and housing census data.", "4. Coordination mechanisms", "52. Coordination mechanisms for activities related to small island developing States within the United Nations system use a diversity of approaches at the national, regional and global levels.", "53. At the national level, each UNDP office coordinates the activities of United Nations organizations by bringing them under the umbrella of the United Nations country team. The country team delivers coordinated services supporting the sustainable development goals and priorities of the country in order to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "54. At the regional level, the regional coordination mechanism in the Caribbean promotes a partnership among ECLAC, UNEP and the secretariats of CARICOM, the Association of Caribbean States and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. In the Pacific, membership in the Sustainable Development Working Group of the Council of Regional Organizations for the Pacific includes both United Nations and non-United Nations regional organizations in the region. The support provided by UNDP is coordinated through subregional offices in Fiji and Samoa (for the Pacific) and in Barbados (for the Caribbean), and by a focal point at headquarters. There is no coordination mechanism for the small island developing States of the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) region, owing partly to the lack of a specific subregional coordinating office and partly to their geographical spread.", "E. Better coordination", "55. Progress in regard to coordination has been mixed. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit has the primary role for coordination of support for small island developing States within the United Nations system, through its role as both chair and convener of the Inter-agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States. The Inter-agency Group, which currently has 24 members, is an informal coordinating mechanism in which the focal points of all relevant United Nations and non-United Nations organizations hold consultations, exchange information and views, undertake joint planning and promote collaborative efforts in support of small island developing States. The Inter-agency Group has been instrumental in providing coordinated support to the five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, especially at the national and regional levels. There is ongoing enhanced inter-agency collaboration in providing normative, analytical and capacity-building support to the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012. Collaboration is also under way on the preparation of key reports of the Secretary-General.", "56. At the regional level, ESCAP and ECLAC, through their subregional offices, have worked in close collaboration with other United Nations entities and regional organizations to coordinate the support provided by the United Nations system to small island developing States. ECLAC and ESCAP are assisted by non-United Nations regional bodies, such as CARICOM, the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Pacific Islands Forum. Through the work of these two regional commissions, small island developing States have an opportunity to become more closely aligned with other countries in the region, thus promoting regional cooperation.", "57. The United Nations Development Programme has played a vital role in the coordination of activities of the United Nations system at the national and regional levels through its country and subregional offices in the Pacific and the Caribbean. This role has been supported by the network of UNDP country and subregional offices around the globe, which have helped to coordinate the development activities of UNDP and of various other United Nations organizations in support of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. This process of coordination is usually undertaken in accordance with the results of the common country assessment, which becomes the basis of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework for a country or subregion. The Framework for the Pacific provides a good example of the process and purpose of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, which aims to provide a coherent and coordinated “One United Nations” approach to development at the country or subregional level. Examples of small island developing States in which this approach has been adopted include Cape Verde, the Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles.", "58. The United Nations Environment Programme has strengthened the delivery of activities through the use of its network of regional offices, environmental conventions, action plans and partnerships. UNEP also coordinates its activities for small island developing States through the Regional Seas Programme and the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities.[14] UNESCO has cooperated closely with key agencies in the delivery of its programmes to small island developing States. Partner agencies include the Council of Regional Organizations of the Pacific and CARICOM. UNIDO has formed partnerships with UNDP, FAO, IFAD, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Trade Organization, UNEP and GEF in delivering its services to small island developing States. UNCTAD has been actively engaged with the Small Island Developing States Unit at United Nations Headquarters on issues related to the Inter-agency Consultative Group, with ESCAP on technical assistance to countries in Asia and the Pacific graduating from the least developed country category, with UNDP on the provision of direct support at the local level to various graduating small island developing States, and with regional intergovernmental organizations in the Caribbean, Pacific and AIMS regions.", "III. Issues for consideration", "59. The overall conclusion is that, on the whole, the United Nations system has provided small island developing States with a wide range of targeted support in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, in accordance with respective mandates. There is, however, room for improvement and enhancement in the delivery of coordinated and coherent programmes.", "60. Strengthening United Nations support in accordance with the priorities identified in the Mauritius Strategy would accelerate progress towards the implementation of the Strategy and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and, in pursuance of General Assembly resolution 65/2, help to address the sustainable development challenges that continue to face small island developing States. Concerted action on critical elements would allow the efforts of the United Nations system to be more incisive. In light of these critical elements, which are discussed below, and of the lessons learned from constraints on mainstreaming and integrating issues of concern to small island developing States into the work programmes of United Nations entities, Member States may wish, inter alia, to consider the issues set out below.", "A. Mainstreaming", "61. The Mauritius Strategy and a number of General Assembly resolutions have highlighted the importance of the mainstreaming and integrating by United Nations entities of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy into their respective processes and programmes. One of the key conclusions of the present report is that, on the whole, United Nations entities have effectively mainstreamed the issues of concern to small island developing States into their programmes of work. This has been achieved in very different ways, according to individual mandates. The various approaches used by the organizations of the United Nations system illustrate a wide range of practices that can work effectively, given the necessary commitment and the allocation of sufficient resources.", "Recommendation 1 \nEffective mainstreaming of issues of concern to small islanddeveloping States into the work of the United Nations system can beachieved in a variety of ways. Mainstreaming does not necessarilyrequire special stand-alone programmes targeted at these States. Astrategic institution-wide approach that ensures that issuesrelated to the priorities of small island developing States areintegrated within the overall context of the global work programmesof United Nations organizations has proved to be effective.Thereafter, regional and local offices may help to tailor specificprojects and programmes based on the individual needs of theirconstituent countries.", "B. Coherent and coordinated approaches", "62. One area in which progress has been mixed is that covering the creation of coherent and coordinated approaches to issues of relevance to small island developing States: some successes have been achieved in this regard, while some gaps remain to be filled. While the Small Island Developing States Unit plays a leading role in coordinating the relevant activities within the United Nations system, it has been constrained by lack of human resources despite repeated calls by the General Assembly for its strengthening. High-level mechanisms, such as the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, are unlikely, because of their comprehensive mandates, to specifically address issues related to small island developing States.", "63. At the global level, the Inter-agency Consultative Group has been effective, despite its informal status, in working-level coordination of issues of concern to small island developing States. The work of this Group is enhanced by the involvement of regional intergovernmental entities from outside the United Nations system. Questions have been raised whether this mechanism should be reviewed with a view to including participation at the head-of-agency level, whether it should have a more formalized structure, and whether key outcomes of its discussions could more systematically feed into United Nations system-wide coordination mechanisms, such as the United Nations Development Group (UNDG).", "64. At the regional level, UNDP subregional offices and the subregional offices of ESCAP and ECLAC play vital roles in the coordination of United Nations system activities, and are ideally positioned to monitor the implementation of activities related to the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy at the regional level. In the Caribbean, the United Nations-CARICOM Regional Strategic Framework, as a mechanism for coordinating technical assistance, could be aligned with the decisions of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee of ECLAC so that it would better reflect the views of the countries of the Caribbean. Such complementarity would ensure that the normative activities of the United Nations Secretariat are linked to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations funds and programmes and the specialized agencies. This could help streamline the overall regional coordination mechanism, promote policy coherence and ensure that the United Nations does indeed work as one.", "65. In the Pacific, the Council of Regional Organizations of the Pacific is an effective regional-level coordinating mechanism. The Pacific Plan Action Committee is another forum for collective monitoring, prioritization and policy oversight which would contribute to the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "66. For small island developing States in the AIMS region, for which there is no one regional coordinating mechanism or United Nations regional office, a regional institutional framework for sustainable development could be developed. UNDP could play a key role in this regard, through its country offices, by helping to provide coherent and coordinated support to small island developing States, thereby promoting the “One United Nations” approach. Given the lack of a dedicated office or programme for small island developing States, the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) might focus on ensuring that the special needs and priorities of the small island developing States in its region are integrated into its programme of work.", "67. At the country level, the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process provides an example of a good practice which helps the United Nations system to deliver a coherent and coordinated development programme. Positive examples of “One United Nations” approaches at the country level in small island developing States include those of Cape Verde, the Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles.", "Recommendation 2 \nCoordination and coherence of support provided to small islanddeveloping States by United Nations entities need to bestrengthened. At the global level, efforts might include, interalia, strengthening and expanding the role of the Inter-agencyConsultative Group on Small Island Developing States, reviewing itsmodus operandi, exploring the issue of its formalization, andconsidering its possible contribution to United Nations system-widecoordination mechanisms. At the regional level, the United Nationsorganizations represented in the AIMS region need to explorecollectively ways and means of setting up a coordinated supportmechanism for small island developing States. At the country level,efforts might include, inter alia, harnessing the United NationsDevelopment Assistance Framework process to ensure the adoption ofa “One United Nations” approach in an increasing number of smallisland developing States.", "C. Institutional support", "68. United Nations entities have adopted a diversity of approaches to providing institutional support to small island developing States. Some organizations have set up specific institutions to coordinate the support provided, while others have delegated responsibility for the coordination of their activities to regional offices located within a subregion. However, in cases where island-specific issues are handled by a unit located in a division with a broader regional or programmatic mandate, these issues can be “lost”. In this regard, a dedicated office and/or focal point assists the delivery of coordinated support to small island developing States.", "Recommendation 3 \nAlthough there is no one ideal mechanism for providing effectiveinstitutional support to small island developing States, setting upor strengthening a dedicated and clearly identified focal pointwithin every United Nations entity dealing with issues of concernor thematic issues of relevance to small island developing Statesis vital for the effective delivery of that support to such States.The need to strengthen the Small Island Developing States Unit ofthe Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economicand Social Affairs, requires that more urgent attention than everbefore be paid to providing effective support to small islanddeveloping States in the four domains mentioned above, especiallyin the context of continuing to assist these States in addressingvulnerabilities, building resilience and making their specialdevelopment case.", "D. Knowledge management", "69. Information and knowledge are key instruments for monitoring, decision-making and evaluation in respect of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, and all relevant organizations of the United Nations system have an important catalytic role to play in providing, analysing and disseminating such information and knowledge, within their given mandates. Websites dedicated to small island developing States, such as the revitalized SIDSnet, can facilitate effective knowledge management for small island developing States and promote partnerships, networking and collaboration among the organizations of the United Nations system, as well as among small island developing States and with other partners. Other island-specific pages on the websites of all relevant organizations should supplement and have links to dedicated websites so that access to the technical and policy resources of interest to small island developing States can be enhanced.", "Recommendation 4 \nWebsites dedicated to specific issues of concern to small islanddeveloping States, such as SIDSnet, should be strengthened, withthe active involvement of all small island developing States andtheir partners, in order to effectively promote partnerships, shareknowledge and expertise, accumulate the relevant data andinformation, and facilitate networking, and should have stronglinks to the respective websites of small island developing States.These websites should be easily accessible and containcomprehensive information on all activities of concern to smallisland developing States, including updated financial informationon the projects and programmes being implemented.", "E. One voice", "70. A key lesson and success story is provided in connection with the means by which various United Nations entities have assisted small island developing States in speaking with one voice in international forums. This has helped to ensure that the priorities and concerns of those States are reflected in global and regional decisions, including in the implementation of the outcomes of United Nations conferences. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States have, despite limited resources, facilitated the articulation by small island developing States of their concerns and priorities to the extent possible, and enabled them to work together as a group. Positive examples in this regard include the support offered to the Alliance of Small Island States, and the assistance provided to the delegations of small island developing States on the occasion of United Nations meetings. Similarly, ESCAP and ECLAC have helped small island developing States in their regions to work together and speak with one voice at both the regional and global levels. UNESCO, through initiatives such as Small Islands Voice and Climate Frontlines, and other specialized agencies have also contributed to this process.", "Recommendation 5 \nSmall island developing States need a strong voice at the globallevel. The Small Island Developing States Unit, the Office of theHigh Representative for the Least Developed Countries, LandlockedDeveloping Countries and Small Island Developing States and theregional commissions in particular play an active and catalyticrole in facilitating the emergence of a collective voice which canarticulate the particular concerns and priorities of small islanddeveloping States. Other United Nations organizations areencouraged to play an increasingly important role in helping togive small island developing States a voice in internationalforums.", "F. Roles and responsibilities", "71. The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy identified key roles for the United Nations system in supporting the implementation of the programme areas for the sustainable development of small island developing States. These crucial roles have been reinforced by the General Assembly in various resolutions (for example, resolutions 59/311 and 65/2). In those resolutions, the Assembly reiterated that, while primary responsibility for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy rests with the small island developing States themselves, the relevant United Nations organizations have a key role, within their respective areas of expertise and mandates, in supporting and supplementing national efforts. The present analysis concludes that the United Nations system has provided support for the national implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action, ranging from the coordination of activities and funding and implementation of major projects and programmes, to the active support provided by a wide range of specialized agencies. Small island developing States can, however, play a crucial role in ensuring that United Nations organizations are able to provide targeted support for their national efforts. There are various opportunities for small island developing States to work in partnership with the organizations of the United Nations system in tailoring services to their special needs and priorities. At the national level, these opportunities encompass, inter alia, the global support programme for national capacity self-assessments funded by GEF, the common country assessments undertaken by UNDP, and the United Nations Development Assessment Frameworks coordinated by the United Nations system. In order to benefit fully from the support of all relevant United Nations bodies, agencies, programmes and funds, these and other related processes need to be harnessed by each small island developing State.", "Recommendation 6 \nBy harnessing processes such as the national capacityself-assessment, common country assessment and the United NationsDevelopment Assistance Framework, small island developing Statesand the United Nations system have various opportunities to work inclose partnership. Enhanced collaboration among organizations ofthe United Nations system, also involving all relevant non-UnitedNations regional organizations, would allow small island developingStates to benefit fully from the support of the United Nationssystem, and would help the system to better tailor its services tothe special needs and priorities of those States.", "G. Making a stronger case for small island developing States", "72. Several organizations have been undertaking analytical work that addresses the particular vulnerabilities of small Island developing States. UNCTAD focuses its analytical work on the structural disadvantages and development needs of small island developing States, as well as on the criteria for the members of the least developed countries grouping, which includes some small island developing States. UNDP has undertaken a study on debt sustainability.", "73. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat and the World Bank have been working on, inter alia, climate change adaptation, risk assessment and insurance schemes. Threats to biodiversity have been addressed within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "Recommendation 7 \nAnalytical work undertaken to address the special vulnerabilitiesof small island developing States and explore ways to help buildtheir resilience needs to be continued by all concerned UnitedNations organizations in a coordinated and comprehensive manner,with a view to enabling a stronger case to be made in favour ofsmall island developing States within the various climate change,economic and trade forums.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II.", "[3] Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[4] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritus, 10‑14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[5] See resolution 65 (XXI) of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee, contained in part III of the report of the Committee on its twenty-first session (16 and 17 January 2006) (LC/CAR/L.86).", "[6] See Governing Council decision 22/13 of 7 February 2003 (A/58/25, annex).", "[7] See resolution 48 adopted by the General Conference at its thirty-second session (29 September-17 October 2003).", "[8] See the Accra Accord adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development at its twelfth session in 2008 (TD/442 and Corr.1, sect. II).", "[9] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1760, No. 30619.", "[10] Ibid., vol. 1771, No. 30822.", "[11] Ibid., vol. 1954, No. 33480.", "[12] United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.A.12.", "[13] United Nations publication, Sales No. 08.II.F.14.", "[14] See A/51/116, annex II." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: follow-up to and implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Review of United Nations system support for small island developing States", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Both the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States emphasize that the support of the United Nations system is critical to the sustainable development efforts of small island developing States. Over the years, United Nations entities have adopted different approaches to providing support. Overall, the organizations of the United Nations system have provided broad and targeted support to small island developing States in the context of the Mauritius Strategy and in line with their respective mandates. However, there remains a gap and room for improvement in the provision of support, including the delivery of a coordinated Mauritius Strategy implementation programme. The relevant United Nations organizations have also made a collective commitment to support the normative, analytical and capacity-building efforts of small island developing States to increase international awareness of their special needs and to help strengthen their capacity to address multiple challenges.", "Contents", "2. United Nations system support to small island developing States", "Introduction", "1. The special case of small island developing States was addressed by the international community in chapter 17 of Agenda 21 [1], adopted in 1992, which for the first time formally recognized the unique sustainable development challenges faced by small island developing States. The Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, adopted two years later (Barbados Programme of Action) [2], recognizes that the relevant organs, programmes and organizations of the United Nations system should use their respective expertise and their respective mandates to strongly support and complement national efforts to implement the Programme of Action.", "2. Since the adoption of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Mauritius Strategy), the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council have recognized, in a number of resolutions, the need to review and strengthen the effectiveness and coherence of United Nations system support for small island developing States. By its resolution 65/2, the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, in which Heads of State and Government, ministers and representatives of Member States requested the Secretary-General to undertake a comprehensive review of how to strengthen the coherence and coordination of United Nations support to small island developing States, to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and to make relevant concrete recommendations to Member States.", "3. The present report aims to review the progress made by the United Nations system in mainstreaming the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy into its mandates, programmes and processes with a view to enhancing the coherence and coordination of United Nations support to small island developing States. It also makes recommendations on how to improve the relevance, efficiency and effectiveness of such support.", "4. The present report draws on information gathered from a variety of sources, including websites, reports and publications of United Nations organizations, documents prepared by the Small Island Developing States Unit of the Division for Sustainable Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat and submitted to the Committee for Development Policy for consideration at its twelfth session, inputs from members of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States, commissioned papers (surveys on some of the issues covered in the present report), and direct inputs and contributions from Member States.", "5. Section II below examines how United Nations entities have mainstreamed support for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy into their respective organizational structures; how small island developing States-related issues have been addressed at the global, regional and national levels; and how support to small island developing States has been provided through the work of the United Nations system in four areas: normative, capacity-building, analysis and coordination. In section III, a number of recommendations are made.", "II. United Nations system support to small island developing States", "This section provides an overview of the relevant mandates of United Nations entities, their organizational structures, programmes and projects.", "A. Mandate", "7. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit at United Nations Headquarters has been mandated to perform a number of functions in support of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (see General Assembly resolution 60/194). The Unit provides technical assistance and advice, supports intergovernmental processes, chairs inter-agency coordination and reports on progress in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States undertakes advocacy work in support of small island developing States through partnerships with relevant United Nations entities and mobilizes resources for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (see A/56/645).", "8. At the regional level, the Mauritius Strategy entrusted the regional commissions with advocacy and coordination in support of small island developing States. The regional commissions use their comparative advantages to facilitate coordination and collaboration in the regional implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. To facilitate coordination, two regional commissions have established subregional offices, the Pacific Operations Centre of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the subregional headquarters for the Caribbean of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. [4]", "9. The mandates of the organizations of the United Nations system address the specific programme areas covered by the Mauritius Strategy, with the common purpose of implementing the many objectives of the Mauritius Strategy. Agencies, funds and programmes therefore play an important role in assisting small island developing States in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy in various programme areas. These include the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).", "10. In the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change[9] and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification [10] are linked to important issues highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy. The conferences of the parties to each of the three conventions provide a global forum to enable small island developing States to articulate their needs and priorities and to enlist the support of the United Nations system.", "B. Institutional issues", "Specific institutional arrangements established to support small island developing States", "11. In paragraph 128 of the Barbados Programme of Action, the Secretary-General was requested to invite the organizations and bodies of the United Nations system to consider establishing focal points for the implementation of the Programme of Action. To this end, organizations have adopted different approaches.", "12. Only 10 agencies of the United Nations system have established focal points for small island developing States. The ECLAC Caribbean Office has 46 regular budget posts, of which 33 are substantive and 13 administrative; the ESCAP Pacific Office has 9 regular budget and 2 extrabudgetary posts. UNEP has a dedicated focal point at its headquarters in Nairobi and a regional coordinator for the Caribbean at the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean in Panama City. UNESCO has established the Small Islands and Indigenous Knowledge Section, staffed with five regular budget and four extrabudgetary posts. Other agencies, such as FAO, have small island developing States focal points in the context of a wide range of mandates. While the regional offices perform coordination functions, they tend to focus on regional activities rather than on global coordination as envisaged in the Barbados Programme of Action.", "In the United Nations Secretariat, there has been no increase in the posts of the Small Island Developing States Unit, which had four regular budget posts and three extrabudgetary posts at the time of the 2005 International Meeting in Mauritius, as a result of zero budget growth over the years. This small team is responsible for normative, analytical and capacity-building work. It should be noted that the Unit currently reports directly to the Director of the Division for Sustainable Development, a positive development that has occurred since 2005. In addition, the Office of the High Representative currently has a dedicated post for small island developing States, which did not exist in 2005.", "14. There are other institutional arrangements. UNCTAD has addressed small island developing States as part of its specific programme. The Convention on Biological Diversity has developed a programme of work on island biodiversity with dedicated staff. Other agencies address the concerns of small island developing States in the context of the overall programme of work.", "Mainstreaming the Mauritius Strategy into the work programme of the United Nations system", "15. Mainstreaming activities related to small island developing States into the work programme of the United Nations system has been identified as a focus for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy (see General Assembly resolution 65/156). The approaches taken by the entities vary. ECLAC has effectively mainstreamed the concerns of small island developing States through the establishment of a subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. ESCAP has integrated the priorities of Pacific small island developing States into the work of the Commission through the work programme of the Pacific Operations Centre. Most United Nations agencies include issues related to small island developing States in their programmes of work, but not necessarily have specific programmes. UNEP uses an agency-wide strategic approach to ensure that issues related to the needs and priorities of small island developing States are integrated into its programme of work. The UNESCO Coordinator for Small Island Developing States coordinated activities to implement a comprehensive approach to sustainable island living and development, using the intersectoral platform for the sustainable development of small island developing States established in 2007, and stressed the importance of regional cooperation. The World Health Organization (WHO) has integrated the concerns of small island developing States into the overall framework of the work of developing countries. Regional offices tailor projects and programmes to the specific needs of member States.", "16. Another approach, the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process managed by UNDP, is to mainstream the concerns of small island developing States as a specific country and subregional component into the development activities of the United Nations system in support of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. At the country level, mainstreaming is also supported by other bilateral strategies, such as the World Bank Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and the FAO four-year rolling national medium-term priority framework.", "C. Financial support", "Financial resources allocated to small island developing States", "17. Aid statistics from the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD-DAC) for 2008-2009 show that United Nations organizations and the Bretton Woods institutions account for the top 10 of total aid flows to the 34 small island developing States for which data are available. Taking into account the differences in each country, the top 10 organizations are the Global Environment Facility (GEF), UNDP, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank Group International Development Association (IDA). The data below are for information available only when the present report was finalized in July 2011.", "18. The World Bank has increased financial assistance to small countries, including several small island developing States. IDA resources allocated to small island Pacific States other than Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste increased from approximately $40 million in the last two IDA cycles (2003-2005 and 2006-2008) to nearly $100 million in the current cycle (2009-2011 fiscal year). In June 2010, the Board of Directors of the World Bank Group approved the OECS Regional Partnership Strategy, aimed at supporting economic stability, competitiveness and inclusive and sustained growth; in addition to providing technical and advisory services, financial assistance of up to $193 million is expected over the next four years. Through the Climate Investment Fund, the World Bank, in collaboration with other regional development banks in the Caribbean and the Pacific, has launched a pilot programme on climate resilience, which will provide between $60 million and $70 million in grants for various activities, including data collection, monitoring and capacity-building.", "Small island developing States eligible for GEF funding received financial allocations from the fourth and fifth replenishments of GEF. The fifth replenishment allocated a total of approximately $150 million to all eligible small island developing States.", "20. The UNESCO regular programme budget has allocated approximately $15 million over five years to small island developing States. In addition, UNESCO has provided approximately $8 million to small island developing States through its Participation Programme to enable countries to carry out activities in line with programme objectives and the Organization ' s budget.", "21. By early 2005, IFAD had allocated a total of $148.7 million for small island developing States projects. Many projects are still under implementation. IFAD usually provides funding in the form of loans and grants, which are earmarked for poverty reduction in LDCs. FAO used the Trust Fund for Food Security and Food Security to fund two regional projects in the Pacific and the Caribbean.", "Resource mobilization", "22. The Small Island Developing States Unit has long been active in mobilizing donor funding, including support for the participation of small island developing States in the International Meeting in Mauritius, in the five-year review process of the Mauritius Strategy and in the ongoing preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. The Unit also seeks bilateral funding to support proposed projects in favour of all small island developing States, including projects funded by the Government of Spain (with a budget of over $2.8 million and the updating of the Small Island Developing States Information Network); virtual training programmes through the University Consortium for Small Island Developing States; and the monitoring and evaluation project of the Mauritius Strategy ($470,000) funded by the European Union. ESCAP and ECLAC helped small island developing States to raise funds at all levels for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. GEF supports programmes and projects in the small island developing States focal areas through country allocations. In partnership with implementing agencies and countries, GEF works with other donors to secure co-financing for projects. UNDP plays a key role in mobilizing significant resources from GEF for activities in all areas of the Mauritius Strategy. Similarly, the World Bank plays an important role in mobilizing financial resources, using the sixteenth replenishment of IDA to scale up aid to enable small economies, including small island developing States, to make progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, small island developing States have received funding from the Least Developed Countries Fund (of which 10 small island developing States in the least developed country category have access) and the Special Climate Change Fund, both of which are administered by GEF.", "23. Other organizations of the United Nations system also play an important role in funding their areas of expertise. UNEP uses GEF funds for activities and regional projects related to biodiversity, climate change, land management, persistent organic pollutants and international waters. UNEP is also mobilizing funds for projects and programmes from bilateral and multilateral donors, such as the European Commission. WHO has been successful in supporting its members in seeking funding from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "D. Four areas of support", "1. Normative support", "(a) Monitoring and reporting", "24. Monitoring and reporting on progress in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy is one of the main tasks of the Small Island Developing States Unit. The Unit reports to the Commission on Sustainable Development, the main United Nations body responsible for monitoring progress in the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The Unit plans to work with the Indian Ocean Commission on a monitoring and evaluation project, funded by the European Union and including national vulnerability and resilience analysis, which will help to strengthen the monitoring capacity of small island developing States. In the Caribbean, the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee monitors the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. UNDP, UNEP and ESCAP also strongly supported the Mauritius Strategy follow-up and monitoring process at all levels. Many agencies, funds and programmes are accountable to their respective governing bodies for their activities in support of small island developing States. GEF is accountable to its members through the Fund ' s Council and to donors through a number of mechanisms. The UNDP/UNFPA Executive Board has established monitoring mechanisms for its programmes. Furthermore, UNDP has a monitoring and reporting process for each country and subregional programme. Forty-eight small States members of the World Bank, including small island States, participate in the Forum of Small States to discuss the most pressing challenges and to take responsibility for their own countries and respond to partners on the way forward. The UNEP Governing Council and the Global Ministerial Environment Forum are important monitoring mechanisms at the global level for UNEP support to small island developing States. UNCTAD regularly reports to the Trade and Development Commission on its activities in support of small island developing States, which member States referred to six times in the Accra Accord as the outcome of UNCTAD XII (2008).", "(b) Advocacy", "25. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, in partnership with the Small Island Developing States Unit, plays an important advocacy role in the United Nations system. The regional commissions have worked actively to ensure that the priorities and concerns of small island developing States are reflected in regional decisions, including those related to the implementation of the outcomes of major United Nations conferences. These outcomes contribute to the development of a global policy agenda, influencing the policies advocated by international and regional organizations and the types of projects that bilateral donors wish to fund. A number of organizations of the United Nations system are assisted in their advocacy work on small island developing States by the Council or a similar body. The GEF Council provides a forum within which small island developing States communicate their national needs and priorities to donor agencies that may co-finance activities with GEF. UNEP also plays an important role in advocacy for small island developing States at the global, regional, subregional and national levels, especially in areas identified in the Barbados Programme of Action as being directly relevant to its mandate. UNCTAD ' s advocacy efforts have focused on providing substantive support to the SIDS call for a special treatment approach. This work covers a number of areas of critical importance for small island developing States, such as smooth transition measures for countries graduating from the least developed country category, and technical assistance that can be provided on the basis of status. This means that the credibility of the category of small island developing States has been strengthened, for which UNCTAD has adopted a list of 29 small island developing States for analytical and practical purposes.", "(c) Support to intergovernmental processes", "26. In 2010, the United Nations system, in cooperation with relevant regional intergovernmental organizations, organized consultations within the framework of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States to collectively support the preparatory process for the high-level five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy at the national, regional, interregional and global levels. This support is normative and includes: (a) providing small island developing States, upon request, with national advisory funds for national assessments; (b) commissioning regional assessments; and (c) providing substantive and logistical arrangements for funding, planning, organization and coordination of preparatory meetings, interregional meetings and high-level meetings in the three regions of small island developing States. Similar support is being provided for the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "27. The Small Island Developing States Unit also provided support to the negotiations during the General Assembly on the review and follow-up of the Mauritius Strategy and issues related to the Caribbean Sea and coral reefs, as well as to the planning of the Small Island Developing States Day. Small island developing States Day was first proclaimed by the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2005 and was observed during each review session. The Office of the High Representative organized capacity-building activities to enhance the negotiating capacity of government officials from small island developing States and provided support for negotiations at the Fish Stocks Conference.", "(d) Knowledge management", "28. Knowledge management is another key function of the Small Island Developing States Unit. The Unit actively strengthens information activities for decision-making in small island developing States and facilitates networking among stakeholders. As part of its long-term work, the Unit has dedicated sections on the website of the Division for Sustainable Development. Through this portal, small island developing States have access to information on the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy from multiple sources. In addition, the Unit supports the Small Island Developing States Information Network, the first of which was established in 1997 as a direct follow-up to the Barbados Programme of Action. As part of a new project funded by the Government of Spain, the information network is being redesigned and fully updated. The information network will be transformed into a central knowledge management system and platform that is urgently needed for many other activities, such as sharing knowledge and experience and exploring partnership opportunities.", "29. The ESCAP and ECLAC websites provide information for their respective subregions. The GEF website contains special sections on small island developing States, networks and organizations, GEF-related experiences of island countries, GEF-funded small island developing States projects, topics of interest, and country profiles and contacts.", "30. The World Bank has a small country sub-site and FAO has a dedicated web page providing information on specific projects of interest to small island developing States. UNESCO has a dedicated platform to provide information on actions taken in favour of small island developing States within the framework of various chapters of the Mauritius Strategy. There is an island biodiversity web portal on the CBD integrated website. The UNCTAD website has a sub-site on small island developing States, which provides useful material and links.", "31. Each UNDP subregional office has a dedicated website for small island developing States. In the Pacific subregion, UNDP partnered with the Pacific Islands Forum secretariat, the University of the South Pacific and the Asian Development Bank and created the Pacific Response Exchange Platform, a virtual community of practice involving experts, policymakers and practitioners from 14 island developing countries in the Pacific region.", "2. Technical cooperation/capacity-building support", "32. The number and quality of capacity-building support provided by United Nations organizations to small island developing States has steadily increased. As the needs of small island developing States become clearer, capacity-building support is more targeted. Challenges and gaps persist, and the vulnerability of small island developing States continues to increase as a result of many other factors, such as climate change, increased frequency of disasters, high debt and fuel costs.", "33. The portfolio of projects undertaken by the Division for Sustainable Development, including the Small Island Developing States Unit, for the benefit of small island developing States currently stands at approximately $4.7 million. The projects aim to build the capacity of small island developing States to have access to information and decision-making tools for knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation, the development of national sustainable development strategies and indicators, and to address thematic areas such as climate change, energy, water, human security and community-based disaster management.", "34. UNDP assists small island developing States by providing policy advisory services and delivering development programmes that are closely aligned with national development priorities. With regard to poverty, UNDP is working with a number of small island developing States in the area of financial inclusion to strengthen national capacities in MDG policies and aid effectiveness systems and to facilitate the exchange of knowledge on social protection systems. On governance gaps, UNDP worked closely with national parliaments to strengthen their legislative and oversight capacities and advocate for greater political representation of women. On climate change, UNDP works to enhance the resilience and resilience of communities and provides policy advice to Governments on climate finance. An example of this approach is the UNDP/World Bank Small Island Developing States Dock Initiative, developed in collaboration with the Alliance of Small Island States.", "The Global Environment Facility is the main source of funding for programmes and projects in support of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. For all small island developing States that report OECD-DAC aid statistics, GEF is one of the 10 largest ODA donors. GEF funds projects and programmes on environmental issues, including biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer and persistent organic pollutants.", "36. The efforts of ECLAC and ESCAP have focused mainly on providing technical advice to Governments of small island developing States, upon request. Various projects and activities related to the themes highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy are under way. Results include policy changes influenced by analytical inputs and policy advice provided by the two regional commissions to countries receiving technical cooperation services.", "37. In 2009-2010, the United Nations Division for Public Administration and Development Management, in cooperation with the Caribbean Development Management Centre (CDMC), managed a capacity-building training course on e-government development for Eastern Caribbean countries. In addition, the Division is developing a project entitled “Supporting strategic ICT planning in Caribbean parliaments”, which aims to assist Caribbean parliaments in developing a vision and comprehensive strategic plan for the development of information and communications technology (ICT) in parliaments. The project, which is funded by the European Union, will be implemented jointly with the Development Management Centre.", "38. UNCTAD ' s activities for the benefit of small island developing States are aimed at enhancing their capacity to identify favourable economic opportunities in today ' s global markets and to prevent further marginalization from the global economy. Relevant actions include research and analysis, policy advice to countries and technical assistance in a range of areas, from assisting small island developing States graduating from the least developed country category to developing smooth transition strategies to trade and investment policies. Within the United Nations system, UNCTAD has had the longest experience in its work since 1974 in dealing with issues specific to small island developing States.", "UNEP capacity-building support to small island developing States covers the six cross-cutting priority themes of the UNEP medium-term strategy (2010-2013), namely, climate change, disasters and conflicts, ecosystem management, environmental governance, harmful substances and hazardous waste and resource efficiency. In the Caribbean, UNEP works under its Caribbean small island developing States programme.", "40. The UNESCO programme for 2010-2011 incorporated country-specific interventions for island countries in all activities, with special emphasis on priorities such as climate change, cultural heritage and the identification of locally driven approaches to sustainable development. Several UNESCO programmes have also established subprogrammes specifically to support the implementation of activities in small island developing States members of the organization.", "41. The International Fund for Agricultural Development has supported a large number of projects in small island developing States. IFAD has funded 23 projects in AIMS countries, 8 projects in four Pacific small island developing States and 29 projects in 11 Caribbean countries. The objectives of the projects include facilitating the development of pro-poor policies and programmes, managing fisheries resources in a sustainable and profitable manner, improving the livelihoods of coastal communities threatened by overexploitation of the marine environment, assisting rural families in a wide range of agricultural and non-agricultural income-generating activities and improving their prospects for employment.", "42. FAO has worked in other activities to strengthen the contribution of agriculture, forestry and fisheries to the development agenda of small island developing States. The organization implements national and regional programmes for food security and works to assist small island developing States in integrating sustainable food security policies and programmes into national poverty reduction strategies.", "43. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has undertaken activities aimed at bridging the digital divide between small island developing States and the rest of the world. ITU has focused its efforts on reforming the telecommunications sector in these countries in order to introduce new structures that are more conducive to faster and sustained telecommunications development, to establish well-managed modern networks and to ensure universal access to these services.", "44. The United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF) provided training to government officials in small island developing States in the area of child protection and education in emergencies. UNICEF supported the review and revision of policies aimed at ensuring the right of children to education during disasters and supported research on the impact of climate change on child survival, development, protection and participation.", "45. The World Bank ' s efforts have focused on aligning aid with national priorities and aligning aid programmes with those of other agencies to improve aid effectiveness. In the Pacific, the World Bank has been active in advancing the small States agenda, developing targeted and innovative lending programmes and implementing country-specific programmes of activities. In the Caribbean region, behavioural mitigation provides flexible support, including the provision of conditional loans and an analysis of the impact of natural disasters on insurance markets.", "46. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is involved in the development and strengthening of national intellectual property systems and strategies for economic, social and cultural development in small island developing States in all three regions. Its efforts included the protection of traditional knowledge, the building of regional patent systems and the development of national intellectual property strategies.", "47. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has been active in promoting a number of national and regional projects in small island developing States, mainly in the field of energy.", "3. Analytical support", "(a) Publications", "48. In the period 2005-2010, publications of United Nations organizations related to small island developing States were dominated by non-recurrent publications. There are few ad hoc publications on small island developing States, but many organizations issue thematic or general publications on development issues that cover or are relevant to their concerns.", "49. The following publications of the organizations of the United Nations system deal with topics of direct and indirect relevance to small island developing States: (a) UNCTAD publications on trade and development; (b) UNDP Human Development Report and other general publications on development-related issues; (c) UNESCO publication \" On islands in a Sea of Change: UNESCO Manual on Intersectoral Platforms for Small Island Developing States (d) Various technical reports prepared by the Convention on Biological Diversity in cooperation with UNEP, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and other organizations on issues such as invasive alien species, biodiversity and tourism; (e) two recent publications prepared by the Division for Sustainable Development for the five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, entitled Trends in Sustainable Development: Small Island Developing States [Small Island Developing States] 11] and Successful Experiences of Cooperation among Small Island Developing States: Innovative Partnerships for South-South Cooperation (co-edited with UNDP); (f) Study prepared by ESCAP, with the support of the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation and the Government of Turkey, entitled Enhancing Connectivity in the Pacific (ST/ESCAP/2472); [12] (g) A large number of ECLAC publications, including those contained in the Caribbean Economic Survey, the Preliminary Overview of the Caribbean Economies, the Caribbean Development Report and the Research and Outlook Series; (h) Series of thematic and country papers prepared by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), in cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat, focusing on 11 small island developing States, addressing the role of government policies, in particular social policies, in promoting social development and economic transformation.", "(b) Data and statistics", "50. A number of United Nations system organizations publish specific data on small island developing States and allow users access to country-specific data. The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics focuses on the 29 small island developing States identified in the organization ' s list of operations. The World Bank is one of the main providers of statistics and data on all countries, including small island developing States, especially economic data. UNEP provides a wide range of environmental information, as well as environmental information in individual countries, through publications on its website, including the State of the Environment series. The small island developing States section of the UNESCO website contains links to statistics and data in priority areas such as education statistics, as well as information on research and development and access to data centres. The Centre contains more than 1,000 indicators and raw data on education, literacy, science and technology, culture and communications. UNESCO also assisted member States in improving statistical and analytical capacity. FAO, through FAOSTAT, provides data and statistics on agriculture and food security, including data on small island developing States. It is envisaged that through the updating of the Small Island Developing States Information Network, a portal dedicated to data and statistics on the sustainable development of small island developing States will soon be available. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, in cooperation with the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, produced a special edition of the United Nations Handbook of World Statistics Pocketbook.", "51. At the regional level, ESCAP and ECLAC assisted countries in their respective regions in improving their statistical capacity, strengthening national statistical infrastructures and promoting improved data quality, international comparability and the appropriate application of new technologies. In the Pacific, donors, United Nations organizations and multilateral organizations have worked together to strengthen national disaggregated data and information systems through the 10-year strategy for statistics in the Pacific. In the Caribbean, UNICEF, in partnership with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), supported the development of a web-based database for the development of an information data system, facilitating the sharing of national data on children in the CARICOM secretariat information system (CARICOMInfo) and the Saint Lucia information system (HelenInfo); the secretariat of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and the Governments of Barbados, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have developed their own desktop databases. In addition, in 2009, the United Nations Statistics Division helped the CARICOM secretariat and its member States to develop Caribbean-specific Millennium Development Goals indicators; in 2010, the Division helped to develop the capacity of staff of national statistical offices of CARICOM member States to apply techniques and procedures for the compilation of population and housing census data.", "4. Coordination mechanisms", "52. Coordination mechanisms for the activities of small island developing States within the United Nations system use a diverse and coordinated approach at the national, regional and global levels.", "53. At the country level, UNDP offices coordinate the activities of United Nations organizations by integrating them into the overall framework of United Nations country teams. UNCTs contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by providing coordinated services in support of sustainable development goals and national priorities.", "54. At the regional level, the Caribbean Regional Coordination Mechanism promoted partnerships between ECLAC, UNEP and the secretariats of CARICOM, the Association of Caribbean States and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. In the Pacific, the membership of the Council of Regional Organizations of the Pacific on Sustainable Development includes the United Nations and non-United Nations regional organizations active in the region. UNDP support is coordinated through subregional offices in Fiji and Samoa (for the Pacific) and Barbados (for the Caribbean) and through headquarters focal points. There is no coordination mechanism for small island developing States in the AIMS region, either because of the lack of dedicated subregional coordination offices or because of their geographical dispersion.", "E. Improving coordination", "55. Progress in coordination has been uneven. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit, which is the chair and convener of the Inter-Agency Consultative Group on Small Island Developing States, has the primary responsibility for coordinating activities in support of small island developing States within the United Nations system. The Inter-Agency Group currently has 24 members, with focal points from all relevant United Nations and non-United Nations organizations consulting through this informal coordination mechanism, sharing information and views, undertaking joint planning and facilitating collaborative efforts in support of small island developing States. The inter-agency group promoted coordinated support for the five-year review of the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy, particularly at the national and regional levels. Inter-agency cooperation is being strengthened to provide normative, analytical and capacity-building support to the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. Agencies are also collaborating in the preparation of important reports of the Secretary-General.", "56. At the regional level, ESCAP and ECLAC, through their subregional offices, work closely with other United Nations entities and regional organizations to coordinate United Nations system support to small island developing States. Non-United Nations regional bodies such as CARICOM, the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Pacific Islands Forum provided assistance to ECLAC and ESCAP. Through the work of the two regional commissions, small island developing States are more closely linked to other countries in the region, enhancing regional cooperation.", "57. The United Nations Development Programme, through its country offices and subregional offices in the Pacific and Caribbean regions, plays a significant role in coordinating the activities of the United Nations system at the country and regional levels. This role is supported by a global network of UNDP country offices and subregional offices that help to coordinate the development activities of UNDP and other United Nations organizations in support of the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. Coordination processes are usually based on CCA results, which form the basis for the formulation of United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks for a country or subregion. The Pacific Framework is a good example of this process and of the purpose of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, which aims to provide a coherent “Delivering as one United Nations” approach to development at the national or subregional level. Small island developing States that have adopted this approach include Cape Verde, Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles.", "58. UNEP uses its network of regional offices, environmental conventions, action plans and partnerships to enhance the delivery of its activities. UNEP also coordinates activities for small island developing States through the Regional Seas Programme and the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. [13] UNESCO works closely with key partners such as the Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific and CARICOM in delivering programmes to small island developing States. UNIDO has partnered with UNDP, FAO, IFAD, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Trade Organization, UNEP and GEF in providing services to small island developing States. UNCTAD actively cooperates with the Small Island Developing States Unit at United Nations Headquarters on various issues related to the inter-agency consultative group; with ESCAP in providing technical assistance to Asian and Pacific countries graduating from the least developed country category; with UNDP in providing direct support to graduating small island developing States at the local level; and with regional intergovernmental organizations in the Caribbean, the Pacific and the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Seas regions.", "Issues for consideration", "59. The overall conclusion is that, in general, the United Nations system, in accordance with its respective mandates, has provided a wide range of targeted support measures to small island developing States to help implement the Mauritius Strategy. However, there is room for improvement and improvement in the implementation of coherent programmes.", "60. United Nations support should be strengthened to accelerate progress in the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, in line with the priorities set out in the Mauritius Strategy, and should help address the sustainable development challenges that small island developing States continue to face, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/2. Concerted action should be taken on key elements to deepen the work of the United Nations system. In view of these key factors discussed below and the lessons learned from the difficulties in mainstreaming the concerns of small island developing States into the work programmes of United Nations entities, Member States may wish to consider, inter alia, the following issues.", "A. Mainstreaming", "61. The Mauritius Strategy and several General Assembly resolutions have emphasized the need for United Nations entities to mainstream the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy into their processes and programmes. One of the main findings of the present report is that, as a whole, United Nations entities have effectively mainstreamed the concerns of small island developing States into their work programmes. Entities have taken different approaches to this in accordance with their respective mandates. The variety of approaches used by United Nations system organizations shows that many practices work with determination and adequate resources.", "Recommendation 1 could be effectively mainstreamed into the work of the United Nations system in a number of ways. Mainstreaming does not necessitate the development of specific, stand-alone programmes for these countries. The proven approach has been an agency-wide strategic approach to ensure that issues related to the priorities of small island developing States are integrated into the broader global work programme of United Nations organizations. Thereafter, regional and local offices could promote the development of specific projects and programmes tailored to the specific needs of their respective constituent countries.", "B. A coherent and coordinated approach", "62. One area where progress has been uneven relates to the development of a coherent and coordinated approach to issues of close relevance to small island developing States: some achievements have been made, but some gaps remain to be overcome. Despite the leadership of the Small Island Developing States Unit in coordinating relevant activities within the United Nations system and repeated calls by the General Assembly for its strengthening, the Unit is constrained by insufficient human resources. High-level mechanisms such as the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, owing to their complex mandates, are unlikely to specifically address issues related to small island developing States.", "63. At the global level, the Inter-Agency Consultative Group, although of an informal nature, has been effective in coordinating the concerns of small island developing States at the working level. The engagement of regional intergovernmental entities outside the United Nations system has strengthened the work of the Group. It was suggested that the mechanism should be considered with the participation of heads of agencies at the agency level, whether it should have a more formal structure and whether the important findings of its discussions could be more systematically integrated into United Nations system-wide coordination mechanisms such as the United Nations Development Group.", "64. At the regional level, the UNDP subregional offices, as well as those of ESCAP and ECLAC, have played an important role in coordinating the activities of the United Nations system and are well placed to monitor the implementation of activities related to the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy at the regional level. In the Caribbean, the United Nations-CARICOM regional strategic framework, as a technical assistance coordination mechanism, could be aligned with the decisions of the ECLAC Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee to better reflect the views of Caribbean countries. This complementarity will ensure that the normative activities of the United Nations Secretariat are linked to the technical cooperation activities of the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies. This will help streamline the overall regional coordination mechanism, promote policy coherence and ensure that the United Nations does indeed deliver as one.", "65. In the Pacific region, the Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific is an effective coordination mechanism at the regional level. The Pacific Plan Action Committee is another forum for collective monitoring, priority-setting and policy oversight, contributing to the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "66. Regional institutional frameworks for sustainable development could be developed for small island developing States in the AIMS region without a regional coordination mechanism or United Nations regional offices. UNDP, through its country offices, can play a key role in this regard by helping to provide coordinated support to small island developing States, thereby promoting the “Delivering as one United Nations” approach. In the absence of a small island developing States-specific office or programme, the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) may wish to focus on ensuring that the special needs and priorities of small island developing States in the region are included in its work programme.", "67. At the country level, the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process provides an example of good practice that helps the United Nations system to implement coherent and coordinated development programmes. Small island developing States that have implemented the “Delivering as one United Nations” approach at the country level and have achieved positive results include Cape Verde, Comoros, Mauritius and Seychelles.", "Recommendation 2 At the global level, efforts could be directed, inter alia, towards strengthening and expanding the role of the inter-agency consultative group on small island developing States, reviewing its operational modalities, exploring the formalization of the group and considering its possible contribution to United Nations system-wide coordination mechanisms. At the regional level, United Nations organizations with representation in the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Seas regions should collectively explore ways to establish coordinated support mechanisms for small island developing States. At the country level, efforts could be directed, inter alia, to ensure that an increasing number of small island developing States are using the United Nations Development Assistance Framework process as one.", "C. Institutional support", "68. United Nations entities have taken various ways to provide institutional support to small island developing States. Some organizations have established specific structures to coordinate such support, while others have mandated regional offices in the subregion to coordinate their activities. However, if the unit responsible for dealing with specific island-related issues has a broader regional or programmatic mandate, these issues may be “insensitive”. Therefore, the establishment of a dedicated office and/or focal point would help to coordinate support actions for small island developing States.", "Recommendation 3 While there is no ideal mechanism for providing effective institutional support to small island developing States, the establishment or strengthening of a dedicated, well-defined focal point within each United Nations entity dealing with the concerns of small island developing States or related thematic issues is essential to provide effective support to those States. The strengthening of the Small Island Developing States Unit of the Division for Sustainable Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs is essential and requires more urgent attention than ever before to providing effective support to small island developing States in the above-mentioned four areas, particularly in continuing to help them address their vulnerabilities, build resilience and articulate special development situations.", "Knowledge management", "69. Information and knowledge are the primary monitoring, decision-making and evaluation tools for the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy and all relevant organizations of the United Nations system should play an important catalytic role in helping to provide, analyse and disseminate such knowledge within their specific mandates. Small island developing States-specific websites, such as the updated Small Island Developing States Information Network, can help small island developing States to promote effective knowledge management and partnerships, networking and collaboration among United Nations system organizations, among small island developing States and with other partners. Other pages on the websites of all relevant organizations involving island States should be complemented by links to specialized websites in order to facilitate access to technical and policy resources of interest to small island developing States.", "Recommendation 4 should strengthen, with the active participation of all small island developing States and their partners, websites that specifically address the concerns of small island developing States, such as the Small Island Developing States Information Network, to effectively promote partnerships, share knowledge and expertise, accumulate relevant data and information, and facilitate networking, as well as to provide significant links to the respective websites of small island developing States. These websites should be easily accessible and contain comprehensive information on all activities of concern to small island developing States, including updated financial information on ongoing projects and programmes.", "E. Common position", "70. A key example of experience and success has been the correct way in which United Nations entities have helped small island developing States to speak with one voice in international forums. This has helped to ensure that the priorities and concerns of these countries are reflected in global and regional decisions, including the implementation of the outcomes of United Nations conferences. At the global level, the Small Island Developing States Unit and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States have helped small island developing States to express their concerns and priorities to the extent possible and to promote their solidarity and cooperation, despite inadequate resources. Positive examples include support for the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and assistance to small island developing States delegations during United Nations meetings. Similarly, ESCAP and ECLAC have helped small island developing States in their respective regions to work together and articulate common positions at the regional and global levels. UNESCO has also contributed to this process through initiatives such as the Small Islands Voice and the Climate Front. Other specialized agencies have also played a catalytic role.", "Recommendation 5 The Small Island Developing States Unit, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, in particular the regional commissions, should play an active and catalytic role in helping small island developing States to voice their particular concerns and priorities in a collective voice. Other United Nations organizations should be encouraged to play an increasingly important role in helping small island developing States to make their voices heard in international forums.", "Roles and responsibilities", "71. The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy identified the key role of the United Nations system in supporting implementation in programme areas for the sustainable development of small island developing States. Numerous General Assembly resolutions (e.g. 59/311 and 65/2) have highlighted these important roles. In those resolutions, the Assembly reaffirmed that small island developing States themselves had the primary responsibility for the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, but that the relevant United Nations organizations had a key role to play in supporting and assisting national efforts within their respective areas of expertise and mandate. The present analysis concludes that the United Nations system has provided a wide range of support to facilitate national implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action, from coordinating activities, funding and implementation of major projects and programmes to the active support of specialized agencies. However, small island developing States have an important role to play in ensuring that United Nations organizations are able to provide targeted support to their national efforts. Small island developing States have multiple opportunities to partner with United Nations system organizations to tailor their services to their special needs and priorities. At the country level, these opportunities include, inter alia, the Global Support Programme for National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) funded by GEF, the Common Country Assessment (CCA) carried out by UNDP and the United Nations Development Assessment Framework coordinated by the United Nations system. Each small island developing State should take advantage of these and other relevant processes to benefit fully from the support of all relevant United Nations organizations, agencies, programmes and funds.", "Recommendation 6 Small island developing States and the United Nations system should take advantage of opportunities for close cooperation through national capacity self-assessment, common country assessments and United Nations Development Assistance Framework processes. The organizations of the United Nations system should strengthen their cooperation in bringing together all relevant non-United Nations regional organizations to enable small island developing States to fully benefit from the support of the United Nations system and to help the United Nations system better adapt its services to the special needs and priorities of small island developing States.", "G. Further highlighting the importance of small island developing States", "72. A number of organizations have undertaken analytical work on the special vulnerabilities of small island developing States. UNCTAD ' s analytical work focused on the structural weaknesses and development needs of small island developing States and the criteria for inclusion in the LDC cluster, which includes some small island developing States. UNDP conducted a debt sustainability study.", "73. The secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the World Bank have been working on climate change adaptation, risk assessment and insurance mechanisms. Threats to biodiversity are addressed within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "Recommendation 7 All relevant United Nations organizations should continue to undertake analytical work in a coordinated and comprehensive manner to address the special vulnerabilities of small island developing States and to explore ways to help them build resilience so as to enhance the visibility of small island developing States in various climate change, economic and trade forums.", "[1] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigenda), vol. I: Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex II.", "[2] Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[3] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10-14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[4] See resolution 65 (XXI) of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee, contained in part III of the report of the Committee on its twenty-first session (16 and 17 January 2006) (LC/CAR/L.86).", "[5] See Council decision 22/13 of 7 February 2003 (A/58/25, annex).", "[6] See resolution 48 adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at its thirty-second session (29 September-17 October 2003).", "[7] See the Accra Accord adopted at the twelfth session of UNCTAD in 2008 (TD/442/Corr.1, sect. II).", "[8] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1760, No. 30619.", "[9] Ibid., vol. 1771, No. 30822.", "[10] Ibid., vol. 1954, No. 33480.", "[11] United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[12] United Nations publication, Sales No. 08.II.F.14.", "[13] See A/51/116, annex II." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目23(b)", "消除贫穷和其他发展问题：妇女参与发展", "将性别观点纳入国家发展战略", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "根据大会关于妇女参与发展的第64/217号决议的要求，本报告重点讨论在联合国系统和捐助国的支持下，将性别观点纳入国家发展战略。本报告强调促进性别平等的预算编制是这一方面的良好做法，并提出建议供大会审议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在关于妇女参与发展的第64/217号决议中，确认了两性平等与消除贫穷和实现所有千年发展目标之间相辅相成的联系，并敦促会员国和联合国系统增强妇女权能，使妇女有能力积极有效地参与国家发展和(或)除贫政策、战略和方案的拟定、落实和评价工作。", "2. 大会请秘书长向其第六十六届会议提交一份报告，说明本决议的执行进展，包括将性别观点纳入国家发展战略的情况。本报告根据会员国和联合国系统提供的资料，[1] 审查各国政府采取的措施，联合国系统提供的支持，以及捐助方和新的援助实效议程的作用。本报告强调促进性别平等的预算编制和规划是一个良好的做法范例，并在最后提出建议，供大会审议。", "二. 背景", "3. 尽管由于一些发展中国家的经济增长和在卫生和教育等一些目标领域的有针对性的工作，在实现千年发展目标[2] 方面取得了进展，城市和农村地区之间以及在经济上或因性别、年龄、残疾或族裔处于最弱势地位的人与其他人之间的巨大差距依然存在。来自最贫穷家庭和生活在农村或冲突地区的儿童是最可能失学的，女童尤其如此。一些区域的女童获得中等教育的途径仍然受到限制。较高的教育水平对女童和妇女获得必要的技能以适应当前劳动力市场的需求，仍然十分重要。", "4. 产妇死亡继续集中在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚，2007年这两个地区的产妇死亡人数占全球产妇死亡人数的87%。2009年，妇女占全球艾滋病毒感染者的51.6%，而年龄在15-24岁的年轻妇女占该年龄组的艾滋病毒感染者的60%。[3]", "5. 在世界各地，妇女获得就业、资源和决策职位的途径仍然是一项挑战。在过去的近20年中，妇女在非农业有偿就业中的份额仅增长了5%——从1990年的35%增至2009年的40%。由于2008-2009年的金融和经济危机，最近几年的进展更为缓慢。根据最近的估计，如能获得与男子同样的生产资源，妇女可以使发展中国家的总农业产出提高2.5%-4%、并使世界上的饥饿人口数量减少12-17%。[4] 在过去15年中，女议员的百分比仅从1995年的11.6%增至2011年的19.3%，九个国家仍然没有一位女议员。", "6. 为应对这些挑战，各会员国再次确认发展、和平以及安全和人权是彼此相关和相辅相成的，并且通过充分有效地执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》等方式促进性别平等和增强妇女权能是一个关键的发展目标和实现所有千年发展目标的重要途径。", "7. 在2010年《北京行动纲要》执行情况15年审查期间(见E/CN.6/2010/2)，确认了一些对于实现性别平等目标至关重要的共同战略。这些战略包括加强性别平等主流化战略，以确保在政策、战略、计划和在所有政策领域分配资源(包括国家发展战略)的设计、执行、监测和评价方面系统和有效地考虑男子和男童的需求和优先事项的同时也系统和有效地考虑妇女和女童的需求和优先事项。其他实现性别平等目标的积极因素包括明显的领导作用、在政府机构各级加强能力建设、性别平等国家机制更强有力地参与决策、分配更多专门用于特定性别的资源以及发展和使用监测和问责系统以跟踪结果。", "8. 政府间机构多次重申对性别问题有敏感认识的国家政策对促进在性别平等和千年发展目标方面取得进展的重要性。在2010年经济及社会理事会部长宣言中，各会员国承诺确保国家发展计划对促进性别平等和增强妇女权能作出系统贡献。同样的，在大会2010年高级别全体会议上通过的第65/1号决议中确认，需要将性别平等问题纳入发展政策的拟定和实施工作的主流。", "9. 《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》(见A/CONF.219/ 3/Rev.1)包括引导为实现持续、公平和有包容性的经济增长的国内政策以及国际支助措施的目标。该《纲领》显示性别平等和增强妇女权能是一个优先领域，对于最不发达国家的社会和人类发展以及消除贫困方面取得进展至关重要。最不发达国家承诺编制和继续执行顾及妇女和女童需求的国家发展计划。承诺还涉及加强相关国家机制的作用、扩大用于性别平等和增强妇女权能的资源以及促进妇女在所有决策领域中的有效代表和参与。发展伙伴承诺为执行加强妇女的经济和创收机会、生产性就业和获得生产资源的政策和方案提供财政和技术支助。", "10. 为加强联合国提供的发展援助的有效性，三年期全面政策审查(见大会第62/208号决议)认识到不存在“一刀切”的发展方式，联合国的发展援助应符合国家发展计划和战略。该决议侧重于执行工作并在包括性别平等和增强妇女权能在内的多个领域提供了详细的指导。该决议呼吁进一步使联合国发展援助框架与国家进程相吻合。", "三. 将性别观点纳入国家发展政策和战略", "11. 根据各会员国和联合国系统提供的资料，第三节讨论为将性别观点纳入国家发展政策和战略所做的努力。国家发展战略通常是概述国家发展优先事项的多年期文件，包括减贫战略、国家协调机制和农村发展战略等部门计划。这些战略通常是基于为实现经济、社会和环境目标所开展的协调一致的工作，并遵循国家自主权、各部门综合政策、广泛参与、能力发展、重视成果和执行工作以及执行方式的原则。", "12. 根据经济及社会理事会第1997/2号商定结论中对性别平等主流化的定义、将性别观点纳入国家发展规划和战略需要评估和分析特定国家的妇女和男子的境况、确定性别平等所面临的具体障碍、系统地编制各个部门对性别平等有敏感认识的战略的方案，并监测和评价成果，以实现性别平等目标和解决妇女和女童面临的不平等问题。尽管在所有部门和决策的所有阶段均需要开展性别平等主流化工作，这些工作需要辅以旨在缩小特定差距或应对妇女和女童所面临挑战的有针对性的干预措施，这是促进性别平等的双管齐下的战略的一个必要组成部分。", "13. 各国政府在所要求的联合国系统的支持下，使用不同方法将性别观点纳入其发展战略。各国政府越来越多地将性别问题确认为优先事项或系统纳入政策制定、执行、监测和评价的各个阶段主流的共有问题。", "14. 例如，在萨尔瓦多，2010-2014年国家发展计划将性别平等作为一个共有问题列入，并将消除贫穷和基于性别的歧视和暴力确认为优先领域。在印度尼西亚，发展工作计划性别平等主流化作为所有国家发展方案和活动的指导性原则之一列入。[5] 新西兰对性别平等作出了长期承诺，并要求所有政府机构将性别平等分析作为其政策的基础。该国还要求在所有向内阁社会发展委员会提交的文件中加入性别影响所涉问题说明。", "15. 在其他情况下，多个国家在其国家发展战略用一个专门章节说明与妇女和女童有关的具体优先事项，如女童的教育、生殖健康、妇女参与决策和处理暴力侵害妇女问题。叙利亚阿拉伯共和国在其第十一个五年(2011-2015年)计划的高等教育、卫生和减贫等节中涉及了减少性别不平等和增强妇女权能问题，而在司法等其他节中仅部分涉及了该问题。[6]", "16. 在一些国家，联合国实体为国家政府提供了支持，以确保将性别观点纳入执行、监测和评价国家发展战略的程序中。例如，开发署在亚太地区向20多个国家提供了支持，以实现在2010年将性别观点纳入国家规划和实施框架。2009年，开发署与人口基金合作，向马尔代夫政府提供了技术支持，以确保将性别观点纳入其五年国家发展战略及其监测和评价框架中。在摩尔多瓦，开发署为将性别平等纳入包括国家发展战略在内的各种发展计划的主流提供了支持。妇女署与人口基金合作，在编制国家发展计划的性别平等主流化指标方面向印度尼西亚政府提供了技术支持。在约旦，人口基金与开发署合作，支持政府加强监测机制的工作，以促进在实现千年发展目标和国家优先事项方面，包括与性别平等和增强妇女权能有关的目标方面取得进展。", "17. 很多国家设立了补充国家发展战略的性别平等行动计划，但在各个国家中这两个政策工具的关系大相径庭。一些国家采取了具体的措施，使关于性别平等的国家行动计划符合国家发展战略。在其他国家，关于性别平等的国家行动计划被列为国家发展战略中的一章。 经验显示，若性别平等行动计划是在进行国家和部门协商后编制的或在编制这两个文件的过程中明确建立了两者联系，则使这两个政策工具相吻合的工作较为成功。[7]", "18. 推动性别平等的国家机制是实现性别平等的所有工作的关键组成部分。这些机制往往负责促进、支持和监测将性别观点纳入所有政策领域，包括国家发展战略的工作。这些机制牵头编制性别平等计划、战略和方案，并监测其执行工作。它们通常负责协调和监测各个政府机构的性别平等主流化和能力发展工作。在国家机制与民间社会组织、尤其是妇女组织密切合作，并促使其参与编制国家政策和战略的国家，存在促进解决与妇女有关的关键优先事项的较强集体愿望。国家机制还参与加强各个部门按性别分列的数据的收集和分析工作(见E/CN.6/2010/2)。", "19. 因此，推动性别平等的国家机制有可以支配的有效履行其任务所需的资源、能力和技能至关重要。一个2010年开展的对推动性别平等的国家机制的研究显示，在多个领域取得了进展，包括在实现性别平等和增强妇女权能目标方面的更大政治透明度、在所有区域使用性别平等主流化战略的增加、发展解决性别平等问题方面的能力和改善数据收集和分析。但是，推动性别平等的国家机制在发挥性别平等主流化的催化剂作用方面仍然面临挑战，包括在政府机构内的边缘化、领导层的频繁重组和变更、分散和设计不当的任务、有限的工作人员和预算资源、解决国家机制内部和其他政府机构中性别平等问题的技术专业知识不足、国家机制的不同组成部分间缺乏协调、效率低下的监测和评价系统以及数据收集和分析的有限能力。[8]", "20. 为本报告提供资料的一些会员国提供了所采取的措施和国家机制所实现结果的例子。萨尔瓦多妇女发展研究所为支持国家发展计划编制了2011-2014年妇女国家政策。该政策将增强妇女经济权能视为一个关键领域，并努力消除当前劳工和经济政策工具中所有直接和间接的歧视。", "21. 在斐济，妇女部编制的妇女行动计划(2009-2018年)包括国家发展计划——变革战略框架和2005-2015年太平洋行动纲领的政策目标。该计划提供了对政府政策和方案的性别分析，并确认了关键的行动领域和政府的适当战略。", "22. 在阿富汗，妇女事务部将性别观点纳入了与国家发展战略有关的方案。作为国家发展战略中三个机制的主席，该部撰写了有关性别平等的章节，并对所有其他章节进行了最后性别审查，目的是将性别平等作为一个共有战略加以实行。[9] 该部在联合国妇女署的支持下，通过支持职能部委和地方政府履行其根据该计划作出的承诺和监测18个职能部委的计划执行工作等方式，努力实行《阿富汗妇女问题国家行动计划》。[10]", "23. 在新西兰，妇女事务部支持政府机构并就对妇女产生直接影响的政策向政府机构提供咨询，并将其工作侧重于需要改善的领域，包括提高担任领导职务的妇女人数、打击暴力侵害妇女行为和实现所有妇女均获得更大经济独立。同样的，在澳大利亚，妇女独立委员会通过确保所有政策、服务和举措都是对性别问题有敏感认识的和评价其对妇女和男子的影响，采取全政府方式进行性别平等主流化。[11]", "24. 在丹麦，性别平等部负责通过协调、编制和执行政府政策，实行性别平等领域的政府举措。该部还就有关性别平等的问题向议会提供咨询。", "25. 在意大利，机会均等部为一个项目进行了协调，该项目为12个部委提供有关将性别观点纳入各个部门的讲习班和培训课程。该项目就编制促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的社会和经济政策和建设有关将性别观点纳入规划进程和政策设计方面的能力提供支助。", "26. 在一些国家，职能部委与推动性别平等的国家机制合作，将性别观点纳入部门政策和方案中。在多哥，基层发展、工艺品、青年和青年就业部通过宣传活动和能力发展等方式，与推动性别平等的国家机制和非政府组织密切合作。希腊在其实质性性别平等国家方案(2010-2013年)中呼吁性别平等总秘书处和其他职能部委开展合作，以将性别观点纳入所有部门的主流。", "27. 联合国各实体还支持会员国将性别观点纳入各个部门和领域的发展计划的工作，其中包括卫生、就业、工作和生活技能培训、贩运人口、生殖健康、妇女教育和培训、妇女参政、妇女人权、领导和决策、解决冲突和暴力侵害妇女。妇女署通过多种途径支持各个部门的性别平等主流化工作，包括向会员国提供技术援助、促进政府和民间社会之间开展对话、与推动性别平等的国家机制合作以及加强民间社会组织尤其是妇女组织的能力。", "28. 通过培训、准则和其他工具等方式发展工作人员和机构的能力，是确保性别问题在国家政策及其执行工作中得到系统反映的关键因素之一。在阿富汗，妇女事务部就性别平等主流化问题为国家发展战略的编制提供指导。在墨西哥，社会发展秘书修订了该国不同方案的业务规则，以确保这些方案的执行工作促进性别平等。现在，新的方案需要明确提及其通过性别观点的逐步主流化以及有关方案受益人和结果的按性别分列的数据和指标的收集和使用，对促进性别平等的贡献。在塞内加尔，包括来自该国政府、民间社会和联合国性别平等问题专题小组代表的性别问题技术委员会，为将性别观点纳入第三份减贫战略文件编制了一个需要解决的重要问题的说明。", "29. 将性别观点系统纳入国家发展战略的设计和执行需要部门一级的干预和跨部门方法和包括职能部委、发展伙伴、民间社会、妇女网络和私营部门在内的所有利益攸关方之间的伙伴关系。例如，多哥基层发展、工艺品、青年和青年就业部每两年组织一次有关国家发展战略的编制、执行和监测的利益攸关方论坛，以审查所取得的进展。印度尼西亚政府规定，妇女团体应有代表参加发展规划工作，以确保将妇女的关切事项纳入国家发展规划进程。[12]", "30. 在一些国家，推动性别平等的国家机制和联合国各实体之间的合作确保了民间社会和妇女团体参与到国家发展规划进程中。例如，在厄瓜多尔，联合国妇女署与国家机制合作，支持和促进政府与民间社会之间开展讨论。其结果是，性别平等被很好地纳入到厄瓜多尔美好生活国家计划中，该计划包含旨在实现性别平等的46个政策和12个战略目标中的性别平等做法。[13]", "31. 在印度，妇女署、人口基金和儿基会与该国政府合作，在编制国家五年发展计划期间协调了政府和妇女组织之间的多次协商。这一举措使基层妇女的优先事项和需求列入五年计划中，并促进了开放、参与和透明的程序。[14]", "32. 国家发展战略和性别平等行动计划的有效性在很大程度上取决于列入年度目标得到的好处，这些年度目标的成本是可以计算的并有执行这些目标的充足和可持续的预算。在萨尔瓦多，有关平等和公正的法律确认需要在下一次国家公共预算中核准充足的公共资源。确保妇女享有无暴力生活权利的特别法律规定为执行该法分配公共资源。该法规定，政府必须通过财政部确保在国家预算中为负责执行该法的机构分配年度预算。", "良好做法实例：促进性别平等的预算编制和规划", "33. 最近几年，越来越多的国家政府采取了切实的措施，以系统方式支持促进性别平等的规划和预算编制。促进性别平等的预算编制是指有助于促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的政府规划、方案拟定和预算编制。它需要确定缩小政府政策和预算中的性别平等差距所需的干预措施，以及监测和评价为履行政府有关性别平等的承诺分配的财务资源。此种工作可以帮助政府决定政策是否需要调整和如何进行调整，以及为实现性别平等目标需要重新分配资源的领域。", "34. 自从80年代在澳大利亚首次试行后，促进性别平等的预算编制得到了政府和非政府组织的越来越多的关注。《北京行动纲要》捐助国政府强调各国政府应作出努力，系统地审查妇女如何从公共部门开支受益，调整预算以确保男女平等利用公共部门开支，并履行在其他联合国首脑会议和专题会议中作出的与性别有关的承诺，这在国际上引起了各国政府和非政府组织的更大兴趣(见A/Conf.177/20/Rev.1，第346段)。", "35. 目前，在所有区域有60多个有关促进性别平等的预算编制的国家倡议。几个联合国实体，包括开发署、人口基金和妇女署正在支持世界各地的促进性别平等的预算编制倡议。2008年，妇女署与欧洲联盟委员会合作，发起了一个旨在将促进性别平等的预算编制纳入援助有效性议程的方案。在这个三年方案的初始阶段，在十个发展中国家开展了研究，[15] 以调查促进性别平等的预算编制工具和战略如何在援助模式中得到使用。妇女署和欧洲联盟委员会在该研究中提出，将性别观点纳入国家规划、预算编制和监测和评价系统和工具可以通过改善接受援助国的管理和援助的提供，加强援助在实现性别平等目标方面的有效性。因此，促进性别平等的预算编制需要应用在捐助做法、国家程序和联合协调机制中。[16] 根据研究结果，正在开展该方案的第二阶段，并为五个国家提供有针对性的技术支助。[17]", "36. 在拉丁美洲，很多国家引入了促进性别平等的预算编制，包括阿根廷、玻利维亚、巴西、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拉圭、秘鲁和多民族玻利维亚国。这些国家中的几个国家的规划、经济或财政部印发的预算准则要求各部门部委和地方政府为解决性别平等问题的方案分配预算。在厄瓜多尔，财政部专门编制了一个预算分类办法，以跟踪政府为实行机会均等计划划拨的资源和支出。此外，若干学术机构正在推动在促进性别平等的规划和预算编制领域建设公务员的能力。拉丁美洲社会科学院等学术机构向厄瓜多尔规划和预算编制部门的公务员提供有关性别和宏观经济以及促进性别平等的预算编制的课程。在地方一级，该区域的几个国家，尤其是厄瓜多尔和玻利维亚采用的参与性的预算程序，是妇女通过地方听证会和与民间社会组织的协商积极参与地方决策的切入点。同样的，巴西的妇女组织在敦促政府为有关妇女健康和暴力侵害妇女的方案分配更多财政资源方面取得了成功。[18]", "37. 在摩洛哥，自2002年以来一直努力将性别平等问题作为公共财政管理制度和公共行政改革的一部分纳入规划和预算编制工具和程序。自2007年起连续三年，总理发布的预算准则列入了与通过部门计划和预算解决性别平等问题有关的建议。性别报告附于年度预算，在该预算中部门部委报告其与对性别问题有敏感认识的指标有关的业绩。在财政部的领导下，形成了一个全面的能力发展办法，该办法有助于加强财政部和部门部委的规划和预算编制工作人员的能力。财政部还积极促进与一些国家的南南学习，包括厄瓜多尔、海地和塞内加尔。[19]", "38. 在卢旺达，财政和经济规划部牵头在该国开展将性别观点纳入国家规划和预算编制程序主流的工作。为应对能力发展的高需求，卢旺达财政和银行学校为预算和规划干事编制了一个有关促进性别平等的经济政策管理的培训课程，其重点是减贫战略和宏观经济政策。该课程使参与者了解宏观经济政策和性别不平等之间的联系。在部门一级，卢旺达努力通过支持一些基于社区的民间社会组织发展有关对性别问题有敏感认识的预算分析和预算跟踪的能力，将性别观点纳入农业部门。[20]", "39. 在坦桑尼亚联合共和国，在财政和经济事务部的领导下，针对选定部委、部门和机构的经济学家和预算干事开展了能力发展工作，以在部门一级应用促进性别平等的预算编制方法，并使部门方案符合该国的国家增长和减贫战略中的性别平等指标。此外，非洲的五个国家[21] 目前正在通过促进性别平等的规划、方案拟定和预算编制，对改善妇女在地方一级获得资源和服务进行投资，以更好地解决妇女的优先事项。[22]", "40. 在尼泊尔，财政部在预算系统的全面改革中，于2007-2008年引入了促进性别平等的预算编制办法，并要求各部委使用五个指标根据其支持性别平等的程度将其方案预算分类：妇女的能力发展、妇女对方案制定和执行的参与、有关妇女的公共开支的受益归属、对妇女就业和创收的支持以及对妇女的时间利用和护理工作的积极影响。这一预算分类推动了监测系统的设立，该系统使机构问责得到加强，以加强注重成果的管理和为规划和方案拟定提供资料的对性别问题有敏感认识的预算分析的持续使用。一个促进性别平等的预算委员会对这一举措进行监督。[23]", "41. 证据显示，促进性别平等的预算编制有助于缩小政府对实现性别平等目标的承诺和资源分配之间的差距，促进有关对妇女使用公共资源的问责制，并通过民间社会的参与增加政策程序的透明度。此外，促进性别平等的预算编制举措在其他领域也作出了贡献，包括：建设政府机构的规划和预算编制的能力，尤其是在预算改革的背景下；引入政策改革和制定业务框架，将性别观点纳入预算编制系统的主流；促进性别平等倡导者参与规划和预算编制程序；支持民间社会的促进性别平等的预算监测举措。[24]", "四. 将性别观点纳入联合国发展援助框架", "42. 联合国作出协同一致的努力，通过国家一级的联合国系统业务活动共同战略框架——联合国发展援助框架等方式，协助会员国将性别观点纳入其发展战略。该框架是在《共同国家评估》的分析和共同努力的基础上制定的，该评估研究国家发展情况并确定关键发展问题。该框架在千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标的框架内，提供了一个联合国系统对国家发展优先事项的共同的、协调一致的综合回应。", "43. 联合国自从在90年代末首次推出发展援助框架后，一直努力加强发展援助框架和共同国家评估中的性别观点。为审查评估/框架中的性别主流化进展，联合国委托开展了多次研究，最近一次是审查在2006-2009年期间完成的51个评估/框架。[25] 在这次审查中，强调性别平等是一个共有主题，并且在审查的51个框架中，略超过一半的框架具体界定了性别平等成果。审查发现，所有评估都提及了有关的按性别分列的数据，尤其是关于妇女健康和女童教育的数据。", "44. 虽然发展援助框架越来越重视妇女参政，规划和方案拟定主要集中在妇女健康和女童教育这两个传统领域。约一半的框架侧重于加强妇女的话语权和对决策的参与。很少有框架涉及妇女的生计问题和获得生产资源的问题。[26]", "45. 解决暴力侵害妇女问题的重要性有所增加，所有发展援助框架中约四分之一的框架将其列为优先成果领域，[27] 而在较早版本的框架中，该问题获得的关注较少。[28] 令人惊讶的是，很少有联发援框架大量引述在执行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的国家经验和有关这些经验的报告，将其作为诊断或问责工具。此外，尽管很多国家提及歧视妇女的传统规范和做法，并将其视为妇女作出选择和参与决策能力的障碍，很少国家提出解决这一问题的切实措施或活动。[29]", "46. 在监测和评价领域取得了最大的进展。 在一些领域对较早版本的发展援助框架进行了显著的改善，包括：拟定明确的性别平等成果、制定与其他成果领域有关的性别平等产出和在需要衡量的领域以及监测和评价框架中的指标之间建立明确的联系。 [30]", "47. 该研究确定了以下有助于更好地将性别平等优先事项纳入发展援助框架的因素：强有力的高级管理层的支持和为性别平等问题专题小组分配充足的资源；对与明确方案成果有关的关键问题的令人信服的分析；健全的执行程序和进展跟踪机制；明确阐明的性别平等产出和指标；在编制框架期间解决性别平等问题的丰富的技术专业知识和具体规定向与性别平等有关的活动分配资源的机制。[31]", "48. 尽管在2006年开展的上次审查中，缺乏有关专门为性别平等目的分配的资源的资料被确定为一个限制因素，[32] 这种情况仍在继续。总体上，很少的发展援助框架明确规定为性别平等成果分配的资源数量或百分比，不管是作为单独工作领域还是实现其他框架成果的一部分。在后一种情况下，资源是为各个产出分配的，但很难确定在产出中为性别平等和增强妇女权能分配的资源。在框架中专门为性别平等分配的资金的最高比例是9%、但平均比例为3%-4%。[33]", "49. 在政策指导和准则中对性别平等的坚定承诺对于加强促进性别平等的规划和方案拟定至关重要。联合国发展集团在1999年首次编制并在2010年最新修订的共同国家评估/联合国发展援助框架指导准则，将性别平等主流化和针对不同性别的干预措施确认为联合国支持的分析和战略规划的关键战略，并将性别平等列为必须在国家分析和框架编制中实行的五个相互联系的方案拟定原则之一。[34]", "50. 该指导准则强调，在编制框架时应使其与国家发展优先事项和战略吻合，并与妇女团体和性别平等倡导者建立伙伴关系。[35] 尽管在51个框架中约一半框架显示与国家发展优先事项有明确的联系，只有很少几个框架报告了推动性别平等的国家机制作为该程序的一部分的参与情况和与妇女组织协商的情况。[36]", "51. 很多国家工作队将性别平等问题专题小组作为确保性别层面反映在框架中的主要协调机制使用。尽管研究显示，一个强有力的性别平等问题专题小组有助于更好地将性别观点纳入框架中，[37] 在一些区域，联合国国家工作队逐渐侧重于明确反映框架优先领域的专题小组，性别平等往往没有作为一个独立成果列入这些优先领域中。", "52. 性别平等问题专题小组往往负责确保将性别观点纳入发展援助框架和其他联合国国家发展方案中。在一些国家，性别平等问题专题小组还通过向国家政府提供技术和分析援助参与制定国家发展战略。例如，在越南，性别方案协调小组对2011-2015年国家发展战略草案的性别分析进行了协调。尽管很多性别平等问题专题小组发挥联合国机构间协调机制的职能，越来越多的专题小组是由该国的国家机制共同领导的，并有政府和民间社会代表参与的，由捐助方和其他利益攸关方共同领导的专题小组也越来越多。例如，越南的性别方案协调小组自2008年以来一直由妇女署和该国的推动性别平等的国际机制联合领导。[38]", "53. 为确保将性别平等纳入联发援框架方面的问责制，指导准则将性别审计和联合国发展集团的性别平等业绩指标作为在业务层面评估有关性别平等主流化方面进展的关键工具提及。劳工组织制定的性别审计方法根据客观的数据和利益攸关方的看法，用自我评估方式监测和评价实现性别平等的情况。2008年，敦促联合国国家工作队使用联合国发展集团关于性别平等的业绩指标和性别审计方法为其业绩设立一个基线，以衡量随时间推移发生的变化。其结果是，约25个国家工作队开始在2008年开展评估，到2010年底，14个国家工作队完成了评估[39]并正在执行评估结果，以更努力地促进性别平等。[40]", "54. 联合国系统另一个相关的问责机制是每年对国家工作队业绩进行审查的驻地协调员年度报告。2006年，通过列入一个有关性别平等的章节加强了驻地协调员年度报告的模板和指导作用，以更系统地收集这些满足三年期全面政策审查要求的结果(大会第59/250号决议)。", "55. 自2004年以来，妇发基金(现在的妇女署)工作人员对驻地协调员年度报告进行审查，以跟踪对与性别有关问题进行报告的趋势。年度审查显示，联合国国家工作队有关性别平等举措方面的报告显著增加。对制止暴力侵害妇女举措的报告的增长率最高，从2004年的28个国家工作队报告增至2009年的 96个国家工作队报告。有很多因素可能推动了这一增长，包括秘书长题为‘联合起来制止暴力侵害妇女行为’运动和为回应妇女人权捍卫者的宣传不断增长的政府需求。为促进能力发展对推动性别平等国家机制的支持在2004-2009年期间翻了五番，2009年，53个驻地协调员报告了国家工作队的工作，而2004年只有11个。对加强生殖健康和降低孕产妇死亡率的方案的援助以及对执行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》和《北京行动纲要》的报告的支持在同一期间也显著增加(见E/2011/112和UNW/2011/9)。西班牙实现千年发展目标基金和联合国支援消除对妇女暴力行为信托基金等若干具体筹资机制促进了性别平等联合方案拟定工作的增长(见UNW/　2011/9)。", "五. 捐助方在将性别平等纳入发展援助方面的作用", "56. 自从在2005年通过《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》以来，援助架构的情况在过去几年中发生了显著的变化。《巴黎宣言》在国家自主权、协调、调整、注重成果的管理和相互问责这五项原则基础上，努力改善官方发展援助的管理和提供，并概述了一些捐助方和发展伙伴所做承诺。但是，《巴黎宣言》因无视性别问题受到了批评，因为其中确定的目标和指标没有充分重视实现促进性别平等的成果，也没有确保程序和工具促进性别平等。", "57. 2008年，为回应在援助实效议程中对性别观点的呼吁，各捐助国通过了《阿克拉行动议程》，这显示在援助管理系统与人权和性别平等标准之间建立联系方面得到了改善。捐助方确认性别平等在援助和发展实效中的重要性，并商定确保发展政策和方案的设计和执行方式符合其有关性别平等的国际承诺。", "58. 2011年，《巴黎宣言》监测调查首次列入了一个关于性别平等的备选模块。[41] 调查答复[42] 强调，捐助方的工作应与伙伴国家的性别平等优先事项相吻合。但是，捐助方没有为充分履行其对性别平等的承诺分配充足的人力和财政资源。调查发现，使用按性别分列的数据的情况与加强重视性别平等主流化和为性别平等和增强妇女权能分配更多预算有关。但是，按性别分列的数据很少得到系统地收集，并且捐助方为收集此种数据提供的支持有限。 此外，按性别分列的数据并不总是用于为决策程序提供指导。", "59. 需要作出更为协调一致的努力，以确保各国政府对性别平等和增强妇女权能的承诺充分反映在所有官方发展援助的设计、执行和监测程序中。将于2011年11月在大韩民国釜山举办的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛为会员国提供一次机会，使其超越将性别平等作为国家所的发展援助框架核心的政治理念，努力将促进性别平等的预算编制纳入援助管理系统和建设国家政府能力的工作中，以实施促进性别平等的规划、预算编制和监测。", "60. 除了援助实效议程，捐助方和国际组织还实施了在发展合作中加强性别平等的举措。例如，在2007-2010年，欧洲联盟委员会、妇女署和劳工组织国际培训中心在包括冲突后国家在内的12个受援国执行了题为“欧洲联盟委员会/联合国性别平等促进发展与和平伙伴关系”的方案。[43] 该方案的目标包括努力确保将性别平等和妇女的人权充分纳入国家发展进程和欧洲联盟委员会支持的合作方案中。尽管该方案在为实现机构和行为变化奠定基础方面取得了效果，仍需要继续努力，以使欧洲联盟委员会和其他捐助方在与性别平等和援助实效有关的行动发生深刻和持久的变化。[44] 未来的工作应采用一个战略性和多管齐下的方式，通过包括培训、技术援助、资源开发和获取信息在内的一系列干预措施满足短期和长期需求。", "61. 2010年，欧洲联盟通过了《2010-2015年发展中的两性平等和增强妇女权能行动计划》，[45] 该计划旨在加强欧洲联盟内部与伙伴国家进行发展合作方面的性别平等政策的协调，以在实地产生更大影响。在该计划中，欧洲联盟还承诺利用欧洲联盟委员会/联合国性别平等促进发展与和平伙伴关系和经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会在将性别观点纳入援助实效议程主流方面开展的开创性工作。它为欧洲联盟重申其对性别平等的承诺提供了一个框架。", "62. 若干国家已作出承诺，将性别平等纳入促进人权、可持续发展、消除贫穷和经济增长的发展合作方案的所有阶段的主流。在丹麦，性别平等是2010年在促进实现千年发展目标的具体目标3的丹麦宣传活动产生的势头基础上提出的题为“免于贫困-自由变革”的发展合作战略的五个优先事项之一。其战略目标是确保男女的平等权利、平等获得和控制资源和平等政治和经济影响机会的权利。", "63. 在西班牙，发展中的性别平等是其2009-2012年合作计划中的五个优先事项之一，该计划旨在通过合作方案和项目中的部门和共有行动以及促进性别平等的政策加强性别平等。2008-2011年西班牙战略平等计划明确将性别平等主流化作为其指导原则提及，并将发展援助列为战略目标之一。该计划呼吁对任何规范性或行政决策进行性别影响分析，以及需要相应改变政治和技术机构程序。", "64. 关于性别平等问题的机制和工具的拟定对于加强部门方案和建设有效进行性别平等主流化的工作人员的能力至关重要。例如，新西兰援助方案旨在通过向工作人员提供性别分析的工具、提供性别平等主流化培训、监测各种活动和征聘促进性别平等主流化的性别平等问题专家，改善其发展援助方案的与性别有关的成果。丹麦国际援助机构和性别平等部编制了电子学习的资料，该资料被纳入多个部委的工作人员发展计划。在欧洲联盟的供资下，性别平等部正在开发一个基于网络的工具，该工具可以支持公共机关和机构将性别平等纳入所有公共规划和管理工作的主流。自2005年以来，日本在受援国的96个大使馆任命了性别平等问题协调人，以监测对性别问题有敏感认识的项目中的良好做法。", "65. 捐助方、双边发展伙伴和国际组织在确保国家和国际一级为性别平等目的分配充足和更多的财政资源方面发挥重要作用。1997年，为加强捐助方在通过援助促进性别平等和增强妇女权能方面的能力和问责制，经济合作与发展组织编制了作为贷方报告制度一部分的性别平等政策标志，该制度是发展援助委员会为促进对其会员活动的监测和协调使用的一个数据库。", "66. 性别平等政策标志提供了一个分类系统，该系统确定各方案、基金或活动使性别平等和增强妇女权能工作获益的程度，其基础是一个有三个数值的评分系统：“主要目标”、“重要目标”和“没有针对政策目标”。一个将性别平等作为“主要目标”的活动意味着性别平等是该活动的明确目标和设计该活动的基础。“重要目标”表示性别平等是该活动的一个重要但第二位的目标，并且不是开展该活动的主要原因之一。“没有针对性”意味着该活动是以性别平等标志衡量的，但没有针对该政策目标。", "67. 在最近几年，一直努力在包括开发署、人道主义援助协调办公室、机构间常设委员会、人口基金、儿基会和联合国建设和平基金在内的联合国系统内部通过一个性别平等标志。[46] 这些工作显示，性别平等标志系统并非仅仅是一个衡量工具，该系统的应用使回应妇女和女童不同现实情况的部门的方案拟定质量得到加强。", "68. 除了性别平等标志系统，各捐助国还在其发展援助方案中跟踪资源分配情况。2009年，丹麦发展援助总额的约22%直接或间接用于为旨在促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的活动供资。为与性别有关的活动进行的资源分配被记为有针对性的性别干预措施或主流化干预措施。挪威政府报告称，通过89个致力于经济发展和贸易的合作伙伴(多边机构和挪威非政府组织)为一些活动分配了8.68亿挪威克朗，这些活动是以促进妇女权利和性别平等作为主要目标或次要目标的。", "六. 结论和建议", "69. 实现性别平等和增强妇女权能对于实现国际商定发展目标，包括千年发展目标至关重要。国家规划进程为处理性别观点问题提供了重要的机会。虽然进展不够均衡，各国政府采取了很多举措，例如确认性别平等问题是一个系统纳入各个部门和政策进程的所有阶段主流的优先事项或共有问题。但是，在一些国家，性别观点仅部分地纳入了具体部门领域。", "70. 除了提高意识、能力建设和培训活动，需要作出协调一致的努力，以有效地将性别观点纳入国家发展政策和战略中。共同战略包括在职能部委和国家机制中发展能力和专门知识，以促进性别平等；加强问责制、监测和评价机制；确保充足的人力和财政资源；以及促进民间社会，特别是妇女组织参与国家发展规划进程。开发了促进性别平等的预算编制这一有效的工具，以确保为实现性别平等目标分配充足的资源。该工具要求在包括财政部在内的多个部委中发展技术专门知识。", "71. 联合国系统和捐助方越来越多地采取措施，通过支持国家发展计划等途径，将性别观点纳入所有发展合作工作中。在国家自主开展性别平等主流化行动的基础上，应侧重于将性别观点纳入所有发展合作工作中。确保在发展援助中考虑性别观点的措施包括：跟踪为实现性别平等目标分配资源的机制、侧重于性别平等的协调机制、以及衡量和跟踪业绩的问责机制。双边和多边资金的提供必须是充分协调和明确针对性别平等目的的，并且性别观点必须系统地纳入援助实效议程中。", "72. 大会不妨呼吁各会员国和所有相关行为体开展以下行动：", "性别平等主流化工作", "• 系统地将性别观点纳入所有国家发展战略和政策以及部门计划的设计、执行、监测和评价中，并确保有关性别平等的国家行动计划与国家发展战略相符", "• • 根据所汲取的经验教训，扩大和加强努力，将性别观点纳入联合国共同国家评估和发展援助框架的主流", "• • 加强妇女署与联合国国家工作队合作、协助会员国将性别观点纳入国家发展政策和战略中的工作", "参与和问责制", "• 在国家发展规划进程和所有部门计划中加强促进性别平等的国家机制的效果和贡献", "• • 通过在有关性别平等问题上支持联合国国家工作队和在国家发展战略和计划中促进性别观点，加强性别平等问题专题小组的作用和能力", "• • 通过使民间社会，尤其是妇女组织参与国家发展战略和其他有关政策工具的制定和监测，加强国家发展规划进程的透明度和对国家发展规划进程的参与", "资源分配和跟踪", "• • 制定和通过有效和衡量机制，以监测和跟踪为实现性别平等目标分配的国家、联合国以及捐助方的资源", "• • 通过在职能部委内分配充足的财政和人力资源，设立和、或加强专门的性别平等单位，为技术工作人员提供能力发展机会和制定工具和准则，加强性别平等主流化能力", "• 确保捐助方为充分履行其有关性别平等的承诺分配充足的资源，在所有部门和战略领域扩大捐助方为性别平等优先事项提供支助的范围，并提高性别平等供资的效果和质量", "措施和工具", "• • 在国家发展规划的所有部门制定和加强有关系统的促进性别平等和在捐助方做法中有效使用促进性别平等的预算编制(包括联合协调机制)的预算编制的方法和工具", "• • 使收集、分析和传播按性别分列的数据的工作得到改善和系统化，加强在此方面的能力发展，并制定对性别问题有敏感认识的指标，以支持决策和有关监测和报告进展情况和效果的国家系统", "最不发达国家", "• 确保充分履行在《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》中对最不发达国家所做的有关性别平等的承诺", "[1] 以下政府提供了资料：丹麦、萨尔瓦多、希腊、意大利、日本、墨西哥、新西兰、挪威、西班牙和多哥。以下联合国实体提供了投入：亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)，联合国开发计划署(开发署)。联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和世界银行。", "[2] 除非另有说明，本报告中的数据摘自千年发展目标2011年报告(2011年，纽约)。", "[3] 儿基会，危机中的机会：从青春期初期到成年初期预防艾滋病毒，(2011年，纽约)。", "[4] 联合国粮食及农业组织，粮食及农业的状况：农业中的妇女, 缩小性别差距促进发展, (2011年，罗马)。", "[5] 亚太经社会，加强性别平等和增强妇女权能国家机制：区域研究——亚洲和太平洋,(2010年，曼谷)。可在http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/gender/2010-Regional-Study-on-NWM. pdf上查阅。", "[6] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[7] 同上。", "[8] Rounaq Jahan,加强性别平等和增强妇女权能国家机制：全球综合研究,为提高妇女地位司/现妇女署编制，(2010年，纽约)。可在http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/TechnicalCooperation/GLOBAL_ SYNTHESIS_REPORT_Dec%202010.pdf上查阅。", "[9] 亚太经社会，2010年。", "[10] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[11] 亚太经社会，2010年。", "[12] 同上。", "[13] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[14] 同上。", "[15] 喀麦隆、埃塞俄比亚、印度、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、秘鲁、卢旺达、坦桑尼亚和乌干达。", "[16] 妇发基金(现妇女署)，如何在新的援助模式下使援助促进性别平等?，促进性别平等的预算不安置和援助实效知识简介系列(200年，纽约)。", "[17] 喀麦隆、尼泊尔、秘鲁、卢旺达和坦桑尼亚。", "[18] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[19] 同上。", "[20] 同上。", "[21] 莫桑比克、卢旺达、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和坦桑尼亚。", "[22] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[23] 同上。", "[24] 同上。", "[25] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队委托进行的关于加强联合国发展框架中的性别平等的研究(2010年，纽约)。", "[26] 同上。", "[27] 同上。", "[28] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队委托进行的关于性别分析和共同国家方案拟定中的性别主流化的研究(2006年，纽约)。", "[29] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2010年。", "[30] 同上。", "[31] 同上。", "[32] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2006年。", "[33] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2010年", "[34] 联合国发展集团，如何编制联合国发展援助框架: 联合国国家工作队指导准则(2010年，纽约)。", "[35] 同上。", "[36] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2010年。", "[37] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2006年。", "[38] 基于妇女署提供的资料。", "[39] 使用联合国发展集团性别平等业绩指标的14个国家工作队评估报告可在以下网站查阅: http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=222&SO=DATE#s2。", "[40] 联合国发展集团性别平等问题工作队，2010年。", "[41] 经济合作与发展组织,“来自2011年巴黎宣言监测调查的发现结果和信息”,2011年，巴黎。http://www.gender-budgets.org/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_details&gid=1253&Itemid=565上查阅。", "[42] 回应有关性别平等的备选模块的24个国家：阿尔巴尼亚、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、佛得角、科摩罗、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、加蓬、洪都拉斯、肯尼亚、马拉维、马里、摩尔多瓦、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、尼日尔、秘鲁、摩尔多瓦共和国、卢旺达、多哥和赞比亚。", "[43] 喀麦隆、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、洪都拉斯、印度尼西亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、尼泊尔、尼加拉瓜、巴布亚新几内亚、苏里南和乌克兰。", "[44] 妇女署、欧洲联盟委员会-联合国性别平等促进发展与和平伙伴关系,向欧洲联盟委员会提交的最后报告,(2011年，纽约)。", "[45] 见欧洲联盟《2010-2015年发展中的性别平等和增强妇女权能行动计划》。", "[46] 基于妇女署提供的资料。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 23 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues: women in development", "Integrating a gender perspective into national development strategies", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/217 on women in development, the present report focuses on the integration of a gender perspective into national development strategies, supported by the United Nations system and donor countries. It highlights gender-responsive budgeting as a good practice in that regard. Recommendations are provided for consideration by the Assembly.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/217 on women in development, the General Assembly recognized the mutually reinforcing links between gender equality and poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. It also urged Member States and the United Nations system to empower women to participate actively and effectively in the development, implementation and evaluation of national development and/or poverty eradication policies, strategies and programmes.", "2. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution at its sixty-sixth session, including on integrating a gender perspective into national development strategies. Based on inputs received from Member States and the United Nations system,[1] the present report reviews measures taken by Governments, support provided by the United Nations system, the role of donors and the new aid effectiveness agenda. It highlights gender‑responsive budgeting and planning as a good practice example and concludes with recommendations for consideration by the Assembly.", "II. Background", "3. Despite progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals[2] as a result of economic growth in some developing countries and targeted efforts in some areas of the Goals, such as health and education, significant gaps remain between urban and rural areas and for those who are the most disadvantaged economically or because of sex, age, disability or ethnicity. Children from the poorest households, living in rural or in conflict areas, are the most likely not to be attending school, especially if they are girls. Access to secondary education remains restricted for girls in some regions. Higher levels of education are still critical in order for girls and women to acquire the necessary skills to meet current labour market demands.", "4. Maternal deaths continue to be concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, which together accounted for 87 per cent of such deaths globally in 2007. In 2009, while women constituted 51.6 per cent of the population living with HIV globally, young women aged between 15 and 24 made up 60 per cent of people living with HIV within that age group.[3]", "5. Worldwide, women’s access to employment, resources and decision-making positions remains a challenge. The share of women in non-agricultural paid employment increased only five percentage points over almost two decades, from 35 per cent in 1990 to 40 per cent in 2009. Progress has been even slower in recent years, owing to the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. According to recent estimates, with the same access to productive resources as men, women could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4 per cent, reducing the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent.[4] Over the past 15 years, the percentage of women parliamentarians increased only from 11.6 per cent in 1995 to 19.3 in 2011, with nine countries still having no women parliamentarians at all.", "6. To overcome these challenges, Member States have repeatedly recognized that development, peace and security and human rights are interlinked and mutually reinforcing, and that promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women is a key development goal and an important means for achieving all of the Millennium Development Goals, including through the full and effective implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.", "7. During the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in 2010 (see E/CN.6/2010/2), a number of common strategies were identified as being critical to the achievement of gender equality goals. These include the strengthening of the gender mainstreaming strategy to ensure that the needs and priorities of women and girls as well as men and boys are systematically and effectively taken into account in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, strategies, plans and resource allocations across all policy areas, including national development strategies. Other positive factors for the achievement of gender equality goals include visible leadership, enhanced capacity‑building in government bodies at all levels, stronger involvement of national mechanisms for gender equality in policymaking, increased allocation of gender-specific resources and development and the use of monitoring and accountability systems to track results.", "8. Intergovernmental bodies have repeatedly reaffirmed the importance of gender-sensitive national policies for progress towards gender equality and the Millennium Development Goals. In the 2010 ministerial declaration of the Economic and Social Council, Member States committed to ensure that national development plans systematically contributed to the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women. Similarly, in resolution 65/1, adopted at its High‑level Plenary Meeting in 2010 on the Millennium Development Goals, the General Assembly recognized the need for gender mainstreaming in the formulation and implementation of development policies.", "9. The Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1) includes objectives to guide national policies and international support measures for the achievement of sustained, equitable and inclusive economic growth. Gender equality and the empowerment of women is reflected as a priority area and as essential to progress towards social and human development and the eradication of poverty in least developed countries. Least developed countries committed to establishing and continuing to implement national development plans that take into account the needs of women and girls. Commitments also addressed the strengthening of the role of relevant national mechanisms; scaling-up of resources for gender equality and the empowerment of women; and promotion of effective representation and participation of women in all spheres of decision-making. Development partners committed to providing financial and technical support in order to implement policies and programmes that enhance women’s economic and income-generating opportunities, productive employment and access to productive resources.", "10. To enhance the effectiveness of development assistance provided by the United Nations, the triennial comprehensive policy review (see General Assembly resolution 62/208) recognizes that there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to development, and that United Nations development assistance should be aligned with national development plans and strategies. The resolution has a strong focus on implementation and provides detailed guidance in several areas, including gender equality and women’s empowerment. The resolution calls for further alignment of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework cycle with national processes.", "III. Integrating a gender perspective into national development policies and strategies", "11. Drawing on inputs from both Member States and the United Nations system, section III sets out efforts made to integrate a gender perspective into national development policies and strategies, which are typically multi-year documents outlining national priorities for development, include poverty reduction strategies, country coordination mechanisms and sectoral plans such as rural development strategies. They are generally based on coordinated processes to achieve economic, social and environmental objectives and are guided by the principles of country ownership, integrated policies across sectors, broad participation, capacity development, a focus on outcomes and implementation, and means of implementation.", "12. Building on the definition of gender mainstreaming in Economic and Social Council agreed conclusions 1997/2, integrating a gender perspective into national development planning and strategies entails assessing and analysing the situation of women and men in a given country, identifying specific obstacles to gender equality, systematically developing gender-sensitive strategies and programmes across sectors, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes, in order to achieve gender equality goals and address the inequalities faced by women and girls. While gender mainstreaming efforts are required across all sectors and in all stages of policymaking, those efforts need to be complemented by targeted interventions to address specific gaps or challenges faced by women and girls, as a necessary component of the two-pronged strategy for the promotion of gender equality.", "13. Governments, with support from the United Nations system as requested, use different approaches to integrate a gender perspective into their development strategies. Increasingly, gender issues are identified as a priority or a cross-cutting issue that is systematically mainstreamed across all stages of policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.", "14. For instance, in El Salvador, the National Development Plan 2010-2014 incorporates gender as a cross-cutting issue and identifies poverty eradication and gender-based discrimination and violence among its priority areas. In Indonesia, the development workplan includes gender mainstreaming as one of the guiding principles in all national development programmes and activities.[5] With a long-standing commitment to gender equality, New Zealand requires all Government agencies to base their policies on gender analysis. Gender implication statements are also required for all papers submitted to the Cabinet Social Policy Committee.", "15. In other cases, countries dedicate a separate section in their national development strategies to specific priorities related to women and girls, such as education for girls, reproductive health, the participation of women in decision-making, and addressing violence against women. In its Eleventh National Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) the Syrian Arab Republic aims at reducing gender inequality and empowering women in sectors such as higher education, health and poverty reduction, but only partially in other sectors such as justice.[6]", "16. In a number of countries, United Nations entities have provided support to national Governments to ensure the integration of a gender perspective during the implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes of national development strategies. For instance, UNDP supported more than 20 countries in the Asia Pacific region towards integrating a gender perspective in national planning and implementation frameworks in 2010. In 2009, UNDP, in collaboration with UNFPA, provided technical support to the Government of Maldives to ensure that a gender perspective was incorporated in its five-year national development strategy and in the monitoring and evaluation frameworks of the strategy. In the Republic of Moldova, UNDP supported gender mainstreaming into various development plans, including the national development strategy. UN-Women, in collaboration with UNFPA, provided technical support to the Government of Indonesia in the development of gender mainstreaming indicators for the national development plan. In Jordan, UNFPA, in collaboration with UNDP, supported the Government’s efforts to strengthen the monitoring mechanisms for progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals and national priorities, including goals related to gender equality and the empowerment of women.", "17. Many countries have in place gender equality action plans that complement national development strategies, but the relationship between the two policy instruments differs greatly by country. Some countries take specific measures to align national action plans on gender equality with national development strategies. In other countries, national action plans on gender equality are included as a chapter in national development strategies. Experience suggests that the alignment of the two policy instruments is more successful when the gender equality action plan is formulated as a result of national and sectoral consultations or when explicit linkages are established outright during the formulation processes of both documents.[7]", "18. National machineries for gender equality are essential components in all efforts to achieve gender equality. They commonly are responsible for promoting, supporting and monitoring the incorporation of gender perspectives in all policy areas, including national development strategies. They take the lead in developing and monitoring the implementation of gender equality plans, strategies and programmes. They are often responsible for coordinating and monitoring gender mainstreaming and capacity development across government bodies. Where national machineries work closely with civil society organizations, particularly women’s organizations, and involve them in the development of national policies and strategies, there is a stronger collective voice to advocate for the key priorities that women are facing in the country. National machineries are also involved in strengthening the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data across sectors (see E/CN.6/2010/2).", "19. It is therefore critical that national machineries for gender equality have at their disposal the resources, capacities and skills necessary to effectively discharge their mandates. A 2010 study on national mechanisms for gender equality found that achievements have been made on multiple fronts, including greater political visibility in achieving the goals of gender equality and the empowerment of women, increased use of the gender mainstreaming strategy across all regions, development of capacity in addressing gender equality issues, and improvements in data collection and analysis. However, national mechanisms for gender equality continue to face challenges in their roles as catalysts for gender mainstreaming, including marginalization within the governmental structure, frequent reorganization and change in leadership, diffuse and poorly designed mandates, limited staff and budgetary resources, inadequate technical expertise to address gender equality within both national mechanisms as well as other government bodies, weak coordination among various components of national mechanisms, ineffective monitoring and evaluation systems, and limited capacity in data collection and analysis.[8]", "20. A number of Member States that submitted inputs for the present report provided examples of measures taken and results achieved by national mechanisms. The Salvadorean Institute for the Development of Women developed the 2011-2014 Women’s National Policy in support of the national development plan. The Policy addresses women’s economic empowerment as a key area, and aims at the elimination of all direct and indirect forms of discrimination within current labour and economic policy instruments.", "21. In Fiji, the Women’s Plan of Action (2009-2018), prepared by the Department of Women, includes policy objectives of the National Development Plan — Strategic Framework for Change, and the Pacific Platform for Action 2005-2015. The Plan provides a gender analysis of Government policies and programmes and identifies critical areas for action and appropriate strategies for the Government.", "22. In Afghanistan, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs integrated a gender perspective into programmes related to the national development strategy. As the Chair of three mechanisms within the national development strategy, the Ministry prepared the chapter on gender equality and conducted a final gender review of all other chapters, with the goal of addressing gender equality as a cross-cutting strategy.[9] The Ministry, with the support from UN-Women, made efforts to operationalize the national action plan for women of Afghanistan, including by supporting line ministries and local governments in implementing their commitments under the Plan and monitoring its implementation in 18 line ministries.[10]", "23. In New Zealand, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs supports and advises Government agencies on policies that have a direct impact on women, and prioritizes its work on areas that need improvements, including increasing the number of women in leadership roles, combating violence against women, and achieving greater economic independence for all women. Similarly, in Australia, the Women’s Interdepartmental Committee takes a whole-of-government approach to gender mainstreaming by ensuring that all policies, services and initiatives are gender-sensitive and by closely evaluating their impacts on women and men.[11]", "24. In Denmark, the Minister for Gender Equality is responsible for Government initiatives in the field of gender equality, through the coordination, development and implementation of Government policies. The Minister also advises Parliament on matters concerning gender equality.", "25. In Italy, the Department of Equal Opportunities coordinated a project that provided 12 ministries with workshops and training courses on the integration of a gender perspective in various sectors. The project included support on developing social and economic policies that foster gender equality and the empowerment of women, and on building capacities in integrating a gender perspective in planning processes and policy design.", "26. In some countries, line ministries cooperate with the national machineries for gender equality to integrate gender perspectives in sectoral policies and programmes. In Togo, the Ministry of Grass-roots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment works closely with the national machinery for gender equality and non-governmental organizations, including through awareness campaigns and capacity development. In its National Programme for Substantive Gender Equality (2010-2013), Greece calls for the cooperation between the General Secretariat for Gender Equality and other line ministries to mainstream a gender perspective across all sectors.", "27. United Nations entities also supported the efforts of Member States to integrate a gender perspective into development plans across various sectors and areas such as health; employment; job and life skills training; human trafficking; reproductive health; the education and training of women, women’s political participation and the human rights of women; leadership and decision-making; conflict resolution; and violence against women. UN-Women supported gender mainstreaming efforts across a variety of sectors through multiple channels, including by providing technical assistance to Member States, facilitating dialogue between Governments and civil society, collaborating with the national machineries for gender equality, and strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations, especially women’s organizations.", "28. Developing the capacity of staff and institutions, including through training, guidelines and other tools, is a key element towards ensuring that gender issues are more systematically reflected in national policies and their implementation. In Afghanistan, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs provided guidance for the drafting of the national development strategy on mainstreaming gender. In Mexico, the Secretary for Social Development revised the operational rules for the country’s different programmes to ensure gender-responsive implementation. New programmes are now expected to make explicit references to their contribution to promoting gender equality, through the gradual mainstreaming of a gender perspective and the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data and indicators on the beneficiaries and results of the programmes. In Senegal, the Gender Technical Committee, with representatives from the Government, civil society, and the United Nations Gender Theme Group, produced a note on the key issues that need to be addressed in order to integrate a gender perspective in the third poverty reduction strategy paper.", "29. Integrating a gender perspective systematically into the design and implementation of national development strategies requires sector-level interventions as well as cross-sectoral approaches and partnerships among all stakeholders, including line ministries, development partners, civil society, women’s networks and the private sector. For example, the Togo Ministry of Grass-roots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment organizes stakeholder forums on the development, implementation and monitoring of national development strategies every other year to review progress. The Government of Indonesia stipulates that women’s groups be represented in the processes of development planning in order to ensure that women’s concerns are incorporated in the national development planning process.[12]", "30. In some countries, collaboration between the national machineries for gender equality and United Nations entities has ensured the participation of civil society and women’s groups in the national development planning processes. For instance, in Ecuador, UN-Women worked with the national machineries to support and facilitate discussions between the Government and civil society. As a result, gender equality was well integrated in the National Plan for Good Living, which contains 46 policies aimed at achieving gender equality and a gender equality approach in 12 strategic objectives.[13]", "31. In India, UN-Women, UNFPA and UNICEF, in collaboration with the Government, coordinated multiple consultations between the Government and women’s organizations during the formulation of a five-year national development plan. That initiative enabled the incorporation of grass-roots women’s priorities and needs in the five-year plan, and facilitated an open, participatory and transparent process.[14]", "32. The effectiveness of national development strategies and gender equality action plans greatly depends on and benefits from the inclusion of annual targets that can be costed and that are accompanied by sufficient and sustainable budgets to implement them. In El Salvador, the law on equality and equity recognizes the need for adequate public resources to be approved in the next national public budget. The special law for women’s right to a life free of violence mandates the allocation of public resources towards its implementation. The law provides that the Government, through the Ministry of Finance, must ensure annual budget allocations in the national budget to the institutions in charge of implementing the law.", "A good practice example: gender-responsive budgeting and planning", "33. In recent years, an increasing number of national Governments have taken concrete measures to support gender-responsive planning and budgeting in a systematic manner. Gender-responsive budgeting refers to Government planning, programming and budgeting that contribute to the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women. It entails identifying the interventions needed to address gender equality gaps in Government policies and budgets, and monitoring and evaluating the financial resources allocated for the implementation of Government commitments on gender equality. Such efforts can help Governments decide whether and how policies need to be adjusted and where resources need to be reallocated for the achievement of gender equality goals.", "34. Since it was first pioneered in Australia in the 1980s, gender-responsive budgeting has received growing attention from both Governments and non‑governmental organizations. The interest intensified internationally when contributing Governments to the Beijing Platform for Action emphasized that Governments should make efforts to systematically review how women benefit from public sector expenditures, adjust budgets to ensure equality of access to public sector expenditures, and achieve the gender-related commitments made in other United Nations summits and conferences (see A/CONF.177/20/Rev.1, para. 346).", "35. There are currently over 60 country initiatives for gender-responsive budgeting in all regions. A number of United Nations entities, including UNDP, UNFPA and UN-Women, are supporting gender-responsive budgeting initiatives worldwide. In 2008, UN-Women, in collaboration with the European Commission, initiated a programme aimed at integrating gender-responsive budgeting into the aid effectiveness agenda. During the initial phase of this three-year programme, research was carried out in 10 developing countries[15] to investigate how gender-responsive budgeting tools and strategies have been used in the context of aid modalities. In the study, UN-Women and the European Community suggested that the integration of a gender perspective into national planning, budgeting, and monitoring and evaluation systems and instruments could enhance the effectiveness of aid in implementing gender equality objectives, through improved management and delivery of aid by the recipient countries. Thus, gender-responsive budgeting approaches needed to be applied to donor practices, national processes as well as joint coordination mechanisms.[16] Based on the study findings, the second stage of the programme is being carried out and provides targeted technical support to five countries.[17]", "36. In Latin America, gender-responsive budgeting has been introduced in many countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Budget guidelines issued by the ministries of planning, economy or finance in a number of those countries require sectoral ministries and local governments to allocate budgets for programmes addressing gender equality concerns. In Ecuador, a budget classifier was developed by the Ministry of Finance specifically to track the Government’s allocations and spending towards the equal opportunity plan. In addition, several academic institutions are now contributing to building the capacity of civil servants in the area of gender-responsive planning and budgeting. Academic institutions such as the Latin American School of Social Sciences offer courses on gender and macroeconomics and gender-responsive budgeting to civil servants from the departments of planning and budgeting in Ecuador. At the local level, the participatory budget processes adopted by a number of countries in the region, especially in Ecuador and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, served as an entry point for women to engage actively in local policymaking, through local hearings and consultations with civil society organizations. Similarly, women’s organizations in Brazil were successful in urging the Government to expand the financial resources for programmes on women’s health and violence against women.[18]", "37. In Morocco, efforts have been made since 2002 to integrate gender equality concerns into planning and budgeting instruments and processes as part of the public finance management systems and public administration reform. For three consecutive years starting in 2007, the budget guidelines issued by the Prime Minister included recommendations in relation to addressing gender equality concerns through sectoral plans and budgets. A report on gender is annexed to the annual budget, in which sectoral ministries report on their performance with regard to gender-sensitive indicators. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance, a comprehensive capacity development approach has evolved and contributed to strengthening the capacity of planning and budgeting staff in the Ministry of Finance and sectoral ministries. The Ministry of Finance has also actively facilitated South-South learning with a range of countries, including Ecuador, Haiti and Senegal.[19]", "38. In Rwanda, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning is taking the lead on the country’s efforts to mainstream a gender perspective in national planning and budgeting processes. In response to the high demand for capacity development, the Rwandan School of Finance and Banking has developed a training programme on gender-responsive economic policy management for budget and planning officers, with a focus on poverty reduction strategies and macroeconomic policies. The course prepares participants to understand the linkages between macroeconomic policies and gender inequality. At the sectoral level, Rwanda has sought to integrate a gender perspective into the agriculture sector by supporting an umbrella of community-based civil society organizations to develop capacity on gender-sensitive budget analysis and budget tracking.[20]", "39. In the United Republic of Tanzania, under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, capacity development efforts are targeting economists and budget officers in selected ministries, departments and agencies to apply gender-responsive budgeting at the sector level and align sector programmes with gender equality indicators in the country’s national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty. Moreover, five countries in Africa[21] are currently investing in improving women’s access to resources and services at the local level, through gender-responsive planning, programming and budgeting to better respond to women’s priorities.[22]", "40. In Nepal, the Ministry of Finance introduced gender-responsive budgeting in 2007-2008 within the overall reform of the budgetary system and required ministries to categorize their programme budgets according to the extent to which they supported gender equality using five indicators: women’s capacity development; women’s participation in programme formulation and implementation; benefit incidence of public expenditures on women; support to women’s employment and income generation; and positive impact on women’s time use and care work. The budget categorization has facilitated the establishment of a monitoring system that allows greater institutional accountability for the strengthening of results-oriented management and the continued use of gender-responsive budget analysis to inform planning and programming. A gender-responsive budget committee oversees the initiative.[23]", "41. Evidence suggests that gender-responsive budgeting has helped address the gaps between Government commitments on achieving gender equality goals and the allocation of resources; promote accountability on the use of public resources to women; and increase the transparency of policy processes through the participation of civil society. Moreover, gender-responsive budgeting initiatives have made contributions in other areas, including building the planning and budgeting capacities of Government agencies, especially in the context of budget reform; introducing policy changes and developing operational frameworks to mainstream gender perspectives into budgeting systems; promoting the participation of gender equality advocates in planning and budgeting processes; and supporting gender-responsive budget monitoring initiatives by civil society.[24]", "IV. Integrating a gender perspective into the United Nations Development Assistance Framework", "42. The United Nations makes concerted efforts to help Member States to integrate a gender perspective in their development strategies, including through the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, a common strategic framework for the operational activities of the United Nations system at the country level. The Framework is formulated based on the analytical and collaborative effort of the Common Country Assessment, which examines the national development situation and identifies key development issues. The Framework provides a collective, coherent and integrated United Nations system response to national development priorities within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals as well as other internationally agreed development goals.", "43. Since the first roll-out of development assistance frameworks in the late 1990s, efforts have been made to strengthen gender perspectives within development assistance frameworks and common country assessments. To review the progress of gender mainstreaming in the assessment/framework process, multiple studies have been commissioned, with the most recent one examining 51 assessments/frameworks completed between 2006-2009.[25] Gender equality was highlighted as a cross-cutting theme and gender equality outcomes were specifically delineated in slightly over half of the 51 frameworks reviewed. All the assessments were found to cite relevant gender-differentiated data, especially data on women’s health and girls’ education.", "44. Planning and programming concentrated heavily on the two traditional areas of women’s health and girls’ education, though increasingly development assistance frameworks also focused on women’s political participation. About one half of the frameworks focused on strengthening women’s voices and participation in decision-making. Very few addressed women’s livelihood issues and access to productive resources.[26]", "45. Addressing violence against women has increased in importance, with about one quarter of all development assistance frameworks including it in the priority outcome areas,[27] compared with relatively little attention received in earlier generations of frameworks.[28] Surprisingly, very few frameworks made substantive reference to country experiences in implementing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and reporting thereon, either as a diagnostic or accountability tool. Moreover, while many countries cited traditional norms and practices that discriminated against women as barriers to women’s ability to choose and participate in decision-making, few proposed concrete measures or activities to address them.[29]", "46. The most progress has been achieved in the area of monitoring and evaluation. Significant improvement was made over earlier generations of development assistance frameworks in areas including developing clear gender equality outcomes, formulating gender equality outputs connected to other outcome areas, and making clear connections between what needed to be measured and the indicators in the monitoring and evaluation frameworks.[30]", "47. The study identified the following factors that contributed to the better incorporation of gender equality priorities in development assistance frameworks: strong senior management support and adequate resources for gender theme groups; a cogent analysis of key issues linked with clear programme outcomes; a robust implementation process and progress tracking mechanism; clearly articulated gender equality outputs and indicators; strong technical expertise to address gender equality issues during the preparation of the frameworks; and mechanisms to specify the allocation of resources to gender-related activities.[31]", "48. Despite being identified as a limitation in the previous review conducted in 2006,[32] information on resources allocated specifically for gender equality purposes continued to be lacking. In general, few development assistance frameworks specified the amount or percentage of resources allocated to gender equality outcomes either as a separate area of work or as part of achieving other framework outcomes. In the latter case, resources were allocated per output, but it was difficult to determine the allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment within the outputs. The highest proportion of funds allocated specifically to gender equality in a Framework was 9 per cent, but the average was between 3 and 4 per cent.[33]", "49. Strong commitments to gender equality in policy guidance and guidelines are critical to strengthen gender-responsive planning and programming. The common country assessment/United Nations Development Assistance Framework guidelines, first developed by the United Nations Development Group in 1999 and most recently revised in 2010, recognize gender mainstreaming and targeted gender-specific interventions as key strategies of United Nations-supported analysis and strategic planning, and include gender equality as one of the five interrelated programming principles that must be applied for the country analysis and preparation of the frameworks.[34]", "50. The guidelines emphasize alignment with national development priorities and strategies as well as partnership with women’s groups and gender equality advocates in the preparation of frameworks.[35] Although about one half of the 51 frameworks demonstrated clear linkages to national development priorities, only a small number reported involvement of national machineries for gender equality and consultations with women’s organizations as part of the process.[36]", "51. Many country teams utilized gender theme groups as the main coordination mechanism to ensure that gender dimensions were reflected in frameworks. While research has shown that having a strong gender theme group contributes to better integration of a gender perspective in frameworks,[37] United Nations country teams, in some regions, are gradually shifting towards theme groups that mirror the framework priority areas that often do not include gender equality as a standalone outcome.", "52. Gender theme groups are often responsible for ensuring a gender perspective in development assistance frameworks and other United Nations country development programmes. In some countries, gender theme groups are also involved in the formulation of national development strategies by providing technical and analytical assistance to national Governments. For instance, in Viet Nam, the Gender Programme Coordination Group coordinated a gender analysis of the draft 2011-2015 national development strategy. While many gender theme groups function as a United Nations inter-agency coordination mechanism, there are an increasing number that are co-chaired by the country’s national machinery, with participation from Government and civil society representatives, as well as theme groups that are co-chaired with donors and other stakeholders. The Gender Programme Coordination Group in Viet Nam, for instance, has been jointly chaired by UN-Women and the country’s national machinery for gender equality since 2008.[38]", "53. To ensure accountability in integrating gender equality in development assistance frameworks, the guidelines mention gender audits and United Nations Development Group Performance Indicators on Gender Equality as key tools for assessing progress on gender mainstreaming at an operational level. The gender audit methodology, developed by ILO, uses a self-assessment approach to monitor and evaluate the achievement of gender equality based on objective data and stakeholders’ perceptions. In 2008, United Nations country teams were urged to establish a baseline for their performance, using the United Nations Development Group Performance Indicators on Gender Equality, together with the gender audit methodology, to measure changes over time. As a result, about 25 country teams started to undertake the assessment in 2008 and, by the end of 2010, 14 country teams completed the assessment[39] and were in the process of implementing their findings to achieve a stronger response to gender equality.[40]", "54. Another related accountability mechanism of the United Nations system is the annual report of the resident coordinator, in which the performance of country teams is reviewed annually. In 2006, the template and guidance of the resident coordinator annual report were strengthened by including a section on gender equality, in order to capture more systematically those results that align with the request by the triennial comprehensive policy review (General Assembly resolution 59/250).", "55. Since 2004 the annual reports of resident coordinators have been reviewed by UNIFEM (now UN-Women) staff, to track trends in reporting on gender-related issues. The annual reviews have shown a significant increase in reporting by United Nations country teams on gender equality initiatives. The highest rate of increase has been in reporting on those initiatives aimed at ending violence against women, from 28 country teams reporting in 2004 to 96 in 2009. There are many factors that could have contributed to the increase, including the campaign of the Secretary-General entitled “UNiTE to end violence against women” and growing Government demand in response to the advocacy of women’s human rights defenders. The support provided to national gender equality machineries for capacity development saw a fivefold increase during 2004-2009, with 53 resident coordinators reporting country team efforts in 2009, compared with 11 in 2004. Assistance to programmes that strengthen reproductive health and reduce maternal mortality, and support to reporting on the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Beijing Platform for Action also increased significantly over the same period (see E/2011/112 and UNW/2011/9). A number of specific funding mechanisms such as the Spanish Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund and the United Nations Trust Fund to End Violence against Women have contributed to the increase in joint gender equality programming (see UNW/2011/9).", "V. Role of donors in integrating a gender perspective in development assistance", "56. The aid architecture landscape has changed significantly in the past few years since the adoption in 2005 of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Seeking to improve the management and delivery of official development assistance, the Paris Declaration outlines a number of commitments by donors and development partners, building on five principles, including national ownership, harmonization, alignment, managing for results and mutual accountability. However, the Paris Declaration has been criticized for being gender-blind as the targets and indicators identified therein do not place sufficient emphasis on achieving gender-responsive outcomes nor do they ensure the gender-responsiveness of processes and instruments.", "57. In 2008, in response to the call for a gender perspective in the aid effectiveness agenda, donor countries adopted the Accra Agenda for Action, which has shown improvement in linking aid management systems with human rights and gender equality standards. Donors recognized the importance of gender equality in aid and development effectiveness, and agreed to ensure that development policies and programmes should be designed and implemented in ways consistent with their international commitments on gender equality.", "58. In 2011, the Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey included for the first time an optional module on gender equality.[41] Survey responses[42] highlighted donors’ efforts to align with partner countries’ gender equality priorities. Nevertheless, donors did not allocate adequate human and financial resources to fully implement their commitments on gender equality. The use of sex-disaggregated data was found to be related to an enhanced focus on gender mainstreaming and increased budget allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, sex-disaggregated data were rarely collected systematically and limited support was provided by donors for collecting such data. In addition, sex-disaggregated data were not always used to guide the decision-making process.", "59. More concerted efforts are needed to ensure that the commitments of Governments towards gender equality and women’s empowerment are fully reflected in the design, implementation and monitoring processes of all official development assistance. The Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, to be held in November 2011 in Busan, Republic of Korea, offers an opportunity for Member States to go beyond the political affirmation of the centrality of gender equality to nationally owned development assistance, and move towards integrating gender-responsive budgeting into the aid management system and building capacities of national Governments, in order to implement gender-responsive planning, budgeting and monitoring.", "60. Apart from the aid effectiveness agenda, donors and international organizations have also undertaken initiatives to strengthen gender equality in development cooperation. For instance, during 2007-2010, the European Commission, UN-Women and the ILO International Training Centre implemented the European Community/United Nations Partnership on Gender Equality for Development and Peace programme in 12 aid recipient countries, including post-conflict countries.[43] Among other objectives, the programme sought to ensure full integration of gender equality and women’s human rights in the national development processes and cooperation programmes supported by the European Commission. While the programme was found to be effective in preparing the ground for changes in institutions and behaviours, continued efforts are needed in order to make a profound and sustainable change in the behaviours of the European Commission and other donors in relation to gender equality and aid effectiveness.[44] Future work should follow a strategic and multipronged approach that addresses both short- and long-term needs with a range of interventions, including training, technical assistance, resource development and accessibility of information.", "61. In 2010, the European Union adopted its Plan of Action on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Development (2010-2015),[45] which aims to reinforce coordination within the European Union regarding gender equality policies in development cooperation with partner countries, in order to achieve a greater impact on the ground. The Plan further commits the European Union to take advantage of the pioneering work carried out by the European Community/United Nations Partnership on Gender Equality for Development and Peace, and by the Network on Gender Equality of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee in the area of mainstreaming gender perspectives in the aid effectiveness agenda. It offers a framework for the European Union to renew its commitment to gender equality.", "62. A number of countries have made a commitment to mainstreaming gender equality in all stages of development cooperation programmes to promote human rights, sustainable development, poverty eradication and economic growth. In Denmark, gender equality is one of five priorities in its strategy for development cooperation entitled “Freedom from poverty — freedom to change”, which was launched in 2010 and builds on the momentum created by the Danish campaign to promote Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals. The strategic objectives are to ensure equal rights, equal access to and control over resources and equal opportunities for political and economic influence for women and men.", "63. In Spain, gender in development is one of five key priorities of its Cooperation Plan 2009-2012, which aims at strengthening gender equality through sector and cross-cutting actions in cooperation programmes and projects and by promoting equality policies. Spain’s strategic equality plan for 2008-2011 explicitly mentions gender mainstreaming as its guiding principle and lists development aid as one of its strategic objectives. It includes the call for a gender impact analysis of any normative or executive decision-making and the need to change political and technical institutional procedures accordingly.", "64. The development of mechanisms and tools on gender equality issues has been critical to strengthening sector programmes and building the capacity of staff working on effective gender mainstreaming. For instance, the New Zealand Aid Programme aims at improving the gender-related outcomes of its development assistance programmes by providing staff members with gender analysis tools, offering gender mainstreaming training, monitoring activities, and recruiting a gender specialist to promote gender mainstreaming. The Danish International Aid Agency and the Department of Gender Equality developed e-learning materials that have been incorporated in the staff development plans of several ministries. With European Union funding, the Department on Gender Equality is developing a web-based tool that can support public authorities and institutions in their work on gender mainstreaming in all public planning and administration. Since 2005, Japan has appointed gender focal points in its 96 embassies in recipient countries in order to monitor good practices in gender-sensitive projects.", "65. Donors, bilateral development partners and international organizations play a key role in ensuring that financial resources allocated for gender equality purposes are sufficient and increased at both the national and international levels. In 1997, to enhance the capacity and accountability of donors in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment through aid, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development developed the gender equality policy marker as part of the Creditor Reporting System, a database used by the Development Assistance Committee to facilitate monitoring and coordination of the Committee members’ activities.", "66. The gender equality policy marker provides a classification system to identify the extent to which programmes, funds or activities benefit gender equality and women’s empowerment, based on a marking system with three values: “principal objective”, “significant objective”, and “not targeted to the policy objective”. An activity that targets gender equality as a “principal objective” means that gender equality is an explicit objective of the activity and fundamental in its design. “Significant objective” indicates that gender equality is an important but secondary objective of the activity, and is not one of the principal reasons for undertaking the activity. “Not targeted” means that the activity is screened against, but is found not to be targeted to, the policy objective.", "67. In recent years, efforts have been made to adopt a gender marker within the United Nations system, including UNDP, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, UNFPA, UNICEF, and the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund.[46] Those efforts have shown the gender marker system to be more than a measuring tool, and that its application has led to enhanced quality of programming across sectors responding to the different realities of women and girls.", "68. In addition to the gender marker system, individual donor countries also track resource allocations in their development assistance programmes. In 2009, about 22 per cent of the total development assistance of Denmark was used for financing activities that, directly or indirectly, aimed at promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. The allocations for gender-related activities are registered either as targeted gender interventions or as mainstreamed interventions. The Government of Norway reported that NOK 868 million was channelled through 89 partners (multilateral institutions and Norwegian non-governmental organizations) working on economic development and trade, for which the promotion of women’s rights and gender equality was either a main or a secondary objective.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "69. The achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women is essential to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. National planning processes offer important opportunities to address gender perspectives. While progress has been uneven, Governments have undertaken many initiatives, such as identifying gender issues as a priority or a cross-cutting issue that is systematically mainstreamed across all sectors in all stages of the policy process. Nevertheless, in some countries, gender perspectives are only partially integrated in specific sectoral areas.", "70. Beyond awareness-raising, capacity-building and training activities, concerted efforts are needed for the effective incorporation of gender perspectives into national development policies and strategies. Common strategies include developing capacity and expertise in line ministries as well as in national mechanisms for gender equality; strengthening accountability, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms; ensuring sufficient human and financial resources; and promoting the participation of civil society, particularly women’s organizations, in the national development planning processes. Gender-responsive budgeting has been developed as an effective tool to ensure that adequate resources are allocated for the achievement of gender equality goals. That requires technical expertise to be developed in a range of ministries, including ministries of finance.", "71. The United Nations system and donors are increasingly taking measures to integrate gender perspectives in all development cooperation work, including through their support for national development plans. Emphasis should be placed on integrating gender perspectives in all development cooperation work, building on the national ownership of gender-mainstreaming initiatives. Measures to ensure the consideration of gender perspectives in development assistance include: mechanisms to track resources allocated to achieve gender equality goals; coordination mechanisms with a gender equality focus; and accountability mechanisms to measure and track performance. The provision of bilateral and multilateral funding must be well coordinated and clearly targeted for gender equality purposes, and gender perspectives must be systematically integrated into the aid effectiveness agenda.", "72. The General Assembly may wish to call on Member States and all relevant actors to undertake the following actions:", "Gender mainstreaming efforts", "• Systematically integrate a gender perspective into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all national development strategies and policies and sectoral plans, and ensure the alignment between national action plans on gender equality and national development strategies", "• Build on lessons learned, expand and deepen efforts to mainstream a gender perspective in the United Nations Common Country Assessments and Development Assistance Frameworks", "• Strengthen efforts by UN-Women to work with United Nations country teams in helping Member States to integrate a gender perspective into national development policies and strategies", "Participation and accountability", "• Strengthen the impact and contribution of national mechanisms for gender equality in all stages of national development planning processes and across all sectoral plans", "• Strengthen the role and capacity of gender theme groups by supporting United Nations country teams on gender equality issues and facilitating a gender perspective in national development strategies and plans", "• Enhance the transparency of and participation in national development planning processes by involving civil society, especially women’s organizations, in the formulation and monitoring of national development strategies and other related policy instruments", "Resource allocation and tracking", "• Develop and adopt effective measuring mechanisms to monitor and track the national, United Nations and donor resources allocated to achieve gender equality goals", "• Strengthen capacities for gender mainstreaming by allocating adequate financial and human resources within line ministries, establishing and/or strengthening dedicated gender equality units, providing capacity development for technical staff, and developing tools and guidelines", "• Ensure that donors allocate adequate resources for the full implementation of their commitments on gender equality, expand the scope of donor support provided to gender equality priorities across all sectors and in strategic areas, and improve the impact and quality of financing for gender equality", "Measures and tools", "• Develop and strengthen methodologies and tools for systematic gender-responsive budgeting across all sectors in national development planning and budgeting processes, and for effective application of gender-responsive budgeting in donor practices, including joint coordination mechanisms", "• Improve and systematize the collection, analysis and dissemination of sex-disaggregated data, enhance capacity development in that regard, and develop gender-sensitive indicators to support policymaking and national systems for monitoring and reporting on progress and impacts", "Least developed countries", "• Ensure the full implementation of the commitments on gender equality in the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries", "[1] Contributions were received from the Governments of: Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Spain and Togo. The following United Nations entities provided inputs: the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank.", "[2] Unless otherwise noted, the data in the present report is drawn from The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011 (New York, 2011).", "[3] UNICEF, Opportunity in Crisis: Preventing HIV from Early Adolescence to Young Adulthood (New York, 2011).", "[4] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture, Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2011).", "[5] ESCAP, Strengthening National Mechanisms for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women: Regional Study — Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2010). Available from http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/gender/2010-Regional-Study-on-NWM.pdf.", "[6] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[7] Ibid.", "[8] Rounaq Jahan, “Strengthening national mechanisms for gender equality and the empowerment of women: a global synthesis study”, prepared for the Division for the Advancement of Women (now UN-Women), (New York, 2010). Available from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/ TechnicalCooperation/GLOBAL_SYNTHESIS_REPORT_Dec%202010.pdf.", "[9] ESCAP, 2010.", "[10] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[11] ESCAP, 2010.", "[12] Ibid.", "[13] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[14] Ibid.", "[15] Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "[16] UNIFEM (now UN-Women), How Can Aid Be Gender-Responsive in the Context of the New Aid Modalities?, Gender Responsive Budgeting and Aid Effectiveness Knowledge Briefs Series (New York, 2009).", "[17] Cameroon, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "[18] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[19] Ibid.", "[20] Ibid.", "[21] Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "[22] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[23] Ibid.", "[24] Ibid.", "[25] Study commissioned by the United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality on strengthening gender equality in United Nations development frameworks (New York, 2010).", "[26] Ibid.", "[27] Ibid.", "[28] Study commissioned by the United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality on gender analysis and gender mainstreaming in common country programming (New York, 2006).", "[29] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2010.", "[30] Ibid.", "[31] Ibid.", "[32] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2006.", "[33] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2010.", "[34] United Nations Development Group, “How to prepare a United Nations development assistance framework: guidelines for United Nations country teams” (New York, 2010).", "[35] Ibid.", "[36] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2010.", "[37] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2006.", "[38] Based on inputs from UN-Women.", "[39] The assessment reports of the 14 country teams using the United Nations Development Group Performance Indicators on Gender Equality can be found on the website: http://www.undg.org/ index.cfm?P=222&SO=DATE#s2.", "[40] United Nations Development Group Task Team on Gender Equality, 2010.", "[41] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Findings and messages from the gender equality module of the 2011 Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey”, Paris, 2011. Available from http://www.gender-budgets.org/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_ details&gid=1253&Itemid=565.", "[42] A total of 24 countries responded to the optional module on gender equality: Albania, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Peru, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, Togo and Zambia.", "[43] Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Ukraine.", "[44] UN-Women final report to the European Commission on the European Community/United Nations Partnership on Gender Equality for Development and Peace.", "[45] See European Union Plan of Action on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Development (2010-2015).", "[46] Based on input from UN-Women." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 23 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues: women in development", "Gender perspectives in national development strategies", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "As requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/217 on women in development, the present report focuses on the integration of a gender perspective into national development strategies, with the support of the United Nations system and donor countries. The report highlights gender-responsive budgeting as a good practice in this regard and makes recommendations for consideration by the General Assembly.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/217 on women in development, the General Assembly recognized the mutually reinforcing links between gender equality and poverty eradication and the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals and urged Member States and the United Nations system to empower women to participate actively and effectively in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of national development and/or poverty eradication policies, strategies and programmes.", "2. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the progress made in the implementation of the resolution, including the integration of a gender perspective into national development strategies. Based on information provided by Member States and the United Nations system, the present report [1] reviews measures taken by Governments, support provided by the United Nations system and the role of donors and the new aid effectiveness agenda. The report highlights gender-responsive budgeting and planning as a good practice example and concludes with recommendations for consideration by the General Assembly.", "Background", "3. Despite progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals [2] as a result of economic growth in some developing countries and targeted efforts in a number of target areas, such as health and education, large disparities persist between urban and rural areas and between those who are economically or most vulnerable because of gender, age, disability or ethnicity. Children from the poorest families and those living in rural or conflict areas are most likely to be out of school, especially girls. Access to secondary education for girls remains limited in some regions. Higher levels of education remain important for girls and women to acquire the necessary skills to adapt to the needs of the current labour market.", "Maternal deaths continue to be concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, which accounted for 87 per cent of global maternal deaths in 2007. In 2009, women accounted for 51.6 per cent of people living with HIV globally, while young women aged 15-24 accounted for 60 per cent of people living with HIV in that age group. [3]", "5. Worldwide, women ' s access to employment, resources and decision-making positions remains a challenge. Over the past two decades, the share of women in non-agricultural paid employment has increased by only 5 per cent - from 35 per cent in 1990 to 40 per cent in 2009. Progress has been slower in recent years as a result of the 2008-2009 financial and economic crisis. According to recent estimates, with access to the same productive resources as men, women can increase total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4 per cent and reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent. [4] In the past 15 years, the percentage of women parliamentarians has increased only from 11.6 per cent in 1995 to 19.3 per cent in 2011, and nine countries still do not have a woman MP.", "6. To address those challenges, Member States reaffirmed that development, peace and security and human rights were interlinked and mutually reinforcing and that the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women, including through the full and effective implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, was a key development goal and an important means of achieving all the Millennium Development Goals.", "7. During the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in 2010 (see E/CN.6/2010/2), a number of common strategies were identified as critical to achieving the goal of gender equality. These strategies include strengthening gender mainstreaming strategies to ensure that the needs and priorities of women and girls are systematically and effectively taken into account in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies, strategies, plans and allocation of resources across all policy areas, including national development strategies. Other positive factors in achieving the goal of gender equality include visible leadership, enhanced capacity-building at all levels of government institutions, stronger participation of national mechanisms for gender equality in decision-making, greater allocation of gender-specific resources and the development and use of monitoring and accountability systems to track results.", "8. Intergovernmental bodies have repeatedly reaffirmed the importance of gender-sensitive national policies in promoting progress on gender equality and the Millennium Development Goals. In the 2010 ministerial declaration of the Economic and Social Council, Member States committed themselves to ensuring that national development plans contribute systematically to the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women. Similarly, resolution 65/1, adopted at the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, recognized the need to mainstream gender in the formulation and implementation of development policies.", "9. The Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1) includes the objective of guiding domestic policies and international support measures to achieve sustained, equitable and inclusive economic growth. The Programme had demonstrated that gender equality and women ' s empowerment were priority areas that were essential for progress in social and human development and poverty eradication in the least developed countries. Least developed countries have committed themselves to preparing and continuing to implement national development plans that address the needs of women and girls. Commitments also relate to strengthening the role of relevant national mechanisms, expanding resources for gender equality and the empowerment of women and promoting the effective representation and participation of women in all areas of decision-making. Development partners committed to providing financial and technical support for the implementation of policies and programmes to enhance women ' s economic and income-generating opportunities, productive employment and access to productive resources.", "To enhance the effectiveness of United Nations development assistance, the triennial comprehensive policy review (see General Assembly resolution 62/208) recognized that there was no one-size-fits-all approach to development and that United Nations development assistance should be aligned with national development plans and strategies. The resolution focuses on implementation and provides detailed guidance in a number of areas, including gender equality and women ' s empowerment. The resolution called for further alignment of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework with national processes.", "III. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into national development policies and strategies", "11. Based on information provided by Member States and the United Nations system, section III discusses efforts to integrate a gender perspective into national development policies and strategies. National development strategies are usually multi-year documents outlining national development priorities, including sectoral plans such as poverty reduction strategies, national coordination mechanisms and rural development strategies. These strategies are usually based on coordinated efforts to achieve economic, social and environmental goals and are guided by the principles of national ownership, integrated sectoral policies, broad participation, capacity development, focus on results and implementation, and implementation modalities.", "12. In accordance with the definition of gender mainstreaming in Economic and Social Council agreed conclusions 1997/2, the integration of a gender perspective into national development plans and strategies requires an assessment and analysis of the situation of women and men in specific countries, the identification of specific obstacles to gender equality, the systematic development of gender-sensitive strategies across sectors, and the monitoring and evaluation of results to achieve gender equality goals and address inequalities faced by women and girls. While gender mainstreaming is required in all sectors and at all stages of decision-making, it needs to be complemented by targeted interventions aimed at closing specific gaps or addressing the challenges faced by women and girls as an essential component of a two-pronged strategy to promote gender equality.", "13. Governments, with the support of the United Nations system, as requested, have used different approaches to integrate gender perspectives into their development strategies. Increasingly, Governments have identified gender as a priority or as a cross-cutting issue for systematic mainstreaming at all stages of policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.", "14. In El Salvador, for example, the National Development Plan 2010-2014 included gender equality as a cross-cutting issue and identified poverty eradication and gender-based discrimination and violence as priority areas. In Indonesia, gender mainstreaming in development work plans was included as one of the guiding principles of all national development programmes and activities. [5] New Zealand has a long-standing commitment to gender equality and requires all government agencies to base their policies on gender analysis. It also requested that a gender impact statement be included in all submissions to the Cabinet Committee for Social Development.", "15. In other cases, a number of countries have included in their national development strategies a specific section on specific priorities related to women and girls, such as girls ' education, reproductive health, women ' s participation in decision-making and addressing violence against women. The Syrian Arab Republic has addressed the reduction of gender inequality and the empowerment of women in its eleventh five-year plan (2011-2015) in the sections on higher education, health and poverty reduction, and only partially in other sections such as the judiciary. [6]", "16. In a number of countries, United Nations entities provided support to national Governments to ensure that gender perspectives were integrated into the implementation, monitoring and evaluation processes of national development strategies. For example, UNDP supported more than 20 countries in the Asia-Pacific region to achieve gender mainstreaming in national planning and implementation frameworks in 2010. In 2009, UNDP, in collaboration with UNFPA, provided technical support to the Government of Maldives to ensure the integration of a gender perspective into its five-year national development strategy and its monitoring and evaluation framework. In Moldova, UNDP supported gender mainstreaming in development plans, including the national development strategy. UN-Women, in collaboration with UNFPA, provided technical support to the Government of Indonesia in the development of gender mainstreaming indicators in national development plans. In Jordan, UNFPA, in collaboration with UNDP, supported the Government in strengthening monitoring mechanisms to facilitate progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and national priorities, including those related to gender equality and women ' s empowerment.", "17. Many countries have gender equality action plans that complement national development strategies, but the relationship between the two policy instruments varies widely across countries. Some countries have taken specific measures to align national action plans on gender equality with national development strategies. In other countries, national action plans on gender equality are included as a chapter in national development strategies. Experience has shown that the alignment of the two policy instruments has been more successful if the gender equality action plan was developed in consultation with the State and the sector or was clearly established during the preparation of the two documents. [7]", "18. National mechanisms to promote gender equality are a key component of all efforts to achieve gender equality. These mechanisms are often responsible for promoting, supporting and monitoring the integration of gender perspectives into all policy areas, including national development strategies. These mechanisms lead the preparation of gender equality plans, strategies and programmes and monitor their implementation. They are usually responsible for coordinating and monitoring gender mainstreaming and capacity development in various government agencies. In countries where the national machinery works closely with civil society organizations, especially women ' s organizations, and engages them in the formulation of national policies and strategies, there is a strong collective desire to contribute to addressing key priorities related to women. The national machinery is also involved in strengthening the collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated data across all sectors (see E/CN.6/2010/2).", "19. It is therefore essential that national machineries for gender equality have the resources, capacities and skills at their disposal to effectively fulfil their mandates. A 2010 study of national mechanisms for gender equality showed progress in a number of areas, including greater political transparency in achieving gender equality and women ' s empowerment goals, increased use of gender mainstreaming strategies in all regions, capacity development to address gender equality issues and improved data collection and analysis. However, national machineries for gender equality still face challenges in playing a catalytic role in gender mainstreaming, including marginalization within government institutions, frequent reorganization and change of leadership, decentralized and poorly designed mandates, limited staff and budgetary resources, insufficient technical expertise to address gender equality within national machineries and other government institutions, lack of coordination among different components of national machineries, inefficient monitoring and evaluation systems and limited capacity for data collection and analysis. [8]", "20. Some Member States that provided information for the present report provided examples of measures taken and results achieved by national mechanisms. The Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women prepared a national policy for women for 2011-2014 in support of the national development plan. The policy identifies women ' s economic empowerment as a key area and seeks to eliminate all direct and indirect discrimination in current labour and economic policy instruments.", "In Fiji, the Women's Action Plan (2009-2018) prepared by the Ministry of Women's Affairs includes the National Development Plan - Strategic Framework for Change and the policy goals of the Pacific Action Programme 2005-2015. The Plan provides a gender analysis of government policies and programmes and identifies key areas of action and appropriate government strategies.", "22. In Afghanistan, the Ministry of Women ' s Affairs has incorporated a gender perspective into programmes related to the national development strategy. As chair of the three mechanisms of the National Development Strategy, the Ministry has prepared chapters on gender equality and conducted a final gender review of all other chapters with the aim of implementing gender equality as a shared strategy. [9] The Ministry, with the support of UN-Women, has worked to implement the National Action Plan for Women in Afghanistan, including by supporting line ministries and local governments in meeting their commitments under the plan and monitoring the implementation of the plans of 18 line ministries. [10]", "23. In New Zealand, the Ministry of Women ' s Affairs supports and advises government agencies on policies that have a direct impact on women and focuses its work on areas where improvements are needed, including increasing the number of women in leadership positions, combating violence against women and achieving greater economic independence for all women. Similarly, in Australia, the Independent Commission for Women has adopted a government-wide approach to gender mainstreaming by ensuring that all policies, services and initiatives are gender-sensitive and evaluate their impact on women and men. [11]", "24. In Denmark, the Ministry of Gender Equality is responsible for implementing government initiatives in the area of gender equality through the coordination, preparation and implementation of government policies. The Ministry also advises Parliament on issues related to gender equality.", "25. In Italy, the Ministry for Equal Opportunities coordinated a project that provided 12 ministries with workshops and training courses on gender mainstreaming in various sectors. The project supports the development of social and economic policies for gender equality and the empowerment of women and capacity-building on gender mainstreaming in planning processes and policy design.", "26. In some countries, line ministries have worked with national machineries for gender equality to integrate gender perspectives into sectoral policies and programmes. In Togo, the Ministry of Grassroots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment works closely with national mechanisms and non-governmental organizations for gender equality, including through awareness-raising activities and capacity development. In its National Programme for Substantive Gender Equality (2010-2013), Greece called for cooperation between the General Secretariat for Gender Equality and other line ministries to mainstream gender in all sectors.", "27. United Nations entities also supported Member States in integrating gender perspectives into their development plans in various sectors and areas, including health, employment, work and life skills training, human trafficking, reproductive health, women ' s education and training, women ' s political participation, women ' s human rights, leadership and decision-making, conflict resolution and violence against women. UN-Women supported gender mainstreaming in various sectors through a variety of means, including technical assistance to Member States, promoting dialogue between Governments and civil society, working with national machineries for gender equality and strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations, especially women ' s organizations.", "28. Capacity development of staff and institutions, including through training, guidelines and other tools, is one of the key factors in ensuring that gender issues are systematically reflected in national policies and their implementation. In Afghanistan, the Ministry of Women ' s Affairs provided guidance on gender mainstreaming in the preparation of the national development strategy. In Mexico, the Secretary for Social Development revised the operational rules for the different programmes in the country to ensure that their implementation promotes gender equality. The new programme now needs to make explicit reference to its contribution to the promotion of gender equality through progressive gender mainstreaming and the collection and use of sex-disaggregated data and indicators on programme beneficiaries and results. In Senegal, the Technical Committee on Gender, which included representatives from the Government, civil society and the United Nations gender theme group, prepared a note on key issues to be addressed for the integration of gender perspectives into the third poverty reduction strategy paper.", "Systematic integration of a gender perspective into the design and implementation of national development strategies requires sector-level interventions and cross-sectoral approaches and partnerships among all stakeholders, including line ministries, development partners, civil society, women's networks and the private sector. For example, the Ministry of Grassroots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment of Togo organizes a stakeholders ' forum on the preparation, implementation and monitoring of the national development strategy every two years to review progress achieved. The Government of Indonesia requires that women ' s groups be represented in development planning to ensure that women ' s concerns are integrated into national development planning processes. [12]", "30. In some countries, cooperation between national mechanisms and United Nations entities to promote gender equality ensured the participation of civil society and women ' s groups in national development planning processes. In Ecuador, for example, UN-Women worked with national mechanisms to support and facilitate discussions between the Government and civil society. As a result, gender equality has been well integrated into Ecuador ' s National Plan for Good Living, which contains 46 policies aimed at achieving gender equality and a gender equality approach in 12 strategic objectives. [13]", "31. In India, UN-Women, UNFPA and UNICEF, in collaboration with the Government, coordinated numerous consultations between the Government and women ' s organizations during the preparation of the national five-year development plan. This initiative included the priorities and needs of grass-roots women in the five-year plan and promoted open, participatory and transparent processes. [14]", "32. The effectiveness of national development strategies and gender equality action plans depends to a large extent on the benefits to be derived from the inclusion of annual targets, the costs of which are measurable and have an adequate and sustainable budget for their implementation. In El Salvador, the law on equality and justice recognizes the need to approve adequate public resources in the next national public budget. A special law to ensure the right of women to a life free of violence provides for the allocation of public resources for its implementation. The Act provides that the Government, through the Ministry of Finance, must ensure that the annual budget is allocated in the national budget to the bodies responsible for its implementation.", "Examples of good practice: gender-responsive budgeting and planning", "33. In recent years, a growing number of Governments have taken practical measures to support gender-responsive planning and budgeting in a systematic manner. Gender-responsive budgeting refers to government planning, programming and budgeting for gender equality and women ' s empowerment. It needs to identify the interventions needed to close the gender gap in government policies and budgets, as well as to monitor and evaluate the financial resources allocated to the implementation of government commitments on gender equality. Such work could help the Government to determine whether and how policies needed to be adjusted and where resources should be reallocated to achieve gender equality goals.", "34. Since the first pilot in Australia in the 1980s, gender-responsive budgeting has received increasing attention from Governments and non-governmental organizations. Donor Governments to the Beijing Platform for Action stressed that efforts should be made by Governments to systematically examine how women benefit from public sector expenditures, to adjust budgets to ensure that public sector expenditures are used equally by women and men, and to meet gender-related commitments made at other United Nations summits and conferences, which has attracted greater international interest among Governments and non-governmental organizations (see A/CONF.177/20/Rev.1, para. 346).", "35. There are currently over 60 national initiatives on gender-responsive budgeting in all regions. Several United Nations entities, including UNDP, UNFPA and UN-Women, are supporting gender-responsive budgeting initiatives around the world. In 2008, UN-Women, in collaboration with the European Commission, launched a programme aimed at placing gender-responsive budgeting on the aid effectiveness agenda. In the initial phase of this three-year programme, studies were conducted in 10 developing countries to investigate how gender-responsive budgeting tools and strategies are being used in aid modalities.[15] In the study, UN-Women and the European Commission suggested that gender mainstreaming in national planning, budgeting and monitoring and evaluation systems and tools could enhance the effectiveness of assistance in achieving gender equality goals by improving the management and delivery of assistance by recipient countries. Gender-responsive budgeting therefore needs to be applied in donor practices, national processes and joint coordination mechanisms. Based on the findings of the study, the second phase of the programme is under way and targeted technical support is provided to five countries. [17]", "36. In Latin America, gender-responsive budgeting has been introduced in many countries, including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and Bolivia (Plurinational State of). Budget guidelines issued by ministries of planning, economics or finance in several of these countries require sectoral ministries and local governments to allocate budgets for programmes addressing gender equality issues. In Ecuador, the Ministry of Finance has developed a budget classification to track government resources and expenditures for the implementation of the Equal Opportunities Plan. In addition, several academic institutions are promoting capacity-building for civil servants in the area of gender-responsive planning and budgeting. Academic institutions such as the Latin American Academy of Social Sciences provide courses on gender and macroeconomic and gender-responsive budgeting to civil servants in the planning and budgeting sector in Ecuador. At the local level, participatory budgetary processes in several countries of the region, in particular Ecuador and Bolivia, are entry points for women ' s active participation in local decision-making through local hearings and consultations with civil society organizations. Similarly, women ' s organizations in Brazil had been successful in urging the Government to allocate more financial resources to programmes on women ' s health and violence against women. [18]", "37. In Morocco, efforts have been made since 2002 to integrate gender issues into planning and budgeting tools and procedures as part of public financial management systems and public administration reform. For three consecutive years since 2007, the budget guidelines issued by the Prime Minister include recommendations on gender equality through sectoral plans and budgets. The gender report is attached to the annual budget, in which sectoral ministries report on their performance in relation to gender-sensitive indicators. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance, a comprehensive capacity development approach has been developed, which has helped to strengthen the capacity of planning and budgeting staff in ministries and sectoral ministries. The Ministry of Finance is also actively promoting South-South learning with a number of countries, including Ecuador, Haiti and Senegal. [19]", "38. In Rwanda, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning led efforts to mainstream gender in the national planning and budgeting process. In response to the high demand for capacity development, the Rwanda School of Finance and Banking developed a training course for budget and planning officers on gender-responsive economic policy management, focusing on poverty reduction strategies and macroeconomic policies. The course enabled participants to understand the linkages between macroeconomic policies and gender inequality. At the sectoral level, Rwanda has sought to integrate a gender perspective in the agricultural sector by supporting a number of community-based civil society organizations to develop capacity for gender-sensitive budget analysis and budget tracking. [20]", "39. In the United Republic of Tanzania, under the leadership of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, capacity development was conducted for economists and budget officers from selected ministries, departments and agencies to apply gender-responsive budgeting at the sectoral level and to align sectoral programmes with the country ' s gender indicators in its national growth and poverty reduction strategy. In addition, five countries in Africa [21] are currently investing in improving women ' s access to resources and services at the local level through gender-responsive planning, programming and budgeting to better address women ' s priorities. [22]", "40. In Nepal, the Ministry of Finance introduced gender-responsive budgeting in 2007-2008 as part of a comprehensive reform of the budget system and requested ministries to use five indicators to classify their programme budgets according to their level of support for gender equality: women ' s capacity development, women ' s participation in programme development and implementation, beneficial attribution of public expenditure on women, support for women ' s employment and income generation, and positive impact on women ' s time use and care. This budget classification has facilitated the establishment of a monitoring system that strengthens institutional accountability to strengthen results-based management and the continued use of gender-sensitive budget analysis to inform planning and programming. A gender-responsive budget commission oversees this initiative. [23]", "41. Evidence shows that gender-responsive budgeting helps to bridge the gap between government commitment to gender equality goals and resource allocation, promotes accountability for women ' s use of public resources and increases the transparency of policy processes through civil society participation. In addition, gender-responsive budgeting initiatives have contributed in other areas, including: building the capacity of government institutions for planning and budgeting, especially in the context of budget reform; introducing policy reforms and developing operational frameworks to mainstream gender perspectives in budgeting systems; promoting the participation of gender-responsive advocates in planning and budgeting processes; and supporting gender-responsive budget monitoring initiatives in civil society. [24]", "IV. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into the United Nations Development Assistance Framework", "The United Nations has made concerted efforts to assist Member States in integrating a gender perspective into their development strategies, including through the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, the common strategic framework for operational activities of the United Nations system at the country level. The framework is based on the analysis and joint efforts of the Common Country Assessment, which examines national development situations and identifies key development issues. The framework provides a common, coordinated and integrated United Nations system response to national development priorities within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals.", "43. Since its first launch in the late 1990s, the United Nations has been working to strengthen gender perspectives in UNDAF and CCAs. To review progress in gender mainstreaming in the assessment/framework, the United Nations commissioned a number of studies, the most recent of which was the review of 51 assessments/frameworks completed in the period 2006-2009. [25] In this review, gender equality was highlighted as a cross-cutting theme and slightly more than half of the 51 frameworks reviewed specifically defined gender equality outcomes. The review found that all assessments refer to relevant sex-disaggregated data, especially on women ' s health and girls ' education.", "44. While development assistance frameworks increasingly focus on women ' s political participation, planning and programming have focused on two traditional areas: women ' s health and girls ' education. About half of the frameworks focus on strengthening women ' s voice and participation in decision-making. Few frameworks address women ' s livelihoods and access to productive resources. [26]", "45. The importance of addressing violence against women has increased, with about one quarter of all development assistance frameworks making it a priority result area,[27] while in earlier versions this issue received less attention. [28] Surprisingly, very few UNDAFs refer to national experiences and reports on the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women as diagnostic or accountability tools. In addition, while many countries refer to traditional norms and practices that discriminate against women as barriers to their ability to make choices and participate in decision-making, few propose practical measures or activities to address this issue. [29]", "46. The greatest progress has been made in the area of monitoring and evaluation. There have been notable improvements in earlier versions of UNDAF in a number of areas, including the development of clear gender equality results, the development of gender equality outputs related to other outcome areas and the establishment of clear linkages between areas to be measured and indicators in the monitoring and evaluation framework. [30]", "47. The study identified the following factors that contribute to better integrating gender equality priorities into UNDAF: Strong senior management support and allocation of adequate resources to gender theme groups; a convincing analysis of key issues related to the identification of programme results; a sound implementation process and a tracking mechanism for progress; clearly articulated gender equality outputs and indicators; a rich technical expertise to address gender equality issues during the preparation of the framework and a specific mechanism to allocate resources to gender-related activities. [31]", "48. Although the lack of information on resources allocated specifically for gender equality purposes was identified as a constraint in the last review conducted in 2006,[32] this situation continues. Overall, few UNDAFs specify the amount or percentage of resources allocated to gender equality results, whether as a separate area of work or as part of the achievement of other framework results. In the latter case, resources are allocated to each output, but it is difficult to identify the resources allocated to gender equality and women ' s empowerment in the output. The highest proportion of funds earmarked for gender equality in the framework is 9 per cent, but the average is 3-4 per cent. [33]", "49. A strong commitment to gender equality in policy guidance and guidelines is critical to strengthening gender-responsive planning and programming. The common country assessment/United Nations Development Assistance Framework guidelines, first developed by the United Nations Development Group in 1999 and updated in 2010, identify gender mainstreaming and gender-specific interventions as key strategies for United Nations-supported analysis and strategic planning, and include gender as one of the five interlinked programming principles that must be applied in country analysis and framework development. [34]", "50. The guidance emphasizes that the framework should be formulated in a way that aligns it with national development priorities and strategies and builds partnerships with women ' s groups and gender equality advocates. [35] Although approximately half of the 51 frameworks show clear linkages to national development priorities, only a few have reported on the participation of national machineries for gender equality as part of the process and on consultations with women ' s organizations. [36]", "51. Many country teams use gender theme groups as key coordination mechanisms to ensure that gender dimensions are reflected in the framework. While research has shown that a strong gender theme group has contributed to a better integration of gender perspectives in the framework,[37] in some regions United Nations country teams have gradually focused on thematic groups that clearly reflect the framework ' s priority areas, where gender equality is often not included as a stand-alone outcome.", "52. Gender theme groups are often responsible for ensuring that gender perspectives are integrated into UNDAF and other United Nations country development programmes. In some countries, gender theme groups have also been involved in the formulation of national development strategies by providing technical and analytical assistance to national Governments. In Viet Nam, for example, the Gender Programme Coordination Team coordinated the gender analysis of the draft National Development Strategy 2011-2015. While many gender theme groups function as United Nations inter-agency coordination mechanisms, an increasing number are co-led by the country ' s national machinery with the participation of government and civil society representatives, and more and more by donors and other stakeholders. For example, the Gender Programme Coordination Team in Viet Nam has been co-led by UN-Women and the country ' s international machinery for gender equality since 2008. [38]", "53. To ensure accountability for integrating gender equality into UNDAFs, the guidelines refer to gender audits and UNDG gender performance indicators as key tools for assessing progress on gender mainstreaming at the operational level. The gender audit methodology developed by ILO monitors and evaluates the achievement of gender equality through self-assessments based on objective data and stakeholder perceptions. In 2008, United Nations country teams were urged to establish a baseline for their performance using the United Nations Development Group performance indicators on gender equality and the gender audit methodology to measure change over time. As a result, some 25 United Nations country teams began to conduct assessments in 2008, and by the end of 2010, 14 country teams had completed assessments and were implementing results to make greater efforts to promote gender equality. [40]", "54. Another relevant accountability mechanism for the United Nations system is the annual resident coordinator report, which reviews country team performance on an annual basis. In 2006, the template and guidance role of the resident coordinator annual report was strengthened through the inclusion of a section on gender equality in order to collect more systematically the results of these responses to the triennial comprehensive policy review (General Assembly resolution 59/250).", "55. Since 2004, UNIFEM (now UN-Women) staff have reviewed resident coordinator annual reports to track trends in reporting on gender-related issues. The annual review revealed a significant increase in United Nations country team reporting on gender equality initiatives. The highest growth rate was reported for initiatives to end violence against women, from 28 UNCTs in 2004 to 96 UNCTs in 2009. There are many factors that may have contributed to this growth, including the Secretary-General's campaign `Unite to End Violence against Women' and the growing demand from Governments to respond to advocacy by women human rights defenders. Support to national machineries for gender equality for capacity development increased fivefold between 2004 and 2009, with 53 resident coordinators reporting on the work of country teams in 2009, compared to 11 in 2004. Assistance to programmes to strengthen reproductive health and reduce maternal mortality and support for reports on the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Beijing Platform for Action also increased significantly during the same period (see E/2011/112 and UNW/2011/9). A number of specific funding mechanisms, such as the Spanish Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund and the United Nations Trust Fund in Support of Actions to Eliminate Violence against Women, have contributed to the growth of joint programming for gender equality (see UNW/2011/9).", "V. The role of donors in integrating gender in development assistance", "56. Since the adoption of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005, the aid architecture has changed significantly over the past few years. Building on the five principles of national ownership, coordination, alignment, results-based management and mutual accountability, the Paris Declaration seeks to improve the management and delivery of ODA and outlines the commitments made by a number of donors and development partners. However, the Paris Declaration has been criticized for ignoring gender issues, as the goals and targets set therein do not pay sufficient attention to the achievement of gender-responsive outcomes and do not ensure that procedures and tools promote gender equality.", "57. In 2008, in response to the call for a gender perspective in the aid effectiveness agenda, donor countries adopted the Accra Agenda for Action, which shows an improvement in the linkages between aid management systems and human rights and gender equality standards. Donors recognized the importance of gender equality in aid and development effectiveness and agreed to ensure that development policies and programmes are designed and implemented in a manner consistent with their international commitments on gender equality.", "58. In 2011, the Paris Declaration monitoring survey included for the first time an alternative module on gender equality. [41] The survey response [42] stressed that the work of donors should be aligned with the gender equality priorities of partner countries. However, donors have not allocated sufficient human and financial resources to fully implement their commitments to gender equality. The survey found that the use of sex-disaggregated data was linked to increased attention to gender mainstreaming and the allocation of more budgets for gender equality and women ' s empowerment. However, gender-disaggregated data are rarely systematically collected and donor support for their collection is limited. In addition, sex-disaggregated data are not always used to guide decision-making processes.", "59. More concerted efforts are needed to ensure that the commitment of Governments to gender equality and women ' s empowerment is fully reflected in all ODA design, implementation and monitoring processes. The Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, to be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November 2011, provides an opportunity for Member States to move beyond the political concept of gender as the core of national development assistance frameworks and to work towards the integration of gender-responsive budgeting into aid management systems and capacity-building for national Governments to implement gender-responsive planning, budgeting and monitoring.", "60. In addition to the aid effectiveness agenda, donors and international organizations have implemented initiatives to strengthen gender equality in development cooperation. For example, in 2007-2010, the European Commission, UN-Women and the International Training Centre of ILO implemented a programme entitled “European Commission/United Nations Partnership for Gender Equality for Development and Peace” in 12 recipient countries, including post-conflict countries. [43] The objectives of the programme include efforts to ensure that gender equality and women ' s human rights are fully integrated into national development processes and in cooperation programmes supported by the European Commission. While the programme has been effective in laying the foundations for institutional and behavioural change, continued efforts are needed to bring about profound and lasting changes in the actions of the European Commission and other donors related to gender equality and aid effectiveness. [44] Future work should take a strategic and multipronged approach to addressing short- and long-term needs through a range of interventions, including training, technical assistance, resource development and access to information.", "61. In 2010, the European Union adopted the Action Plan on Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Development 2010-2015,[45] which aims to strengthen the coordination of gender equality policies in development cooperation with partner countries within the European Union to achieve greater impact on the ground. In the plan, the European Union is also committed to building on the groundbreaking work of the European Commission/United Nations Partnership for Gender Equality for Development and Peace and the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on gender mainstreaming in the aid effectiveness agenda. It provided a framework for the European Union to reaffirm its commitment to gender equality.", "62. Several countries have made commitments to mainstream gender equality at all stages of development cooperation programmes that promote human rights, sustainable development, poverty eradication and economic growth. In Denmark, gender equality is one of the five priorities of the development cooperation strategy entitled “Free from poverty - free change”, which builds on the momentum generated by the Danish campaign to promote the achievement of Goal 3 of the Millennium Development Goals in 2010. Its strategic objective is to ensure equal rights for women and men, equal access to and control over resources and equal opportunities for political and economic influence.", "63. In Spain, gender equality in development is one of the five priorities of its 2009-2012 cooperation plan, which aims at strengthening gender equality through sectoral and cross-cutting actions in cooperation programmes and projects and policies to promote gender equality. The Spanish strategic equality plan 2008-2011 explicitly refers to gender mainstreaming as its guiding principle and includes development assistance as one of its strategic objectives. The plan calls for a gender impact analysis of any normative or administrative decision-making, as well as a corresponding change in political and technical institutional procedures.", "64. The development of mechanisms and tools on gender equality is critical to strengthening sectoral programmes and building the capacity of staff to effectively implement gender mainstreaming. New Zealand ' s assistance programme, for example, aims to improve gender-related results in its development assistance programmes by providing staff with tools for gender analysis, training on gender mainstreaming, monitoring activities and recruiting gender specialists for gender mainstreaming. The Danish International Aid Agency and the Ministry of Gender Equality have developed e-learning materials, which are included in the staff development plans of several ministries. With funding from the European Union, the Ministry of Gender Equality is developing a web-based tool to support public institutions and institutions in mainstreaming gender in all public planning and management. Since 2005, Japan has appointed gender focal points in 96 embassies in recipient countries to monitor good practices in gender-sensitive projects.", "65. Donors, bilateral development partners and international organizations play an important role in ensuring that adequate and increased financial resources are allocated for gender equality purposes at the national and international levels. In 1997, to strengthen donor capacity and accountability for gender equality and women ' s empowerment through aid, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development developed a gender policy marker as part of the Creditor Reporting System, a database used by the Development Assistance Committee to facilitate monitoring and coordination of its membership activities.", "The gender equality policy marker provides a classification system that identifies the extent to which programmes, funds or activities have benefited from gender equality and women's empowerment, based on a three-value scoring system: “Main objectives”, “Key goals” and “No policy objectives targeted”. An activity that has gender equality as its “main objective” means that gender equality is the clear objective of the activity and the basis for its design. The Key Goals indicate that gender equality is an important but secondary goal of the activity and is not one of the main reasons for its implementation. The term “untargeted” means that the activity is measured by a gender marker but does not address the policy goal.", "67. In recent years, efforts have been made to adopt a gender marker within the United Nations system, including UNDP, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, UNFPA, UNICEF and the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund. [46] These efforts show that the gender marker system is not just a measurement tool and that its application enhances the quality of programming in sectors that respond to the different realities of women and girls.", "68. In addition to the gender marker system, donor countries track resource allocations in their development assistance programmes. In 2009, about 22 per cent of Denmark ' s total development assistance was directly or indirectly used to finance activities aimed at promoting gender equality and women ' s empowerment. The allocation of resources for gender-related activities is recorded as either targeted gender or mainstreaming interventions. The Government of Norway reported that NOK 868 million had been allocated to activities through 89 partners (multilateral institutions and Norwegian NGOs) committed to economic development and trade, which were the main or secondary objectives of promoting women ' s rights and gender equality.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "69. Achieving gender equality and women ' s empowerment is critical to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. National planning processes provide important opportunities to address gender perspectives. Although progress has been uneven, many initiatives have been taken by Governments, such as the recognition of gender as a priority or cross-cutting issue that is systematically mainstreamed across all sectors and policy processes. However, in some countries, gender perspectives are only partially integrated into specific sectoral areas.", "70. In addition to awareness-raising, capacity-building and training activities, concerted efforts are needed to effectively integrate gender perspectives into national development policies and strategies. Common strategies include developing capacity and expertise in line ministries and national machineries to promote gender equality; strengthening accountability, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms; ensuring adequate human and financial resources; and promoting the participation of civil society, especially women ' s organizations, in national development planning processes. Gender-responsive budgeting has been developed as an effective tool to ensure that sufficient resources are allocated to achieve gender equality goals. The tool requires the development of technical expertise in several ministries, including the Ministry of Finance.", "71. The United Nations system and donors are increasingly taking measures to integrate a gender perspective into all development cooperation efforts, including through support for national development plans. Based on national ownership of gender mainstreaming actions, the focus should be on mainstreaming a gender perspective in all development cooperation efforts. Measures to ensure that a gender perspective is taken into account in development assistance include mechanisms to track the allocation of resources for achieving gender equality goals, gender-focused coordination mechanisms and accountability mechanisms to measure and track performance. The provision of bilateral and multilateral funds must be fully coordinated and clearly targeted to gender equality, and gender perspectives must be systematically integrated into the aid effectiveness agenda.", "72. The General Assembly may wish to call upon Member States and all relevant actors to:", "Gender mainstreaming", "• Systematically integrate a gender perspective into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all national development strategies and policies and sectoral plans and ensure that national action plans on gender equality are in line with national development strategies", "• Expand and strengthen efforts to mainstream a gender perspective in the United Nations common country assessment and UNDAF, based on lessons learned", "• Strengthened collaboration between UN-Women and United Nations country teams to assist Member States in integrating gender perspectives into national development policies and strategies", "Participation and accountability", "• Strengthen the effectiveness and contribution of national gender-responsive mechanisms in national development planning processes and in all sectoral plans", "• Strengthened role and capacity of gender theme groups by supporting United Nations country teams on gender-related issues and promoting gender perspectives in national development strategies and plans", "• Strengthening the transparency of and participation in national development planning processes through the involvement of civil society, in particular women's organizations, in the formulation and monitoring of national development strategies and other relevant policy instruments", "Allocation and tracking of resources", "• Develop and adopt effective and measurable mechanisms to monitor and track the allocation of national, United Nations and donor resources to gender equality goals", "• Strengthen capacity for gender mainstreaming by allocating adequate financial and human resources within line ministries, establishing and/or strengthening dedicated gender units, providing capacity development opportunities and developing tools and guidelines for technical staff", "• Ensure that donors allocate adequate resources to fully implement their commitments on gender equality, expand donor support for gender equality priorities across all sectors and strategic areas, and improve the effectiveness and quality of gender equality funding", "Measures and tools", "• Develop and strengthen methodologies and tools for systematic gender-responsive budgeting in all sectors of national development planning and the effective use of gender-responsive budgeting, including joint coordination mechanisms, in donor practices", "• Improve and systematize the collection, analysis and dissemination of sex-disaggregated data, strengthen capacity development in this regard and develop gender-sensitive indicators to support decision-making and national systems for monitoring and reporting on progress and impact", "Least developed countries", "• Ensure the full implementation of the commitments on gender equality made to the least developed countries in the Istanbul Programme of Action", "[1] The following Governments provided information: Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Spain and Togo. The following United Nations entities provided inputs: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Children ' s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank.", "[2] Unless otherwise indicated, the data in the present report are taken from the Millennium Development Goals 2011 report (New York, 2011).", "[3] UNICEF, Opportunities in Crisis: HIV prevention from early adolescence to early adulthood (New York, 2011).", "[4] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture, Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2011).", "[5] ESCAP, Strengthening National Mechanisms for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women: Regional Studies — Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2010). Available at http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/gender/2010-Regional-Study-on-NWM.pdf.", "[6] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[7] Ibid.", "[8] Rounaq Jahan, Strengthening National Mechanisms for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women: Global Integrated Study, prepared for the Division for the Advancement of Women/now UN-Women (New York, 2010). Available at http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/Technicalcooperation/GLOBAL_SYNHESIS_REPOT_Dec%202010.pdf.", "[9] ESCAP, 2010.", "[10] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[11] ESCAP, 2010.", "[12] Ibid.", "[13] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[14] Ibid.", "[15] Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.", "[16] UNIFEM (now UN-Women), How can aid be made gender-responsive under the new aid modalities, gender-responsive budgeting and aid effectiveness knowledge profile series (New York, 200 years).", "[17] Cameroon, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda and Tanzania.", "[18] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[19] Ibid.", "[20] Ibid.", "[21] Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Tanzania.", "[22] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[23] Ibid.", "[24] Ibid.", "[25] Study commissioned by the United Nations Development Group Task Force on Gender Equality on strengthening gender equality in United Nations development frameworks (New York, 2010).", "[26] Ibid.", "[27] Ibid.", "[28] Study on gender analysis and gender mainstreaming in common country programming commissioned by the United Nations Development Group Task Force on Gender Equality (United Nations Development Group) New York, 2006.", "[29] UNDG Gender Task Force, 2010.", "[30] Ibid.", "[31] Ibid.", "[32] UNDG Task Force on Gender Equality, 2006.", "[33] United Nations Development Group Task Force on Gender Equality, 2010", "[34] United Nations Development Group, United Nations Development Assistance Framework: United Nations country team guidelines (New York, 2010).", "[35] Ibid.", "[36] UNDG Gender Task Force, 2010.", "[37] UNDG Task Force on Gender Equality, 2006.", "[38] Based on information provided by UN-Women.", "[39] The 14 country team assessment reports using the United Nations Development Group performance indicators on gender equality are available at http://www.undg.org/index.cfm?P=222&SO=DATE#s2.", "[40] United Nations Development Group Gender Task Force, 2010.", "[41] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, findings and information from the 2011 Paris Declaration Monitoring Survey, Paris, 2011. See http://www.gender-budgets.org/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_details&gid=1253&Itemid=565.", "[42] Twenty-four countries responding to alternative modules on gender equality: Albania, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Gabon, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Peru, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, Togo and Zambia.", "[43] Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Ukraine.", "[44] UN-Women, European Commission-United Nations Partnership on Gender Equality for Development and Peace, final report to the European Commission (New York, 2011).", "[45] See the European Union Action Plan on Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Development 2010-2015.", "[46] Based on information provided by UN-Women." ]

[ "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向安全理事会转递审计委员会关于根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的报告。", "送文函", "2011年3月31日", "根据财务条例6.5，谨提交根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管账户2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间账目，并在此予以核准。财务报表已由主计长编制完成并核证无误。", "潘基文(签名)", "纽约", "联合国", "审计委员会主席", "刘家义先生", "2011年7月12日", "谨转递联合国审计委员会关于根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010—2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间财务报表的审计报告。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "刘家义(签名)", "纽约", "联合国", "安全理事会主席", "审计委员会关于根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的审计报告", "目录", "页次\n1.审计委员会的报告(审计意见) 5\n2.审计委员会的报告(长式报告) 7\nA.背景情况 8\nB.任务、范围和方法 8\nC.审计结果和建议 9\n1.以往建议的执行情况 9\n2.财务概览 9\n3.清算活动 9\nD.管理层的披露 11\n1.现金、应收款和财产损失的核销 11\n2.惠给金 11\n3.欺诈和推定欺诈案件 11\nE.鸣谢 11\n3.财务报表的核证 13\n4.2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的财务报表 14\n报表一.2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间收入和支出及准备金和基金结余变动表 14\n报表二.2010年12月31日的资产、负债及准备金和基金结余表 16\n报表三.2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的现金流量表 18", "一. 审计委员会的报告(审计意见)", "财务报表报告", "联合国审计委员会审计了根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的财务报表，其中包括：2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的收入、支出及准备金和基金结余变动报表(报表一)；截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债及准备金和基金结余报表(报表二)；该12个月期间的现金流量报表(报表三)；以及财务报表附注。", "管理层对财务报表的责任", "秘书长负责根据联合国系统会计准则编制和公允列报这些财务报表，并实行他视为必要的内部控制，使编制的财务报表不存在因欺诈或错误而出现的重大错报。", "审计员的责任", "我们的责任是根据审计对这些财务报表发表意见。我们的审计是根据《国际审计准则》进行的。这些准则要求我们遵守道德操守规定，制定审计计划和进行审计，以便能有合理把握判断财务报表是否存在重大误报。", "审计工作包括通过程序获得关于财务报表内的数额和披露事项的审计证据。选择何种程序视审计员的判断，包括视其对财务报表重大误报(不论因欺诈还是错误)风险的评估而定。在进行风险评估时，审计员考虑到与有关实体编制和公允列报财务报表有关的内部控制，以便根据情况设计适当的审计程序，但目的不是对该实体内部控制的效力发表意见。审计工作还包括评价管理层采用的会计政策是否适当，作出的会计估计是否合理以及评价财务报表的总体列报情况。", "我们认为，我们获得的审计证据为审计意见提供了充分和适当的依据。", "审计意见", "我们认为，根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的财务报表，在所有重大方面按照联合国系统会计准则公允列报了联合国代管(伊拉克)账户在2010年12月31日的财务状况以及在2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的财务执行情况和现金流量。", "关于其他法律和条例规定的报告", "我们还认为，我们在审计过程中注意到或测试的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户财务事项在所有重要方面均符合《联合国财务条例和细则》及立法授权。", "按照《联合国财务条例和细则》第七条，我们还出具了关于我们对联合国代管(伊拉克)账户审计的长式报告。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "刘家义(签名)", "南非共和国审计长", "特伦斯·农班贝(签名)", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国主计长兼审计长", "埃米亚斯·莫尔斯(签名)", "2011年7月12日", "二. 审计委员会的报告(长式报告)", "摘要", "审计委员会审计了根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的财务报表。审计所采用的方式是审查逐步缩减过程第七年的财务事项。", "审计意见", "如第一节所示，审计委员会对审查所涉期间的财务报表发表了未经修订的审计意见。", "以往建议的执行情况", "如委员会报告附件所示，为2008-2009两年期提出的三项建议中，两项仍在执行，一项因情况变化而不再适用。委员会鼓励行政当局尽早执行有关建议。", "财务概览", "在审查所述期间，收入总额为368万美元，支出总额为4 686万美元，收支相抵亏空4 318万美元。截至2010年12月31日，资产总额达504万美元，债务总额达32万美元，准备金和基金结余减至472万美元。", "清算活动", "2010年，石油换粮食方案的清算工作已进入了自安全理事会通过第1483(2003)号决议的第七个年头。委员会确认秘书长在削减与方案的剩余活动有关的结余方面取得的进展。", "安全理事会在2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议中，请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止方案的所有剩余活动。", "不过，截至2010年12月31日，联合国代管(伊拉克)账户仍在清算中。影响账户关闭的主要因素是在处置非消耗性财产方面发生延迟，以及小额的应付款和应收款没有结清。", "建议", "委员会建议行政当局采取适当措施：", "(a) 处置剩余的非消耗性财产；", "(b) 结清应付和应收的未结清账款；", "(c) 根据安全理事会的有关决议，将联合国代管(伊拉克)账户中所有剩余的未支配资金转入伊拉克发展基金。", "其后，委员会获悉，行政当局已结清了剩余的应收和应付余款，并于2011年6月6日将剩下的结余转入伊拉克发展基金。除了一个机构持有的非消耗性财产外，非消耗性财产的处置也已全部完成。", "A. 背景情况", "1. 联合国代管(伊拉克)账户是根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的。2010年，石油换粮食方案的清算进入了自安全理事会通过第1483(2003)号决议的第七个年头。", "2. 安全理事会在第1958(2010)号决议中，请秘书长停止石油换粮食方案的所有剩余活动，并授权秘书长设立一个新的代管账户。委员会还对新设的账户的财务报表进行了审计，并另外发表了一份审计报告(见S/2011/480)。", "3. 伊拉克发展基金是根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议设立的，石油换粮食方案的所有未支配资金必须转到该基金。委员会的任务中不包括对该基金的活动或财务记录进行审计。这一审计由伊拉克政府提名和任命、并经作为基金监督机构的国际咨询和监察委员会批准的独立审计人员开展。", "B. 任务、范围和方法", "4. 审计委员会审计了联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的财务报表，并审查了2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的清算活动。审计工作是依照《联合国财务条例和细则》第七条及其附件和国际审计准则进行的。根据这些准则，委员会必须遵守道德操守要求，并制定审计计划和进行审计，以便能有合理的把握来判断财务报表是否存在重大误报。", "5. 审计的主要目的是使审计委员会能够根据联合国系统会计准则，就财务报表是否公允地反映了截至2010年12月31日的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户财务情况以及该日终了的这一期间的行动结果和现金流动情况形成意见。审计中评估了财务报表所列支出是否为理事机构核准用途支出；收入和支出是否按照《财务条例和细则》进行了适当分类和记录。审计工作包括对财务制度和内部控制措施进行一般审查，以及对会计账目和委员会认为就财务报表形成意见所必需的其他证明材料进行检查。", "6. 附注3(a)指出，由于联合国代管(伊拉克)账户处在清算阶段，财务报表按清算会计制列报。这可能要求对资产和负债重新进行分类，并确认新的负债。不过行政当局表示，在认真审查之后，认为由于处于清算阶段，无需对代管(伊拉克)账户截至2010年12月31日的资产或负债作出任何调整。委员会就此同意行政当局的意见。", "7. 本报告涵盖审计委员会认为应提请安全理事会注意的事项。审计委员会已经与行政当局讨论了审计委员会的意见和结论，本报告已适当反映行政当局的意见。", "C. 审计结果和建议", "1. 以往建议的执行情况", "8. 如本节附件所示，在为2009年12月31日终了的上个两年期提出的三项建议(见S/2010/627)中，两项建议正在执行中，一项建议因情况变化而不再适用。", "9. 审计委员会注意到行政当局为执行这些建议所做的努力，但敦促行政当局加快步伐，尽早充分执行剩余的两项建议。", "2. 财务概览", "10. 在审查所涉期间的收入总额为368万美元，主要是现金、定期存款和现金池的利息。支出总额为4 686万美元，主要为汇兑损失4 484万美元。收支相抵后亏空4 318万美元。", "11. 截至2010年12月31日，资产总额达504万美元，其中490万美元是现金资源(现金、定期存款和现金池)，负债为32万美元。截至2010年12月31日，准备金和基金结余总额已减少至472万美元。", "3. 清算活动", "根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号和第1958(2010)号决议进行的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的清算活动", "12. 在安全理事会两次延展之后，石油换粮食方案的清算工作在2010年已进入安全理事会通过第1483(2003)号决议后的第七个年头。委员会注意到，秘书处作出了不断努力，以确定未结信用证的状况，并为解决未结清的付款提供便利。因此，截至2010年底，信用证的数量已从前一年的69份减少到43份，合计价值为1.01亿美元。", "13. 鉴于伊拉克政府不会进一步确认石油换粮食方案下的货物和服务交付情况，2010年12月15日，安全理事会通过第1958(2010)号决议，其中请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止方案的所有剩余活动，并设立一个新的代管账户，其中包含一个为行政当局所用的2 000万美元的基金，以及一个最多为1.31亿美元的补偿准备金。安理会在同一项决议中，请秘书长最迟于2016年12月31日把剩余的所有资金移交伊拉克政府，除非安理会另有授权。", "14. 在安全理事会通过第1958(2010)号决议之后，剩下的所有43份未结信用证均已停用；有关的未清债务也已终止；与这些信用证有关的资金已经释出；并设立了一个1.51亿美元的新的代管账户。同时，2010年联合国代管(伊拉克)账户向伊拉克发展基金移交了6.56亿美元。统计数据显示，从安全理事会通过第1483(2003)号决议到2010年底，联合国代管(伊拉克)账户向伊拉克发展基金移交的资金共计110.7亿美元，具体情况如下图所示。", "2003年至2010年向发展基金移交的资金", "(百万美元)", "[]", "注：基于行政当局提供的数据。", "联合国监察、核查和视察委员会根据安全理事会第1762(2007)号决议开展的清算活动", "15. 安全理事会以第1762(2007)号决议停止了联合国监察、核查和视察委员会(监核视委)的任务(代管账户之一)，并请秘书长将根据第986(1995)号决议设立的账户内所有剩余未支配资金通过伊拉克发展基金转给伊拉克政府。安理会要求不迟于自该决议通过之日起的三个月进行资金转移。", "16. 不过，2010年监核视委的清算工作仍在继续。截至2010年12月31日，在处置科威特的化学实验室方面悬而未决的主要问题已经解决，但剩余的小额应付和应收账款结余尚未结清。此外，在审查所涉期间，没有从监核视委账户向伊拉克发展基金转移资金。", "截至2010年12月31日的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的状况", "17. 截至2010年12月31日，联合国代管(伊拉克)账户仍在清算中。影响账户完全关闭的主要因素是处置非消耗性财产出现延迟，小额应收和应付账款结余未结清。截至2010年12月31日，应收和应付分别为133 000美元和141 000美元，待处理的非消耗性财产达718 000美元。", "18. 行政当局赞同委员会关于处置剩余的非消耗性财产的建议。", "19. 行政当局还赞同委员会一再申明的建议：(a) 结清未结清的应付和应收账款；(b) 根据安全理事会的有关决议，将联合国代管(伊拉克)账户中的所有剩余未支配资金转入伊拉克发展基金。", "20. 在编写本报告时，行政当局通知委员会，所有剩余的应收和应付账款均已结清，剩下的结余已于2011年6月6日转入伊拉克发展基金。除一个机构持有的非消耗性财产外，非消耗性财产的处置也已完成。", "D. 管理层的披露", "1. 现金、应收款和财产损失的核销", "21. 根据《联合国财务条例和细则》细则106.8和细则106.9的要求，行政当局通知审计委员会，在截至2010年12月31日的12个月期间，没有发生现金、应收款或财产损失的核销。", "2. 惠给金", "22. 根据财务细则105.12，行政当局报告说，在本审查所涉期间没有支付惠给金。", "3. 欺诈和推定欺诈案件", "23. 行政当局通知委员会说，在审查所涉期间联合国代管(伊拉克)账户没有出现欺诈和推定欺诈案件。", "E. 鸣谢", "24. 审计委员会谨对秘书长、主管管理事务副秘书长、助理秘书长兼主计长及其工作人员向委员会工作人员提供的合作与协助表示感谢。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "刘家义(签名)", "南非共和国审计长", "特伦斯·农班贝(签名)", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国主计长兼审计长", "埃米亚斯·莫尔斯(签名)", "2011年7月12日", "附件", "审计委员会就2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日的12个月期间所提建议的执行情况", "建议摘要 有关段落 最初建议所涉财政期间 已执行 执行中 未执行 因情况变化 参考出处 而不再适用", "在财务报表一个单独的附注中披露改变用作对比的任何数字的类别和重新表述此种数字的理由 16^(a) 2008-2009 － － － ×", "(a) 结清监核视委应付未付账款和应收未收账款 22^(b) 2008 － × － －", "(b) 按照安全理事会第1762(2007)号决议的规定，将监核视委所有剩余未支配资金转入伊拉克发展基金", "持续审查将未支配资金转入伊拉克发展基金的情况 33^(b) 2008 － × － －", "建议总数 － 2 － 1", "占建议总数的百分比 － 67 － 33", "^(a) S/2010/627。", "^(b) S/2009/314。", "三. 财务报表的核证", "1. 根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间财务报表是根据财务细则106.10编制的。", "2. 编制这些报表所适用的重要会计政策摘要列于财务报表附注。这些附注就秘书长负有行政责任的、本组织在这些报表所述期间进行的与安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议有关的财务活动提供了补充资料，并作了澄清。", "3. 兹证明所附编号为一至三的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户财务报表正确无误。", "助理秘书长兼主计长", "山崎纯(签名)", "2011年3月29日", "四. 2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的财务报表", "报表一", "根据安全理事会关于伊拉克的各项决议(不包括第1958(2010)号决议)的规定设立的联合国代管账户^(a)", "2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间收入和支出及准备金和基金结余变动表", "(千美元)", "第986(1995)和1483(2003)号决议 第687(1991)、706(1991)、 第687(1991)、706(1991)、1284 1284(1999)、 (1999)号决议^(c) 1762(2007)号 决议^(b)", "伊拉克境内的人道主义活动 行政和业务 监测、核查和 其他活动 2010年共计 2008年共计 费用 视察", "收入", "利息收入 2 634 443 23 — 3 100 34 783", "杂项收入 464 117 — — 581 2 915", "收入共计 3 098 560 23 — 3 681 37 698", "支出", "采购人道主义用品 — — — — — 684", "采购备件^(d) 326 — — — 326 722", "行政费用 — 1 086 20 272 1 378 5 444", "独立调查委员会费用^(e) — 309 — — 309 364", "汇率调整^(f) 44 843 — — — 44 843 17 091", "支出共计 45 169 1 395^(g) 20^(g) 272 46 856 24 305", "收入超过(低于)支出数额 (42 071) (835) 3 (272) (43 175) 13 393", "上期调整^(h) 545 (545) — — — (2)", "收入超出(低于)支出净额 (41 526) (1 380) 3 (272) (43 175) 13 391", "上期债务核销额 164 862 593 — 5 165 460 215 288", "转入伊拉克发展基金款项^(i) (656 000) — — — (656 000) (5 859)", "转入/转自其他基金款项 (131 000)^(j) (17 578)^(k) — 362 (148 216) —", "准备金和基金结余额，期初 663 836 21 729 1 067 20 686 652 388 070", "准备金和基金结余额，期末 172 3 364 1 070 115 4 721 610 890", "^(a) 本期没有与输油管税费或资产移交和捐助有关的活动。另见附注1和3。", "^(b) 涉及联合国监测、核查和视察委员会，见附注3。", "^(c) 涉及根据安全理事会第687(1991)号和第706(1991)号决议开展的活动，见附注3。", "^(d) 与往年所签合同调整和复效有关的支出。", "^(e) 见附注4。", "^(f) 欧元兑美元及其他货币的汇率波动。", "^(g) 与付款相关的支出部分从业务准备金中支出，见附注5。", "^(h) 为2009年记在“行政和业务费用”下的与“伊拉克境内的人道主义活动”有关的信用证收费退款。", "^(i) 为根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议转给由伊拉克中央银行持有的伊拉克发展基金的款项。见附注7(f)。", "^(j) 为转给根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议规定设立的联合国代管账户的131 000 000美元。", "^(k) 为转给根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议规定设立的联合国代管账户的20 000 000美元，以及转给负责遣返所有科威特国民和第三国国民或送还其遗体问题和交还伊拉克攫取的包括档案在内的所有科威特财产问题的高级协调员的362 000美元，但被从已关闭的联合国信托基金转移的2 784 413美元（包括来自伊拉克境内人道主义救济信托基金的2 298 095美元和来自向伊拉克、科威特和伊拉克-土耳其、伊拉克-伊朗边界地区提供人道主义援助紧急信托基金的486 318美元）部分抵消。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。", "报表二", "根据安全理事会关于伊拉克的各项决议(不包括第1958(2010)号决议)规定设立的联合国代管账户^(a)", "2010年12月31日的资产、负债及准备金和基金结余表", "(千美元)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 本期没有与输油管税费或资产移交和捐助有关的活动。另见附注1和3。", "^(b) 涉及联合国监测、核查和视察委员会，见附注3。", "^(c) 涉及根据安全理事会第687(1991)号和第706(1991)号决议开展的活动，见附注3。", "^(d) 为联合国总部现金池中“行政和业务费用”所占的份额，包括现金和定期存款519 379美元、短期投资845 988美元(市值854 141美元)、长期投资2 217 312美元(市值2 221 670美元)和应计未收利息16 636美元。", "^(e) 为联合国总部现金池中“监测、核查和视察”所占的份额，包括现金和定期存款160 776美元、短期投资261 879美元(市值264 403美元)、长期投资686 378美元(市值687 727美元)和应计未收利息5 150美元。", "^(f) 见附注2(k)㈣。", "^(g) 见附注5。", "^(h) 截至2010年12月31日保留的业务准备金将被用来支付与“行政和业务费用”有关的未清债务。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。", "报表三", "根据安全理事会关于伊拉克的各项决议(不包括第1958(2010)号决议)规定设立的联合国代管账户^(a)", "2010-2011两年期2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的现金流量表", "(千美元)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 本期没有与输油管税费或资产移交和捐助有关的活动。另见附注1和3。", "^(b) 涉及联合国监测、核查和视察委员会，见附注3。", "^(c) 涉及根据安全理事会第687(1991)号和第706(1991)号决议开展的活动，见附注3。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。", "` 财务报表附注", "附注1 根据安全理事会第986(1995)号决议设立的联合国代管账户(报表一、二和三)", "(a) 1996年设立了一个由秘书长负责经管的代管账户，用于接收经安全理事会第986(1995)号决议核准的伊拉克石油销售收益。安理会在该决议第1段中授权各国准许进口源自伊拉克的石油和石油产品，包括与此直接有关的金融及其他必要交易，但每90天所产生的总款额不得超过10亿美元。安理会在该决议第3段中决定，该规定的有效期仍为180天。", "(b) 根据第986(1995)号决议第2段的授权，土耳其可以进口源自伊拉克的石油和石油产品，所涉款额在扣除给赔偿基金的30%后，足以用于支付通过土耳其境内基尔库克-尤穆塔勒克输油管运送这些产品的输油管税费。安全理事会在第1330(2000)号决议将扣除比率改为25%。由于石油换粮食方案的终止，输油管税费不复存在。", "(c) 第986(1995)号决议准许每90天销售总款额不超过10亿美元的伊拉克石油，这项规定的有效期已根据安理会第1111(1997)号、第1129(1997)号、第1143(1997)号和第1158(1998)号决议延长至1998年5月30日。", "(d) 安全理事会第1153(1998)号决议第2段的规定在1998年6月1日开始生效，安理会在该段中决定，根据第986(1995)号决议第1段给予各国的授权，可准许进口足够数量源自伊拉克的石油和石油产品，包括进行与此直接有关的金融和其他必要交易，以便能够在第1153(1998)号决议第1段所述的180天内，产生不得超过52.56亿美元的总款额。按照第1210(1998)号、第1242(1999)号和第1281(1999)号决议，这项规定仍然有效。", "(e) 安全理事会在1999年12月17日第1284(1999)号决议中取消了美元上限，并授权在180天特许期内销售任何数量的伊拉克石油。这项规定因第1302(2000)号、第1330(2000)号决议、将第1330(2000)号决议的规定延长30天的第1352(2001)号、将任务期限延长150天的第1360(2001)号、第1382(2001)号、第1409(2002)号、将第1409(2002)号决议延长至2002年12月4日的第1443(2002)号、以及将特许期延至2003年6月3日的第1447(2002)号决议的规定而持续有效。方案下的最后一笔石油销售于2003年3月20日启运。", "(f) 安全理事会在第1175(1998)号决议第1和第3段中，授权各国准许向伊拉克出口必要的零件和设备(“备件”)，使伊拉克能够将石油和石油产品的出口增加到足以产生第1153(1998)号决议第2段所定的款额，并决定，可将根据第1153(1998)号决议所产生的存入代管账户中最多达3亿美元的资金用于支付经第661(1990)号决议所设委员会核准的合同所直接产生的任何合理费用，但伊拉克境内应支付的费用除外。第1293(2000)号和第1302(2000)号决议准许各国向伊拉克出口至多6亿美元的必要零件和设备，使伊拉克能够增加石油和石油产品的出口量。第1330(2000)号、第1352(2001)号、第1360(2001)号、第1382(2001)号、第1409(2002)号和第1447(2002)号决议维持了6亿美元的限额。", "(g) 安全理事会第1330(2000)号决议准许从代管账户中动用至多6亿欧元，用作石油工业备件和设备的安装和维修、包括培训费用。", "(h) 安全理事会在2003年3月28日第1472(2003)号决议中认识到，鉴于伊拉克当时的特殊情况，应在临时和例外的基础上，对石油换粮食方案进行技术性的临时调整，并授权秘书长做出此种调整，有效期为45天。", "(i) 安全理事会在2003年4月24日第1476(2003)号决议中决定，将第1472(2003)号决议第4段所载各项规定的有效期延长至2003年6月3日，并可由安理会进一步延长。", "(j) 安全理事会在2003年5月22日第1483(2003)号决议中，要求秘书长在六个月内终止该方案，并将任何余留活动的行政管理责任移交联军临时权力机构。安理会还要求合并根据第986(1995)号决议第8(a)段(涉及伊拉克中部和南部15个省)和第8(b)段(涉及伊拉克北部3个省)设立的账户。", "(k) 伊拉克石油的销售额根据提单日期和国营石油销售组织出具的商业发票所规定的装载石油总值，确认作为伊拉克境内人道主义活动基金的收入。销售伊拉克石油的收益，则在存款收讫后划拨给根据第986(1995)号决议第8段设立的其他账户。自2003年3月20日以来，没有任何石油销售记录。", "(l) 根据第986(1995)号决议第1段的授权销售伊拉克石油所得的资金，用于满足伊拉克人民的人道主义需要及第986(1995)号决议第8段规定的其他目的。安理会第1409(2002)号决议准许向伊拉克出售或供应除第687(1991)号决议第24段所述与军事商品和产品有关的商品或产品或《货物审查清单》(见S/2002/515)和第1454(2002)号决议附件A内的订正清单所列的与军事有关的商品或产品以外的任何商品或产品。石油销售所得资金按下列百分比分配：", "㈠ 53.034%用于为向伊拉克出口药品、卫生用品、粮食以及平民必需的物资和供应品提供资金。在实施第1302(2000)号决议时，将这一比率提高到54.034%，而第1330(2000)号决议将该比率进一步提高到59.034%，但要扣除下文第㈥项所述款项；", "㈡ 13.0%用于向在伊拉克北部埃尔比勒、杜胡克和苏莱曼尼亚三省开展活动的联合国机构间人道主义方案提供资金，以补充伊拉克政府分发的进口物品；", "㈢ 2.215%用于支付联合国的业务和行政费用；", "㈣ 30.0%划拨给安全理事会第705(1991)号决议所设赔偿基金。根据第1330 (2000)号决议，这一比率已降至25.0%，根据第1483(2003)号决议，这一比率被进一步降至5.0%；", "㈤ 0.751%划拨给取代安全理事会第687(1991)号决议所设特别委员会的第1284(1999)号决议所设联合国监测、核查和视察委员会，以支付其业务费用；", "㈥ 每90天向安全理事会第706(1991)号和第712(1991)号决议所设代管账户划拨最多可达1 000万美元的资金，用于支付第778(1992)号决议第6段所述的款项。安理会在第1284(1999)号决议中决定，自1999年12月17日起暂停向该代管账户划拨款项，最初为期6个月。安理会第1302(2000)号决议将这项暂停安排又延长了180天，并将资金转用于上文第㈠项的用途；第1330(2000)号决议规定自2000年12月6日起恢复每90天最多划拨1 000万美元的做法。", "(m) 尽管安全理事会授权销售伊拉克石油的期限不尽相同，但联合国代管(伊拉克)账户报表一、二和三仍每六个月编制一次。", "(n) 报表一、二和三列报了根据安全理事会第986(1995)号决议开展的人道主义活动的详细情况、相关业务和行政费用。从1996年12月石油换粮食方案开办到2000年年中，与各机构为伊拉克北部购买人道主义物品而开展的活动所发生的实际支出有关的执行费用均在“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户中列支，与行政和业务费用实际支出有关的方案支助费用则在“行政和业务费用”账户中列支。2000年年中，根据审计委员会的建议，并考虑到“行政和业务费用”账户的资金有所增加，秘书处决定按预期情况将所有执行及方案支助费用在“行政和业务费用”账户中列支。2002年年中，秘书处又恢复了原先的处理办法，将执行伊拉克北部方案的直接费用在“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户中列支。这一决定反映了不论工作是由机构本身完成还是实行外包都应一视同仁的必要性。2003年，当各机构开始在伊拉克南部和中部执行该方案时，这些执行费用也是按照2002年的决定，在“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户中列支。", "(o) 赔偿基金的财务报表(见上文第(1)段第㈣项)，列报于联合国财务报表单独的一卷。", "(p) 2010-2011两年期在人道主义用品和备件方面发生的支出，与往年所签合同的调整和复效有关。", "(q) 安全理事会在2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议中，请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止石油换粮食方案的所有剩余活动。该决议授权秘书长设立一个代管账户，用于就联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人自该方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动向其提供补偿，为期六年，并用于支付联合国有序停止该方案剩余活动的相关开支，包括联合国为会员国进行与该方案有关的调查和诉讼提供的支助，以及第1284(1999)号决议设立的高级协调员办公室的开支。此外，该决议还授权秘书长将总共1.51亿美元转入根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议设立的联合国代管账户，其中1.31亿美元用于向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供补偿，2 000万美元专门用作联合国有序停止该方案剩余活动的开支，包括联合国为会员国进行与该方案有关的调查和诉讼提供的支助，以及第1284(1999)号决议设立的高级协调员办公室的开支，并授权尽快将联合国代管(伊拉克)账户中的所有剩余资金转入伊拉克发展基金。", "附注2 联合国重要的会计和财务报告政策摘要", "(a) 联合国的会计核算根据大会通过的《联合国财务条例和细则》、秘书长依照各项条例制订的细则、以及主管管理事务的副秘书长或主计长颁布的行政指示进行。在进行会计核算时，还充分顾及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)通过的联合国系统会计准则。本组织遵循经行政首长理事会修订并通过的关于披露会计政策的国际会计准则第1号“财务报表的列报”，其规定如下：", "㈠ 基本会计假设为持续经营、一致性和权责发生制。这些基本会计假设如在财务报表中得到遵循，就不必予以披露。某一基本会计假设如没有得到遵循，则应披露这一事实并说明理由(见附注3(a))；", "㈡ 应根据谨慎、实质重于形式和重要性原则选择和运用会计政策；", "㈢ 财务报表应明确扼要地披露所采用的所有重要会计政策；", "㈣ 披露所采用的重要会计政策，应是财务报表的组成部分。所披露的这些政策通常应列在一处；", "㈤ 报表应载列上一个财政期相应期间的对比数字；", "㈥ 对本期有重要影响或对以后各期可能有重要影响的会计政策变动，应予以披露并说明理由。如果政策变动影响重大，应披露变动所带来的影响，并以数字说明。", "(b) 本组织的会计核算按基金会计制进行。大会、安全理事会或秘书长可设立独立的普通基金或特殊用途基金。每个基金都是独立的财务和会计主体，各设有一组自平复式账户。每个基金或每组性质相同的基金单独编制财务报表。", "(c) 维持和平行动的财政期间为一年，从7月1日起至次年6月30日止。本组织所有其他基金的财政期间为两年，即连续两个历年。", "(d) 收入、支出、资产和负债一般按照权责发生制确认。", "(e) 本组织的账目以美元列报。以其他货币记账的账目，均按交易时联合国规定的汇率折算成美元。对于这些货币，财务报表应载明以报表日适用的联合国汇率折算的非美元现金、投资和未缴认捐款以及往来账户应收和应付款的美元值。用报表日实际汇率折算的价值与采用财政期间最后一个月本组织汇率折算的价值有重大差异时，应在脚注中说明差额。", "(f) 本组织的财务报表按历史成本会计制编制，不为反映货物和服务价格变动所产生的影响而进行调整。", "(g) 现金流量汇总表按照《联合国系统会计准则》所述现金流量间接法编制。", "(h) 本组织的财务报表按照会计准则问题工作队向行政首长理事会管理问题高级别委员会不时提出的建议编制。", "(i) 收入：", "㈠ 会员国或其他捐助者书面承诺在本财政期间特定时间做出捐款时，此种自愿捐款记作收入。以秘书长可接受的服务和用品提供的自愿捐助，或记作收入，或在财务报表内注明；", "㈡ 来自组织间安排的收入是各机构为使本组织替它们管理项目或其他方案而划拨的资金；", "㈢ 由其他基金划拨的款项为一个基金拨给另一个基金或指定从一个基金转入另一个基金，并由后者支付的款项；", "㈣ 提供服务的收入，包括因向其他组织提供技术和行政支助而获得偿还的工作人员薪金和其他费用；", "㈤ 利息收入包括从各种银行账户存款所得的所有利息以及从有价证券和其他可转让票据获得的投资收入以及现金池所得的投资收入。投资收入须减去短期投资所有已实现的损失和未实现的损失净额。现金池投资活动所产生的收入和费用由各参与基金分享和分担。利息收入可每六个月分配一次；", "㈥ 非本年度币值波动引起的损益净额每六个月累计一次。自2002年1月1日起，每六个月在财务报表中将损益净额确认为收入和支出；", "㈦ 杂项收入包括下列收入：房地租金、变卖旧财产或剩余财产所得、以往期间支出的退款、保险赔款、不指定用途的赠款以及其他杂项收入；", "㈧ 与未来财政期间有关的收入均作为递延收入入账，不作为本财政期间收入入账(见下文第(l)段第㈢项)。", "(j) 支出：", "㈠ 支出根据核定经费或授权承付款项发生。报告的支出总额包括未清债务和付款。支出还包括估值当期债务所产生的汇率调整数；", "㈡ 非消耗性财产的支出记作财产购置期间预算的费用而不记作资本。库存非消耗性财产按历史成本入账；", "㈢ 未来财政期间的支出不记作本财政期间的费用，而是记作递延费用(见下文第k段第㈥项)；", "(k) 资产：", "㈠ 现金和定期存款是指活期存款账户和计息银行存款中的款项；", "㈡ 投资包括本组织为生利而购买的有价证券和其他可转让票据。短期投资按成本与市价孰低法列报；长期投资按成本列报。成本定义为面值加上或减去任何未摊销的溢价或折价。投资的市值在财务报表脚注中披露；", "㈢ 现金池包括各参与基金在现金和定期存款、短期和长期投资以及应计投资收入中所占的份额，所有这些资金都在现金池内管理。现金池内的投资性质类似。短期投资按成本与市价孰低法列报；长期投资按成本列报。成本定义为面值加上或减去任何未摊销的溢价或折价。各参与基金在现金池内所占的份额分别在各基金的报表内报告，其组成和投资市值也在各报表的脚注中披露；", "㈣ 反映基金间往来事项的基金间结余，列入联合国普通基金应收款和应付款。基金间结余还反映与其他代管账户和与联合国普通基金的直接往来业务。基金间结余视可动用现金资源的情况定期结算；", "㈤ 对于无法及时收到的应收款项，不提取备抵；", "㈥ 递延费用通常是指不适宜列为本财政期间费用的支出项目。这些支出项目将列为以后一个期间的费用。这些支出项目包括主计长根据财务细则106.7核准的未来财政期间的承付款。这类承付款一般限于持续性行政经费和履行期较长的合同或法律义务；", "㈦ 仅为了资产负债表的目的，假定与财务报表制定日已结束的学年有关的那部分预支教育津贴记作递延费用。预支款全额记作应收工作人员款项，直到工作人员出示必要的应享权利证明时，才将该款项记作预算账户的支出，并结清预支款；", "㈧ 资本资产的维修费记作有关预算账户的支出。家具、设备、其他非消耗性财产和租赁资产的改良不列为本组织的资产。此种购置款项记作购置年度预算账户的支出。非消耗性财产的价值在财务报表附表中披露。", "(l) 负债以及准备金和基金结余：", "㈠ 业务准备金包括服务终了和退休后福利准备金，列在财务报表单独的一项内。业务准备金列入财务报表中的准备金和基金结余总额之内；", "㈡ 未来各年的未清债务既列为递延费用，又列为未清债务；", "㈢ 递延收入包括已收到但尚未赚取的收入；", "㈣ 本组织过去、现在和未来财政期间的承付款项列为未清债务。自2000年1月1日起，伊拉克境内人道主义活动代管账户的未清债务，在该项目完成前保持效力。所有其他债务在发生债务的两年期终了后12个月内有效；", "㈤ 存在的或有负债，在财务报表附注中披露；", "㈥ 联合国是参与联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的成员组织，大会设立养恤基金以提供退休金、死亡抚恤金、残疾津贴和有关福利。养恤基金是一个确定福利、有多个雇主和注资的养恤金计划。基金的资产和养恤金福利的精算估值每两年进行一次。由于没有一种一贯可靠的办法将有关负债或资产和费用分配给参加养恤金计划的个别组织，联合国无法以会计上足够准确的方式确定养恤金计划财务状况和业绩中应由其分摊的部分，因此它将该计划当作一个固定缴款计划处理；因此财务报表没有反映联合国在合办工作人员养恤基金有关的净负债/资产中所占的份额。 本组织向养恤基金缴付的款项包括按联合国大会订立的比率缴付规定的款额(目前参加者为适用的应计养恤金薪酬的7.9%，本组织为15.8%)，以及根据《养恤基金条例》第26条支付其为弥补任何精算短缺而应分摊的款额。只有大会根据在估值之日对养恤金资金情况做出的精算评估，确定需要付款以弥补短缺并援引第26条规定时，才应支付这种款项。截至编写本财务报表之时，大会未曾援引这一规定。", "附注3 根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1992)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户(报表一、二和三)", "(a) 由于联合国代管(伊拉克)账户正处于清算过程(见下文附注7)，没有根据持续经营的假设，而是按照清算会计制列报财务报表，这可能要求不按照正常业务方式折现资产和消除债务。在2010年12月31日，联合国代管(伊拉克)账户中没有需要根据会计清算基准对计量或分类做出调整的资产或负债。", "(b) 财务报表一、二和三列有根据安全理事会第706(1991)号和第712(1991)号决议为支付第778(1992)号决议第6段所述款项而设立的代管账户，以及根据第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号和第1284(1999)号决议设立的特别账户。2003年，第706(1991)号、第712(1991)号和第778(1992)号决议设立的代管账户退还了所有资金。因此，这个代管账户已没有任何往来事项需要报告。", "(c) 秘书长根据安全理事会第706(1991)号和第712(1991)号决议管理的代管账户提供销售伊拉克石油所得的资金，用作联合国赔偿委员会支付执行第687(1991)号决议C节授权任务的全部费用的款项、联合国为推动伊拉克归还所有科威特财产而发生的全部费用、边界委员会费用的半数以及联合国执行第706(1991)号决议和伊拉克境内其他必要人道主义活动的费用。", "(d) 由于伊拉克拒绝按照安全理事会第706(1991)号和第712(1991)号决议的规定出售石油，安全理事会于1992年10月2日通过第778(1992)号决议，作为向规定用途提供资金的替代办法。境内存在归属伊拉克的石油产品的国家，或境内存在系销售伊拉克石油所得收益的伊拉克政府资金且此种资金由购买者于1990年8月6日之后支付的国家，必须将此种资金的部分或全部划入代管账户。此外，安理会在第778(1992)号决议中敦促各国从其他来源捐资给代管账户。在根据第706(1991)号和第712(1991)号决议所定制度出口石油且代管账户已收到销售收益的情况下，根据第778(1992)号决议划入或捐给代管账户的所有此类资金，都应连同所生利息，退还到各国提供资金的账户。伊拉克石油出口始于1996年12月，1997年1月代管账户开始收到石油销售收益所得的资金，这些资金随即退还到各国向代管账户提供原始资金的账户。", "(e) 1999年12月，根据安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议，暂停向代管账户交付石油销售收益。这项暂停规定根据第1302(2000)号决议延长了180天，2000年12月根据第1330(2000)号决议予以取消。", "(f) 2003年5月，安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议要求秘书长向会员国退还根据第778(1992)号决议提供的资金。所有这类资金已于2003年6月退还。", "(g) 安全理事会在第687(1991)号决议中要求秘书长履行与伊拉克-科威特间局势有关的某些任务。这些活动的费用，在收到伊拉克为某些活动支付给本组织的费用以及伊拉克和科威特共同支付的边界委员会费用之前，将视为预付款。", "(h) 自安全理事会通过第778(1992)号决议以来，上述费用均从代管账户划拨。此外，根据第986(1995)号决议，特别委员会的费用从代管账户划拨。", "(i) 安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议决定，设立联合国监测、核查和视察委员会(监核视委)。原先由特别委员会履行的职责改由监核视委承担。", "(j) 安全理事会在第1483(2003)号和第1546(2004)号决议中重申，打算重新审查监核视委的任务授权。", "(k) 安理会第1762(2007)号决议终止了监核视委的任务授权，并要求秘书长在应会员国要求退还其根据第699(1991)号决议第4段所缴纳款项之后，在三个月内将所有未支配资金转给伊拉克政府。", "(l) 根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议设立的联合国代管账户以单独的财务报表(见S/2011/480)列报。", "附注4 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会的支出", "(a) 2004年4月，秘书长任命了一个高级别独立调查委员会，负责调查石油换粮食方案从开办到移交给联军临时权力机构为止的行政和管理情况，包括对联合国官员、工作人员和代理人以及承包商(包括根据该方案与联合国或伊拉克签订合同的实体)的欺诈和贪腐行为的指控。安全理事会在其第1538(2004)号决议中，对调查表示欢迎。独立调查委员会已于2005年10月27日完成其调查工作，并发表了最后报告。", "(b) 2007年1月1日，独立调查委员会结束工作，与此同时，独立调查委员会办公室成立，作为秘书处的组成部分，任期暂定两年。独立调查委员会办公室的工作将由该委员会前成员指定的代表及其指定人执行。2010年11月，秘书长将独立调查委员会办公室任务期限延长至2011年12月31日。", "(c) 独立调查委员会的费用从分配给方案行政和业务费用的款项中支出。下表列报了2010-2011两年期的支出。", "(千美元)", "薪金 160", "订约承办事务 134", "房地 15", "共计 309", "附注5 业务准备金", "“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户", "(a) 2005年12月31日，在“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户下设立了1.2666亿美元的业务准备金，用于确保拥有足够的资金来满意地解决与未结信用证有关的所有余留问题。秘书长在2006年7月10日的信(S/2006/510)中指出，对于迄今已转入伊拉克发展基金的资金，联合国没有得到伊拉克政府的任何赔偿，并通知安全理事会，在供应商索偿问题得到解决之前，如安全理事会无异议，将留出1.87亿美元作为准备金，用于应付供应商提出的任何意料之外的索偿要求。安全理事会主席在2006年8月11日的信(S/2006/646)中通知秘书长，安理会成员已注意到拟议安排，并设立和维持了1.87亿美元的业务准备金。", "(b) 根据安全理事会2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议的规定，已将所有已过期的信用证停用，并新设了一个代管账户，以便除其他外就方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供适当补偿，为期六年。因此，不再需要“伊拉克境内人道主义活动”账户中的业务准备金，2010年12月31日，结余不再计作“累计盈余”。", "“行政和业务费用”账户", "(c) 2005年12月31日，在“行政和业务费用”账户下设立了21 132 192美元的业务准备金，用于支付在完成石油换粮食方案各方面工作之前独立调查委员会的预期费用及代管账户的行政费用。下表汇总了准备金自设立以来的变动情况。", "(千美元)", "2005年12月31日业务准备金 21 132", "2006年1月1日至2009年12月31日期间所用数额 (10 877)", "转自累计盈余数额 9 670 (1 207)", "2009年12月31日业务准备金 19 925", "2010年1月1日至12月31日期间所用数额 (1 225)", "准备金减少额^(a) (18 530)", "2010年12月31日业务准备金^(b) 170", "^(a) 根据安全理事会2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议的规定，新设了一个代管账户，以便除其他外用于支付有序停止石油换粮食方案剩余活动的相关开支。为此，不再需要“行政和业务费用”账户中的业务准备金(除169 908美元外，见注b)，2010年12月31日，结余不再计入“累计盈余”。", "^(b) 保留了169 908美元，用以支付与“行政和业务费用”有关的未清债务。", "“监测、核查和视察”账户", "(d) 2007年6月30日，在“监测、核查和视察”账户下设立了35 958 863美元的业务准备金，用于支付与监核视委有关的估计清算费用，包括结清欠给德国政府的债务以及文件存档和工作人员相关的费用。工作人员相关的费用包括服务终了和退休后福利的应计负债。下表汇总了准备金自设立以来的变动情况。", "(千美元)", "2007年6月30日业务准备金 35 959", "2007年1月1日至2009年12月31日期间所用数额 (32 671)", "转入累计盈余数额 (2 463) (35 134)", "2009年12月31日业务准备金 825", "2010年1月1日至12月31日期间所用数额 (20)", "业务准备金减少额^(a) (805)", "2010年12月31日业务准备金 —", "^(a) 根据安全理事会2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议的规定，新设了一个代管账户，以便除其他外用于支付有序停止石油换粮食方案剩余活动的相关开支。为此，不再需要“监测、核查和视察”账户中的业务准备金，2010年12月31日，结余不再计入“累计盈余”。", "附注6 非消耗性财产", "按照联合国会计政策，非消耗性财产在购买当年的拨款中列支。下表汇总了根据累计盘存记录按历史成本计值的非消耗性财产。", "(千美元)\n 2010年 2008年", "监核视委 — 1 194", "各机构 670 959", "独立调查委员会 48 290", "附注7 根据安全理事会第687(1991)号、第706(1991)号、第778(1992)号、第986(1995)号、第1284(1999)号、第1483(2003)号和第1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的未来运作方式", "(a) 安全理事会2003年5月22日第1483(2003)号决议，将安全理事会第1472(2003)号和第1476(2003)号决议授予秘书长的职责延长了六个月。安理会请秘书长在2003年11月21日前，以最具成本效益的方式终止石油换粮食方案在总部和实地开展的业务，将该方案之下任何余留活动的行政管理责任移交给联军临时权力机构。", "(b) 因此，在联合国各机构执行该方案的伊拉克北部三省，各机构订立的合同均已移交给权力机构。同样，在各机构继敌对行动爆发之后受命开展原由伊拉克政府进行的采购活动的伊拉克中部和南部15省，未完成的合同也已移交给权力机构。", "(c) 安全理事会第1546(2004)号决议决定，在联军临时权力机构解散之后，伊拉克临时政府及其后继者应承担移交给联军临时权力机构的与该方案有关的权力、责任和义务，包括该方案的所有业务责任和联军临时权力机构为履行这类责任而承担的任何义务，以及确保独立证明货物确已交付的责任，还决定自决议通过之日起120天过渡期结束后，伊拉克临时政府及其后继者应负责核证以往优先合同的交货情况，且此种核证应视为构成根据这类合同释放资金所需的独立证明，同时通过酌情磋商，确保这些安排得到顺利实施。", "(d) 根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议，与未确定为优先合同有关的一切债务，除信用证得以保留的债务外，均已终结。截至2010年12月7日，保留了43份信用证，以用于根据第1483(2003)号决议确定为优先的合同。", "(e) 此外，在2005年8月8日(S/2005/535)、2005年10月17日(S/2005/656)、2005年12月19日(S/2005/807)、2006年7月10日(S/2006/510)、2006年12月8日(S/2007/46)、2007年3月27日(S/2007/241)、2007年4月19日(S/2007/218)、2007年7月25日(S/2007/476)、2007年12月7日(S/2007/725)、2008年3月11日(S/2008/175)、2008年5月9日(S/2008/318)、2008年7月25日(S/2008/492)、2009年5月1日(S/2009/230)、2010年12月18日(S/2010/619)的信中，以及在2009年7月27日的报告(S/2009/385)、2010年11月1日的报告(S/2010/563)和2010年11月2日的普通照会(S/2010/567)中，安全理事会被告知未结信用证的清算安排及其正在取得的缓慢进展。", "(f) 2010年12月8日，秘书长写信(S/2010/619)给安全理事会主席，详细说明了石油换粮食方案剩余活动的最新情况，并就最终结束这些活动提出了建议。安全理事会根据这些建议，以2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议，请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止方案的所有剩余活动，并指出所有尚未解决交货索付问题的剩余的43份信用证为方案之所有目的均已停用，但不损害供应商可能对伊拉克政府拥有或提出的权利或权利主张。在信用证停用之后，相关的债务也被终止，而且根据安理会关于将联合国代管(伊拉克)账户中的全部剩余资金尽快转入伊拉克发展基金的授权，2010年12月29日将6.56亿美元转入伊拉克发展基金。", "(g) 此外，安全理事会以2010年12月15日第1958(2010)号决议授权秘书长设立一个代管账户，用于就联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人自石油换粮食方案设立以来围绕该方案开展的所有活动向其提供补偿，为期六年，并用于支付联合国有序停止该方案剩余活动的相关开支，包括联合国为会员国进行与该方案有关的调查和诉讼提供的支助，以及第1284(1999)号决议设立的高级协调员办公室的开支。决议授权秘书长将总共1.51亿美元转入联合国代管账户，其中1.31亿美元用于向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供补偿，2 000万美元专门用作联合国有序停止该方案剩余活动的开支，包括联合国为会员国进行与该方案有关的调查和诉讼提供的支助，以及第1284(1999)号决议设立的高级协调员办公室的开支。转账已于2010年12月30日进行。", "(h) 安全理事会第1762(2007)号决议终止了监核视委的任务授权。根据该决议设立了用于支付清算费用的业务准备金(见附注5)。2007年9月28日向伊拉克发展基金转入25 104 523美元的未支配资金，后来又分别于2008年2月28日和2008年12月9日转入875 285美元和2 548 000美元。", "(i) 自安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议通过以来，截至2010年12月31日，共向伊拉克发展基金转入110.7亿美元。根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号、第1546(2004)号和第1958(2010)号决议，将把所剩的盈余资金转入伊拉克发展基金。", "附注8 或有负债", "根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议的规定，作为清理结束过程的一部分，所有涉及联合国或其机构在开展石油换粮食方案活动时与第三方发生的索赔和纠纷，均移交给权力机构及其后继的伊拉克政府，并由其承担责任。有些可能的情况是无法进行此类移交，遇到这种情况任何负债和相关费用将需要从第1958(2010)号决议设立的新的代管账户中支出(见附注7(g))。" ]

[ "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit herewith to the Security Council the report of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007), for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011.", "Letters of transmittal", "31 March 2011", "In accordance with financial regulation 6.5, I have the honour to submit the accounts of the United Nations escrow accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011, which I hereby approve. The financial statements have been completed and certified as correct by the Controller.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Mr. Liu Jiayi Chair of the Board of Auditors United Nations New York", "12 July 2011", "I have the honour to transmit to you the report of the United Nations Board of Auditors on the audit of the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China", "Chair, United Nations Board of Auditors", "The President of the Security Council of the United Nations New York", "Report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "Contents", "PageI.Report 5 of the Board of Auditors (audit \nopinion) II. Report 7 of the Board of Auditors (long-form \nreport) \nSummary 7\nA.Background 9B.Mandate, 9 scope and \nmethodology C.Findings 10 and \nrecommendations 1. Follow-up 10 of previous \nrecommendations 2. Financial 10 \noverview 3.Liquidation 10 \nactivities D.Disclosures 12 by \nmanagement 1. Write-off 12 of losses of cash, receivables and \nproperties 2.Ex 12 gratia \npayments 3. Cases 12 of fraud and presumptive \nfraud \nE.Acknowledgement 13Annex.Statusofimplementationof 14 the Board’s recommendations for the 12-monthperiodended31 December 2010of the \nbiennium2010-2011 III. Certification 15 of the financial \nstatements IV. Financial 16 statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium \n2010-2011 StatementI.Statementofincome 16 and expenditure and changesin reserves and fund balances for the 12-monthperiodended31 December 2010of the \nbiennium2010-2011 Statement 18 II.Statementof assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balancesasat31 December \n 2010 Statement 20 III.Statementof cashflows for the 12-monthperiodended31 December 2010of the \nbiennium2010-2011 Notesto 22 \nthefinancialstatements", "I. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "Report on the financial statements", "The United Nations Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007), which comprise the statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances (statement I), the statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010 (statement II) and the cash flow statement for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011 (statement III), as well as the notes to the financial statements.", "Management’s responsibility for the financial statements", "The Secretary-General is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards and for such internal control as he deems is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.", "Auditor’s responsibility", "Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements to plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "An audit includes performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including an assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.", "We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained provides a sufficient and appropriate basis for the audit opinion.", "Opinion", "In our opinion, the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010 and their financial performance and cash flows for the 12-month period then ended of the biennium 2010-2011 in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards.", "Report on other legal and regulatory requirements", "Furthermore, in our opinion, the transactions of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts that have come to our notice, or which we have tested as part of our audit, have in all significant respects been in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and legislative authority.", "In accordance with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, we have also issued a long-form report on our audit of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China Chair of the United Nations Board of Auditors (Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Amyas Morse Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "12 July 2011", "II. Report of the Board of Auditors (long-form report)", "Summary \nThe Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of theUnited Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant toSecurity Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986(1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-monthperiod ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011. The auditwas carried out through a review of the financial transactionscovering the seventh year of the phase-down operations. Audit opinion \nThe Board issued an unmodified audit opinion on the financialstatements for the period under review, as reflected in section I. Follow-up of previous recommendations \nOf the three recommendations made for the biennium 2008-2009, twowere under implementation and one was overtaken by events, asindicated in the annex to the Board’s report. The Board encouragesthe Administration to implement the recommendations as early aspossible. Financial overview \nTotal income for the period under review amounted to $3.68 million,while total expenditure amounted to $46.86 million, resulting in ashortfall of income over expenditure of $43.18 million. As at 31December 2010, total assets amounted to $5.04 million, whileliabilities amounted to $0.32 million, and reserves and fund balanceswere reduced to $4.72 million. Liquidation activities \nIn 2010, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme was in itsseventh year, following the adoption by the Security Council ofresolution 1483 (2003). The Board recognizes the progress of theSecretary-General in the reduction of the balances relating toresidual activities under the programme.\nThe Security Council, in its resolution 1958 (2010) dated 15 December2010, requested the Secretary-General to take all actions necessaryto terminate all residual activities under the programme.\nAs at 31 December 2010, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accountswere, however, still under liquidation. The major factors affectingthe full closure of the accounts were a delay in the disposal ofnon-expendable property and thenon-settlement of small accounts receivable and payable balances. Recommendations \nThe Board recommended that the Administration take appropriatemeasures:\n (a) To dispose of the remaining non-expendable property; \n (b) To settle the outstanding accounts payable and receivable; \n(c) To transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the UnitedNations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Development Fund for Iraq inaccordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions.\nSubsequently, the Board was informed that the Administration hadcleared up the remaining receivable and payable balances andtransferred the remaining balances to the Development Fund for Iraqon 6 June 2011. The disposal of thenon-expendable property had also been completed, except for thoseheld by one agency.", "A. Background", "1. The United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). In 2010, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme was in its seventh year, following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1483 (2003).", "2. The Security Council, in its resolution 1958 (2010), requested the Secretary-General to terminate all residual activities of the oil-for-food programme and authorized the Secretary-General to establish a new escrow account. The Board also performed an audit on the financial statements of the newly established account and issued a separate audit report (see S/2011/480).", "3. The Development Fund for Iraq was established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), to which, inter alia, all unencumbered funds from the oil-for-food programme must be transferred. The mandate of the Board does not include auditing the activities or financial records of the Fund. That audit is undertaken by independent auditors nominated and appointed by the Government of Iraq, subject to approval by the International Advisory and Monitoring Board, which is the oversight body for the Fund.", "B. Mandate, scope and methodology", "4. The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts and has reviewed their liquidation activities for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010. The audit was conducted in conformity with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and the annex thereto, as well as the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that the Board comply with ethical requirements to plan and perform an audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "5. The audit was conducted primarily to enable the Board to form an opinion as to whether the financial statements presented fairly the financial position of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010 and the results of operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards. This included an assessment as to whether the expenditures recorded in the financial statements had been incurred for the purposes approved by the governing bodies and whether income and expenditures had been properly classified and recorded in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules. The audit included a general review of financial systems and internal controls and an examination of the accounting records and other supporting evidence to the extent that the Board considered necessary to form an opinion on the financial statements.", "6. According to note 3 (a), since the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are under liquidation, the financial statements were presented on the liquidation basis of accounting. This may require the reclassification of assets and liabilities, as well as the recognition of new liabilities. The Administration, however, indicated that, after a careful review, there was no need to make any adjustments to the assets or liabilities of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010 as a result of their being in a liquidation stage. The Board concurs with the Administration in this regard.", "7. The present report covers matters that, in the opinion of the Board, should be brought to the attention of the Security Council. The Board’s observations and conclusions were discussed with the Administration, whose views have been appropriately reflected in the report.", "C. Findings and recommendations", "1. Follow-up of previous recommendations", "8. Of the three recommendations made for the previous biennium ended 31 December 2009 (see S/2010/627), two were under implementation and one was overtaken by events, as indicated in the annex to the present section.", "9. While the Board noted the efforts given by the Administration to implement the recommendations, it urges the Administration to expedite the full implementation of the two remaining recommendations as early as possible.", "2. Financial overview", "10. Total income for the period under review amounted to $3.68 million, mainly earned from interest on cash and term deposits and the cash pool. Total expenditure amounted to $46.86 million, mainly due to a currency exchange loss of $44.84 million. This gives a shortfall of income over expenditure of $43.18 million.", "11. As at 31 December 2010, total assets amounted to $5.04 million, $4.90 million of which were cash resources (cash and term deposits and cash pool), while liabilities amounted to $0.32 million. Total reserves and fund balances decreased to $4.72 million as at 31 December 2010.", "3. Liquidation activities", "Liquidation activities of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts according to Security Council resolutions 1483 (2003) and 1958 (2010)", "12. After two extensions by the Security Council, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme was in its seventh year in 2010, following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1483 (2003). The Board noted that the Secretariat had made continuous efforts to determine the status of outstanding letters of credit and to facilitate the resolution of any outstanding payments. As a result, as at the end of 2010, the number of letters of credit had been reduced from 69 in the previous year to 43 with an aggregate value of $101 million.", "13. Given that no additional confirmation of arrival for goods and services under the oil-for-food programme would be provided by the Government of Iraq, on 15 December 2010, the Security Council adopted resolution 1958 (2010), in which the Secretary-General was requested to take all necessary actions to terminate all residual activities under the programme and to establish a new escrow account containing a $20 million fund for administration and up to $131 million as an indemnification reserve fund. In the same resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to transfer all the remaining funds to the Government of Iraq by 31 December 2016, unless it authorized otherwise.", "14. After the adoption of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), all the remaining 43 outstanding letters of credit were closed; the related unliquidated obligations were also closed; the funds associated with such letters were released; and a new escrow account with an amount of $151 million was established. At the same time, an amount of $656 million was transferred from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Development Fund for Iraq in 2010. The statistics indicated that from the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) until the end of 2010, transferred funds from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Fund totalled $11.07 billion, as shown in the figure below.", "Funds transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq from 2003 to 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Note: Based on data provided by the Administration.", "Liquidation activities of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission according to Security Council resolution 1762 (2007)", "15. By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Security Council terminated the mandate of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) (one of the escrow accounts) and requested the Secretary-General to transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the account established pursuant to resolution 986 (1995) to the Government of Iraq through the Development Fund for Iraq. The Council required that this should be done no later than three months from the adoption of that resolution.", "16. However, in 2010, the liquidation of UNMOVIC continued. As at 31 December 2010, the major outstanding issue regarding the disposal of the chemical laboratory in Kuwait had been settled, while the remaining small balance of accounts payable and receivable had not been settled. In addition, no transfer had been made from the account of UNMOVIC to the Development Fund for Iraq during the period under review.", "Status of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010", "17. As at 31 December 2010, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were still under liquidation. The major factors affecting the full closure of the accounts were a delay in the disposal of non-expendable property and the non-settlement of small accounts receivable and payable balances. As at 31 December 2010, the accounts receivable and payable balances amounted to $133,000 and $141,000 respectively, while non-expendable property on hand amounted to $718,000.", "18. The Administration agreed with the Board’s recommendations to dispose of the remaining non-expendable property.", "19. The Administration also agreed with the Board’s reiterated recommendations: (a) to settle the outstanding accounts payable and receivable; and (b) to transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Development Fund for Iraq in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "20. At the time of reporting, the Administration has informed the Board that all the remaining receivable and payable balances had been cleared, and the remaining balances were transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq on 6 June 2011. The disposal of the non-expendable property had also been completed, except for those held by one agency.", "D. Disclosures by management", "1. Write-off of losses of cash, receivables and properties", "21. As required by rules 106.8 and 106.9 of the Financial Regulations and Rules, the Administration informed the Board that there had been no write-off of cash, receivables or properties during the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010.", "2. Ex gratia payments", "22. As required by financial rule 105.12, the Administration reported that there had been no ex gratia payments during the period.", "3. Cases of fraud and presumptive fraud", "23. The Administration informed the Board that there were no cases of fraud or presumptive fraud relating to the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts for the period under review.", "E. Acknowledgement", "24. The Board wishes to express its appreciation for the cooperation and assistance extended to its staff by the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the Assistant Secretary-General and Controller, and their staff members.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China Chair of the United Nations Board of Auditors (Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Amyas Morse Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "12 July 2011", "Annex", "Status of implementation of the Board’s recommendations for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "Summary of recommendations\tParagraphreference\tFinancialperiodfirstmade\tImplemented\tUnderimplementation\tNotimplemented\tOvertakenbyevents \nDisclose as a separate noteto the financial statementsthe reasons forreclassification andrestatement of anycomparative\t16^(a)\t2008-2009\t—\t—\t—\tX(a) Settle the outstandingaccounts payable andreceivable of UNMOVIC\t22^(b)\t2008\t—\tX\t—\t— \n(b) Transfer all remainingunencumbered funds ofUNMOVIC to the DevelopmentFund for Iraq in accordancewith Security Councilresolution 1762 (2007) \nKeep under review the matterof transferring theunencumbered funds to theDevelopment Fund for Iraq\t33^(b)\t2008\t—\tX\t—\t—\nTotal number ofrecommendations —\t2\t—\t1\nPercentage of total numberof recommendations —\t67\t—\t33", "^(a) S/2010/627.", "^(b) S/2009/314.", "III. Certification of the financial statements", "1. The financial statements for the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011 have been prepared in accordance with financial rule 106.10.", "2. The summary of significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these statements is included as notes to the financial statements. The notes provide additional information and clarifications for the financial activities related to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) undertaken by the Organization during the period covered by these statements, for which the Secretary-General has administrative responsibility.", "3. I certify that the appended financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts, numbered I to III, are correct.", "(Signed) Jun Yamazaki Assistant Secretary-General, Controller", "29 March 2011", "IV. Financial statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "Statement I", "United Nations escrow accounts established under the provisions of all Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010))^(a)", "Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resolutions 986 Resolutions Resolutions (1995) 687 (1991), 687 (1991), and 1483 (2003) 706 (1991), 706 (1991), 1284 (1999), 1284 1762 (1999)^(c) (2007)^(b)\n Humanitarian Administrative Monitoring, Other Total Total activities in and operational verification activities 2010 2008 Iraq costs and inspection", "Income", "Interest income 2 634 443 23 — 3 100 34 783", "Miscellaneous income 464 117 — — 581 2 915", "Total income 3 098 560 23 — 3 681 37 698", "Expenditure", "Purchase of — — — — — 684 humanitarian supplies", "Purchase of spare 326 — — — 326 722 parts^(d)", "Administrative — 1 086 20 272 1 378 5 444 expenses", "Independent Inquiry — 309 — — 309 364 Committee expenses^(e)", "Currency exchange 44 843 — — — 44 843 17 091 adjustments^(f)", "Total expenditure 45 169 1 395^(g) 20^(g) 272 46 856 24 305", "Excess (shortfall) of (42 071) (835) 3 (272) (43 13 393 income over 175) expenditure", "Prior-period 545 (545) — — — (2) adjustments^(h)", "Net excess (41 526) (1 380) 3 (272) (43 13 391 (shortfall) of income 175) over expenditure", "Cancellation of 164 862 593 — 5 165 460 215 288 prior-period obligations", "Transfers to the (656 000) — — — (656 (5 859) Development Fund for 000) Iraq^(i)", "Transfers (to)/from (131 000)^(j) (17 578)^(k) — 362 (148 — other funds 216)", "Reserves and fund 663 836 21 729 1 067 20 686 652 388 070 balances, beginning of period", "Reserves and fund 172 3 364 1 070 115 4 721 610 890 balances, end of period", "^(a) There were no activities relating to pipeline tariff charges or assets transfers and contributions during this period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "^(b) Refers to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. See note 3.", "^(c) Refers to activities undertaken further to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991). See note 3.", "^(d) Expenditure incurred relating to adjustments and reinstatements of contracts entered into in previous years.", "^(e) See note 4.", "^(f) Represents currency exchange fluctuations between the euro and the United States dollar and other currencies.", "^(g) The portion of expenditures that relates to disbursements is met from operating reserves. See note 5.", "^(h) Represents refund of a letter of credit fee related to “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” that was recorded under “Administrative and operational costs” in 2009.", "^(i) Represents transfers to the Development Fund for Iraq held by the Central Bank of Iraq pursuant to Security Council resolution 1483 (2003). See note 7 (f).", "^(j) Represents the transfer of $131,000,000 to the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "^(k) Represents the transfer of $20,000,000 to the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) and $362,000 to the High-level Coordinator for the repatriation or return of all Kuwaiti and third-country nationals on their remains and the return of all Kuwaiti property, including archives, seized by Iraq, partly offset by the transfer of $2,784,413 from the closed United Nations trust funds (comprising $2,298,095 from the Trust Fund for Humanitarian Relief in Iraq and $486,318 from the Emergency Trust Fund for Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq, Kuwait and the Iraq-Turkey and Iraq-Iran Border Areas).", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement II", "United Nations escrow accounts established under the provisions of all Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010))^(a)", "Statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resolutions Resolutions Resolutions 986 (1995) 687 (1991), 687 (1991), and 1483 706 (1991), 706 (1991), (2003) 1284 (1999), 1284 1762 (1999)^(c) (2007)^(b)\n Humanitarian Administrative Monitoring, Other Total Total activities in and operational verification activities 2010 2008 Iraq costs and inspection", "Assets", "Cash and term deposits 172 12 7 — 191 928 671", "Cash pool — 3 599^(d) 1 114^(e) — 4 713 25 469", "Accounts receivable", "Inter-fund balances — — 9 119 128 804 receivable^(f)", "Inter-agency accounts — — — — — 4 624 receivable", "Other accounts receivable — — — 5 5 92", "Deferred charges — — — — — 8", "Total assets 172 3 611 1 130 124 5 037 959 668", "Liabilities", "Unliquidated obligations — 170 — 5 175 2 401 — current year", "Unliquidated obligations — — — — — 345 631 — prior years", "Accounts payable", "Inter-fund balances — 60 — — 60 627 payable^(f)", "Other accounts payable — 17 60 4 81 119", "Total liabilities — 247 60 9 316 348 778", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operating reserves^(g)", "Reserves for — — — — — 2 546 end-of-service and post-retirement benefits", "Other reserves — 170^(h) — — 170 207 543", "Cumulative surplus 172 3 194 1 070 115 4 551 400 801", "Total reserves and fund 172 3 364 1 070 115 4 721 610 890 balances", "Total liabilities and 172 3 611 1 130 124 5 037 959 668 reserves and fund balances", "^(a) There were no activities relating to pipeline tariff charges or assets transfers and contributions during this period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "^(b) Refers to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. See note 3.", "^(c) Refers to activities undertaken further to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991). See note 3.", "^(d) Represents share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool for “Administrative and operational costs”, comprising cash and term deposits of $519,379, short-term investments of $845,988 (market value $854,141), long-term investments of $2,217,312 (market value $2,221,670) and accrued interest receivable of $16,636.", "^(e) Represents the share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool for “Monitoring, Verification and Inspection” comprising cash and term deposits of $160,776, short-term investments of $261,879 (market value $264,403), long-term investments of $686,378 (market value $687,727) and accrued interest receivable of $5,150.", "^(f) See note 2 (k) (iv).", "^(g) See note 5.", "^(h) Operating reserves retained as of 31 December 2010 are to be utilized to discharge unliquidated obligations of $169,908 related to “Administrative and operational costs”.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement III", "United Nations escrow accounts established under the provisions of all Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010))^(a)", "Statement of cash flows for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resolutions Resolutions Resolutions Total Total 2008 986 (1995) 687 (1991), 687 (1991), 2010 and 1483 706 (1991), 706 (1991), (2003) 1284 (1999), 1284 1762 (1999)^(c) (2007)^(b)\n Humanitarian Administrative Monitoring, Other activities in and operational verification activities Iraq costs and inspection", "Cash flows from operating activities", "Net excess (shortfall) of (41 526) (1 380) 3 (272) (43 13 391 income over expenditure 175) (statement I)", "(Increase) decrease in — 334 (9) (84) 241 (665) inter-fund balances receivable", "(Increase) decrease in 8 10 16 2 36 89 other accounts receivable", "(Increase) decrease in — — — — — 10 deferred charges", "Increase (decrease) in (268 017) (592) (171) — (268 (309 480) unliquidated obligations 780)", "Increase (decrease) in (545) 60 (32) — (517) (3 225) inter-fund accounts payable", "Increase (decrease) in — (47) 11 (13) (49) (171) other accounts payable", "Less: Interest income (2 634) (443) (23) — (3 100) (34 783)", "Net cash from operating (312 714) (2 058) (205) (367) (315 (334 834) activities 344)", "Cash flows from investing activities", "Interest income 2 634 443 23 — 3 100 34 783", "Net cash from investing 2 634 443 23 — 3 100 34 783 activities", "Cash flows from financing activities", "Cancellation of 164 862 593 — 5 165 460 215 288 prior-period obligations", "Transfers to the (656 000) — — — (656 (5 859) Development Fund for Iraq 000)", "Transfers (to)/from other (131 000) (17 — 362 (148 — funds 578) 216)", "Net cash from financing (622 138) (16 — 367 (638 209 429 activities 985) 756)", "Net increase (decrease) in (932 218) (18 (182) — (951 (90 622) cash and term deposits and 600) 000) cash pool", "Cash and term deposits and 932 390 22 211 1 303 — 955 904 1 044 762 cash pool, beginning of period", "Cash and term deposits and 172 3 611 1 121 — 4 904 954 140 cash pool, end of period", "^(a) There were no activities relating to pipeline tariff charges or assets transfers and contributions during this period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "^(b) Refers to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. See note 3.", "^(c) Refers to activities undertaken further to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991). See note 3.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Notes to the financial statements", "Note 1 United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 986 (1995) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) An escrow account to be administered by the Secretary-General was established in 1996 in order to receive the proceeds from the sale of Iraqi oil approved by the Security Council in its resolution 986 (1995). In paragraph 1 of that resolution, the Council authorized States to permit the import of petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq, including financial and other essential transactions directly relating thereto, sufficient to produce a sum not exceeding a total of $1 billion every 90 days. In paragraph 3 of that resolution, the Council decided that the provision should remain in force for 180 days.", "(b) The authorization given in paragraph 2 of resolution 986 (1995) permitted Turkey to import petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq, sufficient to meet the pipeline tariff charges for the transport of those products through the Kirkuk-Yumurtalik pipeline in Turkey, after the deduction of 30 per cent for the Compensation Fund. In resolution 1330 (2000), the Security Council revised the deduction to 25 per cent. Owing to the cessation of the oil-for-food programme, pipeline tariff charges are no longer incurred.", "(c) The provision of resolution 986 (1995) authorizing sales of Iraqi oil not exceeding a total of $1 billion every 90 days remained in force until 30 May 1998 in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1111 (1997), 1129 (1997), 1143 (1997) and 1158 (1998).", "(d) The Security Council, in paragraph 2 of resolution 1153 (1998), which took effect on 1 June 1998, decided that the authorization given to States in paragraph 1 of resolution 986 (1995) should permit the import of petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq, including financial and other essential transactions directly relating thereto, sufficient to produce a sum not exceeding a total of $5.256 billion, in the 180-day period referred to in paragraph 1 of resolution 1153 (1998). This provision remained in force in accordance with resolutions 1210 (1998), 1242 (1999) and 1281 (1999).", "(e) In its resolution 1284 (1999) of 17 December 1999, the Security Council lifted the dollar cap and authorized sales of Iraqi oil of any volume during the 180‑day mandate period. This provision remained in force in accordance with resolutions 1302 (2000), 1330 (2000) and 1352 (2001), which extended the provisions of resolution 1330 (2000) for 30 days; 1360 (2001), which extended the mandate period for 150 days; 1382 (2001), 1409 (2002) and 1443 (2002), which extended the provisions of resolution 1409 (2002) until 4 December 2002; and 1447 (2002), which extended the mandate period to 3 June 2003. The final sale of oil for shipment under the programme was made on 20 March 2003.", "(f) The Security Council, in paragraphs 1 and 3 of resolution 1175 (1998), authorized States to permit the export to Iraq of the necessary parts and equipment (“spare parts”) to enable Iraq to increase the export of petroleum and petroleum products, in quantities sufficient to produce the sum established in paragraph 2 of resolution 1153 (1998), and decided that the funds in the escrow account produced pursuant to resolution 1153 (1998) up to a total of $300 million might be used to meet any reasonable expenses, other than expenses payable in Iraq, which followed directly from contracts approved by the Committee established pursuant to resolution 661 (1990). Resolutions 1293 (2000) and 1302 (2000) established that up to $600 million might be used to permit States to export to Iraq the necessary parts and equipment to enable Iraq to increase the export of petroleum and petroleum products. Resolutions 1330 (2000), 1352 (2001), 1360 (2001), 1382 (2001), 1409 (2002) and 1447 (2002) retained the $600 million limit.", "(g) Security Council resolution 1330 (2000) allowed for funds up to €600 million from the escrow account to be used for the cost of installation and maintenance, including training services, of spare parts and equipment relating to the oil industry.", "(h) In its resolution 1472 (2003) of 28 March 2003, the Security Council recognized that in view of the exceptional circumstances prevailing in Iraq, on an interim and exceptional basis, technical and temporary adjustments should be made to the oil-for-food programme, and authorized the Secretary-General to make such changes for a period of 45 days.", "(i) In its resolution 1476 (2003) of 24 April 2003, the Security Council decided that the provisions contained in paragraph 4 of resolution 1472 (2003) should remain in force until 3 June 2003 and might be subject to further renewal by the Council.", "(j) In its resolution 1483 (2003) of 22 May 2003, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to terminate the programme within six months and to transfer responsibility for the administration of any remaining activity to the Coalition Provisional Authority. The Council also requested the consolidation of the accounts established pursuant to paragraphs 8 (a) (relating to 15 governorates of central and southern Iraq) and 8 (b) (relating to 3 governorates of northern Iraq) of resolution 986 (1995).", "(k) Sale of Iraqi oil was recognized as revenue in the fund for humanitarian activities in Iraq based on the bill of lading date and the total value of oil loaded as stipulated in the commercial invoice issued by the State Oil Marketing Organization. The proceeds from the sale of Iraqi oil were allocated, upon receipt of deposits, to other accounts established pursuant to paragraph 8 of resolution 986 (1995). No oil sales have been recorded since 20 March 2003.", "(l) The funds from the sale of Iraqi oil pursuant to the authorization given in paragraph 1 of resolution 986 (1995) were to be used to meet the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people and for the other purposes set out in paragraph 8 of resolution 986 (1995). Resolution 1409 (2002) permitted the sale or supply of any commodities or products other than those referred to in paragraph 24 of resolution 687 (1991) as it related to military commodities and products, or military-related commodities or products covered by the Goods Review List (see S/2002/515) and the amendments thereto contained in annex A to resolution 1454 (2002). The percentages used in allocating the oil sale proceeds were determined as follows:", "(i) 53.034 per cent to finance the export to Iraq of medicine, health supplies, food, and materials and supplies for essential civilian needs. In follow-up to resolution 1302 (2000), this was increased to 54.034 per cent, and resolution 1330 (2000) authorized a further increase to 59.034 per cent less the payment referred to in (vi) below;", "(ii) 13.0 per cent to complement the distribution by the Government of Iraq of imported goods by providing funds to the United Nations Inter-Agency Humanitarian Programme operating in the three northern Governorates of Arbil, Dihouk and Suleimaniyeh;", "(iii) 2.215 per cent to meet the operational and administrative costs to the United Nations;", "(iv) 30.0 per cent allocated to the Compensation Fund established pursuant to Security Council resolution 705 (1991). Pursuant to resolution 1330 (2000), this percentage was decreased to 25.0 per cent, and further decreased to 5.0 per cent pursuant to resolution 1483 (2003);", "(v) 0.751 per cent allocated to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), which replaced the special commissions established pursuant to resolution 687 (1991), to meet operating costs;", "(vi) A maximum of $10 million every 90 days to be allocated to the escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) for the payments envisaged under paragraph 6 of resolution 778 (1992). In resolution 1284 (1999), the Council decided to suspend payments to this escrow account for an initial period of six months from 17 December 1999. In resolution 1302 (2000), this suspension was extended for a further 180-day period and the allocation transferred to (i) above. In resolution 1330 (2000), the allocation of a maximum of $10 million every 90 days was reinstated from 6 December 2000.", "(m) Notwithstanding the periods for the sale of Iraqi oil as authorized by the Security Council, financial statements I, II and III of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are prepared every six months.", "(n) Included in financial statements I, II and III are details relating to the humanitarian activities and related operational and administrative costs that are undertaken under the provisions of Security Council resolution 986 (1995). From the beginning of the oil-for-food programme, in December 1996, to mid-2000, implementation costs on actual expenditures incurred by agencies for activities associated with the purchase of humanitarian goods for northern Iraq were charged to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account, and programme support costs on actual expenditures for the administrative and operational costs were charged to the “Administrative and operational costs” account. In mid-2000, following recommendations of the Board of Auditors, and taking into account the increased level of funds available in the “Administrative and operational costs” account, the Secretariat decided to prospectively charge all implementation and programme support costs to the “Administrative and operational costs” account. In mid-2002, the Secretariat reverted to the earlier treatment, whereby direct costs of implementing the programme in northern Iraq were charged to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account. This decision reflected the need to harmonize treatment, whether the work was done by an agency itself or contracted out. In 2003, when agencies began implementing various aspects of the programme in southern and central Iraq, those implementation costs were also charged to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account, in line with the decision taken in 2002.", "(o) The financial statements of the Compensation Fund (see para. (l) (iv) above) are reported on in a separate volume of the United Nations financial statements.", "(p) Expenditures incurred during the 2010-2011 biennium for humanitarian supplies and spare parts relate to adjustments and reinstatements of contracts entered into in previous years.", "(q) The Security Council, in its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, requested the Secretary-General to take all actions necessary to terminate all residual activities under the oil-for-food programme. The resolution authorized the Secretary-General to establish an escrow account for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for a period of six years with regard to all activities in connection with the programme since its inception, for the expenses of the United Nations related to the orderly termination of the residual activities of the programme, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and Member State proceedings related to the programme, and for the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator created pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). Furthermore, the Secretary-General was authorized to transfer a total of $151 million to the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), comprising $131 million for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors and $20 million exclusively for the expenses of the United Nations related to the orderly termination of the residual activities of the programme, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and Member State proceedings related to the programme and the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator created pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999) and to transfer all remaining funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Development Fund for Iraq as soon as possible.", "Note 2 Summary of significant accounting and financial reporting policies of the United Nations", "(a) The accounts of the United Nations are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly, the rules formulated by the Secretary-General as required under the Regulations and administrative instructions issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management or the Controller. They also take fully into account the United Nations system accounting standards, as adopted by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Organization follows International Accounting Standard 1, “presentation of financial statements”, on the disclosure of accounting policies, as modified and adopted by CEB, as shown below:", "(i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons (see note 3 (a));", "(ii) Prudence, substance over form and materiality should govern the selection and application of accounting policies;", "(iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies that have been used;", "(iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial statements. These policies should normally be disclosed in one place;", "(v) Financial statements should show comparative figures for the corresponding period of the preceding financial period;", "(vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.", "(b) The Organization’s accounts are maintained on a fund accounting basis. Separate funds for general or special purposes may be established by the General Assembly, the Security Council, or the Secretary-General. Each fund is maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts. Separate financial statements are prepared for each fund or for a group of funds of the same nature.", "(c) The financial period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years for all funds other than peacekeeping accounts, which are reported on a fiscal year basis covering the period from 1 July to 30 June.", "(d) Generally, income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting.", "(e) The accounts of the Organization are presented in United States dollars. Accounts maintained in other currencies are translated into United States dollars at the time of the transactions at rates of exchange established by the United Nations. In respect of such currencies, the financial statements shall reflect the cash, investments, unpaid pledges and current accounts receivable and payable in currencies other than the United States dollar, translated at the applicable United Nations rates of exchange in effect at the date of the statements. In the event that the application of actual exchange rates at the date of the statements would provide a valuation materially different from the application of the Organization’s rates of exchange for the last month of the financial period, a footnote will be provided quantifying the difference.", "(f) The Organization’s financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and are not adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services.", "(g) The cash flow summary statement is based on the indirect method of cash flows as referred to in the United Nations system accounting standards.", "(h) The Organization’s financial statements are presented in accordance with the ongoing recommendations of the Task Force on Accounting Standards to the High-level Committee on Management of CEB.", "(i) Income:", "(i) Voluntary contributions from Member States or other donors are recorded as income on the basis of a written commitment to pay monetary contributions at specified times within the current financial period. Voluntary contributions made in the form of services and supplies that are acceptable to the Secretary-General are credited to income or noted in the financial statements;", "(ii) Income received under inter-organizational arrangements represents allocations of funding from agencies to enable the Organization to administer projects or other programmes on their behalf;", "(iii) Allocations from other funds represent monies appropriated or designated from one fund for transfer to and disbursement from another fund;", "(iv) Income for services rendered includes amounts charged for salaries of staff members and other costs which are attributable to providing technical and administrative support to other organizations;", "(v) Interest income includes all interest earned on deposits in various bank accounts, investment income earned on marketable securities and other negotiable instruments, and investment income earned in the cash pool. All realized losses and net unrealized losses on short-term investments are offset against investment income. Investment income and costs associated with the operation of investments in the cash pool are allocated to participating funds. Interest income is available for allotment purposes on a semi-annual basis;", "(vi) Net gains or losses on currency fluctuations other than for current year’s obligations are accumulated on a semi-annual basis. Effective 1 January 2002, the net amount is recognized as income or expenditure every six months in the financial statements;", "(vii) Miscellaneous income includes income from the rental of premises, the sale of used or surplus property, refunds of expenditures charged to prior periods, settlements of insurance claims, monies accepted for which no purpose was specified and other sundry income;", "(viii) Income relating to future financial periods is not recognized in the current financial period and is recorded as deferred income as referred to in paragraph (l) (iii) below.", "(j) Expenditure:", "(i) Expenditures are incurred against authorized appropriations or commitment authorities. Total expenditures reported include unliquidated obligations and disbursements. Expenditures also include currency exchange adjustments arising from the evaluation of current-period obligations;", "(ii) Expenditures incurred for non-expendable property are charged to the budget of the period when acquired and are not capitalized. Inventory of such non-expendable property is maintained at historical cost;", "(iii) Expenditures for future financial periods are not charged to the current financial period and are recorded as deferred charges as referred to in paragraph (k) (vi) below.", "(k) Assets:", "(i) Cash and term deposits represent funds in demand deposit accounts and interest-bearing bank deposits;", "(ii) Investments include marketable securities and other negotiable instruments acquired by the Organization to produce income. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The market value of investments is disclosed in the footnotes in the financial statements;", "(iii) Cash pools comprise participating funds’ share of the cash and term deposits, short-term and long-term investments and accrual of investment income, all of which are managed in the cash pools. The investments in the cash pools are similar in nature. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The share in cash pools is reported separately in each participating fund’s statement and its composition and the market value of its investments are disclosed in footnotes in the individual statements;", "(iv) Inter-fund balances reflect transactions between funds and are included in the amounts due to and from the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances also reflect transactions directly with other escrow accounts and with the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances are settled periodically, depending on the availability of cash resources;", "(v) Provision for delays in collection of receivable balances is not made;", "(vi) Deferred charges normally comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable in the current financial period. They will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent period. These expenditure items include commitments approved by the Controller for future financial periods in accordance with financial rule 106.7. Such commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to contracts or legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery;", "(vii) For purposes of the balance sheet statements only, those portions of education grant advances that are assumed to pertain to the scholastic years completed as at the date of the financial statement are shown as deferred charges. The full amounts of the advances are maintained as accounts receivable from staff members until the required proofs of entitlement are produced, at which time the budgetary accounts are charged and the advances settled;", "(viii) Maintenance and repair of capital assets are charged against the appropriate budgetary accounts. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendable property and leasehold improvements are not included in the assets of the Organization. Such acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase. The value of non-expendable property is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.", "(l) Liabilities and reserves and fund balances:", "(i) Operating reserves include reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits, which are shown in a separate line on the financial statements. Operating reserves are included in the totals for reserves and fund balances shown in the financial statements;", "(ii) Unliquidated obligations for future years are reported both as deferred charges and as unliquidated obligations;", "(iii) Deferred income includes income received but not yet earned;", "(iv) Commitments of the Organization relating to prior, current and future financial periods are shown as unliquidated obligations. Effective 1 January 2000, unliquidated obligations for the escrow account for humanitarian activities in Iraq remain valid until the completion of the project. All other obligations continue to remain valid for 12 months following the end of the biennium to which they relate;", "(v) Contingent liabilities, if any, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements;", "(vi) The United Nations is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was established by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The Fund is a funded, multi-employer defined benefit plan. An actuarial valuation of the Fund’s assets and pension benefits is prepared every two years. As there is no consistent and reliable basis for allocating the related liabilities or assets and costs to individual organizations participating in the plan, the United Nations is not in a position to identify its share of the underlying financial position and performance of the plan with sufficient reliability for accounting purposes, and hence has treated this plan as if it were a defined contribution plan; thus, the United Nations share of the related net liability/asset position of the Fund is not reflected in the financial statements. The Organization’s contribution to the Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the Assembly, currently 7.9 per cent for the participant and 15.8 per cent for the Organization, respectively, of the applicable pensionable remuneration, together with its share of any actuarial deficiency payments under article 26 of the Regulations of the Pension Fund. Such deficiency payments are payable only if and when the Assembly has invoked the provision of article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Fund as of the valuation date. As at the reporting date of the current financial statements, the Assembly had not invoked this provision.", "Note 3 United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) As the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are in a liquidation process (see note 7 below), the going concern assumption is not followed and the financial statements are presented according to the liquidation basis of accounting, which may require realization of assets and extinguishment of liabilities outside the normal course of business. As at 31 December 2010, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts have no assets or liabilities requiring adjustments in their measurement or classification under the liquidation basis of accounting.", "(b) Included in financial statements I, II and III are the escrow accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) for the payments envisaged under paragraph 6 of resolution 778 (1992) and the special account established pursuant to resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991) and 1284 (1999). The escrow account established under resolutions 706 (1991), 712 (1991) and 778 (1992) returned all funds in 2003. As a result, there are no further transactions to report relating to this escrow account.", "(c) The escrow account administered by the Secretary-General under Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) provided for Iraqi funds from the sale of oil to be used for payment by the United Nations Compensation Commission of the full costs of carrying out the tasks authorized by section C of resolution 687 (1991), the full costs incurred by the United Nations in facilitating the return of all Kuwaiti property seized by Iraq, half the costs of the Boundary Commission and the cost to the United Nations of implementing resolution 706 (1991) and of other necessary humanitarian activities in Iraq.", "(d) With the refusal of Iraq to sell oil under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991), the Security Council adopted resolution 778 (1992) on 2 October 1992 as an alternate means of providing funds for the purposes specified. States in which there were petroleum products owned by Iraq or States in which there were funds of the Government of Iraq representing the proceeds of petroleum sales, paid for by the purchaser after 6 August 1990, were required to transfer some or all of those funds to the escrow account. In addition, in resolution 778 (1992), the Council urged States to contribute funds from other sources to the escrow account. All such funds transferred or contributed to the escrow account under the provisions of resolution 778 (1992) were to be transferred back to the accounts of States from which funds were provided, together with applicable interest, at such time when oil exports had taken place pursuant to the system provided in resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) and the escrow account had received funds from the proceeds of sale. Iraqi oil exports began in December 1996, and in January 1997, the escrow account started receiving funds from the proceeds of sale that were transferred back to the accounts of States that provided the original funds to the escrow account.", "(e) In December 1999, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), payment to the escrow account from the proceeds of sale was suspended. The suspension, which was extended for an additional 180 days by resolution 1302 (2000), was lifted by resolution 1330 (2000) in December 2000.", "(f) In May 2003, the Security Council, in its resolution 1483 (2003), requested that the Secretary-General restore funds that had been provided by Member States pursuant to resolution 778 (1992). All such funds were returned in June 2003.", "(g) The Security Council, in its resolution 687 (1991), requested the Secretary-General to undertake certain tasks in connection with the situation between Iraq and Kuwait. The costs of those activities were to be considered as an advance pending the receipt of payments to the Organization by Iraq in respect of certain activities, and by Iraq and Kuwait jointly in respect of the costs of the Boundary Commission.", "(h) Since the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 778 (1992), the above-mentioned costs have been covered by transfers from the escrow account. Furthermore, the costs of the Special Commission are met by transfer from the escrow account pursuant to resolution 986 (1995).", "(i) The Security Council decided, by resolution 1284 (1999), to establish the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC). The responsibilities mandated to the Special Commission are undertaken by UNMOVIC.", "(j) In its resolutions 1483 (2003) and 1546 (2004), the Security Council reaffirmed its intention to revisit the mandate of UNMOVIC.", "(k) By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Security Council terminated the mandate of UNMOVIC and requested the Secretary-General to transfer all remaining unencumbered funds to the Government of Iraq within three months, after returning to Member States at their request contributions made by them pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 699 (1991).", "(l) The United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) is reported on in a separate set of financial statements (see S/2011/480).", "Note 4 Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations oil-for-food programme expenditure", "(a) In April 2004, the Secretary-General appointed a high-level, independent inquiry committee to investigate the administration and management of the oil-for-food programme from its inception to its transfer to the Coalition Provisional Authority, including allegations of fraud and corruption on the part of United Nations officials, personnel and agents as well as contractors, including entities that have entered into contracts with the United Nations or with Iraq under the programme. By its resolution 1538 (2004), the Security Council welcomed the inquiry. The Independent Inquiry Committee completed its investigation on 27 October 2005 and issued its final report.", "(b) Effective 1 January 2007, the Independent Inquiry Committee wound up its operation, and the Office of the Independent Inquiry Committee was established for an interim period of two years as part of the Secretariat. The work of the Office is being performed by the representative designated by the former members of the Committee and his or her designees. In November 2010, the Secretary-General extended the mandate of the Independent Inquiry Committee until 31 December 2011.", "(c) The costs of the Independent Inquiry Committee were met from funds allocated for the administrative and operational costs of the programme. Expenditures during the biennium 2010-2011 are set out in the table below.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Salaries 160", "Contractual services 134", "Premises 15", "Total 309", "Note 5 Operating reserves", "“Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account", "(a) An operating reserve of $126,660,000 was established as of 31 December 2005 under the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account, to ensure that sufficient funds are available for the satisfactory resolution of all remaining issues relating to outstanding letters of credit. In a letter dated 10 July 2006 (S/2006/510), the Secretary-General, recalling that the United Nations had no indemnification from the Government of Iraq on the funds that had been transferred to date to the Development Fund for Iraq, informed the Security Council that until the issues of claims from suppliers were resolved, and if there was no objection from the Council, an amount of $187 million would be held as a reserve for any unanticipated claims from suppliers. In a letter dated 11 August 2006 (S/2006/646), the President of the Security Council took note of the proposed arrangements, and an operating reserve of $187 million was established and maintained.", "(b) Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, all expired letters of credit were closed and a new escrow account was established, which, inter alia, would provide indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for a period of six years with regard to all activities in connection with the programme since its inception. Hence operating reserves under “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account were no longer required and the balance was closed to “Cumulative surplus” as of 31 December 2010.", "“Administrative and operational costs” account", "(c) An operating reserve of $21,132,192 was established as of 31 December 2005 under the “Administrative and operational costs” account to meet the expected costs of the Independent Inquiry Committee and the administrative costs of the escrow accounts until all aspects of the oil-for-food programme are completed. Changes in the reserve since its establishment are summarized in the table below.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Operating reserve as at 31 December 2005 21 132", "Utilization from 1 January 2006 to 31 December (10 877) 2009", "Transfer from cumulative surplus 9 670 (1 207)", "Operating reserve as at 31 December 2009 19 925", "Utilization from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (1 225)", "Reduction in the reserve^(a) (18 530)", "Operating reserve as at 31 December 2010^(b) 170", "^(a) Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, a new escrow account was established, which, inter alia, would provide for expenses for the orderly termination of the residual activities of the oil-for-food programme. Hence, the operating reserve under the “Administrative and operational costs” account was no longer required (except for $169,908, see footnote b) and the remaining balance was closed to “Cumulative surplus” as of 31 December 2010.", "^(b) An amount of $169,908 has been retained to discharge unliquidated obligations relating to “Administrative and operational costs”.", "“Monitoring, verification and inspection” account", "(d) An operating reserve of $35,958,863 was established as of 30 June 2007 under the “Monitoring, verification and inspection” account to meet the estimated liquidation costs pertaining to UNMOVIC, including the settlement of debts owed to the Government of Germany, for archiving of documentation and archiving and staff-related costs. Staff-related costs include accrued liabilities for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. Changes in the reserve since its establishment are summarized in the table below.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Operating reserve as at 30 June 2007 35 959", "Utilization from 1 July 2007 to 31 December (32 671) 2009", "Transfer to cumulative surplus (2 463) (35 134)", "Operating reserve as at 31 December 2009 825", "Utilization from 1 January to 31 December (20) 2010", "Reduction in the reserve^(a) (805)", "Operating reserve as at 31 December 2010 —", "^(a) Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, a new escrow account was established, which, inter alia, would provide for expenses for the orderly termination of the residual activities of the oil-for-food programme. Hence, the operating reserve under the “Monitoring, verification and inspection” account was no longer required and the remaining balance was closed to “Cumulative surplus” as of 31 December 2010.", "Note 6 Non-expendable property", "In accordance with United Nations accounting policies, non-expendable property is charged against the current allotment in the year of purchase. The non‑expendable property valued at historical cost, according to the cumulative inventory records, is shown in the table below.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010 2008", "UNMOVIC — 1 194", "Agencies 670 959", "Independent Inquiry 48 290 Committee", "Note 7 Future modus operandi of United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007)", "(a) In its resolution 1483 (2003) of 22 May 2003, the Security Council extended the Secretary-General’s responsibilities under Security Council resolutions 1472 (2003) and 1476 (2003) for a period of six months. The Council requested the Secretary-General to terminate, in the most cost-effective manner, the ongoing operations of the oil-for-food programme, both at Headquarters and in the field, by 21 November 2003 and to transfer responsibility for the administration of any remaining activity under the programme to the Coalition Provisional Authority.", "(b) Accordingly, in the three governorates of northern Iraq where the United Nations agencies were implementing the programme, contracts entered into by the agencies were transferred to the Authority. Similarly, in the 15 governorates of central and southern Iraq, where, after the outbreak of hostilities, agencies had been assigned responsibility for procurement activities previously undertaken by the Government of Iraq, uncompleted contracts were handed over to the Authority.", "(c) By its resolution 1546 (2004), the Security Council decided that in connection with the dissolution of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors should assume the rights, responsibilities and obligations relating to the programme that had been transferred to the Coalition Provisional Authority, including all operational responsibility for the programme and any obligations undertaken by the Coalition Provisional Authority in connection with such responsibility, and responsibility for ensuring independently authenticated confirmation that goods had been delivered and further decided that following a 120-day transition period from the date of adoption of the resolution, the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors should assume all responsibility for certifying the delivery of goods under previously prioritized contracts, and that such certification should be deemed to constitute the independent authentication required for the release of funds associated with such contracts, consulting as appropriate to ensure the smooth implementation of those arrangements.", "(d) In accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), all obligations relating to contracts that had not been prioritized were closed, except for those where letters of credit had been retained. As at 7 December 2010, 43 letters of credit had been retained for contracts prioritized pursuant to resolution 1483 (2003).", "(e) Furthermore, by letters dated 8 August 2005 (S/2005/535), 17 October 2005 (S/2005/656), 19 December 2005 (S/2005/807), 10 July 2006 (S/2006/570), 8 December 2006 (S/2007/46), 27 March 2007 (S/2007/241), 19 April 2007 (S/2007/218), 25 July 2007 (S/2007/476), 7 December 2007 (S/2007/725), 11 March 2008 (S/2008/175), 9 May 2008 (S/2008/318), 25 July 2008 (S/2008/492), 1 May 2009 (S/2009/230) and 8 December 2010 (S/2010/619), reports dated 27 July 2009 (S/2009/385) and 1 November 2010 (S/2010/563) and the note verbale dated 2 November 2010 (S/2010/567), the Security Council has been informed of the arrangements for the liquidation of the outstanding letters of credit and of the slow progress being made.", "(f) In his letter dated 8 December 2010 to the President of the Security Council (S/2010/619), the Secretary-General provided a comprehensive update on the status of residual activities of the oil-for-food programme, and made recommendations for their definitive conclusion. Acting thereon, the Security Council, by its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, requested the Secretary-General to take all actions necessary to terminate all residual activities under the programme, noting that the remaining 43 letters of credit with outstanding claims of delivery were closed for all purposes under the programme without prejudice to any rights or claims that the suppliers may have against the Government of Iraq. Following the closure of the letters of credits, the related obligations were also closed, and pursuant to the Council authorization to transfer all remaining funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the Development Fund for Iraq as soon as possible, an amount of $656 million was transferred to the Fund on 29 December 2010.", "(g) Furthermore, the Security Council, by its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December, authorized the Secretary-General to establish an escrow account for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for a period of six years with regard to all activities in connection with the oil-for-food programme since its inception and for the expenses of the United Nations related to the orderly termination of the residual activities of the programme, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and Member State proceedings related to the programme, and the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator created pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). The Secretary-General was authorized to transfer a total of $151 million to the United Nations escrow account, comprising $131 million for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors, and $20 million exclusively for the expenses of the United Nations related to the orderly termination of the residual activities of the programme, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and Member State proceedings related to the programme, and the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator created pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). The transfers were effected on 30 December 2010.", "(h) By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Security Council terminated the mandate of UNMOVIC, pursuant to which an operating reserve to meet liquidation costs was established (see note 5). Unencumbered funds in the amount of $25,104,523 were transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq on 28 September 2007 and further sums of $875,285 and $2,548,000 were transferred on 28 February 2008 and 9 December 2008, respectively.", "(i) From the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) up to 31 December 2010, a total amount of $11.07 billion has been transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq. The remaining surplus funds will be transferred to the Fund in accordance with the provisions of resolutions 1483 (2003), 1546 (2004) and 1958 (2010).", "Note 8 Contingent liabilities", "Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), as part of the liquidation process, all claims and disputes involving the United Nations or its agencies with third parties in carrying out the activities of the oil-for-food programme are to be transferred to and become the responsibility of the Authority, which has since been succeeded by the Government of Iraq. There may be some circumstances where such transfer is not possible and any liability and related fees will need to be met from the new escrow account established by resolution 1958 (2010) (see note 7 (g))." ]

[ "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Security Council the report of the Board of Auditors on United Nations escrow established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). Report of the Board of Auditors", "Letters of transmittal", "31 March 2011", "In accordance with financial regulation 6.5, I have the honour to submit and approve the accounts of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011. The financial statements have been completed and certified as correct by the Controller.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "New York", "UNITED NATIONS", "Chairman of the Board of Auditors", "Mr. Liu Jiayi", "12 July 2011", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the United Nations Board of Auditors on United Nations escrow established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) (see annex). Audit report on the financial statements of the Account for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "New York", "UNITED NATIONS", "President of the Security Council", "United Nations escrow established by the Board of Auditors pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) Audit report on the accounts for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "Contents", "1. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "I. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "Financial statement report", "The United Nations Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007), which comprise the following: the statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 (statement I); the statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010 (statement II); the statement of cash flows for the 12-month period (statement III); and the notes to the financial statements.", "Management ' s responsibility for the financial statements", "The Secretary-General is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards and for such internal control as he deems necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.", "Auditor ' s responsibility", "Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "An audit includes procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor ' s judgement, including its assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making the risk assessment, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity ' s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity ' s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.", "In our opinion, the audit evidence we have obtained provides a sufficient and appropriate basis for the audit opinion.", "Audit opinion", "In our opinion, the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) present fairly, in all material respects, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards. Iraq) The financial position of the account as at 31 December 2010 and its financial performance and cash flows for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011.", "Report on other legal and regulatory requirements", "Furthermore, in our opinion, the transactions of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts that have come to our notice or that we have tested as part of our audit have in all significant respects been in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and legislative authority.", "In accordance with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, we have also issued a long-form report on our audit of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe", "Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Permanent Representative", "12 July 2011", "Report of the Board of Auditors (long-form report)", "Summary", "The Board of Auditors has audited the United Nations escrow established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) Financial statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011. The audit was conducted by reviewing financial transactions for the seventh year of the phase-down process.", "Audit opinion", "As indicated in section I, the Board issued an unmodified audit opinion on the financial statements for the period under review.", "Implementation of previous recommendations", "As indicated in the annex to the Board ' s report, of the three recommendations made for the biennium 2008-2009, two are still under implementation and one is no longer applicable owing to changed circumstances. The Board encourages the Administration to implement the recommendations as soon as possible.", "Financial overview", "During the period under review, total income amounted to $3.68 million and total expenditure amounted to $46.86 million, resulting in a shortfall of income over expenditure of $43.18 million. As at 31 December 2010, total assets amounted to $5.04 million, total liabilities to $320,000 and reserves and fund balances to $4.72 million.", "Liquidation activities", "In 2010, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme entered its seventh year since the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003). The Committee acknowledges the progress made by the Secretary-General in reducing the balance related to the remaining activities of the programme.", "In its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the programme.", "However, as at 31 December 2010, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were still in liquidation. The main factors affecting the closure of accounts were delays in the disposal of non-expendable property and the non-settlement of small amounts of accounts payable and receivables.", "Recommendations", "The Board recommends that the Administration take appropriate measures to:", "(a) Disposal of surplus non-expendable property;", "(b) Clear outstanding accounts payable and receivable;", "(c) To transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "Subsequently, the Committee was informed that the Administration had cleared the remaining balances receivable and payable and transferred the remaining balances to the Development Fund for Iraq on 6 June 2011. The disposal of non-expendable property has been fully completed, except for non-expendable property held by one agency.", "Background", "1. The United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). In 2010, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme entered its seventh year since the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003).", "2. In its resolution 1958 (2010), the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to cease all remaining activities of the oil-for-food programme and authorized the Secretary-General to establish a new escrow account. The Board also audited the financial statements of the new account and issued a separate audit report (see S/2011/480).", "3. The Development Fund for Iraq was established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) and all unencumbered funds for the oil-for-food programme must be transferred to the Fund. The Board ' s mandate does not include the audit of the activities or financial records of the Fund. The audit was conducted by independent auditors nominated and appointed by the Government of Iraq and approved by the International Advisory and Monitoring Board as the oversight body of the Fund.", "Mandate, scope and methodology", "4. The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts and reviewed the liquidation activities for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010. The audit was conducted in conformity with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and the annex thereto, as well as the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that the Board comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "5. The audit was conducted primarily to enable the Board to form an opinion as to whether the financial statements presented fairly the financial position of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010 and the results of operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards. The audit assessed whether the expenditure reported in the financial statements had been incurred for the purposes approved by the governing bodies and whether income and expenditure had been properly classified and recorded in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules. The audit included a general review of financial systems and internal controls and an examination of the accounting records and other supporting evidence to the extent that the Board considered necessary to form an opinion on the financial statements.", "Note 3 (a) indicates that, as the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are in the liquidation phase, the financial statements are presented on a liquidation accounting basis. This may require the reclassification of assets and liabilities and the recognition of new liabilities. However, the Administration indicated that, after careful review, it was not considered necessary to make any adjustments to the assets or liabilities of the escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010, as they were in the liquidation phase. The Board concurs with the Administration in this regard.", "7. The present report covers matters that, in the opinion of the Board, should be brought to the attention of the Security Council. The Board ' s observations and conclusions were discussed with the Administration, whose views have been appropriately reflected in the present report.", "C. Findings and recommendations", "1. Follow-up of previous recommendations", "8. As indicated in the annex to the present section, of the three recommendations made for the previous biennium ended 31 December 2009 (see S/2010/627), two were under implementation and one recommendation was overtaken by events.", "9. While noting the efforts made by the Administration to implement the recommendations, the Board urges the Administration to expedite the full implementation of the remaining two recommendations as soon as possible.", "2. Financial overview", "10. Total income for the period under review amounted to $3.68 million, mainly in cash, term deposits and interest on the cash pool. Total expenditure amounted to $46.86 million, mainly due to exchange losses of $44.84 million. The shortfall of income over expenditure was $43.18 million.", "11. As at 31 December 2010, total assets amounted to $5.04 million, of which $4.9 million represented cash resources (cash, term deposits and cash pools) and liabilities amounted to $320,000. As at 31 December 2010, total reserves and fund balances had decreased to $4.72 million.", "Liquidation activities", "Liquidation of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1483 (2003) and 1958 (2010)", "12. Following two extensions of the Security Council, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme entered its seventh year in 2010 after the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003). The Committee notes that the Secretariat has made continuous efforts to determine the status of outstanding letters of credit and to facilitate the resolution of outstanding payments. As a result, by the end of 2010, the number of letters of credit had been reduced from 69 in the previous year to 43, with a combined value of $101 million.", "13. In view of the fact that the Government of Iraq would not further confirm the delivery of goods and services under the oil-for-food programme, the Security Council, on 15 December 2010, adopted resolution 1958 (2010), in which it requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the programme and to establish a new escrow account, including a fund of $20 million for the administration and a compensation reserve of up to $131 million. In the same resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to transfer all remaining funds to the Government of Iraq by 31 December 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Council.", "14. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), all the remaining 43 outstanding letters of credit were discontinued; the related unliquidated obligations were terminated; funds relating to those letters of credit were released; and a new escrow account of $151 million was established. Meanwhile, $656 million was transferred from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq in 2010. Statistics show that, from the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) to the end of 2010, funds transferred from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq totalled $11.07 billion, as shown in the figure below.", "Transfers to development funds, 2003-2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "[Chuckles]", "Note: Based on data provided by the Administration.", "Liquidation activities of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission pursuant to Security Council resolution 1762 (2007)", "15. By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Security Council suspended the mandate of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), one of the escrow accounts, and requested the Secretary-General to transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the account established under resolution 986 (1995) to the Government of Iraq through the Development Fund for Iraq. The Council requested that the transfer of funds take place no later than three months from the date of adoption of the resolution.", "16. However, the liquidation of UNMOVIC continued in 2010. As at 31 December 2010, the main outstanding issues with regard to the disposal of chemical laboratories in Kuwait had been resolved, but the remaining small payable and receivable balances had not been closed. In addition, during the period under review, no funds were transferred from the UNMOVIC account to the Development Fund for Iraq.", "Status of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as at 31 December 2010", "17. As at 31 December 2010, the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were still in liquidation. The main factors affecting the full closure of the accounts were delays in the disposal of non-expendable property and the unresolved balances of small receivables and payables. As at 31 December 2010, receivables and payables amounted to $133,000 and $141,000, respectively, and non-expendable property pending disposal amounted to $718,000.", "18. The Administration agreed with the Board ' s recommendation that it dispose of the remaining non-expendable property.", "19. The Administration also agreed with the Board ' s reiterated recommendations that it: (a) clear outstanding accounts payable and receivable; and (b) transfer all remaining unencumbered funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "20. At the time of preparation of the present report, the Administration had informed the Board that all remaining receivables and payables had been settled and that the remaining balance had been transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq on 6 June 2011. The disposal of non-expendable property has been completed, except for non-expendable property held by one agency.", "D. Disclosures by management", "1. Write-off of losses of cash, receivables and property", "21. As required by rule 106.8 and rule 106.9 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, the Administration informed the Board that there had been no write-off of losses of cash, receivables or property for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010.", "Ex gratia payments", "22. In accordance with financial rule 105.12, the Administration reported that no ex gratia payments were made during the period under review.", "3. Cases of fraud and presumptive fraud", "23. The Administration informed the Board that no cases of fraud or presumptive fraud had occurred in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts during the period under review.", "E. Acknowledgement", "24. The Board of Auditors wishes to express its appreciation for the cooperation and assistance extended to its staff by the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the Assistant Secretary-General, Controller and their staff.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe", "Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Permanent Representative", "12 July 2011", "Annex", "Implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "The financial period in which the initial recommendation was made has been implemented.", "Disclose in a separate note to the financial statements the reasons for the change in the category and restatement of any figures used for comparison", "(a) Settlement of outstanding accounts payable and receivables to UNMOVIC 22^ (b) 2008 - × -", "(b) Transfer of all remaining unencumbered funds of UNMOVIC to the Development Fund for Iraq in accordance with Security Council resolution 1762 (2007)", "Ongoing review of the transfer of unencumbered funds to the Development Fund for Iraq", "Total recommendations - 2 - 1", "Percentage of total recommendations - 67 - 33", "^ (a) S/2010/627.", "(b) S/2009/314.", "Certification of the financial statements", "1. United Nations escrow established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) The financial statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011 for the accounts of Iraq have been prepared in accordance with financial rule 106.10.", "The summary of significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these statements is included as notes to the financial statements. These notes provide additional information and clarification on the financial activities undertaken by the Organization during the period covered by these statements in connection with Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007), for which the Secretary-General has administrative responsibility.", "I certify that the appended financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts, numbered I to III, are correct.", "Assistant Secretary-General, Controller", "(Signed) Jun Yamazaki", "29 March 2011", "IV. Financial statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "Statement I", "United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010)) ^ (a)", "Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resolutions 986 (1995) and 1483 (2003), 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 706 (1991), 1284 (1999), 1762 (2007) (b)", "Humanitarian activities in Iraq", "Income", "Interest income 2 634 443 23 – 3 100 34 783", "Miscellaneous income 464 117 – – 581 2 915", "Total income 3 098 560 23 – 3 681 37 698", "Expenditure", "Procurement of humanitarian supplies 684", "Procurement of spare parts (d) 326 – 326 722", "Administrative costs - 1 086 20 272 1 378 5 444", "UNIIIC costs (e) – 309 – 309 364", "Currency exchange adjustment(f) 44 843 – – 44 843 17 091", "Total expenditure", "Excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure", "Prior period adjustment(h) 545 (545) – (2)", "Net excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure (41,526) (1,380) 3 (272) (43,175) 13,391", "Cancellation of prior-period obligations 164 862 593 – 5 165 460 215 288", "Transfer to Development Fund for Iraq ^ (i) (656,000) — (656,000) — (5,859)", "Transfers to/from other funds (131,000) ^ (j) (17,578) ^ (k) ^ 362 (148,216)", "Reserves and fund balances, beginning of period", "Reserves and fund balances, end of period 172 3 364 1 070 115 4 721 610 890", "(a) There were no activities related to pipeline tax charges or transfer of assets and contributions during the period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "(b) In relation to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, see note 3.", "^ (c) relates to activities pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991); see note 3.", "(d) Expenditure relating to adjustments and reinstatements of contracts entered into in previous years.", "^ (e) See note 4.", "(f) Exchange rate fluctuations between the euro and the United States dollar and other currencies.", "(g) The portion of expenditure relating to disbursements is charged to the operational reserve as shown in note 5.", "(h) Refund of charges for letters of credit pertaining to “humanitarian activities in Iraq” recorded in 2009 under “Administrative and operational costs”.", "(i) Funds transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq held by the Central Bank of Iraq pursuant to Security Council resolution 1483 (2003). See note 7 (f).", "(j) $131,000,000 for transfer to the United Nations escrow account established under the terms of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "(k) An amount of $20,000 for the transfer to the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), and $362,000 for the High-level Coordinator for the repatriation or return of all Kuwaiti and third-country nationals or their remains and for the return of all Kuwaiti property, including archives, seized by Iraq, partially offset by $2,784,413 transferred from the closed United Nations Trust Fund (including $2,298,095 from the Trust Fund for Humanitarian Relief in Iraq and $486,318 from the Emergency Trust Fund for Humanitarian Assistance to Iraq, Kuwait and the Iraq-Turkey and Iraq-Iran Border Areas).", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement II", "United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010)) ^ (a)", "Statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "(a) There were no activities related to pipeline tax charges or transfer of assets and contributions during the period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "(b) In relation to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, see note 3.", "^ (c) relates to activities pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991); see note 3.", "(d) The share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool for “administrative and operational costs”, comprising cash and term deposits of $519,379, short-term investments of $845,988 (market value $854,141), long-term investments of $2,217,312 (market value $2,221,670) and accrued interest receivable of $16,636.", "(e) Share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool for “monitoring, verification and inspection”, comprising cash and term deposits of $160,776, short-term investments of $261,879 (market value $264,403), long-term investments of $686,378 (market value $687,727) and accrued interest receivable of $5,150.", "^ (f) See note 2 (k) (iv).", "^ (g) See note 5.", "(h) The operational reserve retained as at 31 December 2010 will be used to meet unliquidated obligations relating to “administrative and operational costs”.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement III", "United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq (excluding resolution 1958 (2010)) ^ (a)", "Statement of cash flows for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[TABLE]", "(a) There were no activities related to pipeline tax charges or transfer of assets and contributions during the period. See also notes 1 and 3.", "(b) In relation to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, see note 3.", "^ (c) relates to activities pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991) and 706 (1991); see note 3.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Notes to the financial statements", "Note 1 United Nations escrow account established under Security Council resolution 986 (1995) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) An escrow account administered by the Secretary-General was established in 1996 to receive proceeds from the sale of Iraqi oil approved by the Security Council in its resolution 986 (1995). In paragraph 1 of the resolution, the Council authorized States to permit the import of petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq, including financial and other essential transactions directly related thereto, for a total amount not exceeding $1 billion every 90 days. In paragraph 3 of the resolution, the Council decided that the provision would remain in force for 180 days.", "(b) As authorized by paragraph 2 of resolution 986 (1995), Turkey may import petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq in an amount sufficient to meet the pipeline tariff charges for the transportation of such products through the Kirkuk-Yumutaluk pipeline in Turkey, after deduction of 30 per cent to the Compensation Fund. By its resolution 1330 (2000), the Security Council changed the deduction rate to 25 per cent. As a result of the termination of the oil-for-food programme, pipeline taxes and fees ceased to exist.", "(c) Resolution 986 (1995) allowed the sale of Iraqi oil for a total amount not exceeding $1 billion every 90 days, the validity of which was extended until 30 May 1998 in accordance with Council resolutions 1111 (1997), 1129 (1997), 1143 (1997) and 1158 (1998).", "(d) The provisions of paragraph 2 of Security Council resolution 1153 (1998) entered into force on 1 June 1998, by which the Council decided, in accordance with the authorization given to States in paragraph 1 of resolution 986 (1995), that the import of a sufficient quantity of petroleum and petroleum products originating in Iraq, including financial and other necessary transactions directly related thereto, could be permitted to produce a total amount not exceeding $5.256 billion within the 180-day period referred to in paragraph 1 of resolution 1153 (1998). This provision remains in force in accordance with resolutions 1210 (1998), 1242 (1999) and 1281 (1999).", "(e) By its resolution 1284 (1999) of 17 December 1999, the Security Council lifted the dollar ceiling and authorized the sale of any volume of Iraqi oil during the 180-day concession period. This provision remains in force as a result of resolutions 1302 (2000), 1330 (2000), 1352 (2001), which extended the provisions of resolution 1330 (2000) for 30 days, 1360 (2001), 1382 (2001), 1409 (2002), 1443 (2002), which extended the mandate of resolution 1409 (2002) until 4 December 2002, and 1447 (2002), which extended the concession period until 3 June 2003. The final sale of oil under the programme took place on 20 March 2003.", "(f) In paragraphs 1 and 3 of resolution 1175 (1998), the Security Council authorized States to permit the export to Iraq of the necessary parts and equipment (“spare parts”) to enable Iraq to increase the export of petroleum and petroleum products to a level sufficient to produce the amount set out in paragraph 2 of resolution 1153 (1998), and decided that funds of up to $300 million deposited in the escrow account pursuant to resolution 1153 (1998) could be used to meet any reasonable costs directly arising from contracts approved by the Committee established by resolution 661 (1990), except those payable in Iraq. Resolutions 1293 (2000) and 1302 (2000) allow States to export up to $600 million of the necessary spare parts and equipment to Iraq to enable Iraq to increase its exports of petroleum and petroleum products. Resolutions 1330 (2000), 1352 (2001), 1360 (2001), 1382 (2001), 1409 (2002) and 1447 (2002) maintained the $600 million limit.", "(g) Security Council resolution 1330 (2000) authorized the use of up to 600 million euros from the escrow account for the installation and maintenance of spare parts and equipment for the oil industry, including training costs.", "(h) In its resolution 1472 (2003) of 28 March 2003, the Security Council recognized that, in view of the special circumstances prevailing in Iraq at the time, technical and temporary adjustments to the oil-for-food programme should be made on an ad hoc and exceptional basis and authorized the Secretary-General to make such adjustments for a period of 45 days.", "(i) By its resolution 1476 (2003) of 24 April 2003, the Security Council decided to extend the provisions contained in paragraph 4 of resolution 1472 (2003) until 3 June 2003, subject to further renewal by the Council.", "(j) In its resolution 1483 (2003) of 22 May 2003, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to terminate the programme within six months and to transfer responsibility for the administration of any remaining activities to the Coalition Provisional Authority. The Council also requested the consolidation of the accounts established pursuant to paragraphs 8 (a) (involving 15 governorates in the centre and south of Iraq) and 8 (b) (involving 3 governorates in northern Iraq) of resolution 986 (1995).", "(k) The sale of Iraqi oil is recognized as revenue from the Fund for Humanitarian Activities in Iraq on the basis of the date of the bill of lading and the total value of the oil loaded as specified in the commercial invoices issued by the State Oil Marketing Organization. The proceeds from the sale of Iraqi oil are transferred to other accounts established pursuant to paragraph 8 of resolution 986 (1995) upon receipt of deposits. No oil sales have been recorded since 20 March 2003.", "(l) Funds derived from the sale of Iraqi oil in accordance with the authorization provided in paragraph 1 of resolution 986 (1995) are used to meet the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people and for the other purposes set out in paragraph 8 of resolution 986 (1995). By its resolution 1409 (2002), the Council authorized the sale or supply to Iraq of any commodities or products other than those referred to in paragraph 24 of resolution 687 (1991) as they relate to military commodities and products or military-related commodities or products covered by the Goods Review List (see S/2002/515) and the revised list contained in annex A to resolution 1454 (2002). Funds from oil sales are distributed as follows:", "(i) 53.034 per cent to finance the export to Iraq of medicines, health supplies, food and supplies essential to the civilian population. In implementing resolution 1302 (2000), the rate was increased to 54.034 per cent, while resolution 1330 (2000) further increased the rate to 59.034 per cent, less the amount referred to in subparagraph (vi) below;", "(ii) 13.0 per cent for the funding of the United Nations inter-agency humanitarian programme operating in the three northern governorates of Erbil, Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah to supplement the distribution of imported goods by the Government of Iraq;", "(iii) 2.215 per cent to cover the operational and administrative costs of the United Nations;", "(iv) 30.0 per cent to the Compensation Fund established pursuant to Security Council resolution 705 (1991). This ratio has been reduced to 25.0 per cent in accordance with resolution 1330 (2000) and further reduced to 5.0 per cent in accordance with resolution 1483 (2003);", "(v) 0.751 per cent to the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999), which replaced the Special Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 687 (1991), to meet its operational costs;", "(vi) The transfer of up to $10 million every 90 days to the escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) to meet the amounts referred to in paragraph 6 of resolution 778 (1992). In its resolution 1284 (1999), the Council decided to suspend the transfer of funds to the escrow account for an initial period of six months, effective 17 December 1999. By its resolution 1302 (2000), the Council extended the moratorium for an additional 180 days and diverted funds to (i) above; resolution 1330 (2000) provided for the restoration of a maximum allocation of $10 million every 90 days, effective 6 December 2000.", "(m) Statements I, II and III of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are prepared every six months, notwithstanding the different dates for which the Security Council authorized the sale of Iraqi oil.", "(n) Statements I, II and III present details of humanitarian activities carried out under Security Council resolution 986 (1995), related operational and administrative costs. From the beginning of the oil-for-food programme in December 1996 to mid-2000, the implementation costs related to actual expenditures incurred by agencies for the purchase of humanitarian supplies for northern Iraq were charged to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account and programme support costs related to actual expenditures for administrative and operational costs to the “Administrative and operational costs” account. In mid-2000, on the recommendation of the Board of Auditors, and taking into account the increase in funds in the “Administrative and operational costs” account, the Secretariat decided to charge all implementation and programme support costs to the “Administrative and operational costs” account as expected. In mid-2002, the secretariat resumed its previous approach by charging the direct costs of implementing the northern Iraq programme to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account. This decision reflects the need for equal treatment, whether the work is done by the agency itself or outsourced. In 2003, when agencies began implementing the programme in southern and central Iraq, these implementation costs were also charged to the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account, as decided in 2002.", "(o) The financial statements of the Compensation Fund (see para. (1) (iv) above) are presented in a separate volume of the United Nations financial statements.", "(p) Expenditures incurred in the biennium 2010-2011 for humanitarian supplies and spare parts relate to adjustments and reinstatements of contracts entered into in previous years.", "(q) In its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the oil-for-food programme. By that resolution, the Secretary-General was authorized to establish an escrow account for a period of six years to compensate the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the programme since its inception, as well as for expenses related to the orderly cessation by the United Nations of the remaining activities of the programme, including United Nations support to Member States in investigations and proceedings relating to the programme, and expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). In addition, the resolution authorized the Secretary-General to transfer a total of $151 million to the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), of which $131 million was for the reimbursement of the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors, and $20 million was earmarked for the expenses of the United Nations for the orderly cessation of the remaining activities of the programme, including United Nations support to Member States in carrying out investigations and proceedings related to the programme, as well as for the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999), and authorized the transfer of all remaining funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq as soon as possible.", "Note 2 Summary of significant accounting and financial reporting policies of the United Nations", "(a) The accounts of the United Nations are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations as adopted by the General Assembly, the rules formulated by the Secretary-General in accordance with those regulations and administrative instructions issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management or the Controller. They also take fully into account the United Nations system accounting standards, as adopted by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Organization follows International Accounting Standard 1, “F presentation of financial statements”, on the disclosure of accounting policies, as modified and adopted by the Chief Executives Board as follows:", "(i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons (see note 3 (a));", "(ii) Prudence, substance over form and materiality should govern the selection and application of accounting policies;", "(iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies that have been used;", "(iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial statements. These policies should normally be disclosed in one place;", "(v) Financial statements should show comparative figures for the corresponding period of the preceding financial period;", "(vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.", "(b) The Organization ' s accounts are maintained on a fund accounting basis. Separate funds for general or special purposes may be established by the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General. Each fund is maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts. Separate financial statements are prepared for each fund or for a group of funds of the same nature.", "(c) The financial period for peacekeeping operations is one year from 1 July to 30 June. The financial period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years for all other funds.", "(d) Generally, income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting.", "(e) The accounts of the Organization are presented in United States dollars. Accounts maintained in other currencies are translated into United States dollars at the time of the transaction at rates of exchange established by the United Nations. In respect of such currencies, the financial statements shall reflect the cash, investments, unpaid pledges and current accounts receivable and payable in currencies other than the United States dollar, translated at the applicable United Nations rates of exchange in effect as at the date of the statements. In the event that the application of actual exchange rates at the date of the statements would provide a valuation materially different from the application of the Organization ' s rates of exchange for the last month of the financial period, a footnote will be provided quantifying the difference.", "(f) The Organization ' s financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and are not adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services.", "(g) The cash flow summary statement is based on the indirect method of cash flows, as referred to in the United Nations system accounting standards.", "(h) The Organization ' s financial statements are prepared in accordance with the ongoing recommendations of the Task Force on Accounting Standards to the High-level Committee on Management of CEB.", "(i) Income", "(i) Voluntary contributions from Member States or other donors are recorded as income on the basis of a written commitment to pay monetary contributions at specified times within the current financial period. Voluntary contributions made in the form of services and supplies that are acceptable to the Secretary-General are credited to income or noted in the financial statements;", "(ii) Income received under inter-organizational arrangements represents allocations of funds from agencies to enable the Organization to administer projects or other programmes on their behalf;", "(iii) Allocations from other funds represent monies appropriated or designated from one fund for transfer to and disbursement from another fund;", "(iv) Income for services rendered includes reimbursements for salaries of staff members and other costs that are attributable to providing technical and administrative support to other organizations;", "(v) Interest income includes all interest earned on deposits in various bank accounts, investment income earned on marketable securities and other negotiable instruments and investment income earned in the cash pools. All realized losses and net unrealized losses on short-term investments are offset against investment income. Investment income and costs associated with the operation of investments in the cash pools are shared and shared among participating funds. Interest income may be distributed every six months;", "(vi) Net gains or losses on currency fluctuations other than for the current year are accumulated every six months. Effective 1 January 2002, net gains and losses are recognized as income and expenditure in the financial statements every six months;", "(vii) Miscellaneous income includes income from the rental of premises, the sale of used or surplus property, refunds of expenditures charged to prior periods, settlements of insurance claims, monies accepted for which no purpose was specified and other sundry income;", "(viii) Income relating to future financial periods is not recognized in the current financial period and is recorded as deferred income (see para. (l) (iii) below).", "(j) Expenditure:", "(i) Expenditures are incurred against authorized appropriations or commitment authorities. Total expenditures reported include unliquidated obligations and disbursements. Expenditures also include currency exchange adjustments arising from the valuation of current-period obligations;", "(ii) Expenditures incurred for non-expendable property are charged to the budget of the period when acquired and are not capitalized. Inventory of non-expendable property is maintained at historical cost;", "(iii) Expenditures for future financial periods are not charged to the current financial period and are recorded as deferred charges (see para. k (vi) below);", "(k) Assets:", "(i) Cash and term deposits represent funds held in demand deposit accounts and interest-bearing bank deposits;", "(ii) Investments include marketable securities and other negotiable instruments acquired by the Organization to produce income. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The market value of investments is disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements;", "(iii) Cash pools comprise participating funds ' share of cash and term deposits, short-term and long-term investments and accrual of investment income, all of which are managed in the pools. The investments in the cash pools are similar in nature. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The share of participating funds in the cash pools is reported separately in each fund ' s statement and its composition and the market value of its investments are disclosed in a footnote to the statements;", "(iv) Inter-fund balances reflect transactions between funds and are included in the amounts due to and from the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances also reflect transactions directly with other escrow accounts and with the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances are settled periodically, depending on the availability of cash resources;", "(v) No provision is made for delays in the receipt of receivables;", "(vi) Deferred charges normally comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable to the current financial period. These expenditure items will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent period. These expenditure items include commitments approved by the Controller for future financial periods in accordance with financial rule 106.7. Such commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to contracts or legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery;", "(vii) For purposes of the balance sheet statements only, those portions of education grant advances that are assumed to pertain to the scholastic years completed as at the date of the financial statement are shown as deferred charges. The full amounts of the advances are maintained as accounts receivable from staff members until the required proofs of entitlement are produced, at which time the budgetary accounts are charged and the advances settled;", "(viii) Maintenance and repairs of capital assets are charged against the appropriate budgetary accounts. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendable property and leasehold improvements are not included in the assets of the Organization. Such acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase. The value of non-expendable property is disclosed in notes to the financial statements.", "(l) Liabilities and reserves and fund balances:", "(i) Operating reserves comprise reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits and are shown in a separate section of the financial statements. Operating reserves are included in the totals for reserves and fund balances shown in the financial statements;", "(ii) Unliquidated obligations for future years are reported both as deferred charges and as unliquidated obligations;", "(iii) Deferred income includes income received but not yet earned;", "(iv) Commitments of the Organization relating to prior, current and future financial periods are shown as unliquidated obligations. Effective 1 January 2000, unliquidated obligations for the escrow account for humanitarian activities in Iraq remain valid until the project is completed. All other obligations remain valid for 12 months following the end of the biennium to which they relate;", "(v) Contingent liabilities, if any, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements;", "(vi) The United Nations is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was established by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The Pension Fund is a defined-benefit, multi-employer and funded pension plan. An actuarial valuation of the assets and pension benefits of the Fund is prepared every two years. In the absence of a consistent and reliable approach to allocating the related liabilities or assets and costs to individual organizations participating in the plan, the United Nations was not in a position to determine with sufficient accounting accuracy the share of the plan in its financial position and performance and therefore treated the plan as a defined contribution plan; therefore, the financial statements did not reflect the United Nations share of the net liability/assets associated with the UNJSPF. The Organization ' s contribution to the Pension Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the General Assembly (currently 7.9 per cent of the applicable pensionable remuneration for participants and 15.8 per cent for the Organization), together with its share of any actuarial deficiency payments under article 26 of the Regulations of the Pension Fund. Such deficiency payments are payable only if and when the General Assembly has invoked the provision of article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Pension Fund as of the valuation date. As at the date of the present financial statements, the General Assembly had not invoked this provision.", "Note 3 United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1992), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) As the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts are in the process of liquidation (see note 7 below), financial statements are not presented on the basis of a going-concern assumption but on a liquidation basis of accounting, which may require that assets be liquidated and obligations cancelled in accordance with normal business practices. As at 31 December 2010, there were no assets or liabilities in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts that required adjustments to be measured or classified against the basis of accounting liquidation.", "(b) Financial statements I, II and III reflect the escrow accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) for the payment of the amounts referred to in paragraph 6 of resolution 778 (1992) and the special accounts established pursuant to resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991) and 1284 (1999). In 2003, the escrow account established by resolutions 706 (1991), 712 (1991) and 778 (1992) returned all funds. As a result, the escrow account no longer had any transactions to report.", "(c) The escrow account administered by the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) provides funds derived from the sale of Iraqi oil to cover the full costs incurred by the United Nations Compensation Commission in carrying out its mandate under section C of resolution 687 (1991), the full costs incurred by the United Nations in facilitating the return of all Kuwaiti property to Iraq, half of the costs of the Boundary Commission and the cost of implementing resolution 706 (1991) and other necessary humanitarian activities in Iraq.", "(d) As a result of Iraq ' s refusal to sell oil pursuant to Security Council resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991), the Security Council, on 2 October 1992, adopted resolution 778 (1992) as an alternative to providing funds for specified purposes. States in which there are petroleum products belonging to Iraq, or States in which there are funds of the Government of Iraq that are proceeds of the sale of Iraqi oil and that are paid for by the purchaser after 6 August 1990, must transfer some or all of such funds to the escrow account. In addition, in resolution 778 (1992), the Council urged States to contribute to the escrow account from other sources. All such funds transferred or contributed to the escrow account pursuant to resolution 778 (1992) shall be returned to the accounts of States providing funds, together with interest earned, in the case of oil exports under the regime established in resolutions 706 (1991) and 712 (1991) and where proceeds from sales have been received from the escrow account. Iraqi oil exports began in December 1996 and in January 1997 the escrow account began to receive funds from the proceeds of oil sales, which were returned to the accounts of States that provided the original funds to the escrow account.", "(e) In December 1999, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), the payment of proceeds from oil sales to the escrow account was suspended. This moratorium was extended for 180 days by resolution 1302 (2000) and lifted in December 2000 by resolution 1330 (2000).", "(f) In May 2003, the Security Council, in its resolution 1483 (2003), requested the Secretary-General to return to Member States the funds provided pursuant to resolution 778 (1992). All such funds were returned in June 2003.", "(g) In its resolution 687 (1991), the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to undertake certain tasks related to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait. The cost of these activities will be considered an advance payment pending receipt of the costs paid by Iraq to the Organization for certain activities and the costs of the Boundary Commission jointly paid by Iraq and Kuwait.", "(h) Since the adoption of Security Council resolution 778 (1992), these costs have been transferred from the escrow account. In addition, in accordance with resolution 986 (1995), the costs of the Special Commission were transferred from the escrow account.", "(i) By its resolution 1284 (1999), the Security Council decided to establish the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC). The functions previously performed by the Special Commission have been transferred to UNMOVIC.", "(j) In its resolutions 1483 (2003) and 1546 (2004), the Security Council reaffirmed its intention to revisit the mandate of UNMOVIC.", "(k) By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Council terminated the mandate of UNMOVIC and requested the Secretary-General to transfer all unencumbered funds to the Government of Iraq within three months after Member States had requested the return of their contributions pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 699 (1991).", "(l) The United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) is presented in a separate financial statement (see S/2011/480).", "Note 4 Expenditures of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme", "(a) In April 2004, the Secretary-General appointed a High-level Independent Inquiry Committee to investigate the administration and management of the oil-for-food programme, from its inception to its transfer to the Coalition Provisional Authority, including allegations of fraud and corruption by United Nations officials, staff and agents, as well as contractors, including entities under the programme under contracts with the United Nations or Iraq. In its resolution 1538 (2004), the Security Council welcomed the investigation. The Independent Inquiry Committee completed its investigation on 27 October 2005 and issued its final report.", "(b) On 1 January 2007, the Independent Inquiry Committee concluded its work, while the Office of the Independent Inquiry Committee was established for an interim period of two years as part of the Secretariat. The work of the Office of the Independent Inquiry Committee will be carried out by the representatives designated by the former members of the Commission and their designees. In November 2010, the Secretary-General extended the mandate of the Office of the Independent Inquiry Committee until 31 December 2011.", "(c) The costs of the Independent Inquiry Committee are charged against the allocation for programme administration and operational costs. The table below shows the expenditure for the biennium 2010-2011.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Salary", "Contractual services", "Premises", "Total 309", "Note 5 Operational reserve", "“Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account", "(a) An operating reserve of $126.66 million was established as at 31 December 2005 under the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account to ensure that sufficient funds were available to satisfactorily resolve all remaining issues related to outstanding letters of credit. In a letter dated 10 July 2006 (S/2006/510), the Secretary-General indicated that the United Nations had not received any compensation from the Government of Iraq for the funds transferred to date to the Development Fund for Iraq and informed the Security Council that, pending resolution of the vendor claims, an amount of $187 million would be set aside as a reserve for any unanticipated claims from vendors, should the Security Council not object. In a letter dated 11 August 2006 (S/2006/646), the President of the Security Council informed the Secretary-General that the members of the Council had taken note of the proposed arrangements and had established and maintained an operational reserve of $187 million.", "(b) Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, all expired letters of credit were discontinued and a new escrow account was established to provide, inter alia, adequate compensation to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the programme since its inception for a period of six years. Accordingly, the operational reserve in the “Humanitarian activities in Iraq” account is no longer required and the balance as at 31 December 2010 is no longer counted as “accumulative surplus”.", "“Administrative and operational costs” account", "(c) An operating reserve of $21,132,192 was established as at 31 December 2005 under the “Administrative and operational costs” account to cover the anticipated costs of the Independent Inquiry Committee and the administrative costs of the escrow account pending completion of all aspects of the oil-for-food programme. The table below summarizes the changes in the reserve since its establishment.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Operational reserve as at 31 December 2005 21 132", "Amount used for the period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009 (10,877)", "Transfer from cumulative surplus 9 670 (1 207)", "Operational reserve as at 31 December 2009", "Amount used for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (1,225)", "(a) (18,530)", "Operational reserve as at 31 December 2010 (b) 170", "(a) In accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, a new escrow account was established to cover, inter alia, expenses related to the orderly cessation of residual activities of the oil-for-food programme. Accordingly, the operational reserve in the “Administrative and operational costs” account (with the exception of $169,908, see note b) is no longer required and the balance as at 31 December 2010 is no longer credited to the “cumulative surplus”.", "(b) An amount of $169,908 was retained to cover unliquidated obligations relating to “administrative and operational costs”.", "“Monitoring, verification and inspection” account", "(d) An operating reserve of $35,958,863 was established as at 30 June 2007 under the “Monitoring, Verification and Inspection” account to cover the estimated liquidation costs related to UNMOVIC, including the settlement of debts owed to the Government of Germany and the archiving of documents and staff-related costs. Staff-related costs include accrued liabilities for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. The table below summarizes the changes in the reserve since its establishment.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Operational reserve as at 30 June 2007 35 959", "Amounts utilized for the period from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2009 (32,671)", "Transfer to cumulative surplus (2 463) (35 134)", "Operational reserve as at 31 December 2009 825", "Amount utilized for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (20)", "Reduction in operational reserve ^ (a) (805)", "Operational reserve as at 31 December 2010", "(a) In accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, a new escrow account was established to cover, inter alia, expenses related to the orderly cessation of residual activities of the oil-for-food programme. As a result, the operational reserve in the “Monitoring, Verification and Inspection” account was no longer required and, as at 31 December 2010, the balance was no longer credited to the “cumulative surplus”.", "Note 6 Non-expendable property", "In accordance with United Nations accounting policies, non-expendable property is charged against the current allotment in the year of purchase. The table below summarizes non-expendable property at historical cost based on cumulative inventory records.", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "UNMOVIC — 1 194", "Agencies 670 959", "Independent Inquiry Committee 48 290", "Note 7 Future operation of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007)", "(a) By its resolution 1483 (2003) of 22 May 2003, the Security Council extended the responsibilities entrusted to the Secretary-General by the Council in its resolutions 1472 (2003) and 1476 (2003) for a period of six months. The Council requested the Secretary-General to terminate the operations of the oil-for-food programme at Headquarters and in the field in the most cost-effective manner by 21 November 2003 and to transfer responsibility for the administration of any remaining activities under the programme to the Coalition Provisional Authority.", "(b) Accordingly, in the three governorates of northern Iraq where United Nations agencies were implementing the programme, contracts entered into by the agencies were transferred to the Authority. Similarly, outstanding contracts were transferred to the Authority in the 15 governorates of central and southern Iraq where agencies were mandated to carry out procurement activities originally undertaken by the Government of Iraq following the outbreak of hostilities.", "(c) In its resolution 1546 (2004), the Security Council decided that, following the dissolution of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors should assume the powers, responsibilities and obligations relating to the programme transferred to the Coalition Provisional Authority, including all operational responsibilities for the programme and any obligations undertaken by the Coalition Provisional Authority to fulfil such responsibilities, as well as responsibility for ensuring independent certification of the delivery of the goods, and further decided that, after the 120-day transition period from the date of adoption of the resolution, the Interim Government of Iraq and its successors should be responsible for certifying the delivery of goods under previous priority contracts and that such certification should be considered independent certification that would constitute the necessary for the release of funds under such contracts, while ensuring, through appropriate consultations, the smooth implementation of those arrangements.", "(d) In accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), all obligations relating to contracts not identified as priority contracts have been closed, except for those for which letters of credit have been retained. As at 7 December 2010, 43 letters of credit had been retained for contracts identified as priority under resolution 1483 (2003).", "(e) In addition, letters dated 8 August 2005 (S/2005/535), 17 October 2005 (S/2005/656), 19 December 2005 (S/2005/807), 10 July 2006 (S/2006/510), 8 December 2006 (S/2007/46), 27 March 2007 (S/2007/241), 19 April 2007 (S/2007/218), 25 July 2007 (S/2007/476), 7 December 2007 (S/2007/725), 11 March 2008 (S/2008/175), 9 May 2008 (S/2008/318), 25 July 2008 (S/2008/492), 1 May 2009 (S/2009/230), 18 December 2010 (S/2010/619), as well as the report of 27 July 2009 (S/2009/385), the report of 1 November 2010 (S/2010/563) and the note verbale of 2 November 2010 (S/2010/563); In S/2010/567, the Security Council was informed of the arrangements for the liquidation of the outstanding letters of credit and the slow progress being made.", "(f) On 8 December 2010, the Secretary-General wrote to the President of the Security Council (S/2010/619), providing detailed updates on the remaining activities of the oil-for-food programme and making recommendations for their eventual closure. On the basis of those recommendations, the Security Council, by its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the programme and noted that all the remaining 43 letters of credit that had not yet resolved the delivery claims had been discontinued for all purposes of the programme, without prejudice to the rights or claims that suppliers might have or claim against the Government of Iraq. The related liabilities were also terminated following the termination of the letter of credit, and $656 million was transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq on 29 December 2010, in accordance with the Council ' s authorization to transfer as soon as possible all remaining funds in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the Development Fund for Iraq.", "(g) In addition, by its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, the Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to establish an escrow account for a period of six years to compensate the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the oil-for-food programme since its inception, as well as for expenses related to the orderly termination by the United Nations of the remaining activities of the programme, including United Nations support to Member States in investigations and proceedings relating to the programme, and expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). It authorized the Secretary-General to transfer a total of $151 million to the United Nations escrow account, of which $131 million was for the reimbursement of the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors, and $20 million was earmarked for the United Nations for the orderly termination of the remaining activities of the programme, including United Nations support to Member States for investigations and proceedings related to the programme, as well as for the Office of the High-level Coordinator established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999). The transfer took place on 30 December 2010.", "(h) By its resolution 1762 (2007), the Security Council terminated the mandate of UNMOVIC. Pursuant to that resolution, an operational reserve was established to cover liquidation costs (see note 5). Unencumbered funds of $25,104,523 were transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq on 28 September 2007 and subsequently to $875,285 and $2,548,000 on 28 February and 9 December 2008, respectively.", "(i) Since the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), a total of $11.07 billion had been transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq as at 31 December 2010. In accordance with Security Council resolutions 1483 (2003), 1546 (2004) and 1958 (2010), the remaining surplus funds will be transferred to the Development Fund for Iraq.", "Note 8 Contingent liabilities", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), as part of the liquidation process, all claims and disputes involving the United Nations or its agencies with third parties in the conduct of the oil-for-food programme activities are transferred to the Authority and the subsequent Government of Iraq for responsibility. There may be circumstances in which such a transfer is not possible, and any liabilities and related costs will need to be met from the new escrow account established by resolution 1958 (2010) (see note 7 (g))." ]

[ "审计委员会有关安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户审计情况的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向安全理事会转递审计委员会有关安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间审计情况的报告。", "送文函", "2011年3月31日", "根据财务条例6.5，谨提交我已核可的安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间账目。财务报表由主计长编制并经其核证无误。", "潘基文(签名)", "纽约", "联合国审计委员会主席", "刘家义先生", "2011年7月12日", "谨提交安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日财政期间经审计的财务报表，以及联合国审计委员会的报告。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "刘家义(签名)", "纽约", "联合国安全理事会主席", "审计委员会有关安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间审计情况的报告", "目录", "页次 \n1.审计委员会的报告(审计意见) 5 \n2.审计委员会的报告(长式报告) 7 A. 8 \n 背景 B. 8 \n授权、范围和方法 \nC.审计结果和建议 9 1. 9 \n财务概览 \n2.补偿准备金 9 3. 9 \n服务终了福利和退休后津贴的准备金 \n4.或有负债 10 \nD.管理当局的披露 10 \n1.现金、应收款和财产损失的核销 10 \n2.惠给金 10 \n3.欺诈和推定欺诈案件 10 \nE.致谢 11 \n3.财务报表的证明 12 \n4.2010年12月15日至31日期间财务报表 13 \n报表一2010年12月15日至31日期间收入和支出及准备金和基金结余变动表 13 \n报表二截至2010年12月31日资产、负债、准备金和基金结余表 14 \n报表三2010年12月15日至31日期间现金流量表 15 \n财务报表附注 16", "一. 审计委员会的报告(审计意见)", "财务报表报告", "我们审计了所附的安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户的财务报表，其中包括：收入和支出及准备金和基金结余变动表(报表一)；截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债及准备金和基金结余表(报表二)；2010年12月15日至 31日期间的现金流量表(报表三)；以及财务报表附注。", "管理当局对财务报表的责任", "秘书长负责根据联合国系统会计准则编制和公允列报财务报表，并实行其视为必要的内部控制，使编制的财务报表不存在因欺诈或错误而出现的重大错报。", "审计员的责任", "我们的责任是根据审计对财务报表发表意见。我们的审计是根据国际审计准则进行。这些准则要求我们遵守道德操守规定，制定审计计划和进行审计，以便能够有合理把握判断财务报表是否存在重大误报。", "审计工作包括通过执行有关程序，获取关于财务报表内数额和披露事项的审计证据。选择何种程序视审计员的判断而定，其中包括评估财务报表存在重大误报(不论因欺诈还是错误)的风险。在进行风险评估时，审计员考虑到与有关实体编制和公允列报财务报表有关的内部控制，以便根据情况设计适当的审计程序，但目的不是对该实体内部控制的效力发表意见。审计工作还包括评价管理当局采用的会计政策是否适当，作出的会计估计是否合理，以及评价财务报表的总体列报情况。", "我们认为，我们获得的审计证据为我们发表审计意见提供了充分和适当的依据。", "审计意见", "我们认为，各财务报表按照联合国系统会计准则，在所有重大方面公允列报了联合国代管账户截至2010年12月31日的财务状况，以及该账户2010年12月15日至31日期间的财政执行情况和现金流量。", "关于其他法律和条例规定的报告", "此外，我们认为，我们注意到或在审计过程中测试过的联合国代管账户的会计事项，在所有重要方面均符合《联合国财务条例和细则》和法律授权。", "按照《联合国财务条例和细则》第七条，我们还出具了关于联合国代管账户的长式审计报告。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "(审计组长)", "刘家义(签名)", "南非共和国审计长", "特伦斯·农本贝(签名)", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国主计长兼审计长", "埃米亚斯·莫尔斯(签名)", "2011年7月12日", "二. 审计委员会的报告(长式报告)", "摘要", "审计委员会审计了安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间的财务报表。审计所采用的方式是审查设立账户期间的财务事项。", "审计意见", "如第一节所示，审计委员会对报告所述期间的财务报表出具了未经修订的审计意见。", "财务概览", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议于2010年12月15日设立代管账户。依照该决议，行政当局将1.51亿美元从联合国代管(伊拉克)账户转入新代管账户，其中包括2 000万美元行政基金和1.31亿美元补偿准备金。", "截至2010年12月31日，利息收入共计6 000美元，没有发生支出。现金结余共计1.51亿美元，其中包括2 000万美元行政基金和1.31亿美元补偿准备金。", "服务终了福利和退休后津贴的准备金", "在财务报表中，共计175.7万美元的全职参与联合国代管账户工作的人员的服务终了福利和退休后津贴，没有作为一个细列项目单独开列，而是被计入账户的业务准备金。审计委员会认为，单独披露这些福利和津贴将提高清晰度和透明度。", "或有负债", "根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议的规定，3份已注销但确认在到期前提出了交货付款请求的总额达420万美元的信用证，在财务报表附注中作为或有负债披露。秘书长在2008年至2010年给安全理事会主席的信中表示，处理这3份信用证的方式，应与处理交货付款请求问题未决的信用证的方式相同，因此这3份信用证被记作或有负债。", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止石油换粮食方案的所有剩余活动。因此，截至2010年12月31日，43份剩余的未结信用证被注销，总额共计1.01亿美元。但在财务报表附注中，这43份信用证的付款请求权没有作为或有负债披露。审计委员会认为，在会计处理已注销但付款请求权依然存在的信用证方面，本应保持前后一致。", "行政当局随后为处理本次审计结果指出的问题采取了措施，相应的改动反映在订正财务报表中。", "A. 背景", "1. 联合国代管(伊拉克)账户是根据安全理事会第687(1991)、706(1991)、778(1992)、986(1995)、1284(1999)、1483(2003)和1762(2007)号决议设立的。2010年，在通过安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议后，石油换粮食方案的清理结束工作进入了第7年。", "2. 安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议授权秘书长为下文详述的目的设立一个新代管账户，任命独立的执业会计师对账户进行审计，并向伊拉克政府全面通报情况。", "3. 安全理事会授权秘书长，从联合国代管(伊拉克)账户向第1958(2010)号决议设立的新代管账户转入2 000万美元和数额最多为1.31亿美元的资金，并将总额为1.51亿美元的资金留存在新代管账户中，直至2016年12月31日。2 000万美元专门用于支付联合国有序停止石油换粮食方案剩余活动的相关开支，包括联合国向会员国提供支助以进行与方案有关的调查和诉讼的开支以及高级协调员办公室的开支。数额最多为1.31亿美元的准备金用于就方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动，向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供补偿，为期6年。新代管账户于2016年12月31日到期，所有剩余资金必须最迟于2016年12月31日移交给伊拉克政府，除非安全理事会另外授权。", "4. 为充分有效地执行第1958(2010)号决议，安全理事会还授权秘书长尽快同伊拉克政府达成一切必要的执行安排或协议，以便(a) 就石油换粮食方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动，向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供适当补偿；(b) 规定伊拉克政府今后不就方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动，向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提出任何索赔。安全理事会还请秘书长在达成上述安排或协议后，向安理会报告情况。", "B. 授权、范围和方法", "5. 审计委员会审计了安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间的财务报表。审计工作是按照《联合国财务条例和细则》第七条及其附件的规定和国际审计准则进行的。这些准则要求审计委员会遵守道德操守规定，进行审计，以便能够有合理把握判断财务报表是否存在重大误报。", "6. 审计的主要目的是使审计委员会能够就以下问题提出意见：财务报表是否按照联合国系统会计准则，公允列报代管账户截至2010年12月31日的财务状况，以及该日终了期间的业务成果和现金流量。其中包括对财务报表中开列的支出是否用于各理事机构批准的用途以及收支是否按照《财务条例和细则》适当分类和记录做出评估。审计包括全面审查财务制度和内部控制，并在审计委员会认为就财务报表提出意见所需范围内，检查会计记录及其他凭证。", "7. 在进行审计时，一并审计了根据安全理事会687(1991)、706(1991)、778(1992)、986(1995)、1284(1999)、1483(2003)和1762(2007)号决议设立的联合国代管(伊拉克)账户2010-2011两年期内2010年12月31日终了的12个月期间的财务报表。审计委员会就联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的审计情况，单独出具了一份报告(见S/2011/479)。", "8. 本报告涵盖审计委员会认为应提请安全理事会注意的事项。审计委员会的意见和结论已同行政当局进行了讨论，本报告已适当反映行政当局的观点。", "C. 审计结果和建议", "1. 财务概览", "9. 截至2010年12月31日，利息收入共计6 000美元，没有发生支出。现金结余共计1.51亿美元，其中包括2 000万美元行政基金和1.31亿美元补偿准备金。依照安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议，这些资金均从联合国代管(伊拉克)账户转出。", "2. 补偿准备金", "10. 依照安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议，行政当局从联合国代管(伊拉克)账户向新代管账户转入1.31亿美元，作为补偿准备金。然而，行政当局未向审计委员会提供有关这一数额的细目以及行政当局如何得出这一数额的资料。", "11. 行政当局解释说，2010年其与安全理事会常任理事国举行了数次会议，说明了联合国在停止石油换粮食方案方面的潜在风险领域。然而，由于这一事项极为保密，而且与相关利益攸关方正在进行谈判，因此行政当局认为，目前提供有关1.31亿美元的细目和如何得出这一数额的详细资料，不符合联合国的最佳利益。", "12. 审计委员会承认，1.31亿美元的数额在安全理事会决议允许的范围内，也准确披露了从联合国代管(伊拉克)账户准备金中转出资金的情况。尽管财务报表的公允列报没有受到影响，但审计委员会认为，提供这一数额的细目以及行政当局如何得出这一数额的详细资料，本可为审计委员会查实行政当局向安全理事会提供的资料是否合理奠定基础。审计委员会将在下一次审计新代管账户时，审查这一事项。", "3. 服务终了福利和退休后津贴的准备金", "13. 审计委员会指出，与先前联合国代管(伊拉克)账户的做法不同，在新代管账户截至2010年12月31日的财务报表中，175.7万美元的服务终了福利和退休后津贴没有作为一个细列项目单独开列，而是被计入业务准备金。", "14. 审计委员会又指出，在不同的财务报表附注中，对服务终了福利和退休后津贴的解释前后并不一致。特别是，附注没有披露服务终了福利和退休后津贴的有关资料，包括其构成、精算过程、重要假设以及相关改动。", "15. 行政当局随后作出必要改动，并订正了财务报表。", "4. 或有负债", "16. 根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议的规定，作为清理结束过程的一个部分，涉及联合国或其机构与第三方在开展石油换粮食方案活动方面的所有权利主张和争端均移交给管理当局，管理当局后被伊拉克政府取代。因此，3份已注销但确认在到期前提出了交货付款请求的总额达420万美元的信用证，在财务报表附注中作为或有负债披露。", "17. 审计委员会指出，依照安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议，截至2010年12月31日，已注销43份未结信用证，总计价值1.01亿美元，但在财务报表附注中，没有披露这些信用证的付款请求权。", "18. 秘书长分别于2008年7月25日(S/2008/492)、2009年5月1日(S/2009/230)和2010年12月8日(S/2010/619)致信安全理事会主席，说明不管安全理事会选择采用何种办法来结束石油换粮食方案下的所有未决问题，处理这3份已被注销但受益人在到期日前提出了交货付款请求的信用证的方式，应与处理交货付款请求问题未结的信用证的方式相同。", "19. 审计委员会认为，这43封信用证的性质与其余3份信用证的性质非常相似，因为上文的报表证实，这些信用证仍可使联合国暴露于潜在的请求权风险之中。因此，应以相同的方式处理这些信用证。倘若最终要求石油换粮食方案全部或部分承付这些付款请求，将从新代管账户中满足这些付款请求。", "20. 行政当局随后作出必要改动，并相应订正了财务报表。", "D. 管理当局的披露", "1. 现金、应收款和财产损失的核销", "21. 根据《财务条例和细则》细则106.8和106.9的要求，行政当局通知审计委员会，2010年12月15日至31日期间，没有现金、应收款和财产损失的核销。", "2. 惠给金", "22. 根据财务细则105.12，行政当局报告，在审查所涉期间没有支付惠给金。", "3. 欺诈和推定欺诈案件", "23. 行政当局告知审计委员会，在审查所涉期间没有发生涉及安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户的欺诈和推定欺诈案件。", "E. 致谢", "24. 审计委员会感谢秘书长、主管管理事务副秘书长、助理秘书长兼主计长及其工作人员对审计委员会工作人员给予的配合和协助。", "中华人民共和国审计长", "联合国审计委员会主席", "(审计组长)", "刘家义(签名)", "南非共和国审计长", "特伦斯·农本贝(签名)", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国主计长兼审计长", "埃米亚斯·莫尔斯(签名)", "2011年7月12日", "三. 财务报表的证明", "1. 安全理事会第1580(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户2010年12月15日至31日期间财务报表是依照财务细则106.10编制的。", "2. 财务报表编制中采用的重要会计政策，摘要列于财务报表的附注。附注对秘书长负有行政责任的本组织在财务报表所述期间进行的有关安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议的财务活动提供补充资料，并作出澄清。", "3. 兹证明所附编号为一至三的安全理事会第1580(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户财务报表正确无误。", "助理秘书长兼主计长", "山崎纯(签名)", "2011年3月29日", "四. 2010年12月15日至31日期间财务报表", "报表一", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户^(a)", "2010年12月15日至31日期间收入和支出及准备金和基金结余变动表", "(单位：千美元)", "行政 补偿储备金 2010年共计", "收入", "利息收入 1 5 6", "收入共计 1 5 6", "支出 — — —", "收入超出(低于)支出数额 1 5 6", "其他基金转入^(b) 20 000 131 000 151 000", "准备金和基金结余，期初 — — —", "准备金和基金结余，期末 20 001 131 005 151 006", "^(a) 见附注1。", "^(b) 经安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议批准从联合国伊拉克代管账户转入的款项。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。", "报表二", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户^(a)", "截至2010年12月31日资产、负债、准备金和基金结余表", "(单位：千美元)", "行政 补偿准备金 2010年共计", "资产", "现金和定期存款 45 45 90", "现金池 19 956^(b) 130 960^(c) 150 916", "资产共计 20 001 131 005 151 006", "负债 — — —", "准备金和基金结余", "业务准备金^(d) 1 757 — 1 757", "累计盈余 18 244 131 005 149 249", "准备金和基金结余共计 20 001 131 005 151 006", "^(a) 见附注1。", "^(b) 联合国总部现金池中的份额，包括现金和定期存款2 879 573美元，短期投资4 690 372美元(市值4 735 575美元)，长期投资12 293 350美元(市值12 317 509美元)，应计未收利息92 233美元。", "^(c) 联合国总部现金池中的份额，包括现金和定期存款18 897 424美元，短期投资30 780 931美元(市值31 077 578美元)，长期投资80 676 065美元(市值80 834 613美元)，应计未收利息605 289美元。", "^(d) 服务终了福利和退休后津贴准备金。见附注4。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。 报表三", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户^(a)", "2010年12月15日至31日期间现金流量表", "(单位：千美元)", "行政 补偿准备金 2010年共计", "业务活动现金流量", "收入超出(低于)支出净额 1 5 6", "减：利息收入 (1) (5) (6)", "业务活动现金净额 — － —", "投资活动现金流量", "利息收入 1 5 6", "投资活动现金流量 1 5 6", "融资活动现金流量", "其他基金转入款项 20 000 131 000 151 000", "融资活动现金流量 20 000 131 000 151 000", "现金和定期存款及现金池增加净额 20 001 131 005 151 006", "现金和定期存款及现金池，期初 — — —", "现金和定期存款及现金池，期末 20 001 131 005 151 006", "^(a) 见附注1。", "附注是财务报表的组成部分。", "财务报表附注", "附注1 安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户(报表一、二和三)", "(a) 2010年12月15日安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议，请秘书长采取一切必要行动，停止石油换粮食方案的所有剩余活动。安理会授权秘书长设立一个代管账户留存2 000万美元，直至2016年12月31日，用于支付有序停止剩余活动的相关开支，包括联合国向会员国提供支助以进行与方案有关的调查和诉讼以及第1284(1999)号决议所设高级协调员办公室的开支。", "(b) 安全理事会决议并还授权秘书长在代管账户中留存数额最多为1.31亿美元的资金，用于就石油换粮食方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动对联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供补偿，为期六年。", "(c) 安全理事会决议要求代管账户所有剩余资金在六年后，即到2016年12月31日，全部转交伊拉克政府。", "(d) 这些报表是安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户的第一批财务报表。上文(a)段和(b)段所述活动在这些报表中分别列为“行政”和“补偿储备金”。", "附注2 联合国的重要会计和财务报告政策摘要", "(a) 联合国的会计核算按大会通过的《联合国财务条例和细则》、秘书长依《条例》要求制订的规则以及主管管理事务的副秘书长或主计长颁布的行政指示进行。在进行会计核算时，还充分顾及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)通过的联合国系统会计准则。本组织遵循经行政首长理事会修订并通过的关于披露会计政策的《国际会计准则第1号——财务报表的列报》，其规定如下：", "㈠ 基本会计假设为持续经营、一致性和权责发生制。这些基本会计假设如在财务报表中得到遵循，就不必予以披露。某一基本会计假设如没有得到遵循，则应披露这一事实并说明理由；", "㈡ 应根据谨慎、实质重于形式和重要性原则选择和运用会计政策；", "㈢ 财务报表应明确扼要地披露所采用的所有重要会计政策；", "㈣ 披露所采用的重要会计政策，应是财务报表的组成部分。所披露的这些政策通常应列在一处；", "㈤ 财务报表应载列上一个财政期相应期间的对比数字；", "㈥ 对本期有重要影响或对以后各期可能有重要影响的会计政策变动，应予以披露并说明理由。如果政策变动影响重大，应披露变动所带来的影响，并以数字说明。", "(b) 本组织的会计核算按基金会计制进行。大会、安全理事会或秘书长可设立独立的普通基金或特殊用途基金。每个基金都是独立的财务和会计主体，各设有一组自平复式账户。每个基金或每组性质相同的基金单独编制财务报表；", "(c) 维持和平行动的财政期间为一年，从7月1日起至次年6月30日止。本组织所有其他基金的财政期间为两年，即连续两个历年；", "(d) 收入、支出、资产和负债一般按权责发生制确认；", "(e) 本组织的账目以美元列报。以其他货币记账的账目，均按交易时联合国规定的汇率折算成美元。对于这些货币，财务报表应载明以报表日适用的联合国汇率折算的非美元现金、投资和未缴认捐款以及往来账户应收和应付款的美元值。用报表日实际汇率折算的价值与采用财政期间最后一个月本组织汇率折算的价值有重大差异时，应在脚注中说明差额；", "(f) 本组织的财务报表按历史成本会计制编制，不为反映货物和服务价格变动所产生的影响而进行调整；", "(g) 现金流量汇总表是按照联合国系统会计准则所述现金流量间接法编制的；", "(h) 本组织的财务报表按照会计准则问题工作队向行政首长理事会不时提出的建议编制；", "(i) 收入：", "㈠ 会员国或其他捐助者书面承诺在本财政期间特定时间作出捐款时，此种自愿捐款记作收入。以秘书长可接受的服务和用品提供的自愿捐助，或记作收入，或在财务报表内注明；", "㈡ 来自组织间安排的收入是各机构为使本组织替它们管理项目或其他方案而划拨的资金；", "㈢ 由其他基金划拨的款项为一个基金拨给另一个基金或指定从一个基金转入另一个基金，并由后者支付的款项；", "㈣ 提供服务的收入，包括因向其他组织提供技术和行政支助而获得偿还的工作人员薪金和其他费用；", "㈤ 利息收入包括从各种银行账户存款所得的所有利息以及从有价证券和其他可转让票据获得的投资收入以及现金池所得的投资收入。现金池投资收入须减去短期投资所有已实现的损失和未实现的损失净额。现金池投资活动所产生的收入和费用由各参与基金分享和分担；", "㈥ 杂项收入包括下列收入：房地租金、变卖旧财产或剩余财产所得、以往期间支出的退款、保险赔款、不指定用途的赠款以及其他杂项收入；", "㈦ 与未来财政期间有关的收入均作为下文(l)㈢段所述递延贷项入账，不作为本财政期间收入入账；", "(j) 支出：", "㈠ 支出是根据核定经费或授权承付款项发生的。报告的支出总额包括未清债务和付款。支出还包括当期债务估值产生的汇率调整数；", "㈡ 非消耗性财产的支出记作购置期间预算的费用而不记作资本。库存非消耗性财产按历史成本入账；", "㈢ 未来财政期间的支出不记作本财政期间的费用，而是记作下面下文(k)㈤段所述的递延费用。", "(k) 资产：", "㈠ 现金和定期存款是指活期存款账户和计息银行存款中的款项；", "㈡ 投资包括本组织为生利而购买的有价证券和其他可转让票据。短期投资按成本与市价孰低法列报；长期投资按成本列报。成本定义为面值加上或减去任何未摊销的溢价或折价。投资的市值在财务报表脚注中披露；", "㈢ 现金池包括各参与基金在现金和定期存款、短期和长期投资以及应计投资收入中所占的份额，所有这些资金都在现金池内管理。现金池内的投资性质类似。短期投资按成本与市价孰低法列报；长期投资按成本列报。成本定义为面值加上或减去任何未摊销的溢价或折价。各参与基金在现金池内所占的份额分别在各基金的报表内报告，其组成和投资市值也在各报表的脚注中披露；", "㈣ 反映基金间往来业务的基金间结余，列入联合国普通基金应收款和应付款。基金间结余还反映与其他代管账户和联合国普通基金的直接往来业务。基金间结余视可动用现金资源的情况定期结算；", "㈤ 递延费用通常是那些不适宜记作本财政期间费用的支出项目。这些项目将列作以后一个财政期费用的支出项目。这些支出项目包括主计长根据财务细则106.7核准的以后财政期的承付款。这类承付款一般限于持续性行政经费和履行期较长的合同或法律义务；", "㈥ 仅为了资产负债表的目的，假定与财务报表日已结束的学年有关的那部分预支教育津贴记作递延费用。预支款全额记作应收工作人员款项，直到工作人员出示必要的应享权利证明时，才将该款项记作预算账户的支出，并结清预支款；", "㈦ 资本资产的维修费记作有关预算账户的支出。家具、设备、其他非消耗性财产和租赁资产的改良不列为本组织的资产。此种购置款项记作购置年度预算账户的支出。非消耗性财产的价值在财务报表附表中披露；", "(l) 负债及准备金和基金结余：", "㈠ 业务准备金包括服务终了准备金和退休后津贴。业务准备金在财务报表中列入“准备金和基金结余”内；", "㈡ 未来各年的未清债务既列为递延费用，又列为未清债务；", "㈢ 递延收入包括已收到但尚未赚取的收入；", "㈣ 本组织过去、现在和未来财政期间的承付款项列为未清债务。当期债务在发生债务的财政期间终了后12个月内有效；", "㈤ 存在的或有负债，在财务报表附注中披露；", "㈥ 联合国是参与联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的成员组织，大会设置养恤基金以提供退休金、死亡抚恤金、残疾津贴和有关福利。养恤基金是确定福利的注资养恤金计划。联合国对该基金的财务责任包括按大会订立的比率缴付规定的款额，以及根据养恤基金条例第26条支付其为弥补任何精算短缺而应分摊的款额。只有大会根据在估值之日对养恤金资金情况作出的精算评估，确定需要付款以弥补短缺并援引第26条规定时，才应支付这种款项。截至编写本期财务报表之时，大会未曾援引这一规定。", "附注3 安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设联合国代管账户的会计政策(报表一、二和三)", "安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设代管账户的会计核算按由第一年为双数年的两个连续年组成的两年周期进行。编制年度财务报表的目的是向安理会报告资金的使用和支出。", "附注4 业务准备金", "业务准备金包括符合资格的工作人员服务终了福利和退休后津贴的负债估计数。福利和津贴包括离职后医疗保险和未用假日折付。服务终了福利和退休后津贴负债由独立、合格的精算公司按精算估值和截至2009年12月31日的价值计算。截至2010年12月31日的负债估计数，按2009年12月31日价值展延计算，包括离职后医疗保险1 735 000美元和未用假日折付22 000美元，共计1 757 000美元。业务储备金列入储备金和基金结余总额。", "附注5 或有负债", "根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议，石油换粮食方案下未解决交货付款问题价值达1.01亿美元的43份信用证已经结清。此外，价值450万美元的3份信用证已经注销，但经查发现在信用证过期前就已提出交货付款请求。为此，并根据安理会第1958(2010)号决议，秘书处正在与伊拉克政府订立协议，伊拉克将按照协议就方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动对联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提供补偿，并放弃伊拉克政府可能就方案设立以来围绕方案开展的所有活动向联合国及其代表、代理人和独立承包人提出的任何索赔。协议订立后，联合国将得到充分补偿。" ]

[ "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit herewith to the Security Council the report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010.", "Letters of transmittal", "31 March 2011", "In accordance with financial regulation 6.5, I have the honour to submit the accounts of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010, which I hereby approve. The financial statements have been completed and certified as correct by the Controller.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Mr. Liu Jiayi Chair of the Board of Auditors United Nations New York", "12 July 2011", "I have the honour to present to you the audited financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the financial period 15 to 31 December 2010 and the report of the United Nations Board of Auditors thereon.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China Chair, United Nations Board of Auditors", "The President of the Security Council of the United Nations New York", "Report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "Contents", "PageI.Report 5 of the Board of Auditors (audit \nopinion) II. Report 7 of the Board of Auditors (long-form \nreport) \nSummary 7\nA.Background 9B.Mandate, 9 scope and \nmethodology C.Findings 10 and \nrecommendations 1. Financial 10 \noverview 2.Indemnification 10 reserve \n fund 3.Reserves 11 for end-of-service and post-retirement \nbenefits 4.Contingent 11 \nliabilities D.Disclosures 12 by \nmanagement 1. Write-off 12 of losses of cash, receivables and \nproperty 2.Ex 12 gratia \npayments 3. Cases 12 of fraud and presumptive \nfraud \nE.Acknowledgement 12III. Certification 13 of the financial \nstatements IV. Financial 14 statements for the period from 15 to 31 December \n 2010 StatementI.Statementofincome 14 and expenditure and changesin reserves and fund balances for theperiod from15to31 December \n 2010 Statement 15 II.Statementof assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balancesasat 31December \n 2010 Statement 16 III.Statementof cashflows for theperiod from15to31 December \n 2010 Notesto 17 \nthefinancialstatements", "I. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "Report on the financial statements", "We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), comprising the statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances (statement I), the statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010 (statement II) and the cash flow statement for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010 (statement III), as well as the notes to the financial statements.", "Management’s responsibility for the financial statements", "The Secretary-General is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards and for such internal control as he deems is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.", "Auditor’s responsibility", "Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "An audit includes performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.", "We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.", "Opinion", "In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the United Nations escrow account as at 31 December 2010 and its financial performance and cash flows for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010 in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards.", "Report on other legal and regulatory requirements", "Furthermore, in our opinion, the transactions of the United Nations escrow account that have come to our notice, or which we have tested as part of our audit, have in all significant respects been in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and legislative authority.", "In accordance with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, we have also issued a long-form report on our audit of the United Nations escrow account.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China Chair of the United Nations Board of Auditors (Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Amyas Morse Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "12 July 2011", "II. Report of the Board of Auditors (long-form report)", "Summary", "The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010. The audit was carried out through a review of the financial transactions covering the establishment of the account.", "Audit opinion", "The Board issued an unmodified audit opinion on the financial statements for the period under review, as reflected in section I.", "Financial overview", "The escrow account was established on 15 December 2010 by the Security Council in its resolution 1958 (2010). Pursuant to the resolution, the Administration transferred $151 million from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to a new escrow account, including $20 million in the administration fund and $131 million in the indemnification reserve fund.", "As at 31 December 2010, total income (from interest) amounted to $6,000, while no expenditure was incurred. The total cash balance was $151 million, consisting of $20 million in the administration fund and $131 million in the indemnification reserve fund.", "Reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits", "The financial statements do not reflect the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits for the staff fully involved in the United Nations escrow account, amounting to $1.757 million, as a separate line item. Instead, they were included in the account’s operating reserve. In the Board’s view, the separate disclosure will increase clarity and transparency.", "Contingent liabilities", "In line with the terms of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), three letters of credit amounting to $4.2 million, which were cancelled but identified to have claims of delivery made prior to the expiry, were disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements. The Secretary-General, in his letters to the President of the Security Council from 2008 to 2010, indicated that the three letters of credit should be treated in the same manner as those letters of credit with claims of delivery still outstanding, hence their recording as contingent liabilities.", "Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), the Secretary-General was requested to take all actions necessary to terminate all residual activities under the oil-for-food programme. As a result, the remaining 43 outstanding letters of credit with an aggregate value of $101 million were cancelled as at 31 December 2010. However, the claims of the 43 letters of credit were not disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements. The Board is of the view that there should have been consistency of accounting treatment for cancelled letters of credit for which claims still exist.", "The Administration has since taken measures to address the findings noted during this audit, and corresponding changes are reflected in the revised financial statements.", "A. Background", "1. United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). In 2010, the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme was in its seventh year, following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1483 (2003).", "2. The Security Council, in its resolution 1958 (2010), authorized the Secretary-General to establish a new escrow account for the purposes detailed below, to appoint independent and certified public accountants to audit it and to keep the Government of Iraq fully informed.", "3. The Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to transfer $20 million and up to $131 million from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the new escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) and to retain the total of $151 million in the latter account until 31 December 2016. The amount of $20 million was exclusively for United Nations expenses relating to the orderly termination of the residual activities of the oil-for-food programme, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and proceedings related to the programme and the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator. The amount of up to $131 million was reserved for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for a period of six years with regard to all activities in connection with the programme since its inception. As the new escrow account expires on 31 December 2016, all the remaining funds must be transferred to the Government of Iraq by 31 December 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Security Council.", "4. In order to fully and effectively implement resolution 1958 (2010), the Security Council further authorized the Secretary-General to enter into all necessary implementing arrangements or agreements as soon as possible with the Government of Iraq: (a) to provide appropriate indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors, with regard to all oil-for-food programme activities since its inception; and (b) to provide for a waiver of any future claims the Government of Iraq might have against the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors with regard to all programme activities since its inception. The Council further requested the Secretary-General to report to it after entering into the said arrangements or agreements.", "B. Mandate, scope and methodology", "5. The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010. The audit was conducted in conformity with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and the annex thereto, as well as the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that the Board comply with ethical requirements and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "6. The audit was conducted primarily to enable the Board to form an opinion as to whether the financial statements presented fairly the financial position of the escrow account as at 31 December 2010 and the results of operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards. This included an assessment as to whether the expenditures recorded in the financial statements had been incurred for the purposes approved by the governing bodies and whether income and expenditures had been properly classified and recorded in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules. The audit included a general review of financial systems and internal controls and an examination of the accounting records and other supporting evidence to the extent that the Board considered necessary to form an opinion on the financial statements.", "7. The audit was performed together with the audit on the financial statements of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts established under the provisions of Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007) for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011. The Board issued a separate report on the audit of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts (see S/2011/479).", "8. The present report covers matters that, in the opinion of the Board, should be brought to the attention to the Security Council. The Board’s observations and conclusions were discussed with the Administration, whose views have been appropriately addressed in the report.", "C. Findings and recommendations", "1. Financial overview", "9. As at 31 December 2010, total income (from interest) amounted to $6,000, while no expenditure was incurred. The total cash balance was $151 million, comprising $20 million in the administration fund and $131 million in the indemnification reserve fund. These funds were all transferred from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "2. Indemnification reserve fund", "10. The Administration, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), transferred $131 million as the indemnification reserve fund from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts to the new escrow account. However, the Administration did not provide the Board with a breakdown of the figure and how the Administration arrived at it.", "11. The Administration explained that it had held several meetings with the permanent members of the Security Council in 2010 and indicated the Organization’s potential areas of exposure relating to the closure of the oil-for-food programme. However, owing to the highly confidential nature of the matter and the ongoing negotiations with the relevant stakeholders, the Administration considered that it would, at this stage, be against the best interest of the Organization to provide detailed information about the breakdown of the $131 million and how the figure was arrived at.", "12. The Board recognizes that the amount of $131 million is within the limit allowed by the Security Council resolution and accurately discloses the transfer from the reserve of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts. Although this does not affect the fair presentation of the financial statements, the Board is of the view that the breakdown of this figure and how the Administration arrived at it would have formed the basis for the Board to confirm the reasonableness of the information provided to the Security Council by the Administration. The Board will review this matter in the context of the next audit of the new escrow account.", "3. Reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits", "13. The Board noted that, unlike the past practice in the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts, the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits of $1.757 million were not recognized as a separate line item but were included in the operating reserves in the financial statements of the new escrow account as at 31 December 2010.", "14. The Board also noted that the explanations of the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits in different notes to the financial statements were not consistent. In particular, the information relative to the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits, including the composition, actuarial process and major assumptions as well as associated changes, was not disclosed in the notes.", "15. Subsequently, the Administration made the necessary changes and revised the financial statements.", "4. Contingent liabilities", "16. Under the terms of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), as part of the liquidation process, all claims and disputes involving the United Nations or its agencies with third parties in carrying out the activities of the oil-for-food programme were to be transferred to the Authority, which has since been succeeded by the Government of Iraq. Accordingly, three letters of credit in the amount of $4.2 million, which were cancelled but had been identified as having claims of delivery made prior to their expiry, were disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements.", "17. The Board noted that in accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), 43 outstanding letters of credit with an aggregate value of $101 million had been cancelled as at 31 December 2010, but the claims of those letters had not been disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements.", "18. In his letters to the President of the Security Council dated 25 July 2008 (S/2008/492), 1 May 2009 (S/2009/230) and 8 December 2010 (S/2010/619), the Secretary-General indicated that whatever option might be selected by the Security Council for concluding all outstanding issues under the oil-for-food programme, the three letters of credit that had been cancelled but to which the beneficiaries had made claims of delivery prior to the expiration date should be treated in the same manner as those letters of credit with claims of delivery still outstanding.", "19. The Board is of the view that the nature of the 43 letters of credit is very similar to that of the other 3, as they may still expose the United Nations to potential risk of claims, as confirmed by the above statements. They should therefore be treated in the same manner. Should the oil-for-food programme ultimately be required to absorb all or a portion of those claims, they will be met from the new escrow account.", "20. The Administration subsequently made the necessary changes and revised the financial statements accordingly.", "D. Disclosures by management", "1. Write-off of losses of cash, receivables and property", "21. As required by rules 106.8 and 106.9 of the Financial Regulations and Rules, the Administration informed the Board that there had been no write-off of cash, receivables or properties during the period from 15 to 31 December 2010.", "2. Ex gratia payments", "22. As required by financial rule 105.12, the Administration reported that there had been no ex gratia payments during the period.", "3. Cases of fraud and presumptive fraud", "23. The Administration informed the Board that there were no cases of fraud or presumptive fraud relating to the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period under review.", "E. Acknowledgement", "24. The Board wishes to express its appreciation for the cooperation and assistance extended to its staff by the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the Assistant Secretary-General and Controller, and their staff members.", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi Auditor-General of the People’s Republic of China Chair of the United Nations Board of Auditors (Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Amyas Morse Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "12 July 2011", "III. Certification of the financial statements", "1. The financial statements for the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010 have been prepared in accordance with financial rule 106.10.", "2. The summary of significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these statements is included as notes to the financial statements. The notes provide additional information and clarifications for the financial activities related to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) undertaken by the Organization during the period covered by these statements, for which the Secretary-General has administrative responsibility.", "3. I certify that the appended financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), numbered I to III, are correct.", "(Signed) Jun Yamazaki Assistant Secretary-General, Controller", "29 March 2011", "IV. Financial statements for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "Statement I", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010)^(a)", "Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Administration Indemnification Total 2010 reserve", "Income", "Interest income 1 5 6", "Total income 1 5 6", "Expenditure — — —", "Excess (shortfall) of 1 5 6 income over expenditure", "Transfers from other 20 000 131 000 151 000 funds^(b)", "Reserves and fund — — — balances, beginning of period", "Reserves and fund 20 001 131 005 151 006 balances, end of period", "^(a) See note 1.", "^(b) Represents transfers from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts as authorized by Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement II", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010)^(a)", "Statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Administration Indemnification Total 2010 reserve", "Assets", "Cash and term 45 45 90 deposits", "Cash pool 19 956^(b) 130 960^(c) 150 916", "Total assets 20 001 131 005 151 006", "Liabilities — — —", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operating 1 757 — 1 757 reserves^(d)", "Cumulative surplus 18 244 131 005 149 249", "Total reserves and 20 001 131 005 151 006 fund balances", "^(a) See note 1.", "^(b) Represents the share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool, comprising cash and term deposits of $2,879,573, short-term investments of $4,690,372 (market value $4,735,575), long-term investments of $12,293,350 (market value $12,317,509) and accrued interest receivable of $92,233.", "^(c) Represents the share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool, comprising cash and term deposits of $18,897,424, short-term investments of $30,780,931 (market value $31,077,578), long-term investments of $80,676,065 (market value $80,834,613) and accrued interest receivable of $605,289.", "^(d) Represents reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. See note 4.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement III", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010)^(a)", "Statement of cash flows for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Administration Indemnification Total 2010 reserve", "Cash flows from operating activities", "Net excess (shortfall) of 1 5 6 income over expenditure (statement I)", "Less: Interest income (1) (5) (6)", "Net cash from operating — — — activities", "Cash flows from investing activities", "Interest income 1 5 6", "Net cash from investing 1 5 6 activities", "Cash flows from financing activities", "Transfers from other funds 20 000 131 000 151 000", "Net cash from financing 20 000 131 000 151 000 activities", "Net increase in cash and 20 001 131 005 151 006 term deposits and cash pool", "Cash and term deposits and — — — cash pool, beginning of period", "Cash and term deposits and 20 001 131 005 151 006 cash pool, end of period", "^(a) See note 1.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Notes to the financial statements", "Note 1", "United Nations escrow account established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) The Security Council, in its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, requested the Secretary-General to take all actions necessary to terminate all residual activities of the oil-for-food programme. The Council authorized the Secretary-General to establish an escrow account and retain $20 million in it until 31 December 2016 for the expenses related to the orderly termination of the residual activities, including the Organization’s support to Member State investigations and Member State proceedings related to the programme, as well as the expenses of the Office of the High-level Coordinator created pursuant to its resolution 1284 (1999).", "(b) In the same resolution, the Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to retain in the escrow account up to $131 million for the purpose of providing indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors with regard to all activities in connection with the oil-for-food programme since its inception, for a period of six years.", "(c) Also in the same resolution, the Security Council requested that all funds remaining in the escrow account after six years be transferred to the Government of Iraq by 31 December 2016.", "(d) These are the first financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010). The activities described in (a) and (b) above are shown in the “Administration” and “Indemnification reserve” columns, respectively, in the financial statements.", "Note 2", "Summary of significant accounting and financial reporting policies of the United Nations", "(a) The accounts of the United Nations are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly, the rules formulated by the Secretary-General as required under the Regulations and administrative instructions issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management or the Controller. They also take fully into account the United Nations system accounting standards, as adopted by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Organization follows International Accounting Standard 1, “presentation of financial statements”, on the disclosure of accounting policies, as modified and adopted by CEB, as shown below:", "(i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons;", "(ii) Prudence, substance over form, and materiality should govern the selection and application of accounting policies;", "(iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies that have been used;", "(iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial statements. These policies should normally be disclosed in one place;", "(v) Financial statements should show comparative figures for the corresponding period of the preceding financial period;", "(vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.", "(b) The Organization’s accounts are maintained on a fund accounting basis. Separate funds for general or special purposes may be established by the General Assembly, the Security Council, or the Secretary-General. Each fund is maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts. Separate financial statements are prepared for each fund or for a group of funds of the same nature.", "(c) The financial period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years for all funds other than peacekeeping accounts, which are reported on a fiscal year basis covering the period from 1 July to 30 June.", "(d) Generally, income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting.", "(e) The accounts of the Organization are presented in United States dollars. Accounts maintained in other currencies are translated into United States dollars at the time of the transactions at rates of exchange established by the United Nations. In respect of such currencies, the financial statements shall reflect the cash, investments, unpaid pledges and current accounts receivable and payable in currencies other than the United States dollar, translated at the applicable United Nations rates of exchange in effect at the date of the statements. In the event that the application of actual exchange rates at the date of the statements would provide a valuation materially different from the application of the Organization’s rates of exchange for the last month of the financial period, a footnote will be provided quantifying the difference.", "(f) The Organization’s financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and are not adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services.", "(g) The cash flow summary statement is based on the indirect method of cash flows as referred to in the United Nations system accounting standards.", "(h) The Organization’s financial statements are presented in accordance with the ongoing recommendations of the Task Force on Accounting Standards to the High-level Committee on Management of CEB.", "(i) Income:", "(i) Voluntary contributions from Member States or other donors are recorded as income on the basis of a written commitment to pay monetary contributions at specified times within the current financial period. Voluntary contributions made in the form of services and supplies that are acceptable to the Secretary-General are credited to income or noted in the financial statements;", "(ii) Income received under inter-organizational arrangements represents allocations of funding from agencies to enable the Organization to administer projects or other programmes on their behalf;", "(iii) Allocations from other funds represent monies appropriated or designated from one fund for transfer to and disbursement from another fund;", "(iv) Income for services rendered include amounts charged for salaries of staff members and other costs which are attributable to providing technical and administrative support to other organizations;", "(v) Interest income includes all interest earned on deposits in various bank accounts, investment income earned on marketable securities and other negotiable instruments and investment income earned in the cash pool. All realized losses and net unrealized losses on short-term investments are offset against investment income. Investment income and costs associated with the operation of investments in the cash pool are allocated to participating funds;", "(vi) Miscellaneous income includes income from the rental of premises, the sale of used or surplus property, refunds of expenditures charged to prior periods, settlements of insurance claims, net gains on currency fluctuations other than for the current year’s obligations, monies accepted for which no purpose was specified and other sundry income;", "(vii) Income relating to future financial periods is not recognized in the current financial period and is recorded as deferred income as referred to in paragraph (l) (iii) below.", "(j) Expenditure:", "(i) Expenditures are incurred against authorized appropriations or commitment authorities. Total expenditures reported include unliquidated obligations and disbursements. Expenditures also include currency exchange adjustments arising from the evaluation of current-period obligations;", "(ii) Expenditures incurred for non-expendable property are charged to the budget of the period when acquired and are not capitalized. Inventory of such non-expendable property is maintained at historical cost;", "(iii) Expenditures for future financial periods are not charged to the current financial period and are recorded as deferred charges as referred to in paragraph (k) (v) below.", "(k) Assets:", "(i) Cash and term deposits represent funds in demand deposit accounts and interest-bearing bank deposits;", "(ii) Investments include marketable securities and other negotiable instruments acquired by the Organization to produce income. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The market value of investments is disclosed in the footnotes in the financial statements;", "(iii) Cash pools comprise participating funds’ share of the cash and term deposits, short-term and long-term investments and accrual of investment income, all of which are managed in the cash pools. The investments in the cash pools are similar in nature. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The share in cash pools is reported separately in each participating fund’s statement and its composition and the market value of its investments are disclosed in footnotes in the individual statements;", "(iv) Inter-fund balances reflect transactions between funds and are included in the amounts due to and from the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances also reflect transactions directly with other escrow accounts and with the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances are settled periodically, depending on the availability of cash resources;", "(v) Deferred charges normally comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable in the current financial period. They will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent period. These expenditure items include commitments approved by the Controller for future financial periods in accordance with financial rule 106.7. Such commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to contracts or legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery;", "(vi) For purposes of the balance sheet statements only, those portions of education grant advances that are assumed to pertain to the scholastic years completed as at the date of the financial statement are shown as deferred charges. The full amounts of the advances are maintained as accounts receivable from staff members until the required proofs of entitlement are produced, at which time the budgetary accounts are charged and the advances settled;", "(vii) Maintenance and repair of capital assets are charged against the appropriate budgetary accounts. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendable property and leasehold improvements are not included in the assets of the Organization. Such acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase. The value of non-expendable property is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.", "(l) Liabilities and reserves and fund balances:", "(i) Operating reserves include reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. Operating reserves are included in the totals for reserves and fund balances shown in the financial statements;", "(ii) Unliquidated obligations for future years are reported both as deferred charges and as unliquidated obligations;", "(iii) Deferred income includes income received but not yet earned;", "(iv) Commitments of the Organization relating to prior, current and future financial periods are shown as unliquidated obligations. Current-period obligations remain valid for 12 months following the end of the financial period to which they relate;", "(v) Contingent liabilities, if any, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements;", "(vi) The United Nations is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was established by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The Fund is a funded defined benefit plan. The financial obligation of the Organization to the Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the Assembly together with its share of any actuarial deficiency payments under article 26 of the Regulations of the Pension Fund. Such deficiency payments are payable only if and when the Assembly has invoked the provision of article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Fund as at the valuation date. As at the date of the current financial statement, the Assembly has not invoked this provision.", "Note 3", "Accounting policies for the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (statements I, II and III)", "The accounts of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) are maintained on a biennial cycle consisting of two consecutive years, the first of which shall be an even-numbered year. Annual financial statements are prepared for purposes of reporting usage of funds and expenditures to the Council.", "Note 4", "Operating reserves", "Operating reserves comprise estimated liabilities for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits for applicable staff members. The benefits comprise those for after-service health insurance coverage and commutation of unused vacation days. The liabilities for the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits are determined on the basis of an actuarial valuation, which was undertaken by an independent, qualified actuarial firm, and values determined as of 31 December 2009. The estimated liabilities as of 31 December 2010 are based on roll forwards of the 31 December 2009 values, and comprise $1,735,000 for after-service health insurance and $22,000 for unused vacation days, totalling $1,757,000. Operating reserves are included in the total for reserves and fund balances.", "Note 5", "Contingent liabilities", "Further to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), 43 letters of credit under the oil-for-food programme with outstanding claims of delivery in the amount of $101 million have been closed. In addition, three letters of credit in the amount of $4.5 million, which were cancelled, were identified to have claims of delivery made prior to their expiry. In respect thereof, and in accordance with Council resolution 1958 (2010), the Secretariat is entering into an agreement with the Government of Iraq under which the Government would provide appropriate indemnification to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors with regard to all activities in connection with the programme since its inception and a waiver of any future claims that the Government of Iraq may have against the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors with regard to all activities in connection with the programme since its inception. With such an agreement, the United Nations is expected to be fully indemnified." ]

[ "Report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010)", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Security Council the report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010.", "Letters of transmittal", "31 March 2011", "In accordance with financial regulation 6.5, I have the honour to submit the accounts of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010, which I hereby approve. The financial statements have been completed and certified as correct by the Controller.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "New York", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "Mr. Liu Jiayi", "12 July 2011", "I have the honour to submit the audited financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the financial period from 15 to 31 December 2010, as well as the report of the United Nations Board of Auditors.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "New York", "President of the Security Council of the United Nations", "Report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "Contents", "1. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "I. Report of the Board of Auditors (audit opinion)", "Financial statement report", "We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), comprising: the statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances (statement I); the statement of assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010 (statement II); the statement of cash flows for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010 (statement III); and the notes to the financial statements.", "Management ' s responsibility for the financial statements", "The Secretary-General is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards and for such internal control as he deems necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.", "Auditor ' s responsibility", "Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "An audit includes performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor ' s judgement, including an assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making the risk assessment, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity ' s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity ' s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.", "We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.", "Audit opinion", "In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the United Nations escrow account as at 31 December 2010 and its financial performance and cash flows for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards.", "Report on other legal and regulatory requirements", "Furthermore, in our opinion, the transactions of the United Nations escrow accounts that have come to our notice or that we have tested as part of our audit have in all significant respects been in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and legislative authority.", "In accordance with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, we have also issued a long-form report on our audit of the United Nations escrow account.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe", "Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Permanent Representative", "12 July 2011", "Report of the Board of Auditors (long-form report)", "Summary", "The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010. The audit was conducted by examining the financial transactions during the establishment of the accounts.", "Audit opinion", "As indicated in section I, the Board issued an unmodified audit opinion on the financial statements for the period under review.", "Financial overview", "The escrow account was established by the Security Council in its resolution 1958 (2010) on 15 December 2010. Pursuant to that resolution, the Administration transferred $151 million from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the new escrow account, including $20 million in the administrative fund and $131 million in the compensation reserve.", "As at 31 December 2010, interest income totalled $6,000 and no expenditure was incurred. The total cash balance was $151 million, including $20 million for the administrative fund and $131 million for the compensation reserve.", "Reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits", "In the financial statements, end-of-service and post-retirement benefits for those full-time participants in the United Nations escrow account, totalling $1.757 million, are not shown as a separate line item but are recorded in the operational reserve of the account. The Board considers that the separate disclosure of these benefits and allowances would enhance clarity and transparency.", "Contingent liabilities", "In accordance with the provisions of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), three letters of credit totalling $4.2 million that had been cancelled but had confirmed claims for delivery prior to maturity were disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements. In his letter to the President of the Security Council from 2008 to 2010, the Secretary-General indicated that the three letters of credit should be processed in the same manner as the letters of credit pending the issue of requests for delivery and that they were therefore recorded as contingent liabilities.", "In its resolution 1958 (2010), the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the oil-for-food programme. As a result, 43 remaining outstanding letters of credit had been cancelled as at 31 December 2010, totalling $101 million. In the notes to the financial statements, however, the right to request payment for the 43 letters of credit was not disclosed as a contingent liability. The Board is of the view that there should have been consistency in accounting for letters of credit that have been cancelled but for which the right to request payment still exists.", "The Administration subsequently took steps to address the issues identified in the present audit and the corresponding changes are reflected in the revised financial statements.", "Background", "1. The United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts were established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). In 2010, following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), the liquidation of the oil-for-food programme entered its seventh year.", "2. In its resolution 1958 (2010), the Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to establish a new escrow account for the purposes detailed below, to appoint independent certified accountants to audit the account and to keep the Government of Iraq fully informed.", "3. The Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to transfer $20 million and up to $131 million from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the new escrow account established by resolution 1958 (2010) and to retain a total of $151 million in the new escrow account until 31 December 2016. The amount of $20 million is earmarked to cover expenses related to the orderly cessation of residual activities of the United Nations oil-for-food programme, including United Nations support to Member States for the conduct of programme-related investigations and proceedings, as well as to the Office of the High-level Coordinator. The reserve of up to $131 million is used to compensate the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for six years for all activities relating to the programme since its inception. The new escrow account expires on 31 December 2016 and all remaining funds must be transferred to the Government of Iraq by 31 December 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Security Council.", "4. In order to fully and effectively implement resolution 1958 (2010), the Security Council also authorized the Secretary-General to conclude, as soon as possible, all necessary implementing arrangements or agreements with the Government of Iraq to: (a) provide adequate compensation to the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the oil-for-food programme since its inception; and (b) provide for the Government of Iraq not to pursue any future claims against the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the programme since its inception. The Security Council further requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council upon the conclusion of such arrangements or agreements.", "B. Mandate, scope and methodology", "5. The Board of Auditors has audited the financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010. The audit was conducted in conformity with article VII of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations and the annex thereto and the International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that the Board comply with ethical requirements and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance as to whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "6. The audit was conducted primarily to enable the Board to form an opinion as to whether the financial statements presented fairly the financial position of the escrow account as at 31 December 2010 and the results of operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards. This includes an assessment as to whether the expenditures recorded in the financial statements have been incurred for the purposes approved by the governing bodies and whether income and expenditure have been properly classified and recorded in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules. The audit included a general review of financial systems and internal controls and an examination of the accounting records and other supporting evidence to the extent that the Board considered necessary to form an opinion on the financial statements.", "7. At the time of the audit, the audit was conducted in conjunction with the audit of the United Nations escrow established pursuant to Security Council resolutions 687 (1991), 706 (1991), 778 (1992), 986 (1995), 1284 (1999), 1483 (2003) and 1762 (2007). Financial statements for the 12-month period ended 31 December 2010 of the biennium 2010-2011. The Board issued a separate report on the audit of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts (see S/2011/479).", "8. The present report covers matters that, in the opinion of the Board, should be brought to the attention of the Security Council. The Board ' s observations and conclusions were discussed with the Administration, whose views have been appropriately reflected in the present report.", "C. Findings and recommendations", "1. Financial overview", "9. As at 31 December 2010, interest income totalled $6,000 and no expenditure was incurred. The total cash balance was $151 million, including $20 million for the administrative fund and $131 million for the compensation reserve. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), these funds were transferred from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account.", "2. Compensation reserve", "10. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), the Administration transferred $131 million from the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account to the new escrow account as a reserve for reimbursement. However, the Administration did not provide the Board with a breakdown of this amount and information on how it arrived at it.", "11. The Administration explained that it had held several meetings with the permanent members of the Security Council in 2010 and had described the potential risk areas of the United Nations with regard to the discontinuation of the oil-for-food programme. However, as the matter is extremely confidential and negotiations are under way with relevant stakeholders, the Administration is of the view that it is not in the best interest of the United Nations to provide a detailed breakdown of the amount of $131 million and how it was arrived at.", "12. The Board acknowledges that the amount of $131 million, to the extent permitted by Security Council resolutions, also accurately disclosed transfers from the reserve for the United Nations escrow (Iraq) account. Although the fair presentation of the financial statements was not affected, the Board is of the view that the provision of a breakdown of this amount and the details of how the Administration arrived at this amount could have provided a basis for the Board to ascertain the reasonableness of the information provided by the Administration to the Security Council. The Board will review this matter at its next audit of the new escrow account.", "3. Reserves for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits", "13. The Board noted that, contrary to the previous practice of the United Nations escrow (Iraq) accounts, in the financial statements of the new escrow account as at 31 December 2010, the end-of-service and post-retirement benefits of $1.757 million were not shown as a separate line item but were recorded in the operational reserve.", "14. The Board also noted inconsistencies in the interpretation of end-of-service and post-retirement benefits in the notes to the financial statements. In particular, the note did not disclose information on end-of-service and post-retirement benefits, including their composition, actuarial processes, significant assumptions and related changes.", "15. The Administration subsequently made the necessary changes and revised the financial statements.", "4. Contingent liabilities", "16. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1483 (2003), all claims and disputes involving the United Nations or its agencies in the conduct of oil-for-food programme activities with third parties, as part of the liquidation process, were transferred to the Authority, which was subsequently replaced by the Government of Iraq. As a result, three letters of credit, totalling $4.2 million, that had been cancelled but confirmed as having submitted a request for delivery prior to maturity were disclosed as contingent liabilities in the notes to the financial statements.", "17. The Board noted that, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), 43 open letters of credit with a total value of $101 million had been written off as at 31 December 2010, but that the right to request payment for those letters of credit was not disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.", "18. In his letters to the President of the Security Council dated 25 July 2008 (S/2008/492), 1 May 2009 (S/2009/230) and 8 December 2010 (S/2010/619), respectively, the Secretary-General stated that, irrespective of the approach chosen by the Security Council to close all outstanding issues under the oil-for-food programme, the three letters of credit that had been cancelled but for which the beneficiary had submitted a request for delivery by the due date should be dealt with in the same manner as the letters of credit pending on the issue of requests for delivery.", "19. The Board considers that the nature of the 43 letters of credit is very similar to that of the three remaining letters of credit, as the statements above confirm that they still expose the United Nations to the risk of potential claims. The letters of credit should therefore be processed in the same manner. In the event that the oil-for-food programme is ultimately required to commit these requests in whole or in part, these requests will be met from the new escrow account.", "20. The Administration subsequently made the necessary changes and revised the financial statements accordingly.", "D. Management disclosures", "1. Write-off of losses of cash, receivables and property", "21. As required by rules 106.8 and 106.9 of the Financial Regulations and Rules, the Administration informed the Board that there had been no write-off of losses of cash, receivables and property during the period from 15 to 31 December 2010.", "Ex gratia payments", "22. In accordance with financial rule 105.12, the Administration reported no ex gratia payments during the period under review.", "3. Cases of fraud and presumptive fraud", "23. The Administration informed the Board that there had been no cases of fraud and presumptive fraud involving the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) during the period under review.", "E. Acknowledgement", "24. The Board of Auditors wishes to thank the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Management, the Assistant Secretary-General, Controller and his staff for the cooperation and assistance extended to its staff.", "Auditor-General of the People ' s Republic of China", "Chairman, United Nations Board of Auditors", "(Lead Auditor)", "(Signed) Liu Jiayi", "Auditor-General of the Republic of South Africa", "(Signed) Terence Nombembe", "Comptroller and Auditor-General of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Permanent Representative", "12 July 2011", "Certification of the financial statements", "1. The financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1580 (2010) for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010 have been prepared in accordance with financial rule 106.10.", "2. The summary of significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of the financial statements is included as notes to the financial statements. The note provides additional information and clarification on the financial activities undertaken by the Organization during the period covered by the financial statements in connection with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) for which the Secretary-General has administrative responsibility.", "3. I certify that the appended financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1580 (2010), numbered I to III, are correct.", "Assistant Secretary-General, Controller", "(Signed) Jun Yamazaki", "29 March 2011", "IV. Financial statements for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "Statement I", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (a)", "Statement of income and expenditure and changes in reserves and fund balances for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Total 2010", "Income", "Interest income", "Total income", "Expenditure", "Excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure", "Transfer to (b) 20,000 131,000 151,000", "Reserves and fund balances, beginning of period", "Reserves and fund balances, end of period", "(a) See note 1.", "(b) Transfers from the United Nations Iraq escrow account authorized by the Security Council in its resolution 1958 (2010).", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Statement II", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (a)", "Statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Total 2010", "Assets", "Cash and term deposits 45 45 90", "Cash pool 19 956^ (b) 130 960^ (c) 150 916", "Total assets 20,001 131,005 151,006", "Liabilities", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operational reserve (d) 1 757 – 1 757", "Cumulative surplus 18 244 131 005 149 249", "Total reserves and fund balances", "(a) See note 1.", "(b) The share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool comprises cash and term deposits of $2,879,573, short-term investments of $4,690,372 (market value $4,735,575), long-term investments of $12,293,350 (market value $12,317,509) and accrued interest receivable of $92,233.", "(c) The share of the United Nations Headquarters cash pool comprises cash and term deposits of $18,897,424, short-term investments of $30,780,931 (market value $31,077,578), long-term investments of $80,676,065 (market value $80,834,613) and accrued interest receivable of $605,289.", "(d) Reserve for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. See note 4.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. Statement III", "United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (a)", "Statement of cash flows for the period from 15 to 31 December 2010", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Total 2010", "Cash flows from operating activities", "Net excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure", "Less: interest income (1) (5) (6)", "Net cash from operating activities", "Cash flows from investing activities", "Interest income", "Cash flows from investing activities", "Cash flows from financing activities", "Transfers from other funds", "Cash flows from financing activities", "Net increase in cash and term deposits and cash pool", "Cash and term deposits and cash pool, beginning of period", "Cash and term deposits and cash pool, end of period", "(a) See note 1.", "The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.", "Notes to the financial statements", "Note 1 United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (statements I, II and III)", "(a) In its resolution 1958 (2010) of 15 December 2010, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to take all necessary action to terminate all remaining activities of the oil-for-food programme. The Council authorized the Secretary-General to establish an escrow account to retain $20 million until 31 December 2016 to cover expenses related to the orderly cessation of residual activities, including United Nations support to Member States for programme-related investigations and proceedings and the Office of the High-level Coordinator established pursuant to resolution 1284 (1999).", "(b) The Security Council resolution also authorized the Secretary-General to retain in the escrow account up to $131 million for a period of six years to compensate the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the oil-for-food programme since its inception.", "(c) Security Council resolutions require that all remaining funds in the escrow account be transferred to the Government of Iraq after six years, that is, by 31 December 2016.", "(d) These are the first financial statements of the United Nations escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010). The activities described in paragraphs (a) and (b) above are shown in these statements as “administrative” and “reimbursement reserves”, respectively.", "Note 2 Summary of significant accounting and financial reporting policies of the United Nations", "(a) The accounts of the United Nations are maintained in accordance with the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations as adopted by the General Assembly, the rules formulated by the Secretary-General as required under the regulations and administrative instructions issued by the Under-Secretary-General for Management or the Controller. They also take fully into account the United Nations system accounting standards, as adopted by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Organization follows International Accounting Standard 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, on the disclosure of accounting policies, as modified and adopted by the Chief Executives Board as follows:", "(i) Going concern, consistency and accrual are fundamental accounting assumptions. Where fundamental accounting assumptions are followed in financial statements, disclosure of such assumptions is not required. If a fundamental accounting assumption is not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons;", "(ii) Prudence, substance over form and materiality should govern the selection and application of accounting policies;", "(iii) Financial statements should include clear and concise disclosure of all significant accounting policies that have been used;", "(iv) The disclosure of the significant accounting policies used should be an integral part of the financial statements. These policies should normally be disclosed in one place;", "(v) Financial statements should show comparative figures for the corresponding period of the preceding financial period;", "(vi) A change in an accounting policy that has a material effect in the current period or may have a material effect in subsequent periods should be disclosed together with the reasons. The effect of the change should, if material, be disclosed and quantified.", "(b) The Organization ' s accounts are maintained on a fund accounting basis. Separate funds for general or special purposes may be established by the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General. Each fund is maintained as a distinct financial and accounting entity with a separate self-balancing double-entry group of accounts. Separate financial statements are prepared for each fund or for a group of funds of the same nature;", "(c) The financial period for peacekeeping operations is one year from 1 July to 30 June. The financial period of the Organization is a biennium and consists of two consecutive calendar years for all other funds;", "(d) Generally, income, expenditure, assets and liabilities are recognized on the accrual basis of accounting;", "(e) The accounts of the Organization are presented in United States dollars. Accounts maintained in other currencies are translated into United States dollars at the time of the transaction at rates of exchange established by the United Nations. In respect of such currencies, the financial statements shall reflect the cash, investments, unpaid pledges and current accounts receivable and payable in currencies other than the United States dollar, translated at the applicable United Nations rates of exchange in effect as at the date of the statements. In the event that the application of actual exchange rates at the date of the statements would provide a valuation materially different from the application of the Organization ' s rates of exchange for the last month of the financial period, a footnote will be provided quantifying the difference;", "(f) The Organization ' s financial statements are prepared on the historical cost basis of accounting and are not adjusted to reflect the effects of changing prices for goods and services;", "(g) The cash flow summary statement is based on the indirect method of cash flows as referred to in the United Nations system accounting standards;", "(h) The Organization ' s financial statements are prepared in accordance with the ongoing recommendations of the Task Force on Accounting Standards to CEB;", "(i) Income", "(i) Voluntary contributions from Member States or other donors are recorded as income on the basis of a written commitment to pay monetary contributions at specified times within the current financial period. Voluntary contributions made in the form of services and supplies that are acceptable to the Secretary-General are credited to income or noted in the financial statements;", "(ii) Income received under inter-organizational arrangements represents allocations of funds from agencies to enable the Organization to administer projects or other programmes on their behalf;", "(iii) Allocations from other funds represent monies appropriated or designated from one fund for transfer to and disbursement from another fund;", "(iv) Income for services rendered includes reimbursements for salaries of staff members and other costs that are attributable to providing technical and administrative support to other organizations;", "(v) Interest income includes all interest earned on deposits in various bank accounts, investment income earned on marketable securities and other negotiable instruments and investment income earned in the cash pools. All realized losses and net unrealized losses on short-term investments are offset against investment income. Investment income and costs associated with the operation of investments in the cash pools are shared and shared among participating funds;", "(vi) Miscellaneous income includes income from the rental of premises, the sale of used or surplus property, refunds of expenditures charged to prior periods, settlements of insurance claims, monies accepted for which no purpose was specified and other sundry income;", "(vii) Income relating to future financial periods is not recognized in the current financial period and is recorded as deferred credits, as referred to in paragraph (l) (iii) below;", "(j) Expenditure:", "(i) Expenditures are incurred against authorized appropriations or commitment authorities. Total expenditures reported include unliquidated obligations and disbursements. Expenditures also include currency exchange adjustments arising from the valuation of current-period obligations;", "(ii) Expenditures incurred for non-expendable property are charged to the budget of the period when acquired and are not capitalized. Inventory of non-expendable property is maintained at historical cost;", "(iii) Expenditures for future financial periods are not charged to the current financial period and are recorded as deferred charges, as referred to in paragraph (k) (v) below.", "(k) Assets:", "(i) Cash and term deposits represent funds held in demand deposit accounts and interest-bearing bank deposits;", "(ii) Investments include marketable securities and other negotiable instruments acquired by the Organization to produce income. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The market value of investments is disclosed in the footnotes to the financial statements;", "(iii) Cash pools comprise participating funds ' share of cash and term deposits, short-term and long-term investments and accrual of investment income, all of which are managed in the pools. The investments in the cash pools are similar in nature. Short-term investments are stated at the lower of cost or market value; long-term investments are stated at cost. Cost is defined as the nominal value plus or minus any unamortized premium or discount. The share of participating funds in the cash pools is reported separately in each fund ' s statement and its composition and the market value of its investments are disclosed in a footnote to the statements;", "(iv) Inter-fund balances reflect transactions between funds and are included in the amounts due to and from the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances also reflect transactions directly with other escrow accounts and the United Nations General Fund. Inter-fund balances are settled periodically, depending on the availability of cash resources;", "(v) Deferred charges normally comprise expenditure items that are not properly chargeable to the current financial period. These items will be charged as expenditure in a subsequent period. These expenditure items include commitments approved by the Controller for future financial periods in accordance with financial rule 106.7. Such commitments are normally restricted to administrative requirements of a continuing nature and to contracts or legal obligations where long lead times are required for delivery;", "(vi) For purposes of the balance sheet statements only, those portions of education grant advances that are assumed to pertain to the scholastic years completed as at the date of the financial statement are shown as deferred charges. The full amounts of the advances are maintained as accounts receivable from staff members until the required proofs of entitlement are produced, at which time the budgetary accounts are charged and the advances settled;", "(vii) Maintenance and repairs of capital assets are charged against the appropriate budgetary accounts. Furniture, equipment, other non-expendable property and leasehold improvements are not included in the assets of the Organization. Such acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase. The value of non-expendable property is disclosed in notes to the financial statements;", "(l) Liabilities and reserves and fund balances:", "(i) Operating reserves comprise end-of-service reserves and post-retirement benefits. Operating reserves are included in the “Reserves and fund balances” in the financial statements;", "(ii) Unliquidated obligations for future years are reported both as deferred charges and as unliquidated obligations;", "(iii) Deferred income includes income received but not yet earned;", "(iv) Commitments of the Organization relating to prior, current and future financial periods are shown as unliquidated obligations. Current-period obligations remain valid for 12 months following the end of the financial period to which they relate;", "(v) Contingent liabilities, if any, are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements;", "(vi) The United Nations is a member organization participating in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, which was established by the General Assembly to provide retirement, death, disability and related benefits. The Pension Fund is a funded defined benefit plan. The financial obligation of the Organization to the Fund consists of its mandated contribution at the rate established by the General Assembly together with its share of any actuarial deficiency payments under article 26 of the Regulations of the Fund. Such deficiency payments are payable only if and when the General Assembly has invoked the provision of article 26, following determination that there is a requirement for deficiency payments based on an assessment of the actuarial sufficiency of the Pension Fund as at the valuation date. As at the date of the current financial statement, the General Assembly had not invoked this provision.", "Note 3 Accounting policies for the United Nations escrow accounts established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) (statements I, II and III)", "The escrow account established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010) is accounted for on the basis of a two-year cycle consisting of two consecutive years, the first of which is an even-numbered year. The purpose of the annual financial statements is to report to the Council on the use of funds and expenditures.", "Note 4 Operational reserve", "Operating reserves include estimated liabilities for eligible staff end-of-service and post-retirement benefits. Benefits and allowances include after-service health insurance and commutation of unused vacation days. The liabilities for end-of-service and post-retirement benefits are determined by an independent, qualified actuarial firm based on an actuarial valuation and on the value as at 31 December 2009. The estimated liability as at 31 December 2010 is based on an extension of the value as at 31 December 2009, comprising $1,735,000 for after-service health insurance and $22,000 for unused vacation days, totalling $1,757,000. The operational reserve is included in the total reserves and fund balances.", "Note 5 Contingent liabilities", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), 43 letters of credit with a value of $101 million for outstanding delivery payments under the oil-for-food programme have been closed. In addition, three letters of credit valued at $4.5 million were cancelled, but it was found that a request for payment for delivery had been made before the letter of credit expired. To that end, and in accordance with Security Council resolution 1958 (2010), the Secretariat is in the process of entering into an agreement with the Government of Iraq to compensate the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the programme undertaken since its inception and to waive any claims that the Government of Iraq may have against the United Nations, its representatives, agents and independent contractors for all activities relating to the programme since its inception. Once the agreement is concluded, the United Nations will be fully reimbursed." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21 (c)", "全球化和相互依存：与中等收入 国家的发展合作", "与中等收入国家的发展合作", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "近几十年来，中等收入国家在广泛领域取得了显著的经济和社会进步。但是，进展参差不齐、情况各异，仍存在严峻的挑战。尽管减贫取得了重大进展，但中等收入国家的穷人仍占全世界穷人总数的大约75%，他们的每日生活费低于1.25美元。中等收入国家的收入不平等现象往往比低收入和高收入国家严重。对于未能使自身经济多样化和免受市场动荡影响的国家而言，获得更有持续性和包容性的增长仍然充满挑战。", "联合国系统和多边金融机构是与中等收入国家进行国际发展合作的重要伙伴和促进者。在认识到没有任何一种办法能套用于所有情况的前提下，强烈感到有必要加强国际合作以支持中等收入国家解决其面临的发展挑战，特别是由联合国系统提供支持。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 2009年，大会第六十四届会议确认，中等收入国家在努力实现国际商定发展目标方面，仍然面临严重的挑战。大会强调必须以密切配合国家优先重点的各种国际支助形式来解决这些国家的发展需求，并肯定许多中等收入国家为消除贫穷和实现发展目标所做的努力和所取得的成就，以及它们对全球和区域发展与经济稳定所做的贡献。", "2. 大会第64/208号决议请秘书长就与中等收入国家进行发展合作的问题提出报告，把重点放在联合国系统与中等收入国家进行发展合作的现有战略和行动上，同时考虑到包括国际金融机构在内的其他相关国际组织的工作。本报告是应这一要求提出的。", "3. 该决议没有对中等收入国家这一类别提供确切的定义。如关于此问题的前一次报告(见A/62/253)一样，本报告暂时根据世界银行的分类[1] 将人均国民总收入在996美元至12 195美元之间的国家归类为中等收入国家。2011年，有104个国家属于这一类别，其中56个国家被世界银行归类为中低收入国家，其人均国民总收入少于3 945美元。世界银行不承认联合国的最不发达国家类别，但其贷款政策将低收入国家单独作为一个类别。据此，在低收入和高收入类别之间划出了中等收入国家，形成一个仅按人均收入定义的中间类别，而不像最不发达国家类别那样还考虑到经济和环境脆弱性以及人类发展水平。[2] 因此，在联合国系统中，中等收入国家类别常用于指未归入最不发达国家的发展中经济体和转型经济体。", "4. 中等收入国家这个群体占世界人口的70%以上，按购买力平价计算占世界总产值近43%。过去十年来，由于中等收入国家中一些经济体持续迅速增长，这个群体对全球增长的贡献增加，从而改变了全球生产、贸易、资本流动以及技术和劳动条件的格局。这些经济体的增长增加了贸易联系、资本流动和南南经济合作，从而也为其他发展中国家带来良性溢出效应。近年来，中等收入国家的极端贫穷现象显著减少。虽然中等收入国家群体继续扩大，其每天生活费不到1.25美元的人口仍占世界该类人口的四分之三。", "5. 中等收入国家的经济进展有很大差异，一些国家近几十年来增长强劲而持久，另一些国家、特别是欠多样化而严重依赖初级商品出口的国家则进展较小、起伏较大。在实现千年发展目标方面，进展幅度也同样参差不齐。", "6. 本报告讨论中等收入国家经济和社会发展所面临的某些重大挑战、联合国系统与中等收入国家的合作以及对联合国系统与这些国家进一步开展互动协作的影响。", "二. 中等收入国家发展的重大挑战", "A. 近来的宏观经济趋势[3]", "7. 在全球金融危机发生之后，许多中等收入国家的情况好于发达经济体。中等收入国家的经济增长几乎为世界平均水平的两倍。中等收入国家对危机后世界经济复苏的贡献占总量的大约一半(见图)。但是前景表明，许多此类经济体的增长正在因种种制约因素而减缓，这些因素包括发达经济体持续疲软，以及资本流动和全球商品价格的高涨和动荡给宏观经济政策带来各种挑战。特别是，全球商品价格的上升正在加大通货膨胀压力，许多国家信贷的快速增长和/或农产品供应的短缺往往对此起到推波助澜的作用。粮食和能源价格的上涨已使实际收入、特别是穷人的实际收入下降。解决价格问题对中等收入国家而言特别重要，因为全球绝大多数穷人都位于这些国家。", "图 2000至2012年各类国家对世界经济增长的贡献", "[]", "资料来源：经济和社会事务部，世界经济形势与展望数据库，2011年5月。", "8. 按区域划分，东亚和南亚中等收入经济体的增长仍然最为强劲。这些区域的增长动力主要是，投资和出口制造业在财政和货币政策刺激措施支持下回升。中国、印度和印度尼西亚等较大经济体的私人消费增长强劲，对相邻经济体造成良性溢出效应，并促进了就业增长。事实上，就业已上升至超过危机前水平。这些区域较小的经济体虽然实现了经济多样化，但仍主要依赖于对发达区域出口，而且更容易受资本流动起伏的不利影响。", "9. 国际贸易的复苏及东亚和南亚经济体的反弹最近导致商品价格暴涨。这一情况已对其他区域的经济活动、特别是西亚、拉丁美洲、非洲和独立国家联合体资源丰富国家的经济活动产生有利影响。如上所述，复苏也造成了很大的宏观经济挑战。因此，许多此类经济体的增长起伏很可能仍将大于东亚和南亚经济体。此外，这些经济体虽然近年来增长业绩改善，但未能同时实现经济的多样化。结果，很大一部分人口无法找到体面的工作。在一些中等收入国家、特别是西亚和北非国家，年轻工人的就业机会特别少，成为最近政治起义的一个诱因。", "10. 从2010年后期以来，东欧中等收入国家的复苏增强，但大多仍以出口为主导，而国内需求尚未反弹。东南欧在商品价格上升和旅游需求增加的促进下，获得强劲的出口增长，加上侨汇略有恢复，因此该区域2010年摆脱了衰退，但复苏强度仍然不大。", "B. 中等收入国家的贫穷和不平等", "11. 虽然最近的全球经济危机加重了许多国家的贫穷状况，但过去二十年来中等收入国家在减贫方面取得了长足进步。在目前归入中等收入类别的国家，从1990年代初期以来约有6亿人得以摆脱赤贫状态(赤贫状态是指每天收入按2005年购买力平价计算不到1.25美元)。与此对比，在目前归入低收入类别的国家，同期只有不到300万人摆脱赤贫状态(见表)。[4] 如果按每天2美元的贫困线衡量，则中等收入国家的减贫幅度较小，仍有近20亿人处于中等贫穷状态。这表明有众多“准穷人”容易受到各种冲击的影响。", "12. 南亚、东亚及拉丁美洲和加勒比部分地区中等收入国家的减贫幅度最大，其中突出的是巴西、中国、印度尼西亚、巴基斯坦和越南。与此对比，撒哈拉以南非洲18个中等收入国家处于赤贫状态的人数自1990年代初以来增加了3 200万以上。[5]", "表 1990至1994年和2005至2009年按国家收入水平计算的穷人人数", "(单位：百万)", "1990-1994年期间最早数据\t2005-2009年期间最新数据\t变化\t占2005-2009年期间世界穷人总数的百分比 \n赤贫者人数(每天生活费少于1.25美元) \n低收入国家 323.5\t320.8\t-2.6\t25\n 中低收入 1502.1 923.5 -578.7 72 \n 中上收入 56.1 36.7 -19.4 3 \n高收入国家 1.7\t0.0\t-1.6\t0\n 共计 1883.4 1281.1 -602.3 100 \n穷人人数(每天生活费少于2.00美元) \n低收入国家 432.8\t494.8\t62.0\t20\n 中低收入 2236.8 1844.0 -392.7 76 \n 中上收入 131.9 92.1 -39.8 4 \n高收入国家 3.5\t0.1\t-3.4\t0\n 共计 2805.0 2431.1 -373.9 100", "资料来源：经济和社会事务部，依据来自联合国千年发展目标指标网站的数据(网址为http:// mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/data.aspx)。", "13. 持续快速增长是降低贫穷率的一个重要因素，但在增长动力来自积极开展经济结构改革、借助于提高农业生产率、通过就业密集型工业活动实现多样化和不断进行教育投资的国家，减贫幅度要大得多。这些就是东亚和南亚部分国家减贫成功的关键因素。经济欠多样化、依赖自然资源开采收入的国家，其增长更有可能较缺乏韧性和包容性，而且更有可能收入不平等程度较高。", "14. 中等收入国家的收入分配不平等程度往往远高于低收入和高收入国家。然而在这方面，各中等收入国家的情况也有很大差异。国家收入不平等程度最高和最低的国家——纳米比亚和白俄罗斯——都属于这个群体。[6] 各区域比较而言，拉丁美洲收入不平等程度平均仍然最高，但2000年以来情况大有改善。南亚和中亚的收入集中程度一般较低。东欧和中亚的中等收入国家不平等程度起初较低，但 1990年至 2008年期间上升幅度最大。[7] 有些国家收入不平等程度上升的原因在于增长的动态过程，例如工人从农业等生产率较低的活动转移到制造业等生产率较高的活动。尽管如此，收入差距巨大的状况如持续不变，往往会减弱增长的减贫效应，而且会逐渐削弱经济增长本身。不平等程度的上升还会造成社会动乱，可能阻碍实现国际商定发展目标的努力。", "15. 有几个因素对不平等现象的发展过程产生不同程度的影响。社会因素——例如歧视、社会排斥以及各种正式和非正式做法——往往会加重不平等现象；使不平等程度升高的经济原因包括信贷市场缺陷、自然资源收入获取机会不平等、不公平的全球化、取代劳动力的技术变化以及资本密集型或技能密集型的工业化。例如，在自然资源相对丰富的国家，土地和自然资源收入占国民总收入的比例往往很大，而且分配往往不平等。这种情况也许在一定程度上解释了为什么撒哈拉以南非洲和拉丁美洲等资源丰富国家和区域的收入不平等程度高于南亚和东亚等资源不太丰富的国家和区域。与此类似，全球化和技术变化也可能使不平等程度升高，因为先进工业技术往往更需要熟练劳动力，因此会导致国家内部至少在短期内收入差距增大。目前某些国家收入不平等程度之所以比几十年前升高，部分原因在于几乎放弃了原先大多数旨在纠正空间不平等和其他不平等现象的努力，而且国家和国际两级许多开放市场及增强私人产权的进程也带来了不平等后果。", "16. 不平等现象通过各种渠道影响贫穷状况。例如，不平等可能阻碍增长，从而影响到贫穷状况。此外，在不平等程度高的国家，增长的减贫效应较小，因为不平等会降低穷人从总体增长中获得的好处程度。还有日益增多的事实表明，高度的不平等，特别是机会不平等以及区域或民族不平等，可能助长暴力冲突和危及社会稳定，从而削弱发展和减贫，最近北非和中东部分国家的情况即是如此。", "17. 不平等还往往影响到实现教育和卫生方面的人类发展目标。例如，在阿拉伯国家、东亚和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比，收入分配最低层五分之一人口的儿童夭折风险是收入最高五分之一人口的大约两倍。在印度尼西亚和尼加拉瓜，最贫穷五分之一人口的婴儿死亡率甚至达到最富裕人口的三倍以上。在多民族玻利维亚国和秘鲁，最富裕五分之一人口的母子在生育时几乎全部享有熟练护理人员的服务，而最贫穷人口仅有10%至15%能获得这种服务。与此类似，最贫穷家庭的儿童、特别是居住在农村地区的此类儿童入学的可能性较小。最贫穷五分之一家庭的女童不能上学的可能性是最富裕家庭女童的3.5倍，是最富裕家庭男童的四倍。这种不平等状况往往延续到就业机会和收入机会方面。", "C. 政策挑战", "18. 中等收入国家的多样化还意味着，其政策挑战也各不相同。然而对大多数中等收入国家而言，短期宏观经济挑战都包括应对通货膨胀率上升和资本流入高涨的影响。许多政府的应对措施是收紧货币政策，包括提高利率和提升银行准备金率。由于一些此类经济体的实际利率仍处于低位，2011年剩下时间内很可能将继续收紧货币政策。由于一些政府还已开始取消财政刺激措施，通过收紧货币政策抵抗通货膨胀可能会对增长和就业造成某些不利影响，而且在通货膨胀的主要原因是粮食和能源价格暴涨的情况下也不太可能产生效果。", "19. 一些中等收入国家还采用资本流动管制措施来减轻资本流动的波动风险，因为资本流动波动可能产生破坏稳定的效应。当前，资本流入高涨对汇率产生了上行压力，使资产价格泡沫更为严重，从而削弱了出口竞争力，在某些情况下还削弱了经济多样化努力。虽然传统上应对通货膨胀的政策是设定更高的政策利率，但这样做会吸引更多资本流入，只会加剧这个问题。尽管已采取的资本管制措施力度不大，但仅导致短期投资转向长期投资，却并未造成资本流入直接减少。", "20. 在中期和长期内，中等收入国家政府的挑战是如何确保目前和将来的宏观经济政策有利于均衡、平等和包容的增长。相关的政策框架须按各国具体情况和需要加以调适，但可提出某些总体政策方向。[8]", "21. 许多中等收入国家仍在建设自己的生产能力。许多中等收入国家、尤其是商品出口国的市场发展并不充分。虽然初级商品出口促进了一些国家的高增长，但由于收入增加不平均，不平等程度也上升了。特别是在这些经济体，关键挑战是如何采纳旨在使经济多样化和减轻对初级出口依赖的有效国家发展战略。在许多国家，这意味着要对金融部门进行审慎和经济监管，增加对基础设施和农业发展的投资，以及为具有潜在规模经济的工业创造良好条件，从而促进正规经济部门增加有报酬就业机会。事实上，如人们所见，高速增长的东亚各经济体通过将宏观经济政策纳入国家发展总体战略，避免以全盘的贸易自由化取代工业政策，实现了积极的结构性变革。要实现这种变革，就需要大力建设国家能力，从而确保政府能够发挥更积极的发展作用。", "22. 经验告诉我们，宏观经济政策若能始终保持反周期性，例如在经济景气时期积累财政缓冲资金，以便在经济衰退时期加以利用，则往往更有利于发展。此类政策可包括建立商品稳定基金，例如智利的做法。此类规则还可包括增强国内金融部门监管框架和国际资本流动管理，例如智利和马来西亚的做法。货币政策需要与金融部门和工业政策相协调。例如，东亚各国政府对信贷计划提供了指导和补贴，并对利率实施管理，从而直接影响投资。这种影响的对象初期是劳动力密集型行业，因为就业对减贫至关重要，后来则转向提高技能潜力最大的行业，以使这些行业得以实现规模经济和提高生产率。政策还应与农业发展相呼应，以确保粮食安全。", "23. 由于中等收入国家不平等程度高而且增长的好处分享不均，政府尤其应考虑以全面的社会政策来补足宏观经济框架，例如由政府提供初级保健和基本教育、实施就业保障计划以及提供现金转移，从而切实避免收入差距和机会差距长期存在或逐渐加大。政府可通过加强收税措施和修改再分配政策等途径来降低不平等程度和解决负债及长期赤字问题。扩大税基尤其能增强社会保障系统，并使人们更普遍地享有社会服务。许多中等收入国家正在用有条件现金转移支付等福利转移计划，向穷人提供更多收入保障，并使其能更多获得教育和卫生服务。此类计划能通过降低获取教育和卫生服务方面的不公平程度来促进长期经济增长。例如，巴西的家庭补助金计划是发展中国家此类计划中获得补助金人数最多的一个(目前涵盖大约1 200万个巴西家庭)，并为在减少营养不良和儿童死亡率及普及教育等其他千年发展目标相关领域取得显著进展做出了贡献。但是，此类计划的成果可能因具体情况而异。例如，在贫穷状况严重的城市地区，此类现金支付能缓解贫穷状况，但在入学率已很高的情况下，也许无法明显促进人力资源发展。此外，在总体宏观经济政策未能增加足够多生产性就业机会的情况下，增加教育支出将不会使未来的收入提高。", "24. 在各区域间进行再分配转移也有助于减少不平等和消除贫穷。可通过分享商品收入的方式来减少商品丰富区域和商品贫乏区域之间的不平等。例如，委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、哥伦比亚、印度尼西亚、哈萨克斯坦和墨西哥的中央政府和地方政府之间均订立了矿物生产收入分享规则。", "25. 为减少全球化和熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力收益差距造成的不平等，可能需要提高对教育和技术政策的重视程度，以增大熟练劳动力的供应和向国民传播新技术。在某些情况下，政府还应考虑逐渐淘汰在发展的初级阶段为吸引外国直接投资而对外国企业提供的优惠待遇。例如，中国自2008年以来对外国和本国企业实行统一税率，以促进国内工业的增长。此措施使国内企业与外国企业子公司面对更公平的竞争环境，可刺激对熟练劳动力的需求。此外，它还能避免一项重要的税收损失，从而扩大财政空间。", "26. 解决不平等问题的政策还可包括提高劳动力参与率、尤其是女性和老年工作者的参与率，以及对低技能、低工资和弱势就业岗位进行升级。为解决弱势就业问题，还可采纳或提高最低工资规定，增加就业保障，以及为培训弱势工人和提高其技能进行投资。公共工程计划也被成功地用于进行减贫。例如，印度的《国家农村就业保障法》规定向需要就业的每个农村家庭每年提供100天的有报酬就业，并支付法定最低工资。2009/10财政年度，印度根据该法向将近5 500万个家庭提供了就业，48%以上的参与者为妇女。另一方法是鼓励外国企业雇用本地工人并为本地发展进行投资。例如，世界最大矿产集团之一英美集团于2010年公布了一个加强南非地方经济的企业发展项目。", "27. 在扩大宏观经济政策框架方面，还应采取更明确的措施扩大和深化金融市场以及提高金融包容性。商业银行通常更愿意为大型借款人服务，但往往不愿意向中小型企业提供贷款，然而中小型企业才是许多中等收入国家的主要就业机会提供者。新公司难以获得信贷，因此业务发展受限，同时许多非正规部门和农村地区的家庭也因缺乏银行和保险服务而受限。虽然提供小额贷款可能是在这方面迈出的重要一步，但迄今向此类企业提供的信贷不到拉丁美洲商业银行所提供信贷的1%。公共政策应致力于提高金融包容性，包括采取为中小型企业和农民建立专门金融机构等措施。公共政策还应注重支持贷款机构增加资本，并注重改革资本和担保品规则的监管框架。通过财政激励措施来鼓励群体贷款和采纳更及时的破产程序将可增加向穷人提供的传统式银行信贷和总体银行服务，从而提高金融包容性。[9]", "28. 中等收入国家在提高人均收入水平后，尤其必须大力增强其发展的可持续性。持续的增长并不等于可持续的增长。目前城市化和技术采用速度很快，正迅速消耗和污染地球生命依赖的自然资源。[10] 中等收入国家可持续发展的一个重要组成部分是采纳和传播绿色技术以及可持续性国家资源管理战略。例如，减少土地退化、恢复退化的地区以及优化土地使用对于可持续性土地管理至关重要。与此同时，为了实现粮食安全并保证其可持续性，还需要采用更具环境友好性质的农业技术。虽然农业技术和做法需要根据本地条件加以变通应用，但目前有许许多多可采用的农业技术和可持续做法，让我们有多种途径迅速转移到可持续的粮食安全。这些途径包括传统知识和农业方法，例如少耕作农业、轮作、间植、绿肥利用、集水和节水农业。此类做法提供各种多赢的机会，能帮助农民提高生产率和收入，减少营养不良和恢复脆弱的环境，同时有助于减少气候变化。为了切断经济增长与环境退化的关联，还必须通过能源效率投资和传播清洁能源技术来改造能源系统。¹⁰ 此类投资还能刺激增长和增加就业岗位。", "三. 联合国系统与中等收入国家的合作[11]", "A. 与中等收入国家进行发展合作的主要成就", "29. 联合国在中等收入国家的业务活动以联合国系统发展方面的业务活动三年期全面政策审查(见大会第62/208号决议)所定原则为指导。联合国在中等收入国家的大部分工作的重点在于消除各方面差距、促进平等和社会包容性、提供应对侵犯人权行为方面的援助、建设能力以及宣传。在政策制订与执行方面提供咨询意见以及提供其他有针对性的技术支助是联合国为中等收入国家所作贡献的重要组成部分。", "30. 为本报告进行的调查表明，并且由于认识到中等收入国家有众多穷人，消除极度贫穷和饥饿(千年发展目标1)依然是联合国系统与中等收入国家发展合作的优先事项。调查答复者还将维护环境可持续性和建立全球发展伙伴关系(分别为目标7和8)列为至关重要的发展合作领域。鉴于许多中等收入国家已在实现卫生和教育相关目标方面取得重大进展，因此在努力加强与联合国系统的合作方面，这些目标的优先程度较低。调查答复者还强调，农业和工业发展是需要开展更多发展合作的关键领域。", "31. 该调查还表明，中等收入国家的政府认为联合国系统为发展合作做出重大贡献的领域包括：能力建设与社会政策咨询、善治、权力下放和地方发展。这些领域正是联合国各机构、基金和方案为支助中等收入国家发展工作所定的优先领域(见A/64/253)。中等收入国家的利益攸关方认为最有价值的方面包括联合国对公共官员和非国家行为者开展宣传和能力建设工作，也包括分享获得联合国系统支助的其他国家的知识和经验。事实上，后一方面被认为是发展合作的一个极重要的组成部分。据认为，联合国系统在开展捐助者协调和帮助决策者调整优先事项以应对全球状况变化带来的挑战方面发挥着关键作用。为促进全球和区域两级交流有关中等收入国家的信息，联合国系统定期举行关于区域合作与一体化、南南合作以及发展贸易能力等问题的会议。举行年度部长级审查和举办发展合作论坛等经济及社会理事会的较新职能也为中等收入国家提供各种平台，使之能与其他会员国、民间社会和议员就千年发展目标及发展合作问题交流经验和开展对话。", "32. 尽管联合国系统在中等收入国家取得了各种成就，而且各国政府对与联合国的发展合作持有正面看法，但有一些制约因素阻碍着发展合作充分发挥在中等收入国家的潜力。这些因素包括操作制约因素，例如联合国各机构、基金和方案之间或联合国与各国政府之间任务重叠或缺乏合作，也包括融资制约因素和战略制约因素。最后一方面主要是指中等收入国家实务方案缺乏恰当或明确界定的议程(见A/64/253)。", "33. 总体而言，联合国系统面临的主要战略制约因素是：在对中等收入国家开展宣传和提供政策咨询意见方面，以及在对这些国家最恰当的领域发展能力方面，缺乏明确界定的、一致的战略框架。虽然不同机构编制了各种中等收入国家定义，但其战略似乎往往取决于资源分配标准，而不取决于实务或政策上的优先事项。", "34. 秘书长上次关于此议程项目的报告也曾强调，联合国系统缺乏一致的中等收入国家发展战略(见A/64/253)。一些联合国机构和国家工作队正在努力弥补这一缺陷。对于全系统而言，挑战在于确保战略和方案符合中等收入国家的发展需要和优先事项。这就要求联合国系统调整包括联合国发展援助框架在内的内部规划和协调进程，提高对国家进程的参与程度。此举将有助于保持对成果的重视，并可减少与方案编制相关的交易费用。", "35. 在许多区域，联合国发展集团各机构目前主要通过机构的国家办事处网络开展业务活动，由各自的总部提供技术支助，也日益通过机构的区域支助能力提供技术支助。例如，联合国人口基金、联合国开发计划署和世界粮食计划署等几个组织在埃及设立区域中心，下放了在阿拉伯国家及中东和北非区域的区域管理和技术支助职能，联合国儿童基金会则在约旦设有区域办事处。虽然国家办事处系统使各机构能与本国对应机构密切保持政策对话，但项目管理和/或相关支助职能给工作人员带来的工作量很大，加上国家办事处的专门能力有限，因此往往对充分开展政策对话造成制约。为弥补这一缺陷，鼓励联合国的国家工作队和驻地协调员更加重视上游政策要求，并更多利用总部提供的非驻地机构能力。", "36. 此外，联合国各机构往往对中等收入国家采用在低收入国家使用的同一种干预模式。这种模式要求积极参与项目执行和发挥后台支助及监督职能。与其相关的干预措施主要是为了在微观层面向受益人直接提供发展惠益，并采用一种旨在产生广泛发展影响的总体方案方式。然而，与在低收入国家不同的是，在中等收入国家采取此种干预措施的规模往往小的多，因此，如果干预措施不作为总体发展政策的一个组成部分，其发挥更广泛影响的潜力就会受到限制。", "B. 国际金融机构在中等收入国家的参与互动", "37. 包括世界银行集团、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)和几家区域多边银行在内的国际金融机构仍是中等收入国家的重要发展合作伙伴。基金组织和世界银行最近开展治理改革，确认发展中经济体和转型经济体、特别是中等收入国家在世界经济中占有更大比重，并增加这些国家在上述机构的发言权和表决权。2010年12月，基金组织理事会核准第十四次份额总审查所定的份额和治理改革方案。改革方案将6%以上的份额比重转移给发展中国家，同时不减少最穷成员国的份额比重或表决权。改革方案还规定执行董事会完全以选举产生，在保持执董会成员数的同时增加发展中国家的代表权。与此同时，世界银行集团2010年4月商定第二阶段治理改革方案，将发展中国家和转型经济体在世界银行集团内不同实体的表决权增加4.59至6.07个百分点不等。[12] 然而，尽管份额改革实现了某种改进，但基本表决的重要性几十年来大幅度下降，削弱了除规模最大国家外的其他中等收入国家经济体的影响力。因此，虽然最近的措施显示了进展，但还需要更多改进，包括采纳不考虑国籍和性别而择优遴选高级领导人的开放和透明程序，也包括增强管理层和工作人员的多样性。", "38. 近来发展中国家的国际金融安全网获得加强。2010年，基金组织增加了现行灵活信贷额度可提供的信贷，还新建了预防性信贷额度。前一个信贷额度的对象是政策和经济基本面被基金组织看好的中等收入国家，后一个信贷额度的用途是向无资格获得灵活信贷额度而存在中等程度脆弱性的国家提供紧急保障，因为灵活信贷额度排除了绝大多数中等收入国家。", "39. 虽然在这次危机期间通过合作努力增强了全球金融安全网，但对于国际流动性支助的充足性和构成仍存在重大担忧。事实上，这次危机突出显示有必要建立大规模流动性缓冲资金，以应对快速和巨大的资本市场波动。为此，还需要加强应对全系统性冲击的多边能力。在这方面，最近危机中所需的大部分流动性均通过主要央行一次性采用的临时安排提供。另一个明显的事实是，如金融安全网的可获得性和运作存在不确定性，可能要付出巨大代价。", "40. 关于如何使国际金融安全网更有效和更可预测，提出了一些建议。一项雄心勃勃的建议是扩大基金组织的责任范围，使其承担国际最后贷款人的职能。这就意味着基金组织需要获得足够的资源，以便能在其他贷款人不愿向各国提供有效应对金融危机所需的足够贷款时提供贷款。[13] 各国可在无附加条件的情况下通过基金组织常规的第四条监督程序达到获得该贷款的资格。", "41. 基金组织还在探索各种途径，以建立在全系统危机期间与双边和区域流动性支助安排共同提供流动性的永久机制。目前正在考虑这种全球稳定机制的各种可选模式，这些模式能提供不同程度的可预测性和效能。此机制的各种关键要素仍需界定，例如启动机制的程序、融资的获取权利与批准、所采用的金融工具、机制的融资方式、与相关央行和区域安排的协调、以及减少道德风险的保障措施。一个较实用的方案是，由基金组织担任各国央行的掉期和流动性信贷额度组成的多边网络的管理人或协调人。", "42. 增强全球金融安全网的一个关键因素是深化与各区域和次区域机制的合作。阿拉伯货币基金组织、清迈倡议和拉丁美洲储备基金等区域金融安排可在预防和减轻金融危机方面发挥重要作用。许多中等收入国家在这些区域金融安排中发挥着重要作用。", "43. 目前仍在争论中等收入国家债务可持续性的问题。2003年，巴黎俱乐部通过了埃维安方式，对于非重债穷国的债务，只有在违约迫在眉睫的情况下才加以处理，因此解决危机的效果更加长久。必要时，巴黎俱乐部还将与基金组织共同为所有双边官方和私人债权人制订全面的债务一揽子解决办法。2003年，基金组织提出一项更有系统的改革提案，即主权债务重组机制，但被否决，主要原因是受到金融市场利益攸关方和借款方的反对，因为这两方都担心此机制最终会使借款成本上升。因此，目前采用基金组织的市场准入国家债务可持续性分析法来分析债务可持续性问题。该框架通过一系列五年为期的假设情况分析债务动态。其背后的概念是：如果债务与GDP比率稳定或下降，则符合偿付能力条件。与此不同的是，该框架对低收入国家未设定债务比率界限，因为设定基准可能直接影响借款方须支付的贷款溢价。中等收入国家的数据显示，13%的违约发生在外债与GDP比率降至40%以下时，说明即使在该比率不高的情况下仍可能发生违约。虽然该框架包括对总融资需求的估计，但它注重的是大量包含债务存量的比率，而不是债务构成和总体流动性状况带来的风险。例如，该框架并不注重相关的流动性指标，例如流动资产状况(用于支付经常账户和资本账户的国际储备)，或债务与偿还债务所用财政资源的币种和期限不匹配程度。该框架应扩大到包含这些因素，并监测有关债务存量的分类更细和频率更高的数据，其中包括短期和国内债务的数据。[14]", "44. 世界银行十分关注中等收入国家的贫穷问题，包括为开展贫穷问题评估和编制减贫战略提供支助。最近，世行进一步努力使其业务模式反应更快、更灵活、更负责任和更有创新性。目前正采取措施减少与世行进行业务往来的费用。除提供金融和知识方面的支助外，世行还努力加强与中等收入国家在众多领域的合作，包括气候变化、能源安全以及贸易和粮食生产方面的合作。世界银行还认识到，世行必须：改进向中等收入国家提供的支助，尤其是与中等收入国家共同编制更完善的国家伙伴战略；改进向中等收入国家提供的一系列服务、特别是金融服务和混合贷款方案；增强世行的研究工作与中等收入国家需求之间的联系；以及更好地管理世行在所有网络提供的专门知识。", "45. 其他多边金融机构，特别是区域开发银行，也在支持中等收入国家经济发展和协助区域一体化努力方面发挥重要作用。尽管更多中等收入国家日益依靠国际资本市场获取外部资金，但上述重要作用依然存在。区域开发银行提供的各种形式技术支助，包括政策方面的战略咨询意见、银行服务与资产管理以及知识和技术援助服务，对许多中等收入国家具有重要意义。", "四. 结论和建议", "46. 虽然中等收入国家的平均收入水平高于低收入国家，但许多中等收入国家仍存在严重的极端贫穷现象。此类国家的收入不平等程度也高于低收入国家和高收入国家。因此，要消除贫穷和解决不平等问题，就必须与中等收入国家开展更有效的发展合作，特别是因为大多数此类国家仍极易受到外部冲击和内部危机的影响。", "47. 进一步增进与中等收入国家的发展合作之所以重要的另一个原因是，中等收入国家能对低收入国家产生有利的跨境和全球溢出效应，从而增强国际系统的稳定性。鉴于中等收入国家对实现联合国全球发展议程、包括实现千年发展目标十分重要，因此联合国系统和包括国际金融机构在内的其他国际组织必须与中等收入国家持续进行发展合作。", "48. 当前的发展议程十分强调实现千年发展目标，也就是每个国家都应努力实现的基本社会目标。虽然许多中等收入国家已实现或可望实现千年发展目标和相关指标，但它们仍面临重大的发展和能力挑战，所涉领域包括：治理、社会包容性、侵犯人权行为、消除各种差距、贸易脆弱性、外部融资冲击、技术开发与转让、通过适应和减缓措施应对气候变化挑战。联合国在政策制订与执行方面提供咨询意见以及在上述领域提供其他有针对性的技术支助，是本组织为中等收入国家所作贡献的重要组成部分。", "49. 联合国系统与国际金融机构在中等收入国家广派人员。虽然联合国系统与这些经济体进行内容广泛的发展合作，但各机构之间的合作以及与中等收入国家的合作需要加强，方案活动必须更紧密地配合中等收入国家的国家发展战略和政策。此外，联合国系统与这些国家的发展合作也缺乏明确界定的议程和战略框架。", "50. 之所以在大多数中等收入国家缺乏明确的战略，部分原因在于以人均收入作为指导发展合作的标准。实际上，虽然按《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》和《阿克拉行动议程》的规定，发展中国家须为自身发展承担首要责任，但向较穷国家提供更多官方发展援助当然是完全有道理的。事实上，根据发展方面的业务活动三年期全面政策审查，最不发达国家需要持续获得优先援助(见大会第62/208号决议第26段)。大会在该审查中还确认，中等收入国家仍然面临严峻挑战，应对这些挑战的努力应该得到支持，以确保迄今取得的成就得以持续。", "51. 然而，以国家人均收入分类指导发展合作忽视了发展的性质和多面性。任何两个经济体都不相同，即便两者的人均水平相同亦然。国家发展战略和优先事项在很大程度上取决于经济条件和潜力。此外，这种分类法无视75%的极端贫穷者生活在中等收入国家这一事实，而且不承认这些国家之间和内部的多样性。这种多样性超出收入状况的范围，所涉领域还包括：实现千年发展目标方面的进展、人类发展水平、贫穷、不平等和与人口转型及人口数量相关的其他方面。它还忽视另一个事实，即许多中等收入国家虽然人均收入水平较高，但尚未充分发展出独立解决所面临挑战的能力，而且其中许多国家仍极易受到外部冲击和内部危机的影响。", "52. 虽然没有任何发展方式能套用于所有情况，但联合国系统需要制订一个更具体的中等收入国家政策框架。除其他举措外，即将对“一体行动”举措进行独立评估，特别是在五个试点中等收入国家进行评估，这是向上述方向迈出的重要一步。定于11月举行的乌拉圭高级别会议将为“一体行动”试点国家、包括中等收入国家开展重要的经验交流提供机会。", "53. 任何政策框架要做到有意义和恰当，都应从更广泛的角度承认上述多样性，而不是机械地将一个国家的发展阶段与其人均收入挂钩。然后，政策框架应支持各国努力取得更大进步。该框架应确认各国的需求会有不同，并确认中等收入国家通常(但并非一律)有更多资源来应对发展挑战。在此框架下，还需通过开展技术合作和其他援助来增强中等收入国家在下列方面的能力：(a) 改造初级商品型经济，建设增值更高的知识型工业和现代服务经济；(b) 实现出口多样化，尤其是对依赖自然资源和初级商品的国家而言；(c) 增加就业，特别是对年轻人而言；(d) 增进社会包容性和社会发展投资，从而缩小各种差距；(e) 确保一贯实行反周期性的宏观金融框架和政策；(f) 增强国家审慎金融监管，包括增强资本流动管理；以及(g) 通过国家发展战略确保经济、社会和环境政策的一致性。", "54. 几个双边捐助方正在减少或逐步停止对中等收入国家的发展援助捐款。因此，联合国必须在这些国家发挥更大作用，确保它们能有效应对剩下的发展挑战，保持已取得的成绩，并避免财政援助的减少对可持续和包容性发展产生不利影响。要做到这一点，必须制定明确的优先事项，利用这些国家现有的能力，并谈判商定新的承诺，包括增强国家和国际资金供应。联合国各机构、基金和方案还必须简化和扩大专业实务网络，使其专门知识更符合应对发展挑战的需要。它们应审查其国家一级的能力以及方案制订办法和工具是否适应中等收入国家的需要并确认中等收入国家的特点。还必须更多利用非驻地机构的专门知识。", "55. 为确认联合国系统与中等收入国家的发展合作采用更一致方式的重要性，也为确认这些国家所面临的发展挑战并不总是与其他国家相同，会员国可考虑建立一个高级别小组或特设工作组，更深入地制定一套应对中等收入国家发展挑战的适当框架，其中考虑到中等收入国家间的差异、中等收入国家对低收入国家发展的正面溢出效应以及大会在即将进行的联合国系统发展方面的业务活动三年期全面政策审查过程中所作的分析。", "[1] 世界银行的收入分类于每年7月1日确定。本报告所指的中等收入国家为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日分类的中等收入国家。", "[2] 最不发达国家的标准见《最不发达国家类别手册：列入、毕业和特别支助措施》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.07.II.A.9)。", "[3] 本章的信息参照《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.11.II.C.2)和《世界经济形势与展望：2011年中期更新》。", "[4] 此比较依据2009年归类为中等收入国家的88个国家，其中包括中国和印度，而这两个国家直到不久以前还被归类为低收入国家。", "[5] 虽然非洲的贫穷率在下降，但由于人口增长率高，因此处于赤贫状态的人数也在增加。", "[6] 2005年纳米比亚的吉尼系数为0.68，2007年白俄罗斯的吉尼系数为0.27。吉尼系数是广泛使用的不平等测量指标，数值为0至1；系数越高，收入不平等程度越高。", "[7] 见Isabel. Ortiz和Matthew Cummins,“Global inequality: beyond the bottom billion”, United Nations Children’s Fund, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper(New York, April 2011)。", "[8] 见《2010年世界经济和社会概览：重探全球发展之路》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.II.C.1)第二章。", "[9] 见《2010年秘书长的包容性发展融资特别倡导者给秘书长的年度报告》。", "[10] 见《2011年世界经济和社会概览：巨大的绿色技术变革》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.1)。", "[11] 本章的结论依据A/64/253号文件编写过程中使用的一份调查问卷(该问卷2009年6月散发给中等收入国家的所有联合国国家和区域工作队)和2011年5月散发给中等收入国家政府的一份调查问卷。在104个受调查的中等收入国家中，共有19个国家答复了调查问卷。", "[12] 更详细的评估见秘书长关于国际金融体系与发展的报告(A/66/167)。", "[13] 可参见Eduardo Fernández Arias and Eduardo Levy Yeyati, “Global financial safety nets: where do we go from here?”, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 231, November 2010。", "[14] 更详细的讨论见MDG Gap Task Force Report 2011: Time to Deliver(即将发表，但2011年9月15日起可在以下网址阅读：http://un.org/en/development/desa/policy/mdg_gap/index. shtml)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: development cooperation with middle-income countries", "* A/66/150.", "Development cooperation with middle-income countries", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Middle-income countries have made remarkable economic and social progress on a broad front over recent decades. Progress has been uneven and diverse, however, and formidable challenges remain. Despite substantial progress in reducing poverty, middle-income countries remain home to about 75 per cent of the world’s poor, who live on less than $1.25 per day. Income inequality tends to be higher among middle-income countries than low- or high-income countries. Achieving more sustained and inclusive growth remains challenging for countries that have not managed to diversify their economies and shield them against volatile market conditions.", "The United Nations system and the multilateral financial institutions have been important partners and facilitators for international development cooperation with middle-income countries. While recognizing that no one size fits all, there is a strongly felt need to develop better international cooperation to support middle-income countries in addressing their development challenges, in particular the support provided by the United Nations system.", "I. Introduction", "1. At its sixty-fourth session, in 2009, the General Assembly recognized that middle-income countries still faced significant challenges in their efforts to achieve the internationally agreed development goals. It underlined the importance of various forms of international support that were well aligned with national priorities so as to address their development needs, and acknowledged the efforts made and successes achieved by many middle-income countries in eradicating poverty and achieving the development goals, as well as their contribution to global and regional development and economic stability.", "2. In resolution 64/208, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on development cooperation with middle-income countries, with a focus on the existing strategies and actions of the United Nations system on development cooperation with middle-income countries, taking into account the work of other relevant international organizations, including international financial institutions. The present report responds to that request.", "3. The resolution does not provide a precise definition of the category of middle-income countries. Like the previous report on this matter (see A/64/253), the present report tentatively identifies middle-income countries as those with a per capita gross national income (GNI) of between $996 and $12,195, following the World Bank classification.[1] In 2011, 104 countries are in this category, of which 56 are categorized by the World Bank as lower middle-income countries, with a per capita GNI of less than $3,945. The World Bank does not recognize the United Nations category of least developed countries, but instead identifies low-income countries as a specific category in terms of its lending policies. In this sense, middle-income countries have emerged between the low- and high-income categories as an intermediate category defined in terms of per capita income alone, unlike the category of least developed countries, which also considers economic and environmental vulnerability and the level of human development.[2] In the United Nations system the category of middle-income countries is therefore often used to refer to developing and transition economies not categorized as least developed countries.", "4. As a group, middle income countries account for more than 70 per cent of the world population and almost 43 per cent of world gross product, measured in purchasing power parity terms. With a number of economies in this group sustaining rapid growth over the past decade, the contribution of middle income countries to global growth has increased, thereby reshaping patterns of global production, trade, capital flows and technology and labour conditions. The growth of these economies has also produced positive spillovers for other developing countries, through increased trade linkages, capital flows and South-South development cooperation. Notable reductions in extreme poverty have occurred in middle-income countries in recent years. Although the group of middle-income countries continues to expand, these countries are still home to three quarters of the world population who live on less than $1.25 per day.", "5. Economic progress among middle income countries has been highly varied, with some witnessing strong and sustained growth in recent decades, and others seeing less progress and more volatility, especially the less diversified economies that rely heavily on primary commodity exports. Progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals has been similarly uneven.", "6. The present report discusses some of the major economic and social development challenges facing middle-income countries, cooperation of the United Nations system with middle-income countries and implications for further engagement of the system with these countries.", "II. Major challenges for the development of middle- income countries", "A. Recent macroeconomic trends[3]", "7. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, many middle-income countries have fared better than developed economies. Economic growth in middle-income countries has been almost twice the world average. Middle-income countries have contributed to about half of the post-crisis recovery of the world economy (see figure). The outlook, however, indicates that growth in many of these economies is moderating owing to various constraints, including continued weaknesses in developed economies, in addition to surging and volatile capital flows and global commodity prices, which are posing macroeconomic policy challenges. In particular, inflationary pressures, pushed by higher global commodity prices, are mounting and are often exacerbated, in many instances, by rapid credit growth and supply shortages in agriculture. Higher food and energy prices have eroded real incomes, in particular those of the poor. Tackling them is especially important for middle-income countries, as they are home to the vast majority of the global poor.", "Figure Contribution to world economic growth by groups of countries by income level, 2000-2012", "[]", "Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, database of World Economic Situation and Prospects, May 2011.", "8. By region, middle-income economies in East Asia and South Asia continue to experience the strongest growth. Growth in these regions was driven mainly by the rebound in investment and in export manufacturing, supported by fiscal and monetary policy stimuli. Strong private consumption growth in the larger economies, such as China, India and Indonesia, has created positive spillover effects for neighbouring economies and has catalysed employment growth. Indeed, employment levels have risen to above pre-crisis levels. While having diversified their economies, the smaller economies in these regions still rely mainly on exports to developed regions and are also vulnerable to swings in capital flows.", "9. The recovery in international trade and the rebound of the economies in East Asia and South Asia have contributed to recent surges in commodity prices. This has had a positive impact on economic activity in other regions, in particular in resource-rich countries in West Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States. As noted above, however, the recovery is also creating considerable macroeconomic challenges. Thus, growth in many of these economies is likely to remain more volatile than in those of East Asia and South Asia. Additionally, improved growth performance in recent years has not gone hand-in-hand with diversification of their underlying economies. Consequently, broad segments of their populations are unable to find decent jobs. In some middle-income countries, especially in West Asia and North Africa, employment opportunities for young workers are particularly scarce and were a factor in the recent political uprisings.", "10. Recovery in middle-income countries in Eastern Europe has strengthened since late 2010, but remains predominantly export-led, while domestic demand has yet to rebound. In South-Eastern Europe, strong export growth, supported by higher commodity prices and increased tourism demand, and a modest recovery in remittances pulled the region out of recession in 2010, but recovery remains feeble.", "B. Poverty and inequality in middle-income countries", "11. Although the recent global economic crisis has increased poverty in many countries, significant progress has been made in reducing poverty in middle-income countries over the past two decades. About 600 million people living in what are now middle-income countries managed to emerge from extreme poverty — that is, living on incomes of under $1.25 per day valued at purchasing power parity rates for 2005 — since the beginning of the 1990s, compared with less than 3 million in countries currently classified as low-income (see table).[4] Poverty reduction in middle-income countries has been less substantial when measured against a poverty line of $2 per day, still leaving almost 2 billion people in moderate poverty. This suggests the vulnerability of a large number of the “near poor” to shocks.", "12. Poverty reduction has been most significant in middle-income countries in South Asia, East Asia and parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, notably in Brazil, China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. In contrast, the number of people living in extreme poverty in the 18 middle-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa has increased by more than 32 million since the beginning of the 1990s.[5]", "Table Number of poor by country income level, 1990-1994 and 2005-2009 (millions)", "Earliest Latest data Change Percentage data for the share for the period of world’s period 2005-2009 poor 1990-1994 2005-2009", "Number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.25 per day)", "Low-income countries 323.5 320.8 -2.6 25", "Lower middle-income 1 502.1 923.5 -578.7 72", "Upper middle-income 56.1 36.7 -19.4 3", "High-income countries 1.7 0.0 -1.6 0", "Total 1 883.4 1 281.1 -602.3 100", "Number of poor (living on less than $2.00 per day)", "Low-income countries 432.8 494.8 62.0 20", "Lower middle-income 2 236.8 1 844.0 -392.7 76", "Upper middle-income 131.9 92.1 -39.8 4", "High-income countries 3.5 0.1 -3.4 0", "Total 2 805.0 2 431.1 -373.9 100", "Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, based on data drawn from the official United Nations Millennium Development Goals indicators website (available from http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/data.aspx).", "13. Sustained robust growth has been an important factor in driving down poverty rates, but poverty reduction has been much more significant where growth has been driven by dynamic structural economic change, building on productivity improvements in agriculture and diversifying into job-intensive industrial activities and continuous investments in education. These have been key elements of successful poverty reduction in East Asia and parts of South Asia. Countries with less diversified economies that rely on income from natural resource extraction have been more likely to have experienced less resilient and less inclusive growth with higher income inequality.", "14. The distribution of income tends to be far more unequal in middle-income countries than in low- or high-income countries. However, also in this regard, conditions vary greatly among middle-income countries. Both the highest and the lowest degree of country income inequality in the world — Namibia and Belarus, respectively — are found within that group.[6] By region, Latin America continues to have the highest degree of income inequality on average, although marked improvements have been made since 2000. The concentration of income tends to be lower in South Asia and Central Asia. Starting from relatively low levels, middle-income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia saw the sharpest increases in inequality between 1990 and 2008.[7] Rising income inequality is sometimes the outcome of dynamic growth processes, for instance as workers shift from lower-productivity activities, such as agriculture, to higher ones, such as manufacturing. Nevertheless, persistently high income gaps tend to diminish the poverty-reducing effect of growth and shrink economic growth itself over time. Rising inequality is also a source of social unrest, which could hinder efforts to reach the internationally agreed development goals.", "15. A number of factors have varying degrees of impact on the dynamics of inequality. Social factors — such as discrimination, social exclusion and informal and formal practices — often foster inequality, while the economic drivers of higher inequality include credit market imperfections, unequal access to natural resource income, unfair globalization, labour-displacing technological change and capital-intensive or skill-intensive industrialization. For instance, in countries where natural resources are relatively abundant, shares in total national income of income from land and natural resources are often high and unequally distributed. This may, in part, explain why income inequality in resource-rich countries and regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, is higher than in less resource-rich countries and regions, such as South or East Asia. Similarly, globalization and technological change may contribute to higher levels of inequality, as advanced industrial technology tends to favour the relative demand for skilled labour, which leads to greater income differentials within a country, at least in the short run. In comparison with a few decades ago, today’s higher income inequality in some countries is partly explained by the virtual abandonment of most earlier efforts to redress spatial and other inequalities, in addition to the inegalitarian consequences of many processes associated with market liberalization and the strengthening of private property rights at national and international levels alike.", "16. Inequality influences poverty through multiple channels. For example, inequality can hinder growth, which in turn affects poverty. Moreover, where inequality is high, growth is less effective in reducing poverty, as inequality decreases the extent to which the poor benefit from overall growth. There is also growing evidence that high levels of inequality, particularly in terms of opportunities and among regions or ethnic groups, may fuel violent conflict and jeopardize social stability, thereby undermining development and poverty reduction, as was recently experienced in parts of North Africa and the Middle East.", "17. Inequality also tends to affect progress in meeting human development goals in education and health. For instance, in the Arab States, East Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, the risk of early childhood death is about twice as high among households in the bottom quintile of income distribution than among those in the top quintile. In Indonesia and Nicaragua, infant deaths in the poorest quintile are even more than three times as common as in the richest. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru, mothers and children from the richest quintile have almost universal access to a skilled attendant at birth, while only 10 to 15 per cent of the poorest do. Similarly, children from the poorest households, especially those living in rural areas, are less likely to be enrolled in school. Girls in the poorest quintile of households are three and a half times more likely to be out of school than girls in the richest households, and four times more likely than boys in the richest households. Such inequalities tend to be perpetuated in access to employment and income opportunities.", "C. Policy challenges", "18. The diversity of middle-income countries also implies that their policy challenges are different. For most, however, short-term macroeconomic challenges include dealing with the impacts of rising inflation and surging capital inflows. Many Governments have responded by tightening monetary policy, including by raising interest rates and increasing bank reserve requirement ratios. As real interest rates in some of these economies remain low, monetary tightening is likely to continue for the rest of 2011. As a number of Governments have also started to unwind fiscal stimulus measures, combating inflation by monetary tightening may come at the expense of some growth and employment, but is also unlikely to be effective when inflation is caused mainly by surging food and energy prices.", "19. A number of middle-income countries have also adopted capital flow control measures to mitigate the risks of capital flow volatility, which can have a destabilizing effect. At present, high capital inflows have exerted upward pressure on exchange rates and worsened asset price bubbles, which in turn are undermining export competitiveness and, in some cases, economic diversification efforts. While the conventional policy reaction to inflation would be to set higher policy interest rates, this would only exacerbate the problem by attracting even more capital inflows. Although capital controls have been moderate, they have led to a shift from short-term to longer-term investments instead of an outright drop in capital inflows.", "20. In the medium and long run, the challenge for Governments of middle-income countries is to ensure that macroeconomic policies are, or remain, supportive of balanced, equitable and inclusive growth. While the related policy framework must be tailored to the prevailing conditions and needs of country-specific contexts, some general policy directions may be suggested.[8]", "21. Many middle-income countries are still building their productive capacities. Markets in many middle-income countries are not always fully developed, especially in commodity-exporting countries. Although exports of primary commodities have contributed to high growth in some countries, inequality has increased as income gains have not been evenly distributed. Particularly in these economies, the key challenge is to adopt effective national development strategies aimed at diversifying the economy and reducing dependence on primary exports. In many countries, this means prudential and economic regulation of the financial sector, increased investment in infrastructure and agricultural development and the creation of favourable conditions for industries with potential economies of scale to foster remunerative employment creation in the formal sector. Indeed, as witnessed, the fast-growing East Asian economies achieved dynamic structural change by embedding macroeconomic policies in broader national development strategies that did not substitute industrial policy with generalized trade liberalization. Such changes require substantial efforts to build national capacities so as to ensure a more active and developmental role for Government.", "22. Experience has shown that macroeconomic policies tend to be more supportive of development when they are consistently countercyclical, such as the accumulation of fiscal buffers in good times which can be used in bad times. This could entail establishing commodity stabilization funds, as was the case in Chile, for instance. Such rules would also extend the regulatory frameworks for the domestic financial sector and management of international capital flows, for example in Chile and Malaysia. Monetary policies would need to be coordinated with financial sector and industrial policies. In East Asia, for example, Governments have directed and subsidized credit schemes and managed interest rates so as to directly influence investment, initially in labour-intensive industries, as expansion of employment is essential to reducing poverty, and then in industries with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, enabling them to reap economies of scale and raise productivity. Policies should also mirror agricultural development to ensure food security.", "23. Particularly in middle-income countries, where inequality is high and the benefits of growth are not shared evenly, Governments should consider complementing the macroeconomic framework with comprehensive social policies, such as public provision of primary health care and basic education, employment guarantee schemes and cash transfers to ensure that income and opportunity gaps do not persist or increase over time. Greater revenue collection and redesigned redistributive policies are tools with which Governments can tackle inequality and resolve issues of indebtedness and persistent deficits. A broader tax base would serve, inter alia, to strengthen social protection systems and make social services more universally accessible. In many middle-income countries, welfare transfer programmes, such as conditional cash transfers, are being used to provide greater income protection to the poor and to enhance their access to education and health services. By reducing inequality of access to education and health, such programmes can foster long-term economic growth. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia programme, for instance, covers the largest number of recipients among developing countries (currently, about 12 million Brazilian families) and has contributed to achieving notable progress in other areas related to the Millennium Development Goals, such as reducing malnutrition and child mortality and achieving universal education. The results of these programmes may vary, however, depending on individual circumstances. For instance, in urban areas where the incidence of poverty is high, such cash payments alleviate poverty but may not significantly increase human resource development if enrolment rates are already high. Moreover, greater spending on education will not raise future income if broader macroeconomic policies fail to generate sufficient productive employment opportunities.", "24. Redistributive transfers among regions can also help to reduce inequality and combat poverty. Inequalities between commodity-rich and commodity-poor regions can be addressed by sharing commodity-based revenues. Rules for the sharing of revenues from mineral production between central and local Governments have been adopted, for instance, in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Mexico.", "25. To address the inequalities caused by globalization and the differences between returns to skilled and unskilled labour, greater priority may need to be placed on education and technology policies to expand the supply of skilled labour and disseminate new technologies among the population. In some contexts, Governments may further wish to consider gradually phasing out the preferential treatment for foreign companies that many had introduced in earlier stages of development to attract foreign direct investment. In China, for example, a unified tax rate for foreign and domestic companies has been applied since 2008 to foster the growth of domestic industries. This creates a more level playing field for domestic businesses that compete with foreign subsidiaries and could stimulate demand for skilled labour. In addition, it stops an important source of revenue loss and hence enhances fiscal space.", "26. Other policies to address inequality could include increasing labour force participation rates, in particular for women and older workers, and upgrading low-skill, low-wage and vulnerable employment. Vulnerable employment can also be addressed by adopting or raising minimum wage requirements, providing greater employment protection or investing in training and upgrading the skills of vulnerable workers. Public works programmes have also been successfully used to reduce poverty. For instance, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India provides 100 days of paid work every year to each rural household needing employment and pays the statutory minimum wage. In India’s fiscal year 2009/10, almost 55 million households were provided with employment under the Act, with over 48 per cent participation by women. A further option may be to encourage foreign firms to employ local workers and to invest in local development. For instance, in 2010, Anglo American, one of the world’s largest mining groups, unveiled an enterprise development venture to strengthen local economies in South Africa in 2010.", "27. A broader macroeconomic policy framework should also embrace more explicit efforts to expand and deepen financial markets and increase financial inclusion. Commercial banks usually prefer large borrowers and are often reluctant to provide loans to small and medium-sized enterprises, which are the main providers of employment in many middle-income countries. New companies have difficulties accessing credit, which limits their expansion, while many households in the informal sector or in rural areas are also constrained owing to poor access to banking and insurance services. While the extension of microfinance would bean important step in this direction, to date such institutions account for less than 1 per cent of the credit provided by commercial banks in Latin America. Public policies should aim instead to broaden financial inclusion by adopting such measures as specialized financial institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises and for farmers. They should also focus on supporting the capitalization of lending institutions and on reforming the regulatory framework for capital and collateral requirements. Fiscal incentives that encourage group lending and more timely bankruptcy procedures would increase the supply of conventional bank credit in particular, and banking services in general, to the poor, thereby broadening financial inclusion.[9]", "28. Having achieved higher levels of per capita income, it is particularly important that middle-income countries intensify efforts to make their development more sustainable. Sustained growth is not the same as sustainable growth. Current rates of urbanization and technologies use are rapidly depleting and polluting the natural resources that support life on the planet.[10] An important component of sustainable development in middle-income countries will be to adopt and spread green technologies and sustainable national resource management strategies. For instance, minimizing land degradation, rehabilitating degraded areas and optimizing land use are crucial for sustainable land management. At the same time, achieving food security that is also sustainable would require the use of more environmentally friendly farming techniques. While agricultural technologies and practices need to be adapted to local conditions, an extensive menu of technologies and sustainable practices in agriculture is available and provides options for a radical shift towards sustainable food security, including traditional knowledge and farming practices, such as low-tillage farming, crop rotation, interplanting, green manure utilization, water harvesting and water-efficient cropping. Such practices offer vast win-win opportunities to increase farmers’ productivity and income, reduce malnutrition and restore fragile environments, and help to mitigate climate change. Delinking economic growth and environmental degradation would further require a transformation of energy systems through investments in energy efficiency and the diffusion of clean energy technologies.¹⁰ Such investments, in turn, would also stimulate growth and employment generation.", "III. Cooperation of the United Nations system with middle-income countries[11]", "A. Major achievements in development cooperation with middle-income countries", "29. The operations of the United Nations in middle-income countries are guided by the principles defined in the triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system (see General Assembly resolution 62/208). Much of its work in middle-income countries focuses on the elimination of disparities, the promotion of equity and social inclusion, assistance in responses to human rights violations, capacity development and advocacy. Advice on policy formulation and implementation, as well as other targeted technical support, are important elements of the United Nations contribution to middle-income countries.", "30. According to a survey conducted for the present report, and in recognition of the large number of poor living in middle-income countries, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (Millennium Development Goal 1) remains a priority in development cooperation between the United Nations system and middle-income countries. Respondents also ranked environmental sustainability and the forging of a global partnership for development (Goals 7 and 8, respectively) as critically important areas for development cooperation. As many middle-income countries have made substantial progress in achieving the health- and education-related Goals, these are lower priorities in efforts to enhance cooperation with the United Nations system. Respondents further emphasized agricultural and industrial development as key areas where more development cooperation is needed.", "31. The survey also revealed that Governments of middle-income countries consider that the United Nations system has made major contributions to development cooperation in terms of capacity development and advice on social policies, good governance, decentralization and local development. These areas coincide with the priority areas identified by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes in their support for development in middle-income countries (see A/64/253). Stakeholders in middle-income countries most value the advocacy and capacity development provided by the United Nations to public officials and non‑State actors, along with the sharing of knowledge and experiences of other countries receiving support from the United Nations system. Indeed, the latter is considered a vital component of development cooperation. The United Nations system is seen to be playing a critical role in donor coordination and in helping policymakers to adjust national priorities so as to meet the challenges posed by changing global conditions. To facilitate the exchange of information on middle-income countries at the global and regional levels, the United Nations system periodically organizes conferences focusing on regional cooperation and integration, South-South cooperation and developing trade capacity. The relatively new functions of the Economic and Social Council — conducting the annual ministerial review and organizing the Development Cooperation Forum — also provide platforms for middle-income countries to share their experiences and engage in dialogue with other Member States, civil society and parliamentarians on the Millennium Development Goals and development cooperation.", "32. Notwithstanding the achievements of the United Nations system in middle-income countries, and the positive view that Governments have of development cooperation with the United Nations, a number of constraints prevent development cooperation from reaching its full potential in middle-income countries. These include operational constraints, such as overlapping mandates or lack of cooperation among United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, or between the United Nations and Governments, financing constraints, and strategic constraints, which refer primarily to the lack of appropriate or well-defined agendas guiding substantive programmes in middle-income countries (see A/64/253).", "33. By and large, the principal strategic constraint facing the United Nations system is the lack of a well-defined, coherent strategic framework that focuses on providing advocacy and policy advice to middle-income countries and that develops capacity in areas that are most relevant to these countries. While different agencies have developed various definitions of middle-income countries, strategies often appear to be determined by resource allocation criteria rather than by substantive or policy priorities.", "34. The lack of a coherent development strategy of the United Nations system for middle-income countries was also stressed in the previous report of the Secretary-General on this item (see A/64/253). A number of United Nations agencies and country teams are trying to address this deficiency. For the system at large, the challenge is to ensure that strategies and programmes are tailored to the development needs and priorities of middle-income countries. This requires the United Nations system to reorient its internal planning and coordination processes, including the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, towards greater participation in national processes. This would help to maintain the focus on results and reduce transaction costs associated with programming.", "35. At present, in many regions, the agencies of the United Nations Development Group operate mainly through a network of agency country offices, with technical support provided by their respective headquarters and, increasingly, by the agencies’ regional support capacities. For instance, several organizations, including the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Food Programme, have devolved their regional management and technical support functions in the Arab States and the Middle East and North Africa region by setting up regional centres in Egypt, while the United Nations Children’s Fund maintains a regional office in Jordan. While the country office system enables agencies to maintain a close strategic policy dialogue with national counterparts, demands on staff arising from project management and/or related support functions, as well as limited specialist capacities in country offices, often constrain adequate policy dialogue. To address this shortcoming, United Nations country teams and resident coordinators are encouraged to focus more on upstream policy requirements and make more use of the capacities of non-resident agencies available at headquarters.", "36. Moreover, United Nations agencies often tend to apply the same intervention model in middle-income countries as the one used in low-income countries. This model involves active engagement in project implementation and providing back-office support and oversight functions. The related interventions are primarily targeted at delivering development benefits directly to beneficiaries at the micro level, and are embedded in a broader programmatic approach aimed at ensuring broader development impact. However, unlike in low-income countries, such interventions tend to be undertaken on a much smaller scale in middle-income countries, which limits the potential for wider impact unless the interventions are an integral part of broader development policies.", "B. Engagement of international financial institutions in middle-income countries", "37. International financial institutions, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a number of regional multilateral banks, remain important partners for development cooperation with middle-income countries. Recent governance reforms of both IMF and the World Bank have recognized the larger weight of developing and transition economies in the world economy, in particular those of middle-income countries, as their shares in voice and voting power in these institutions has increased. In December 2010, the IMF Board of Governors approved quota and governance reforms under the Fourteenth General Review of Quotas. The reforms will shift more than 6 per cent of quota shares to developing countries without lowering the quota shares or voting power of the poorest members. The reforms also envisage an all-elected Executive Board with increased representation of developing countries while maintaining the size of the Board. Meanwhile, the second phase of governance reform for the World Bank Group, agreed in April 2010, increased the voting power of developing countries and economies in transition by between 4.59 and 6.07 percentage points for different entities in the World Bank Group.[12] However, while there has been some improvement in quota reform, the weight of the basic vote has greatly declined over the decades, diminishing the influence of all but the biggest middle-income country economies. Hence, while recent measures indicate progress, further improvements are needed, including the introduction of an open and transparent senior leadership selection process based on merit, irrespective of nationality and gender, and the promotion of greater management and staff diversity.", "38. The international financial safety nets for developing countries have been recently strengthened. In 2010, IMF increased the credit available under the existing Flexible Credit Line, and also established a new Precautionary Credit Line. The former was designed for middle-income countries with policies and economic fundamentals favoured by IMF, while the latter provides contingency protection for countries with moderate vulnerabilities that do not qualify for the Flexible Credit Line, which excludes the vast majority of middle-income countries.", "39. While cooperative efforts during the crisis have strengthened global financial safety net, important concerns remain regarding the sufficiency and composition of international liquidity support. Indeed, the crisis highlighted the need for large liquidity buffers to deal with fast and sizable capital market volatility. This requires further strengthening the multilateral capacity to cope with shocks of a systemic nature. In this regard, in the recent crisis, most of the required liquidity was provided through ad hoc arrangements deployed on a one-off basis by key central banks. It has also become evident that uncertainties about the availability and functioning of financial safety nets can impose significant costs.", "40. A number of proposals have been made on how to make the global financial safety net more effective and predictable. One ambitious proposal is to extend IMF responsibilities to include the function of international lender of last resort, meaning that the Fund would need adequate resources to be able to provide countries with access to liquidity when no other lender is willing to lend in sufficient volume to deal effectively with a financial crisis.[13] Countries could qualify for access to such funding through regular article IV IMF surveillance without additional conditions.", "41. The Fund has also been exploring options for setting up a permanent mechanism to provide liquidity in systemic crises in conjunction with bilateral and regional liquidity support arrangements. Alternative modalities for such a global stabilization mechanism are under consideration, providing varying degrees of predictability and efficacy. Key elements of such a mechanism still need to be defined, such as procedures for activating the mechanism, access to and approval of financing, the instruments involved, the funding of the mechanism, the coordination with relevant central banks and regional arrangements, and safeguards to reduce moral hazard. As a more pragmatic alternative, IMF could take on the role of manager or coordinator of a multilateral network of central bank swap and liquidity lines.", "42. A key element in strengthening the global financial safety net is closer cooperation with regional and subregional mechanisms. Regional financial arrangements, such as the Arab Monetary Fund, the Chiang-Mai Initiative or the Latin American Reserve Fund, can play an important role in preventing and mitigating financial crises. Many middle-income countries play important roles in these regional financial arrangements.", "43. Issues concerning middle-income countries’ debt sustainability remain in debate. In 2003, the Paris Club adopted its Evian approach, whereby the debt of non-heavily indebted poor countries would be dealt with only in the case of imminent default and as a result of which the resolution of crises would have a longer-lasting impact. It would also formulate, if necessary and in cooperation with IMF, a comprehensive debt workout package for all bilateral official and private creditors. A more systematic reform proposal, the sovereign debt restructuring mechanism, was proposed by IMF but rejected in 2003, owing mainly to opposition from both stakeholders in financial markets and borrowers, who feared that such a mechanism would eventually raise the cost of borrowing. Thus, debt sustainability is currently assessed using the IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis for Market-Access Countries. The framework analyses debt dynamics over a five-year period using a range of scenarios. It implicitly relies on the idea that if the debt-to-GDP ratio is either stable or declining, the solvency condition is met. In contrast, for low-income countries, this framework does not include debt ratio thresholds, since benchmarking could directly influence the premium that borrowers would have to pay on loans. Data for middle-income countries show that 13 per cent of defaults occurred when the external debt-to-GDP ratio fell to below 40 per cent, implying that even if the ratio is low, a default can still occur. Although the framework includes estimates of gross financing needs, it focuses extensively on ratios involving the stock of debt and not on risks arising from the composition of debt or the liquidity situation more generally. For instance, it does not emphasize relevant liquidity indicators, such as the liquid asset position (international reserves to provide cover for the current and capital accounts), or currency and maturity mismatches between debt and the fiscal resources to repay it. The framework should be expanded to include these factors and to monitor more disaggregated and higher-frequency data on debt stock, including short-term and domestic debt.[14]", "44. The World Bank has paid significant attention to poverty issues in middle-income countries, including support in making poverty assessments and designing poverty reduction strategies. Most recently, the Bank has made greater efforts to make its business model more responsive, flexible, responsible and innovative. Actions are under way to reduce the cost of doing business with the Bank. Beyond financial and knowledge support, the Bank is also increasing its efforts to work with middle-income countries in a wide array of areas, ranging from climate change and energy security to trade and food production. The World Bank also realizes that it must improve its support to middle-income countries, in particular by jointly developing stronger country partnership strategies with middle-income countries; improving the range of services offered to middle-income countries, notably financial services and blending options; fostering links between Bank research and middle-income country needs; and through better management of Bank expertise across all networks.", "45. Other multilateral financial institutions, in particular regional development banks, also play important roles in supporting economic development in middle-income countries and assisting in regional integration efforts. This is still true, although more middle-income countries are increasingly relying on international capital markets to secure external financing. The technical support provided by regional development banks, in the form of strategic advice on policies, banking services and asset management, as well as their knowledge and technical assistance services, are of importance to many middle-income countries.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "46. Despite higher average income levels than in low-income countries, extreme poverty remains high in many middle-income countries. Income inequalities are also higher in this classification than in low- or high-income countries. Eradicating poverty and tackling inequality, therefore, require more effective development cooperation with middle-income countries, especially as most of these countries remain highly vulnerable to external shocks and internal crises.", "47. Furthering development cooperation with middle-income countries is also important owing to the positive cross-border and global spillovers from middle- to low-income countries, with a view to providing stability in the international system. The importance of middle-income countries in realizing the United Nations agenda of development for all, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, thus calls for the continued engagement of the United Nations system and other international organizations, including international financial institutions, in development cooperation with middle-income countries.", "48. The current development agenda places strong emphasis on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, which represent basic social objectives that every country should strive to meet. Although many middle-income countries have already reached, or are on track to reach, the Goals and related targets, they continue to face significant development and capacity challenges in such areas as governance, social inclusion, human rights violations, elimination of disparities, vulnerability of trade, external financing shocks, technology development and transfer, and adaptation and mitigation to tackle the challenges of climate change. The advice of the United Nations on policy formulation and implementation, as well as its other targeted technical support in these areas, are important elements of the Organization’s contribution to middle-income countries.", "49. The United Nations system, along with international financial institutions, is widely represented in middle-income countries. While it provides a broad spectrum of development cooperation to these economies, cooperation among agencies and with middle-income countries needs to be strengthened and programme activities must be more closely aligned with the national development strategies and policies of middle-income countries. Moreover, the United Nations system lacks a well-defined agenda and a strategic framework for development cooperation with these countries.", "50. The lack of a clear strategy in most middle-income countries is, in part, rooted in the use of per capita income as a criterion for guiding development cooperation. Indeed, while developing countries must take primary responsibility for their own development, consistent with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, allocating more official development assistance to poorer countries is, of course, entirely justified. Indeed, consistent with the triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development, least developed countries need continued priority assistance (see General Assembly resolution 62/208, para. 26). In the review, the Assembly also recognized that middle-income countries still faced significant challenges and that efforts to address those challenges should be supported in order to ensure that achievements that had been made to date were sustained.", "51. However, the use of per capita income to classify countries as a means of guiding development cooperation disregards the nature and multidimensional nature of development. No two economies are the same, even when they may have the same average per capita level. National development strategies and priorities depend very much on economic conditions and potential. Furthermore, this type of classification ignores the fact that an estimated 75 per cent of the extremely poor live in middle-income countries, and fails to recognize the diversity among, and within, those countries. That diversity extends beyond income status, for example to progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the level of human development, poverty, inequality and other aspects related to their demographic transitions and population sizes. It also ignores the fact that many middle-income countries have not yet fully developed the capacity and capabilities to independently resolve the challenges they face, and that many remain highly vulnerable to external shocks and internal crises, despite having higher levels of per capita income.", "52. Although there is no one-size-fits-all approach to development, the United Nations system needs to develop a more specific policy framework for middle-income countries. Among other initiatives, the upcoming independent evaluation of the “Delivering as one” initiative, in particular of the five pilot middle-income countries, is an important step in this direction. The Uruguay high-level conference, to be held in November, will provide an opportunity for an important exchange of experiences among “Delivering as one” pilot countries, including middle-income countries.", "53. Any meaningful and appropriate policy framework should recognize these diversities more broadly, rather than mechanically associate a country’s stage of development with its per capita income. It should then support countries in their endeavours to further their advancement. The policy framework should recognize that the needs of individual countries will differ and that middle-income countries typically, but not always, have more resources with which to address their development challenges. Under the framework, technical cooperation and other assistance will then need to be provided to enhance the capacities of middle-income countries to (a) transform primary commodity-based economies to promote higher value-added, knowledge-based industrial and modern service economies; (b) diversify exports, in particular in countries that depend on natural resources and primary commodities; (c) increase employment, especially for young people; (d) promote social inclusion and investment in social development so as to address disparities; (e) ensure a consistently countercyclical macrofinancial framework and policies; (f) strengthen prudential national financial regulation, including capital flow management; and (g) ensure economic, social and environmental policy coherence by means of national development strategies.", "54. Several bilateral donors are downsizing or phasing out development assistance contributions to middle-income countries. Hence, it is important that the United Nations strengthen its role in these countries to ensure that their remaining development challenges are addressed effectively, the achieved gains are preserved and decreased financial assistance does not negatively affect their sustainable and inclusive development. This requires setting clear priorities, drawing upon existing capacities in these countries, and brokering new commitments, including increased national and international funding. United Nations agencies, funds and programmes must also streamline and expand their professional practice networks to make their expertise more relevant to their development challenges. They should review whether their country-level capacities and their programming approaches and instruments are attuned to the needs and recognize the characteristics of middle-income countries. Greater use must also be made of the expertise of non-resident agencies.", "55. In order to recognize the importance of having a more coherent approach to the development cooperation of the United Nations system with middle-income countries, and to acknowledge that these countries face development challenges that do not always coincide with those of others, Member States may wish to consider establishing a high-level panel or an ad hoc working group, which could elaborate, in greater detail, on the appropriate framework with which to tackle the development challenges of middle-income countries, taking into account their heterogeneity, the positive spillover effects of middle-income countries on the development of low-income countries and the analysis to be undertaken in the context of the upcoming triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system by the General Assembly.", "[1] Income classifications of the World Bank are set each year on 1 July. The present report refers to middle-income countries categorized as such during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "[2] For least developed country criteria, see Handbook on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.07.II.A.9).", "[3] Information in the present chapter is drawn from World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2), and World Economic Situation and Prospects: Update as of mid-2011.", "[4] The comparison is made on the basis of a sample of 88 countries classified as middle-income countries in 2009, including China and India, which up until fairly recently were still classified as low-income countries.", "[5] While poverty rates are falling in Africa, high population growth is contributing to rising numbers of those living in extreme poverty.", "[6] Namibia registered a Gini coefficient of 0.68 in 2005, while the measure for Belarus in 2007 was 0.27. The Gini coefficient is a widely used measure of inequality ranging between 0 and 1; the higher the coefficient, the greater the income inequality.", "[7] See Isabel Ortiz and Matthew Cummins, “Global inequality: beyond the bottom billion”, United Nations Children’s Fund, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper (New York, April 2011).", "[8] See, for example, chapter II in World Economic and Social Survey 2010: Retooling Global Development (United Nations publication, Sales. No. E.10.II.C.1).", "[9] See Annual Report to the Secretary-General, 2010, Special Advocate of the Secretary-General for Inclusive Finance for Development.", "[10] See World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[11] Findings in this chapter are based on a questionnaire used in the preparation of document A/64/253, which was disseminated to all United Nations country and regional teams in middle-income countries in June 2009, and a survey disseminated to the Governments of middle-income countries in May 2011. A total of 19 of the 104 middle-income countries surveyed responded to the questionnaire.", "[12] For a more detailed assessment, see the report of the Secretary-General on the international financial system and development (A/66/167).", "[13] See, for instance, Eduardo Fernández Arias and Eduardo Levy Yeyati “Global financial safety nets: where do we go from here?”, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 231, November 2010.", "[14] For a more detailed discussion, see MDG Gap Task Force Report 2011: Time to Deliver (forthcoming, but available from http://un.org/en/development/desa/policy/mdg_gap/ index.shtml, from 15 September 2011)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: development cooperation with middle-income countries", "Development cooperation with middle-income countries", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In recent decades, middle-income countries have made significant economic and social progress in a wide range of areas. However, progress has been uneven and varied, and serious challenges remain. Despite significant progress in poverty reduction, middle-income countries still account for about 75 per cent of the world ' s poor, living on less than $1.25 a day. Income inequality in middle-income countries is often higher than in low- and high-income countries. More sustained and inclusive growth remains a challenge for countries that have not been able to diversify their economies and to protect themselves from market volatility.", "The United Nations system and the multilateral financial institutions are important partners and facilitators of international development cooperation with middle-income countries. Recognizing that no single approach can be applied to all situations, there is a strong sense of the need to strengthen international cooperation to support middle-income countries in addressing their development challenges, in particular with the support of the United Nations system.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. At its sixty-fourth session, in 2009, the General Assembly recognized that middle-income countries still faced serious challenges in their efforts to achieve the internationally agreed development goals. The Assembly stressed the importance of addressing the development needs of those countries in the form of international support closely aligned with national priorities, and recognized the efforts and achievements of many middle-income countries to eradicate poverty and achieve development goals, as well as their contribution to global and regional development and economic stability.", "2. In its resolution 64/208, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on development cooperation with middle-income countries, focusing on existing strategies and actions of the United Nations system for development cooperation with middle-income countries, taking into account the work of other relevant international organizations, including international financial institutions. The present report is submitted in response to that request.", "3. The resolution does not provide a precise definition of the category of middle-income countries. As was the case in the previous report on this issue (see A/62/253), the report provisionally classifies countries with per capita GNI between $996 and $12,195 as middle-income countries, based on the World Bank classification. In 2011, 104 countries fell into this category, 56 of them classified by the World Bank as low- and middle-income countries with a per capita GNI of less than $3,945. The World Bank does not recognize the United Nations category of least developed countries, but its lending policy singles low-income countries. Accordingly, middle-income countries are classified between low-income and high-income categories into an intermediate category defined only as per capita income, unlike the least developed country category, which also takes into account economic and environmental vulnerability and human development levels. Thus, in the United Nations system, the category of middle-income countries is often used to refer to developing and transition economies that are not classified as least developed countries.", "4. The group of middle-income countries accounts for more than 70 per cent of the world ' s population and nearly 43 per cent of world GDP in terms of purchasing power parity. Over the past decade, as a result of the continued rapid growth of some middle-income economies, this group has increased its contribution to global growth, changing the pattern of global production, trade, capital flows and technological and labour conditions. Growth in these economies has increased trade linkages, capital flows and South-South economic cooperation, thus also creating a virtuous spillover effect for other developing countries. Extreme poverty in middle-income countries has declined significantly in recent years. Although the group of middle-income countries continues to grow, three quarters of the world ' s population lives on less than $1.25 a day.", "5. The economic progress of middle-income countries varies widely, with some countries showing strong and sustained growth in recent decades, while others, particularly those that are less diversified and heavily dependent on primary commodity exports, have made less progress and more volatile. Progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals has likewise been uneven.", "6. The present report discusses some of the major challenges to the economic and social development of middle-income countries, the cooperation of the United Nations system with middle-income countries and the impact of further engagement of the United Nations system with those countries.", "II. Major development challenges for middle-income countries", "A. Recent macroeconomic trends [3]", "7. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, many middle-income countries were in a better position than developed economies. The growth of middle-income countries is almost double the world average. The contribution of middle-income countries to post-crisis world economic recovery accounts for about half of the total (see figure). However, prospects suggest that growth in many such economies is slowing down due to constraints, including the continued weakness of developed economies and the challenges of macroeconomic policies posed by high capital flows and volatile global commodity prices. In particular, rising global commodity prices are increasing inflationary pressures, often fuelled by rapid credit growth and/or shortages in the supply of agricultural products in many countries. Rising food and energy prices have reduced real incomes, especially among the poor. Addressing prices is particularly important for middle-income countries, where the vast majority of the world ' s poor are located.", "Contribution of countries to world economic growth, 2000-2012", "[Chuckles]", "Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Economic Situation and Prospects Database, May 2011.", "8. Middle-income economies in East and South Asia continued to experience the strongest growth by region. Growth in these regions has been driven mainly by a rebound in investment and export manufacturing, supported by fiscal and monetary policy incentives. Strong growth in private consumption in larger economies, such as China, India and Indonesia, has had a beneficial spillover effect on neighbouring economies and contributed to employment growth. In fact, employment has risen above pre-crisis levels. The smaller economies of these regions, while diversifying their economies, remain largely dependent on exports to the developed regions and are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of volatile capital flows.", "9. The recovery in international trade and the rebound of East and South Asian economies have recently led to a surge in commodity prices. This has had a positive impact on economic activity in other regions, particularly in resource-rich countries in Western Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States. As noted above, the recovery has also created significant macroeconomic challenges. As a result, growth volatility in many of these economies is likely to remain larger than in East and South Asia. In addition, these economies have not been able to diversify their economies simultaneously, although their growth performance has improved in recent years. As a result, a large proportion of the population cannot find decent work. In a number of middle-income countries, particularly in West Asia and North Africa, young workers have particularly few employment opportunities and have been a contributing factor to the recent political uprising.", "10. Since late 2010, the recovery in middle-income countries in Eastern Europe has increased, but it remains largely export-led, while domestic demand has not rebounded. South-Eastern Europe, aided by rising commodity prices and increased tourism demand, experienced strong export growth, combined with a modest recovery in remittances, which enabled the region to emerge from a recession in 2010, but the recovery remains modest.", "B. Poverty and inequality in middle-income countries", "11. Although the recent global economic crisis had exacerbated poverty in many countries, middle-income countries had made significant progress in reducing poverty over the past two decades. In countries currently classified as middle-income, some 600 million people have been able to escape extreme poverty since the early 1990s (extreme poverty means that income is less than $1.25 per day at 2005 purchasing power parity). In contrast, in countries currently classified as low-income, less than 3 million people were lifted out of extreme poverty during the same period (see table). [4] If measured by the poverty line of $2 per day, middle-income countries reduce poverty to a lesser extent and nearly 2 billion people remain in moderate poverty. This indicates that a large number of “nearly poor” are vulnerable to shocks.", "12. Middle-income countries in South Asia, East Asia and parts of Latin America and the Caribbean have the largest poverty reduction, notably Brazil, China, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam. In contrast, the number of people living in extreme poverty in 18 middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa has increased by more than 32 million since the early 1990s. [5]", "Number of poor by national income level, 1990-1994 and 2005-2009", "(Millions)", "The number of people living in extreme poverty (living on less than $1.25 a day)", "Source: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, based on data from the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Indicators website (http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/data.aspx).", "13. Sustained rapid growth is an important factor in reducing poverty rates, but poverty reduction is much greater in countries where it is driven by active economic restructuring, through increased agricultural productivity, diversification through employment-intensive industrial activities and sustained investment in education. These are key factors for the success of poverty reduction in parts of East and South Asia. Countries with less diversified economies that depend on revenues from the exploitation of natural resources are more likely to grow less resilient, more inclusive and more likely to have higher levels of income inequality.", "14. Income distribution inequalities in middle-income countries are often much higher than in low- and high-income countries. However, the situation in middle-income countries also varies considerably in this regard. Countries with the highest and lowest levels of income inequality - Namibia and Belarus belong to this group. [6] On average, Latin America continues to have the highest levels of income inequality by region, but the situation has improved significantly since 2000. Income concentration in South and Central Asia is generally low. Middle-income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia initially had lower levels of inequality, but the largest increase occurred between 1990 and 2008. [7] The rise in income inequality in some countries is due to dynamic processes of growth, such as the shift of workers from lower-productivity activities such as agriculture to higher-productivity activities such as manufacturing. Nevertheless, large income disparities, if sustained, tend to weaken the poverty reduction effect of growth and gradually weaken economic growth itself. Rising levels of inequality can also lead to social unrest and may hinder efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals.", "15. There are several factors that affect the process of inequality to varying degrees. Social factors — such as discrimination, social exclusion and various formal and informal practices — tend to exacerbate inequality; the economic causes of increased inequality include poor credit markets, unequal access to natural resource revenues, unfair globalization, technological changes to replace labour and capital- or skill-intensive industrialization. For example, in countries with relatively rich natural resources, income from land and natural resources as a proportion of GNI tends to be large and often unequally distributed. This may in part explain why resource-rich countries and regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America have higher levels of income inequality than countries and regions with less resource-rich countries such as South and East Asia. Similarly, globalization and technological change can also lead to higher levels of inequality, as advanced industrial technologies tend to require more skilled labour, leading to higher income disparities within countries, at least in the short term. The current increase in income inequality in some countries over decades is due in part to the virtual abandonment of most of the previous efforts to correct spatial and other inequalities, as well as to the unequal consequences of the many processes of opening markets and strengthening private property rights at the national and international levels.", "16. Inequality affects poverty through various channels. For example, inequality can hinder growth and thus affect poverty. In addition, in countries with high levels of inequality, growth has a less poverty-reducing effect, as inequality reduces the extent to which the poor benefit from overall growth. There is also growing evidence that high levels of inequality, in particular inequality of opportunity and regional or ethnic inequalities, can contribute to violent conflict and threaten social stability, thereby weakening development and reducing poverty, as has recently been the case in parts of North Africa and the Middle East.", "17. Inequality also often affects the achievement of human development goals in education and health. For example, in the Arab States, East Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean, the risk of child mortality in the lowest quintile is about twice as high as in the highest quintile. In Indonesia and Nicaragua, the infant mortality rate of the poorest quintile is even more than three times that of the richest. In Bolivia (Plurinational State of) and Peru, mothers and children of the richest quintile have almost full access to skilled care personnel at birth, compared with only 10 to 15 per cent of the poorest. Similarly, children from the poorest families, especially those living in rural areas, are less likely to attend school. Girls in the poorest quintile of households are 3.5 times more likely than girls in the richest households and four times more likely to be out of school than boys in the richest households. This inequality often extends to employment and income opportunities.", "C. Policy challenges", "18. The diversification of middle-income countries also means that their policy challenges vary. For most middle-income countries, however, short-term macroeconomic challenges include addressing the effects of rising inflation and high capital inflows. Many Governments responded by tightening monetary policies, including higher interest rates and higher bank reserve rates. As real interest rates remain low in some of these economies, it is likely that monetary policy will continue to tighten for the remainder of 2011. As some Governments have also begun to remove fiscal stimulus, the resistance to inflation through tightening monetary policy may have some negative effects on growth and employment, and is unlikely to be effective when the main cause of inflation is soaring food and energy prices.", "19. Some middle-income countries have also adopted capital-flow control measures to mitigate the risk of volatility of capital flows, which can have destabilizing effects. At present, high capital inflows are putting upward pressure on exchange rates, exacerbating asset price bubbles, thus weakening export competitiveness and, in some cases, economic diversification efforts. While the traditional policy response to inflation has been to set higher policy interest rates, this would attract more capital inflows and only exacerbate the problem. Despite modest capital controls, short-term investment has been diverted to long-term investment, without directly reducing capital inflows.", "20. In the medium to long term, the challenge for middle-income Governments is to ensure that current and future macroeconomic policies are conducive to balanced, equitable and inclusive growth. Relevant policy frameworks need to be adapted to country-specific circumstances and needs, but may suggest some overall policy direction. [8]", "21. Many middle-income countries are still building their productive capacities. Market development was inadequate in many middle-income countries, especially commodity-exporting countries. While commodity exports have contributed to high growth in some countries, inequality has also increased as incomes have increased unevenly. Particularly in these economies, the key challenge is to adopt effective national development strategies aimed at diversifying the economy and reducing dependence on primary exports. In many countries, this implies prudential and economic regulation of the financial sector, increased investment in infrastructure and agricultural development, and the creation of favourable conditions for industries with potential economies of scale, thus contributing to increased gainful employment in the formal sector. Indeed, as can be seen, high-growth East Asian economies have achieved positive structural change by integrating macroeconomic policies into national development strategies in general and avoiding the replacement of industrial policies with overall trade liberalization. Such change will require a major effort to build national capacity to ensure a more active development role for the Government.", "22. Experience has taught us that macroeconomic policies tend to be more conducive to development if they remain counter-cyclical at all times, for example, if they accumulate fiscal buffers during periods of economic boom to be used in times of economic recession. Such policies could include the establishment of commodity stabilization funds, as in the case of Chile. Such rules could also include strengthening the regulatory framework for the domestic financial sector and the management of international capital flows, such as in Chile and Malaysia. Monetary policy needs to be coordinated with financial sector and industrial policies. East Asian Governments, for example, have directly affected investment by providing guidance and subsidies to credit schemes and managing interest rates. The impact was initially in labour-intensive industries, where employment was essential for poverty reduction, and then in sectors with the greatest skill potential, so that economies of scale and productivity could be achieved. Policies should also respond to agricultural development to ensure food security.", "23. Given the high levels of inequality in middle-income countries and the uneven sharing of the benefits of growth, Governments should, in particular, consider complementing macroeconomic frameworks with comprehensive social policies, such as the provision of primary health care and basic education by Governments, employment guarantee schemes and cash transfers, so as to effectively avoid the persistence or widening of income and opportunity gaps. Governments could reduce inequality and address indebtedness and long-term deficits by, inter alia, strengthening tax collection measures and revising redistribution policies. Expanding the tax base will, in particular, strengthen the social security system and make social services more accessible. Many middle-income countries are using welfare transfer schemes, such as conditional cash transfers, to provide greater income security and access to education and health services for the poor. Such plans can contribute to long-term economic growth by reducing inequalities in access to education and health services. For example, the Family Grant Scheme in Brazil is the largest number of beneficiaries in such schemes in developing countries (currently covering about 12 million Brazilian families) and has contributed to significant progress in other Millennium Development Goal-related areas, such as reducing malnutrition and child mortality and universal education. However, the results of such plans may vary from case to case. For example, in urban areas where poverty is high, such cash payments can alleviate poverty, but where school enrolment is already high, they may not significantly contribute to human resource development. In addition, increased spending on education will not raise future incomes when overall macroeconomic policies fail to increase productive employment opportunities.", "Redistributive transfers across regions also contribute to reducing inequality and eradicating poverty. Inequality between commodity-rich and commodity-poor regions could be reduced through the sharing of commodity revenues. For example, rules for the sharing of revenues from mineral production have been established between central and local governments in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Mexico.", "25. In order to reduce the inequalities created by globalization and the gap between the benefits of skilled and unskilled labour, there may be a need to increase the focus on education and technology policies to increase the supply of skilled labour and to disseminate new technologies to the population. In some cases, Governments should also consider phasing out the preferential treatment of foreign firms in the early stages of development to attract FDI. For example, China has introduced a uniform tax rate on foreign and domestic enterprises since 2008 to promote the growth of domestic industry. Such a measure could stimulate demand for skilled labour by exposing domestic and foreign affiliates to a more level playing field. In addition, it can increase fiscal space by avoiding an important tax loss.", "26. Policies to address inequality could also include increasing labour force participation, especially among women and older workers, and upgrading low-skilled, low-wage and vulnerable jobs. In order to address the problem of vulnerable employment, minimum wage provisions could also be introduced or raised, job security could be increased, and investments could be made to train vulnerable workers and upgrade their skills. Public works programmes have also been successfully used for poverty reduction. In India, for example, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provides for 100 days of paid employment per year for every rural family in need of employment and pays the statutory minimum wage. In fiscal year 2009/10, India provided employment to nearly 55 million families under the Act, with over 48 per cent of participants being women. Another approach is to encourage foreign enterprises to hire local workers and invest in local development. For example, the British-American Group, one of the world ' s largest mineral groups, announced a business development project in 2010 to strengthen the local economy in South Africa.", "27. In expanding the macroeconomic policy framework, more explicit measures should also be taken to expand and deepen financial markets and enhance financial inclusion. Commercial banks tend to prefer to serve large borrowers, but are often reluctant to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are the main providers of employment in many middle-income countries. The lack of access to credit for new companies has limited business development, while many families in the informal sector and rural areas are constrained by the lack of banking and insurance services. Although the provision of microcredit may be an important step in this direction, so far less than 1 per cent of the credit available to such enterprises has been granted to commercial banks in Latin America. Public policies should aim at increasing financial inclusion, including through the establishment of specialized financial institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises and farmers. Public policies should also focus on supporting lending institutions to increase capital and on reforming the regulatory framework for capital and collateral rules. Financial inclusion will be enhanced by encouraging group lending through fiscal incentives and adopting more timely insolvency proceedings that increase the availability of traditional bank credit and overall banking services to the poor. [9]", "28. Middle-income countries, in particular, must significantly enhance the sustainability of their development as they increase their per capita income levels. Sustained growth is not the same as sustainable growth. The current rate of urbanization and technology adoption is fast, rapidly consuming and polluting the natural resources on which life on Earth depends. [10] An important component of sustainable development in middle-income countries is the adoption and dissemination of green technologies and sustainable national resource management strategies. For example, reducing land degradation, rehabilitating degraded areas and optimizing land use are essential for sustainable land management. At the same time, more environmentally friendly agricultural technologies are needed to achieve food security and ensure their sustainability. While agricultural technologies and practices need to be adapted to local conditions, there are many available agricultural technologies and sustainable practices that allow us to move rapidly to sustainable food security. These include traditional knowledge and agricultural methods, such as less farming, rotation, interplanting, green fertilizer use, water harvesting and water-saving agriculture. Such practices offer a variety of win-win opportunities to help farmers increase their productivity and incomes, reduce malnutrition and restore fragile environments, while helping to reduce climate change. To cut the link between economic growth and environmental degradation, energy systems must also be transformed through energy efficiency investments and the dissemination of clean energy technologies. Such investments can also stimulate growth and increase employment.", "III. Cooperation between the United Nations system and middle-income countries [11]", "A. Key achievements in development cooperation with middle-income countries", "29. United Nations operational activities in middle-income countries are guided by the principles set out in the triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system (see General Assembly resolution 62/208). Much of the work of the United Nations in middle-income countries has focused on bridging disparities, promoting equality and social inclusion, providing assistance in responding to human rights violations, capacity-building and advocacy. Advice on policy development and implementation and other targeted technical support are important components of the United Nations contribution to middle-income countries.", "30. The survey conducted for the present report shows that, in recognition of the large number of poor people in middle-income countries, the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger (Millennium Development Goal 1) remains a priority for development cooperation between the United Nations system and middle-income countries. Survey respondents also identified the maintenance of environmental sustainability and the establishment of a global partnership for development (Goals 7 and 8, respectively) as critical areas for development cooperation. Given that many middle-income countries have made significant progress in achieving health and education-related goals, these goals have been accorded lower priority in efforts to strengthen cooperation with the United Nations system. Survey respondents also highlighted agriculture and industrial development as key areas requiring more development cooperation.", "31. The survey also indicated that the areas where the Government of middle-income countries saw the United Nations system as making a significant contribution to development cooperation included capacity-building and social policy advice, good governance, decentralization and local development. These are the priority areas identified by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes in support of the development efforts of middle-income countries (see A/64/253). The most valuable aspects identified by stakeholders in middle-income countries include United Nations advocacy and capacity-building for public officials and non-State actors, as well as the sharing of knowledge and experience from other countries receiving United Nations system support. Indeed, the latter aspect is considered an extremely important component of development cooperation. The United Nations system was seen as playing a key role in donor coordination and in helping policymakers to adjust their priorities to the challenges of changing global conditions. To facilitate the exchange of information on middle-income countries at the global and regional levels, the United Nations system regularly holds meetings on regional cooperation and integration, South-South cooperation and trade capacity development. The newer functions of the Economic and Social Council, such as the annual ministerial review and the Development Cooperation Forum, also provide a platform for middle-income countries to share experiences and dialogue with other Member States, civil society and parliamentarians on the Millennium Development Goals and development cooperation.", "32. Despite the achievements of the United Nations system in middle-income countries and the positive views of Governments on development cooperation with the United Nations, there are constraints that prevent development cooperation from realizing its full potential in middle-income countries. These include operational constraints, such as overlapping mandates or lack of cooperation between United Nations agencies, funds and programmes or between the United Nations and Governments, as well as financing and strategic constraints. The last relates mainly to the lack of an appropriate or well-defined agenda for the substantive programmes of middle-income countries (see A/64/253).", "33. Overall, the main strategic constraints facing the United Nations system are the lack of a clearly defined and coherent strategic framework for advocacy and policy advice to middle-income countries and for capacity development in the most appropriate areas for those countries. While different agencies have developed various definitions of middle-income countries, their strategies often appear to depend on criteria for resource allocation, rather than on substantive or policy priorities.", "34. The lack of a coherent development strategy for middle-income countries in the United Nations system was also highlighted in the previous report of the Secretary-General on this agenda item (see A/64/253). Several United Nations agencies and country teams are working to address this gap. The challenge for the system as a whole is to ensure that strategies and programmes are aligned with the development needs and priorities of middle-income countries. This requires the United Nations system to adjust its internal planning and coordination processes, including the United Nations Development Assistance Framework, to increase its participation in national processes. This would help to maintain the focus on results and reduce transaction costs associated with programming.", "35. In many regions, United Nations Development Group agencies now operate mainly through their country office networks, with technical support from their respective headquarters and increasingly through their regional support capacities. For example, several organizations, including the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Food Programme, have established regional centres in Egypt, decentralizing regional management and technical support functions in the Arab States and the Middle East and North Africa region, while the United Nations Children ' s Fund has a regional office in Jordan. While the country office system enables agencies to maintain policy dialogue closely with their national counterparts, the high workload of staff associated with project management and/or related support functions, combined with the limited specialized capacity of country offices, often constrains the full implementation of policy dialogue. To address this gap, United Nations country teams and resident coordinators are encouraged to pay greater attention to upstream policy requirements and to make greater use of non-resident institutional capacities provided by headquarters.", "36. In addition, United Nations agencies often use the same intervention model for middle-income countries in low-income countries. This model requires active participation in project implementation and in back-office support and oversight functions. The interventions associated with them are primarily aimed at providing direct development benefits to beneficiaries at the micro level and at adopting an overall programme approach that aims to have a broad development impact. However, unlike in low-income countries, such interventions tend to be much smaller in middle-income countries and their potential for wider impact is limited if they are not an integral part of overall development policies.", "B. Engagement of international financial institutions in middle-income countries", "37. International financial institutions, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several regional multilateral banks, continue to be important development partners for middle-income countries. Recent governance reforms by IMF and the World Bank have recognized that developing and transition economies, particularly middle-income countries, have a greater share of the world economy and have increased their voice and voting rights in those institutions. In December 2010, the IMF Board of Governors approved the quota and governance reform programmes set out in the fourteenth general review of quotas. The reform programme transferred the share of more than 6 per cent to developing countries without reducing the share or voting rights of the poorest member countries. The reform programme also provides for a fully elected Executive Board, with increased representation from developing countries while maintaining the membership of the Board. At the same time, in April 2010, the World Bank Group agreed to a second phase of the governance reform programme, which would increase the voting power of developing countries and economies in transition by 4.59 to 6.07 percentage points for different entities within the World Bank Group. [12] However, despite some improvement in quota reform, the importance of basic voting has declined significantly over the decades, weakening the influence of middle-income economies, with the exception of the largest countries. Thus, while recent measures have shown progress, further improvements are needed, including the adoption of open and transparent procedures for the selection of senior leaders on a merit-based basis, irrespective of nationality and gender, and the enhancement of diversity in management and staff.", "38. The international financial safety net for developing countries has recently been strengthened. In 2010, IMF increased the credit available under the existing FC line and created a new precautionary line. The former line of credit was intended for middle-income countries whose policy and economic fundamentals were well regarded by IMF, and the latter line was intended to provide emergency guarantees to countries that were not eligible for a flexible line of credit and were moderately vulnerable, as it excluded the vast majority of middle-income countries.", "39. While the global financial safety net was strengthened through cooperative efforts during the crisis, there remain significant concerns about the adequacy and composition of international liquidity support. Indeed, the crisis highlighted the need for large-scale liquidity buffers to cope with rapid and large capital market fluctuations. To that end, multilateral capacity to respond to system-wide shocks also needs to be strengthened. In this regard, most of the liquidity required in the recent crisis was provided through one-time ad hoc arrangements adopted by major central banks. It is also clear that uncertainty about the availability and functioning of financial safety nets can be costly.", "40. A number of suggestions were made on how to make the international financial safety net more effective and predictable. An ambitious proposal was to expand the Fund ' s responsibilities to assume the role of international lender of last resort. This means that IMF needs to be provided with sufficient resources to be able to provide loans when other lenders are unwilling to provide countries with sufficient loans to respond effectively to financial crises. [13] Countries can qualify for the loan without conditions through the regular IMF Article IV surveillance process.", "41. IMF is also exploring ways to establish a permanent mechanism to provide liquidity in conjunction with bilateral and regional liquidity support arrangements during system-wide crises. Options for such a global stabilization mechanism, which could provide varying degrees of predictability and effectiveness, are being considered. Key elements of such a mechanism still need to be defined, such as procedures for initiating the mechanism, access to and approval of financing, financial instruments used, modalities for financing the mechanism, coordination with relevant central banks and regional arrangements, and safeguards to reduce moral hazard. A more practical option would be for IMF to act as manager or coordinator of a multilateral network of central banks with swaps and liquidity lines.", "42. A key element in strengthening the global financial safety net is deepening cooperation with regional and subregional mechanisms. Regional financial arrangements such as the Arab Monetary Fund, the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Latin American Reserve Fund could play an important role in preventing and mitigating financial crises. Many middle-income countries play an important role in these regional financial arrangements.", "43. The issue of debt sustainability of middle-income countries continues to be debated. In 2003, the Paris Club adopted the Evian approach, whereby non-HIPC debt is treated only in the event of imminent defaults, thus making crisis resolution more effective. Where necessary, the Paris Club will also work with IMF to develop a comprehensive debt package for all bilateral official and private creditors. In 2003, IMF submitted a more systematic reform proposal, the sovereign debt restructuring mechanism, which was rejected, mainly because of opposition from financial market stakeholders and borrowers, both of whom feared that the mechanism would eventually lead to higher borrowing costs. As a result, the IMF debt sustainability analysis of market access countries is being used to analyse debt sustainability. The framework analyses debt dynamics through a series of five-year scenarios. The underlying concept is that, if the debt-to-GDP ratio is stable or falls, the solvency condition is met. In contrast, the framework does not set debt ratios thresholds for low-income countries, as benchmarking may directly affect the loan premiums to be paid by borrowers. Data from middle-income countries show that 13 per cent of defaults occur when the external debt-to-GDP ratio falls below 40 per cent, indicating that defaults may occur even when the ratio is low. While the framework includes an estimate of total financing needs, it focuses on a high level of debt stock coverage rather than on the risks associated with debt composition and overall liquidity. For example, the framework does not focus on relevant liquidity indicators, such as the status of current assets (to be used for international reserves of current and capital accounts) or the extent to which debt does not match the currency and duration of the financial resources used to service the debt. The framework should be expanded to encompass these factors and monitor more disaggregated and more frequent data on debt stocks, including data on short-term and domestic debt. [14]", "44. The World Bank has devoted considerable attention to poverty in middle-income countries, including support for poverty assessment and poverty reduction strategies. More recently, the Bank has made further efforts to make its business model more responsive, flexible, accountable and innovative. Measures are being taken to reduce the cost of doing business with the Bank. In addition to providing financial and knowledge support, the Bank worked to strengthen cooperation with middle-income countries in a number of areas, including climate change, energy security and trade and food production. The World Bank also recognizes the need for the Bank to: improve its support to middle-income countries, in particular through the development of a better national partnership strategy with middle-income countries; improve the range of services provided to middle-income countries, in particular financial services and blended lending programmes; strengthen the link between the Bank ' s research work and the needs of middle-income countries; and better manage the Bank ' s expertise in all networks.", "45. Other multilateral financial institutions, particularly regional development banks, also play an important role in supporting the economic development of middle-income countries and assisting regional integration efforts. While more middle-income countries are increasingly reliant on international capital markets for external financing, this important role remains. Various forms of technical support provided by regional development banks, including strategic policy advice, banking services and asset management, and knowledge and technical assistance services, are important for many middle-income countries.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "46. Although the average income level of middle-income countries is higher than that of low-income countries, many middle-income countries still suffer from severe extreme poverty. Income inequality in such countries is also higher than in low-income and high-income countries. Therefore, more effective development cooperation with middle-income countries is necessary to eradicate poverty and address inequality, especially as most such countries remain highly vulnerable to external shocks and internal crises.", "47. Another reason why further enhancing development cooperation with middle-income countries is important is that middle-income countries can have beneficial cross-border and global spillovers to low-income countries, thus enhancing the stability of the international system. Given the importance of middle-income countries in achieving the United Nations global development agenda, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations system and other international organizations, including the international financial institutions, must engage in sustained development cooperation with middle-income countries.", "48. The current development agenda places great emphasis on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, which are fundamental social goals that every country should strive to achieve. While many middle-income countries have met or are expected to meet the Millennium Development Goals and related targets, they still face significant development and capacity challenges in the areas of governance, social inclusion, human rights violations, addressing gaps, trade vulnerability, external financing shocks, technology development and transfer, and addressing the climate change challenge through adaptation and mitigation measures. United Nations advice in policy formulation and implementation and other targeted technical support in the above-mentioned areas are important components of the Organization ' s contribution to middle-income countries.", "49. The United Nations system and international financial institutions have a wide presence in middle-income countries. While the United Nations system has extensive development cooperation with these economies, cooperation among agencies and with middle-income countries needs to be strengthened and programme activities need to be more closely aligned with the national development strategies and policies of middle-income countries. Moreover, the development cooperation of the United Nations system with these countries lacks a clearly defined agenda and strategic framework.", "50. The lack of a clear strategy in most middle-income countries is partly due to per capita income as the criterion guiding development cooperation. Indeed, while developing countries bear the primary responsibility for their own development, as stipulated in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action, it is certainly fully justified to provide more ODA to poorer countries. Indeed, according to the triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development, the least developed countries require continued priority assistance (see General Assembly resolution 62/208, para. 26). In that review, the General Assembly also recognized that middle-income countries still faced serious challenges and that efforts to address those challenges should be supported to ensure that the achievements made thus far were sustained.", "51. However, the nature and multidimensional nature of development were being overlooked in guiding development cooperation in terms of national per capita income. No two economies are the same, even if they have the same per capita level. National development strategies and priorities largely depend on economic conditions and potential. Moreover, this classification ignores the fact that 75 per cent of the people living in extreme poverty live in middle-income countries and does not recognize the diversity among and within those countries. This diversity goes beyond the income situation to cover areas such as progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, levels of human development, poverty, inequality and other aspects related to population transition and population size. It also ignores the fact that many middle-income countries, despite their high per capita income levels, have not yet fully developed their capacity to independently address the challenges they face, and that many of them remain highly vulnerable to external shocks and internal crises.", "52. While no development approach can be applied to all situations, the United Nations system needs to develop a more specific policy framework for middle-income countries. The upcoming independent evaluation of the Delivering as One initiative, particularly in the five pilot middle-income countries, among other initiatives, is an important step in this direction. The high-level meeting to be held in Uruguay in November will provide an opportunity for important exchanges of experience among the “delivering as one” pilot countries, including middle-income countries.", "53. To be meaningful and appropriate, any policy framework should recognize the above-mentioned diversity from a broader perspective, rather than mechanically linking a country ' s stage of development to its per capita income. The policy framework should then support national efforts to achieve further progress. The framework should recognize that countries ' needs will vary and that middle-income countries usually (but not always) will have more resources to address development challenges. Within this framework, there is also a need to strengthen the capacity of middle-income countries through technical cooperation and other assistance in: (a) Transforming the commodity-based economy to build more value-added knowledge-based industries and modern services economies; (b) diversifying exports, especially for countries dependent on natural resources and commodities; (c) increasing employment, especially for young people; (d) promoting social inclusion and social development investments, thereby reducing disparities; (e) ensuring consistent implementation of counter-cyclical macro-financial frameworks and policies; (f) enhancing national prudential financial regulation, including capital flow management; and (g) ensuring coherence of economic, social and environmental policies through national development strategies.", "54. Several bilateral donors are reducing or phasing out their development assistance contributions to middle-income countries. The United Nations must therefore play a greater role in those countries to ensure that they were able to respond effectively to the remaining development challenges, to sustain what had been achieved and to avoid the negative impact of reduced financial assistance on sustainable and inclusive development. This can only be achieved through the establishment of clear priorities, the use of existing capacities in those countries and the negotiation of new commitments, including enhanced national and international financing. United Nations agencies, funds and programmes must also streamline and expand their professional substantive networks to make their expertise more responsive to development challenges. They should review their country-level capacities and the responsiveness of their programming approaches and tools to the needs and characteristics of middle-income countries. Greater use must also be made of the expertise of non-resident agencies.", "55. In recognition of the importance of a more coherent approach by the United Nations system to development cooperation with middle-income countries and of the fact that the development challenges faced by those countries are not always the same as those faced by other countries, Member States may wish to consider establishing a high-level panel or ad hoc working group to develop in greater depth an appropriate framework to address the development challenges of middle-income countries, taking into account the differences among middle-income countries, the positive spillover effects of middle-income countries on the development of low-income countries and the analysis by the General Assembly in the context of the forthcoming triennial comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system.", "[1] The World Bank income classification is established on 1 July of each year. The middle-income countries referred to in the present report are those classified as middle-income countries from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "[2] The criteria for least developed countries can be found in the Handbook for the Least Developed Countries Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.07.II.A.9).", "[3] The information in this chapter is based on World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2) and World Economic Situation and Prospects: Mid-2011 Update.", "[4] This comparison is based on 88 countries classified as middle-income countries in 2009, including China and India, which until recently were classified as low-income countries.", "[5] Although poverty rates in Africa are declining, the number of people living in extreme poverty is also increasing as a result of high population growth rates.", "[6] The Gini coefficient for Namibia was 0.68 in 2005 and for Belarus 0.27 in 2007. The Gini coefficient is a widely used indicator of inequality with values ranging from 0 to 1; the higher the coefficient, the higher the income inequality.", "[7] See Isabel. Ortiz and Matthew Cummins, “Global equality: beyond the book bill”, United Nations Children's Fund, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper (New York, April 2011).", "[8] See World Economic and Social Survey 2010: Rediscovering the Road to Global Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.C.1), chap. II.", "[9] See 2010 Annual Report of the Special Advocate of the Secretary-General for Inclusive Development Financing to the Secretary-General.", "[10] See World Economic and Social Survey 2011: Great Green Technological Change (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[11] The conclusions of this chapter are based on a questionnaire used in the preparation of document A/64/253, which was distributed to all United Nations country and regional task forces of middle-income countries in June 2009, and a questionnaire to middle-income Governments in May 2011. A total of 19 of the 104 middle-income countries surveyed responded to the questionnaire.", "[12] For a more detailed assessment, see the report of the Secretary-General on the international financial system and development (A/66/167).", "[13] See Eduardo Fernández Arias and Eduardo Levy Yeyati, “Global financial safety nets: where do we go from here?”, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 231, No. 231, No.", "[14] For a more detailed discussion, see MDG Gap Task Force Report 2011: Time to Deliver (forthcoming, available from 15 September 2011 at http://un.org/en/development/desa/policy/mdg_gap/index.shtml)." ]

[ "2011年7月29日塞尔维亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨此转递塞尔维亚共和国外交部长武克·耶雷米奇给你的信(见附件)。", "请将此信提请安全理事会成员注意并作为安理会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "米兰·米兰诺维奇(签名)", "2011年7月29日塞尔维亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "感谢你昨天在纽约同我会晤。鉴于不允许我就我们交换意见的紧迫问题在安全理事会发言，我请求将此信作为安全理事会文件分发。", "在过去四年里，西巴尔干局势突然变得更不安全、更不稳定和更加缺乏可预见性。这一后果是阿族分离主义领导人蓄意作出决定，在没有遭到挑衅的情况下下令武装入侵科索沃北部所直接造成的。必须明确谴责他们公然采取的单边主义行动。", "2011年7月25日星期一夜晚，佩戴全套防暴装备的普里什蒂纳特别行动民兵(即所谓的区域行动特别部队)被动员起来。数十辆装甲运兵车将几百名全副武装人员运送到伊巴尔河对岸。这公然违反了普里什蒂纳与欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟驻科法治团)之间的长期协定，即未经欧盟驻科法治团允许，不得在北部部署区域行动特别部队。欧盟驻科法治团依照安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议，在联合国总体领导下并在中立地位框架范围内在领土上开展活动。", "这一行动的最直接目标是占领科索沃北部与塞尔维亚其他地区之间的两个检查站，Jarinje(即1号门)和Brnjak(即31号门)。", "这种在未经允许的情况下，从科索沃南部派遣阿族准军事分子的行为，被科索沃北部的大多数居民看作是占领领土企图。", "区域行动特别部队跨越伊巴尔河后，其民兵开始立即逮捕和殴打若干名塞尔维亚当地平民。在31号门，他们强行解除主要由科索沃塞族人组成的常规警察部队的职权，将其拘留并解除其武装。作为回应，当地人设置路障，以此抵御入侵行动。他们在1号门采取同样行动，阻止民兵进入检查站。", "塞尔维亚共和国政府迅速向科索沃北部派出官方代表团，协助缓和紧张局势。他们同驻科索沃国际安全部队(驻科索沃部队)就在该省恢复法律和秩序开展谈判。到7月26日星期二上午，我们认为，驻科索沃部队指挥官、德国陆军少将埃哈德·比勒就区域行动特别部队撤出科索沃北部同普里什蒂纳达成协议。", "然而，在开始撤退后，短期占领31号门的准军事分子掉转方向，开始折回检查站。他们在抵达目的地之前，遇到Zubin Potok镇几乎所有的塞族居民。", "令人遗憾的是，随后发生的小规模冲突造成数人受伤，其中至少一人死亡。", "驻科索沃部队与阿族当局在当天晚些时候进一步商谈之后，区域行动特别部队民兵才开始离开该地区。同时，似乎在没有发生其他事件的情况下恢复了平静和原状。", "然而，7月27日星期三上午，有人用直升机将数名所谓的“科索沃海关”人员运送到1号门和31号门，这显然是驻科索沃部队所为。这不可避免地进一步加剧了紧张局势。", "此后不久，所有人的注意力被吸引到令人十分遗憾的1号门事件：一些蒙面者在那里对检查站建筑物进行纵火。", "塞尔维亚政府强烈谴责这种极端主义行为。我们已经表示，将随时准备与相关利益攸关方合作，查明犯罪人的身份和动机，确定他们在执行何人的指示。", "7月28日星期四清晨，我们获悉，贝尔格莱德和驻科索沃部队之间已达成临时协议，不准区域行动特别部队和所谓的“科索沃海关”前往1号门和31号门。", "然而，驻科索沃部队在当天晚些时候宣布，将执行普里什蒂纳分立主义当局的法律和决定。这将使驻科索沃部队不受联合国中立地位框架的约束。另一个令人不安的事态发展是，驻科索沃部队在当天宣布1号门和31号门为限制军事区，所实施的接战规则包括使用致命武力。", "与驻科索沃部队的谈判持续到今天，即7月29日，而且可能持续到周末甚至以后。我们依然相信，如果参与各方秉持诚信进行谈判，将会取得恢复原状的结果。", "科索沃省的和平与安全是安全理事会的责任。我们认为，必须在安理会发言，才能了解发生了什么事情，确定由谁对在根据第1244(1999)号决议仍然接受联合国临时行政当局管辖的领土上出现的剧烈动荡承担责任。", "如果我们当初没有受到阻止，那么塞尔维亚共和国本来会强调我们对必须恢复原状所持的坚定信念。", "我们还会着重指出，那些积极鼓励普里什蒂纳采取单边主义行为的人，也必须对该省发生的暴力和死亡事件共同承担责任。", "此外，我们坚定不移地认为，必须对那些由于区域行动特别部队的行动而破坏科索沃北部稳定的人追究责任。无论是谁下达了跨越伊巴尔河的命令，都违反了与欧盟驻科法治团的协议，因此必须承担后果。", "负责任的利益攸关方必须采取一切必要行动，确保不再发生任何单边主义行为。", "我们希望，秘书处在向安全理事会提交的下一次定期报告中全面记录区域行动特别部队的入侵行动，包括驻科索沃部队和欧盟驻科法治团所起的作用。", "联合国还必须与驻科索沃部队更加密切地合作，确保驻科索沃部队完全在安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议规定的中立地位框架范围内执行任务。必须立即停止对科索沃北部阿族分离主义者的后勤援助。", "此外，驻科索沃部队和欧盟驻科法治团必须密切监测科索沃北部的局势，随时准备对普里什蒂纳当局采取的任何其他单边主义行为作出强有力的回应。基于这一理由和其他若干理由，驻科索沃部队必须维持目前兵力，并在其负责保护的所有塞尔维亚圣址单独常驻部队。", "最后，欧洲联盟必须对普里什蒂纳明确表示，在实地采取暴力手段不会解决在布鲁塞尔谈判桌上的分歧。", "在过去几天里，在一些媒体上出现一些危险的错误看法。", "其中一种看法混淆了因果关系。区域行动特别部队的入侵是因。入侵后在实地发生的任何其他事情都是果。", "另一个谬误是，将区域行动特别部队的入侵与1号们蒙面抢劫者所实施的不能容许的极端主义行为等同起来，因为塞尔维亚既没有计划也没有准许这些人的行动。相反，区域行动特别部队的入侵是普里什蒂纳最高层所制定战略的组成部分，目的是将一个非法、为人们所坚拒的政权强加给科索沃北部居民。", "最后一种错误认识是，塞尔维亚推迟了贝尔格莱德与普里什蒂纳之间的最后一轮谈判。这是完全不正确的。我们不能对欧洲联盟协调员作出的暂停对话进程决定承担任何责任。", "我谨代表塞尔维亚共和国请求你竭尽全力，确保普里什蒂纳的单边和好战行为不会受到奖赏。为了能够向前推进，必须恢复原状，以便重启对话，并使对话再次成为唯一可以接受的消除分歧论坛。", "本函已明确表示，有充分的理由召开安全理事会紧急会议。令人遗憾的是，一些安理会成员作出了不许倾听塞尔维亚的声音的选择。虽然由你向安理会分发此信不能作为替代，但我希望，这将以有限的方式有助于克服对实现我们缓解紧张局势的共同目标构成的这一无益障碍，并有助于改善整个西巴尔干的稳定局势。", "武克·耶雷米奇(签名)", "2011年7月29日" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to forward the letter of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia, Vuk Jeremić, addressed to you (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would bring this letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council and have it circulated as a document of the Council.", "(Signed) Milan Milanović Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "29 July 2011", "Thank you for having met with me yesterday in New York. As I was not allowed to address the Security Council on the pressing issue that was the subject of our exchange of views, I would request that you circulate this letter as a document of the Security Council.", "Over the past four days, the situation in the Western Balkans has suddenly become less secure, less stable and less predictable. This is a direct consequence of the calculated decision by the ethnic-Albanian secessionist leadership to order an unprovoked armed incursion into North Kosovo. Their flagrant unilateralism must be clearly condemned.", "On Monday night, 25 July 2011, Pristina’s special operations militia, the so‑called ROSU, was mobilized and equipped in full riot gear. Dozens of armoured personnel carriers transported hundreds of heavily armed men across the River Ibar. This blatantly violated the long-standing agreement between Pristina and the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) that ROSU is not to be deployed in the North without the approval of EULEX, which operates in the territory under the overall authority and within the status-neutral framework of the United Nations, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).", "The most immediate aim of the operation was seizing the two checkpoints between North Kosovo and the rest of Serbia: Jarinje or Gate 1, and Brnjak or Gate 31.", "The unsanctioned act of sending ethnic-Albanian paramilitaries from South Kosovo was perceived by the majority population of North Kosovo as an attempt to occupy the territory.", "As ROSU crossed the River Ibar, its militiamen began to summarily arrest and beat a number of local Serb civilians. At Gate 31, they forcibly relieved the regular police unit composed mainly of Kosovo Serbs, detaining and disarming them. In response, locals put up roadblocks, as a way to defend themselves against the incursion. They did the same near Gate 1, which stopped ROSU from getting to that checkpoint.", "The Government of the Republic of Serbia swiftly sent an official delegation to North Kosovo to help bring down the tensions. They began negotiations with the International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) about restoring law and order in the province. By Tuesday morning, 26 July, the KFOR Commander, Major General Erhard Buhler of the German Army, had secured what we believed was an agreement with Pristina for ROSU to withdraw from North Kosovo.", "After an initial pullback, however, the paramilitaries that had briefly occupied Gate 31 turned around, and started heading back to the checkpoint. Before they could reach their goal, they were met by practically the entire ethnic-Serb population of the town of Zubin Potok.", "Regrettably, the resulting skirmishes led to a number of casualties, and at least one fatality.", "Only after additional discussions between KFOR and the ethnic-Albanian authorities later in the same day did the ROSU militants begin to vacate the area. At the time, it appeared that calm and the status quo ante would be restored without further incident.", "On Wednesday morning, 27 July, however, a number of so-called “Kosovo Customs” agents were transported by helicopter to Gates 1 and 31, apparently by KFOR. This inevitably raised tensions further.", "Soon thereafter, everyone’s attention was drawn to a highly regrettable incident at Gate 1, where masked individuals set fire to the checkpoint buildings.", "The Serbian Government strongly condemns this act of extremism. We have already indicated our readiness to work with relevant stakeholders to uncover the perpetrators’ identities and motives, as well as to determine whose instructions they were following.", "Early Thursday morning, on 28 July, we had understood that provisional agreements had been struck between Belgrade and KFOR to keep ROSU and the so‑called “Kosovo Customs” away from Gates 1 and 31.", "Later that day, however, KFOR announced that it would implement the laws and decisions of the secessionist authorities in Pristina. This would place KFOR outside the status-neutral framework of the United Nations. Another worrisome development was that on the same day, KFOR declared Gates 1 and 31 restricted military areas, with rules of engagement that include the use of lethal force.", "The negotiations with KFOR continued today, 29 July, and might continue into the weekend and beyond. We continue to believe that if they are conducted in good faith by all participants, the outcome will produce a return to the status quo ante.", "Peace and security in our province of Kosovo is the responsibility of the Security Council. To understand what happened, and to determine who is responsible for the dramatic drop in stability throughout the territory that remains under the interim administration of the United Nations in accordance with resolution 1244 (1999), we had felt it essential to address the Council.", "Had we not been prevented from doing so, the Republic of Serbia would have emphasized our firm belief that the status quo ante must be reinstated.", "We would also have underscored that those who keep actively encouraging Pristina’s unilateralism will have to share with them the responsibility for the violence and fatalities that may take place in the province.", "Moreover, we would have steadfastly maintained the view that those who destabilized North Kosovo through the actions of ROSU must be brought to account. Whoever gave the order to cross the River Ibar violated an agreement with EULEX — and must suffer the consequences.", "The responsible stakeholders have to do whatever is necessary to ensure that no similar unilateral acts happen again.", "We expect the Secretariat to chronicle extensively all aspects of the ROSU incursion in your next regular report to the Security Council, including the roles played by KFOR and EULEX.", "The United Nations will also have to work more closely with KFOR to make sure that it operates fully within the status-neutral framework of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). Logistical assistance to the ethnic-Albanian separatists in North Kosovo must cease immediately.", "In addition, KFOR and EULEX will have to closely monitor the situation in North Kosovo and be ready to respond forcefully to any further unilateralism by the authorities in Pristina. For this and a number of other reasons, KFOR must maintain its present troop levels, together with its exclusive static presence at all the Serbian holy sites they currently protect.", "Lastly, the European Union will have to make it very clear to Pristina that disagreements at the negotiating table in Brussels cannot be resolved using physical means on the ground.", "Several dangerous misconceptions have appeared in certain media over the past few days.", "One centres on confusing cause with effect. The ROSU incursion is the cause. Whatever else happened on the ground in its wake is the effect.", "It would also be a fallacy to equate the ROSU incursion with the unacceptable extremism of masked looters at Gate 1, whose actions were neither planned nor sanctioned by Serbia. In contrast, the ROSU incursion was an integral part of a strategy engineered at the most senior level in Pristina to forcibly impose an illegitimate and decisively unwanted regime upon the residents of North Kosovo.", "A final erroneous belief is that the last round of talks between Belgrade and Pristina were postponed by Serbia. This is simply incorrect. We can bear no responsibility for the decision made by the European Union facilitator to impose a hiatus on the dialogue process.", "On behalf of the Republic of Serbia, I respectfully ask you to do all that is in your power to make sure Pristina is not rewarded for unilateral and bellicose behaviour. To be able to move forward, the status quo ante must be restored, so that the dialogue can recommence and once more become the sole acceptable forum for overcoming disagreements.", "As this letter makes clear, ample reasons had existed for a Security Council emergency meeting to have taken place. Regretfully, a choice was made by some of its members not to allow the voice of Serbia to be heard. Although you circulating this letter to the Council is no substitute, I nevertheless hope that this will, in a small way, contribute to overcoming this unhelpful impediment to our shared goal of reducing tensions in North Kosovo and contribute to improving stability throughout the Western Balkans.", "(Signed) Vuk Jeremić" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter addressed to you by Vuk Jeremić, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council and have it circulated as a document of the Council.", "Annex", "Ambassador", "(Signed) Milan Milanović", "Permanent Representative", "Thank you for meeting with me yesterday in New York. As I am not allowed to address the Security Council on the urgent issue of our exchange of views, I request that this letter be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Over the past four years, the situation in the western Balkans has suddenly become more insecure, unstable and unpredictable. This result is a direct result of the deliberate decision of the Albanian separatist leadership to order an armed invasion of northern Kosovo without provocation. Their blatant unilateralism must be unequivocally condemned.", "On the evening of Monday, 25 July 2011, the Pristina Special Operations militia, known as the Regional Operations Special Force, wearing full riot control equipment, was mobilized. Dozens of armoured personnel carriers transported hundreds of heavily armed men across the Ibar River. This constitutes a flagrant violation of the long-standing agreement between Pristina and the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) not to deploy regional operations special units in the north without EULEX permission. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1244 (1999), EULEX operates in the Territory under the overall authority of the United Nations and within the status-neutral framework.", "The most direct objective of the operation was the occupation of two checkpoints between northern Kosovo and the rest of Serbia, Jarinje (i.e. Gate 1) and Brnjak (i.e. Gate 31).", "This unauthorized act of sending ethnic Albanian paramilitaries from southern Kosovo is seen by the majority of the population in northern Kosovo as an attempt to occupy territory.", "Following the crossing of the Ibar River by the Special Unit for Regional Operations, its militia began immediately to arrest and beat several local Serbian civilians. At Gate 31, they forcibly removed, detained and disarmed the regular police force, consisting mainly of Kosovo Serbs. In response, locals set up roadblocks to resist incursions. They did the same at Gate 1, preventing the militia from entering the checkpoint.", "The Government of the Republic of Serbia promptly sent an official delegation to northern Kosovo to help ease tensions. They negotiated with the International Security Force in Kosovo (KFOR) on the restoration of law and order in the province. By Tuesday morning, 26 July, we believe that the Commander of the Kosovo Force, Major General Ehad Beller of the German Army, reached an agreement with Pristina on the withdrawal of the Special Force for Regional Operations from northern Kosovo.", "However, following the start of the withdrawal, the paramilitaries occupying Gate 31 for a short period turned around and began to turn back to the checkpoint. Before arriving at their destination, they met almost all Serb residents of the town of Zubin Potok.", "Regrettably, the ensuing small-scale clashes resulted in several injuries, at least one of which died.", "After further discussions between KFOR and the Albanian authorities later the same day, the Regional Operation Special Force militia began to leave the area. At the same time, calm and the status quo ante appear to have been restored in the absence of other incidents.", "However, on the morning of Wednesday, 27 July, several so-called “Kosovo Customs” personnel were transported by helicopter to gates 1 and 31, apparently by KFOR. This inevitably further increases tensions.", "Shortly thereafter, the attention of all was drawn to the very regrettable incident of Gate 1 where masked individuals set fire to the checkpoint building.", "The Government of Serbia strongly condemns such extremist acts. We have indicated our readiness to work with relevant stakeholders to identify the perpetrators and their motives and to determine who they are implementing the instructions.", "In the early morning hours of Thursday, 28 July, we were informed that an interim agreement had been reached between Belgrade and the Kosovo Force to deny access to gates 1 and 31 to the Special Regional Operation Force and the so-called “Kosovo Customs”.", "However, the Kosovo Force announced later that day that it would implement the laws and decisions of the separate authorities in Pristina. This would exempt KFOR from the status-neutral status framework of the United Nations. Another disturbing development was the announcement by KFOR on the same day that gates 1 and 31 were restricted military areas and that the rules of engagement applied included the use of lethal force.", "Negotiations with the Kosovo Force continued today, 29 July, and may continue until the weekend or even beyond. We remain convinced that a return to the status quo ante will be achieved if the parties involved negotiate in good faith.", "Peace and security in Kosovo province are the responsibility of the Security Council. We believe that it is important to speak before the Council to understand what has happened and to determine who is responsible for the dramatic upheavals that have occurred in the territories still under the jurisdiction of the United Nations interim administration under resolution 1244 (1999).", "If we had not been prevented, then the Republic of Serbia would have emphasized our firm belief in the need for restitution.", "We would also like to stress that those who actively encourage unilateralism in Pristina must also share responsibility for the violence and deaths in the province.", "Furthermore, we firmly believe that those who destabilize northern Kosovo as a result of the operations of the Regional Operation Special Force must be held accountable. Whoever ordered the crossing of the Ibar River violated the agreement with EULEX and must bear the consequences.", "Responsible stakeholders must take all necessary action to ensure that no unilateral acts were repeated.", "We hope that in its next periodic report to the Security Council, the Secretariat will fully document the incursions of the Special Forces for Regional Operations, including the role of KFOR and EULEX.", "The United Nations must also work more closely with the Kosovo Force to ensure that it carries out its mandate fully within the status-neutral framework established by Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). Logistical assistance to ethnic Albanian separatists in northern Kosovo must cease immediately.", "In addition, KFOR and EULEX must closely monitor the situation in northern Kosovo and stand ready to respond robustly to any other unilateral action by the authorities in Pristina. For this reason, and for a number of other reasons, the Kosovo Force must maintain its current strength and maintain a separate permanent presence at all Serbian holy sites under its protection.", "Finally, the European Union must make it clear to Pristina that violent means on the ground will not resolve differences at the negotiating table in Brussels.", "In the past few days, dangerous misconceptions have emerged in some media.", "One of those views confused causation. The invasion of the Special Regional Operations Force was the cause. Anything else that happened on the ground after the invasion was the result.", "Another fallacy is to equate the incursions of the Special Forces for Regional Operations with the unacceptable acts of extremism perpetrated by the masked robbers of No. 1, for Serbia neither planned nor authorized their actions. On the contrary, the incursion of the Special Forces for Regional Operations is part of the strategy developed at the highest level in Pristina to impose an illegal and rejected regime on the inhabitants of northern Kosovo.", "The last misconception is that Serbia postponed the final round of negotiations between Belgrade and Pristina. That's totally incorrect. We cannot bear any responsibility for the decision taken by the European Union Coordinator to suspend the dialogue process.", "On behalf of the Republic of Serbia, I would like to request that you do your utmost to ensure that Pristina is not rewarded for its unilateral and bellicose acts. In order to be able to move forward, it is necessary to return to the status quo ante in order to restart the dialogue and once again make it the only acceptable forum for overcoming differences.", "The present letter makes it clear that there are good reasons for convening an emergency meeting of the Security Council. Regrettably, some Council members made the choice not to listen to Serbia. While your circulation of this letter to the Council cannot be a substitute, I hope that it will help, in a limited manner, to overcome this unhelpful obstacle to achieving our common goal of reducing tension and to improve stability throughout the western Balkans.", "(Signed) Vuk Jeremić", "29 July 2011" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21(a)", "全球化和相互依存：联合国在全球化 和相互依存的背景下促进发展的作用", "全球化和相互依存：以持续、包容和公平的经济增长推动公平和更加公正的普惠全球化，包括创造就业", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是依照大会第65/168号决议编写的。它审查了全球金融和经济危机爆发后的全球化情况。它论及经济增长和如何在全球化更广阔的背景下促使增长更加具有持续性，包容性和更加公平的政策。本报告把这些事项同充分就业和体面工作的目标联系起来，并研究如何在全球化更广阔的背景下促进持续、包容和公平的经济增长和创造就业机会，特别是为所有人实现一个更加公平和平等的全球化。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 多年来，人们以各种不同方式界定全球化。一般来说，它涉及经济一体化，就是政策的跨界转移和知识的传播。经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)把全球化定义为“通过商品和服务贸易、资本跨境流动和技术交流，增加市场和生产在不同国家之间的相互依存关系”的现象。[1] 国际货币基金组织(货币基金组织)采用类似的定义：“全球化是指：通过商品和劳务跨境交易和国际资本流动的数量和种类日益增多以及通过技术更快速和广泛的扩散，使世界各国经济上的相互依存关系日益加强”。[2]", "2. 按照商品和劳务，包括资金的流动量计算，全球化在最近几十年日益深化。在信息和通信新技术，以及技术总体进展的推动下，通讯日益密切，同时进一步加深了这些经济趋势。尽管这种情况带来了许多新机会和效益，随之造成的更紧密的相互依存关系使得各国及其人民更容易遭受外部冲击和经济失去稳定。各国国内和各国之间的不平等也伴随着全球化日益升高。", "3. 尤其重要的是金融全球化，逐步解除对资本跨境流动的管制，经常还伴随着国内金融部门放松管制。这样做使得国内金融体系同国际金融市场和机构融合成一体。金融全球化本应使资本从发达国家流向发展中国家(从“资本雄厚”的国家流向“资本贫乏”的国家)，降低资金成本，同时增加较低廉信贷的供应，并降低金融体系的不稳定性和波动。", "4. 然而，过去二十多年的经验却使得人们对金融全球化号称的效益深感疑虑。因为世人看到的是：资本从发展中国家净流入发达国家，金融危机日益频繁，幅度增强，而资金成本下降并不能明确归功于金融全球化。斯堪的纳维亚半岛在1990年代早期，亚洲和俄罗斯联邦在1994-1998年，巴西在1999年，厄瓜多尔在2000年，阿根廷和土耳其在2001年和乌拉圭在2002年先后爆发危机，都和金融全球化有关联。更加极端的繁荣——萧条周期大幅度降低了早先的收入增长，金融危机加剧了贫困。[3]", "5. 最近发生的全球金融和经济危机和衰退，导致全球经济增长大幅下降，也可以归咎于金融全球化。经济不景气通过贸易下降和资金反向流动，从震央迅速向外围蔓延，体现在失业和贫困加剧，戏剧性地提醒人们，全球化促进经济一体化，却使得脆弱性放大。", "6. 因此，可持续地实现高速度经济增长本身并不容易，全球化却使其更具挑战性。可持续高速度增长的政策基础应当建立一个促进高水平投资和创造就业，促进社会保护、包容性和平等的环境。同样重要的是，有利于发展中国家增长的有利的国际环境。", "7. 依照大会第65/168号决议，本报告论及下列问题：从最近历史的眼光看全球的金融和经济危机；全球化的发展，特别是2008-2009年经济危机以后；在全球化背景下持续、包容和公平的经济增长；创造就业和体面工作；和迈向人人获益、更公平和更平等的全球化而应采取的行动和政策。报告结尾列出一些建议。", "二. 从最近历史的角度看全球金融和经济危机", "8. 2008-2009年期间，世界遭遇了1930年代大萧条以来最严重的金融和经济危机。危机发生时，世界，特别是发展中国家，正陷于食品和能源价格大幅上升的阴影下。尽管由于各大国同时采取前所未见、高度协调的经济刺激措施，从而避免了更深层次和更加持续的全球经济衰退，但是一些国家还在应对其后遗症。", "9. 虽然非常精确地计量金融危机对实现千年发展目标和对许多社会成果所生的全面影响，还为时过早，危机几乎肯定会导致发达国家失业率上升和发展中国家的就业状况更加恶化的结果。2007年至2009年年底，由于全球危机，全世界各地至少损失了3 000万个就业机会，导致2009年估计有2.12亿人失业，比2007年1.78亿人失业大为升高。2008年和2009年之间，就业情况岌岌可危的人数增加了1.10亿人，使得总人数从15亿人增加到16亿人。有工作的穷人，也就是收入低于国际贫穷线(每天1.25美元)的人，人数也急剧上升。在大多数国家，青年失业率也大幅度上升，同时在世界上大多数地区，工作不稳定绝对是越来越严重。[4]", "10. 过去三十年来，金融危机的频率和严重程度似乎更加恶化，而发生之前，经常有大量资金流动、商品价格上涨和利率上升等现象。[5] 平均而言，产出需要两年，就业需要4.8年才能恢复到危机前的水平。发达国家目前面临的“未创造就业机会的”的复苏，在近代商业周期历史上也并不少见。然而，在发达国家，就业恢复到衰退前的水平，所需的时间已变得越来越长。", "11. 这种不稳定看来与私人资本流的移动大有关系。第二次世界大战以来，历史见证了三次私人资本流向发展中国家和新兴经济体的经济繁荣——萧条周期，同时发展遭受严重挫折，而在增长期间交替出现长时间的波动和停滞。第一个“繁荣——萧条周期在1970年代末期开始，以1980年代初债务危机结束，主要在拉丁美洲。第二个繁荣期在1990年代初期开始，随后在东南亚，拉丁美洲和其他地区发生了一系列国际收支平衡危机和债务危机。第三个周期起始于新千年的最初几年，随着金融危机在2008年下半年结束。", "12. 1980年代初的债务危机爆发之后，有人向发展中国家提出了由紧缩的宏观经济政策，私有化，迅速自由化和放松管制组合构成的所谓“华盛顿共识”，作为一个放之四海而皆准的政策基础，以便在此基础上建立健康的经济和投资环境。主张私有化和财政纪律，同时削减政府资助的社会福利计划。但是，宏观经济的改善并没有导致持续的高速经济增长。经济自由化和财政整顿计划的蔓延反而导致发展中国家的政策空间明显萎缩。这使得它们更加没有能力控制私人资本流的迅速逆向流动，导致数额可观的资金在很短的时间内从该国撤出，它们也难以抵抗从而引起的金融动荡和经济收缩，和实施反周期的财政和宏观经济政策。放松管制的金融全球化加上私人资本的顺周期流动性质提高了金融危机的风险，这是许多新兴市场经济体1990年代和2000年代的经历。[6]", "13. 自从2000年发表《联合国千年宣言》以后，虽然各国更加重视有效的社会政策和运转良好的机构来克服普遍的贫穷，确保提供适当的医疗保健和教育，和处理社会排斥问题，但1990年代晚期以来，世界各地都采取了进一步措施，继续金融部门自由化的步伐。尽管可以从金融自由化得到一些好处，发展中国家看到，从资产泡沫、承担过高风险、金融失衡和私人资本迅速撤离所造成的宏观经济不稳定和金融动荡，引起了相关的巨大风险。日益全球化的世界还不能解决金融动荡、经济不稳定和繁荣——萧条周期等问题，这些问题同私人资本流动不受限制以及经常性金融危机的负面影响大有关系。", "三. 全球化正在出现的新发展[7]", "14. 在全球金融和经济危机当前的余波中，一个关键问题是：与金融危机前相比，全球化的趋势是否将保持不动或有所改变，这些趋势将是短暂的，长期的，或者是会比危机前更为加强。虽然对危机后趋势的性质作出任何明确结论还为时尚早，但对正在出现的一些新发展进行初步审查将是有益的。", "经济增长", "15. 2008-2009年全球经济迅速衰退，严重扰乱了全球的经济增长，并且对实现千年发展目标方面已取得的进展造成了重大挫折。就全球产量的年均增长率而言，从2006-2007年期间大约4%下降到2008年的1.6%，2009年产量增长速度甚至进一步减少2%，95个国家的人均收入有所下降。", "16. 世界经济复苏不均衡，主要由发展中国家和新兴经济体带动，但由于最发达国家仍在挣扎，反弹相当缓慢。这种缓慢的复苏很可能会继续下去，随着各国在私人需求复苏之前转向财政紧缩政策，还有双底衰退的风险。若干欧洲国家正在发生的债务危机也造成不确定性。在许多发达经济体，产量增长疲软，迄今为止，它们已经历了“未创造就业机会的复苏”：按照当前的增长率，可能需要四五年，就业才能恢复危机前的水平。", "17. 过去几十年新兴经济体的迅速崛起引起了转变，全球经济增长中心现在在发达国家和发展中经济体都有分布。当前的危机后复苏和扩张，仍是由亚洲和拉丁美洲大型新兴经济体，特别是巴西，中国和印度引领。但是，这些经济体的增长前景面临各种挑战：不断上升的通货膨胀幽灵，这主要是由于粮食和能源价格上涨，正在出现的国内资产价格泡沫可归因于资本迅速流入和相关的汇率上升压力。", "18. 最不发达国家和其他结构薄弱经济体的各种成员，包括内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家，在国际贸易复苏和商品价格反弹的带动下，经济活动业已恢复。与新兴经济体日益增加的贸易和经济联系，是促成它们经济持续复苏的一部分驱动力量。然而，最不发达国家当前录得的经济增长率仍低于危机前水平，在许多国家，仍未达到足以减少失业和贫困所需的水平。", "收入贫穷", "19. 过去几十年，在减少贫困方面取得了重大进展。最近发生危机之前，全球贫困发生率自1990年以来已下降40%。经济危机使得这种前景大为改观：根据联合国估计，由于危机发生而陷入，或依然被困在赤贫深渊的人增加了4 700万到8 400万之多。货币基金组织和世界银行联合编写的《2010年全球监测报告》估计，单单是因为经济危机，到2010年，另外还会有6 400万人陷入赤贫深渊。该报告还估计，由于2008-2009年经济衰退，到2015年，能够脱离贫困的人，数目将会减少5 300万，不过，全球千年发展目标的减贫目标(贫困率减半)仍然能实现。", "20. 虽然主要是由于中国迅速取得进展，全球各地的减贫情况仍在改善，但在区域一级，趋势也有差异。撒哈拉以南非洲，西亚和高加索和中亚地区各国，预期将无法达到千年发展目标的减贫目标。撒哈拉以南非洲的贫困率最高。", "就业", "21. 2010年，失业人数高达2.05亿，与去年同期相比，基本保持不变，但比2007年增加2 760万人，要使这一数字在不久的将来恢复到危机前水平，希望不大。2010年，全球失业率为6.2%，而2009年则为6.3%，但仍远高于2007年的5.6%。不管在发达区域还是发展中区域，青年人(15至24岁)失业和就业不足(表现在工作时间缩短或者被迫打零工的形式)比率非常高。2009年年底，估计有8 100万失业青年，而全球青年失业率高达13.0%。在一些国家，青年失业率已达到惊人的高度。", "22. 2009年，就业处境岌岌可危的工人人数估计高达15.3亿人，1999年以来增加了超过1.46亿人。这种工人的定义是：自营工作者和无酬家庭工作者的总和。就业处境脆弱的工人所占的份额，以下列地区最高：南亚(2009年占就业总人数的78.5%)，撒哈拉以南非洲(75.8%)和东南亚及太平洋地区(61.8%)。在所有地区，就业处境岌岌可危的工人中，妇女比例超过男子。", "23. 2007年以来，在大多数发达国家，长期失业者的比例显著增高。经济经历持续的高失业率，同时产量疲弱回升，可能会长期陷入增长低于潜力的时期。增长和长期就业持续偏低的期间越长，周期性失业转变成结构性失业的风险也就越高，进一步削弱较长期的增长潜力。", "不平等", "24. 按许多方式计量，世界上的不平等现象十分严重，并且还在恶化。尽管金融危机后的数据尚无处可查，各国间人均收入不平等的现象在危机发生之前已在稳步上升。各国最富有和最贫困的群体之间，差距已大幅拉开。虽然有些发展中国家和新兴经济体的增长速度远远超过最富有的国家，一般来说，按平均收入计算，国家之间的不平等现象仍继续扩大。在全球一级，截至2007年，世界人口的80%仅赚取世界收入的30%，而70%收入落入其余20%人的口袋。世界上最富有的6 100万人(占世界人口的1%)赚取的总收入，同最贫困的35亿人(占世界人口的56%)数额相同。[8]", "25. 在发达国家以及发展中国家内，富有和贫困工人之间的差距也越来越大。根据经济合作与发展组织最近的一项研究，在几乎所有经合组织成员国内，收入不平等现象益形严重。在大多数国家，收入最高的10%，其家庭收入比最贫穷的10%增加更快，导致收入不平等扩大，从1980年代中期到2000年代末期，基尼系数增高10%。[9] 最富有的10%人口，其平均收入是最贫穷10%人口的大约九倍。", "26. 在大多数国家，基于性别、种族和地理因素的大幅度不平等现象，仍在持续。在发展中国家，最贫穷家庭和农村地区的儿童比较最富裕家庭或城镇儿童有更高的机会体重过轻。在某些最不发达国家，最贫困家庭的儿童进入小学就读的可能性要比最富裕家庭的儿童低三倍。全球而言，女孩的辍学率远远高于男孩。", "国际贸易", "27. 2010年，世界商品和服务贸易额扩大将近12%，超出原先的估计，意味着在2009年急剧下降11%之后已见强劲反弹。到2010年年底，世界商品出口的数量已完全恢复到危机前的高峰，虽然它仍然显著低于其长期趋势。2011年和2012年，世界贸易增长率预期将会放缓至7%左右。保护主义抬头是危机之后最令人担心的变动，这种情况并没有出现。发展中国家，诸如印度和中国，以拉动全球贸易增长的主要发动机的姿态出现，以及发展中国家之间的贸易和经济联系加强，是贸易格局的重大变化。新兴经济体也成为促成资金流动和技术交流的新来源。", "28. 尽管出现了这些可喜的趋势，许多发展中国家仍不能适当融入全球贸易体系，或者从扩大贸易中获得好处。它们依赖少数几种初级产品出口，获得融资、技术和专门知识的能力薄弱以及全球政策框架不均衡，这些都构成了重大的障碍。国际经验显示，发展中国家依赖初级商品出口，同出口结构更加多元化或出口制成品的国家比较，面对的贸易冲击会严重得多，后者遭受贸易条件的冲击轻微得多，从而比较不容易受到经济波动的打击。", "资金流动：外国直接投资，官方发展援助和汇款", "29. 在2007年达到1.2万亿美元的高峰数值后，私人资本净流入的数额在2008年减少了一半，2009年持续下跌，减至约3 500亿美元。降幅最巨的是，新兴经济体的国际银行贷款，从2007年净流入总额4 000亿美元逆转成2009年净流出超过800亿美元。私人资本净流入新兴经济体于2010年开始恢复。展望2011年剩余的时间和2012年的前景，产量增长和回报率较高将继续吸引更多资本流入新兴经济体。新兴市场的决策者们也越来越关注由于大量资本流入，以货币升值和资产泡沫膨胀为形式而出现的影响。许多新兴经济体政府干预货币市场，并试图通过各种控制措施来缓和资本流动的激烈波动。", "30. 2004年至2010年之间，按实值计算，官方发展援助增加了37%。2010年发放了总共1 287亿美元(按当年价格计算)，占经合组织发展援助委员会成员国民收入总值的0.32%，比1998年的640亿美元有所增加。尽管出现了这些令人鼓舞的长期趋势，在短期内，全球金融和经济危机已对国家财政带来打击，也从而影响分配给发展援助的份额。由于许多捐助国政府改为采取财政紧缩措施，援助预算受到压力。根据《2011年联合国世界经济形势与展望》估计，发达国家脆弱的经济复苏和可能发生双底衰退的威胁，给未来的官方发展援助数额带来相当大的不确定性，同时援助交付量并未落实捐助社会作出的承诺。根据发展援助委员会的初步数据显示，2010年，官方发展援助流量比捐助者在2005年格伦伊格尔斯八国集团首脑会议上作出的承诺短少大约180亿美元(按2004年的美元价值和增长调整)。非洲只得到额外拨款110亿美元(2004年价格计算)，未实现2005年作出的承诺，即官方发展援助净额增加250亿美元。", "31. 全球国际移民人数增多，从1990年的1.56亿，升至2010年的2.14亿。汇款有助于减少贫困，改善留在当地家庭成员的健康和教育。总体而言，汇款减少6.1%，从2008年的3 360亿美元减至2009年的3 150亿美元。然而，在当前的危机情况下，事实证明，汇款要比私人资本流动更加具有坚韧性，虽然拉丁美洲和中亚某些国家比其他国家受到较为严重的影响。2010年，流入发展中国家的汇款估计为3 250亿美元。", "减免债务", "32. 在全球经济复苏的协助下，发展中国家作为一个群体，其外债负担在2010年下降到占国内生产总值的22%，比前一年的24%已见减少。在重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的帮助下，向低收入国家提供的债务减免，有助于大幅减少其债务负担。", "33. 但是，中等收入国家，特别是小岛屿发展中国家，并未得到多少减免。如果要抵消危机对这些国家经济的负面影响，减少这些国家的资源外流是至关重要的。2008年，从低收入国家流向多边贷款机构和双边债权人(本金和利息付款)的金额高达60亿美元。[10] 联合国开发计划署的估计表明，在26个低收入和中等收入国家，就直到2008年12月已签约的长期债务而言，取消向官方债权人支付的还本付息还款，平均每年可释放大约28亿美元，直到2014年。[11]", "发达经济体的债务困扰", "34. 发达经济体的公共债务还在上升，这种趋势仍然引起严重关注。发达经济体的平均公共债务比率已超过其2011年国内生产总值的100%，引发了几个国家的主权债务评级进一步调降。作为反应，许多国家作出整顿财政的承诺，但目前尚不清楚，这样做是否足以避免债务危机。如果财政整顿的承诺不足以说服人们，相信公共债务必然会减少，金融市场利率无论如何就会升高，增加违约风险。但是，如果紧缩措施过于激烈，并在经济复苏期间过早采用，经济增长和就业可能会受到打击，仍然脆弱的银行业可能进一步削弱，从而也增加违约风险。", "粮食安全", "35. 粮食安全同粮食价格和粮食价格波动密切相关。贫穷消费者受到高昂价格的严重影响，因为食品在最贫困家庭的总预算中占相当大的份额。2006年以来，食品价格激烈波动。价格在2006年和2007年大幅上涨，有些食品的价格在2007年下半年和另外一些食品的价格在2008年上半年达到顶峰。就某些产品而言，从2005年的平均价格到顶峰价格之间，增加幅度高达百分之几百。价格在2008年下半年大幅下跌，虽然在几乎所有情况下，价格仍高于开始涨价之前的水平。某些食品价格的大幅上涨在2010年再度出现，到2011年初，联合国粮食和农业组织的粮食价格指数再次触及2008年危机的高峰数值。", "36. 2007-2008年价格波动的影响之一是，它给贫民引起了严重困难，并且是全世界饥饿人口估计数从2007年8.2亿人增加到2009年超过10亿的主要因素，不过目前已下降到约9亿人。这点轻微的改善，现在正因为食品价格再度暴涨而受到威胁。国家或国际对危机作出的应对，都无法充分解决粮食安全问题。", "环境和气候变化", "37. 全球环境的变化不受国家边界的限制，也是全球化最严峻的挑战之一。在人口已接近70亿，到2050年还将超过90亿人，正在全球化的世界上，当务之急是要开辟一条全球可持续发展的道路，包括基础广泛的经济增长，消除贫穷，同时也认识到，有必要大幅度降低能源和资源密集的程度。", "38. 2012年将在巴西里约热内卢举行联合国可持续发展会议。会议的两大主题之一将是：在可持续发展和消除贫困的背景下，实现绿色经济。需要集体作出努力，为了向更加绿化的全球经济推进而实现技术改造，创造绿色就业机会，包括实现全面的全球能源过渡，减少不可再生能源的使用量。目前，90%的能源是通过利用化石燃料的技术生产的，造成大约60%的二氧化碳排放量。", "39. 过去几十年，与气候相关的灾害风险显着加剧。过去40年中，旱灾，水灾和风暴的频率增加了五个倍数，从1970年代平均每年发生69次自然灾害增加到2000年平均350次。特别是在发展中国家，自然灾害造成巨大的经济和社会成本，影响它们实现千年发展目标，包括目标7，更多人离开灾害易发区移居城市地区的能力。结果是，贫民窟居民的人数将继续增长。据估计，现在有8.28亿人生活在城市贫民窟，而1990年和2000年的人数分别为6.57亿和7.67亿人。", "信息和通信技术", "40. 信息和通信技术是全球化的强烈促进因素。尽管经济不景气，全球信息和通信技术部门仍在持续增长，在很大程度上这是由于它在新兴市场继续增长所致。发达国家和发展中国家互联网接入和宽带普及率之间的巨大差距说明，必须确保发展中国家不会被数字信息社会排除在外。发达国家内移动宽带服务的平均渗透率要比发展中国家高出10倍，发展中国家内固定电话线路的数量有限也制约了固定(有线)宽带接入的部署。举例来说，非洲的普及率不到1%，显示在该地区增加高速上网接入所持续面对的挑战。就负担能力而言，发达国家人民收入中花费在信息和通信技术服务的份额(1.5%)要比发展中国家人民(17.5%)低得多。[12]", "四. 持续、包容和公平的经济增长和创造就业机会", "41. 经济增长是促进发展，包括实现千年发展目标的必要条件。不断取得积极的经济增长是一个挑战，但在迅速全球化的世界上，对发展中国家来说特别难以做到，这是因为全球化的好处和成本分布不均，和国际经济环境中金融动荡和经济不稳定经常发生。", "A. 持续的经济增长", "42. 经济的持续增长可以理解为：经济在相当长的时期内强劲增长。事实显示，如果获得的好处可在整个社会中公平和公正地分享，持续的经济增长是减少贫困最有效的手段。较为多样化的经济往往较不容易受到外部冲击，可在一段时期内持续较快的增长和把收入更广泛地发放给全体人民。", "43. 东亚地区各国——中国、日本、大韩民国和新加坡——在实现持续增长导致快速减贫方面，做得特别成功。1980年代以来，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚、泰国、越南和其他东南亚经济体，也看到类似的情况，贫穷急剧减少。可持续增长还使得各国能够为实现其他千年发展目标而开展投资。", "44. 东亚国家一直通过促进结构变化的下列政策，支助经济增长：通过土地改革缓解不平等和提高农业生产率；支持工业发展；向人力资本和基础设施投资；推行积极的贸易政策，包括促进出口和选择性的贸易保护和支持技术能力的发展，同时使公司逐渐暴露在全球竞争之中。", "45. 已成功实现持续增长的国家中，大多数都采用非正统的政策，反映其本国国情。它们也有共同的能力，在跨越不同领域的经济和社会政策之间，实现相当高度的连贯一致性，一般都能通过结构转型，促成经济增长广泛立足于跨部门的基础之上。", "46. 然而，并没有一概通用的解决方案。国家的具体情况和初始条件各不相同，过去的经验已经表明，存在许多途径，可以克服持续增长和发展的障碍。适用于某一个国家的办法可能对另一个国家毫无用处。了解制约一个国家经济增长的特殊因素是至关重要的。", "47. 虽然跨国家的经验指出经济强劲增长国家一些一般性的共同特点，特定国家的国情决定，可能会阻碍这些特点的独特方式。了解阻碍国家经济增长的障碍，如何为行得通的改革排定优先顺序，取决于独特的国家背景。国家发展战略必须进行调整以适应本国的具体情况，如何为促进增长的改革排定优先顺序是一项重大挑战。发展中国家不妨考虑，找到禀赋结构类似，但收入较高的其他国家，以便确定哪些行业或部门触发增长。不妨把经验教训加以应用或调整后使其配合某一个国家的独特国情和复制适当的发展战略。", "B. 包容和公平的经济增长", "48. 持续的经济增长本身不足以确保经济增长的利益会在全体公民之间适当分享：要做到这一点，经济增长还需要具有包容性和平等。增长与发展委员会的调查结果表明，包容性——定义为包括公平，在市场和就业过渡方面得到平等的机会和保护——在任何成功的增长战略中都是重要的组成部分。[13]", "49. 包容性的经济增长意味着其效益惠及低收入群体，特别是那些赚取最低收入的人；贫乏的经济部门；机会被剥夺的社会群体和人民，包括种族或宗教上的少数群体和被边缘化的地理区域。因此，具有包容性的增长，应加强公平和平等，包括更高度的收入平等。", "50. 更具包容性和公平的经济增长对减少贫困和实现千年发展目标尤为重要。它有利于在实现千年发展目标方面加快取得进展，增加贫困家庭的收入可以转化为有能力负担教育经费，更好的食物和营养，获得干净的饮用水和改善住房。它也可以缓解社会紧张局势，后者是政治不稳定的根源和投资的障碍。有人发现，在许多国家，公平是引起民间冲突和武装冲突的重要因素，这种冲突随后导致增长崩溃和发展成果重大逆转。", "51. 在许多国家，经济增长往往集中出现在对那些已获较高收入者有利的行业，而那些缺乏资源，或被市场机会排斥的穷人则陷入一个自我持续的过程，使得减少贫困和不平等成为艰难的挑战。在一般情况下，不平等程度较高的国家需要更迅速地增长，或需要更长的时间，才能同那些不平等程度较低的国家，实现相同程度的减贫成果。金融和经济危机之前的趋势表明，一个典型的中低收入发展中国家，需要更快速的经济增长才能达到与二十年前相同的减贫速度。为了加速减贫，经济增长必须伴随着收入，资产和机会更平等地分配。", "52. 物质和人力资源的公平分配是更广泛地分享经济增长的基础。在许多国家经济起飞之始，土地和农业改革是更公平分配土地和农业生产机会的核心措施。促进包容性的社会政策，如普及教育和保健，也将人类发展的改善广为传播。", "53. 致力降低收入不平等的国家当中，一个最近的例子来自拉丁美洲。2003- 2008年期间，经济发展的特点不仅是经济持续增长，还有一种轻微但明显的趋势：收入集中程度逐渐降低。这一地区的几个国家录得，基尼系数跌幅超过10%。[14] 虽然拉丁美洲收入不均的程度仍居世界最高之列，近年来的良好势头表明，收入分配是可以改善的。", "54. 收入分配方面的可喜趋势主要牵连到：劳动力市场的动态和收入向家庭转移，以及在较小的程度上向各种人口变量转移，从而导致依赖率降低的现象。就业增长快于劳动力的供给，特别是正式、高品质和全职工作，同时按比例而言，每小时工资上升对低收入家庭的好处更大，从而导致每名工人平均收入的差距缩小。另一个积极因素是家庭转移，在整个地区人均收入差距减少幅度当中，这个收入来源的变化大约占五分之一。在争取平等的道路上，约制未来进展的因素包括：目前在获得教育的机会方面不平等和继续存在的代际传承的不平等。", "C. 在全球化背景下创造就业和体面工作", "55. 创造生产性就业机会和体面工作是持续、包容和公平增长的组成部分。它主要是通过提高就业水平和就业机会，增加工资和更好的工作条件，使得经济持续增长的好处更加具有包容性和公平，并转变成更多人得到更高收入和更美好的生活水平。", "56. 全球化同时给劳动力市场政策和创造就业机会带来了机遇和挑战。虽然就业机会可以通过增加国际贸易，外国直接投资和国际移徙获得改善，就业前景和标准也面对了下列挑战：农村人口向城市迁移加速，技术快速变革和为了吸引外国投资和增强国际竞争力而降低劳工标准。", "57. 目前，最大的挑战是：在全球金融和经济危机的余波下应对就业形势。如前所述，经济危机已经演变成全球性职业危机，涉及广泛的就业损失，发达国家内失业率上升和压低工资，以及发展中国家就业不足，非正规经济膨胀，就业情况岌岌可危和有工作的穷人人数日益增加。", "58. 在大多数国家，甚至在当前危机发生之前，劳动力市场本来就已低迷不振。虽然全球经济正在复苏，就业滞后于其他指标，获得全时、生产性和体面工作的机会仍然有限。在经历未创造就业机会的经济增长的发达国家内，高失业率继续影响到许多工人。在许多发展中国家，虽然总就业已恢复危机前的水平，有工作的穷人和就业情况岌岌可危的几类工作，例如非正式就业和不稳定就业的就业人数一直在增加。", "59. 高失业率和就业不足的情况长期持续，就会给劳工标准带来巨大风险，包括压低工资，特别是当劳工法鼓励劳动力市场保持灵活性的情况下。这些风险随着劳动力市场自由化而升高，自由化使得对劳工的保护，诸如最低工资或工会，效力减小或根本被取消。经济情况不好，工人的处境就比较危险，公司有权减薪或裁员以降低成本，劳动力市场保持灵活性就变成工人失去保障，特别是在缺乏适当社会保障的情况下。特别是受歧视和工作选择更少的群体，例如妇女、少数民族、移民、残疾人和老年工人就面对了更大的风险，可能被困在国际劳工组织称之为“肮脏，危险和贬低人格”的工作之中。这就突显出保障就业和改善受歧视群体工作条件的劳动力市场机构的重要性，以及切实需要在评估就业趋势时衡量就业质量。", "60. 在短期内、恢复期间和长期中，为了使经济增长更加包容和公平，推动创造就业机会和体面工作，比以往任何时候都更为重要。在这方面，全球就业契约确认，迫切需要减少长期失业和非正式工作越来越多的风险，这种趋势是难以扭转。该契约将充分和生产性就业和体面工作，置于危机应对措施的核心，暗示各种各样可选用的的政策反应，包括反周期宏观经济政策措施的建议、限制和避免职业消失、协助求职人士、为开发工人的技能作出投资，以提高就业能力，确保为微型，小型和中小型企业创造有利的环境，以及有利于创造就业机会的监管环境。", "61. 将创造就业机会和体面工作联系在一起，为创造一个包容和公平的可持续经济增长而进行改革，也需要私营部门作出资本投资和提高工人的生产力。这就需要把创造就业机会和体面工作作为一项优先政策，同时创造一个有利于私营部门投资和发展的环境。这样做涉及多个元素，包括投资于教育，卫生和技能，提高工人的就业能力；政治稳定；宏观经济稳定(意味着通过反周期政策缓和商业周期)；健全高效的金融体系，基础设施发展和务实和有利于发展的管理，包括健全的法律和监管制度和管制腐败的措施。", "五. 为所有人创造更加公正和公平的全球化", "62. 为所有人创造更加公正和公平的全球化意味着实现其潜在效益，使它们更具包容性和对所有个人和国家更加公平，同时最大限度地尽量减少其可观的成本，风险和全球化带来的脆弱性。这在国家和国际各级都会产生影响。", "A. 国家一级", "63. 在国家一级，公正和更公平的的全球化意味着改善尤其是穷人的居住条件和标准，和促进创造更多机会和平等。通过其国家发展战略，各国政府应实施政策，优先考虑持续，包容和公平增长，创造就业和体面工作。国际社会应通过建立一个大力支持的国际有利环境，积极支持它们致力这项工作。", "64. 在实现持续、公平和包容性增长方面比较成功的国家，都有一项共同特点：其整个经济和社会政策都有较高的连贯一致性。国家发展战略必须追求这项目标，配合本国的具体情况量身定制，考虑全球经济的制约和建设对抗经济冲击的保障。然而，特别是在贸易和金融领域，全球规则的制定限制了推行国家发展政策的政策空间。因此，在国家的舞台上作出决策和全球经济治理之间将需要更大的一致性。", "65. 另一个关键因素是：支持经济增长、创造就业机会和促进经济多样化，以及加强国家政策执行能力的宏观经济框架。虽然一个稳定的宏观经济环境是强劲增长所必不可少的，但是由于种种原因，许多国家难以实现和维持这种宏观环境，部分原因是，资本账户自由化和资本市场不稳定。宏观经济政策还需要支持经济增长和创造生产性就业，这就需要这种政策具有反周期性，有利于投资和敏感顾及就业目标，还不应把焦点狭隘地针对：将通货膨胀维持在极低水平和不惜任何代价保持财政收支平衡。也就是说，宏观经济政策应符合更广泛的发展目标，包括对教育、卫生和基础设施的投资。", "66. 要使得增长和发展真正具有包容性和公平，就需要在与穷人休弃相关的部门，如可持续农业和农村发展，推行支助活跃增长的政策；实施全面和一致的社会政策和社会保护方案；以及保护人权。", "B. 国际一级", "67. 在国际层面，为所有人创造公平和更平等的全球化，需要：在国际上建立全面有利的环境，以促进发展中国家的经济增长和发展，加强它们从中受益的能力，并充分利用与全球化相关的机会，同时保护它们避免全球化带来的风险和不稳定性。", "68. 在当前国际环境的某些领域，特别是增加官方发展援助和债务减免方面，发展中国家从情况改善获得了一些利益，但在其他方面，进展停滞不前，例如贸易、获取药品和技术、移徙和气候变化。在发展各方面的广泛范围，加强国际政策的一致性，是创造有利国际环境和建立公平和更加平等的全球化的关键。", "69. 在收入和就业机会两方面实现基础广泛，快速和持续的增长，涉及日益复杂的政策挑战。因此，国际社会必须协助发展中国家，加强国家能力，管理其本国的发展进程。", "发展合作", "70. 千年发展目标差距问题工作队曾建议，如何更有效地交付官方发展援助，包括通过对可用于方案的援助作出多年承诺，并充分配合国家发展和包容性增长战略。这些努力应利用南南合作和慈善事业予以加强。官方发展援助的分布和分配，也大有改善余地。同非属最不发达国家的国家相比，向最不发达国家提供的援助并没有以一个有利比率增加。鉴于多边援助是响应最不发达国家基本社会经济状况而提供的，改善其分布大有增进平等的潜力。也应根据在罗马、巴黎和阿克拉举行的高级别论坛所通过、关于援助有效性的议程，更快速地取得进展。", "71. 发展合作正进行彻底变革，在促进南南合作和三角合作方面具有巨大的潜力，反映发展中经济体日益加强的经济和政治影响力。同时，创新的融资方法具有潜力，可增加用于发展的资源，但不应进一步分割援助架构或分散对传统官方发展援助的重视。", "国际贸易和金融", "72. 如果发展中国家要从全球化中适当受益，就必须对贸易进行更多改革。就为建立更公平的贸易体制所作出的承诺而言，以发展为导向的多哈回合贸易谈判未能完成，仍然是承诺未能兑现的最大缺憾。使谈判脱离目前的僵局是至关重要的，各国应作出承诺，尽快完成多哈回合谈判，同时不牺牲明确为发展中国家带来利益这个壮志。发展中国家的市场准入，并没有多少改善，而在特别是向最不发达国家提供免税和免配额准入方面，还需要取得进一步进展。", "73. 贸易援助倡议需要得到进一步加强，以支持发展中国家贸易和生产能力的发展，其方式应符合旨在促进经济多样化和持续增长的战略。需要加快削减发达国家的出口和农业生产补贴，以便提高发展中国家农民获得收入的机会。此外，南南区域一体化提供了大有前途的补充，使各国能够汇集资源，农业和工业能力和技能。改革过程也应协助发展中国家确保在非互惠和优惠的基础上，取得进入发达国家市场和获得其现有技术的准入。", "74. 国际金融监管和现有国际金融结构的改革也是一个紧迫的挑战。通过资本管制加强金融监管，并为国家政策留下更多灵活运用余地的尝试，同世界贸易组织根据《服务贸易总协定》关于金融服务的自由贸易规则发生了冲突。这项问题需要解决，特别是关于维持全球金融稳定和金融监管改革的目标。由于全球金融服务不断扩充，需要伴随着稳健的监管安排，这就需要建立一个独立的国际进程，以便监督国际金融监管机制。这个机制在制定规则时，将拥有优先权。", "减免债务", "75. 经过加强的债务重组和救济方式，是支援受债务困扰国家发展努力的关键。针对贫穷国家的重债穷国倡议框架已正式告一段落，但18个低收入和中低收入国家仍然面对高风险或深受债务困扰，同时还有更多国家的公共债务比率偏高。[15] 全球市场激烈波动，也能迅速改变债务可持续性的前景。由于持续的债务困扰，应紧急考虑重债穷国倡议的延伸，使它能为面对债务问题的所有低收入国家利用，还需要为有序解决主权债务问题制定更全面的框架，同时考虑到债务人和债权人双方的利益。2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议所作的这一决定，仍然没有着手实行。", "税务和投资竞争", "76. 政府经常很想向跨国公司提供税收和其他鼓励，以吸引外国投资，导致“牺牲邻居”的税收竞争，或“竞相杀价”的倾向，政府往往会损失数额可观的税收。资本流动加快也刺激了监管和税收竞争，资本管制的广泛撤消，便利金融业为税务目的从事资产的国际搬迁。这使得税收和金融监管当局进行财务监督和征收税收的能力减弱。加强国际税务合作，统一和协调各国间的金融监管做法，就可以防止这种税收竞争。有效的国际税务合作也许会导致收到大量额外资源以促进发展，数额可能超过发展援助目前每年的流动量。", "粮食不安全和商品金融化", "77. 人们看到，商品市场有迈向更大规模“金融化”的倾向，包括金融投资者日益扩大参与商品期货交易所的交易和投资银行家研发以商品为主导的的金融产品。这加剧了商品价格的大幅波动，影响生产者和消费者，并增加了整体的粮食不安全。需要采取行动以增进金融市场的透明度，遏制对商品的投机活动。", "移徙", "78. 由于人口结构的变化和失衡，重新考虑移徙方面的国际合作，对所有国家都大有好处。如果管理得当，包括保护移民的权利，足以给移民原籍国，接待社区和移民本身都带来利益。汇款汇出国应制定政策，方便流通和降低汇款费用。", "技术", "79. 在获得技术和专门知识方面，应加强国际合作，以增加发展中国家获得适当技术的机会，其中包括卫生，通讯和应对气候变化的技术。这包括加强激励机制，支持有关知识产权和特定技术的创新和融资研究。它还涉及：便利对信息和通信技术基础设施的投资，更廉价地获得技术和人力资源的发展。", "C. 建议", "80. 为促进持续、包容和公平的经济增长，创造就业机会，体面工作和实现千年发展目标建立一个通盘兼顾的国际有利环境是消除全球化不平等现象所必不可少的。这样一个有利的环境，还包括：就全球化的管理和扩大发展中国家的政策空间而言，加强政策的一致性和协调。", "81. 在这方面，为了以连贯一致和通盘兼顾的方式提高管理全球化的能力，作为第一步，国际社会不妨首先解决全球化的测量问题，确定并商定一套工具和标准化的测量和指标。", "82. 国际社会也可以通过下列方式提供进一步的支持，为所有人实现公平和更平等的全球化：", "(a) 促进在国际一级加强政策的一致性和协调，以预防和减轻今后金融危机的影响，并遏制发达国家当前债务危机可能引起的波及效应；", "(b) 协助发展中国家提高自己的能力来管理各自的发展过程；", "(c) 协助发展中国家通过教育、卫生和在职培训参与人力资本和能力建设，不仅在其出口导向部门，而且也在与贸易无关的部门，从而增进包容性和公平；", "(d) 通过加倍努力实施全球就业契约和建立最低限度社会保障，促进创造就业机会和生产性就业、体面工作、国际劳工标准、男女平等和社会包容性和凝聚力；", "(e) 开展集体努力，包括与各国政府、民间社会和私营部门合作，以解决失业和就业不足的挑战；", "(f) 协助发展中国家建立和加强全民社会保障，以减少经济的不安全和脆弱性，并加强家庭能力，获取食物，改善儿童营养，获得保健服务和儿童留校就读；", "(g) 坚持落实向受援国国家发展战略，机构和程序作出的官方发展援助承诺和调整整体支持，包括减免债务的承诺，通过实施共同安排和简化程序，减少重叠和提高援助透明度，同捐助者协调行动；", "(h) 通过延伸重债穷国倡议的范围，使其扩及面对债务问题的所有低收入国家，以便提供债务减免，同时为有序地解决主权债务问题制定一个更全面的框架，同时考虑到债务人和债权人双方的利益；", "(i) 成功均衡地完成多哈回合多边贸易谈判，将发展中国家的需要置于核心和持续提供辅助性援助换贸易措施；", "(j) 建立独立的国际程序来监督国际金融监管机制，从而制定稳健的监管安排，以伴随不断扩充的全球金融服务；", "(k) 加强国际税务合作，统一和协调金融监管做法，以便在全球竞相争取投资和市场之际，抵消税收竞争和“竞相杀价”的压力；", "(l) 促进政策和措施，支持并提供更有利的技术转让条件，包括绿色技术，以便根据多边贸易协定向发展中国家转让技术，包括在国际一级加紧努力，通过为研究和开发筹供资金和促进对信息和通信技术基础设施的投资来弥补技术差距；", "(m) 加强移徙方面的国际合作，包括适当的管理和使移民能够流通，保护移民权利，并寻找提高流量的途径和降低汇款费用。", "[1] Marcos Bonturi和Kiichiro Fukasaku，“全球化和公司内部贸易：经验说明”，经合组织经济研究第20号(巴黎，经济合作与发展组织，1993年春季)，第146页。", "[2] 国际货币基金组织，《世界经济展望》(华盛顿特区，1997年5月)，第三章，第45页。", "[3] Ekkehard Ernst和Verónica Escudero,“金融全球化对全球经济失衡、就业和不平等的影响”，讨论文件，DP/191/2008(日内瓦，国际劳工组织，国际劳工问题研究所，2008年)。", "[4] 《2011年世界社会形势报告：全球社会危机》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.10.IV.12)。", "[5] Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff,“金融危机的后遗症”，第146546号工作文件(剑桥，马萨诸塞州，全国经济研究局，2009年1月)。", "[6] 《2010年世界社会情势报告：反思贫穷问题》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.09.IV.10)。", "[7] 本节参考了2009年，2010年和2011年出版的《世界经济形势和前景》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.09.II.C.2，E.10.II.C.2和E.11.II. C.2)和2010年和2011年《世界社会形势报告》 (联合国出版物，出售品编号E.09.IV.10和E.10.IV.12)。", "[8] 国际劳工组织，“社会正义的新时代”(ILC.100/DG/1A)，总干事提交国际劳工大会第100届会议的报告，2011年。", "[9] 经济合作与发展组织，《在经合组织国家中日益增长的收入不平等：驱动力是什么和如何制定政策来加以解决？》，经济合作与发展组织解决不平等问题论坛，巴黎，2011年5月2日。", "[10] 联合国开发计划署，《怎样做才能实现千年发展目标？国际评估》(纽约，2010年6月)。", "[11] 同上。", "[12] 国际电信联盟，《2010/11年度电信改革趋势：让明天的数字发挥作用》，世界第11版(日内瓦，2011年)。", "[13] 增长与发展委员会，《增长报告：促进持续增长和包容性发展的战略》(华盛顿特区，国际重建和开发银行/世界银行，代表委员会出版，2008)。", "[14] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会，《平等的时间到了：弥补差距，开放通道》(圣地亚哥，2010年5月)。", "[15] 见联合国开发计划署，《需要做什么》(见脚注10)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 21 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: role of the United Nations in promoting development in the context of globalization and interdependence", "Globalization and interdependence: sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth for a fair and more equitable globalization for all, including job creation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report was prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/168. It reviews globalization in the wake of the global financial and economic crisis. It addresses economic growth and policies to make growth more sustained, inclusive and equitable in the broader context of globalization. The report links these matters with the goals of full employment and decent work, examining the issues of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and job creation in the broader context of globalization, particularly with respect to achieving a fairer and more equitable globalization for all.", "I. Introduction", "1. Globalization has been defined in various ways over the years. Generally, it involves economic integration — the transfer of policies across borders and the transmission of knowledge. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines globalization as a phenomenon of “increasing interdependence of markets and production in different countries through trade in goods and services, cross-border flows of capital, and exchanges of technology”.[1] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses a similar definition: “Globalization refers to the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology”.[2]", "2. Globalization, measured in terms of movements of goods and services, including finance, has deepened over recent decades. Increased communications, driven by new information and communications technology (ICT), and technological progress in general have paralleled and further deepened these economic trends. While this has brought a large array of new opportunities and benefits, the increased interdependence that has accompanied these movements has left countries and their populations more vulnerable to external shocks and economic insecurity. Globalization has also been accompanied by rising inequality both within and among countries.", "3. Of particular importance is the globalization of finance, or financial globalization, with the progressive dismantling of controls over cross-border flows of capital usually complementing domestic financial sector deregulation. This has integrated domestic financial systems with international financial markets and institutions. Financial globalization was supposed to move capital from developed countries to developing countries (from the “capital rich” to the “capital poor”), lower the costs of capital — together increasing the availability of cheaper credit — and reduce the instability and volatility of their financial systems.", "4. However, the experience of the past two decades has raised significant doubts about the alleged benefits of financial globalization, as the world has witnessed net capital flows from developing countries to developed countries and more frequent financial crises with increased intensity, while the lower costs of capital cannot be clearly attributed to financial globalization. The crises in Scandinavia in the early 1990s, Asia and the Russian Federation in 1997-1998, Brazil in 1999, Ecuador in 2000, Argentina and Turkey in 2001 and Uruguay in 2002 are associated with financial globalization. More extreme boom-bust cycles have greatly reduced earlier income gains as financial crises have increased poverty.[3]", "5. The substantial drop in global economic growth, triggered by the recent global financial and economic crisis and recession, is also attributable to financial globalization. The rapid spread of the economic downturn from the epicentre to the periphery, through reduced trade and reversed financial flows and reflected in consequent increases in unemployment and poverty, is a dramatic reminder of increased vulnerability due to greater economic integration due to globalization.", "6. Thus, while achieving high, sustained rates of economic growth itself is difficult, globalization can make it even more challenging. The policy underpinnings of sustained, high growth should create an environment for high levels of investment and job creation, as well as social protection, inclusiveness and equity. Equally important is an enabling international environment conducive to growth in developing countries.", "7. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/168, the present report addresses the global financial and economic crisis from a recent historical perspective; developments in globalization, particularly since the economic crisis of 2008-2009, the themes of sustained, inclusive and equitable growth, job creation and decent work in the context of globalization, and actions and policies to move towards a fairer and more equitable globalization for all. The report concludes with recommendations.", "II. The global financial and economic crisis in recent historical perspective", "8. During 2008-2009, the world suffered the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. This occurred when the world, particularly developing countries, was still reeling under the impacts of sharp rises in food and energy prices. Although a deeper and prolonged global recession was averted by unprecedented, large coordinated stimulus measures by major countries, several countries are still coping with its after-effects.", "9. While it is too soon to quantify with much accuracy the full impact of the crisis on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and on many social outcomes, the crisis has almost certainly contributed to rising unemployment in developed countries and more vulnerable employment in developing countries. At least 30 million jobs were lost worldwide between 2007 and the end of 2009 as a result of the global crisis, resulting in an estimated 212 million jobless people in 2009, up from the 178 million people unemployed in 2007. Vulnerable employment may have increased by up to 110 million people between 2008 and 2009, raising the total number from 1.5 billion to 1.6 billion. There has also been a sharp rise in the working poor — people earning less than the $1.25 a day international poverty line. Youth unemployment has also increased substantially in most countries, while job insecurity is definitely on the rise in most of the world.[4]", "10. Over the past three decades, the frequency and severity of financial crises seem to have worsened, usually preceded by large capital movements, rising commodity prices and interest rate hikes.[5] On average, it takes two years for output and 4.8 years for employment to recover to pre-crisis levels. The “jobless” recovery currently faced by the developed countries is also not uncommon in the recent history of business cycles. Since the 1950s, however, the time needed for employment levels to recover to pre-recession levels in developed countries has become successively longer.", "11. Much of this instability appears to be associated with the movement of private capital flows. History since the Second World War has witnessed three generalized economic boom-bust cycles in private capital flows to developing and emerging economies with severe setbacks to development, where periods of growth have alternated with prolonged periods of volatility and stagnation. The first boom-bust cycle started in the late 1970s and ended with the debt crisis, mainly in Latin America, in the early 1980s. The second boom started in the early 1990s and was followed by a series of balance-of-payments and debt crises in East Asia, Latin America and elsewhere. The third cycle started in the early years of the new millennium and ended in the second half of 2008 with the financial crisis.", "12. Since the debt crisis of the early 1980s, a combination of tight macroeconomic policies, privatization, rapid liberalization and deregulation — the so-called “Washington Consensus” — was presented to developing countries as a one size fits all policy basis on which to build a healthy economy and investment climate. Government-sponsored social programmes were diminished in favour of privatization and fiscal discipline. The macroeconomic improvements, however, did not result in sustained high economic growth. Rather, the spread of economic liberalization and fiscal consolidation programmes resulted in a significant shrinkage of policy space in developing countries. This lessened their ability to control rapid private capital flow reversals, with substantial amounts of capital withdrawn from the country in a very short period of time, or to counter the resulting financial turmoil and economic contraction, and to implement counter-cyclical financial and macroeconomic policies. The accompanying advance of deregulated financial globalization and the pro-cyclical nature of private capital flows also enhanced the risk of financial crises, experienced by many emerging market economies during the 1990s and 2000s.[6]", "13. Although there has been increased emphasis on effective social policies and well-functioning institutions to combat widespread poverty, ensure adequate provision of health care and education and address social exclusion since the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000, further measures since the late 1990s continued to liberalize financial sectors worldwide. While there are advantages to be derived from financial liberalization, developing countries have witnessed significant risks associated with macroeconomic instability and financial volatility stemming from asset bubbles, excessive risk-taking, financial imbalances and rapid withdrawal of private capital. The increasingly globalized world has yet to solve problems of financial volatility, economic instability and boom-bust cycles associated with unrestricted private capital flows, as well as the negative impacts of recurring financial crises.", "III. New and emerging developments in globalization[7]", "14. In the current aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis, one key question is whether the globalization trends will be the same or different compared with pre-crisis trends, and if they will be transient, permanent or an accentuation of pre-crisis levels. While it is still too early to come to any definitive conclusions about the nature of the trends since the crisis, it is useful to present a preliminary examination of some new and emerging developments.", "Economic growth", "15. The rapid global economic downturn of 2008-2009 severely disrupted economic growth worldwide and caused significant setbacks in the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The annual growth rate in global output fell from about 4 per cent during the period 2006-2007, to 1.6 per cent in 2008; the rate of growth in output dropped even further in 2009 to minus 2 per cent, with 95 countries experiencing declines in average per capita income.", "16. The world economy has been recovering unevenly, driven mainly by developing and emerging economies, but the rebound has been slow as most developed countries are still struggling. This slow recovery is likely to continue, with risks of a double-dip recession as countries shift to fiscal austerity before private demand recovers. An impending debt crisis in a number of European countries is also causing uncertainty. Output growth is feeble in many developed economies and, thus far, they have experienced a “jobless recovery”: at the current rates of growth, it could take another four or five years before employment is back to pre-crisis levels.", "17. The fast rise of emerging economies over the past few decades has resulted in a shift, where centres of global economic growth are now distributed across both developed and developing economies. The current post-crisis recovery and expansion continues to be led by the large emerging economies in Asia and Latin America, particularly Brazil, China and India. However, for these economies, the growth outlook is challenged by the spectre of rising inflation, due mainly to rising food and energy prices, emerging domestic asset price bubbles attributable to rapid capital inflows and related upward pressure on exchange rates.", "18. Economic activity has recovered across the least developed countries and other structurally weak economies, including landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, bolstered by a recovery in international trade and a rebound in commodity prices. Part of their ongoing recovery has been driven by increasing trade and economic links with the emerging economies. Yet, the current growth rates recorded by the least developed countries fall short of those sustained before the crisis and, in many countries, are below the level needed to have a significant impact on unemployment and poverty reduction.", "Income poverty", "19. In the past few decades, large strides were made in reducing poverty. Prior to the recent crises, the incidence of poverty worldwide had fallen 40 per cent since 1990. The economic crisis changed this perspective dramatically: according to United Nations estimates, between 47 and 84 million more people fell into, or remained trapped in, extreme poverty because of the crisis. The joint IMF-World Bank Global Monitoring Report 2010 estimates that an additional 64 million people had fallen into extreme poverty due to the economic crisis alone by 2010. The report also estimates that by 2015, 53 million fewer people will have escaped poverty due to the 2008-2009 recession, although the global Millennium Development Goal poverty target (halving the poverty rate) will be achieved.", "20. Although poverty reduction is improving globally, mainly due to rapid progress in China, there are divergent trends at the regional level. Sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia and countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia region are not expected to reach the Millennium Development Goal poverty target. Poverty rates are highest in sub-Saharan Africa.", "Employment", "21. The number of unemployed stood at 205 million in 2010, essentially unchanged from a year earlier and 27.6 million higher than in 2007, with little hope for this figure to revert to pre-crisis levels in the near future. The global unemployment rate stood at 6.2 per cent in 2010, versus 6.3 per cent in 2009, but still well above the rate of 5.6 per cent in 2007. Rates of unemployment and underemployment (in the form of shorter working hours or involuntary part-time employment) are very high among young people (aged 15 to 24 years), in both developed and developing regions. At the end of 2009, there were an estimated 81 million unemployed young people and the global youth unemployment rate stood at 13.0 per cent. In some countries, youth unemployment has reached alarming heights.", "22. The estimate of the number of workers in vulnerable employment, defined as the sum of own-account workers and unpaid family workers, in 2009 is 1.53 billion people, an increase of more than 146 million since 1999. The highest shares of vulnerable employment are in South Asia (78.5 per cent of total employment in 2009), sub-Saharan Africa (75.8 per cent) and South-East Asia and the Pacific (61.8 per cent). In all regions, the vulnerable employment rate among women exceeds that of men.", "23. The proportion of the long-term unemployed has increased significantly in most developed countries since 2007. Economies experiencing persistent high unemployment and a subdued output recovery could become trapped in a protracted period of below-potential growth. The longer the period in which low growth and long-term employment continues, the higher the risk of cyclical unemployment becoming structural, further impairing potential growth in the longer term.", "Inequality", "24. World inequality, by many measures, is high and rising. While post-crisis data are not available, per capita income inequality across countries rose steadily before the crisis. The gap between the richest and poorest groups of countries has increased significantly. Although some developing countries and emerging economies have been growing much more rapidly than the richest countries, in general cross-country inequalities in terms of mean income continue to widen. On a global level, as at 2007, 80 per cent of the world’s population earned only 30 per cent of the world’s income, while 70 per cent accrued to the remaining 20 per cent. The world’s wealthiest 61 million people (1 per cent of the world’s population) have the same amount of total income as the poorest 3.5 billion (56 per cent of the world’s population).[8]", "25. The gap between rich and poor citizens within both developed and developing nations has also been growing. According to a recent study by OECD, income inequality increased in nearly all OECD countries. Household incomes of the top 10 per cent grew faster than those of the poorest 10 per cent in most of the countries, leading to widening income inequality, and the Gini coefficient increased by 10 per cent from the mid-1980s to the late 2000s.[9] The average income of the richest 10 per cent of the population is about nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent.", "26. Large levels of inequality persist in most countries based on gender, ethnicity and geography. In developing countries, children in the poorest households and those in rural areas have a greater chance of being underweight than children in the richest households or those in cities and towns. In some of the least developed countries, children in the poorest households are three times less likely to attend primary school than those in the richest households. Globally, girls account for a much higher percentage of school drop outs than boys.", "International trade", "27. World trade in goods and services expanded by almost 12 per cent in 2010, more than previously estimated, representing a strong rebound after the steep decline by 11 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2010, the volume of world merchandise exports had fully recovered to the pre-crisis peak, although it remained markedly below its long-term trend. Growth of world trade is expected to moderate to around 7 per cent in 2011 and 2012. The major change that was feared in the aftermath of the crisis was a rise in protectionism, which did not materialize. A major change in trade patterns was the emergence of developing countries, such as India and China, as major engines of trade growth worldwide, as well as increasing trade and economic links between developing countries. Emerging economies are also generating new sources of financial flows and technological exchanges.", "28. Despite these positive trends, many developing countries are unable to properly integrate into the global trading system or to reap the benefits of trade expansion. Their reliance on a narrow range of primary exports, weak access to financing, technology and know-how and an uneven global policy framework represent significant hurdles. International experience suggests that developing countries, dependent upon exports of primary commodities, face far greater trade shocks than countries with more diversified export structures or manufactured exports, which typically suffer much less from terms of trade shocks and hence are less vulnerable to economic fluctuations.", "Financial flows: foreign direct investment, official development assistance and remittances", "29. After peaking at about $1.2 trillion in 2007, net private inflows halved in 2008 and plunged further to about $350 billion in 2009. The sharpest drop was in international bank lending to emerging economies, with a total net inflow of $400 billion in 2007 becoming a net outflow of more than $80 billion in 2009. Net private capital inflows to emerging economies began to recover in 2010. In the outlook for the rest of 2011 and 2012, higher output growth and rates of return will continue to attract more capital flows to emerging economies. Policymakers in emerging markets have become increasingly concerned with the impact of large capital inflows in the form of appreciating currencies and inflation of asset bubbles. In response, Governments of many emerging economies are intervening in their currency markets and are attempting to dampen capital flow volatility through a variety of control measures.", "30. Official development assistance (ODA) increased by 37 per cent in real terms between 2004 and 2010. A total of $128.7 billion (in current prices), representing 0.32 per cent of the combined gross national income of members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, was disbursed in 2010, up from $64 billion in 1998. Despite these encouraging long-term trends, in the short term the global financial and economic crisis has been taking its toll on country finances and consequently the share allocated to development assistance. The aid budget has come under pressure as many donor Governments turned to fiscal austerity measures. According to the United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011, the fragile recovery in developed countries and the threat of a possible double-dip recession create considerable uncertainty about the future volume of ODA flows, while aid delivery is falling short of commitments by the donor community. Preliminary data from the Development Assistance Committee show that ODA flows in 2010 fell about $18 billion (in 2004 dollars and growth adjusted) short of the commitments made by donors at the Gleneagles Group of Eight Summit in 2005. Africa received only an additional $11 billion (in 2004 prices) as opposed to the $25 billion increase in net ODA promised in 2005.", "31. The global number of international migrants increased from 156 million in 1990 to 214 million in 2010. Remittances contribute to poverty reduction by improving the health and education of family members who stay behind. Overall, remittances declined by 6.1 per cent, from $336 billion in 2008 to $315 billion in 2009. However, in the current crisis remittances have proven more resilient than private capital flows, although some countries in Latin America and Central Asia were more severely affected than others. In 2010, the inflow of remittances to developing countries was estimated at $325 billion.", "Debt relief", "32. Assisted by the global recovery, the external debt burden of developing countries as a group fell to 22 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010, down from 24 per cent the previous year. Debt relief provided to low-income countries under the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative and multilateral debt relief initiatives has helped to reduce their debt burdens substantially.", "33. Middle-income countries, however, particularly small island developing States, have experienced little relief. Reducing the outflow of resources from these countries is essential to counteract the negative impact of the crisis on their economies. In 2008, there was an outflow of $6 billion from low-income countries to multilateral lenders and bilateral creditors (for principal and interest payments).[10] United Nations Development Programme estimates suggest that in 26 low- and middle-income countries, cancellation of debt service repayments to official creditors on long-term debt contracted until December 2008 would release about $2.8 billion each year on average to 2014.[11]", "Debt distress in developed economies", "34. Major concerns remain over the still-rising trend in public indebtedness in developed economies. The average public debt ratio for developed economies has already surpassed 100 per cent of GDP in 2011, triggering a further downgrading of several countries’ sovereign debt ratings. In response, many have committed to fiscal consolidation, but it is not clear that this will be enough to stave off debt crises. If the commitment to fiscal consolidation is not credible enough to bring down public debt, interest rates in financial markets may increase anyway, heightening the risk of default. If, however, the austerity measures are too drastic and come too soon during the economic recovery, economic growth and employment could suffer and the still fragile banking sector could weaken further, and thus also increase the risk of default.", "Food security", "35. Food security is closely linked to food prices and food price volatility. Poor consumers are severely affected by high prices, as food accounts for a very high share of the total budget of the poorest households. The period since 2006 has been one of extreme volatility in food prices. Prices rose sharply in 2006 and 2007, peaking in the second half of 2007 for some food products and in the first half of 2008 for others. For some products, the increase between the 2005 average and the peak was several hundred per cent. Prices then fell sharply in the second half of 2008, although in virtually all cases they remained at or above the levels in the period just before the price hikes began. Sharp rises in some food prices emerged again during 2010, and by early 2011 the food price index of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was again at the level reached at the peak of the crisis in 2008.", "36. One effect of the price volatility of 2007-2008 was that it caused grave hardship among the poor and was a major factor in the increase in the estimated number of hungry people in the world from 820 million in 2007 to more than a billion in 2009, falling to about 900 million at present. This modest improvement is now being threatened by renewed surges in food prices. Neither national nor international responses to the crisis were able to fully cope with the food security problem.", "Environment and climate change", "37. Changes in the global environment do not respect national boundaries and represent one of the most critical challenges of globalization. In a globalizing world of nearly 7 billion people, rising to over 9 billion by 2050, it is imperative to establish a global sustainable development path that includes broad-based economic growth for poverty eradication while recognizing the need to become far less energy- and resource-intensive.", "38. One of the two major themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, will be a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. Collective efforts are required to achieve the technological transformation to a greener global economy with green jobs, including a comprehensive global energy transition that reduces non-renewable energy usage. Presently, 90 per cent of energy is generated through technologies that utilize fossil fuels, responsible for about 60 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions.", "39. Climate-related disaster risk has intensified dramatically over the past decades. The frequency of droughts, floods and storms has increased by a factor of five in the past 40 years, from an average of 69 natural disasters a year in the 1970s to an average of 350 in the 2000s. Disasters result in large economic and social costs, particularly to developing countries, affecting their ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including Goal 7, as more people move from disaster-prone areas to urban areas Thus, the number of slum dwellers will continue to grow. An estimated 828 million people currently live in urban slums, compared with 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.", "Information and communications technology", "40. Information and communications technology (ICT) is a strong facilitator of globalization. Despite the economic downturn, the global ICT sector has continued to grow, in large part owing to continued growth in emerging markets. The wide disparity between developed and developing countries in rates of Internet access and broadband penetration levels illustrates the need to ensure developing countries are not excluded from the digital information society. The average penetration level of mobile broadband services is 10 times higher in developed than in developing countries, where the limited number of fixed telephone lines also constrains the deployment of fixed (wired) broadband access. A penetration rate of less than 1 per cent in Africa, for example, illustrates the challenges that persist in increasing high-speed Internet access in the region. In terms of affordability, people in developed countries still spend relatively much less of their income (1.5 per cent) on ICT services compared with people in developing countries (17.5 per cent).[12]", "IV. Sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and job creation", "41. Economic growth is necessary for development, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Consistently achieving positive economic growth is a challenge, but it can be particularly difficult for developing countries in a rapidly globalizing world, where the benefits and costs of globalization are unevenly distributed and the international economy is filled with financial volatility and economic instability.", "A. Sustained economic growth", "42. Sustained economic growth can be understood as strong economic growth over prolonged periods. When the benefits are shared fairly and equitably throughout society, sustained economic growth has been shown to be the most effective means for reducing poverty. More diversified economies tend to be less vulnerable to external shocks, sustain faster growth over time and spread income more broadly among the population.", "43. Countries in East Asia — China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore — have been particularly successful in achieving sustained growth resulting in rapid poverty reduction. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and other economies of South-East Asia have also seen a similar dramatic reduction of poverty since the 1980s. Sustained growth has also made it possible to carry out investments for achieving other Millennium Development Goals.", "44. Among East Asian countries, growth has been supported by policies promoting structural change, such as reducing inequality and improving agricultural productivity through agrarian reforms; supporting industrial development; investing in human capital and infrastructure; conducting an active trade policy, including export promotion and selective trade protection; and supporting the development of technological capacity while exposing firms gradually to global competition.", "45. Of the countries that have been successful in achieving sustained growth, most have adopted heterodox policies that reflected their national conditions. They have also had in common an ability to achieve a fair degree of coherence across different domains of economic and social policies, and have generally been able to shape economic growth to be broadly based across sectors through structural transformation.", "46. Yet, there is no one size fits all solution. Country contexts and initial conditions differ, and past experiences have shown that there exist many pathways to overcoming obstacles to sustained growth and development. What is appropriate for one country might not work for another. Understanding a country’s particular constraints to growth is important.", "47. While cross-country experience gives some general shared features of countries with strong growth, the particular country context determines unique ways in which those features could also be hindered. Knowing the barriers to growth in a country and the prioritization and sequencing of reforms that could work depends uniquely on the country context. National development strategies have to be tailored to country-specific conditions, and the sequencing and prioritization of reforms for growth is a significant challenge. Developing countries may consider identifying other countries with similar endowment structures but higher incomes in order to determine what industries or sectors triggered growth. Lessons may be applied or adapted to the unique circumstances of a country and by replicating appropriate development strategies.", "B. Inclusive and equitable economic growth", "48. Sustained economic growth by itself is not sufficient to ensure that the benefits of growth are adequately shared among all citizens: for this, growth also needs to be inclusive and equitable. The findings of the Commission on Growth and Development suggest that inclusiveness — defined to encompass equity, equality of opportunity and protection in market and employment transitions — is an essential ingredient of any successful growth strategy.[13]", "49. Inclusive economic growth implies that its benefits reach low income groups, particularly those earning the lowest incomes; poor economic sectors; deprived social groups and peoples, including ethnic or religious minorities; and marginalized geographical regions. Therefore, growth that is inclusive should enhance fairness and equality, including greater income equality.", "50. Economic growth that is more inclusive and equitable is particularly important for reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It facilitates faster progress towards achievement of the Goals, as increased incomes among poor families translate into affording education expenses, better food and nutrition, access to clean water and improved housing. It also mitigates social tensions that can be a source of political instability and a barrier to investment. Inequality has been found to be an important determinant of civil and armed conflicts in many countries, and such conflicts have subsequently caused growth collapses and major reversals of development gains.", "51. In many countries, growth has often been concentrated among sectors that benefit those who already have higher incomes, while the poor who lack resources or are excluded from market opportunities are caught in a self-perpetuating process that makes reducing poverty and inequality a difficult challenge. In general, countries with higher levels of inequality need to grow much more rapidly, or take much longer, to achieve the same degree of poverty reduction as those with lower levels of inequality. Trends before the financial and economic crisis show that, for a typical lower middle-income developing country, much more rapid economic growth is needed to achieve the same rate of poverty reduction than two decades ago. To accelerate poverty reduction, growth must be accompanied by a more equal distribution of income, assets and opportunities.", "52. An equitable distribution of physical and human resources provides the basis for more broadly shared economic growth. Land and agrarian reforms are central to a more equitable distribution of land and agricultural production opportunities at the start of the economic take-off of many countries. Social policies that promote inclusiveness, such as universal access to education and health care, also spread improvements in human development.", "53. A recent example of countries decreasing income inequality comes from Latin America. The period 2003-2008 was characterized not only by sustained economic growth but also by a slight but clear trend towards a lesser concentration of income. Several countries of this region recorded declines exceeding 10 per cent in the Gini coefficient.[14] While income inequality in Latin America is still among the highest in the world, the favourable trend in recent years shows that income distribution can be improved.", "54. The positive trend in income distribution was linked primarily to labour market dynamics and transfers to households and, to a lesser extent, to demographic variables resulting in lower dependency rates. Employment grew faster than the labour supply and, in particular, the increase in formal, high-quality and full-time jobs and rising hourly wages were of proportionately greater benefit to lower-income households, resulting in a narrowing of the gap in average incomes per worker. Another positive factor was household transfers, where changes in this income source accounted for roughly one fifth of the reduction in the per capita income gap across the region. Factors that could constrain future progress towards equality include the current inequality in access to education and the continued intergenerational transmission of inequality.", "C. Job creation and decent work in the context of globalization", "55. Productive job creation and decent work are an integral part of sustained, inclusive and equitable growth. It is primarily through increases in employment levels and job opportunities, higher wages and better working conditions that the benefits of sustained economic growth become inclusive and equitable, and are translated into higher incomes and better living standards for greater numbers of people.", "56. Globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges to labour market policy and job creation. While job opportunities can be improved through increased international trade, foreign direct investment and international migration, employment prospects and standards are also challenged by increased rural-urban migration, rapidly changing technology and lower labour standards to attract foreign investment and enhance international competitiveness.", "57. Currently, the greatest challenge is coping with the employment situation in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis. As previously mentioned, the economic crisis has morphed into a global jobs crisis involving widespread job losses, increased unemployment and wage repression in developed countries, and underemployment, a growing informal economy, increased vulnerable employment and working poverty in developing countries.", "58. Labour markets were sluggish in most countries even before the current crisis. Although the global economy is recovering, employment lags behind other indicators, and opportunities for full, productive and decent work remain limited. High unemployment continues to affect many workers in developed countries experiencing jobless growth. Although aggregate employment levels are back to pre-crisis levels in many developing countries, there has been a rise in the employment levels of the working poor and of more vulnerable types of jobs, such as informal and vulnerable employment.", "59. A prolonged period of high unemployment and underemployment poses significant risks to labour standards, including wage repression, particularly under labour laws that encourage labour market flexibility. These risks have increased with the liberalization of labour markets, where protections, such as minimum wages or labour unions, have been diminished or eliminated. Since workers are more vulnerable in bad times, when firms are allowed to cut wages or lay off employees to reduce costs, labour market flexibility translates into insecurity for workers, especially in the absence of adequate social protection. In particular, groups who suffer from discrimination and have fewer job choices, such as women, minorities, immigrants, persons with disabilities and older workers, are at increased risk of becoming entrapped in what the International Labour Organization has termed “dirty, dangerous and demeaning jobs”. This underlines the importance of labour market institutions that protect jobs and improve the working conditions of discriminated groups, as well as of measuring employment quality when assessing employment trends.", "60. Promoting job creation and decent work is more important than ever, in both the short term, during the recovery period, and in the long term, in order to make economic growth more inclusive and equitable. In this regard, the Global Jobs Pact recognizes the urgent need to reduce the risk of long-term unemployment and increased informal work, which are difficult to reverse. The Pact puts full and productive employment and decent work at the heart of the crisis response, suggesting a wide range of potential policy responses, including recommendations for counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy measures, limiting and avoiding job losses, assisting job seekers, investing in development of workers’ skills to improve employability, ensuring a favourable environment for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and a regulatory environment conducive to job creation.", "61. Linking job creation and decent work to a transformational sustained economic growth that is inclusive and equitable will also require private sector capital investment and rising worker productivity. This requires making job creation and decent work a policy priority, accompanied by an enabling environment for private sector investment and development. This involves multiple elements, including investment in education, health and skills to increase the employability of workers; political stability; macroeconomic stability (meaning moderating business cycles by counter-cyclical policies); a sound and efficient financial system; infrastructure development; and pragmatic development-friendly governance, including a sound legal and regulatory system and measures to control corruption.", "V. Towards a fair and more equitable globalization for all", "62. A fair and more equitable globalization for all implies realizing its potential benefits and making them more inclusive and equitable for all individuals and countries, while minimizing the considerable costs, risks and vulnerabilities that globalization has created. This has implications at both the national and international levels.", "A. National level", "63. At the national level, a fair and more equitable globalization means improving living conditions and standards, particularly of the poor, and fostering increased opportunity and equality. Through their national development strategies, Governments should implement policies that prioritize sustained, inclusive and equitable growth, job creation and decent work. They should be actively supported in this endeavour by the international community through the establishment of a supportive international enabling environment.", "64. The countries that are more successful in achieving sustained, equitable and inclusive growth have had in common increased coherence across economic and social policies. National development strategies must pursue this objective, tailoring it to country-specific conditions, considering the constraints of the global economy and building safeguards against economic shocks. However, global rules-setting, especially in the areas of trade and finance, have limited the policy space for conducting national development policies. Greater coherence will be needed therefore between policymaking in the national arena and global economic governance.", "65. Another key element is a macroeconomic framework that supports growth with job creation and economic diversification, and the strengthening of national capacities for policy implementation. While a stable macroeconomic environment is necessary for robust growth, it has been difficult for many countries to achieve and maintain owing, in part, to capital account liberalization and instability in capital markets. Macroeconomic policies also need to support growth and productive employment creation, which would require such policies to be counter-cyclical, pro‑investment and sensitive to employment objectives, and move away from a narrow focus on keeping inflation at a very low level and maintaining fiscal balance at any cost. That is, macroeconomic policies should be aligned with broader development objectives, including investment in education, health and infrastructure.", "66. For growth and development to be truly inclusive and equitable, it is necessary to implement policies that support dynamic growth in sectors that are relevant to the poor, such as sustainable agriculture and rural development; implement comprehensive and coherent social policies and social protection programmes; and protect human rights.", "B. International level", "67. At the international level, a fair and more equitable globalization for all includes the forging of a comprehensive international enabling environment to facilitate growth and development of developing countries and their capacity to benefit from and take advantage of the opportunities associated with globalization while shielding them from globalization’s risks and instabilities.", "68. Developing countries have benefited from improvements in some areas of the current international environment, notably increased ODA and debt relief, but progress in others is stagnating, for example trade, access to medicines and technology, migration and climate change. Enhanced international policy coherence across the broad spectrum of development is critical for creating an international enabling environment and a fair and more equitable globalization.", "69. Achieving broad-based, rapid and sustained growth in incomes and employment involves policy challenges that are increasingly complex. The international community must therefore also assist developing countries to increase their national capacity to manage their development processes.", "Development cooperation", "70. The Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force has suggested ways to deliver ODS more effectively, including through multi-year commitments for programmable assistance and full alignment with national development and inclusive growth strategies. These efforts should be reinforced with South-South cooperation and philanthropy. There is also much scope for improving the distribution and allocation of ODA. Aid to least developed countries has not been increasing at a favourable rate compared with countries that are not among the least developed. Given its responsiveness to the underlying socio-economic conditions of least developed countries, multilateral aid has the potential to increase equity by improving its distribution. Faster progress should also be made under the agendas on aid effectiveness adopted at the high-level forums held in Rome, Paris and Accra.", "71. Development cooperation is undergoing a radical transformation, and there is great potential in facilitating South-South and triangular cooperation, reflecting the growing economic and political influence of developing economies. As well, innovative financing has the potential to increase resources for development, but should not fragment the aid architecture further or distract attention from traditional ODA.", "International trade and finance", "72. Additional trade reform is needed if developing countries are to benefit adequately from globalization. The failure to complete a development-oriented Doha Round of trade negotiations remains the largest gap in delivery on commitments for a fairer trading system. Moving the negotiations out of the present impasse is critical and countries should undertake, without sacrificing the ambition to deliver benefits explicitly to developing countries, to complete the Doha Round as soon as possible. Market access for developing countries is little improved and further progress needs to be made in providing duty- and quota-free access, particularly to least developed countries.", "73. The Aid for Trade Initiative needs to be strengthened further in order to support the development of the trading and production capacities of developing countries in ways that are consistent with strategies aimed at economic diversification and sustained growth. The reduction of export and agricultural production subsidies in developed countries needs to be accelerated in order to enhance income opportunities for farmers in developing countries. In addition, South-South regional integration offers a promising complement, allowing countries to pool resources, agricultural and industrial capacities, and skills. The reform process should also assist developing countries to secure access to the markets and technologies available in developed countries on a non-reciprocal and preferential basis.", "74. International financial regulation and reform of the existing international financial architecture is also a pressing challenge. Attempts at strengthening financial regulation and creating more national policy space through capital controls are in tension with rules of the World Trade Organization regarding liberal trade of financial services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services. This needs to be addressed, particularly with respect to the objectives of global financial stability and financial regulatory reforms. Since expanding global financial services need to be accompanied by robust regulatory arrangements, there is need for an independent international process overseeing international financial regulatory mechanisms that would take precedence in rule-setting.", "Debt relief", "75. Enhanced debt restructuring and relief modalities are critical for supporting development efforts in debt-distressed countries. The HIPC framework for poor countries has formally come to an end, but 18 low and lower-middle-income countries remain at high risk or are in debt distress, while many more have high public debt ratios.[15] Volatile global markets could also quickly change the outlook for debt sustainability. Given continued debt distress, extension of the HIPC initiative should be urgently considered, making it accessible to all low-income countries with debt problems, while a more comprehensive framework is developed for orderly sovereign debt workouts which takes into account the interests of both debtors and creditors. This decision of the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals still remains unaddressed.", "Tax and investment competition", "76. Often Governments have been motivated to provide tax and other incentives to multinational companies in order to attract foreign investment, resulting in a tendency to engage in a “beggar thy neighbour” tax competition, or a “race to the bottom” where Governments tend to lose out on significant tax revenue. Heightened capital mobility has also stimulated regulatory and tax competition, where the widespread dismantling of capital controls has facilitated the financial industry to engage in the international relocation of assets for tax purposes. This has resulted in a diminished ability of tax and financial authorities to carry out financial supervision and tax collection. Strengthened international tax cooperation, harmonization and financial regulatory coordination among countries could prevent such tax competition. Effective international tax cooperation may also yield significant additional resources for development, possibly exceeding the present level of annual flows of development assistance.", "Food insecurity and the financialization of commodities", "77. Commodity markets have seen a tendency towards greater “financialization”, including the growing presence of financial investors on commodity futures exchanges and investment bankers developing commodity-led financial products. This has added considerable volatility to commodity prices, affecting consumers and producers, and has increased overall food insecurity. Actions are needed to improve transparency of financial markets and to curb speculation on commodities.", "Migration", "78. All countries have much to gain from reconsidering international cooperation on migration, given demographic changes and imbalances. If properly managed, including protecting the rights of migrants, migration can bring benefits to origin countries, host communities and migrants themselves. Policies should be established by remittance-sending countries to improve the flow and reduce the cost of remittances.", "Technology", "79. International cooperation should be strengthened in the areas of access to technologies and know-how to increase access by developing countries to appropriate technologies, including those for health, communications and combating climate change. This involves strengthening incentives that support innovation and financing research on intellectual property and context-specific technologies. It also involves facilitating investment in ICT infrastructure, cheaper access to technologies and human resources development.", "C. Recommendations", "80. A comprehensive international enabling environment for sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, job creation, decent work and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is essential to eliminate the inequities of globalization. Such an enabling environment would also include increased policy coherence and coordination in terms of managing globalization and enhancing the policy space for developing countries.", "81. In this regard, and as a first step towards enhancing the ability to manage globalization in a coherent and comprehensive manner, the international community may wish to address the issue of the measurement of globalization, identifying and agreeing upon a set of tools and standardized measurements and indicators.", "82. The international community can also provide further support to a fair and more equitable globalization for all through:", "(a) Promoting greater policy coherence and coordination at the international level to prevent and mitigate the effects of future financial crises and to contain possible spill-over effects from the current debt crisis in developed countries;", "(b) Assisting developing countries to increase their capacity to manage their respective development processes;", "(c) Assisting developing countries to engage in building human capital and capacity through education, health and job training, not only in their export-oriented sectors but also, so as to enhance inclusiveness and equity, in their non-tradable sectors;", "(d) Promoting job creation and productive employment, decent work, international labour standards, gender equality and social inclusion and cohesion, through the redoubling of efforts towards implementing the Global Jobs Pact and establishing social protection floors;", "(e) Undertaking collective efforts, including with national Governments, civil society and the private sector, to address the challenges of unemployment and underemployment;", "(f) Assisting developing countries to establish and strengthen universal social protection in order to reduce economic insecurity and vulnerability, and enhance household capacity to acquire food, improve child nutrition, access health services and keep children in school;", "(g) Adhering to ODA commitments and aligning overall support, including debt relief commitments, to recipient countries’ national development strategies, institutions and procedures, with donors harmonizing their actions by implementing common arrangements and simplification procedures to reduce duplication and enhance the transparency of aid;", "(h) Providing debt relief by extending the HIPC initiative to all low income countries with debt problems, while a more comprehensive framework is developed for orderly sovereign debt workouts that takes into account the interests of both debtors and creditors;", "(i) Completing a successful and balanced conclusion to the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations that places the needs of developing countries at its centre and provides for complementary ongoing aid-for-trade measures;", "(j) Establishing an independent international process overseeing international financial regulatory mechanisms so as to put in place robust regulatory arrangements to accompany expanding global financial services;", "(k) Strengthening international tax cooperation, harmonization and financial regulatory coordination in order to counteract the pressures towards tax competition and the “race to the bottom” in the global competition for investments and markets;", "(l) Promoting policies and measures to support and provide more favourable terms for technology transfer, including green technology, to developing countries under multilateral trade agreements, including more efforts at the international level to bridge technology gaps by funding research and development and facilitating investment in ICT infrastructure;", "(m) Enhancing international cooperation on migration, including the proper management and enabling of migration flows, protecting the rights of migrants and finding ways to improve the flow and reduce the cost of remittances.", "[1] Marcos Bonturi and Kiichiro Fukasaku, “Globalisation and intra-firm trade: an empirical note”, OECD Economic Studies No. 20 (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Spring 1993), p. 146.", "[2] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (Washington, D.C., May 1997), chap. III, p. 45.", "[3] Ekkehard Ernst and Verónica Escudero, “The effects of financial globalization on global imbalances, employment and inequality”, Discussion paper DP/191/2008 (Geneva, International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, 2008).", "[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.12).", "[5] Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, “The aftermath of financial crises”, Working paper No. 146546 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2009).", "[6] Report on the World Social Situation 2010: Rethinking Poverty (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.IV.10).", "[7] This section draws on World Economic Situation and Prospects published in 2009, 2010 and 2011 (United Nations publications, Sales Nos. E.09.II.C.2, E.10.II.C.2 and E.11.II.C.2) and Report on the World Social Situation published in 2010 and 2011 (United Nations publications, Sales Nos. E.09.IV.10 and E.10.IV.12).", "[8] International Labour Organization, “A new era of social justice” (ILC.100/DG/1A), report of the Director-General to the International Labour Conference, 100th Session, 2011.", "[9] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Growing income inequality in OECD countries: what drives it and how can policy tackle it?” OECD Forum on Tackling Inequality, Paris, 2 May 2011.", "[10] United Nations Development Programme, What Will It Take to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? An International Assessment (New York, June, 2010).", "[11] Ibid.", "[12] International Telecommunication Union, Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010/11: Enabling Tomorrow’s Digital World, 11th ed. (Geneva, 2011).", "[13] Commission on Growth and Development, The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development (Washington, D.C., International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, on behalf of the Commission, 2008).", "[14] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Time for equality: closing gaps, opening trails (Santiago, May 2010).", "[15] See United Nations Development Programme, What will it take (see footnote 10)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: role of the United Nations in promoting development in the context of globalization and interdependence", "Globalization and interdependence: sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth for a fair and more just globalization for all, including employment creation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/168. It examined the globalization situation following the outbreak of the global financial and economic crisis. It addresses policies for economic growth and how to make it more sustainable, inclusive and equitable in the broader context of globalization. The present report links these matters to the goals of full employment and decent work and examines how to promote sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and job creation in the broader context of globalization, in particular a more equitable and equitable globalization for all.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "Over the years, globalization has been defined in different ways. Generally speaking, it involves economic integration, which is the cross-border transfer of policies and the dissemination of knowledge. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines globalization as the phenomenon of “increased interdependence between markets and production in different countries through trade in goods and services, cross-border capital flows and technology exchanges”. [1] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) adopts a similar definition: “Globalization means the increasing economic interdependence of the world's countries through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border trade in goods and services and international capital flows, as well as through more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology”. [2]", "2. Globalization has deepened in recent decades in terms of flows of goods and services, including capital. New information and communication technologies, as well as general advances in technology, have led to closer communication and have further deepened these economic trends. While this has brought many new opportunities and benefits, the resulting closer interdependence has made countries and their peoples more vulnerable to external shocks and economic instability. Inequality within and among countries has been accompanied by increasing globalization.", "3. Of particular importance is the globalization of finance, which is gradually deregulated from cross-border flows of capital, often accompanied by deregulation of the domestic financial sector. This integrated domestic financial systems with international financial markets and institutions. Financial globalization should have allowed capital to flow from developed to developing countries (from “capital-rich” to “capital-poor” countries), reduced the cost of capital while increasing the availability of lower-cost credit and reducing the volatility and volatility of the financial system.", "4. However, the experience of the past two decades has raised serious doubts about the so-called effectiveness of financial globalization. As the world sees, the net flow of capital from developing to developed countries is increasing in frequency and intensity of financial crises, and the decline in financial costs cannot be attributed explicitly to financial globalization. In the early 1990s, in Asia and the Russian Federation in 1994-1998, in Brazil in 1999, in Ecuador in 2000, in Argentina and Turkey in 2001 and in Uruguay in 2002, crises were linked to financial globalization. The more extreme boom-bust cycles had significantly reduced earlier income growth and the financial crisis had exacerbated poverty. [3]", "5. The recent global financial and economic crisis and recession have led to a significant decline in global economic growth and can also be attributed to financial globalization. The economic downturn, through declining trade and reverse financial flows, has spread rapidly from the epicentre to the periphery, as evidenced by increased unemployment and poverty, and is a dramatic reminder that globalization promotes economic integration but increases vulnerability.", "6. Thus, while achieving high and sustainable economic growth is not by itself easy, globalization makes it even more challenging. The policy basis for sustainable high-speed growth should create an environment that promotes high levels of investment and job creation, social protection, inclusiveness and equity. Equally important is a favourable international environment conducive to growth in developing countries.", "7. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/168, the present report addresses the following issues: the global financial and economic crisis in the light of recent history; the evolution of globalization, particularly after the 2008-2009 economic crisis; sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth in the context of globalization; employment and decent work creation; and actions and policies to be taken towards a more equitable and equitable globalization for all. The report concludes with recommendations.", "II. The global financial and economic crisis from a historical perspective", "8. During 2008-2009, the world experienced the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. At the time of the crisis, the world, particularly the developing countries, was caught in the shadow of a dramatic rise in food and energy prices. While the unprecedented and well-coordinated economic stimulus measures undertaken by the major countries have prevented a deeper and more sustained global economic downturn, some countries are still coping with its aftermath.", "9. While it is too early to measure with great precision the full impact of the financial crisis on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and on many social outcomes, it is almost certain that the crisis will lead to an increase in unemployment in developed countries and a worsening of employment conditions in developing countries. Between 2007 and the end of 2009, at least 30 million jobs were lost worldwide as a result of the global crisis, resulting in an estimated 212 million people unemployed in 2009, up from 178 million in 2007. Between 2008 and 2009, the number of people in precarious employment increased by 110 million, increasing the total from 1.5 billion to 1.6 billion. The number of working poor, those whose incomes are below the international poverty line ($1.25 per day), has also risen dramatically. Youth unemployment has also increased significantly in most countries, while job instability is definitely increasing in most parts of the world. [4]", "10. The frequency and severity of financial crises appear to have worsened over the past three decades, often preceded by large financial flows, rising commodity prices and rising interest rates. On average, it takes two years for output and 4.8 years for employment to return to pre-crisis levels. The “unjob-creating” recovery currently faced by developed countries is not uncommon in the recent history of the business cycle. However, in developed countries, the time required for employment to return to pre-recession levels has become longer and longer.", "11. This instability appears to have much to do with the movement of private capital flows. Since the Second World War, history has witnessed three boom-bust cycles of private capital flows to developing countries and emerging economies, accompanied by serious setbacks to development, with prolonged fluctuations and stagnation during periods of growth. The first boom-bust cycle began in the late 1970s and ended in the early 1980s with a debt crisis, mainly in Latin America. The second boom began in the early 1990s, followed by a series of balance-of-payments and debt crises in South-East Asia, Latin America and elsewhere. The third cycle began in the early years of the new millennium and ended in the second half of 2008 with the financial crisis.", "Following the debt crisis in the early 1980s, the so-called “Washington Consensus”, consisting of a combination of tight macroeconomic policies, privatization, rapid liberalization and deregulation, was proposed to developing countries as a universal policy basis on which to build a healthy economic and investment environment. In favour of privatization and fiscal discipline, while reducing government-funded social welfare schemes. However, macroeconomic improvements have not led to sustained high economic growth. Instead, the spread of economic liberalization and fiscal consolidation programmes has led to a marked contraction of policy space for developing countries. This has increased their inability to control the rapid reverse flows of private capital flows, resulting in the withdrawal of significant amounts of capital from the country in a very short period of time, and their difficulty in resisting the resulting financial turmoil and economic contraction, as well as in implementing counter-cyclical fiscal and macroeconomic policies. Deregulated financial globalization, coupled with the pro-cyclical nature of private capital flows, increased the risk of financial crises, as experienced in the 1990s and 2000s in many emerging market economies. [6]", "13. Since the United Nations Millennium Declaration was issued in 2000, while countries have placed greater emphasis on effective social policies and well-functioning institutions to overcome widespread poverty, ensure adequate health care and education, and address social exclusion, further measures have been taken in various parts of the world since the late 1990s to continue the pace of financial sector liberalization. While there are some benefits to be derived from financial liberalization, developing countries have seen significant risks associated with macroeconomic instability and financial instability arising from asset bubbles, high risks, financial imbalances and the rapid withdrawal of private capital. The increasingly globalized world has not been able to address the problems of financial instability, economic instability and boom-bust cycles, which are strongly linked to the unrestricted flow of private capital and the negative impact of recurrent financial crises.", "III. Emerging developments in globalization [7]", "14. A key question in the current after-effects of the global financial and economic crisis is whether globalization trends will remain or change in comparison with pre-crisis trends, which will be short-lived, long-term or even stronger than pre-crisis. While it is too early to draw any clear conclusions on the nature of post-crisis trends, it would be useful to undertake a preliminary review of some emerging developments.", "Economic growth", "15. The rapid global economic recession of 2008-2009 seriously disrupted global economic growth and caused major setbacks to the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In terms of the annual average growth rate of global production, it fell from about 4 per cent in 2006-2007 to 1.6 per cent in 2008, with a further 2 per cent reduction in production growth in 2009 and a decline in per capita income in 95 countries.", "16. The recovery of the world economy was uneven and largely driven by developing countries and emerging economies, but the rebound was slow because the most developed countries were still struggling. This slow recovery is likely to continue, with the risk of a double-dip recession as countries move towards fiscal austerity before private demand recovers. The ongoing debt crisis in several European countries also creates uncertainty. In many developed economies, production growth has been weak and so far they have experienced a “jobless recovery”: At the current rate of growth, it may take four or five years before employment returns to pre-crisis levels.", "17. The rapid rise of emerging economies over the past few decades has led to a shift, with global economic growth centres now distributed in both developed and developing economies. The recovery and expansion of the current crisis continues to be led by large emerging economies in Asia and Latin America, particularly Brazil, China and India. However, the growth prospects of these economies face challenges: rising inflation, largely due to rising food and energy prices, and the emerging domestic asset price bubble, which can be attributed to rapid capital inflows and associated upward pressure on exchange rates.", "18. Various members of least developed countries and other structurally weak economies, including landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, have resumed their economic activities, driven by a recovery in international trade and a rebound in commodity prices. Increasing trade and economic linkages with emerging economies are part of the driving forces behind their sustained economic recovery. However, the economic growth rate currently recorded in the least developed countries is still below pre-crisis levels and, in many countries, is still insufficient to reduce unemployment and poverty.", "Income poverty", "19. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in reducing poverty. Prior to the recent crisis, the global incidence of poverty had declined by 40 per cent since 1990. The economic crisis has significantly improved this outlook: according to United Nations estimates, the number of people trapped in or still trapped in the abyss of extreme poverty has increased by between 47 and 84 million. The joint IMF-World Bank Global Monitoring Report 2010 estimates that an additional 64 million people will be trapped in extreme poverty by 2010 simply because of the economic crisis. The report also estimated that, as a result of the 2008-2009 economic downturn, the number of people able to escape poverty would be reduced by 53 million by 2015, although the global Millennium Development Goal target of reducing poverty by half remained within reach.", "20. While poverty reduction continues to improve globally, mainly as a result of rapid progress in China, trends vary at the regional level. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia and the Caucasus and Central Asia are not expected to meet the Millennium Development Goal poverty reduction targets. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty rate.", "Employment", "21. The number of unemployed persons reached 205 million in 2010, largely unchanged from the same period last year, but an increase of 27.6 million over 2007, with little hope of returning to pre-crisis levels in the near future. In 2010, the global unemployment rate stood at 6.2 per cent, compared to 6.3 per cent in 2009, but still far higher than the rate of 5.6 per cent in 2007. In both developed and developing regions, the rate of unemployment and underemployment among young people (15-24 years of age) (in the form of shorter working hours or forced part-time work) is very high. At the end of 2009, there were an estimated 81 million unemployed youth, while the global youth unemployment rate stood at 13.0 per cent. In some countries, youth unemployment has reached alarming levels.", "22. The number of workers in precarious employment was estimated at 1.53 billion in 2009, an increase of over 146 million since 1999. This type of worker is defined as the sum of self-employed and unpaid family workers. The share of workers in vulnerable employment is highest in South Asia (78.5 per cent of total employment in 2009), sub-Saharan Africa (75.8 per cent) and South-East Asia and the Pacific (61.8 per cent). In all regions, women outnumber men among workers in precarious employment.", "23. The proportion of long-term unemployed has increased significantly in most developed countries since 2007. The economy has experienced a sustained high unemployment rate, accompanied by a recovery of weak production, and may fall into a period of long-term growth below potential. The longer the period of growth and continued low long-term employment, the higher the risk of cyclical unemployment becoming structural unemployment, further undermining the longer-term growth potential.", "Inequality", "24. In many ways, inequality in the world is high and is worsening. Although post-crisis data are not yet available, inequality in per capita income between countries has steadily increased before the crisis. The gap between the richest and poorest groups of countries has widened considerably. While some developing countries and emerging economies are growing at a much faster rate than the richest countries, inequality between countries generally continues to grow in terms of average income. At the global level, as of 2007, 80 per cent of the world's population earned only 30 per cent of world income, while 70 per cent of income fell into the pockets of the remaining 20 per cent. The 61 million of the world ' s richest people (1 per cent of the world ' s population) earn the same total income as the poorest 3.5 billion people (56 per cent of the world ' s population). [8]", "25. The gap between rich and poor workers is also growing in both developed and developing countries. According to a recent study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, income inequality has increased significantly in almost all OECD member countries. In most countries, the highest 10 per cent of income and a faster increase in household income than the poorest 10 per cent led to increased income inequality, with the Gini coefficient rising by 10 per cent between the mid-1980s and the late 2000s. [9] The average income of the richest 10 per cent of the population is about nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent.", "26. In most countries, significant inequalities based on gender, ethnicity and geography persist. In developing countries, children from the poorest families and rural areas are more likely to be underweight than children from wealthiest households or towns. In some least developed countries, children from the poorest families are three times less likely to attend primary school than those from the richest. Globally, girls ' dropout rates are much higher than boys ' .", "International trade", "27. In 2010, world trade in goods and services expanded by nearly 12 per cent, exceeding previous estimates, implying a strong rebound after a sharp decline of 11 per cent in 2009. By the end of 2010, world merchandise exports had fully recovered to pre-crisis peaks, although they remained significantly below their long-term trends. World trade growth is expected to slow to around 7 per cent in 2011 and 2012. The rise in protectionism was the most worrying change since the crisis, and that had not happened. The emergence of developing countries, such as India and China, as major engines of global trade growth, and the strengthening of trade and economic ties among developing countries are major changes in the pattern of trade. Emerging economies have also become new sources of financial flows and technology exchanges.", "28. Despite these encouraging trends, many developing countries are still unable to integrate properly into the global trading system or to benefit from increased trade. Their dependence on a few primary exports, weak access to finance, technology and know-how and uneven global policy frameworks constitute major obstacles. International experience has shown that developing countries, which are dependent on primary commodity exports, face a much more severe trade shock than countries with more diversified export structures or manufactured exports, which are less vulnerable to terms-of-trade shocks and thus less vulnerable to economic fluctuations.", "Financial flows: foreign direct investment, official development assistance and remittances", "29. After peaking at $1.2 trillion in 2007, net private capital inflows declined by half in 2008 and continued to decline to about $350 billion in 2009. The sharpest decline was the reversal of international bank lending in emerging economies from a total net inflow of $400 billion in 2007 to a net outflow of over $80 billion in 2009. Net private capital flows to emerging economies began to recover in 2010. Looking ahead to the rest of 2011 and 2012, higher output growth and rates of return will continue to attract more capital to emerging economies. Emerging market policymakers are also increasingly concerned about the impact of large capital inflows in the form of currency appreciation and asset bubbles. Governments of many emerging economies intervened in currency markets and tried to mitigate the volatility of capital flows through various control measures.", "30. ODA increased by 37 per cent in real terms between 2004 and 2010. A total of $128.7 billion (at current year prices) was released in 2010, representing 0.32 per cent of the total national income of OECD Development Assistance Committee members, up from $64 billion in 1998. Despite these encouraging long-term trends, in the short term the global financial and economic crisis has hit national finances and thus affected the share allocated to development assistance. The aid budget was under pressure as many donor Governments moved to fiscal austerity measures. According to the 2011 United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects, the fragile economic recovery of developed countries and the threat of a double-dip recession created considerable uncertainty about future ODA levels, while aid delivery did not fulfil the commitments made by the donor community. According to preliminary Development Assistance Committee data, ODA flows in 2010 were about $18 billion short of donor commitments made at the 2005 Gleneagles Group of Eight summit (adjusted for 2004 dollar values and growth). Africa received only an additional $11 billion (in 2004 prices) and fell short of the 2005 commitment to increase net ODA by $25 billion.", "31. The number of international migrants has increased globally, from 156 million in 1990 to 214 million in 2010. Remittances help to reduce poverty and improve the health and education of family members left behind. Overall, remittances decreased by 6.1 per cent, from $336 billion in 2008 to $315 billion in 2009. However, in the context of the current crisis, remittances have proved to be more resilient than private capital flows, although some countries in Latin America and Central Asia have been more severely affected than others. In 2010, remittances to developing countries were estimated at $325 billion.", "Debt relief", "32. With the assistance of the global economic recovery, the external debt burden of developing countries as a group fell to 22 per cent of GDP in 2010, down from 24 per cent the previous year. Debt relief to low-income countries, facilitated by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, had contributed to a significant reduction in their debt burden.", "33. However, middle-income countries, especially small island developing States, have received little relief. Reducing resource outflows from these countries is essential if the negative effects of the crisis on their economies are to be offset. In 2008, flows from low-income countries to multilateral lending institutions and bilateral creditors (main and interest payments) amounted to $6 billion. [10] United Nations Development Programme estimates indicate that in 26 low- and middle-income countries, cancellation of debt service payments to official creditors for long-term contracted debt up to December 2008 could release an average of approximately $2.8 billion annually until 2014. [11]", "Debt distress in developed economies", "34. Public debt continues to rise in developed economies, a trend that remains of serious concern. Average public debt ratios in developed economies have exceeded 100 per cent of their 2011 gross domestic product (GDP), leading to further declines in sovereign debt ratings in several countries. In response, many countries made financial consolidation commitments, but it is not yet clear whether this would be sufficient to avoid a debt crisis. If the commitment to fiscal consolidation is not enough to convince people that public debt will inevitably decrease, then financial market interest rates will in any case rise, increasing the risk of default. However, if austerity measures are too intense and introduced prematurely during the economic recovery, economic growth and employment may be undermined, and the still fragile banking sector may be further weakened, increasing the risk of default.", "Food security", "35. Food security is closely linked to food prices and food price volatility. Poor consumers are severely affected by high prices, as food accounts for a significant share of the total budget of the poorest households. Food prices have fluctuated sharply since 2006. Prices rose significantly in 2006 and 2007, and prices for some food items peaked in the second half of 2007 and others in the first half of 2008. For some products, the increase ranged from average to peak prices in 2005 to as much as several hundred per cent. Prices fell significantly in the second half of 2008, although in almost all cases they were higher than they had been before they had begun to rise. The sharp rise in the prices of certain food items re-emerged in 2010, and by early 2011 the food price index of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations had again touched the peak of the 2008 crisis.", "36. One of the effects of price volatility in 2007-2008 was that it caused severe hardship to the poor and was a major factor in the increase in the world ' s estimated number of hungry people from 820 million in 2007 to over 1 billion in 2009, although it has now fallen to about 900 million. This slight improvement is now threatened by a renewed surge in food prices. Neither national nor international responses to the crisis can adequately address food security.", "Environment and climate change", "37. Changes in the global environment were not constrained by national borders and were among the most serious challenges of globalization. In a globalized world with a population close to 7 billion and more than 9 billion by 2050, it is imperative to chart a path of global sustainable development, including broad-based economic growth and poverty eradication, while recognizing the need to significantly reduce energy and resource intensity.", "38. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. One of the two main themes of the Conference will be a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. Collective efforts are needed to transform technology to move towards a greener global economy, to create green jobs, including a comprehensive global energy transition and to reduce the use of non-renewable energy. Currently, 90 per cent of energy is produced through fossil fuel-based technologies, resulting in about 60 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions.", "39. Climate-related disaster risks have increased significantly over the past decades. The frequency of droughts, floods and storms has increased fivefold over the past 40 years, from an average of 69 natural disasters per year in the 1970s to an average of 350 in 2000. In developing countries in particular, natural disasters have enormous economic and social costs, affecting their ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including Goal 7, and to move more people out of disaster-prone areas to urban areas. As a result, the number of slum dwellers will continue to grow. It is estimated that 828 million people now live in urban slums, compared to 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.", "Information and communications technology", "Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a powerful contributor to globalization. Despite the economic downturn, the global ICT sector continues to grow, largely as a result of its continued growth in emerging markets. The large gap between Internet access and broadband penetration in developed and developing countries illustrates the need to ensure that developing countries are not excluded from the digital information society. The average penetration of mobile broadband services in developed countries is 10 times higher than in developing countries, and the limited number of fixed telephone lines in developing countries constrains the deployment of fixed (linear) broadband access. Africa, for example, has a penetration rate of less than 1 per cent, reflecting the continuing challenge of increasing high-speed access in the region. In terms of affordability, the share of income spent on ICT services in developed countries is much lower (1.5 per cent) than in developing countries (17.5 per cent). [12]", "IV. Sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and job creation", "41. Economic growth was essential for development, including the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Sustained positive economic growth was a challenge, but in a rapidly globalizing world it was particularly difficult for developing countries to achieve it because of its uneven distribution of benefits and costs and the frequent financial turmoil and economic instability in the international economic environment.", "Sustained economic growth", "42. Sustained economic growth can be understood as strong economic growth over a considerable period of time. It has been shown that sustained economic growth is the most effective means of reducing poverty if the benefits are shared fairly and fairly throughout society. More diversified economies are often less vulnerable to external shocks and can sustain faster growth over a period of time and distribute income more widely to the population.", "Countries in the East Asian region — China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore — have been particularly successful in achieving sustained growth leading to rapid poverty reduction. A similar situation has been observed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and other South-East Asian economies since the 1980s, where poverty has declined sharply. Sustainable growth also enables countries to invest in the achievement of other Millennium Development Goals.", "44. East Asian countries have been supporting economic growth through policies that promote structural change, such as: reducing inequality and increasing agricultural productivity through land reform; supporting industrial development; investing in human capital and infrastructure; and pursuing active trade policies, including export promotion and selective trade protection and supporting technological capacity development, while gradually exposing companies to global competition.", "Most of the countries that have succeeded in achieving sustained growth have adopted non-orthodox policies that reflect their national circumstances. They also have a common capacity to achieve a considerable degree of coherence across economic and social policies across different areas, generally leading to broad-based, cross-sectoral economic growth through structural transformation.", "46. However, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Country specificities and initial conditions vary, and past experience has shown that there are many ways to overcome obstacles to sustained growth and development. The approach applicable to one country may be of no use to another. It is essential to understand the particular factors that constrain a country ' s economic growth.", "47. While cross-country experiences point to some general common features in countries with strong economic growth, country-specific circumstances determine unique ways in which these characteristics may be hampered. Understanding the obstacles to national economic growth and how to prioritize viable reforms depends on a unique national context. National development strategies must be adapted to national circumstances, and prioritizing reforms to promote growth is a major challenge. Developing countries may wish to consider identifying other countries with similar endowment structures but higher incomes in order to identify sectors or sectors that trigger growth. Lessons learned could be applied or adapted to the unique circumstances of a given country and to replicate appropriate development strategies.", "B. Inclusive and equitable economic growth", "48. Sustained economic growth by itself is not enough to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are properly shared among all citizens: to do so, economic growth also needs to be inclusive and equitable. The findings of the Commission on Growth and Development show that inclusiveness — defined as including equity, equal opportunities and protection in the transition to markets and employment — is an important component of any successful growth strategy. [13]", "49. Inclusive economic growth means that its benefits reach low-income groups, particularly those who earn the minimum income; poor economic sectors; social groups and people deprived of opportunities, including ethnic or religious minorities; and marginalized geographical areas. Inclusive growth should therefore strengthen equity and equality, including a higher level of income equality.", "50. More inclusive and equitable economic growth is particularly important for reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It has helped accelerate progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, and increased income for poor families can be translated into the ability to afford education, better food and nutrition, access to clean drinking water and improved housing. It can also ease social tensions, which are a source of political instability and an obstacle to investment. In many countries, equity was found to be an important factor in civil and armed conflict, which subsequently led to a collapse in growth and a significant reversal of development gains.", "51. In many countries, economic growth tends to be concentrated in industries that benefit those who earn higher incomes, while those poor who lack resources or are excluded from market opportunities are trapped in a self-sustaining process that makes poverty and inequality reduction a difficult challenge. In general, countries with higher levels of inequality need to grow more rapidly or take longer to achieve the same level of poverty reduction as those with lower levels of inequality. Trends prior to the financial and economic crisis indicate that a typical low- and middle-income developing country needs faster economic growth to achieve the same rate of poverty reduction as it did two decades ago. To accelerate poverty reduction, economic growth must be accompanied by income, more equitable distribution of assets and opportunities.", "52. Equitable distribution of material and human resources is the basis for wider sharing of economic growth. Land and agrarian reform is at the core of a more equitable distribution of land and agricultural production opportunities at the beginning of economic take-off in many countries. Promoting inclusive social policies, such as universal access to education and health care, also spreads improvements in human development.", "53. A recent example of countries working to reduce income inequality comes from Latin America. During the period 2003-2008, economic development was characterized not only by sustained economic growth, but also by a slight but clear trend of decreasing income concentration. Several countries in the region recorded a drop of more than 10 per cent in the Gini coefficient. [14] Although Latin America still has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world, the positive momentum of recent years suggests that income distribution can be improved.", "54. The encouraging trends in income distribution are mainly linked to the dynamics of the labour market and the transfer of income to households, and to a lesser extent to population variables, leading to lower dependency rates. Employment has grown faster than the supply of labour, especially formal, high-quality and full-time jobs, while, proportionally, rising hourly wages have greater benefits for low-income families, leading to a narrowing of the gap in average income per worker. Another positive factor is family transfer, which accounts for about one fifth of the decline in the per capita income gap across the region. On the road to equality, constraints on future progress include current inequalities in access to education and continuing intergenerational inequalities.", "C. Creating employment and decent work in the context of globalization", "55. Creating productive employment and decent work is an integral part of sustained, inclusive and equitable growth. It makes the benefits of sustained economic growth more inclusive and equitable and translates into higher incomes and a better standard of living for more people, mainly by increasing employment levels and employment opportunities, increasing wages and better working conditions.", "Globalization presents both opportunities and challenges for labour market policies and job creation. While employment opportunities can be improved through increased international trade, foreign direct investment and international migration, employment prospects and standards also face the following challenges: accelerated rural-urban migration, rapid technological change and lower labour standards to attract foreign investment and enhance international competitiveness.", "57. The greatest challenge now is to address the employment situation in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis. As noted earlier, the economic crisis has evolved into a global occupational crisis involving widespread job losses, rising unemployment and low wages in developed countries, as well as underemployment in developing countries, the expansion of the informal economy, precarious employment and an increasing number of working poor.", "58. In most countries, even before the current crisis, the labour market was already depressed. While the global economy is recovering, employment lags behind other indicators and access to full-time, productive and decent work remains limited. In developed countries experiencing jobless economic growth, high unemployment continues to affect many workers. In many developing countries, while total employment has returned to pre-crisis levels, the number of working poor and vulnerable categories of jobs, such as informal and precarious employment, has been increasing.", "59. The persistence of high unemployment and underemployment poses significant risks to labour standards, including low wages, especially when labour laws encourage labour market flexibility. These risks increase with labour market liberalization, which reduces or eliminates labour protection, such as minimum wages or trade unions. In the absence of a favourable economic situation, where workers are in a more precarious situation, where companies have the right to reduce wages or layoffs in order to reduce costs, labour market flexibility becomes insecure, especially in the absence of adequate social security. In particular, groups that are discriminated against and have less choice of work, such as women, ethnic minorities, migrants, persons with disabilities and older workers, face greater risks and may be trapped in what the International Labour Organization calls “dirty, dangerous and degrading” work. This highlights the importance of labour market institutions that guarantee employment and improve the working conditions of discriminated groups, as well as the practical need to measure the quality of employment when assessing employment trends.", "60. In the short, recovery and long term, it is more important than ever to make economic growth more inclusive and equitable and to promote job creation and decent work. In this regard, the Global Jobs Pact recognizes the urgent need to reduce the increasing risk of long-term unemployment and informal work, a trend that is difficult to reverse. The Compact places full and productive employment and decent work at the heart of the crisis response, implying a wide range of policy responses that are optional, including recommendations for counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy measures, restrictions and avoidance of job loss, assistance to job seekers, investment in developing workers ' skills to enhance employability, ensuring an enabling environment for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and a regulatory environment conducive to job creation.", "61. Linking job creation and decent work and reforms to create an inclusive and equitable and sustainable economic growth also require capital investment by the private sector and increased productivity of workers. This requires the creation of employment and decent work as a priority policy while creating an environment conducive to private sector investment and development. This involves a number of elements, including investment in education, health and skills to enhance the employability of workers; political stability; macroeconomic stability (meaning the easing of business cycles through counter-cyclical policies); and a sound and efficient financial system, infrastructure development and pragmatic and pro-development management, including sound legal and regulatory systems and measures to control corruption.", "V. Towards a more just and equitable globalization for all", "62. Creating a more just and equitable globalization for all means achieving its potential benefits, making it more inclusive and equitable for all individuals and countries, while minimizing its considerable costs, risks and vulnerabilities resulting from globalization. This has implications at both the national and international levels.", "A. National level", "63. At the national level, fair and more equitable globalization means improving living conditions and standards, especially for the poor, and promoting greater opportunities and equality. Through their national development strategies, Governments should implement policies that prioritize sustained, inclusive and equitable growth and employment and decent work creation. The international community should actively support them in this endeavour by creating an internationally supportive environment.", "64. Countries that have been more successful in achieving sustained, equitable and inclusive growth share a common feature: their overall economic and social policies are more coherent. National development strategies must pursue this objective, tailored to the specific circumstances of the country, taking into account global economic constraints and building security against economic shocks. However, in the areas of trade and finance in particular, global rule-making limits policy space for national development policies. Greater coherence will therefore be required between decision-making on the national stage and global economic governance.", "65. Another key factor is the macroeconomic framework that supports economic growth, creates employment and promotes economic diversification, as well as the strengthening of national policy implementation capacities. While a stable macroeconomic environment is essential for strong growth, for a variety of reasons it is difficult for many countries to achieve and sustain it, partly because of capital account liberalization and the instability of capital markets. Macroeconomic policies also need to support economic growth and the creation of productive employment, which requires such policies to be counter-cyclical, investment-friendly and employment-sensitive, and should not be narrowly focused on keeping inflation at very low levels and maintaining fiscal balance at any cost. That is, macroeconomic policies should be consistent with broader development objectives, including investment in education, health and infrastructure.", "66. Making growth and development truly inclusive and equitable requires policies that support dynamic growth in sectors related to the abandonment of the poor, such as sustainable agriculture and rural development; comprehensive and coherent social policies and social protection programmes; and the protection of human rights.", "B. International level", "67. At the international level, a fair and more equitable globalization for all required a comprehensive enabling environment at the international level to promote economic growth and development in developing countries, strengthen their capacity to benefit from it and take full advantage of the opportunities associated with globalization, while protecting them from the risks and uncertainties of globalization.", "68. Developing countries had benefited from improvements in some areas of the current international environment, particularly in terms of increased official development assistance and debt relief, but progress had stalled in others, such as trade, access to medicines and technology, migration and climate change. Strengthening the coherence of international policies across the broad spectrum of development is key to creating an enabling international environment and a fair and more equitable globalization.", "69. Achieving broad-based, rapid and sustained growth in income and employment opportunities involves increasingly complex policy challenges. The international community must therefore assist developing countries by strengthening national capacities and managing their own development processes.", "Development cooperation", "70. The Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force had recommended how ODA could be delivered more effectively, including through multi-year commitments on programmable aid and in full alignment with national development and inclusive growth strategies. These efforts should be strengthened through South-South cooperation and philanthropy. There is also much room for improvement in the distribution and distribution of ODA. Aid to least developed countries has not increased at a favourable rate compared to non-least developed countries. Given that multilateral assistance is provided in response to the basic socio-economic conditions of the least developed countries, there is considerable potential for improving their distribution to promote equality. Progress should also be made more rapidly, in accordance with the agenda on aid effectiveness adopted at the high-level forums held in Rome, Paris and Accra.", "71. Development cooperation is undergoing radical change and has great potential to promote South-South and triangular cooperation, reflecting the growing economic and political influence of developing economies. At the same time, innovative financing approaches have the potential to increase resources for development, but should not further divide the aid architecture or divert attention from traditional ODA.", "International trade and finance", "72. If developing countries were to benefit properly from globalization, more reform of trade was needed. The failure to conclude the development-oriented Doha Round of trade negotiations remains the greatest shortfall in the commitments made to establish a fairer trading system. It was essential to move the negotiations out of the current impasse, and all countries should commit themselves to concluding the Doha Round as soon as possible, without sacrificing the ambition of bringing tangible benefits to developing countries. Market access for developing countries had not improved much, and further progress was needed, particularly with regard to duty-free and quota-free access for least developed countries.", "The Aid for Trade initiative needs to be further strengthened to support the development of developing countries' trade and productive capacities in a manner consistent with strategies aimed at promoting economic diversification and sustained growth. There is a need to accelerate the reduction of export and agricultural production subsidies in developed countries in order to improve the income opportunities of farmers in developing countries. In addition, South-South regional integration provides a promising complement that allows countries to pool resources, agricultural and industrial capacities and skills. The reform process should also assist developing countries to ensure, on a non-reciprocal and preferential basis, access to the markets of developed countries and to their existing technologies.", "74. The reform of international financial regulation and the existing international financial architecture is also an urgent challenge. Attempts to strengthen financial regulation through capital controls and to provide more flexibility for national policies have conflicted with World Trade Organization (WTO) free trade rules on financial services under GATS. This issue needs to be addressed, particularly with regard to the objective of maintaining global financial stability and financial regulatory reform. The expansion of global financial services needs to be accompanied by sound regulatory arrangements, which requires an independent international process to oversee international financial regulatory mechanisms. This mechanism will have priority in the formulation of the rules.", "Debt relief", "75. Strengthened debt restructuring and relief modalities are key to supporting development efforts in debt-distressed countries. While the HIPC Initiative framework for poor countries was officially closed, 18 low- and middle-income countries remained at high risk or in debt distress, while more countries had high public debt ratios. [15] High volatility in global markets can also rapidly change prospects for debt sustainability. Given the continuing debt distress, urgent consideration should be given to the extension of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative so that it could be used by all low-income countries facing debt problems, and a more comprehensive framework for the orderly resolution of sovereign debt, taking into account the interests of both debtors and creditors. This decision of the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals has still not been implemented.", "Taxes and investment competition", "Governments are often keen to provide tax and other incentives to transnational corporations to attract foreign investment, leading to tax competition “at the expense of neighbours”, or a tendency to “competitively compete”, and often to lose significant tax revenues. The acceleration of capital flows has also stimulated regulatory and tax competition, as well as the extensive withdrawal of capital controls and the facilitation of international relocation of financial assets for tax purposes. This has reduced the ability of tax and financial regulatory authorities to exercise financial supervision and collect revenue. Such tax competition could be prevented by strengthening international tax cooperation and harmonizing and harmonizing financial regulatory practices among countries. Effective international cooperation in tax matters may result in the receipt of substantial additional resources for development, which may exceed current annual flows of development assistance.", "Food insecurity and commodity financialization", "A tendency towards greater “financialization” of commodity markets has been observed, including the growing participation of financial investors in commodity futures exchange transactions and investment bankers in the development of commodity-led financial products. This has increased the volatility of commodity prices, affected producers and consumers and increased overall food insecurity. Action was needed to improve the transparency of financial markets and curb speculation on commodities.", "Migration", "78. All countries would benefit greatly from reconsidering international cooperation on migration as a result of demographic changes and imbalances. Properly managed, including the protection of migrants ' rights, is sufficient to benefit the migrant ' s country of origin, the host community and the migrants themselves. Countries of origin of remittances should develop policies to facilitate flows and reduce the cost of remittances.", "Technology", "79. In terms of access to technology and know-how, international cooperation should be strengthened to increase developing countries ' access to appropriate technologies, including health, communications and technologies to address climate change. This includes strengthening incentives to support innovation and financing research on intellectual property rights and specific technologies. It also involves facilitating investment in ICT infrastructure and cheaper access to technology and human resources development.", "C. Recommendations", "80. Creating a balanced international enabling environment for sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, job creation, decent work and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals is essential for overcoming the inequalities of globalization. Such an enabling environment would also include greater policy coherence and coordination in the management of globalization and the expansion of policy space for developing countries.", "81. In this context, and in order to improve the capacity to manage globalization in a coherent and holistic manner, the international community may, as a first step, wish to address the measurement of globalization by identifying and agreeing on a set of tools and standardized measurements and indicators.", "82. The international community could also provide further support for a fair and more equitable globalization for all by:", "(a) To promote greater policy coherence and coordination at the international level to prevent and mitigate the impact of future financial crises and to contain the spillover effects that may arise from the current debt crisis in developed countries;", "(b) Assist developing countries in enhancing their capacity to manage their development processes;", "(c) Assisting developing countries in their participation in human capital and capacity-building through education, health and on-the-job training, not only in their export-oriented sectors but also in non-trade-related sectors, thus promoting inclusiveness and equity;", "(d) Promoting job creation and productive employment, decent work, international labour standards, gender equality and social inclusion and cohesion by redoubling efforts to implement the Global Jobs Pact and to establish minimum social protection;", "(e) Working collectively, including in partnership with Governments, civil society and the private sector, to address the challenges of unemployment and underemployment;", "(f) Assisting developing countries in establishing and strengthening universal social security to reduce economic insecurity and vulnerability and to strengthen the capacity of families to access food, improve child nutrition, access health services and retention in school;", "(g) Maintaining the implementation of ODA commitments and aligning overall support to recipient countries ' national development strategies, institutions and processes, including debt relief commitments, reducing duplication and improving aid transparency through common arrangements and simplified procedures, and coordinating action with donors;", "(h) Extending the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative to all low-income countries facing debt problems in order to provide debt relief, while developing a more comprehensive framework for the orderly resolution of sovereign debt, taking into account the interests of both debtors and creditors;", "(i) A successful and balanced conclusion of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, placing the needs of developing countries at the centre and providing complementary and sustained aid-for-trade measures;", "(j) Establish independent international procedures to oversee international financial regulatory mechanisms, leading to sound regulatory arrangements to accompany expanding global financial services;", "(k) Strengthen international tax cooperation and harmonize and harmonize financial regulatory practices in order to offset tax competition and “competitively priced” pressures as global competition for investment and markets takes place;", "(l) Promote policies and measures to support and provide more favourable conditions for the transfer of technology, including green technologies, to developing countries in accordance with multilateral trade agreements, including through increased efforts at the international level to bridge the technology gap by financing research and development and promoting investment in ICT infrastructure;", "(m) To strengthen international cooperation on migration, including through appropriate management and mobility, the protection of the rights of migrants and the search for ways to increase flows and reduce the cost of remittances.", "[1] Marcos Bonturi and Kiichiro Fukasaku, “Globalization and intra-firm trade: a note of experience”, OECD Economic Research No. 20 (Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Spring 1993), p. 146.", "[2] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (Washington, D.C., May 1997), chap. III, p. 45.", "[3] Ekkehard Ernst and Verónica Escudero, “The impact of financial globalization on global economic imbalances, employment and inequality”, discussion paper DP/191/2008 (Geneva, International Labour Organization, International Labour Institute, 2008).", "[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[5] Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, “The legacy of the financial crisis”, working paper No. 146546 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2009).", "[6] Report on the World Social Situation 2010: Rethinking Poverty (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[7] This section draws on the World Economic Situation and Prospects (United Nations publication, Sales Nos. E.09.II.C.2, E.10.II.C.2 and E.11.II.C.2) and the World Social Situation Reports 2010 and 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.IV.10 and E.10.IV.12), published in 2009, 2010 and 2011.", "[8] International Labour Organization, “A new era of social justice” (ILC.100/DG/1A), report of the Director-General to the 100th session of the International Labour Conference, 2011.", "[9] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Growing Income Inequality in OECD Countries: What are the drivers and how can policies be developed to address them?, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Forum on Addressing Inequality, Paris, 2 May 2011.", "[10] United Nations Development Programme, How can the Millennium Development Goals be achieved? International assessment (New York, June 2010).", "[11] Ibid.", "[12] International Telecommunication Union, Trends in Telecommunications Reform 2010/11: Making Tomorrow's Figures Work, 11th edition of the world (Geneva, 2011).", "[13] Commission on Growth and Development, Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development (Washington, D.C., International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, published on behalf of the Commission, 2008).", "[14] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Equality Time: Closing the Gap, Open Access (Santiago, May 2010).", "[15] See United Nations Development Programme, What needs to be done (see footnote 10)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目51", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而流离失所的人", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会在第65/99号决议中，请秘书长同联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)主任专员协商后，就该决议的执行进展情况向大会提出报告。", "本报告述及秘书长同以色列常驻联合国代表之间的来往文函，其中谈到以色列政府为实施该决议相关规定而采取的行动。报告还述及近东救济工程处主任专员提供的资料，其中谈到在工程处登记的难民从约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国返回西岸和加沙地带的情况。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "1. 本报告依照大会题为“因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而流离失所的人”的第65/99号决议第5段提交，该决议的执行部分如下：", "大会，", "1. 重申所有因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而流离失所的人有权返回他们在1967年以来被以色列占领的领土内的家园或前居住地；", "2. 强调指出有必要加速流离失所者的回返，并吁请遵守1993年9月13日《关于临时自治安排的原则声明》第十二条中当事各方就流离失所者的回返所商定的机制；", "3. 与此同时认可联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员作出努力，尽量在实际可行的范围内，作为紧急情况下的一项临时措施，继续向该地区因1967年6月及其后的敌对行动而目前流离失所、亟须继续获得援助者提供人道主义援助；", "4. 强烈呼吁所有国家政府、组织和个人为上述目的向工程处和其他有关政府间组织和非政府组织慷慨捐助；", "5. 请秘书长同主任专员协商后，在大会第六十六届会议之前，就本决议的执行进展情况向大会提出报告。", "2. 2011年5月9日和11日，秘书长向会员国常驻联合国代表、其中包括以色列常驻联合国代表发出普通照会，提请他们注意该决议为他规定的提交报告责任，并请各位常驻代表向他通报本国政府为实施该决议的有关规定已经采取或设想采取的行动。", "3. 以色列常驻代表在2011年7月8日的普通照会中答复如下：", "以色列常驻联合国代表团向联合国秘书长致意，谨此提及秘书长2011年5月9日的照会，内容涉及大会第六十五届会议在题为“联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处”的议程项目下通过的第65/98至第65/101号决议。", "如同以色列以前对待类似决议的做法一样，它鉴于这些决议的政治化和片面性，投票反对这些决议。尽管如此，常驻代表团谨此再次申明以色列支持近东救济工程处的人道主义活动。在这方面，以色列重申它打算继续协助近东救济工程处在实地向有关人员提供人道主义服务。", "虽然以色列的安全不断受到严重威胁，以色列仍然不遗余力地促进有利于巴勒斯坦经济发展与合作的条件，包括开放民用物品进入加沙的系统，以及协助向巴勒斯坦有关人员提供人道主义援助。", "自2010年初以来，以色列批准近东救济工程处在加沙开建72个项目。不过，近东救济工程处由于其自身的原因，仅开始了其中的33个项目的建设(其中10个已经完成)。例如，在教育方面，以色列已批准在加沙修建24所新学校(不包括2011年6月批准的另外18个新的教育项目)。但是，近东救济工程处仅开始了11所学校的修建工程。还应当指出的是，尽管近东救济工程处方面在执行已批准项目上发生延迟，2008年至2010年期间，近东救济工程处已在加沙修建了35所新学校，与2000年至2007年期间的学校数目相比，增加了40%。", "在过去一年里，以色列政府还批准采取重大步骤来缓解在加沙的与安保有关的限制。2010年，已在整个朱迪亚和萨马里亚移除了98个路障，从北方的杰宁到南方的希布伦，朱迪亚和萨马里亚的所有巴勒斯坦主要城市之间畅通无阻。西岸2010年的国内生产总值的增长达8%，游客的访问量增加了49%，主要是前往伯利恒的访问。", "这一积极趋势在2011年第一季度得到维持：与2010年第一季度相比，国内生产总值增长了3.4%。", "尽管哈马斯发动攻击，以色列仍然为大量人道主义物资和其他产品进入加沙提供便利。2010年，进入加沙的卡车载运量增加了28%(2010年为39 868车次，而2009年为31 055车次)，运入加沙的卡车日均载运数目为163车次，与2009年相比增加了43%。加沙地带的出口也已经扩大，2010年出口了152吨草莓和368 208枝鲜花。2010年，有17 924名病人和陪护人员被允许到加沙地带以外接受治疗，与2009年相比增加了70%。在整年里，以色列维持对加沙地带的供电。供加沙发电厂使用的柴油是根据巴勒斯坦权力机关的请求运输的，运了70 876 781公升柴油。", "由于这些变化，2010年加沙的国内生产总值增加了15%。这一积极的趋势在2011年第一季度正在继续，与2010年第一季度相比，国内生产总值增长了24.4%，人均国内生产总值增长了20%。", "尽管如此，西岸和哈马斯控制的加沙地带的恐怖主义组织依然在积极筹划、准备并企图实施恐怖主义袭击。", "2010年，共有463次恐怖主义袭击源自西岸或者在西岸实施，造成9名以色列公民死亡。这些袭击活动是以各种形式、在各个方面实施的，尤其是由哈马斯发动的袭击。", "在2011年上半年，对西岸和耶路撒冷的以色列目标的恐怖主义活动性质出现了惊人的升级。在2011年头5个月，有278次恐怖主义袭击是在西岸或从西岸发动的，造成11名以色列公民死亡，其中包括2011年3月Fogel一家人的残酷被害。在此案中，Fogel一家五口人(夫妻二人及其分别为11岁、4岁和3个月大的3个孩子)在睡梦中被进入他家的两名恐怖分子杀害。", "2010年，有372次恐怖主义袭击源自加沙地带。在2011年头4个月，从加沙地带发动的恐怖袭击数量有了惊人的增长，目前达163次。另一项令人震惊的升级是袭击的性质，袭击中除了使用“冰雹”导弹、火箭弹和迫击炮弹外，还针对以色列平民使用了反坦克导弹。一个例子就是2011年4月7日发动的袭击，在袭击事件中从加沙对一辆校车发射了一枚反坦克导弹，打死了一名以色列少年。", "以色列尽管支持近东救济工程处的人道主义活动，仍然对上述决议的政治动机感到关切，另外感到不安的还有一个情况，即这些决议提出的片面看法未能反映当地的现实。在这方面，近东救济工程处官员的公开言论中有明显的政治和片面腔调，令人深感不安。近东救济工程处作为一个专业的人道主义机构，必须保持警觉，避免提及具有政治性质的事项。", "以色列支持合并有关近东救济工程的各项决议，删除所有无关的政治用语。此外，以色列敦促秘书长和近东救济工程处与有关各方一道，考虑联合国如何才能加强工作，增进巴勒斯坦人民的福祉。", "在这方面，以色列主张在巴勒斯坦实行联合国有关难民待遇的标准原则。具体而言，在近东救济工程处的任务中，应以符合联合国标准的难民政策的方式界定享有其服务的权利。此外，近东救济工程处的任务应包括针对巴勒斯坦人积极推动广泛实行的联合国的难民重新安置和融入当地社会目标。", "联合国大会一年一度的关于近东救济工程处的决议具有政治动机，偏离了联合国关于难民问题的标准政策。这种将严格意义上的人道主义问题政治化的做法，使得巴勒斯坦难民的处境进一步恶化，从而无法像成功对待世界各地的众多难民群体那样，以切实可行的办法满足他们的需要。以色列重视推动对这些决议进行这类修改，因为这将确保近东救济工程处的任务符合有关联合国难民政策的一般指导原则。", "4. 关于大会第65/99号决议第5段，秘书长已从联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)主任专员那里获得主任专员所掌握的关于向工程处登记的难民返回情况的资料。正如以前关于这个问题的报告所指出的那样，工程处没有参与难民回返安排，也没有参与没有登记为难民的流离失所者的回返安排。工程处的资料依据的是返回的已登记难民提出的将其在近东救济工程处的登记记录从约旦、黎巴嫩或阿拉伯叙利亚共和国移交其返回地区的请求。工程处不一定清楚没有请求移交其登记记录的登记难民的返回情况。据工程处所知，从2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日，向近东救济工程处登记的难民中有207人已从巴勒斯坦被占领土以外的地方返回西岸，158人返回加沙地带。应该指出，其中一些人可能不是在1967年流离失所的，而是可能在之前或之后流离失所的，或者可能是某个已登记的流离失所难民的家属。这样，考虑到上一次报告(A/65/283)第4段中的估计数字，工程处已知自1967年6月以来返回被占领土的已登记流离失所难民的人数大约为33 639人。工程处无法估计已经返回的流离失所居民的总数。工程处仅仅有已登记难民的记录，而且如上所述，甚至那些记录，特别是关于已登记难民所在地点的记录，也可能是不完整的。", "5. 关于大会第65/99号决议第3段，秘书长从近东救济工程处主任专员2010年1月1日至12月31日期间的报告(A/66/13)和前几次报告中，了解近东救济工程处向流离失所并且需要持续援助的人提供持续不断援助的情况。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 51 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/99, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it, after consulting with the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), on the progress made in the implementation of the resolution.", "The present report refers to correspondence between the Secretary-General and the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations regarding actions taken by the Government of Israel in implementing the relevant provisions of the resolution. It also presents the information made available by the Commissioner-General of UNRWA to the Secretary-General on the return of refugees registered with the Agency to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip from Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic.", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly pursuant to paragraph 5 of its resolution 65/99, entitled “Persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities”, the operative part of which reads:", "The General Assembly,", "1. Reaffirms the right of all persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities to return to their homes or former places of residence in the territories occupied by Israel since 1967;", "2. Stresses the necessity for an accelerated return of displaced persons, and calls for compliance with the mechanism agreed upon by the parties in article XII of the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements of 13 September 1993 on the return of displaced persons;", "3. Endorses, in the meanwhile, the efforts of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East to continue to provide humanitarian assistance, as far as practicable, on an emergency basis, and as a temporary measure, to persons in the area who are currently displaced and in serious need of continued assistance as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities;", "4. Strongly appeals to all Governments and to organizations and individuals to contribute generously to the Agency and to the other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations concerned for the above-mentioned purposes;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General, after consulting with the Commissioner-General, to report to the General Assembly before its sixty-sixth session on the progress made with regard to the implementation of the present resolution.", "2. On 9 and 11 May 2011, the Secretary-General addressed notes verbales to the Permanent Representatives of Member States, including the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations, in which he drew attention to his reporting responsibility under the resolution and requested the Permanent Representative to inform him of any action his or her Government had taken or envisaged taking in implementation of the relevant provisions of the resolution.", "3. In a note verbale dated 8 July 2011, the Permanent Representative of Israel replied as follows:", "The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the latter’s note, dated 9 May 2011, concerning resolutions 65/98 to 65/101 adopted by the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session under the agenda item “United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East”.", "While Israel voted against these resolutions in light of their politicization and one-sided perspective, as it has done on similar resolutions in the past, the Permanent Mission wishes to reiterate Israel’s support for UNRWA’s humanitarian activities. In this respect, Israel reaffirms its intention to continue facilitating UNRWA’s extension of humanitarian services to its beneficiaries in the field.", "Despite an ongoing and acute threat to its security, Israel has gone to great lengths fostering conditions for Palestinian economic development and cooperation, including liberalization of the system by which civilian goods enter Gaza and assisting in extending humanitarian assistance to Palestinian beneficiaries.", "Since the beginning of 2010, Israel has approved the building of 72 UNRWA projects in Gaza. However, UNRWA, for reasons of its own, has commenced work on only 33 of those projects (of those 10 have been completed). In education, for example, Israel has approved the building of 24 new schools in Gaza (not including an additional 18 new education projects approved in June 2011). However, UNRWA has started work on 11 schools only. It should also be noted that, despite the delay in execution of approved projects on UNRWA’s side, in the years 2008 to 2010 UNRWA has built 35 new schools in Gaza — an increase of 40 per cent compared to the number of schools built in 2000-2007.", "Over the last year the Government of Israel has also authorized major steps to ease security-related restrictions in the West Bank. In 2010, 98 roadblocks were removed throughout Judea and Samaria and there is a free flow of movement between all major Palestinian cities in Judea and Samaria — from Jenin in the north to Hebron in the south. GDP growth in the West Bank for 2010 is at 8 per cent and tourists’ visits increased 49 per cent, mainly to Bethlehem.", "The positive trend is maintained in the first quarter of 2011: GDP grew by 3.4 per cent compared with the first quarter of 2010.", "Despite attacks by Hamas, Israel continues to facilitate the entry of large quantities of humanitarian supplies and other products into Gaza. In 2010 there was a 28 per cent increase in the number of truckloads that were transferred into Gaza (39,868 in 2010 compared to 31,055 in 2009) and the daily average of truckloads transferred into Gaza amounted to 163, a 43 per cent increase compared to 2009. Export from the Gaza Strip was also expanded — 152 tons of strawberries and 368,208 flowers have been exported in 2010. In 2010, 17,924 patients and accompanying individuals were permitted to exit the Gaza Strip for medical care, a 70 per cent increase compared to 2009. Throughout the year Israel maintains the supply of electricity to the Gaza Strip. The transfer of diesel for the Gaza power station was carried out according to requests from the Palestinian Authority — 70,876,781 litres of diesel were transferred.", "These changes resulted in an increase of 15 per cent in Gaza GDP in 2010. This positive trend is continuing in the first quarter of 2011 — which shows a 24.4 per cent growth in GDP and 20 per cent growth in GDP per capita compared to the first quarter of 2010.", "Notwithstanding the above, terrorist organizations in the West Bank and Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip remain active in planning, preparing and attempting to execute terrorist attacks.", "In 2010, 463 terrorist attacks emanated from or were carried out in the West Bank, leading to nine deaths of Israeli citizens. These attacks were carried out in all forms and on all fronts, particularly by Hamas.", "The first half of 2011 witnessed an alarming escalation in the nature of terrorist activity against Israeli targets in the West Bank and Jerusalem. In the first five months of 2011, 278 terrorist attacks were carried out in or emanated from the West Bank, resulting in the death of 11 Israeli citizens including, in March 2011, the brutal murder of the Fogel family, in which five family members (father, mother and three children — 11 years old, 4 years old and a baby of 3 months) were murdered in their sleep by two terrorists who penetrated their home.", "In 2010, 372 terrorist attacks emanated from the Gaza Strip. In the first four months of 2011 we witnessed an alarming increase in the number of terror attacks emanating from the Gaza Strip, which currently stands at 163. Another alarming escalation is the nature of the attacks, which involve, in addition to Grad missiles, rockets and mortar shells, anti-tank missiles aimed at Israeli civilian populations. One example is the attack that was carried out on 7 April 2011 when an anti-tank missile, fired from Gaza at a school bus, killed one Israeli teenager.", "Notwithstanding its support for UNRWA’s humanitarian activities, Israel remains concerned by the political motivation of the aforesaid resolutions, and is disturbed by the fact that they present a one-sided view which fails to reflect the reality on the ground. In this respect, public statements by UNRWA officials carrying a strong political and one-sided tone are deeply troubling. As a professional, humanitarian body, UNRWA must be vigilant in avoiding references to matters of a political nature.", "Israel supports a consolidation of UNRWA resolutions, and a removal of all extraneous political language. Moreover, Israel urges the Secretary-General and UNRWA to consider, together with the concerned parties, ways in which the United Nations can enhance the manner in which it advances the welfare of the Palestinian people.", "In this respect, Israel favours an application in the Palestinian context of the standard principles guiding the United Nations with respect to treatment of refugees. Specifically, UNRWA’s mandate should be such that entitlement to its services will be defined in a manner consistent with the standard United Nations policy on refugees. Furthermore, UNRWA’s mandate should include the active promotion in the Palestinian context of the broadly applied United Nations goals of resettlement and local integration of refugees.", "The annual General Assembly resolutions on UNRWA represent a politically motivated departure from the standard United Nations policy on refugee matters. This politicization of a strictly humanitarian issue has exacerbated the situation of the Palestinian refugees by preventing practical solutions to their needs, such as have been successfully implemented with respect to numerous groups of refugees around the world. Israel attaches importance to promoting such changes in these resolutions as will ensure that the mandate of UNRWA is consistent with the general principles guiding United Nations policy on refugees.", "4. In connection with paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 65/99, the Secretary-General has obtained from the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) the information available to him on the return of refugees registered with the Agency. As indicated in previous reports on the subject, the Agency is not involved in any arrangements for the return of refugees, nor is it involved in any arrangements for the return of displaced persons who are not registered as refugees. Its information is based on requests by returning registered refugees for transfer of their UNRWA registration records from Jordan, Lebanon or the Syrian Arab Republic to the areas to which they have returned. The Agency would not necessarily be aware of the return of any registered refugees who did not request the transfer of their registration records. So far as is known to the Agency, from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, 207 refugees registered with UNRWA returned to the West Bank and 158 to the Gaza Strip from places outside the occupied Palestinian territory. It should be noted that some of these may not have been displaced in 1967 but may have been displaced in earlier or later years or may be members of the family of a displaced registered refugee. Thus, taking into account the estimate given in paragraph 4 of the previous report (A/65/283), the number of displaced registered refugees who are known by the Agency to have returned to the occupied territories since June 1967 is about 33,639. The Agency is unable to estimate the total number of displaced inhabitants who have returned. It keeps records only of registered refugees and, as noted above, even those records, particularly with respect to the location of registered refugees, may be incomplete.", "5. In connection with paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/99, the Secretary-General refers to the report of the Commissioner-General of UNRWA for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (A/66/13) and to the previous reports of the Commissioner-General for accounts of the continuous and ongoing assistance provided by UNRWA to persons displaced and in need of continued assistance." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 51 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees", "Persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/99, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General, after consulting with the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), to report to the Assembly on the progress made in the implementation of the resolution.", "The present report covers correspondence between the Secretary-General and the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations concerning actions taken by the Government of Israel to implement the relevant provisions of the resolution. The report also referred to information provided by the Commissioner-General of UNRWA on the return of refugees registered with the Agency from Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.", "A/66/150.", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 65/99 entitled “Persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities”, the operative part of which reads as follows:", "The General Assembly,", "Reaffirms the right of all persons displaced as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities to return to their homes or former places of residence in the territories occupied by Israel since 1967;", "2. Stresses the need to accelerate the return of displaced persons, and calls for compliance with the mechanism agreed upon by the parties in article XII of the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements of 13 September 1993 on the return of displaced persons;", "3. Endorses, in the meanwhile, the efforts of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East to continue to provide humanitarian assistance, as far as practicable, on an emergency basis, and as a temporary measure, to persons in the area who are currently displaced and in serious need of continued assistance as a result of the June 1967 and subsequent hostilities;", "4. Strongly appeals to all Governments and to organizations and individuals to contribute generously to the Agency and to the other intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations concerned for the above-mentioned purposes;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General, after consulting with the Commissioner-General, to report to the General Assembly before its sixty-sixth session on the progress made with regard to the implementation of the present resolution.", "2. On 9 and 11 May 2011, the Secretary-General addressed notes verbales to the Permanent Representatives of Member States to the United Nations, including Israel, drawing their attention to his reporting responsibilities under the resolution and requesting the Permanent Representatives to inform him of any action their Governments had taken or envisaged taking to implement the relevant provisions of the resolution.", "3. In a note verbale dated 8 July 2011, the Permanent Representative of Israel replied as follows:", "The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to his note dated 9 May 2011 concerning resolutions 65/98 to 65/101 adopted by the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session under the agenda item entitled “United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East”.", "As Israel has done in the past with similar resolutions, it voted against them in view of their politicization and one-sided nature. Nevertheless, the Permanent Mission wishes to reiterate Israel ' s support for the humanitarian activities of UNRWA. In that regard, Israel reiterated its intention to continue to assist UNRWA in the field in providing humanitarian services to those concerned.", "While Israel continues to face serious threats to its security, it has spared no effort to promote conditions conducive to Palestinian economic development and cooperation, including the opening of systems for the entry of civilian goods into Gaza and the facilitation of humanitarian assistance to Palestinian associates.", "Since early 2010, Israel has approved 72 UNRWA projects in Gaza. However, for its own reasons, UNRWA has only started the construction of 33 of these projects (10 of which have been completed). In the area of education, for example, Israel has approved the construction of 24 new schools in Gaza (excluding 18 new education projects approved in June 2011). However, UNRWA began construction work on only 11 schools. It should also be noted that, despite delays on the part of UNRWA in the implementation of approved projects, UNRWA constructed 35 new schools in Gaza between 2008 and 2010, an increase of 40 per cent over the number of schools between 2000 and 2007.", "Over the past year, the Government of Israel has also approved significant steps to ease security-related restrictions in Gaza. In 2010, 98 roadblocks were removed throughout Judea and Samaria, from Jenin in the north to Hebron in the south, between all major Palestinian cities in Judea and Samaria. GDP growth in the West Bank reached 8 per cent in 2010 and visitor visits increased by 49 per cent, mainly to Bethlehem.", "This positive trend was maintained in the first quarter of 2011: GDP grew by 3.4 per cent compared to the first quarter of 2010.", "Despite Hamas attacks, Israel continues to facilitate the entry of large quantities of humanitarian and other goods into Gaza. In 2010, truck traffic into Gaza increased by 28 per cent (39,868 in 2010 compared to 31,055 in 2009), with a daily average of 163 truck traffic into Gaza, an increase of 43 per cent compared to 2009. Exports from the Gaza Strip have also expanded, with 152 tons of strawberries and 368,208 flowers exported in 2010. In 2010, 17,924 patients and escorts were allowed to be treated outside the Gaza Strip, an increase of 70 per cent compared to 2009. Throughout the year, Israel maintained electricity supply to the Gaza Strip. The diesel fuel for the Gaza power plant was transported at the request of the Palestinian Authority and 70,876,781 litres were transported.", "As a result of these changes, Gaza ' s gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 15 per cent in 2010. This positive trend continued in the first quarter of 2011, with GDP growing by 24.4 per cent compared to the first quarter of 2010 and GDP per capita by 20 per cent.", "Nevertheless, terrorist organizations in the West Bank and Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip are actively planning, preparing and attempting to carry out terrorist attacks.", "In 2010, 463 terrorist attacks originated or were carried out in the West Bank, resulting in the death of nine Israeli citizens. These attacks were carried out in various forms and in various ways, in particular by Hamas.", "In the first half of 2011, there was an alarming escalation in the nature of terrorist activities against Israeli targets in the West Bank and Jerusalem. In the first five months of 2011, 278 terrorist attacks were carried out in or from the West Bank, resulting in the death of 11 Israeli citizens, including the brutal killing of the Fogel family in March 2011. In this case, five members of the Fogel family (the couple and their three children, aged 11, 4 and 3 months, respectively) were killed in their sleep by two terrorists who entered his home.", "In 2010, 372 terrorist attacks originated in the Gaza Strip. In the first four months of 2011, there was an alarming increase in the number of terrorist attacks from the Gaza Strip, which now stands at 163. Another alarming escalation was the nature of the attack, in which anti-tank missiles were used against Israeli civilians, in addition to Grad missiles, rockets and mortar shells. One example was the attack on 7 April 2011, in which an anti-tank missile was fired from Gaza at a school bus, killing an Israeli teenager.", "Despite its support for the humanitarian activities of UNRWA, Israel remains concerned about the political motivations of the above-mentioned resolutions and is disturbed by the fact that the one-sided views presented in those resolutions do not reflect the realities on the ground. In this regard, the apparent political and one-sided tone of public statements by UNRWA officials is deeply disturbing. As a professional humanitarian agency, UNRWA must be vigilant in avoiding references to matters of a political nature.", "Israel supported the consolidation of UNRWA resolutions and the deletion of all unrelated political language. Furthermore, Israel urges the Secretary-General and UNRWA to consider, together with the parties concerned, how the United Nations can strengthen its work to promote the well-being of the Palestinian people.", "In that regard, Israel advocated the application of the United Nations standard principles for the treatment of refugees in Palestine. In particular, the right to access its services should be defined in a manner consistent with United Nations standards for refugee policy in the UNRWA mandate. In addition, the mandate of UNRWA should include the active promotion of the broad United Nations goal of refugee resettlement and local integration for Palestinians.", "The annual United Nations General Assembly resolution on UNRWA was politically motivated and departed from the United Nations standard policy on refugees. This politicization of strictly humanitarian issues has further exacerbated the situation of the Palestine refugees and has prevented them from meeting their needs in a practical manner, as has been the case with the many refugee groups around the world. Israel attached importance to promoting such changes in those resolutions, as they would ensure that the mandate of UNRWA was consistent with the general guiding principles governing United Nations refugee policy.", "4. With regard to paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 65/99, the Secretary-General has obtained from the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) information available to the Commissioner-General on the return of refugees registered with the Agency. As noted in previous reports on the subject, the Agency was not involved in arrangements for the return of refugees or for the return of displaced persons who were not registered as refugees. Agency information is based on requests from returning registered refugees to transfer their UNRWA registration records from Jordan, Lebanon or the Syrian Arab Republic to areas of return. The Agency is not necessarily aware of the return of registered refugees who have not requested the transfer of their registration records. From 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, 207 of the refugees registered with UNRWA returned to the West Bank and 158 to the Gaza Strip from outside the Occupied Palestinian Territory. It should be noted that some of these may not have been displaced in 1967, but may have been displaced before or after, or may have been relatives of a registered displaced refugee. Thus, taking into account the estimate in paragraph 4 of the previous report (A/65/283), the number of registered displaced refugees known to the Agency to have returned to the occupied territories since June 1967 is approximately 36,639. The Agency was unable to estimate the total number of displaced residents who had returned. The Agency has records of registered refugees only and, as noted above, even those records, particularly with regard to the location of registered refugees, may be incomplete.", "5. With reference to paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/99, the Secretary-General, in the report of the Commissioner-General of UNRWA for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010 (A/66/13) and in previous reports, was informed of the continued assistance provided by UNRWA to persons displaced and in need of continued assistance." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目23(a)", "消除贫穷和其他发展问题", "联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会关于联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)执行情况的第65/174号决议提交的。大会在该决议中请秘书长提交一份报告，在“充分就业和人人有体面的工作”专题下，说明该决议的执行情况。本报告讨论消除贫穷的挑战和一些关键的减少贫穷政策措施。报告还着重指出第二个十年框架内政策日趋一致，描述目前加强协调以支持《全球就业契约》和《社会保护倡议》的努力。报告最后提出一组建议，强调有必要加强政策一致性，促进更强大的机构间协作，推进第二个十年行动计划的实施。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 2010年9月举行的大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议认识到消除贫穷的各项挑战。会议着重指出在达到发展目标，特别是实现关于减少贫穷、饥饿、就业和人人有体面工作等指标方面的进展喜忧参半。各国政府承诺采取前瞻性经济政策，产生持续、包容各方和公平的经济增长以及可持续发展，从而增加就业机会，促进农业发展并减少贫穷。[1] 各国政府还承诺以全球就业契约为总框架，调整经济增长方向，使之面向创造就业。[2] 此外，各国政府重申，它们深为关切多重的相互关联的危机，包括粮食安全以及气候变化带来的日益严重的挑战。[3]", "2. 第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)是在“大衰退”开始时发起的。自那时起，世界经济进入了依然脆弱的复苏。由于经济和粮食危机的影响，失业顽固地高居不下，减少贫穷的各方面挑战更加严峻。长期的就业危机和社会危机使成功实施第二个十年的行动计划更有意义，但也更具挑战性。", "3. 主管经济和社会事务的副秘书长作为协调实施第二个十年的协调人，领导执行一项全系统消除贫穷行动计划。该计划是由联合国21个机构、基金、方案和区域委员会拟定的、由联合国系统行政首长协调理事会方案委员会于2009年10月批准的。行动计划要在就业和体面工作促进消除贫穷领域，加强联合国全系统活动的一致性和协同作用。[4]", "4. 本报告审查了高级别全体会议着重指出的各项挑战，并审查了促进消除贫穷和饥饿的主要政策措施。报告还描述了最近执行第二个十年全系统行动计划的活动。特别是，报告讨论了在支持《全球就业契约》和《社会保护倡议》——行动计划重要组成部分——方面建设政策一致性的努力。报告还审视了应大会第65/174号决议的要求为更好运作世界团体基金而采取的各项措施，最后提出一组政策建议，以缩小执行行动计划的差距。", "二. 消除贫穷的挑战", "5. 尽管多重危机造成了倒退，但赤贫——定义为每天生活费不到1.25美元——在全球一级减少了。然而，在世界许多地区，贫穷水平持续很高。最近的贫穷估计数显示，虽然东亚已实现把每天生活费不到1.25美元的人的比例减半的指标，但撒哈拉以南非洲仍未走上达到收入贫穷指标的轨道；预计到2015年36%的撒哈拉以南非洲人口生活在贫困线之下，高于29%的指标。[5] 如果危机的影响比预期持久，2000年以来取得的微薄成就将损失殆尽。", "6. 达到千年发展目标的贫困指标，只是迈向在1995年社会发展问题世界首脑会议上作出的承诺的第一步。按照从1990年到2005年观察到的下降速度(这一时期，每天生活费不到1.25美元的人数从18亿下降到14亿)，还需要88年才能消除赤贫。[6] 此外，许多人刚刚超过每天1.25美元的贫困线，一次小冲击便会把他们推向贫穷。例如，如果使用世界银行每天2美元的贫困性线，发展中国家的贫穷人口水平将会显著提高(2005年为25亿人)。", "7. 不过，尽管全球收入贫穷下降，但营养不良人数从1990-1992年的8.17亿增加到2009年的10亿，估计在2010年下降到9.25亿。[7] 由于粮食价格波动越来越大，2010年年底以来粮食价格上涨，这些不大的改善受到威胁。", "A． 缺乏持续、包容各方和公平的经济增长", "8. 证据显示，快速增长是减少贫穷的必要条件。在中国及东亚和东南亚其他国家，如马来西亚、泰国和越南，过去20年的强劲增长帮助大大减少了贫穷。但是，在最不发达国家，低且浮动的增长与停滞的贫困水平并行不悖。在1981年至1999年这个结构调整和高人口增长时期，24个非洲最不发达国家中，有17个国家人均国内生产总值(国内总产值)实际下降，有11个收入贫穷有所增加。[8] 2000年以来，许多最不发达国家的经济增长加快了速度，但减少贫穷方面的成功迄今是缓慢的：最不发达国家的收入贫穷只从1999年的62%下降到2005年的54%，仍远离2015年千年发展目标的34%指标，但这些国家的贫穷人数却同期增加了900万。[9]", "9. 不过，区域趋势常常掩盖国家之间非常不同的情况，甚至收入水平相近和经济增长率可比的国家之间也是如此。例如，在最不发达国家，2005年估计收入贫穷在毛里塔尼亚是13.1%，在利比里亚是86.1%。赞比亚的贫穷人口比例(65%)是冈比亚(31%)的两倍以上，而这两个国家的人均国内总产值都接近350美元。[10] 2000-2007年，安哥拉、柬埔寨和乍得等国家的人均收入增长率在7%以上，但乍得1999-2005年的收入贫穷发生率停滞未变，安哥拉和柬埔寨则在减少贫穷方面迈出很大步伐。", "10. 如此多样的贫穷水平表明，经济增长对减少贫穷的影响，除其他外，取决于增长收益如何在不同社会阶层之间分配。在穷人被排斥在经济增长过程之外或陷于低生产力就业的国家，增长收益不成比例地被已经比较富裕的人获得。1990至2005年期间，有数据国家的约2/3经历了收入不平等现象加剧，在70%的这些国家中，最富有10%的收入者与最贫穷10%的收入者之间的收入差距扩大。[11] 土著人民、其他少数族裔与其他人口之间的差距也随着时间的推移而扩大。[12] 日趋严重的不平等使那些已经无法获取保健和教育等生产性资源和资产的人更难随着增长摆脱贫穷。", "11. 经历强劲增长的国家往往不能长期维持增长。1980年代和1990年代期间，最不发达国家的增长特别不稳定。甚至在2000-2007年高增长期间，32个有数据的非洲最不发达国家中，只有9个享有7年积极、不间断的增长。[13] 商品出口导向型增长容易受到外部冲击和压力，特别不稳定。甚至在粮食和经济危机之前，依赖少数出口商品也没有导致农业生产力大提高、资本形成或生产能力发展，使依赖这种出口的国家发展更能抵御冲击。在资源出口国，石油和其他开采业的扩大，除了对就业的微弱影响，常常导致实际汇率提高，即降低有关经济体其他部门竞争力的所谓“荷兰疾病”。事实上，2000年至2008年期间，最不发达国家的粮食出口依赖性明显增加，同一时期，其中27个国家，主要是非洲国家，制造业产值占国内总产值的比重有所下降。[14]", "B． 创造就业缓慢", "12. 就业是包容各方和平等的经济增长的一个重要手段。有足够报酬的工作提供收入保障、社会保护、保健和教育状况改善和摆脱贫穷手段。", "13. 经济危机之前扩张时期的就业增长不足以吸纳不断扩大的劳动力大军：全球失业人数从1996年的1.6亿增至2007年的约1.77亿，整个时期的失业率维持在6%。[15] 此外，就业增长并没有向劳工再分配收入。工资在全部国内生产总值中所占的份额在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区降幅最大，1990至2007年期间下降了13个百分点，其次是亚洲和太平洋地区(-10个百分点)和发达国家(-9个百分点)。[16] 有趣的是，2000-2005年期间，贸易逆差国家中的工资份额停滞不前，但在贸易顺差国家降低了(7个百分点)，暗示出口导向型增长效益没有在利润和工资之间平分。[17]", "14. 经济危机造成了就业锐减，从全球来说，2010年失业人数达到2.05亿，2007年以来，失业者增加了2 800万。[18] 2010年以来，日趋长期的失业与实际国内总产值和其他主要宏观经济指数的全球复苏形成对照，继续令人担忧复苏可能不增加就业。不过，失业变化并不反映危机对工人和家庭的全部影响。在穷国，从正规部门下岗的工人转向非正规经济部门，但往往那里的工资比较低，工作条件比较差。经济衰退已经使得非正规部门工人的收入更低，因为需求减少，非正规就业的竞争加剧。结果，减少在业贫穷的进展放慢。每日生活费不到1.25美元的工人估计数从2007年的6.60亿下降到2009年的6.31亿，但是，如果贫穷继续按危机前速度下降，2009年在业穷人人数会再减少4 000万。¹⁸ 尽管如此，一些区域即撒哈拉以南非洲(从2008年的1.70亿增至2009年的接近1.75亿)、北非及拉丁美洲和加勒比的在业穷人人数增加了。", "15. 许多国家还在目睹沮丧工人人数激增，[19] 特别是青年。青年不成比例地受失业影响，在非正规部门和在业穷人中人数过多。早年劳动力市场经历塑造青年未来的收入潜力，以及今世后代青年人的福祉。劳动力市场压力持续越长，工人受影响就越大，其家庭和社区有长期困于贫穷的危险。", "16. 总体来说，许多国家走上的经济发展道路没有带来生产性就业持续改善。在就业增长的国家，工作没有成为促进社会保护和收入保障的手段。被低生产率和人口压力挤出农业的工人往往从事低附加值的活动，主要是在城市非正规部门，那里持续的生产率增长和向上流动的范围是有限的，而在许多农村地区，农业生产率仍然停滞不前。在有数据的非洲国家，估计90%的工人在农村和城市地区的非正规部门，在业妇女和青年的百分比高于90。[20] 在印度，90%的劳动人口属于非正规部门，尽管一些高附加值服务最近几年起步了。", "C． 全球粮食涨价与农业发展无力", "17. 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的粮价指数在2011年2月创最高纪录，主要是因为一系列与天气有关的供应冲击，到2011年5月仍超过2008年的最高值。[21] 粮食需求仍然坚挺是因为更多粮食库存用作饲料来满足增加的肉类消费，以及用作生物燃料。因此，全球粮食库存依然较低。商品市场日趋金融化也加剧了价格浮动。", "18. 食品价格飞涨和全球粮食不安全再次激起对贫穷和饥饿加剧的关注。由于穷人的大部分收入花费在食品上，即使短暂涨价也会给其收入水平造成很大影响。所以粮食涨价时贫困往往加剧。世界银行估计，由于2010年6月至12月的粮价上涨，中低收入国家可能又有4 400万人陷入贫穷。[22] 粮农组织警告，2010年估计为9.25亿的长期饥饿人数可能会因粮食涨价而增加。[23]", "19. 除了生产大国内的气候冲击外，农业商品期货投机和生物燃料需求激增也加剧了最近的危机。然而， 历史上，饥饿人数甚至在高增长和相对低价格的时期也不断增加，提示和贫穷一样，饥饿是结构问题所致。农业投资少，全球贸易系统扭曲，是持续粮食不安全的一些长期起因。", "20. 在1980年代和1990年代农业调整方案期间，发展中国家特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲的公共农业支出急剧下降，自那时以来继续下降。在全球一级，提供给农业的官方发展援助也减少了，从1980年的16%到2005年的4%，绝对金额减少50%。[24] 发展中国家政府还被迫推动出口作物生产。出口导向型农业诱导对生产高价作物出口进行投资，而不利于生产低价作物来满足这些国家日增的人口需求。此外，发达国家长期的农业补贴仍是穷国农业发展的一个严重障碍。被鼓励加快贸易自由化的国家在发达国家廉价补贴粮食出口的压力下挣扎。", "21. 几十年的忽视使许多国家的农业生产力停滞不前。最不发达国家的平均谷物产量只是世界平均数的一半，这一差距在过去20年中没有发生变化。[25] 在1990年至2005年期间，有可比数据的22个最不发达国家中，14个的人均粮食生产下降。[26]", "D． 气候变化与冲突", "22. 大多数刚刚超过贫困线的人口仍然很容易陷入贫穷。一次预料之外的冲击，如季节性干旱、失去工作或家人生病，就会耗尽家庭资源，把人推向贫穷，或使得穷人变得更穷。家庭若不能在短期从这种冲击中恢复过来，便可能坠入长期贫穷的陷阱。", "23. 气候变化和冲突与贫穷有着重大的动态关系。生活在贫穷中的人或容易陷入贫穷的人往往无力抵御或减缓气候变化与冲突的不利影响，因此往往受苦最大。", "气候变化", "24. 砍伐森林、自然海岸线退化、沿海区人口密度增加和基础设施薄弱，增加了气候冲击发展成人类灾害的可能性。易受自然灾害影响与贫穷密切相关，因为穷国和人口中最穷的人没有抵御性强的基础设施和技术能力来减少风险。1970年至2009年期间，发展中区域自然灾害每10万人的平均遇害人数比发达区域高五倍。最不发达国家比发达区域高13倍。[27]", "25. 穷人特别是在边缘环境和农业生产力低下地区的人直接依靠遗传、物种和生态系统多样性来支持生计。因此，气候变化对各自然系统的影响威胁到他们的福祉。气温和降雨量模式变化对发展中国家农业的影响已经有目共睹；农作物歉收和家畜死亡造成的经济损失，造成食品价格上涨，日益破坏粮食保障，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲的部分地区。据估计，由于气候变化对农业影响的结果，到2050年，营养不良儿童人数会增加20%。[28] 到同一年，还有18亿人可能生活中缺水。[29] 与此同时，以农业为主导的减贫战略，由于重点放在增加农村收入和就业，可能会受到影响。", "冲突", "26. 贫穷可以导致冲突，因为它造成令人绝望的境况，又无力为穷人提供经济和社会机会。收入不平等和就业机会有限，特别是对青年人，加上社会分裂和排斥，使得社会紧张局势加剧，爆发冲突。", "27. 没有任何低收入脆弱或受冲突影响的国家实现了一个千年发展目标。[30] 平均来说，在1981年至2005年期间遭受过严重暴力的国家，贫困率比没有经历暴力的国家高出21个百分点。[31] 据估计，2005年20%的世界穷人生活在脆弱国家，到2015年这个比例将超过50%。[32] 大规模暴力事件对贫穷的影响远远大于自然灾害或经济周期的影响，可以摧毁整个一代人的经济进步。", "28. 冲突损坏基本的基础设施、破坏保健和教育等公共服务以及粮食和其他消费物品的运输渠道。不安全可能会进一步使成人找不到工作，从而降低生产率和收入，使儿童无法上学，从而造成青年人无法弥补的学习差距。主要由于非战斗人员的受伤和疾病，人力资本进一步减少。在与冲突有关的死亡中，90%不是暴力直接造成的，[33] 而是因为疾病和营养不良。社会资本也在冲突中恶化，因为家庭和社区分离或流离失所。", "三. 消除贫穷的主要政策考虑", "29. 危机暴露了贫穷个人和家庭的脆弱性，凸显有必要采取更有效的政策。第二个十年的行动计划认识到，就业和社会保护是减少贫穷以及包容各方和平等增长的两个关键途径。由于农业仍是穷人的主要生计来源，农业生产力和农村发展对于减少贫穷至关重要。", "A. 实现持续、包容各方和平等的经济增长和促进创造事业", "30. 实现基础广泛和包容各方的经济增长是减少贫穷的必要条件，提出一个重大的政策挑战，特别是对于穷国来说。这要求为快速扩大的劳动大军创造足够生产性的就业和生计，还要求采取各种战略来促进经济多样化，改善获取市场、土地、信贷和其他生产性资源的机会。", "31. 在经济增长带来农业生产力提高、制造业增长和城乡地区体面工作持续增加的国家，减少贫穷的进展最快。这类国家得益于经济和社会部门政策互补，政府对基础设施发展、社会保护和社会服务大量投资，有助于提高生产力和减少脆弱性。缩小基础设施差距，可以对发展中国家穷人的收入产生很大影响。应当承认，穷国的基础设施需求很大。要满足这些需要，必须提供国际援助。不过，没有基本的基础设施、提供保健的社会转移办法，适当水平的营养和社会稳定，一国便无法发掘其全部生产潜力。", "32. 要持续经济增长，就必须使宏观经济政策面向创造就业和减少贫穷。旨在抑制通货膨胀和控制财政赤字的宏观经济稳定政策增加了实体经济和劳动力市场的波动。强调平衡公共预算，往往导致对基础设施、技术和人力资本的公共投资下降，而这些都对包容各方和持续的增长至关重要。对经济危机的早期政策反应显示，有政治意愿把社会目标纳入经济发展战略。但是，越来越多国家目前采取财政紧缩行动表明，不会把危机当作审查现有宏观经济框架是否适当的机会。", "33. 由于危机前的就业增长不足以吸纳不断增加的劳动力，就业目标应设定在危机前水平之上。这将要求处理就业和收入安全问题，同时强调创建更强大和更持久的社会保护系统。劳动力市场政策是防止长期失业和支持经济结构改革的一个重要工具。教育和培训方面的投资至关重要，因为强大的技能基础促进生产力、收入和获取就业。", "34. 公共就业方案在增加总需求可以是有效的，并提供更多工具来处理，在更广泛的就业和社会保护政策范围内，处理就业不足和非正规就业的问题。由于就业恢复将远远落后于经济复苏，公共就业方案不应过早撤出。就业保障方案可以是处理基础设施以及其他产品和货物短缺的一个有效战略。[34]", "35. 许多国家的中小型企业雇用了很大部分的城市和农村劳动力。在发展中国家，这些企业往往是非正规经营，特点是工资低、收入无保障和缺乏福利。要提高这类企业创造体面工作的能力，必须向它们提供信贷、技术援助、管理能力和信息建设。", "36. 非正规部门所面临的挑战必须从促进非正规工人长期、竞争性的生产能力和改善其收入保障和工作条件的角度来应对。如果经济增长不伴随争取体面工作的行动，特别是在非正规部门，增长对减少贫穷的影响将会很小。", "B. 促进农业和农村发展及粮食生产", "37. 农业仍是穷人主要的生计来源，为发展中国家的大多数人口提供就业。因此，促进农业和农村发展对减少贫穷和经济增长具有巨大潜力。当今农村穷人约75%可极大获益于更高的农村收入。[35] 农村穷人的收入必须增加，他们易受伤害的来源必须予以处理，使得他们能够建立更好和更有保障的生计。", "38. 要克服粮食危机及其对贫穷和弱势群体的影响，就必须结合短期和长期行动，支持农业并加强粮食安全。这便需要采取战略，提高农业生产力、环境可持续性和恢复能力；加强农业和粮食市场和贸易准入；改进基础设施；改进社会服务和社会保护方案的利用。支持农业生产，特别是推动少量农田所有者获取改良种子、能源和肥料的各项措施，对减少贫穷具有重大影响。", "39. 其他需要的措施包括提高各国管理浮动性的能力、更好的天气预报、更多农业投资、为应对气候变化采用新技术和作出新努力。的确，由于穷人受气候变化和环境退化影响最大，减缓气候变化的影响和导致建立环境可持续生产系统的战略将有利于穷人。", "40. 必须作出一致努力，确保粮食安全是发展中国家的一个优先事项，特别是在容易遭受粮食长期短缺的穷国。生产更多的粮食只是粮食安全的一个方面(粮食供应)，必须辅之以应对粮食获取不平等和改善营养的其他干预。粮食安全系指人人随时都能获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，以便能过上积极健康的生活。因此，粮食安全方案还应处理贫穷和弱势群体获取足够营养的食品和为他们实施综合营养方案的问题。在短期内，国内饥饿热点应是一个最高优先事项。以预防为基础的干预措施，如分发重要的微量营养素强化剂和补充剂，以及通过校餐对儿童予以有针对性的支持，都必须辅之以基于治疗的干预措施，例如对重度和中度急性营养不良的治疗以及大规模的儿童驱虫。减少高粮价对穷人的影响的措施包括为赤贫者提供社会援助和营养方案。", "41. 促进中小企业，包括在农村，可以减少贫穷，改善粮食安全，协助农业向其他农村活动多样化。尽管很多人认为，出口生产是最有利可图的选择，大型商业农场能够更有效地进入国际市场，但大部分证据表明，在一些国家，国内城市市场是推动农业生产力的主要动力，小但更灵活的家庭农场为这些市场提供更好的服务，只要它们连接到本地的贸易网络并得到非农业收入来源的支持。[36] 少量农田所有者也显示出有很大能力针对天气和其他冲击进行创新。", "42. 许多穷国的政策挑战是促进小农农业可持续增长，同时推动结构改革。在很多情况下，这应导致耕作长期减少，更具活力的制造业成长。在具有庞大农业部门的国家，如果注重促进农村发展，而不只是农业，为此提高少量农田所有者在农场的生产力，增加他们在农场以外的就业机会，并使少量农田所有者能更多利用基础设施、信息和市场，就会看到农业产量显著增加。发展农村非农场经济对于穷国特别重要，因为提供的就业对经济其他部门有影响，并与之有关联。", "43. 每个国家都有责任确保粮食供应和获取。大多数穷国要预防粮食短缺，都需要国际社会援助它们发展农业部门，因此，在政策注意力和资源分配方面，全球粮食安全必须继续是一项国际优先事项。国际社会还应找到稳定粮食价格的措施，例如防止出口限制，重新考虑补贴生产量生产，管制粮食商品期货和期权市场。", "C. 推进普及社会保护", "44. 大约75%的世界人口没有基本的社会保护覆盖。许多人无法利用基本的保健。对于其他人来说，缺乏最基本的收入保障，没有足够的收入能力，变成营养不良、不健康和教育不佳，导致本人和后代生产能力低下。[37]", "45. 危机对如此众多人的不利影响凸显了贫穷的多面性，以及社会保护对于减少脆弱性至关重要。经济危机的社会后果在社会保护系统最薄弱和最欠缺的国家最严重，其薄弱的体制和财政能力加剧了这种后果。例如，2000年以来拉丁美洲和加勒比各国在建设和扩大社会保护系统方面的投资，对危机在该区域的影响起了缓解作用，有助于家庭应对和补偿紧缩。[38]", "46. 社会保护措施可以帮助重振经济活动和生计，也可以作为自动的稳定因素，在经济衰退期间向有需要者转移一定量的财富，并刺激总需求。通过确保弱势群体的基本需要得到满足，社会保护有助于打破贫穷孳生更多贫穷的恶性循环。从长期看，社会保护可以帮助个人和家庭建设人力和社会资源，从而释放劳动力的生产潜力。社会保护作为一种团结的表现形式，还有助于减少社会动乱和冲突，促进社会正义。", "47. 设计良好的社会保障福利是促进生产性就业、两性平等、社会凝聚力和健全经济增长的政策的一个内容。正如孟加拉、巴西、印度、墨西哥和南非等十分不同的国家的各种例子所示，社会保护扩大劳动力市场参与，办法是让男女都能参与生产性就业和促进经济发展。[39] 提供社会保护还使市场能够更好地运作，减少市场常常产生的一些不平等现象。", "48. 因此，社会保护应被视为一项更包容和更平等的增长战略的一个重要内容，扩大增长收益的分配。普及基本社会保护和社会服务，是打破贫穷循环和减少不平等和社会排斥的必要条件。基本的社会保护最低标准是负担得起的；其好处必须以不投资于社会保护的潜在人类、社会和经济高昂代价来衡量。国际劳工组织(劳工组织)分析了世界上约30个发展中国家为提供某种程度社会保护而实施现金转移的80个案例。根据这些分析，劳工组织解释说，大多数国家可以负担得起为其人口提供一定水平的社会保护，这会对贫穷产生引人注目的影响。仅对基本社会转移的分配分析显示，少量现金儿童福利加上少量退休金，可以是穷国社会保护最低标准的“入门级”，可以减少40%的贫穷人口——对实现千年发展目标1的重大贡献。[40]", "49. 劳工组织的估计数表明，在49个最不发达国家，社会保护最低标准(包含儿童、老年男女和贫穷工人的最低水平收入保障)将每年花费460亿美元。这些资源将使4.42亿人在第一年脱离赤贫，为实现千年发展目标1作出相当大的贡献。这一揽子计划的费用是所有最不发达国家国内总产值的8.7%，要全部由国家预算筹资，就必须逐渐实施。[41]", "50. 确保那些为生存而挣扎的人的社会保护，应是处理贫穷多面性的一个优先事项。这些在普及保护承诺范围内的措施应确保最弱势的人获得帮助。越来越多的国家不断削减社会支出，只会增加脆弱性和在业贫穷。", "四. 建设消除贫穷政策的一致性", "51. 联合国系统有关机构、基金和方案继续通过提高对体面工作议程的认识，分享良好做法和支持能力建设的活动和协作，实施联合国第二个消除贫穷十年行动计划。[42] 过去一年，在消除贫穷和全面就业方面加强协调和政策一致性的工作，侧重于支持全球就业契约和社会保证最低标准倡议。这两个倡议在第二个十年的框架内。", "全球就业契约", "52. 全球就业契约为各国提供了一般性框架，供各国用于制定符合本国具体情况和优先事项的一揽子适当政策，以加快复苏。契约包括各国可根据其具体需要和情况采取的一系列应对危机措施。这不是“一刀切”的解决办法，而是基于成功实例以及旨在为多边行动提供投入和支持的一组备选方案。契约促进以投资、就业和社会保护为中心的生产性复苏，并争取把就业置于政策议程的核心位置。[43]", "53. 劳工组织编制了一套政策简报，覆盖就业创造与服务、投资、非正规经济、绿色工作、青年、性别和弱势群体等问题。[44] 简报中所述的政策办法与全球就业契约一致，提供有效干预的指导。这些办法已证明有助于推动创造就业，快速启动就业恢复，并支持广泛的宏观经济复苏。[45] 那些采取更包容、以就业为中心办法的国家得到工作丧失较有限、社会紧张局势较少，经济复苏较快的回报。", "54. 劳工组织和联合国秘书处经济社会事务部组织了一次关于建设就业和体面工作促进可持续复苏和发展的机构间技术会议，为第二个十年行动计划的框架内加强机构间一致性而努力。2010年11月29日至12月1日在意大利都灵举行的这次会议的目的，是鼓励有关全球就业契约的对话，推动联合国对就业和体面工作挑战作出更一致的政策回应和交流最佳做法。参与行动计划的各机构和其他国际组织出席的这次会议产生了加强行动计划的有益提案和举措。会议还提供了独特概览，说明联合国系统内目前有关发展、增长和消除贫穷等主要挑战的想法和行动。", "社会保护最低标准倡议[46]", "55. 社会保护最低标准倡议是促进向所有需要这种保护的人提供一套基本服务和转移的联合国全系统联合努力。社会保护最低标准倡议发展了联合国各机构、双边伙伴、开发银行和非政府组织的一个强大联盟，以确保各行动体和部门之间的协调一致，从而在国家一级提供最佳支持。", "56. 许多社会保护最低标准活动对社会福利、劳工、保健、教育、基础设施、农业和其他若干部门具有溢出效应。社会保护最低标准倡议还鼓励各国将不同的社会政策规划进程合并到一个一致的发展规划框架，来制定明确的中长期目标。这便于采取、改革和资助社会保护政策，并使各国政府能够探讨不同部门之间的协同作用。各国的社会保护最低标准框架因国家情况不同而有差异，但此框架的制定进程应是协商性、包容性和参与式的，参与者包括来自有关部委的政府代表、社会伙伴、议员和民间社会。", "57. 联合国系统为规划和实施社会保护最低标准政策提供技术援助工具。通过由社会保护最标准倡议设立的社会保护最低标准全球咨询网络大力开展机构间协作，最佳利用每个机构各自的专长领域和比较优势，确保向提供技术援助支持各国。该倡议制定的工具包括社会保护最低标准国家行动手册、费用计算工具和基于评估的社会保护最低标准对话方法。此外，每个各机构都在收入保障、保健、水和环境卫生、粮食安全、住房、儿童、保健、残疾人、艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者、妇女、边远农村地区居民等最低标准具体要素或目标群体方面拥有各自职权范围内的具体工具。", "58. 社会保护最低标准倡议已支持若干国家实施倡议，为此根据对现有办法和方案以及实行新福利的估计费用的初步分析，发起了有关社会保护需求和优先事项的全国对话。目前开展社会保护最低标准联合活动的国家有亚美尼亚、贝宁、布基那法索、柬埔寨，萨尔瓦多、印度尼西亚、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、卢旺达、泰国、多哥和越南。社会保护最低标准的概念通过一本社会保护最标准手册，就联合国共同国家行动战略框架为国家行动提供指导付诸实践。由于在制定社会保护最低标准方面已经取得很大进展的发展中国家的知识、专长和经验适于启发现在开始制定社会保护最低标准战略的国家，该倡议大力强调南南合作和三边合作。该倡议还为国家社会政策规划者、决策者和实践者提供培训和能力建设方案。", "59. 自从社会保护最低标准倡议为各国政府和联合国系统提供一个一致框架，以便在减少贫穷方面协调行动和加快进展以来，在区域和全球两级开展了提高对社会保护最低标准认识的宣传活动。2010年8月设立了一个高级别社会保护最低标准咨询小组，以加强全球宣传。持续宣传社会保护最低标准议程对于重新平衡经济和社会发展，以确保包容性的全球化，从而使联合国第二个消除贫穷十年获得成功至关重要。", "五. 消除贫穷倡议", "世界团结基金[47]", "60. 2002年，大会通过题为“设立世界团结基金”的第57/265号决议，汲取了通过微型创收项目注重改善边缘化人口生活条件的国家团结基金的经验。", "61. 预计该基金将有助于发展中国家消除贫穷和促进社会和人类发展，并“将响应发展中国家政府提出的请求，为各项减缓贫穷项目、包括社区组织和私营部门小型实体的倡议提供资金”(第57/265号决议)。", "62. 在第57/265号决议中，大会还请秘书长授权联合国开发计划署(开发署)署长“采取必要的措施，使该基金立即实际运作，作为开发计划署的一项信托基金，须遵守联合国开发计划署/联合国人口基金执行局所通过的财务条例和细则”。根据这项任务，开发署同有关伙伴合作，于2004年9月14日举行了一次工作会议。突尼斯外交部长、联合国经济及社会理事会主席、开发署署长及其他政府代表和机构出席了会议。开发署同经济和社会事务部和其他伙伴合作，为会议编写了相关背景文件，包括说明拟议基金运作、项目批准和报告程序方面的措施。工作组讨论了有关体制和运作安排、高级别委员会的组成、筹资想法等主要问题。", "63. 在工作组会上，与会者同意，高级别委员会将为基金提供战略指导和宣传，为基金调动资源，并监管和监测它的活动。这符合第57/265号决议，其依据是秘书长关于设立消除贫穷世界团结基金的提议的报告(A/57/137)所载的各项建议。与会者还同意，突尼斯政府将召开一次高级别委员会会议。令人遗憾的是，基金没有收到捐款，高级别委员会会议没有举行。", "64. 在没有供资或高级别委员会指导的情况下，开发署无法为基金管理或方案实施设立一个构架。开发署已经向大会第二委员会和执行局通报了基金状况。", "65. 鉴于目前的金融危机，世界团结基金不可能在没有会员国坚定的捐款承诺的情况下运作。 但是，消除贫穷是国际发展合作的一个关键目标。因此，世界团结基金的目标处于联合国系统努力实现千年发展目标的工作的核心。", "六. 结论和建议", "66. 为了达到千年发展目标的贫穷指标并确保可持续的复苏，必须作出协调一致的反应，从而实现持续、包容各方和公平的经济增长，并促进可持续发展。在这方面，促进创造生产性就业并支持更强大社会保护的宏观经济政策至关重要。农业投资和农村发展是增长的两个重要方面，也有助于减少贫穷和改善粮食安全。", "67. 联合国第二个消除贫穷十年(2008-2017年)提供了一个重要行动框架，为支持国家消除贫穷工作而加强联合国全系统活动的协同一致。该十年还是提高可持续发展社会支柱的能见度的一个有益平台。第二个十年的行动计划已经赢得了广泛支持，并改进了联合国内部的政策协调一致。不过，要对持续的全球就业危机造成的威胁作出有效反应，会员国、民间社会和所有相关伙伴都必须作出更多努力，加强政策一致性并推进协作。", "68. 大会不妨考虑以下建议：", "(a) 鼓励国际社会通过建立有利的国际环境以及确保宏观经济、贸易和社会政策之间的更加一致，继续支持各国消除贫穷的工作；", "(b) 敦促各会员国继续支持联合国第二个消除贫穷十年的全系统行动计划以及实现充分就业和人人有体面工作的相关工作；", "(c) 认识到创造充分和生产性就业和人人有体面工作应处于持续、包容各方和公平增长的政策框架的核心，在这方面鼓励各会员国实施全球就业契约的原则和目标，调整宏观经济政策，通过推行逆周期宏观经济政策，稳定收入和就业；", "(d) 认识到普及基本社会保护和社会服务是打破贫穷和不平等周期的必要条件，鼓励各会员国考虑根据国家优先事项和情况，作为消除贫穷的一项有效保障措施，制定社会保护最低标准；", "(e) 敦促联合国系统为实施第二个十年行动计划继续推动更强大的机构间协调，以便在国家一级产生重大影响，并支持社会保护最低标准；", "(f) 认识到粮食危机对贫穷、饥饿和粮食安全的持续影响，鼓励各会员国在发展农业和粮食生产方面发挥更有力的支持作用，包括提高小农场的生产力，并促进可持续自然资源管理；在这方面鼓励国际社会改善并加强国际合作支持农业发展，特别是粮食生产；", "(g) 鉴于在运作世界团结基金方面没有进展，大会不妨考虑其他安排和机制，通过联合国系统已经在实施的互补活动和举措来实现该基金的目标。", "[1] 大会第65/1号决议，第70(b)段。", "[2] 同上，第48段。", "[3] 同上，第6段。", "[4] 行动计划可查询http://social.un.org/index/Poverty/UNDecadefortheEradicationof Poverty/SecondUNDecadefortheEradicationofPoverty.aspx。", "[5] 世界银行，《2011年监测报告：改进实现千年发展目标的可能性》(华盛顿特区，国际货币基金和世界银行)。联合国出版物《2010年世界经济形势与展望》估计，如果不遭受危机冲击，2009年，依然贫困或陷入贫困的人会少4 700万到8 400万。根据世界银行和货币基金组织发表的《2010年全球监测报告：危机后的千年发展目标》的前言，危机增加了6 400万陷入赤贫的人，到2015年摆脱贫困的人将少5 300万。", "[6] 国际劳工组织，《社会公正新时代：总干事的报告》(第100届国际劳工会议，2011年)。", "[7] 联合国粮食及农业组织，《2010年世界粮食不安全状况：应对长期危机中的粮食不安全问题》(罗马，2010年10月)。", "[8] 社会政策和发展司根据世界发展指数数据库数据的计算，http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator(2011年5月25日查询)。", "[9] 根据世界银行网上贫穷分析工具(PovcalNet)的计算，http://iresearch.worldbank.org/ PovcalNet/povDuplic.html (2011年6月1日查询)。", "[10] 人均国内总产值2 000美元不变。来源：世界发展指数数据库，http：//data.worlbank.org/ indicator(2011年5月27日查询)。", "[11] 国际劳工研究所，《2008年工作场所报告：金融全球化时代的收入不平等现象》(日内瓦，国际劳工局，2008年)；Francisco H.G.Ferreira and Martin Ravallion,“Global Poverty and Inequality：A review of the evidence”,in Policy Research Working Paper,vol.4623, (2008)。", "[12] 世界银行，《2011年全球监测报告：改进实现千年发展目标的机会》。", "[13] 社会政策和发展司根据世界发展指数数据库数据的计算，http：//data.worlbank.org/ indicator(2011年6月2日查询)。", "[14] 贸发会议，《2010年最不发达国家报告：迈向最不发达国家新的国际发展架构》(纽约和日内瓦，联合国，2010年)。", "[15] 国际劳工组织，《全球就业趋势，2008年1月》(日内瓦，国际劳工局，2008年)。", "[16] 国际劳工组织，国际劳工研究所，《2008年工作场所报告：金融全球化时代的收入不平等现象》(日内瓦，2008年)。", "[17] 国际劳工组织，国际劳工研究所，《2010年工作场所报告：从一个危机到另一个危机？》(日内瓦，2010年)。", "[18] 国际劳工组织，《2011年全球就业趋势：恢复就业的挑战》(日内瓦，国际劳工局，2011年)。", "[19] 处于工作年龄、愿意工作、但不积极找工作的人(没有被计入失业人口)。", "[20] 国际劳工组织，《最不发达国家的增长、就业和体面工作：国际劳工局提交的2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议的报告》(国际劳工局，日内瓦，2011年)。", "[21] 粮农组织粮食价格指数可查询http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/ foodpricesindex/en/(2011年6月9日查询)。", "[22] 世界银行，《粮食价格观察，2011年2月》。可查询http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTPREMNET/Resources/Food_Price_Watch_Feb_2011_Final_Version.pdf。所用假设和方法的更详细说明另见M.Ivanic.,W.Martin and H.Zaman,“Estimating the Short-Run Poverty Impacts of the 2010-11 surge in Food Prices”,The World Bank，Policy Research Working Paper no.5633(April 2011)。", "[23] 粮农组织关于粮食价格飙升问题的倡议，可查询http://www.fao.org/isfp/about/en/(2011年6月13日查询)。", "[24] 世界银行，《2008年世界发展报告：农业促进发展》(华盛顿特区，2007年)。", "[25] 贸发会议，《2010年最不发达国家报告》(见脚注14)。", "[26] 世界银行，《2008年世界发展报告》。", "[27] 《2011年世界经济和社会调查：绿色技术大变革》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.1)。", "[28] 联合国粮食及农业组织，《2009年世界粮食不安全状况：经济危机——影响和经验教训》(罗马，2009年)。", "[29] 联合国开发计划署，《2007/2008年人类发展报告：与气候变化作斗争——分裂世界中的人类团结》(纽约，2007年)。", "[30] 世界银行，《2011年世界发展报告：冲突、安全与发展，(华盛顿特区，2011年)。", "[31] 同上，图F1.3,第4页。", "[32] L.Chandy, ,and G.Gertz，Poverty in Numbers：The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015.The Brookings Institution,Policy Brief 2011-01 Washington DC，January 2011.", "[33] Gareth Evans,Conflict and Poverty.Keynote Address to Plenary Session “Tackling Conflict,Fragility and Insecurity：Creating the Conditions for Effective Poverty Reduction”,Department for International Development,Conference on Future of International Development (London,10March 2009),p.6.", "[34] R.Lal,S.Miller,M.Lieuw-Kie-Song and D.Kostzer,Public Works and Employment Programmes： Towards a Long-Term Development Approach,Working Paper No.66,June 2010,International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Poverty Group, UNDP。", "[35] 世界银行，《农业和发展：文献概览》第5553号政策研究工作文件(2011年1月)。", "[36] 见Cecilia Tacoli,“Links between rural and urban development in Africa and Asia”, in Proceedings of the UN Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development.(United Nations，New York,January 2008)。", "[37] 见国际劳工组织，《2010/11年世界社会保障报告：在危机及其后提供覆盖》。", "[38] 进一步分析见Did Latin America Learn to Shield Its Poor from Economic Shocks?(World Bank，LAC Poverty and Labor Brief,October 2010)。", "[39] 国际劳工组织，《社会正义新时代：总干事的报告》(第100届国际劳工会议，2011年)。", "[40] 见F.Gassmann,and C.Behrendt,“Cash benefits in low-income countries：Simulating the effects on poverty reductions for Senegal and Tanzania,Issues in Social Protection”. Discussion paper 15(Geneva,ILO,August 2006),pp.47-49。", "[41] 国际劳工组织，《社会正义新时代：总干事的报告》。", "[42] 有关组织在2010年年中以前实施的倡议和活动的全面说明载于秘书长关于第二个十年执行情况的报告(A/65/230)。", "[43] 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会于2009年4月发起全球就业契约倡议，旨在使决策者集中注意就业措施和体面工作，将其视为长期复苏的基础(见大会第65/1号决议)。", "[44] 见www.ilo.org/jobspact/resources。", "[45] 例如，作为新增长道路的一部分，南非制定了到2020年提供500万个工作，失业减少15%的指标。预计这个计划的一部分将通过扩大公共工程方案来实现。该方案首次在2005年至2009年期间实施，创造了100 000多个工作。", "[46] 本节是根据国际劳工组织提供的资料编写。", "[47] 本节是根据联合国开发计划署提供的资料编写的。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 23 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues", "Implementation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/174, on the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017), in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of the resolution under the theme “Full employment and decent work for all”. The report addresses the challenges to poverty eradication and some key policy measures for poverty reduction. It also highlights the growing policy coherence within the framework of the Second Decade and describes current efforts to enhance coordination in support of the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Protection Initiative. The report concludes with a set of recommendations that underscore the need to strengthen policy coherence and promote stronger inter-agency collaboration to enhance the implementation of the plan of action for the Second Decade.", "I. Introduction", "1. The challenges to poverty eradication were recognized by the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held in September 2010, which highlighted the mixed progress in meeting the development objectives, particularly in achieving the targets on poverty reduction, hunger, employment and decent work for all. Governments committed themselves to adopting forward-looking economic policies that lead to sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development, and which increase employment opportunities, promote agricultural development and reduce poverty.[1] They also committed to reorienting growth towards job creation with the Global Jobs Pact as a general framework.[2] In addition, they reiterated their deep concern at the multiple and interrelated crises, including food insecurity as well as the increasing challenges posed by climate change.[3]", "2. The Second Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) was launched at the outset of the Great Recession. Since then, the world economy has entered a recovery that is still fragile and vulnerable. Unemployment remains stubbornly high, while the challenges to reducing poverty in all its dimensions have intensified owing to the impacts of the economic and food crises. A prolonged jobs and social crisis makes successful implementation of the Second Decade’s plan of action more meaningful, but also more challenging.", "3. The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, as the focal point for coordination of the implementation of the Second Decade, leads the implementation of a system-wide plan of action for poverty eradication prepared by 21 United Nations agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions and endorsed by the Committee on Programmes of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in October 2009. The plan of action seeks to enhance the coherence and synergy of system-wide activities throughout the United Nations in the area of employment and decent work towards poverty eradication.[4]", "4. The present report examines the challenges highlighted at the High-level Plenary Meeting and examines key policy measures for poverty eradication and hunger. The report also describes recent activities towards the implementation of the Second Decade’s system-wide plan of action. In particular, it discusses efforts to build policy coherence in support of the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Protection Initiative, which are important components of the plan of action. It also looks at measures taken to better operationalize the World Solidarity Fund, as requested by the General Assembly in resolution 65/174, and concludes with a set of policy recommendations to address gaps in the implementation of the plan of action.", "II. Challenges to poverty eradication", "5. Despite setbacks resulting from the multiple crises, extreme poverty — defined as living on less than $1.25 a day — has declined at the global level. Yet, poverty levels remain high and persistent in many parts of the world. The latest poverty estimates show that while East Asia has already met the poverty target of halving the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day, sub-Saharan Africa is not on track to meet the income poverty target: 36 per cent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to live below the poverty line in 2015, above the target of 29 per cent.[5] If the impacts of the crisis are more lasting than expected, the modest achievements made since 2000 would be jeopardized.", "6. Reaching the poverty target of the Millennium Development Goals is but one step towards the commitment to poverty eradication made at the World Summit for Social Development in 1995. At the rate of decline observed from 1990 to 2005, when the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day declined from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion, it would take another 88 years to eradicate extreme poverty.[6] In addition, many individuals live just above the $1.25 a day poverty line and a small shock can push them into poverty. Using the $2 a day World Bank poverty line, for instance, leads to a dramatic increase in poverty levels in developing countries (amounting to 2.5 billion people in 2005).", "7. However, despite the global decline in income poverty, the number of undernourished people increased from 817 million in 1990-1992 to over 1 billion in 2009, and it is estimated to have declined to 925 million in 2010.[7] This marginal improvement is under threat because of increased food price volatility and rising food prices since late 2010.", "A. Lack of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth", "8. The evidence shows that rapid economic growth is a necessary condition for poverty reduction. In China and other countries of East and South-East Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam, strong growth during the past 20 years has helped to reduce poverty significantly. In the least developed countries, however, low and volatile growth has gone hand in hand with stagnant levels of poverty. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita actually declined in 17 out of 24 African least developed countries and income poverty increased in 11 of those countries between 1981 and 1999, a period of structural adjustment and high population growth.[8] Economic growth has picked up in many least developed countries since 2000 but success in reducing poverty has so far been slow: income poverty in the least developed countries only declined from 62 per cent in 1999 to 54 per cent in 2005, still far from the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target of 34 per cent, while the number of people living in poverty in those countries increased by 9 million during the period.[9]", "9. However, regional poverty trends mask diverse national experiences, even in countries with similar income levels and comparable rates of economic growth. In the least developed countries, for example, estimated income poverty in 2005 ranged from 13.1 per cent in Mauritania to 86.1 per cent in Liberia. The percentage of people living in poverty was more than twice as large in Zambia (65 per cent) as compared to the Gambia (31 per cent), while GDP per capita was close to $350 in both countries.[10] Whereas average growth rates of income per capita were above 7 per cent per year in countries such as Angola, Cambodia and Chad in 2000-2007, the prevalence of income poverty remained stagnant in Chad in 1999-2005, while Angola and Cambodia made significant strides in reducing it.", "10. Such diversity in poverty levels shows that the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction depends, among other things, on how the benefits of such growth are distributed among different sectors of society. In countries where the poor have been excluded from economic growth processes or trapped in low-productivity jobs, the gains from growth have gone disproportionately to those who were already wealthier. Between 1990 and 2005, approximately two thirds of countries with available data experienced an increase in income inequality, and the income gap between the wealthiest and poorest 10 per cent of income earners increased in 70 per cent of countries.[11] The gap between indigenous peoples, other ethnic minorities and the rest of the population has also grown over time.[12] Growing inequalities have made it more difficult for those who already lack access to productive resources and assets such as health and education to grow out of poverty.", "11. Countries that have experienced strong growth have very often failed to sustain it for an extended period of time. Growth was particularly volatile in the least developed countries during the 1980s and 1990s. Even during the high-growth period of 2000-2007, only nine out of 32 African least developed countries with data available enjoyed seven years of positive, uninterrupted growth.[13] Commodity export-led growth, vulnerable to external shocks and pressures, has been particularly volatile. Even before the food and economic crises, reliance on a few export commodities had not resulted in significant increases in agricultural productivity, capital formation or the development of productive capacities that would make countries depending on such exports more resilient to shocks. In resource-exporting countries, the expansion of oil and other extractive industries, besides having a weak impact on employment, has often resulted in increases of real exchange rates — the so-called “Dutch disease” — which have reduced the competitiveness of other sectors of the economies concerned. In fact, dependence on food imports increased markedly in the least developed countries between 2000 and 2008, and manufacturing output as a share of GDP declined in 27 of them, mostly in Africa, during the same period.[14]", "B. Slow employment creation", "12. Employment is a crucial means to inclusive and equitable economic growth. Adequately remunerated jobs provide income security, access to social protection, improved health and educational status and a way out of poverty.", "13. Employment growth during the period of expansion preceding the economic crisis was not sufficient to absorb the growing labour force: global unemployment grew from 160 million in 1996 to approximately 177 million in 2007, and the unemployment rate remained around 6 per cent throughout the period.[15] In addition, employment growth occurred alongside a redistribution of income away from labour. The share of wages in total GDP declined by the largest margin in Latin America and the Caribbean — by 13 percentage points between 1990 and 2007 — followed by Asia and the Pacific (-10 points) and developed countries (-9 points).[16] Interestingly, the share of wages stagnated in countries that had a trade deficit in 2000-2005 but declined (by 7 points) in trade-surplus countries, suggesting that the gains from export-led growth were not shared equally by profits and wages.[17]", "14. The economic crisis has led to sharp falls in employment. Globally, the number of jobless persons reached 205 million in 2010, an increase in 28 million unemployed persons since 2007.[18] Increasing long-term unemployment stands in contrast to the global recovery of real GDP and other key macroeconomic indicators since 2010, and continues to raise fears of a jobless recovery. However, changes in unemployment do not reflect the full impact of the crisis on workers and households. In poor countries, workers laid off from the formal sector have turned to the informal economy, where salaries are often lower and working conditions are poorer. The recession has subjected workers in the informal sector to even lower earnings owing to a decrease in demand and increased competition for informal jobs. As a result, progress in reducing working poverty has slowed. The estimated number of workers living on less than $1.25 a day declined from 660 million in 2007 to 631 million in 2009, but if poverty had continued declining at pre-crisis rates, the number of working poor would have fallen by an additional 40 million in 2009.¹⁸ Nevertheless, the number of working poor has increased in some regions, namely, sub-Saharan Africa (from 170 million in 2008 to close to 175 million in 2009), Northern Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.", "15. Many countries are also witnessing a surge in the number of discouraged workers,[19] particularly among youth, who are also disproportionately affected by unemployment and overrepresented in the informal sector and among the working poor. Early labour market experiences shape the future earning potential of youth as well as the well-being of the current and future generations of young people. The longer the distress in labour markets persists, the more affected workers, their families and their communities run the risk of being trapped in long-lasting poverty.", "16. Overall, the economic development path followed by many developing countries has not resulted in a sustained improvement in productive employment. Where employment has grown, jobs have not been a vehicle for promoting social protection and income security. Workers pushed out of agriculture by low productivity and population pressure have often gone into low value-added activities, mostly in the urban informal sector, where the scope for sustained productivity growth and upward mobility is limited, while farm productivity has remained stagnant in many rural areas. In African countries with available data, an estimated 90 per cent of workers are in the informal sector in both rural and urban areas, with the percentage being higher than 90 per cent among working women and youth.[20] In India, 90 per cent of the working population belongs to the informal sector, despite the fact that a number of high value-added services have taken off in recent years.", "C. Increasing global food prices and weak agricultural development", "17. The Food Price Index of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reached a record high in February 2011, mainly because of a series of weather-related supply shocks, and remained above its 2008 peak by May 2011.[21] Food demand has remained robust owing to increased use of food stocks for animal feed with growing meat consumption as well as biofuels. As a result, global food inventories remain low. Increased financialization of the commodities market is also contributing to price volatility.", "18. Surging food prices and global food insecurity are sparking concerns again over increased poverty and hunger. Since poor people spend large shares of their income on food, even short-lived price increases can have a significant impact on their income levels. So poverty tends to increase when food prices rise. The World Bank estimates that an additional 44 million people may have fallen into poverty in low- and middle-income countries because of the rise in food prices from June to December 2010.[22] FAO has warned that the number of people suffering from chronic hunger, estimated at 925 million in 2010, may rise owing to the increase in food prices.[23]", "19. In addition to weather shocks in large producing countries, speculation in agricultural commodity futures and the surge in biofuel demand have also contributed to this latest crisis. Historically, however, the number of hungry people has kept on increasing even in periods of high growth and relatively low prices, suggesting that hunger, like poverty, is the result of structural problems. Low investment in agriculture and distortions in the global trading system are some of the long-term causes of persistent food insecurity.", "20. Public expenditure in agriculture declined sharply in developing countries, and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, during the period of structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s and 1990s, and has continued to decline since then. Globally, the share of Official Development Assistance going to agriculture also fell, from 16 per cent in 1980 to 4 per cent in 2005, and by 50 per cent in absolute terms.[24] Governments in developing countries have also been pressed to promote the production of export crops. Export-oriented agriculture has induced investment in the production of higher-priced crops for export, to the detriment of lower-priced crops needed to meet the needs of the growing populations in those countries. In addition, long-standing agricultural subsidies in developed countries remain a critical obstacle to agricultural development in poor countries. Countries that were encouraged to liberalize trade quickly have struggled under the pressure of cheap subsidized food exports from developed countries.", "21. Decades of neglect have left agricultural productivity stagnant in many developing countries. Average cereal yields in the least developed countries are only half of the world’s average, a gap that has remained unchanged over the past two decades.[25] In 14 out of 22 least developed countries with comparable data, per capita food production fell between 1990 and 2005.[26]", "D. Climate change and conflict", "22. Much of the population residing just above the poverty line remains vulnerable to poverty. An unexpected shock such as seasonal drought, a job loss or family disease can consume household resources and push people into poverty, or push the poor into deeper poverty. When families are unable to recover from such shocks in the short term, they may fall into long-term poverty traps.", "23. Climate change and conflict have significant and dynamic links with poverty. People who live in poverty or who are vulnerable to poverty are often ill equipped to resist or mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and conflict, and therefore tend to suffer most.", "Climate change", "24. Deforestation, the degradation of natural coastlines, increased population density in coastal areas and poor infrastructure have increased the likelihood that weather shocks will develop into human disasters. Vulnerability to the impact of natural disasters is highly correlated with poverty, since poor countries and the poorest sectors of the population lack resilient infrastructure and the technical capacities required for risk reduction. The average number of persons killed per 100,000 inhabitants by a natural disaster between 1970 and 2009 was five times higher in developing than in developed regions and 13 times higher in the least developed countries than in developed regions.[27]", "25. People living in poverty, especially in marginal environments and areas with low agricultural productivity, depend directly on genetic, species and ecosystem diversity to support their livelihoods. The effects of climate change on natural systems therefore threaten their well-being. Impacts on agriculture in developing countries from changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are already visible; crop failures and livestock deaths are causing economic losses, contributing to higher food prices and increasingly undermining food security, especially in parts of sub‑Saharan Africa. It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of malnourished children could increase by 20 per cent as a result of the impact of climate change on agriculture.[28] By the same year, an additional 1.8 billion people could be living amidst water scarcity.[29] Meanwhile, agriculture-led poverty reduction strategies which focus on building rural income and employment may be compromised.", "Conflict", "26. Poverty can contribute to conflict through the desperate conditions it generates and the lack of economic and social opportunities it affords poor people. Income inequality and limited job opportunities, particularly among young people, combined with social fragmentation and exclusion, exacerbate social tensions and can ignite conflict.", "27. No low-income fragile or conflict-affected country has yet achieved a Millennium Development Goal.[30] On average, a country that experienced major violence over the period from 1981 to 2005 has a poverty rate 21 percentage points higher than a country that saw no violence.[31] It is estimated that while 20 per cent of the world’s poor lived in a fragile country in 2005, this share will exceed 50 per cent by 2015.[32] The impact of a major episode of violence on poverty is much larger than that of natural disasters or economic cycles, and can wipe out an entire generation of economic progress.", "28. Conflict damages essential infrastructure, disrupting public services, such as health care and education, and delivery channels for food and other consumption items. Insecurity may further prevent adults from accessing jobs, reducing productivity and income, and prevent children from attending school, creating irreparable learning gaps among young people. Human capital is further diminished through injury and illness, primarily among non-combatants. Ninety per cent of deaths associated with conflict are due to disease and malnutrition rather than direct violence.[33] Social capital, too, deteriorates amidst conflict, as families are separated or displaced.", "III. Key policy considerations for poverty eradication", "29. The crises have exposed the vulnerability of poor individuals and families and have emphasized the need for more effective policies. The plan of action for the Second Decade recognized employment and social protection as two crucial avenues for poverty reduction and inclusive and equitable growth. Because agriculture is still the main source of livelihood for poor people, agricultural productivity and rural development are vital for poverty reduction.", "A. Achieving sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and promoting job creation", "30. Achieving the broad-based and inclusive economic growth that is necessary for poverty reduction constitutes a significant policy challenge, particularly for poor countries. It entails generating sufficient productive jobs and livelihoods for a labour force that is growing rapidly. It also requires strategies to promote economic diversification, and improve access to markets, land, credit and other productive resources.", "31. Progress in reducing poverty has been faster in countries where economic growth has taken place with gains in agricultural productivity, growth of manufacturing industries and sustained increases in decent work in both rural and urban areas. Such countries have benefited from complementary policies in the economic and social sectors where Governments invested heavily in infrastructure development, social protection and social services that helped to raise productivity and reduce vulnerability. Closing the infrastructure gap can have a substantial impact on the income of the poor in developing countries. Admittedly, infrastructure needs are great in poor countries and meeting them will require international assistance. However, without basic infrastructure, social transfer schemes that foster access to health care, adequate levels of nutrition and social stability, a country cannot unlock its full productive potential.", "32. Sustaining economic growth requires orienting macroeconomic policy towards employment creation and poverty reduction. Macroeconomic stabilization policies aimed at curbing inflation and controlling fiscal deficits have increased volatility in the real economy and the labour market. Emphasis on balancing public budgets has often resulted in declines in public investment in infrastructure, technologies and human capital, all of which are critical for inclusive and sustained growth. Early policy responses to the economic crisis showed that there was political will to incorporate social objectives into economic recovery strategies. However, the current move towards fiscal tightening in a growing number of countries suggests that the crisis will not be used as an opportunity to review the inadequacy of existing macroeconomic frameworks.", "33. Since job growth before the crisis was insufficient to absorb the growing labour force, employment goals should be set above pre-crisis levels. This will require addressing job and income security, giving emphasis to the creation of stronger and permanent social protection systems. Labour market policies are an important tool for preventing long-term unemployment and supporting structural transformation of the economy. Investing in education and training is critical, as a strong skills base promotes productivity, incomes and access to employment.", "34. Public employment programmes can be effective in order to increase aggregate demand, and offer an additional policy instrument to tackle the problem of underemployment and informal employment as part of a wider employment and social protection policy. Because the job recovery will lag significantly behind the recovery, public employment programmes should not be withdrawn prematurely. Employment-guarantee programmes can be an effective strategy for addressing shortages in infrastructure and other goods and services.[34]", "35. Small- and medium-sized enterprises employ a large share of both the urban and rural labour force in many countries. In developing countries, these enterprises often operate informally and are characterized by low pay, income insecurity and lack of benefits. Enhancing the ability of such enterprises to generate decent work requires access to credit, technical assistance, building of management capacity and information.", "36. The challenges facing the informal sector must be addressed from the perspective of fostering long-term, competitive productive capacity and improving the income security and working conditions of informal workers. If economic growth is not associated with a move towards decent work, particularly in the informal sector, growth will have a small impact on poverty reduction.", "B. Promoting agricultural and rural development, and food production", "37. Agriculture is still the main source of livelihood for poor people and provides employment to a majority of the population in developing countries. Therefore, promoting agricultural and rural development has a huge potential to reduce poverty and generate economic growth. Some 75 per cent of today’s rural poor would benefit significantly from higher agricultural incomes.[35] The capabilities of the rural poor must be strengthened and the sources of their vulnerability must be addressed in order to enable them to build better and more secure livelihoods.", "38. Overcoming the food crises and their impact on poor and vulnerable people requires a combination of short-term and long-term actions to support agriculture and to strengthen food security. This requires strategies to increase agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability and resilience; to enhance access to agricultural and food markets and trade; to improve infrastructure and to improve access to social services and social protection programmes. Support to food production and, in particular, measures to boost small farmers’ access to improved seeds, energy and fertilizers have important implications for poverty reduction.", "39. Other needed measures include improving national capacity to manage volatility, better weather forecasting, more investment in agriculture, the adoption of new technologies and efforts to address climate change. Indeed, inasmuch as the poor are the most affected by climate change and environmental degradation, strategies that mitigate the impacts of climate change and lead towards environmentally-sustainable production systems will benefit the poor.", "40. Concerted efforts have to be made to ensure that food security is a priority in developing countries, particularly in those poor countries susceptible to chronic food shortages. Producing more food affects only one aspect of food security (food availability) and must be complemented by other interventions to address inequities in access to food and to improve nutrition. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for an active and healthy life. Therefore, food security programmes should also address issues of access to adequate nutritious food and implement integrated nutrition programmes for the poor and vulnerable. In the short term, hunger hotspots within countries should be a top priority. Prevention-based interventions, such as the distribution of vital micronutrient fortification and supplementation, as well as targeted support of children, through provision of school-based meals, must also be complemented by treatment-based interventions, such as the treatment of severe and moderate levels of acute malnutrition and mass deworming for children. Measures to reduce the impact of high food prices on the poor include social assistance and nutrition programmes for the poorest.", "41. The promotion of small- and medium-sized enterprises, including in rural areas, can reduce poverty, improve food security and facilitate diversification from agriculture towards other rural activities. Despite the widely-held view that export production is the most profitable option and that large commercial farms are more efficient in reaching international markets, most of the evidence suggests that domestic urban markets are the key driver of agricultural productivity in a number of countries, and that such markets are better served by small, more flexible family farms, provided they are connected to local trade networks and supported by non‑farm income sources.[36] Small farm-holders have also shown great capacity to innovate in response to weather and other shocks.", "42. The policy challenge for many poor countries is to promote sustainable growth in small-holder agriculture while enabling the structural transformations that, in many cases, should involve the long-term decline of farming and the growth of a more dynamic manufacturing sector. Countries with large agricultural sectors that have focused on promoting rural development, rather than agriculture alone, by raising small-holder on-farm productivity as well as off-farm employment opportunities, and increasing small-holder access to infrastructure, information and markets, have seen significant increases in agricultural output. Developing the rural non-farm economy is of particular importance in poor countries because of its employment effects and linkages to the rest of the economy.", "43. While it is the responsibility of each State to ensure the availability of and access to food, most poor countries would need assistance from the international community in developing their agricultural sectors if they are to prevent food scarcity. Therefore, it is important that global food security remain an international priority in terms of policy attention and in the allocation of resources. The international community should also find measures to stabilize food prices, for example, by preventing export restrictions, revisiting the subsidization of biofuel production and regulating the financialization of food commodity futures and options markets.", "C. Advancing universal social protection", "44. Around 75 per cent of the world’s population does not have access to basic social protection coverage. Many people do not have access to essential health care. For others, a lack of minimum income security with insufficient earning capacity translates into poor nutrition, health and education, leading to poor productive capacity for themselves and their children.[37]", "45. The adverse impact of the crisis on so many people underscores the multidimensional nature of poverty and the critical importance of social protection for reducing vulnerability. The social consequences of economic crises have been most severe in countries where social protection systems were weakest and least adequate, made worse by their weak institutional and fiscal capacity. Investments in building and expanding social protection systems across Latin America and the Caribbean since 2000, for instance, have cushioned the fallout from the crisis in the region, helping households to cope with and compensate for the contraction.[38]", "46. Social protection measures can help to regenerate economic activities and livelihoods, and can also act as an automatic stabilizer by transferring a certain amount of wealth to the needy and spurring aggregate demand during periods of economic downturn. By ensuring that the essential needs of the vulnerable are met, social protection helps to break the vicious cycle of poverty breeding more poverty. In the long term, social protection can help individuals and families to build human and social resources, and thereby unleash the productive potential of the workforce. Social protection as an expression of solidarity also helps to reduce social upheavals and conflicts, and promote social justice.", "47. Well-designed social security benefits are one element of policies promoting productive employment, gender equality, social cohesion and sound economic growth. Social protection enhances participation in the labour market by enabling women and men to engage in productive employment and contribute to economic development, as shown by various examples from countries as diverse as Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa.[39] The availability of social protection also makes markets work better and reduces some of the inequality they tend to produce.", "48. Therefore, social protection should be seen as an important ingredient of a more inclusive and equitable growth strategy, widening the distribution of the benefits of growth. Universal access to basic social protection and social services is necessary to break the cycle of poverty and reduce inequality and social exclusion. A basic social protection floor is affordable; its benefits need to be weighed against the high potential human, social and economic costs of not investing in social protection. Based on an analysis of 80 individual studies on cash transfers that provide an element of social protection in about 30 developing countries around the world, the International Labour Organization (ILO) makes the case that most countries can afford some level of social protection for their population, which can have a dramatic impact on poverty. A distributional analysis of essential social transfers alone shows that the combination of a modest cash benefit for children and a modest pension, which could be an “entry level” of a social floor for poorer countries, could reduce the poverty head count by about 40 per cent — a major contribution to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 1.[40]", "49. Estimates by ILO show that a social protection floor, consisting of a minimum level of income security for children, older women and men and poor workers, in 49 least developed countries would cost about US$ 46 billion per annum. These resources would provide a very substantial contribution to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 1 by pulling about 442 million people out of extreme poverty in the first year. The cost of this package (8.7 per cent of the GDP of all least developed countries) would require gradual implementation if it were to be fully financed from national budgets.[41]", "50. Ensuring a social protection floor for people who are struggling to survive should be a priority to address the multifaceted nature of poverty. These measures within the commitment to universal provisioning should ensure that the most vulnerable are reached. The ongoing cuts in social spending in a growing number of countries will only serve to increase vulnerability and working poverty.", "IV. Building policy coherence for poverty eradication", "51. Relevant agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system have continued to implement the plan of action for the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty through activities and collaborative efforts to promote awareness of the decent work agenda, share good practices and support capacity-building.[42] Over the past year, efforts to enhance coordination and policy coherence for poverty eradication and full employment have focused on supporting the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Protection Floor Initiative, two initiatives that fall within the framework of the Second Decade.", "Global Jobs Pact", "52. The Global Jobs Pact provides a general framework for use by countries in formulating appropriate policy packages specific to their national situation and priorities in order to accelerate recovery. It includes a range of crisis-response measures that countries can adapt to their specific needs and situation. It is not a one-size-fits-all solution, but a portfolio of options based on successful examples, and is designed also to inform and support action at the multilateral level. The Pact promotes a productive recovery centred on investments, employment and social protection, and also strives to put employment at the centre of the policy agenda.[43]", "53. The ILO has developed a set of policy briefs, covering issues such as employment creation and services, investments, the informal economy, green jobs, youth, gender and vulnerable groups.[44] The policy approaches reflected in the briefs are consistent with the Global Jobs Pact and provide guidance on effective interventions. They have been shown to help boost employment generation and jump-start a job recovery and support a broader macroeconomic recovery.[45] Those countries that followed a more inclusive, job-centred approach have been rewarded with more limited job losses, fewer social tensions and faster economic recovery.", "54. The ILO and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an inter-agency technical meeting on building employment and decent work into a sustainable recovery and development, in an effort to enhance inter-agency coherence within the framework of the plan of action for the Second Decade. The aim of the meeting, which took place in Turin, Italy, from 29 November to 1 December 2010, was to encourage dialogue on the Global Jobs Pact, prompt more coherent United Nations policy responses to employment and decent work challenges and exchange good practices. The meeting, attended by agencies engaged in the plan of action as well as other international organizations, produced useful proposals and initiatives to strengthen the plan of action. It also provided a unique overview of current thinking and action within the United Nations system on the key challenges of development, growth and poverty eradication.", "Social Protection Floor Initiative[46]", "55. The Social Protection Floor (SPF) Initiative is the United Nations system-wide joint effort to promote the extension of a set of essential services and transfers to all in need of such protection. The SPF Initiative has developed a strong coalition of United Nations agencies, bilateral partners, development banks and non‑governmental organizations to ensure coherence and coordination across actors and sectors, thus providing optimal support at the country level.", "56. Many SPF activities have spillover effects in several sectors, such as social welfare, labour, health, education, infrastructure, agriculture and others. The SPF Initiative also encourages countries to bring disparate planning processes for social policies into one coherent development planning framework that sets clear medium- and long-term objectives. This facilitates the introduction or reform and financing of social protection policies and enables Governments to explore synergies between different sectors. The national SPF frameworks vary depending on national circumstances, but the process to develop this framework should be consultative, inclusive and participatory, involving government representatives from relevant ministries, social partners, parliamentarians and civil society.", "57. The United Nations system offers technical assistance tools for the planning and implementation of SPF policies. Strong inter-agency collaboration through the Global SPF Advisory Network set up by the SPF Initiative ensures technical assistance to support countries, making optimal use of the respective areas of expertise and comparative advantage of each agency. Tools developed by the Initiative include the manual for SPF country operations, costing tools, and a methodology for assessment-based SPF dialogues. In addition, each agency disposes of specific tools in its area of competence relating to specific elements of the floor or target groups such as income security, health, water and sanitation, food security, housing, children, the elderly, people with disabilities, people affected by HIV/AIDS, women, people living in remote rural areas, and so forth.", "58. The SPF Initiative has supported various countries in implementing SPFs by launching national dialogues on social protection needs and priorities based on an initial analysis of existing schemes and programmes and estimated costs of introducing new benefits. Countries where joint SPF activities are under way include Armenia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda, Thailand, Togo and Viet Nam. The SPF concept is translated into practice through an SPF manual with guidelines for country operations on the strategic framework for joint United Nations country operations. As the knowledge, expertise and experience of developing countries that have already advanced in building their SPFs are suitable to inspire countries that are now starting to develop their SPF strategies, the Initiative has strongly emphasized South-South and triangular cooperation. The Initiative also offers training and capacity-building programmes for national social policy planners and decision makers and those implementing the schemes.", "59. Since the SPF Initiative provides a coherent framework for Governments and the United Nations system to coordinate their activities and accelerate progress on poverty reduction, there have been advocacy activities to raise awareness about the SPF at the regional and global levels. A high-level Social Protection Floor Advisory Group was established in August 2010 to enhance global advocacy. Sustained advocacy for the Social Protection Floor agenda will be crucial for the rebalancing of economic and social development to ensure an inclusive globalization and thus a successful Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty.", "V. Initiatives for poverty eradication", "World Solidarity Fund[47]", "60. In 2002, the General Assembly adopted resolution 57/265 entitled “Establishment of the World Solidarity Fund”, drawing from the experience of national solidarity funds that focused on improving the living conditions of marginalized populations through income-generating microprojects.", "61. The Fund was expected to contribute to eradicating poverty and promoting social and human development in the developing countries and was additionally expected to “support requests received from Governments of developing countries for financing poverty alleviation projects, including initiatives from community-based organizations and small private sector entities” (resolution 57/265).", "62. In resolution 57/265, the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to mandate the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) “to take the necessary measures for the immediate operationalization of the World Solidarity Fund as a trust fund of the Programme, subject to the financial rules and regulations as adopted by the Executive Board of UNDP and of the United Nations Population Fund”. Based on this mandate, UNDP, in cooperation with concerned partners, organized a working group meeting on 17 September 2004, attended by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, the President of the Economic and Social Council and the Administrator of UNDP as well as other government representatives and agencies. UNDP, in cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and other partners, prepared relevant background papers for the meeting, including on measures for the suggested operationalization of the Fund, project approval and the reporting process. The working group discussed key issues regarding the institutional and operational arrangements, composition of the high-level committee and ideas for fund-raising.", "63. At the meeting of the working group, it was agreed that the high-level committee would provide strategic direction and advocacy for the Fund, mobilize resources for the Fund, and oversee and monitor its activities. This was in line with resolution 57/265 and based on the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the proposal to establish a world solidarity fund for poverty eradication (A/57/137). It was also agreed that the Government of Tunisia would convene a meeting of the high-level committee. Unfortunately, no contributions have been received by the Fund, and the meeting of the high-level committee did not take place.", "64. In the absence of funding or direction from the high-level committee, UNDP could not set up a structure for management of the Fund or implementation of programmes. UNDP has briefed both the Second Committee of the General Assembly as well as its Executive Board on the status of the Fund.", "65. In the light of the current financial crisis, it is unlikely that the World Solidarity Fund will become operational without a strong commitment from Member States to contribute to it. Yet, poverty eradication is a key objective of international development cooperation. The objective of the World Solidarity Fund is therefore at the core of the work of the United Nations system through its efforts towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "VI. Conclusion and recommendations", "66. In order to reach the poverty target of the Millennium Development Goals and to ensure a sustainable recovery, a coordinated response that leads to sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and promotes sustainable development is required. In this regard, macroeconomic policies that promote the creation of productive employment and support stronger social protection are of critical importance. Agricultural investments and rural development are both important dimensions of growth which also help to reduce poverty and improve food security.", "67. The Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) provides an important framework for action to enhance coherence and synergy among United Nations system-wide activities in support of national efforts to eradicate poverty. It also constitutes a meaningful platform to raise the visibility of the social pillar of sustainable development. The plan of action for the Second Decade has already earned broad support and resulted in improved policy coherence and coordination within the United Nations. However, an effective response to the threats posed by the continuing global jobs crisis will require additional efforts to enhance policy coherence and further collaboration by Member States, civil society and all relevant partners.", "68. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Encourage the international community to continue its support for national efforts to eradicate poverty by creating a favourable international environment and ensuring greater coherence among macroeconomic, trade and social policies;", "(b) Urge Member States to continue to support the system-wide plan of action for the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty and related efforts to achieve full employment and decent work for all;", "(c) Recognizing that the creation of full and productive employment and decent work should be at the centre of a policy framework for sustained, inclusive and equitable growth, encourage Member States in this regard to implement the principles and objectives of the Global Jobs Pact and reorient macroeconomic policies to stabilize income and employment by pursuing consistently counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies;", "(d) Recognizing that universal access to basic social protection and social services is necessary to break the cycle of poverty and inequality, encourage Member States to consider establishing a social protection floor as an effective safeguard against poverty, consistent with national priorities and circumstances;", "(e) Urge the United Nations system to continue to promote stronger inter-agency collaboration for implementation of the plan of action for the Second Decade to have a greater impact at the country level and in support of the Social Protection Floor Initiative;", "(f) Recognizing the persistent impacts of the food crises upon poverty, hunger and food security, encourage Member States to play a stronger supportive role in the development of agriculture and food production, including by raising the productivity of small farms and promoting sustainable environmental resource management; and, in this regard, encourage the international community to improve and enhance international cooperation in support of agricultural development, particularly food production;", "(g) Given the lack of progress in operationalizing the World Solidarity Fund, the General Assembly may wish to consider alternative arrangements and mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the Fund through complementary activities and initiatives already being undertaken by the United Nations system.", "[1] General Assembly resolution 65/1, paragraph 70 (b).", "[2] Ibid., para. 48.", "[3] Ibid., para. 6.", "[4] The plan of action is available from http://social.un.org/index/Poverty/ UNDecadefortheEradicationofPoverty/SecondUNDecadefortheEradicationofPoverty.aspx.", "[5] World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2011: Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs (Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund and the World Bank). The United Nations publication World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 estimated that between 47 and 84 million additional people remained poor or fell into poverty in 2009 than would have been the case without the crisis. According to the Foreword of the Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis, published by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, an additional 64 million people fell into extreme poverty due to the crisis, with 53 million fewer people escaping poverty by 2015.", "[6] International Labour Organization, A New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General (International Labour Conference, 100th Session, 2011).", "[7] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises (Rome, October 2010).", "[8] Calculations by the Division for Social Policy and Development based on data from the World Development Indicators Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed on 25 May 2011).", "[9] Calculations based on the World Bank Online Poverty Analysis Tool (PovcalNet), http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplic.html (accessed on 1 June 2011).", "[10] GDP per capita at constant US$ 2,000. From: World Development Indicators Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed on 27 May 2011).", "[11] International Institute for Labour Studies, World of Work Report 2008: Income Inequalities in the Age of Financial Globalization (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2008); Francisco H. G. Ferreira and Martin Ravallion, “Global Poverty and Inequality: A Review of the Evidence”, in Policy Research Working Paper 4623 (2008).", "[12] World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2011: Improving the Odds of Achieving the MDGs.", "[13] Calculations by the Division for Social Policy and Development based on data from the World Development Indicators Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed on 2 June 2011).", "[14] UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs (New York and Geneva, United Nations, 2010).", "[15] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends January 2008 (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2008).", "[16] International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, World of Work Report 2008: Income Inequalities in the Age of Financial Globalization (Geneva, 2008).", "[17] International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies, World of Work Report 2010: From One Crisis to the Next? (Geneva, 2010).", "[18] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Jobs Recovery (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2011).", "[19] Working-age individuals willing to work but not actively seeking employment (and not counted as unemployed).", "[20] International Labour Organization, Growth, Employment and Decent Work in the Least Developed Countries: Report of the International Labour Office for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, 9-13 May 2011 (International Labour Office, Geneva, 2011).", "[21] The FAO Food Price Index is available from http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/ foodpricesindex/en/ (accessed on 9 June 2011).", "[22] World Bank, Food Price Watch, February 2011. Available from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTPREMNET/Resources/Food_Price_Watch_Feb_2011_Final_Version.pdf. See also M. Ivanic, W. Martin and H. Zaman, “Estimating the Short-Run Poverty Impacts of the 2010-11 Surge in Food Prices”, The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 5633 (April 2011), for a thorough description of the assumptions and methodology used.", "[23] FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices, available from http://www.fao.org/isfp/about/en/ (accessed on 13 June 2011).", "[24] World Bank, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, D.C., 2007).", "[25] UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2010 (see footnote 14).", "[26] World Bank, World Development Report 2008.", "[27] World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[28] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009: Economic Crises — Impacts and Lessons Learned (Rome, 2009).", "[29] United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change — Human Solidarity in a Divided World (New York, 2007).", "[30] World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[31] Ibid., figure F1.3, p. 4.", "[32] L. Chandy, and G. Gertz, Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015. The Brookings Institution, Policy Brief 2011-01 (Washington, D.C., January 2011).", "[33] Gareth Evans, Conflict and Poverty. Keynote Address to Plenary Session “Tackling Conflict, Fragility and Insecurity: Creating the Conditions for Effective Poverty Reduction”, Department for International Development, Conference on Future of International Development (London, 10 March 2009), p. 6.", "[34] R. Lal, S. Miller, M. Lieuw-Kie-Song and D. Kostzer, Public Works and Employment Programmes: Towards a Long-Term Development Approach, Working Paper No. 66, June 2010, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Poverty Group, UNDP.", "[35] World Bank, Agriculture and Development: A Brief Review of the Literature, Policy Research Working Paper 5553 (January 2011).", "[36] See Cecilia Tacoli, “Links between rural and urban development in Africa and Asia”, in Proceedings of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development (United Nations, New York, January 2008).", "[37] See International Labour Organization, World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond.", "[38] For further analysis, see Did Latin America Learn to Shield Its Poor from Economic Shocks? (World Bank, LAC Poverty and Labor Brief, October 2010).", "[39] International Labour Organization: A New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General (International Labour Conference, 100th Session, 2011).", "[40] See F. Gassmann and C. Behrendt, “Cash benefits in low-income countries: Simulating the effects on poverty reductions for Senegal and Tanzania, Issues in Social Protection”. Discussion paper 15 (Geneva, ILO, August 2006), pp. 47-49.", "[41] International Labour Organization, A New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General.", "[42] A full description of initiatives and activities implemented by relevant organizations until mid‑2010 is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Second Decade (A/65/230).", "[43] The United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in April 2009 launched the Global Jobs Pact Initiative, which is aimed at focusing the attention of decision makers on employment measures and decent work as the foundation for long-term recovery (see General Assembly resolution 65/1).", "[44] See www.ilo.org/jobspact/resources.", "[45] For example, as part of its New Growth Path, South Africa set a target to generate 5 million jobs by 2020 and reduce unemployment by 15 per cent. Part of this plan is envisaged to be achieved through the Expanded Public Works Programme, which was first implemented between 2005 and 2009 and created more than 100,000 jobs.", "[46] This section is based on information submitted by the International Labour Organization.", "[47] This section is based on information received from the United Nations Development Programme." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 23 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues", "Implementation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/174 on the implementation of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017). In that resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of the resolution under the theme “Full employment and decent work for all”. The present report addresses the challenges of poverty eradication and some key poverty reduction policy measures. The report also highlights the increasing policy coherence within the framework of the Second Decade and describes ongoing efforts to strengthen coordination in support of the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Protection Initiative. The report concludes with a set of recommendations emphasizing the need for greater policy coherence and stronger inter-agency collaboration to advance the implementation of the plan of action for the Second Decade.", "A/66/150.", "Introduction", "1. The High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010, recognized the challenges of poverty eradication. The meeting highlighted the mixed progress made in meeting development goals, in particular the targets on poverty reduction, hunger, employment and decent work for all. Governments are committed to forward-looking economic policies that generate sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development, thereby increasing employment opportunities, promoting agricultural development and reducing poverty. [1] Governments have also committed themselves to using the Global Jobs Pact as the overarching framework for reorienting economic growth towards job creation. In addition, Governments reiterated their deep concern at the multiple and interrelated crises, including food security and the growing challenges posed by climate change. [3]", "The Second Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) was launched at the beginning of the “big recession”. Since then, the world economy has entered a still fragile recovery. The challenges of reducing poverty in all its aspects are compounded by the persistence of unemployment as a result of the economic and food crisis. The long-standing employment and social crises made the plan of action for the successful implementation of the Second Decade more meaningful but also challenging.", "3. The Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, as the focal point for the coordinated implementation of the Second Decade, led the implementation of a system-wide plan of action for poverty eradication. The plan was developed by 21 United Nations agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions and approved by the Programme Committee of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in October 2009. The plan of action aims to enhance the coherence and synergy of United Nations system-wide activities in the area of employment and decent work for poverty eradication. [4]", "4. The present report reviews the challenges highlighted at the High-level Plenary Meeting and the main policy measures to promote the eradication of poverty and hunger. The report also describes recent activities to implement the system-wide plan of action for the Second Decade. In particular, the report discusses efforts to build policy coherence in support of the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Protection Initiative, an important component of the Plan of Action. The report also reviews measures taken to better operationalize the World Group Fund, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/174, and concludes with a set of policy recommendations to close the implementation gap of the plan of action.", "II. Challenges of poverty eradication", "Despite the setbacks caused by multiple crises, extreme poverty — defined as living on less than $1.25 a day — has declined at the global level. However, poverty levels continue to be high in many parts of the world. Recent poverty estimates indicate that, while East Asia has achieved its target of halving the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day, sub-Saharan Africa is still not on track to meet the income poverty target; 36 per cent of the population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to live below the poverty line by 2015, above the 29 per cent target. [5] If the impact of the crisis is longer than expected, the modest gains made since 2000 will be lost.", "Meeting the poverty targets of the Millennium Development Goals is only the first step towards the commitments made at the 1995 World Summit for Social Development. According to the rate of decline observed between 1990 and 2005, when the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day fell from 1.8 billion to 1.4 billion, it will take 88 years to eradicate extreme poverty. In addition, many people have just exceeded the poverty line of $1.25 per day, and a small shock pushes them into poverty. For example, using the World Bank poverty line of $2 per day would significantly increase the level of poverty in developing countries (2.5 billion in 2005).", "7. However, despite the decline in global income poverty, the number of undernourished people increased from 817 million in 1990-1992 to 1 billion in 2009 and is estimated to have fallen to 925 million in 2010. [7] These modest improvements are threatened by rising food prices since the end of 2010 as a result of increasing food price volatility.", "A. Lack of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth", "8. Evidence shows that rapid growth is a necessary condition for poverty reduction. In China and other countries in East and South-East Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam, strong growth over the past two decades has helped to significantly reduce poverty. In the least developed countries, however, low and floating growth goes hand in hand with stagnant poverty levels. During the period of structural adjustment and high population growth from 1981 to 1999, 17 of the 24 African least developed countries experienced a real decline in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and 11 increased income poverty. [8] Economic growth has accelerated in many least developed countries since 2000, but success in reducing poverty has so far been slow: income poverty in least developed countries has declined from 62 per cent in 1999 to 54 per cent in 2005, still far from the 2015 Millennium Development Goal target of 34 per cent, but the number of poor people in those countries has increased by 9 million over the same period. [9]", "9. However, regional trends often mask very different situations between countries, even those with similar levels of income and comparable rates of economic growth. In the least developed countries, for example, income poverty is estimated at 13.1 per cent in Mauritania and 86.1 per cent in Liberia in 2005. In Zambia, the proportion of the poor (65 per cent) is more than twice that of the Gambia (31 per cent), while in both countries per capita GDP is close to $350. [10] While countries such as Angola, Cambodia and Chad grew at a per capita income rate of over 7 per cent in 2000-2007, the incidence of income poverty in Chad stagnated in 1999-2005, while Angola and Cambodia made significant strides in reducing poverty.", "10. Such diverse levels of poverty indicate that the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction depends, inter alia, on how the benefits of growth are distributed among different segments of society. In countries where the poor are excluded from the process of economic growth or trapped in low-productivity employment, growth gains are disproportionately captured by those who are already richer. Between 1990 and 2005, about two thirds of the countries with data experienced rising income inequality, with the income gap widening between the richest 10 per cent and the poorest 10 per cent of those in 70 per cent of those countries. [11] The gap between indigenous peoples, other minorities and other populations has also widened over time. [12] Growing inequality makes it more difficult for those who are no longer able to access productive resources and assets, such as health and education, to rise out of poverty with growth.", "11. Countries experiencing strong growth are often unable to sustain growth in the long term. Growth in LDCs was particularly volatile during the 1980s and 1990s. Even during the high growth period 2000-2007, only 9 of the 32 African least developed countries for which data are available enjoyed seven years of positive and uninterrupted growth. [13] Commodity-oriented export growth is vulnerable to external shocks and pressures, with particular instability. Even before the food and economic crisis, dependence on a small number of export commodities had not led to significant increases in agricultural productivity, capital formation or the development of productive capacities, making the development of countries dependent on such exports more resilient to shocks. In resource-exporting countries, the expansion of oil and other extractive industries, in addition to their weak impact on employment, often leads to an increase in real exchange rates, the so-called “Dutch disease” that reduces the competitiveness of other sectors of the economies concerned. In fact, the dependence of least developed countries on food exports increased significantly between 2000 and 2008, and during the same period 27 of them, mainly in Africa, experienced a decline in manufacturing production as a share of GDP. [14]", "B. Slow job creation", "12. Employment is an important means of inclusive and equitable economic growth. Adequately remunerated work provides income security, social protection, improved health and education and means to escape poverty.", "13. Employment growth in the pre-economic crisis expansion period was insufficient to absorb the growing labour force: Global unemployment increased from 160 million in 1996 to about 177 million in 2007, and remained at 6 per cent throughout the period. In addition, employment growth has not redistributed income to labour. The share of wages in total GDP declined most in Latin America and the Caribbean, by 13 percentage points between 1990 and 2007, followed by Asia and the Pacific (-10 percentage points) and developed countries (-9 percentage points). [16] Interestingly, during the period 2000-2005, the share of wages in the trade deficit countries stagnated, but in the trade surplus countries decreased (7 percentage points), implying that the benefits of export-oriented growth were not evenly divided between profits and wages. [17]", "14. The economic crisis has led to a sharp decline in employment, with a global unemployment of 205 million in 2010 and an increase of 28 million since 2007. [18] Since 2010, rising unemployment, in contrast to the global recovery in real GDP and other key macroeconomic indicators, continues to be a concern that the recovery may not increase employment. However, changes in unemployment do not reflect the full impact of the crisis on workers and families. In poor countries, there has been a shift from workers laid off in the formal sector to the informal sector, where wages are often lower and working conditions worse. The recession has made informal sector workers less well-paid, as demand has declined and competition for informal employment has increased. As a result, progress in reducing working poverty has slowed. The estimated number of workers living on less than $1.25 a day fell from 660 million in 2007 to 631 million in 2009, but if poverty continued to decline at the pre-crisis rate, the number of working poor would fall by another 40 million in 2009. Despite this, the number of working poor increased in some regions, namely sub-Saharan Africa (from 170 million in 2008 to nearly 175 million in 2009), North Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.", "15. Many countries are also witnessing a surge in the number of frustrated workers, [19] especially young people. Youth are disproportionately affected by unemployment and overrepresented in the informal sector and among the working poor. Early labour market experiences shape the income potential of young people in the future and the well-being of young people for present and future generations. The longer labour market pressures continue, the more affected workers are, and their families and communities are at risk of chronic poverty.", "16. Overall, the economic development path pursued by many countries has not led to sustained improvements in productive employment. In countries where employment is growing, work is not a means of promoting social protection and income security. Workers who are squeezed out of agriculture by low productivity and population pressure are often engaged in low value-added activities, mainly in the urban informal sector, where sustained productivity growth and upward mobility are limited, while agricultural productivity remains stagnant in many rural areas. In African countries for which data are available, it is estimated that 90 per cent of workers are in the informal sector in both rural and urban areas, and that the percentage of working women and youth is higher than 90. [20] In India, 90 per cent of the working population is in the informal sector, although some high-value-added services have started in recent years.", "C. Global food price increases and weak agricultural development", "17. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) food price index reached its highest level in February 2011, mainly due to a series of weather-related supply shocks, and still exceeded its 2008 peak in May 2011. [21] Food demand remains strong because more food stocks are used for feed to meet increased meat consumption and for biofuels. As a result, global food stocks remain low. The increasing financialization of commodity markets has also exacerbated price fluctuations.", "18. Rising food prices and global food insecurity have renewed concerns about increasing poverty and hunger. As the poor spend most of their income on food, even short-term price increases can have a significant impact on their income levels. As a result, poverty tends to increase when food prices rise. The World Bank estimates that an additional 44 million people are likely to fall into poverty in low- and middle-income countries as a result of food price increases from June to December 2010. [22] FAO warns that the number of chronically hungry people, estimated at 925 million in 2010, may increase as food prices rise. [23]", "19. In addition to climate shocks in large producing countries, speculation in agricultural commodity futures and the surge in demand for biofuels have exacerbated the recent crisis. However, the number of hungry people has historically increased even during periods of high growth and relatively low prices, suggesting that, like poverty, hunger is the result of structural problems. Low investment in agriculture and distortions in the global trading system are some of the long-term causes of continued food insecurity.", "Public agricultural spending in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, declined sharply during the 1980s and 1990s, and has continued to decline since then. At the global level, official development assistance to agriculture has also declined, from 16 per cent in 1980 to 4 per cent in 2005, a 50 per cent reduction in absolute terms. [24] Developing country Governments are also forced to promote export crop production. Export-oriented agriculture induces investment in the production of high-priced crop exports to the detriment of the production of low-cost crops to meet the growing population needs of those countries. Moreover, long-standing agricultural subsidies in developed countries remain a serious obstacle to agricultural development in poor countries. Countries encouraged to accelerate trade liberalization struggled under pressure from developed countries to subsidize food exports cheaply.", "21. Decades of neglect have stagnated agricultural productivity in many countries. The average cereal production in the least developed countries is only half the world average, and the gap has not changed over the past two decades. [25] In 14 of the 22 least developed countries for which comparable data are available, food production per capita declined between 1990 and 2005. [26]", "D. Climate change and conflict", "22. The majority of the population just above the poverty line remains vulnerable to poverty. Unforeseen shocks, such as seasonal droughts, loss of work or family illness, drain household resources, push people to poverty or make the poor poorer. Families may fall into the trap of chronic poverty if they do not recover from such shocks in the short term.", "23. Climate change and conflict have a major dynamic relationship with poverty. People living in or vulnerable to poverty often suffer most from the inability to withstand or mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and conflict.", "Climate change", "24. Deforestation, degradation of natural coastlines, increased population density of coastal areas and weak infrastructure increase the likelihood of climate shocks developing into human disasters. Vulnerability to natural disasters is closely linked to poverty, as poor countries and the poorest segments of the population do not have resilient infrastructure and technical capacity to reduce risk. Between 1970 and 2009, the average number of natural disasters killed per 100,000 in developing regions was five times higher than in developed regions. The least developed countries are 13 times higher than the developed regions. [27]", "25. The poor, especially in marginal environments and areas with low agricultural productivity, depend directly on genetic, species and ecosystem diversity to support livelihoods. The impact of climate change on natural systems therefore threatens their well-being. The impact of changes in temperature and rainfall patterns on agriculture in developing countries is already evident; economic losses from crop failures and livestock deaths have led to higher food prices and increasingly undermined food security, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. It is estimated that the number of malnourished children will increase by 20 per cent by 2050 as a result of the impact of climate change on agriculture. [28] By the same year, 1.8 billion people may be living without water. At the same time, agricultural-led poverty reduction strategies may be affected by a focus on increasing rural income and employment.", "Conflict", "26. Poverty can lead to conflict because it creates desperate conditions and is unable to provide economic and social opportunities for the poor. Income inequality and limited employment opportunities, especially for young people, combined with social fragmentation and exclusion, have led to increased social tensions and conflict.", "27. No low-income, vulnerable or conflict-affected country has achieved one of the Millennium Development Goals. [30] On average, in countries that experienced severe violence between 1981 and 2005, the poverty rate is 21 percentage points higher than in countries that did not experience violence. [31] It is estimated that 20 per cent of the world ' s poor live in fragile States in 2005 and that this proportion will exceed 50 per cent by 2015. The impact of large-scale violence on poverty is much greater than that of natural disasters or economic cycles, which can destroy the economic progress of an entire generation.", "28. The conflict has damaged basic infrastructure, destroyed public services such as health and education, and channels for the transport of food and other consumer goods. Insecurity may further prevent adults from finding work, thereby reducing productivity and income and preventing children from attending school, thus creating an unrecoverable learning gap for young people. Human capital has been further reduced, mainly due to injuries and disease among non-combatants. Ninety per cent of conflict-related deaths are not directly caused by violence,[33] but by disease and malnutrition. Social capital has also deteriorated in conflict, as families and communities have been separated or displaced.", "III. Key policy considerations for poverty eradication", "29. The crisis exposed the vulnerability of poor individuals and families and highlighted the need for more effective policies. The plan of action for the Second Decade recognized employment and social protection as two key ways to reduce poverty and to achieve inclusive and equitable growth. As agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for the poor, agricultural productivity and rural development are essential for poverty reduction.", "A. Sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and the promotion of creative causes", "30. Achieving broad-based and inclusive economic growth is a necessary condition for poverty reduction, posing a major policy challenge, especially for poor countries. This requires the creation of sufficient productive employment and livelihoods for the rapidly expanding labour force, as well as strategies to promote economic diversification and improve access to markets, land, credit and other productive resources.", "31. Progress in reducing poverty has been fastest in countries where economic growth has led to increased agricultural productivity, growth in manufacturing and sustained growth in decent work in both urban and rural areas. Such countries have benefited from the complementarity of economic and social sector policies, and significant government investments in infrastructure development, social protection and social services have helped to increase productivity and reduce vulnerability. Closing the infrastructure gap could have a significant impact on the incomes of the poor in developing countries. It should be acknowledged that poor countries have significant infrastructure needs. International assistance is required to meet those needs. However, without basic infrastructure, social transfers to provide health care, adequate levels of nutrition and social stability, a country cannot realize its full productive potential.", "32. Sustained economic growth requires that macroeconomic policies be geared towards job creation and poverty reduction. Macroeconomic stabilization policies aimed at curbing inflation and controlling fiscal deficits have increased volatility in the real economy and the labour market. The emphasis on balancing public budgets often leads to a decline in public investment in infrastructure, technology and human capital, which are essential for inclusive and sustained growth. The early policy response to the economic crisis demonstrated the political will to integrate social objectives into economic development strategies. However, current fiscal austerity actions in an increasing number of countries suggest that the crisis will not be used as an opportunity to review the adequacy of existing macroeconomic frameworks.", "Since pre-crisis employment growth was not sufficient to absorb the growing labour force, employment targets should be set above pre-crisis levels. This will require addressing employment and income security, with emphasis on creating stronger and more sustainable social protection systems. Labour market policy is an important tool for preventing long-term unemployment and supporting structural reforms in the economy. Investment in education and training is crucial, as a strong skills base promotes productivity, income and access to employment.", "34. Public employment programmes can be effective in increasing aggregate demand and providing more tools to address underemployment and informal employment within broader employment and social protection policies. As employment recovery will lag far behind economic recovery, public employment programmes should not be withdrawn prematurely. Employment guarantee programmes can be an effective strategy for dealing with shortages of infrastructure and other products and goods. [34]", "35. Small and medium-sized enterprises in many countries employ a large proportion of the urban and rural labour force. In developing countries, these enterprises tend to operate informally, characterized by low wages, income insecurity and lack of benefits. To enhance the capacity of such enterprises to create decent work, they must be provided with credit, technical assistance, management capacity and information-building.", "36. The challenges facing the informal sector must be addressed from the perspective of promoting long-term, competitive productive capacity of informal workers and improving their income security and working conditions. If economic growth is not accompanied by action for decent work, especially in the informal sector, the impact of growth on poverty reduction will be minimal.", "B. Promoting agriculture and rural development and food production", "37. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for the poor, providing employment for the majority of the population in developing countries. Promoting agriculture and rural development therefore has great potential for poverty reduction and economic growth. Some 75 per cent of today ' s rural poor can greatly benefit from higher rural incomes. [35] The incomes of the rural poor must increase and their vulnerable sources must be addressed so that they can build better and more secure livelihoods.", "38. Overcoming the food crisis and its impact on poor and vulnerable groups requires a combination of short- and long-term actions to support agriculture and enhance food security. This requires strategies to improve agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability and resilience; strengthen agricultural and food markets and trade access; improve infrastructure; and improve access to social services and social protection programmes. Measures to support agricultural production, in particular to promote access to improved seeds, energy and fertilizers for small-scale farm owners, have a significant impact on poverty reduction.", "39. Other measures needed included improved capacity of countries to manage volatility, better weather forecasting, more investment in agriculture, new technologies and new efforts to address climate change. Indeed, as the poor are most affected by climate change and environmental degradation, strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and lead to environmentally sustainable production systems will benefit the poor.", "40. Concerted efforts must be made to ensure that food security was a priority for developing countries, particularly in poor countries that were vulnerable to chronic food shortages. The production of more food is only one aspect of food security (food supply) and must be complemented by other interventions to address food inequality and improve nutrition. Food security means that at all times everyone has access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to lead an active and healthy life. Food security programmes should therefore also address access to and implementation of integrated nutrition programmes for the poor and vulnerable. In the short term, domestic hunger hotspots should be a top priority. Prevention-based interventions, such as the distribution of important micronutrient fortifications and supplements, and targeted support for children through school meals, must be complemented by treatment-based interventions such as treatment for severe and moderate acute malnutrition and large-scale deworming of children. Measures to reduce the impact of high food prices on the poor include social assistance and nutrition programmes for the poorest.", "41. Promoting small and medium-sized enterprises, including in rural areas, can reduce poverty, improve food security and help diversify agriculture into other rural activities. While many consider that export production is the most profitable option and that large commercial farms have more effective access to international markets, much of the evidence suggests that, in some countries, domestic urban markets are a major driver of agricultural productivity, and small but more flexible family farms better serve these markets, provided they are connected to local trade networks and supported by non-agricultural sources of income. [36] Small numbers of farm owners have also shown great capacity to innovate against weather and other shocks.", "42. The policy challenge for many poor countries is to promote sustainable growth in smallholder agriculture while promoting structural change. In many cases, this should lead to a long-term reduction in farming and more dynamic manufacturing growth. In countries with large agricultural sectors, a significant increase in agricultural production can be seen when a focus is on promoting rural development, not just agriculture, by increasing the productivity of small farm owners on farms, increasing their employment opportunities outside farms and increasing access to infrastructure, information and markets for small farm owners. The development of rural non-farm economies is of particular importance for poor countries, as the employment offered has an impact on and is linked to other sectors of the economy.", "43. Every country had a responsibility to ensure food supply and access. Most poor countries need assistance from the international community to develop their agricultural sector in order to prevent food shortages, and global food security must therefore remain an international priority in terms of policy attention and resource allocation. The international community should also find measures to stabilize food prices, such as preventing export restrictions, reconsidering subsidies for production and regulating futures and options markets for food commodities.", "C. Promoting universal social protection", "44. About 75 per cent of the world ' s population does not have basic social protection coverage. Many do not have access to basic health care. For others, the lack of minimum income security and insufficient income capacity translates into malnutrition, ill health and poor education, leading to low productivity for themselves and future generations. [37]", "45. The adverse impact of the crisis on so many highlighted the multidimensional nature of poverty and the importance of social protection in reducing vulnerability. The social consequences of the economic crisis are most severe in countries with the weakest and most inadequate social protection systems, exacerbated by weak institutional and financial capacities. For example, investments in building and expanding social protection systems in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2000 have mitigated the impact of the crisis in the region and helped families cope with and compensate for austerity. [38]", "46. Social protection measures can help revive economic activity and livelihoods, or as an automatic stabilizing factor, transfer a certain amount of wealth to those in need during economic downturns and stimulate aggregate demand. By ensuring that the basic needs of vulnerable groups are met, social protection can help break the vicious circle in which poverty breeds more poverty. In the long term, social protection can help individuals and families to build human and social resources, thus unleashing the productive potential of the labour force. Social protection, as an expression of solidarity, also helps to reduce social unrest and conflict and promotes social justice.", "47. Well-designed social security benefits are part of policies that promote productive employment, gender equality, social cohesion and sound economic growth. Social protection expands labour market participation by enabling both women and men to participate in productive employment and economic development, as illustrated by various examples from very different countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa. [39] The provision of social protection also enables markets to function better and reduces some of the inequalities they often generate.", "48. Social protection should therefore be seen as an important element of a more inclusive and equitable growth strategy, expanding the distribution of growth gains. Universal access to basic social protection and social services is necessary to break the cycle of poverty and reduce inequality and social exclusion. A basic social protection floor is affordable; its benefits must be measured at the potential high human, social and economic costs of not investing in social protection. The International Labour Organization (ILO) analysed 80 cases of cash transfers to provide some social protection in some 30 developing countries around the world. Based on these analyses, ILO explained that most countries can afford a certain level of social protection for their populations, which can have a dramatic impact on poverty. An analysis of the distribution of basic social transfers only shows that a small amount of cash child benefits, coupled with a small amount of pensions, can be a “prime level” of social protection floors in poor countries, which can reduce poverty by 40 per cent — a significant contribution to achieving Millennium Development Goal 1. [40]", "49. ILO estimates indicate that in 49 least developed countries, the social protection floor (which includes a minimum income guarantee for children, older men and women and poor workers) will cost $46 billion per year. These resources will lift 442 million people out of extreme poverty in the first year and contribute significantly to the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 1. The cost of the package was 8.7 per cent of the gross domestic product of all least developed countries and would have to be implemented gradually if it was to be fully financed from the national budget. [41]", "50. Ensuring social protection for those struggling to survive should be a priority in addressing the multidimensional nature of poverty. These measures, within the framework of universal protection commitments, should ensure that the most vulnerable are reached. A growing number of countries are reducing social spending, which only increases vulnerability and working poverty.", "IV. Building policy coherence for poverty eradication", "51. The relevant agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system continue to implement the Plan of Action for the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty by raising awareness of the decent work agenda, sharing good practices and supporting capacity-building activities and collaboration. [42] During the past year, efforts to strengthen coordination and policy coherence in poverty eradication and full employment have focused on supporting the Global Jobs Pact and the Social Guarantee Minimum Standards Initiative. These two initiatives fall within the framework of the Second Decade.", "Global Jobs Pact", "52. The Global Jobs Pact provides a general framework for countries to use in formulating appropriate policy packages tailored to their specific circumstances and priorities to accelerate recovery. The compact includes a range of crisis responses that countries can take according to their specific needs and circumstances. This is not a one-size-fits-all solution, but is based on success stories and a set of options aimed at providing input and support to multilateral action. The Pact promotes productive recovery centred on investment, employment and social protection and seeks to place employment at the centre of the policy agenda. [43]", "53. ILO has developed a set of policy briefs covering employment creation and services, investment, the informal economy, green jobs, youth, gender and vulnerable groups. [44] The policy approach outlined in the briefing is consistent with the Global Jobs Pact and provides guidance for effective interventions. These approaches have proved to be instrumental in promoting job creation, jump-starting employment recovery and supporting broad-based macroeconomic recovery. [45] Countries that have adopted a more inclusive, employment-centred approach have received more limited job losses, less social tensions and a faster economic recovery.", "54. ILO and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an inter-agency technical meeting on building employment and decent work for sustainable recovery and development, in an effort to enhance inter-agency coherence within the framework of the plan of action for the Second Decade. The purpose of the meeting, held in Turin, Italy, from 29 November to 1 December 2010, was to encourage dialogue on the Global Jobs Pact, to promote a more coherent United Nations policy response to employment and decent work challenges and to share best practices. The meeting, attended by agencies involved in the action plan and other international organizations, resulted in useful proposals and initiatives to strengthen the action plan. It also provided a unique overview of current ideas and actions within the United Nations system on key challenges of development, growth and poverty eradication.", "Social protection floor initiative [46]", "55. The Social Protection Floor Initiative is a joint United Nations system-wide effort to promote the delivery of a basic package of services and transfers to all those in need of such protection. The Social Protection Floor Initiative has developed a strong coalition of United Nations agencies, bilateral partners, development banks and non-governmental organizations to ensure coherence among actors and sectors to provide optimal support at the country level.", "56. Many social protection floor activities have spillover effects on social welfare, labour, health, education, infrastructure, agriculture and several other sectors. The Social Protection Floor Initiative also encourages countries to integrate different social policy planning processes into a coherent development planning framework to set clear medium- and long-term goals. This facilitates the adoption, reform and financing of social protection policies and enables Governments to explore synergies between different sectors. The social protection floor framework varies from country to country, but its development process should be consultative, inclusive and participatory, involving government representatives from relevant ministries, social partners, parliamentarians and civil society.", "57. The United Nations system provides technical assistance tools for the planning and implementation of social protection floor policies. Through the Global Advisory Network on Social Protection Floors, established by the Social Protection Floor Initiative, there is strong inter-agency collaboration to make the best use of each agency ' s respective areas of expertise and comparative advantage to ensure that technical assistance is provided in support of countries. Tools developed by the Initiative include a national action manual on social protection floors, a costing tool and an assessment-based social protection floor dialogue methodology. In addition, each agency has specific tools within its area of competence for specific elements or target groups of minimum standards such as income security, health, water and sanitation, food security, housing, children, health, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, women, people living in remote rural areas.", "58. The Social Protection Floor Initiative has supported a number of national initiatives by initiating a national dialogue on social protection needs and priorities, based on a preliminary analysis of existing approaches and programmes and the estimated costs of introducing new benefits. Joint activities on social protection floors are being carried out in Armenia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda, Thailand, Togo and Viet Nam. The concept of a social protection floor is translated into practice through a manual on the social protection floor, which provides guidance for national action on the United Nations strategic framework for common country action. Since the knowledge, expertise and experience of developing countries that have made considerable progress in developing social protection floors are appropriate to inspire countries that are beginning to develop social protection floor strategies, the Initiative places strong emphasis on South-South and triangular cooperation. The initiative also provides training and capacity-building programmes for national social policy planners, policymakers and practitioners.", "59. Since the Social Protection Floor Initiative provided Governments and the United Nations system with a coherent framework for coordinated action and accelerated progress in poverty reduction, awareness-raising campaigns on social protection floors have been undertaken at the regional and global levels. A high-level Social Protection Floor Advisory Group was established in August 2010 to strengthen global advocacy. Sustained advocacy of the social protection floor agenda is critical to rebalancing economic and social development to ensure inclusive globalization and thus the success of the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty.", "V. Poverty eradication initiatives", "World Solidarity Fund [47]", "In 2002, the General Assembly adopted resolution 57/265, entitled “Establishment of the World Solidarity Fund”, drawing on the experience of the National Solidarity Fund, which focuses on improving the living conditions of marginalized populations through micro-income-generating projects.", "The Fund is expected to contribute to the eradication of poverty and the promotion of social and human development in developing countries and to “finance poverty alleviation projects, including initiatives of community-based organizations and small private sector entities, in response to requests from Governments of developing countries” (resolution 57/265).", "In its resolution 57/265, the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to authorize the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) “to take the necessary measures for the immediate operationalization of the Fund as a trust fund of UNDP subject to the financial regulations and rules adopted by the Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme/United Nations Population Fund”. In line with this mandate, UNDP, in cooperation with relevant partners, held a working session on 14 September 2004. The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, the President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the Administrator of UNDP and other government representatives and institutions attended the meeting. UNDP, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and other partners, prepared relevant background documentation for the meeting, including measures on the functioning of the proposed fund, project approval and reporting procedures. The working group discussed key issues related to institutional and operational arrangements, the composition of the high-level committee, and funding ideas.", "63. At the Working Group meeting, it was agreed that the High-level Committee would provide strategic guidance and advocacy to the Fund, mobilize resources for the Fund and oversee and monitor its activities. This is in line with resolution 57/265, which is based on the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on proposals for the establishment of a world solidarity fund for poverty eradication (A/57/137). It was also agreed that the Government of Tunisia would convene a high-level committee. Regrettably, the Fund had not received contributions and the High-level Committee meeting had not been held.", "64. Without funding or guidance from the High-level Committee, UNDP is not in a position to establish a framework for fund management or programme implementation. UNDP has briefed the Second Committee of the General Assembly and the Executive Board on the status of the Fund.", "65. Given the current financial crisis, the World Solidarity Fund could not operate without the firm commitment of Member States to contribute. However, poverty eradication is a key objective of international development cooperation. The goals of the World Solidarity Fund are therefore at the heart of the United Nations system ' s efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "66. In order to meet the poverty targets of the Millennium Development Goals and ensure sustainable recovery, a coordinated response is required to achieve sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and promote sustainable development. In this regard, macroeconomic policies that promote the creation of productive employment and support stronger social protection are essential. Agricultural investment and rural development are two important aspects of growth that also contribute to poverty reduction and improved food security.", "67. The Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2008-2017) provided an important framework for action to enhance the coherence of United Nations system-wide activities in support of national poverty eradication efforts. The Decade was also a useful platform for increasing the visibility of the social pillar of sustainable development. The plan of action for the Second Decade had gained broad support and improved policy coherence within the United Nations. However, an effective response to the threat posed by the ongoing global employment crisis will require more efforts by Member States, civil society and all relevant partners to enhance policy coherence and promote collaboration.", "68. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Encourage the international community to continue to support national efforts to eradicate poverty by creating an enabling international environment and ensuring greater coherence between macroeconomic, trade and social policies;", "(b) Urged Member States to continue to support the system-wide plan of action for the Second United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty and the related work to achieve full employment and decent work for all;", "(c) Recognize that the creation of full and productive employment and decent work for all should be at the core of a policy framework for sustained, inclusive and equitable growth, and in this regard encourage Member States to implement the principles and objectives of the Global Jobs Pact and to adjust macroeconomic policies to stabilize income and employment through counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies;", "(d) Recognize that universal access to basic social protection and social services is essential to breaking the cycle of poverty and inequality, and encourage Member States to consider establishing social protection floors as an effective safeguard against poverty, in accordance with national priorities and circumstances;", "(e) Urge the United Nations system to continue to promote stronger inter-agency coordination for the implementation of the plan of action for the Second Decade in order to have a significant impact at the national level and to support social protection floors;", "(f) Recognizing the continuing impact of the food crisis on poverty, hunger and food security, encouraged Member States to play a stronger supporting role in the development of agriculture and food production, including by increasing the productivity of small farms and promoting sustainable natural resources management, and in this regard encouraged the international community to improve and strengthen international cooperation in support of agricultural development, in particular food production;", "(g) In view of the lack of progress in the operation of the World Solidarity Fund, the General Assembly may wish to consider other arrangements and mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the Fund through complementary activities and initiatives already under way in the United Nations system.", "[1] General Assembly resolution 65/1, para. 70 (b).", "[2] Ibid., para.", "[3] Ibid., paragraph 6.", "[4] The action plan can be consulted at http://social.un.org/index/Poverty/UNDecadefortheEradiationofPoverty/SecondUNDecadefortheEradiationofPoverty.aspx.", "[5] World Bank, Monitoring Report 2011: Improving the Possibilities for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund and World Bank). The United Nations publication World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 estimated that, without the impact of the crisis, between 47 and 84 million fewer people would remain or fall into poverty in 2009. According to the preamble to the Global Monitoring Report 2010: Post-Crisis Millennium Development Goals, published by the World Bank and IMF, the crisis has increased by 64 million people in extreme poverty, leaving 53 million fewer people out of poverty by 2015.", "[6] International Labour Organization, New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General (100th International Labour Conference, 2011).", "[7] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010: Addressing Food Insecurity in Chronic Crises (Rome, October 2010).", "[8] Calculated by the Division for Social Policy and Development on the basis of World Development Index database data, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed 25 May 2011).", "[9] Calculations based on the World Bank ' s online Poverty Analysis Tool (PovcalNet), http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplic.html (accessed 1 June 2011).", "[10] GDP per capita remains unchanged at $2,000. Source: World Development Indicators Database, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed 27 May 2011).", "[11] International Labour Institute, Workplace Report 2008: Income Inequality in the Age of Financial Globalization (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2008); Francisco H. G. Ferreira and Martin Ravallion, “Global Poverty and Insecurity: A Review of the Environment”, in Policy Research Working Paper, vol. 4623, (2008).", "[12] World Bank, Global Monitoring Report 2011: Improving Opportunities for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "[13] Calculated by the Division for Social Policy and Development on the basis of World Development Index database data, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed 2 June 2011).", "[14] UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs (New York and Geneva, United Nations, 2010).", "[15] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends, January 2008 (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2008).", "[16] International Labour Organization, International Labour Institute, Workplace Report 2008: Income Inequality in the Age of Financial Globalization (Geneva, 2008).", "[17] International Labour Organization, International Labour Institute, Workplace Report 2010: From one crisis to another? Geneva, 2010.", "[18] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of Restoring Employment (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2011).", "[19] Persons of working age who are willing to work but are not actively looking for work (not counted as unemployed).", "[20] International Labour Organization, Growth, Employment and Decent Work in the Least Developed Countries: Report presented by the International Labour Office on the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, 9-13 May 2011 (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2011).", "[21] The FAO Food Price Index is available at http://www.fao.org/worldfoodration/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en (accessed 9 June 2011).", "[22] World Bank, Food Price Watch, February 2011. Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPREMNET/Resources/Food_Price_watch_Feb_2011_Final_Version.pdf. See also M. Ivanic., W. Martin and H. Zaman, “Estimating the Short-Run Government Acts of the 2010-11 Process in Food Prices”, The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 5633 (April 2011).", "[23] FAO initiative on soaring food prices, available at http://www.fao.org/isfp/about/en (13 June 2011).", "[24] World Bank, World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (Washington, D.C., 2007).", "[25] UNCTAD, The Least Developed Countries Report 2010 (see footnote 14).", "[26] World Bank, World Development Report 2008.", "[27] World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Change in Green Technology (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[28] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009: Economic Crisis - Impacts and Lessons Learned (Rome, 2009).", "[29] United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Combating Climate Change - Shaping Human Solidarity in a World (New York, 2007).", "[30] World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[31] Ibid., figure F1.3, p. 4.", "[32] L. Chandy, and G. Gertz, Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Government from 2005 to 2015. The Bookings Establishment, Policy Brief 2011-01 Washington DC, January 2011.", "[33] Gareth Evans, Council and Government. Keynote Addes to the Plenary Session “Tackling Conflict, Fragility and Insurance: Creating the Disputes for International Development, Conference on International Development (London, 10 March 2009), p. 6.", "[34] R. Lal, S. Miller, M. Lieuw-Kie-Song and D. Kostzer, Public Works and Employment Programmes: Towards a Long-Term Development Approach, Working Paper No. 66, June 2010, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Public Group, UNDP.", "[35] World Bank, Agriculture and Development: An Overview of the Documentation, Policy Research Working Paper No. 5553 (January 2011).", "[36] See Cecilia Tacoli, “Links between rural and urban development in Africa and Asia”, in Productions of the UN Export Group Meeting on Population Development, United Nations, International Migration and Development. (United Nations, New York, January 2008).", "[37] See International Labour Organization, World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing Coverage in Crisis and Beyond.", "[38] For further analysis, see Did Latin American Learn to Shield Its Poor from Economic Shocks? (World Bank, LAC Porty and Labor Brief, October 2010).", "[39] International Labour Organization, New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General (100th International Labour Conference, 2011).", "[40] See F. Gassmann, and C. Behrendt, “Cash benefits in low-income countries: Simulating the effects on paper claims for Senegal and Tanzania, Issues in Social Protection”, Discussion paper 15 (Geneva, ILO, August 2006), pp. 47-49.", "[41] International Labour Organization, New Era of Social Justice: Report of the Director-General.", "[42] A comprehensive account of the initiatives and activities undertaken by relevant organizations up to mid-2010 is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Second Decade (A/65/230).", "[43] The Global Jobs Pact initiative was launched by the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination in April 2009 to focus the attention of policymakers on employment measures and decent work as a basis for long-term recovery (see General Assembly resolution 65/1).", "[44] See www.ilo.org/jobspact/resources.", "[45] For example, as part of its new growth path, South Africa has set a target of providing 5 million jobs by 2020 and reducing unemployment by 15 per cent. It is expected that part of this plan will be achieved through the expansion of the public works programme. The programme was first implemented between 2005 and 2009, creating more than 100,000 jobs.", "[46] This section is based on information provided by the International Labour Organization.", "[47] This section has been prepared on the basis of information provided by the United Nations Development Programme." ]

[ "安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的 第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议 所设委员会", "主席的说明", "安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会主席谨随函转递索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组协调员2011年7月27日给他的信(见附件)。", "附件", "谨提及索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组协调员2011年6月20日的来信，其中监察组向委员会主席转递了其最后报告(见S/2011/433)，监察组成员希望提请委员会注意如下：", "根据委员会多次向我们提供的指导，我们尽量将更多的证词和证据纳入最后报告中。鉴于监察组涉及索马里和厄立特里亚的任务范围很广，因此，就产生一份非常冗长的报告。然而，大会关于控制和限制文件长度的决议，尤其是1997年12月22日第52/214号决议、1998年12月18日第53/208号决议和2004年12月23日第59/265号决议，要求大量使用附件，使得报告的结构变得奇怪复杂，而且，使得许多实质性内容无法得到翻译。尽管秘书处在该文件管理上给予特准，使得监察组能大量超过适用于秘书处之外的报告只能有10 700字数的限制，然而，仍需要使用大量附件。", "因此，我们建议委员会寻找到一个解决办法，来平衡委员会、大会和秘书处对监察组提出的关于报告长度、格式、内容和时间表的复杂而且有时是矛盾的要求。", "请将此信作为委员会文件分发为荷。", "安全理事会第1916(2010)号决议所设 索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组协调员", "马特·布赖登(签名)" ]

[ "Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea", "Note by the Chair", "The Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea has the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 addressed to him by the Coordinator of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (see annex).", "Annex", "In reference to the letter of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea dated 20 June 2011, by which the Group transmitted its final report (see S/2011/433) to the Chair of the Committee, the members of the Group would like to bring to the attention of the Committee the following.", "In conformity with the guidance provided to us by the Committee on several occasions, we endeavoured to include as much of the testimony and evidence as possible in our final report. Given the scope of the Monitoring Group’s mandate, covering both Somalia and Eritrea, this resulted in a report of exceptional length. However, General Assembly resolutions on the control and limitation of documentation, in particular resolutions 52/214 of 22 December 1997, 53/208 of 18 December 1998 and 59/265 of 23 December 2004, necessitated the extensive use of annexes, rendering the structure awkward and complex and preventing much of the substance from being translated. The extensive use of annexes was necessary despite the granting of a waiver by the Secretariat, which enabled the Group to go significantly beyond the 10,700-word limit applicable to reports not originating in the Secretariat.", "We therefore recommend that the Committee seek a solution to balance the complex and sometimes contradictory demands on the Group by the Committee, the General Assembly and the Secretariat with respect to report length, format, content and schedule.", "The Group would be grateful if the present letter could be issued as a document of the Committee.", "(Signed) Matt Bryden Coordinator Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group Security Council resolution 1916 (2010)" ]

[ "Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea", "Note by the Chair", "The Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea has the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 addressed to him by the Coordinator of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (see annex).", "Annex", "With reference to the letter dated 20 June 2011 from the Coordinator of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, in which the Monitoring Group transmitted its final report to the Chair of the Committee (see S/2011/433), the members of the Monitoring Group wish to bring to the attention of the Committee the following:", "In accordance with the guidance provided to us by the Committee on several occasions, we have included as much testimony and evidence as possible in our final report. Given the broad scope of the Monitoring Group ' s mandate with regard to Somalia and Eritrea, a very lengthy report has emerged. However, General Assembly resolutions on the control and limitation of the length of documents, in particular resolutions 52/214 of 22 December 1997, 53/208 of 18 December 1998 and 59/265 of 23 December 2004, calling for the extensive use of annexes, have made the structure of the report strangely complex and have prevented many substantive elements from being translated. Despite the fact that the Secretariat has granted special leave for the management of this document, which has allowed the Monitoring Team to significantly exceed the limit of 10,700 words for reports outside the Secretariat, a large number of annexes still need to be used.", "We therefore recommend that the Committee find a solution that balances the complex and sometimes contradictory demands of the Committee, the General Assembly and the Secretariat on the Monitoring Team regarding the length, format, content and timetable of the report.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a document of the Committee.", "Coordinator of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1916 (2010)", "(Signed) Matt Bryden" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目第134和143", "2012-2013方案概算", "联合国司法制度", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室的活动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第65/251号决议重申，用非正式方式解决冲突是司法制度的一个至关重要的因素，并强调，为建立和谐的工作环境和避免不必要的诉讼，应尽一切可能利用非正式制度。大会还欢迎提交联合国监察员和调解事务综合办公室所覆盖的实体的第二份联合报告，并要求秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交这样的报告。", "本报告是介绍联合国监察员和调解事务综合办公室的活动的第三份报告，该办公室为秘书处、联合国开发计划署、联合国人口活动基金、联合国儿童基金会、联合国项目事务厅和联合国难民事务高级专员办事处的工作人员提供非正式方式解决冲突服务。", "本报告还载有在2012-2013方案概算第1款29D和第37款项下为该办公室追加合计918 400美元(重计费用前)资金的要求。", "本报告的要点归纳如下，涵盖期间从2010年1月1日至12月31日。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "区域影响", "由于2012年将是秘书处内设立首位监察员职能的10周年纪念，并鉴于各区域分支和调解事务部门已完成了一年的运作，该办公室已着手对其影响和效果进行评估。经初步评估后发现，权力分散使办公室有更多机会接触其服务对象，并使其得以在实地提供亲临现场的干预这一解决冲突的最有效手段。这是促使大会设立区域分支的一个基本原因。监察办还能对各区域的动态有更好的理解。此外，调解处向工作人员和管理人员提供了用于解决工作场所争端的、额外备选手段。", "就面临的挑战而言，经费制约使区域监察员难以在各自地区出行，包括到边远的实地，为解决冲突或郁积日深的问题提供亲临现场的干预，并使监察办难以根据需要部署快速反应监察员和调解工作队。", "系统性问题：监察员服务", "根据监察员办公室的任务，本报告指出了在报告期内提请该办公室注意的系统性和交叉性问题以及监察员已查明的问题，和相关的建议。与整个综合办公室现有的先例一样，在报告期间内使用监察员服务的来访者的首要关切领域是工作和事业、人际关系、及补偿和福利。", "统计资料", "在联合国秘书处与工作人员有关的案件数量增加70%，而综合办公室的案件总量则增加了35%。这在很大程度上是由于各区域分支的监察员能提供现场服务。", "调解服务", "调解处在案件量上有所增加，其中一些复杂而又敏感的调解导致了成功的解决。寻求调解服务的各方首要关切的领域是：工作和事业；法律、规范、财务和遵守事项；和评价关系。", "非正式解决方式鼓励措施的最新情况", "大会在第65/251号决议第22段要求秘书长确保全面落实秘书长在给大会的上一次报告(A/65/303)中指出的非正式解决方式鼓励措施。迄今为止已落实的一些主要行动包括：高级管理层向所有厅办和部门发出指示，敦促使用非正式解决程序解决冲突并在监察员办公室与之联系时及时回复；监察员综合办和人力资源管理厅为广泛的司法行政制度内的主要合作伙伴和感兴趣的工作人员提供争端解决培训等的日常努力；和监察员办公室向某些部门提供反馈报告，着重指出其各自领域的趋势和系统性问题。", "结论", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室期待大会对其追加资金的要求给予有利的考虑，继续支持非正式解决方式作为解决工作场所争端的关键的第一步，和批准在全系统范围迅速实施所建议的鼓励措施，以更多地使用非正式解决方式。", "目录", "页次\n前言：核心原则 5\n1.联合国监察员和调解事务办公室 5\nA.监察员事务 5\nB.调解服务 7\nC.区域影响 8\nD.关于实施非正式解决方式奖励措施的最新情况 11\nE.“走出去”和倡导工作 12\n2.系统性问题 16\nA.根源和前因后果 16\nB.报告期内在秘书处、各基金和方案及联合国难民事务高级专员办事处查明的系统性问题 16\n3.统计资料：监察员服务 24\nA.案件量 24\nB.人口统计 26\nC.按职业群体的问题分布情况 28\nD.按办事处地点类型分列的问题 29\n4.统计资料：调解服务 30\nA.案件量和结果 30\nB.人口统计 31\nC.按职业群体分的调解案子 32\nD.按源头分的调解案子 32\nE.问题类型 33\n5.未来方向 33\n6.资金需求 34\n7.有待大会采取的行动 37", "前言", "核心原则", "作为本组织的冲突解决制度的主要非正式支柱，联合国监察员和调解事务办公室利用非正式的协作做法将冲突解决于早期阶段。监察办以下文概括的核心原则——独立性、中立性、保密性和非正式性——为指针。", "独立性", "监察办保持相对于其他的组织实体、机构或官员的独立性，可直通联合国秘书长、各基金会和方案以及联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)的行政首长、和需要联系的全组织范围的高级管理层；可查阅除医疗档案之外的与案子相关的资料；就特定事项接触本组织内的个人进行咨询、了解情况或看法。", "中立性", "监察办作为正义和公平的倡导者，公正地执行程序，不代表本组织内任何个人，并考虑到组织和工作人员之间的权利和义务，和情况的公平性。", "保密性", "监察办保持严格的保密性，不泄漏关于个别案件或工作人员来访的信息；任何联合国机构或官员都不能迫使其作证。", "非正式性", "非正式性包括不为联合国或任何其他方留记录；不进行正式调查或代表联合国接受法律通知；无决定权；不做决定性结论或裁决。", "一. 联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "A. 监察员事务", "趋势", "1. 如同2008年和2009年的情况，2010年全综合办公室[1] 范围利用监察员服务的来访者的最关切的三个领域涉及工作和事业(34%)；评价关系(20%)及补偿和福利(15%)。通过监察员工作解决的案子，多数来自大多数工作人员所在的总部以外的办事处和实地行动单位。在此情况下，将调解与监察员结合起来的做法以及两种之间互动的灵活性(例如，最初以一种做法处理的事项但最终决定以另一种做法处理更适当，便可很容易地换过来)，为工作人员创造了极有效的非正式资源。", "范围", "2. 监察办认为必须将利用非正式解决方式的渠道提供给所有联合国人员，无论其职务类别如何。2010年在与第六委员会对话时，监察办确认其愿意为非在编人员提供服务，而这将需要增加不多的资源—如果考虑到进行这类投资的长远收益的话。目前向非在编人员提供监察员服务的其他联合国组织的经验表明，这种干预行动有助于预防冲突的恶化，同时又不会造成对其合同地位的过分的期待。在秘书处内，在实地行动单位的非在编人员人数为16 480人，基地不在实地的人数为10 080人。[2] 这些数字不包括任何秘书处顾问和由项目厅及开发署管理的个人签约者。监察员办公室目前的分散结构将为这类人员提供方便的渠道。", "3. 如果大会决定将非正式解决方式扩大到非在编人员，这就需要增加监察办的资源。根据联合国宪章的精神，这种范围的扩大将使所有联合国雇员在给组织造成最低的费用的情况下，受益于另一种正当程序的机制。", "外部审评", "4. 对监察办如何与其用户和利益攸关方连接进行分析，对于其如何运作至关重要。鉴于其职能的独立性和保密性，监察办利用外部专家的服务，监测和评估其业务表现和系统性影响，和改进其服务的质量。监察办将研究由一个外部专家团队进行2011-2012年中期审评的可能性。由外部的、这一专业的行家来进行这种审评的至关重要性体现在以下两点：(a) 课题专家具备实质性知识和专长来审评业务的所有方面，并且，通过调查与相关利益攸关方及工作人员对话，提出这种关系能够和应当如何演变的意见；(b) 由业务行家进行这样的审评，在监察办的用户看来是可信的和保密的，这既保护了监察办，也保护了用户。", "职权范围", "5. 大会在其第65/251号决议第16和17段中要求秘书长就监察员综合办公室的修订后的职权范围进行机构间谈判，并确保尽快颁布。如以前的报告中所提到的，监察员综合办公室的职权范围一直是广泛协商的主题，涉及其中的有工作人员和管理层，以及各基金会和方案及联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)。经过这些协商后，提交了职权范围草案，以便2010年在秘书长公报中颁布。然而，大会第65/251号决议使进一步审查职权范围草案成为必要。根据既定程序，职权范围草案成为全系统范围进一步协商和审查的主题。预计，在完成此次协商阶段后，将提交修改后的秘书长公报予以颁布。", "“走出去”方案的审计", "6. 应联合国监察员的请求，内部监督事务厅内部审计司于2010年11月至12月对监察办的“走出去”方案进行了审计，其中包括在内罗毕和圣地亚哥的区域分支机构。", "7. 审计员的结论是：监察办自设立以来开展了几次“走出去”活动，旨在提高工作人员对其职能和服务的认识，并鼓励工作人员积极主动地利用非正式争端解决程序。审计员还确认监察办做了努力，向高级管理人员宣传非正式解决方式对解决工作场所争端的重要性。审计员们进一步指出，监察办的2011-2013年沟通理念规定了监察办的“走出去”目标、战略和业绩衡量标准，应纳入关于如何实施“走出去”方案的具体准则，从而将其最后确定下来，以确保所有活动和信息在全监察员综合办公室，包括其区域分支机构，都始终如一地付诸实施。这将与各基金会和方案及难民署协商下进行。", "B. 调解服务", "8. 根据大会第61/261号决议第16段的授权，在联合国监察员办公室内正式设立了调解处，为联合国秘书处、各基金会和方案，以及难民署提供调解服务。调解处处理争端各方所要求的、或管理评价单位及联合国争议法庭和联合国上诉法庭等所移交的案子等事务。", "9. 调解处因其服务得到人们的肯定，在2010年案子数量上升，现已开始收集数据对趋势和规律进行分析。从法庭和(或)行政部门移交的案子数量也有所增加，其中包括纪律性质的案子。在这方面，应当指出，调解的案子涉及各种各样的问题，例如，评价关系、合同地位和离职条件等，往往涉及情绪上的和高度敏感的事务。此外，鉴于调解的自愿性质，要使有关各方都同意参加这一进程也是具有挑战性的。人们还观察到，有些希望利用调解服务的人也同时联系了其他服务，例如，道德操守办公室、内部监督事务厅或行为和纪律股，这在驾驭期望值方面也会构成某种挑战。尽管有这些挑战，调解处处理并成功解决了了范围广泛的案子。", "调解的原则和准则", "10. 调解程序的各个阶段和相关的重要考虑因素在2009年7月1日起监察办网站上提供的《调解原则与准则》中已做了阐述。这也响应了大会在其第65/251号决议第17段中的要求，即，秘书长应确保尽快颁布调解服务准则。为确保服务的最高质量，随着时间的推移，根据从实践中吸取的经验教训，对《调解原则与准则》进行了必要的修改。应当指出，正在进行颁布前审查的监察办职权范围修订版也包含了关于调解事务的章节，是从《调解原则与准则》引伸而来的。", "待召唤的调解员", "11. 监察办正在继续努力在总部和各区域建立一份待召唤的调解员名册。调解处与世界银行的对口单位保持密切联系，交流最佳做法和实施物色区域调解员的联合项目。调解处为2011-2012年从联合名册中招聘待召唤的调解员，目前正在评估其区域需求的过程中。", "加强伙伴关系和“走出去”工作", "12. 在报告期内，调解处继续在全组织范围内与司法制度的主要利益攸关方发展伙伴关系，以测量和提高调解服务。这导致了调解要求和案子移交的上升，和更精简的调解程序。调解处处长为全组织范围的目标群体做了几场关于如何解决工作场所争端的介绍，并进行了各种出国访问，其中包括去日内瓦和亚的斯亚贝巴做现场调解和开展“走出去”活动，以及到内罗毕开展“走出去”活动和参加与联合国争议法庭法官和书记官长的一次会议。", "13. 2010年12月，与人力厅和开发署合作，调解处帮助设计和实施了一个针对特定对象的冲突管理和工作场所争端解决办法培训方案。这一举措受到了参加者的欢迎；在与人力厅协调下，正在计划在总部和实地进一步开展这类性质的培训方案。", "C. 区域影响", "权力分散的逻辑依据", "14. 通过创建一个单一的一体化的、地理上分散的监察办，来提供监察和调解服务，大会对作为提高个人生产力和促进组织健康不可或缺的管道——信息系统——做了关键性的投资。如审查了联合国内部司法系统的专家小组(重新设计小组)所设想的，服务的分散旨在提供“更便捷的渠道和更快的反应”，从而使“司法系统作为一个整体获益匪浅。”[3]", "15. 重新设计小组关于权力分散的逻辑依据的核心是，秘书处、各基金会和方案、以及难民署内现有的监察员结构见证了“源自总部以外的案子比例的明显上升(达到75%左右)”，因此，“特别是对于实地工作人员而言，权力分散[是]提供有效、及时的非正式争端解决办法的唯一可行的手段。”小组还发现，权力分散除了通过将与就业相关的关切统归一个单一的办公室可产生协同增效之外，还能给监察办“一种特权地位，来监测系统性的问题和建议解决办法。”小组认为，“消除渠道的差距和避免服务的重叠[会]使所有工作人员受益，并[会]节省人力和财政资源，特别是在区域层面。”[4]", "权力分散的实践", "16. 2010年，监察员综合办公室实现了权力分散。区域分支由七个区域分支机构组成，设在：曼谷、日内瓦、内罗毕、圣地亚哥、维也纳，以及在刚果民主共和国和苏丹的维和特派团。2010年之前，无法全面观察到权力分散的真正影响，并且，由于这一权力分散的实施，吸取了许多经验教训。鉴于2012年是秘书处内设立首位监察员职能的10周年纪念，监察办开始对其运作情况进行审查，先从区域分支机构开始，目的是查明各自头一年运作的成绩和需要应对的挑战。", "17. 总体而言，已有定论的是，监察员在实地的存在给实地工作人员提供了至关重要而又方便的渠道。它还有助于积累关于不同区域的具体环境和要求的大量知识，并加深理解文化传统和敏感性，特别是在特派团层面。此外，这大大有助于监察办在实地一级的“走出去”和宣传工作。", "成绩", "18. 所有分支机构在运作的头一年的头等大事是建立机构、配备人员和进行有效的实际运作——向本地区的联合国工作人员提供亲临现场的干预，为工作场所的关切问题提供非正式解决办法。这一点已经做到了。", "19. 来访者有直通渠道以及与区域监察员保持面对面的接触，为解决冲突和争端案子——其中许多已经长期积重难返——的一些突破铺平了道路。这还使区域监察员得以与其服务对象建立信任和信誉。监察员在实地的存在进一步便利了直通高级管理人员和人力资源人员，加快了各自地区来访者提请监察员注意的工作场所相关关切问题的解决。这种经常的互动还鼓励了管理人员与监察办的合作，并为解决工作场所纠纷寻求监察办的服务。区域监察员已开始调解本地区的案子，并与调解处密切协作。", "在实地的“走出去”和宣传工作", "20. 区域监察员在被派驻后非常积极地开展“走出去”工作，与所有利益攸关方及早进行接触，促进人们对监察员综合办公室所提供的服务范围和在冲突解决方面采用非正式解决方式的好处的认识。从他们的角度看，用嘴说话已被证明是一种非常有成本效益的“走出去”工具。心满意足的来访者往往愿意将其经验与同侪讨论，并鼓励他们站出来一吐苦水。相反的情况也是成立的，这就是为什么在坚实的信誉基础上树立成功的做法是区域监察员优先事项中的头等大事。", "21. 在苏丹和刚果民主共和国的维和特派团，对实地办事处的访问已证明非常有效，因为在边远外勤地的工作人员感到与其总部是分离的，没有同样的渠道获得监察办提供的服务。在渠道方面的其他差距，例如，对特别政治特派团的渠道，正在加以研究，以确定解决这些问题的最佳方式。", "区域分支机构的前三个关切领域", "22. 2010年向区域分支机构报告的最主要的关切领域是：工作和事业，人际关系，和业绩管理。这些问题在下文关于系统问题的章节作进一步探讨。", "工作量与所拨资源之间的平衡", "23. 在区域监察员的优先事项和关切中压倒一切的是，需要有必要的资源才能充分发挥有效的作用。除了亲临现场的要求之外，还需要在本地区定期出访，开展冲突预防和解决以及提高认识的宣传。自2010年以来，分配给区域办公室的资源非常有限，没有出访和专业培训的拨款。", "24. 大会在第65/251号决议第26段中要求秘书长“在今后的方案概算中充分考虑到区域监察员的工作量和分配给他们的资源之间的平衡。”如所预料的，本报告期的特征是，仅秘书处人员提出的案子就增加了70%，这在很大程度上是由于区域监察员在实地的存在。随着更多经验的积累，监察办将继续监测区域监察员的工作量和分配给他们的资源之间的平衡。", "25. 鉴于工作量波动的可能性并考虑到需要确保资源分配足以满足需求，建议将所有新的旅差资源集中起来，以便按需要向需求高的地区调拨。这一做法可提供运作的灵活性，使资源得以被最大限度的利用。", "挑战", "26. 区域监察员在其运作的头一年的努力遇到了两种类型的挑战：行政性的和理念性的。行政性的挑战涉及预算、直通渠道和时间制约。理念性挑战在于要在全组织范围倡导一种信任和预防冲突的文化。", "27. 维和特派团中的区域分支机构所覆盖的国家的动荡的政治和安全局势，往往阻碍了他们接触在那些地区供职的工作人员的渠道。由于经费的制约，和从旅差费拨款的角度而言监察办仍然在其扩大前的预算下运作这一事实，区域监察员在各自业务地区进行必要的出访的能力一直很有限。因此，位于工作地点以外的工作人员得不到像那些能直通本地区能面对面见他们、解决其关切的区域监察员的工作人员那样的接触渠道或援助。为到边远地区的旅差提供经费至关重要。", "28. 人们还发现，高层管理人员为非正式解决方式提供看得见摸得着的支持能激励工作人员与监察办联系，寻求干预。没有管理层对这一程序的这种承诺，工作人员是不大愿意站出来的。经验还表明，一些管理人员感到在解决案子方面他们行使灵活性的能力有限，这或是因为规章制度的、可以理解的僵硬死板，或是因为其受权有限。", "所吸取的教训", "29. 维和特派团的条件——在有的情况下生活和工作在同一个院子里——会造成某种特定性质的冲突。因此，在刚果民主共和国和苏丹的维和特派团中的监察员认为，身处实地对于更好地理解复杂的动态和这类与工作有关的冲突之所以出现的前因后果，至关重要，并为冲突的非正式解决提供了最有效的干预手段。权力分散除了可加深对区域情况的理解，还能更好地使监察办查明最需要监察员服务的区域，尤其是在维和特派团中。", "30. 冲突各方往往根据其对这些机制可向其提供什么的理解，采用内部司法系统的正式和非正式组成部分所提供的机制。一些人相信，如果他们将冲突推向上级(希望上级会强加一种解决办法)，他们会得到更快的解决办法，或者，在正式的系统(还是希望会强加一种解决办法)中得到油水丰厚的财务结算，然而却没有看到非正式解决办法的长期的、可持续的好处。使人担负起自己解决其工作场所关切问题的责任，常常是非正式系统执业者面临的一项挑战。因此，在监察员办公室内外提倡非正式系统的努力，应突出冲突的早期预防和冲突管理的重要性。就此，区域监察员将继续与实地和总部的相关利益攸关方协作，倡导这一做法。", "D. 关于实施非正式解决方式奖励措施的最新情况", "31. 大会第六十五届会议审议了一套旨在鼓励求助非正式解决方式的奖励措施，[5] 这套措施是监察办应大会的要求拟定的。[6] 在其它国际组织类似的单位所吸取的教训和最佳做法的基础上制定的建议，于2010年6月在贝鲁特举行的工作人员-管理当局协调委员会上进行了讨论。内容包括关于以下方面的建议：有必要提高关于监察办的任务和活动以及非正式解决方式的好处的认识；鼓励管理人员与监察办合作并在后者与其联系时要及时答复；通过部署快速反应小组改进接触渠道；修改关于时限收费的工作人员细则；建设冲突驾驭能力；和组织、管理人员和职工协会更明确地支持非正式解决办法。", "32. 大会重申冲突的非正式解决是司法行政制度的不可或缺的要素，并有利地审议了监察办建议的奖励措施。大会在其第65/251号决议第22段中回顾了秘书长报告(A/65/303)第124至126段和128至133段中所载的建议，要求秘书长确保全面落实这些现成可实施的、无需追加资金或对工作人员条例和细则作修订的建议，并将所有其它建议纳入其2012-2013年两年期方案概算。", "33. 本节介绍正在努力实施大会核准的非正式解决方式奖励措施的最新情况。监察办对各利益攸关方已开始实施奖励措施感到鼓舞，将继续与有关各方合作，包括在工作人员和管理层一边，确保奖励措施得到充分实施。", "34. 这一领域的一个重要发展动态是，在常务副秘书长早先对高级管理人员指示的基础上，负责管理的副秘书长又于2011年1月向所有部、厅首长发出了指令。这些通讯都强调了司法制度的非正式组成部分在工作环境中发挥重要作用，着重指出非正式解决方式的好处，并敦促管理人员立即答复监察办关于提供资料、投入等任何要求，并无论如何，在提出要求后不晚于30天之内做出答复。监察办在处理几个案子中已经看到这一指令对明显的缩短答复时间的影响。", "35. 第二个重要发展动态在于，冲突驾驭领域和建设工作人员和管理人员的能力，以处理工作场所出现的冲突局面和有效利用非正式制度。在这方面，监察办正与人力厅等部门结成伙伴关系，向广大司法行政制度中的主要合作伙伴和其它感兴趣的工作人员提供争端解决方法培训。监察办牢记在任何组织环境中，冲突预防和冲突管理十分重要，监察综合办将继续这样的伙伴关系，在各工作地点加强冲突管理的专门培训。", "36. 实施奖励措施的其它动态包括：联合国监察员向秘书处内选定部门编写反馈报告，指出这一领域的系统性问题和规律。已经提交了两份反馈报告。这将循序渐进地扩大到所有部门。此外，联合国监察员已受到常务副秘书长的邀请，参加管理业绩委员会和管理委员会的会议。秘书长和常务副秘书长对非正式解决程序的这种日常的强有力的支持已经取得了积极成果：非正式解决方式现已作为有效领导的一个要素纳入秘书长与高级管理人员的契约。", "37. 关于监察办提出的修改工作人员细则的建议，大会在其第65/251号决议第23段中要求秘书长与相关利益攸关方协商，向第六十六届大会提出建议。就此，人力厅正计划审查关于司法行政制度的工作人员细则第十和十一章，届时也会处理修改工作人员细则第11.1.(c)的修改问题。关于非正式解决方式奖励措施的进一步最新情况将在今后的活动报告中提供。", "E. “走出去”和倡导工作", "倡导协作和预防冲突的文化", "38. 2010年，监察综合办本着大会关于非正式解决方式的指示精神，合并了若干地区的“走出去”工作，包括改善接触工作人员的渠道的必要性和进一步依靠非正式系统。秘书处、各基金会和方案及难民署的监察员根据一些共同的原则，继续协调其“走出去”活动，这些原则为协同增效和在联合国系统内共同促进一种协作和争端的替代解决方式提供了空间。在共同原则的指导下，各实体还针对各自服务对象的特殊需要开展了“走出去”活动。", "联合信息流通工具", "39. “走出去”活动，如，演讲、会议、培训讲习班、视频会议和出访等，构成监察办工作的一个重要组成部分，并形成了一种平台，以解释监察员可提供的全部服务，包括其辅导作用。这些活动还旨在通过有助于预防冲突和及早、有效地应对管理不良的冲突的培训，向工作人员提供冲突管理技能。", "40. 联合“走出去”活动的一个关键组成部分是网站，担当用所有六种正式语文提供关于监察办及其所提供的服务的信息的门户。监察办主动与所有实地业务部门联系，向它们介绍网站以及如何确保网上访问监察办的内联网。", "41. 为提高监察办的知名度，向总部和实地的各监察办分发了突出说明非正式解决方式的主要原则的张贴画。已经提出了一些增进资料的要求，以便向实地官员分发。秘书处、各基金会和方案及难民署联合准备的其他信息流通工具包括：在联合国内联网上登载关于监察办及非正式解决方式的好处的演讲稿和文章。", "“走出去”接触实地工作人员和总部以外的工作地点", "42. 由于区域分支的存在，向总部以外的工作人员提供现场干预的能力在2010年有了大幅度提高。通过把重点放在各区域的各种活动上，包括会晤工作人员、高级管理层、工作人员代表和其他主要利益攸关方，“走出去”能力有了新的势头。在紧张的预算允许范围内，也结合提供监察员服务，对实地特派团和固定的工作地点进行了“走出去”出访。", "43. 在秘书处，也利用实地访问进行现场干预的方式促进人们对非正式冲突解决方式的认识。这包括会晤高级管理层和工作人员代表群体，以及职工大会，宣传监察办的任务和活动。出访的代表团也处理个人的案子，以解决工作场所关切问题。应当指出，为接触到当地招聘的工作人员，做出了特殊的努力。这样的出访是在维和支持帐户紧张预算的允许范围内进行的，包括：联合国科特迪瓦行动；联合国利比里亚特派团；联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队；联合国脱离接触观察员部队；联合国停战监督组织；联合国东帝汶综合特派团；和联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团。", "44. 在维和领域所做的努力还包括参加与实地行动高级管理人员的视频会议，包括联合国停战监督组织和联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团。在经常预算下进行的出访包括去西亚经济社会委员会和非洲经济委员会。", "45. 2010年，各基金会和方案的监察员对四个区域进行了五次实地出访。难民署监察员办公室结合在东欧和南部非洲的互相尊重的工作场所顾问讲习班，进行了实地出访。", "“走出去”接触高级管理层和其他利益有关群体", "46. 在报告期内，“走出去”特殊努力集中于向主要利益攸关方着重介绍非正式冲突解决方式带来的新增的组织价值。在秘书长2010年高级管理层休假地会议期间，联合国监察员主持了一场关于如何通过体制改革在工作人员和管理层之间建立信任的会议。联合国监察员还参加了管理业绩委员会、管理委员会、工作人员-管理层协调委员会(贝鲁特，2010年6月)会议，和一些部级高级管理班子会议。这些努力提高了高级管理人员对非正式解决方式的好处的认识并收获了对非正式程序的承诺。高级管理人员移交监察办的案子数目增多就证明了这一点。", "47. 在联合努力加强与外部利益攸关方的合作和交流最佳做法方面，秘书处、各基金会和方案的监察员参加了2010年4月在新奥尔良举行的国际监察员协会年会，并与难民署监察员一起参加了2010年9月在巴黎举行的监察员和调解员会议。", "48. 各基金会和方案的监察员参加了三次开发署区域集群会议，期间他们会晤了管理层和工作人员代表。监察员们还应邀向汇聚在人口基金全球年会的300名管理人员做了演讲。此外，监察员们还对儿童基金保安顾问做了讲话，并在儿童基金信息技术解决办法和服务司的改革调解技能讲习班上做了讲演。监察员们还对有机会在纽约举行的领导和管理培训讲习班上对新招聘的驻地协调员讲话表示欢迎。", "49. 作为“走出去”活动的一部分，难民署监察员办公室在2010年继续扩大其互相尊重的工作场所顾问网。该方案的目的是通过及时处理和从根上解决，预防或减少冲突的严重性，同时确保提供相关信息，指明通过哪些渠道感兴趣的个人可寻求咨询和援助，或投诉。互相尊重的工作场所顾问方案的依据是世界银行开发的一个样板，涉及：(a) 通过秘密投票制度提名和选举可信任的同事作为互相尊重的工作场所顾问；(b) 举办一个讲习班；和(c) 难民署监察员办公室随后提供后援支持。互相尊重的工作场所顾问每四个月与难民署监察员办公室共同编写一份问题报告。", "冲突解决日", "50. 2010年10月21日，监察办与秘书处、各基金会和方案的工作人员一起庆祝了冲突解决日。在内罗毕和圣地亚哥也举办了门户开放日，以倡导使用非正式冲突解决方式，使参与解决工作场所争端的各利益攸关方深入了解监察办的工作并有机会与工作人员见面。内罗毕的区域监察员分支机构庆祝的方式是，放映一系列鼓舞人心的录像短片，显示解决冲突所依据的理论在学校、工作场所和全球舞台上应用的例子。收到的反馈显示，这样的录像能使参加者从不同的视角看到他们在工作场所和家庭的互动情况。为拉丁美洲和加勒比服务的在圣地亚哥的监察办也举办了开放日，该地区许多工作人员出席。在欢迎这一举措时，拉加经委会的执行秘书指出，由于区域监察员的工作，本组织能更加胸有成竹地为所有人的利益处理和解决与工作有关的分歧。监察办正计划在年度的基础上庆祝冲突解决日。", "建设冲突驾驭能力", "51. 监察办与人力厅和开发署结成伙伴关系，向广大司法行政制度中的主要合作伙伴和其它感兴趣的工作人员提供冲突管理和工作场所争端解决方法培训课程。来自联合国秘书处、开发署、儿童基金会、项目厅、人口基金和粮食署的近100名工作人员参加了这一成功的培训。反馈是正面的。一位参加者在了解了非正式解决争端的各种手段，特别是监察员办公室所提供的调解服务后评论说，“我原来没有意识到调解在改变一个看上去难处理的冲突中有如此大的威力。”另一位说，“我们应让广大工作人员都了解这一宝贵的程序，像管理人员那样更多地利用它”。", "52. 2010年7月，难民署为来自中欧、东欧和东南欧的选定工作人员举办了互相尊重的工作场所顾问讲习班，2010年10月，与粮食署联合为来自南部非洲国家的工作人员举办了一个类似的讲习班。 这些讲习班的目的是培养实地工作人员，以期他们发挥互相尊重的工作场所顾问志愿者的作用。 继2007年在西非举办了一次试点培训之后，与粮食署联合于2009年为来自东非国家的工作人员举办了一个互相尊重的工作场所顾问讲习班。难民署现有48名活跃的互相尊重的工作场所顾问，在31个国家开展工作。互相尊重的工作场所顾问讲习班由难民署全球学习中心举办，而难民署监察员办公室和(在适用的地方)粮食署监察员办公室则参加培训的讲授。", "53. 2010年,难民署也主动通过新制定的学习理念,即，将于2011年进行试点的冲突管理方案，来处理冲突管理问题。该方案的目标是改变工作人员处理工作场所冲突的方式。此外，管理人员将接受关于调解工作场所冲突的专门培训。从2011年起, 调解培训也将成为新代表的培训内容之一。冲突管理方案和代表培训由难民署全球学习中心主办。", "54. 各基金和方案打算重新研究互相尊重的工作场所顾问方案的潜力问题，为此，过去已启动了一些试点项目，包括与儿童基金会。作为国别办事处工作人员面对冲突的首要资源，互相尊重的工作场所顾问方案已被证明是实用的。与世界银行、粮食署和难民署的合作也将得到加强。此外，为了向选定的工作人员提供调解培训，监察办将研究难民署的经验。", "55. 监察办目前正在研究一项有针对性的沟通战略，要在以下领域中所取得的进展的基础上更进一步：倡导非正式解决方式，高级管理人员和其他重要利益攸关方鼓励和推动采用非正式解决方式，以及提倡一种协作和预防冲突的文化。就此，将为2012年联合国设立监察员职能10 周年策划一些活动。", "二. 系统性问题", "A. 根源和前因后果", "问题的识别和报告", "56. 大会在第65/251号决议第21段中回顾了第64/233号决议第11段, 其中强调了为促进工作场所的和谐，监察员作为报告其发现的广泛系统性问题以及提请其注意的问题的媒介的作用。在第64/233号决议第12段，大会要求秘书长就处理监察员关于系统性问题的调研结论所采取的行动定期提出报告。", "57. 虽然与某一特定问题有关的案子的百分比高是存在系统性问题的强有力指标，也有一些问题是监察员直接查明的具有系统性质的、有潜在系统性影响的问题。监察办为查明系统性问题将其纳入年度报告，努力平衡处理以案子数量为特征的系统性问题与其他尚未达到这些数量的、但指出是有问题的、如不妥善处理会恶化的问题。", "B. 报告期内在秘书处、各基金和方案及联合国难民事务高级专员办事处查明的系统性问题", "58. 监察办使用国际监察员协会规定的问题类别。[7] 2010年如同2009年，提请监察综合办注意的案子最多的问题类别是：工作和事业，评价(监督管理)关系， 补偿和福利，法律、规范、财务和遵守问题。", "1. 工作和事业", "59. 在报告期内，提请监察综合办注意的问题中有34%是关于工作和事业的。[8] 这类关切在过去3年一直占主导地位。据区域监察员报告，在实地一级它们也是属于最关切的问题。", "60. 在秘书处，对于缺乏事业发展的苦恼和对遴选程序的不信任，是来访者不断的关切问题。其中一个重要因素可能是，将晋升看作事业满足标志的工作人员的期望值与组织在不断变化的经济环境和不断变化的维和形势中满足这些期望的能力之间的差异。 在这一背景下，组织可采取一些措施，在现有的条件范围内提高工作人员的工作经验和相应的积极性，这样，对于晋升的关注就不至于使工作人员对其事业想入非非。这就需要视角的变化，从对成功的体现便是晋升这种关注，变为关注工作的满足感体现在有挑战性的任务、事业发展图和目的和贡献", "图一 全监察办范围按类别分列的问题", "[]", "感。这一做法要求管理人员更积极地参与其手下工作人员的工作满足和工作分配情况。", "61. 在一些地区，临时合同被过度使用， 这些合同不是为完成具体项目、而是为进行固定的职能而发放，这对许多人造成了非常不稳定的局面——他们往往是在非常临时的情况下才被通知其合同最终被延长了。", "62. 女性来访者报告在维和特派团中存在性别歧视， 她们抱怨在招聘过程中、工作关系中和专业进步事项中存在性别歧视。更广泛地说，在秘书处内，女性来访者也提出了涉及性骚扰和性别歧视的案例。", "63. 在各基金会和方案，有关工作和事业相关问题的关切，因工作人员的类别不同而表现不同。例如，当地专业和支持服务工作人员对工作申请和遴选程序的抱怨比国际招聘的专业工作人员要多得多。这也许表明有必要为当地招聘的专业和支持服务一级的工作人员提供更多的事业进步的机会，因为，他们通常得不到像国际招聘的同事那样多的表现自己和事业进步的机会。这一类别中另一个特点是，来到监察办诉说对事业进步和机会的关切的女性工作人员要比男性多。", "64. 在难民署， 经常提到关于工作申请和遴选、招聘程序以及不延长合同的关切，而事业进步和机会是第三大关切。需指出的是，女性比男性更经常提出对于事业进步的关切。与不延长合同相关的问题几乎完全由国际招聘的专业工作人员以外的类别提出的。", "特派团之间的管理下调任", "65. 监察办注意到，一些工作人员在同一个特派团已服务多年，包括在艰苦工作地点，没有事业前景或提升或变动的机会，包括横向调动。现已为特派团建立了候选名单制度，预计会有助于更有效地解决这类关切。", "临时工作人员的资格要求", "66. 提交联合国监察员的案子涉及，对适用旨在允许有外部身份的临时工作人员申请任何级别的、他们感到可合理竞争的位子的规定方面，存在不同的解释。由于规范这些案例的规定措辞明确,[9] 这些案例所说明的系统性问题并非政策性的，而是在规则的应用方面不一致的问题。", "建议", "1. 人力资源人员和管理人员应向各级工作人员通报现实的事业前景，职位金字塔的事实，工作人员晋升的平均数，和维和特派团缩编的影响。管理人员应向其手下的工作人员提供建设性的但诚实的反馈， 并指出促进工作满意度的机会。还有，没有入选职位的工作人员会受益于反馈信息，如有要求，管理人员应提供这样的反馈。", "2. 已经预见到，工作人员的参与是维和特派团缩编进程的一部分。管理人员应确保遵守相关程序，并在可能的地方，通过各级管理人员的情况通报予以加强， 以便工作人员能理解所确定的方向和做的决定，并能够尽早就其自己的未来做出知情的决定。", "3. 应将期望的目标进行调整，以改变晋升是事业满意的唯一途径的观念。应珍视各级的贡献，并强调工作满意度。这种目标调整应通过适当的机制——如，部门首长在跨部门会议上定期审查工作人员的事业和任务分配情况——在制度上予以支持。这类审查应特别关注已在职位上干了很长时间的工作人员。", "4. 应实行特派团之间管理下的调任来补充现行的工作人员安排遴选机制，以避免过分的艰苦和事业停滞不前。应探讨扩大自愿网络交流倡议(瓦因斯方案)的可能性，并应确保有效实施所设想的人员流动政策。", "2. 评价关系及同侪和同事关系", "67. 2010年，提请监察综合办注意的问题中有20%与评价关系有关，占秘书处内案子的19%，各基金和方案案子的21%，难民署内案子的26%。与尊重人有关的关切是最经常提的次级问题。", "业绩评价程序", "68. 在情况多样、文化多元的环境中，提供和接受建设性的反馈是一件既困难又复杂的事情。提交监察员的案子暴露了工作人员和管理人员这样做的能力方面的弱点。冲突还来自对管理人员的作用的看法的分歧和期望值的不同。在全监察综合办所收到的大多数案子中，被管理者期望有更民主的、参与性的管理风格，而管理人员则依赖更发号施令的管理风格，经常指出需要把活干出来。这一冲突的来源不仅限于业绩评价程序——虽然往往是由它所引发的。管理人员在对付他们认为难缠的工作人员时寻求监察员办公室的帮助， 而来监察办的工作人员则希望解决这样的需求：他们的领导应听取或更多地理解他们的意见。", "骚扰和滥用权力", "69. 管理者与被管理者之间难以互动，导致工作人员关于骚扰和滥用权力的投诉，他们认为没有其他办法可解决自己的关切。在出访期间，这一趋势也被收到这种性质投诉的行为和纪律单位提请联合国监察员注意。许多这样的投诉已经郁积了很久而升级到正式投诉，如果有关各方能更有技巧的处理问题，这本来是可以避免的。", "将冲突解决技巧和建立信任纳入主流", "70. 需要在全组织继续努力改善业绩管理技能，并将冲突解决技巧作为一种管理人员和工作人员能力纳入主流。后者包括建立信任是不可或缺的要素。", "71. 监察办欣慰地注意到，秘书长在联合国监察员的建议下，已将冲突解决技巧作为预期的领导素质之一纳入其与高级管理人员的契约中。希望这将对所有管理人员、监督人员和工作人员产生涓滴效应。此外，各级加强冲突解决技巧的培训是值得欢迎的的系统性反应。", "72. 此外，在人力厅开展组织能力审评的背景下，联合国监察员建议将冲突解决技巧纳入所有工作人员应有的能力之中。这一建议反响良好。", "尊重待人", "73. 尊重多样性是联合国的核心价值观之一，所有工作人员都应在其日常工作中表现这一核心价值。令人遗憾的是，这并不总是这么明显的。缺乏尊重及其造成的缺乏信任，是任何情况下冲突的引发因素。人们注意到这种情况经常发生在特派团，特别是受影响的当地雇员身上。所有有关人员都须努力确保这一情况得到应有的重视。", "建议", "1. 应加强努力提高包括特派团在内的全组织业绩管理技能，并要认识到，评价过程和与之相伴的连续对话是工作人员和管理人员的共同责任。", "2. 各部门和特派团首长应直接参与其各自责任领域工作人员的业绩管理。", "3. 行为和纪律单位和监督厅应向管理人员和其他适当官员着重介绍从更为管理性而不是纪律性的投诉所吸取的教训。这类教训应由管理业绩委员会审查，并纳入领导和管理培训方案。", "4. 全组织应继续日常的将冲突解决技巧纳入主流的努力，效法秘书长和管理业绩委员会为高级管理人员树立的榜样，开展培训和通过评价程序机制进行工作人员的问责。", "5. 高级管理人员——包括特派团中的高级管理人员——应被要求为尊重对待所有工作人员定调子，并在高级管理层会议和其他适当论坛上强化这一信息。", "3. 补偿和福利/事务和行政管理", "74. 2010年，全监察综合办有15%的问题涉及补偿和福利，占秘书处案子的16%，各基金会和方案案子的17%，难民署案子的10%。", "75. 这两类是放在一起处理的，因为许多补偿和福利问题归根结底既是福利本身的问题，也是福利的实施方式和工作人员在这一过程中被对待的方式问题。", "关于工作人员权利的信息和建议,和积极回答询问", "76. 各种规则的解释和适用在全系统并不总是统一的。一个促成因素可能是，以前的和进行中的改革进程中提出的数量庞大的修改和伴随的许多服务条件的改动。", "77. 监察办确认，所有相关信息都通过内联网向工作人员提供。在这方面，监察员认为，最近为重组内联网上的信息(ISeek)使其更容易访问而进行的工作十分出色。人们还注意到，在决策层也加大了中央对通信工作的努力。然而，似乎需要将现有的信息资源与有效交付更好的匹配，以便使各项准则得以更有效的应用和传达到工作人员。", "向工作人员及时通报可变福利的变化", "78. 提请监察办注意的有以下情况：休养假周期的变动在一些情况下是在已经生效以后才传达的，而在另一些情况下，则有不同的实施日期。这使相关工作人员很难预先做计划。人力厅正在采取措施纠正这类情况。", "特殊岗位津贴", "79. 特殊岗位津贴是对高于工作人员个人级别的水平上进行的工作的补偿款。然而，根据规定，其支付是自由裁定的，据一些来访者的看法，这不能保证同工同酬。发放这一津贴的程序还涉及被一些人看来是不必要的繁琐和过时的步骤，因为，临时派的更高级别的任务现在只有在竞争性遴选过程以后才给的，而制定特殊岗位津贴规则时并不是这样的情况。", "抚养补助金", "80. 监察员办公室向人力厅提出了来自离职或离婚的工作人员关于父母中谁应领取其抚养子女的补助金的询问。监察办高兴地注意到这个问题将在下一次发布的相关行政指示中解答。", "建议", "1. 应审查、精简、统一和加强工作人员在其事业的所有阶段被告知其服务条件的机制，即：在录用过程中；在关于其服务条件的上岗培训期间；在其整个职业生涯期间其服务条件发生变化时；和离职时。应当指出，以印刷件或电子媒体提供信息既不能替代与相关工作人员的互动性沟通，也不如其有效，因为，在那种情况下，他们可以提问题并能使其关切立即得到解决。", "2. 应确保包括特派团在内的所有工作地点的相关人力资源和行政工作人员在规则的适用和用户意识方面得到足够的信息和培训，以确保规则适用的一致性，使工作人员感到自己受到的待遇是适当的。", "3. 应考虑制定对工作人员询问的答复所需时间的指导原则，和其他用户意识的标准。", "4. 监察办已注意到改进修养假周期的通知问题。然而，重要的是，要确保可变权利的任何变化都及时通知相关工作人员。", "5. 应审查特殊岗位津贴程序，以精简其实施工作和取消特殊岗位津贴小组。", "4. 法律、规范、财务和遵守", "81. 根据国际监察员协会所确立的准则和问题类别——监察办在其报告中应用这些准则和类别——涉及法律、规范、财务和遵守问题，这一类别的问题包括骚扰、浪费、欺诈、挪用资金、和调查或纪律程序等。在报告期内, 提请监察办注意的问题中有8%属于这一类，其中骚扰(不包括性骚扰)是最经常的关切源。这类问题的百分比在2009年略有升高(10%)。各基金会和方案的监察员报告说，提交他们办公室的案子中有80%指出冲突的另一方为一名高级管理人员，或一名顶头上司。在秘书处和难民署，法律、规范、财务和遵守问题分别占案子的11%和8%。", "对可能的纪律事项进行调查的拖延：最新情况", "82. 调查拖延的问题在秘书长的上次报告(A/65/303)中作了阐述，并在2010年作为正当程序问题、和从其对相关工作人员的事业发展和合同地位的影响的角度，继续被提出来。有鉴于此，监察办欢迎行政当局和监督厅在最高一级做出努力处理此事。已经进行了全面审查，最初由常务副秘书长、后来由监督厅主持，并最后提出建议，结合对现行纪律程序的更新，纠正这一局面。以这样的综合做法处理这个问题预示，会在全系统范围解决此事。", "83. 虽然所处理的具体案子是纪律性质的， 但系统性问题却是进行迅速有效调查的能力问题。此外，作为骚扰或滥用权力投诉而提出来的许多案子，本可因相关各方处理不当而不必要地升级的。因此，全系统努力加强业绩管理和冲突解决技巧可能有助于减少这一问题的发生频率。", "5. 组织、领导和管理", "84. 提请监察办注意的问题中有5% 与组织、领导和管理事务有关，在难民署占案子的8%，各基金会和方案为8% ，秘书处为4%。这一类别的问题涉及，除其他外，组织环境和改变管理，以及组织的领导层和管理风格。", "强化非正式冲突解决方式的文化", "85. 高级管理层向所有厅部首长发出的鼓励采用并更好地响应非正式解决方式的指令大体上是有效的，能使管理人员和行政人员进一步参与这一进程。为使非正式程序更加有效，继续这样的努力并确保有关各方更有重点的、持续的参与，至关重要。经验表明，在各方及早就建设性地参与的地方，就能取得积极的结果，造成对非正式冲突解决方式的进一步的信任，并从对抗文化转为对话和相互解决问题的文化。", "改变管理", "86. 一般而言，有助于组织跟上时代、完成其任务并保持自己是具有竞争力和吸引力的雇主的改革是受到工作人员和管理层的欢迎的。然而，过去十年一个又一个的各种改革，其中一些要求工作人员在不增加资源的情况下作更多的工作，似乎使工作人员和管理层都患上了改革疲劳症。监察办了解到，特别的困难在于这类改革举措的务虚和实施，即，如何确定变革的必要性并在后来传达到各目标群体；为确保工作人员接受并承诺这类进程而使其参与变革管理举措的程度；以及是否存在、或将会提供必要的资源和培训机制以保持任何改革的可持续性。", "建议", "改变管理和组织管理文化的问题，包括问责制，应在最高一级——如，管理业绩委员会——处理。变革需要一种沟通战略和工作人员参与决策，以确保其“买入”和参与这一进程。应尽一切努力研究如何加强这一点。最重要的是，在制定任何改革计划时应充分考虑实施问题和为过渡阶段提供必要的资源和支持。最新的改革举措也许是以上述思路从事进行中的和进一步的改革的良机。", "6. 安全、健康、幸福、压力和工作/生活", "87. 与(a) 安全、健康、幸福、压力和工作/生活，(b) 价值观、道德操守和标准，和(c) 服务和行政相关的问题，共占全监察综合办所有问题的4%。", "对影响到工作人员的紧急情况和危机的处理：最新情况和新问题", "88. 联合国的核心职责之一是帮助其他处于危机中的人们。不幸的是，自从出现了对联合国人员的有针对性的攻击和也影响到数目众多的雇员的大规模自然灾害以来，本组织就有必要制定行动计划和特别措施，解决工作人员在这类事件后的需要。监察员办公室处理这一问题已有一段时间。监察办欢迎在人力厅，作为第一步，设立了应急准备和支持工作队。监察办进一步欢迎对上述工作队更多的重视和支持。[10] 监察员办公室还对管理部和外勤支持部做出相当大的努力汇编所学到的教训表示敬意。监察员办公室将与应急准备和支持工作队合作，交流在紧急情况后查明的系统性趋势和规律，以及从其在这一领域的经验总结出来的最佳做法。", "89. 另一个问题是有效实施危机后特别措施和需要检查这些措施或在危急形势中的例外情况，以便在通报这些措施前提高组织的实施能力。就此，监察员办公室正与所有利益攸关方、工作人员个人、职工会、管理和行政部门合作，共同解决悬而未决的问题。", "健康和安全问题", "90. 涉及医疗问题的案子、特别是来自实地的这类案子显示，大多数关切都与健康和安全政策问题有联系，这是一种信号，说明有必要制定面向所有联合国工作人员的全面的健康和安全政策。监察办注意到，联合国医务主任工作组提出的建议之一是采用职业安全和健康政策。监察办欢迎这一建议，并认为任何职业安全和健康政策都必须考虑到不当的冲突管理与负面的健康后果的可能性之间的相互关系。", "91. 例如，缺勤是经常提请监察员注意的问题之一，特别是，那些因工作方面的冲突而经受比通常更高压力的工作人员不断长期休病假。当他们回来上班时，发现工作环境远没有改善，而往往是情况进一步恶化了，对同事造成了更多的影响——在休假前这些同事可能抱有同情态度，但后来由于要全部或部分承担因缺勤而造成的额外工作而变得怨声载道。因此，作为工作场所冲突的一个方面的缺勤，鉴于其对生产力和士气的可能影响，是一个需要对其加以全面处理的问题。", "92. 监察综合办的来访者还对负有审查投诉任务的医务委员会的医生的遴选程序表示了关切。根据现行准则，行政部门挑选一名医生，工作人员挑选另一名。然后，被选上的两名医生需商定第三名医生。有时候，被选上的两名医生无法就第三名医生达成一致意见，这就造成了可能是长期的拖延。在审查这类案例时，监察办注意到，医务委员会和养恤金委员会等是老的制度遗留下来的，并不具备非正式争端解决机制。在新的司法行政制度中，非正式争端解决方式受到重视，因此，可能需要重新审查这类委员会的政策和工作程序。", "建议", "1. 为受危机影响的工作人员制定特别措施时，应充分考虑到有效实施的问题，以便使拟议的措施切实减轻其要处理的问题。为此，制定没有实际危机压力的潜在情况的样板和措施可能是有用的。在此领域，在总部和外勤行动层面，在管理部、人力厅、医务处和外勤支持部之间的合作得到改善，这是令人鼓舞的，值得重视。也应一提的是，随后，数量众多的对有关工作人员极有帮助的特别措施在没有上述困难及所造成的案子的情况下被付诸实施。", "2． 工作人员应随意向监察员办公室提出他们关切的问题，如果这样做，他们的意愿会得到尊重。工作人员在与监察员办公室联系或进入正式的投诉机制时，不要担心会面临打击报复，或会受到排斥和名誉扫地。", "3． 应确立全面的职业健康和安全政策，其中应考虑到管理不良的冲突可能造成的负面的健康后果。", "4. 应修订医务委员会等审查案子的准则，以纳入，除其他外，非正式争端解决方式。", "三. 统计资料：监察员服务", "A. 案件量", "93. 2010年，监察综合办的案件量上升了35%，2010年案子总数为1 764，而2009年为1 287件。", "[]图二 2008-2010年全监察办处理的案子数量", "94. 在秘书处，在报告期内对服务的需求增加，2009年到2010年，案子量上升了70%。2010年，区域分支机构共处理了725件案子，也是这一大的增幅中的一个因素。监察综合办的工作人员继续超负荷工作，以满足需求和在这样的增长所构成的挑战的情况下，确保所提供的服务质量。应指出的是，案子之间的复杂程度往往差别很大。经常的情况是，来访者提出的是一个有多个问题的案子，可能涉及不同的政策和做法，需要与不同的利益攸关方互动。例如，一个来访者可能会因为自己没被选上担任某个职务而来到监察办，而这一情况可能也会对业绩评价、合同地位、权利、福利等产生影响。", "95. 案子根据来访者的人数、而不是他们所提出的问题数登记。解决问题所需的时间取决于所提出的问题的复杂性，一般从两星期至3个月不等。这涉及与每位来访者的多次交谈和代表来访者与相关利益攸关方的多次联系，包括穿梭调解，讨论每件事的各个方面并达成互相同意的解决办法。", "96. 2010年，各基金会和方案的监察员处理了418件案子。[11] 该年上半年，在新监察员到任前，由于减少了处理案子的能力，来访者的总数保持稳定。在下半年，在监察员到任后，案子量大幅上升。", "97. 难民署的监察员在2010年接待了140名来访者，比2009年略少。此外，难民署互相尊重的工作场所顾问网在2009年底扩大了，于2010年接待了65名来访者，合在一起共提出了87个问题。", "B. 人口统计", "按办公室地点类型分列的全监察办案件数", "98. 秘书处办公室地点类型分为：纽约总部，总部以外的办事处和实地特派团。基金会和方案的办公室类型为，哥本哈根和纽约的总部和国别办事处；而难民署则是，日内瓦总部、布达佩斯全球服务中心和外地办事处。图三显示秘书处、各基金会和方案、难民署按办公室类型分列的来访者的差别情况", "99. 2010年,如同前两年一样，多数来访者是在总部以外的办事处、国别办事处和实地办事处工作的。但是，来访者的地点分布因部门和时间的不同而不同。", "图三 2010年按办公室地点类型分列的全监察办和在不同实体的案件情况", "[]", "100.　来自实地特派团(只是秘书处的一部份)的案子百分比从2009年的24%上升到2010年的34%。由于秘书处的工作人员有60%在实地特派团服务，来自这类人员的案子比例今后可能会进一步上升。", "101.　在各基金会和方案，报告期内所处理的案子中，共有73%来自国别办事处，27%来自总部所在地。这与往年的结果一致，反映了这些组织的面向实地的性质。", "102.　如同2009年的情况，难民署38%的来访者来自总部所在地，62% 来自实地办事处。这一资料表明，将2008年之前观察到的格局倒过来的情况似乎已经稳定了，这可归因于实地访问带来的结果，特别是在与粮食署联合将互相尊重的工作场所顾问网进一步扩大后，使人们更多地认识到了监察员办公室的作用和职能。", "全监察办范围的职业群体", "103.　自2008年以来，到监察办来的最大的来访者职业群体是专业类的工作人员(44%)，其次是支助工作人员(19%，而在2008和2009年为26%)。", "104.　只有秘书处有一个特殊的专业群体：实地工作人员——专门在外勤特派团(维和和特别政治特派团)工作的国际支助工作人员。在来自秘书处的来访者总数中，实地工作人员占11%。", "105.　来自总部以外的专业群体的来访者比例有所上升。寻求援助的当地雇员百分比从2008和2009年的7%上升到2010年的13%。属于实地工作人员类别(只是秘书处专有的)的来访者百分比也从2008和2009年的8%上升到2010年的11%。", "106.　属于其余三个职业类别：(a) 原工作人员和退休人员，(b) 志愿者，和(c) 司长及以上的来访者百分比在2008年和2010年保持稳定，各为3%左右。", "图四 全监察办范围按职业群体分列的来访者", "[]", "107.　在秘书处，41%的来访者属于专业类，17%的案子由支助工作人员提出。", "108.　在各基金会和方案，同过去一样，多数案子(54%)的来访者是来自专业和更高类别的工作人员。在一般事务类来访者中，联系监察办的女性(56%)比男性多。", "109.　在难民署，来访者有三分之二来自专业类， 与前一年相比，显示出小幅度成比例的增长。访问监察办的支助工作人员人数有点下降，但访问互相尊重的工作场所顾问网的人数将其抵消还足足有余(虽然没有包括在统计数字内)。与监察办联系咨询关于自己本人的关切问题，或作为管理人员的关切问题的高级别人员(P-5和以上)的人数保持在刚过10%。", "C. 按职业群体的问题分布情况", "110.　问题的总的分布情况因专业群体的不同而不同。然而，一些群体共同有类似的地方。例如，三种主要类型的问题的分布在专业人员、支助人员、当地雇员和志愿者中是同样的，其中工作和事业最普遍，其次是评价关系和补偿和福利。", "111.　来自秘书处专有的实地工作人员类别的来访者显示出在分布上稍有不同：工作和事业构成主要的问题类型，补偿和福利为其次，评价关系为第三。司长和以上类别显示了特殊的格局：对于这一群体，评价关系是首要的问题类型，其次是工作和事业，以及补偿和福利。“其他”类的工作人员的主要问题是补偿和福利。", "图五 全监察办范围按职业群体分列的主要问题类型", "[]", "112.　与工作场所人际关系有关的冲突是各基金会和方案中使工作人员来到监察员办公室的第二常见的问题，占2010年案子的30%。就人际关系事项求助的工作人员，女性多于男性。工作人员经常向监察办投诉没有受到尊重和待遇不当，这通常表现在不适当的漠视同事或下级，和缺乏很强的灵活的沟通技能。工作场所积极的人际关系的一个主要特征是有效的沟通和通过沟通促成共识。", "113.　在难民署，国际招聘的专业工作人员最经常提到的问题是评价关系，其次是与工作和事业有关的关切。与之形成对照的是，当地招聘的专业人员提出的首要关切是工作和事业。一般事务工作人员提的最多的是与工作和事业有关的问题，其次是评价关系及同侪和同事关系。", "D. 按办事处地点类型分列的问题", "114.　2010年，来访者，无论其工作地点，所提出的最突出的关切问题主要与工作和事业有关。数量第二多的问题类型则与评价关系有关，补偿和福利排第三。2009年是同样的格局。在秘书处专有的实地特派团中，工作和事业相关问题是数量最多的。补偿和福利以及评价关系分别排第二和第三。", "图六 全监察办范围按办事处地点类型分列的问题类别", "[]", "115.　在各基金会和方案，73%的案子来自国别办事处，27%来自总部。在这两个地点，与工作和事业相关的问题是引起来访者联系的基本原因。更高比例的女性来访者(29%)比男性来访者(19%)更关切事业进步或机会。", "116.　在难民署，由总部工作人员提出的问题刚过三分之一。在这一群体中，两个最经常提出的问题是：评价关系(33%)及工作和事业(15%)。在总部以外的办事处，两个最经常提出的问题是：工作和事业(32%)，和评价关系(28%)。就此，还值得一提的是(虽然没有包括在提出的统计数据内)，向互相尊重的工作环境顾问提出的问题主要涉及工作和事业(23%)及同侪和同事关系(21%)，而评价关系构成所有问题的15%。", "四. 统计资料：调解服务", "A. 案件量和结果", "117.　本节提供关于案件和结果、人口统计和所调解的问题的类型方面的统计资料，覆盖时间从2009年7月1日——司法行政新制度启动时——直至2010年12月31日。", "图七 调解的案件，2009年7月1日至2010年12月31日", "[]", "118.　在2009年 7月1日至2010年12月31日期间，调解处处理了62个案子，其中28个(45%)经过了调解。在调解的案子中，21个(75%)成功得到解决，7个(25%)没有达成成功解决办法。根据调解准则，需争端所有各方都同意才能进行调解。若干案子(29%)由于初步协商后有一方，或双方都选择不调解，因此无法调解，有3个案子(5%)因其他情况(或是案子不适合调解，或是在调解前就已解决)没有调解。在2010年年底时，共有13个案子(21%)在进行中。", "B. 人口统计", "图八 调解人口统计", "[]", "119.　报告期内，调解处处理的案子多数源自总部以外的办事处(50%)。共有11个案子源自外勤行动(18%)，有20个(32%)在总部。这就确定了多数案子是在外勤地，因此，需要加强能力处理各地区的案子。", "C. 按职业群体分的调解案子", "图九 按职业群体分的调解案子", "[]", "120.　报告期内，寻求或参加调解的前三类专业群体如下：专业类(58%)；司长或以上(10%)；以及支助人员(19%)。其次还有，实地工作人员和原工作人员/退休人员(各5%)，及当地雇员/其他(各2%)。", "D. 按源头分的调解案子", "图十 按源头分的调解案子", "[]", "121.　调解可由争端的当事一方单独、或所有各方共同请求，或者，由管理评价股、联合国争议法庭、联合国上诉法庭、工作人员法律援助办公室或其他类似单位移交。关于调解的所有请求或移交都由调解处审查，以确定案子是否适合调解。", "122.　在报告期内处理的案子总数中，有24个(39%)是应争端的当事一方或多方请求进行的；13个(21%)由争议法庭移交；10个(16%)作为监察案子开始,随后进行调解的。其余的案子(24%)则是由工作人员法律援助办公室、管理评价股和本组织其他单位移交的。如果发现案子不适合调解，则移交要求监察员服务。", "123　案子的最大源头是用户本身这一事实是监察处为提高关于相关程序及其好处的认识而进行“走出去”共同努力的结果，并且，也是由于调解程序的成功。预计，今后的“走出去”努力、高质量的服务和进一步分散权力，将导致案子量增加。", "E. 问题类型", "图十一 调解处处理的问题类型", "[]", "124.　提交监察处的案子数量最多的类型是工作和事业(38%)，其中包括与合同地位有关的问题。第二大类是法律、规范、财务和遵守(21%)。评价关系是第三大类(16%)。第二层问题涉及补偿和福利(12%)；组织领导和管理(4%)；事务和行政(1%)；安全、健康、幸福(1%)；和价值观、道德操守和标准(3%)。", "五. 未来方向", "1. 建设信誉和冲突驾驭能力", "125.　监察办将继续设法促进一种冲突预防和建立信任的文化。在这方面，秘书处、各基金会和方案以及难民署计划进一步加强各自在培训、“走出去”和倡导领域的工作。因此，监察办的宣传战略将把重点放在3个优先领域：(a) 提倡非正式解决方式，包括将调解作为解决工作场所争端的安全的第一步；(b) 与高级管理层和其他重要的利益攸关方结成伙伴关系，以鼓励和推动使用非正式冲突解决机制；(c) 继续倡导一种协作和冲突预防文化，作为组织健康的一个必不可少的组成部分。", "2. 实地的能力建设", "126.　监察办将努力提高其为实地工作人员服务的能力，包括在偏僻地区的工作人员，通过对案子采取及时有效的行动推进已经取得的成绩，并与总部和各地区的利益攸关方强化关系。监察办将继续探讨建立一个新的区域分支机构的可能性，以向包括特别政治特派团在内的边远实地提供现场干预和更好的联系渠道， 并为此目的筹集资金。", "127.　各基金会和方案以及难民署将继续探讨选择方案，以评估和扩大各自的互相尊重的工作场所顾问网方案。", "3. 衡量服务实效", "128.　监察办计划对在2009年7月启动的司法行政新制度下的业务，及其与各基金会和方案、难民署以及七个区域办事处结合在一起的、地理上分散的新建立的结构的实效和影响进行评价。预计，专家小组将查明所吸取的经验教训并为改进总体的服务交付制定建议。", "4. 加强调解处", "129.　调解处将努力从交付、服务质量和“走出去”等方面巩固业已完成的工作——特别是在实地，并加强与联合国系统内的利益攸关方、以及外部专业组织的合作伙伴关系。为加强服务交付工作，调解处还将研究在其头一年运作中的最佳做法和所积累的经验教训。它还将进一步制定其待召唤调解员名册，并将与相关利益攸关方合作，审查在非正式争端解决程序正在进行时强制性中止申报时限是否适当的问题。", "5. 促进改变管理程序", "130.　监察员和调解事务办公室应邀参加了政策委员会和管理委员会关于改革议程的联合会议(2011年5月)。监察办正在探讨与最近成立的改革管理工作队的协作方式，并通过与其分享监察办查明的系统性趋势和规律，协助进行中的精简和提高本组织效率的工作。", "六. 资金需求", "131.　权力分散给监察办带来了成长壮大和提高效率的巨大机会，这正是重新设计小组最初所设想并后来经大会核准的情况。然而，对于监察办而言，总的资金拨款是对其运作和实效最为关键的领域之一，然而，却继续构成重大的挑战。如秘书长在关于监察办的活动的上一份报告(A/65/303)中所阐述的, 来自经常预算的资金继续依赖其扩大前的预算来满足运作需求，特别是为区域分支机构和调解事务。这严重妨碍了监察办应对实地工作人员的需求，和值得进行现场干预的、酝酿中的危机的能力。", "132.　监察办在始于2008年1月的改革实施进程中，[12] 积极主动地采取了一系列节省经费的措施 以对付经费紧张问题。在此过程中，监察办认识到会员国在其中运作的财政环境，和秘书长对所有部门的关于在现有资源范围内“少花钱多办事”的号召。监察办牢记预防冲突本身对于本组织就是一项节省经费的措施，因此，将继续探索一切机会，高效率利用现有的预算拨款。虽然如此，必须指出，这样的努力是无法完全应付管理一个分散的机构所构成的挑战，和对大会第六十五届会议所指出的非正式冲突解决方式的高需求的，特别是从2009年至2010年，秘书处的案子比例上升了70%的情况下。[13]", "133.　大会在其第65/251号决议第24和25段中强调了确保所有工作人员利用司法行政新制度——包括监察员办公室为应对危机所部署的快速反应小组——渠道的重要性，并要求秘书长在今后的概算中处理这一资金能力限度问题。本节解释了监察办对2012-2013年两年期方案概算(A/66/6，第1款)中所要求的经费追加要求的逻辑依据，以及为满足目前的需要而查明的须加以调整的领域。", "134.　秘书处的监察员办公室于2007年由一个外部小组进行了全面审查。小组的一个主要结论是，随着监察办为更多人所知和更好的了解，对服务的需求很可能会上升。重要的是，要不断监测监察办的能力，以确保其足以吸收和处理案件量，并提供充分和及时的后续服务。否则，就会有以下风险：监察办的形象受损，本可由监察员处理的案子可能会转向正式系统，并造成伴随的费用和拥挤，这样就会使创立监察员一职之前存在的状况重现。同样的关切今天仍然有效。", "135.　监察办的经常预算需求受四大原则指导：", "(a) 在考虑到自监察办于2002年成立和2008年权力分散以来所积累的经验的情况下的、基于服务需求上升的需求评估；", "(b) 对包括偏僻地区在内的所有工作人员提供平等的渠道，特别是那些在边远实地和艰苦环境中供职的工作人员；", "(c) 根据秘书长关于监察办的活动的上一份报告(A/65/303)中指出的、并在后来被大会在其第65/251号决议第22段中核可的奖励措施，鼓励非正式冲突解决方式。就此，大会要求，为实施上述奖励措施，将具体的经费要求纳入方案预算；", "(d) 加强监察办的权力分散结构并提升行政能力，以更有效地管理其业务工作。", "136.　随着设立了七个区域分支机构、调解处和一个待召唤监察员和调解员人才库，监察办的结构已发生了巨大变化。在过去两年里，监察办面对了日常业务中的挑战 ，使其财务资源和人力资源的管理受到影响。审计委员会在其2010年6月15日的管理正式公函中指出，随着权力分散，日常管理的问题很可能会增多，对于要在权力分散的机构范围内提供一致性、连贯性和协调性的行政官员而言，这将是一份全职工作。监察办由于其职能是交叉性的，因此也越来越多地介入总部和实地的促进冲突的预防和和谐的工作环境的工作，这要求与本组织内各利益攸关方进行大量的协调工作。为填补这些差距并使联合国监察员和他的工作人员能充分集中于实质性的职责和工作场所冲突的解决，谨建议设立两个专业职位，以便向联合国监察员、监察办公室主任和全体团队提供必要的支助。", "137.　据此，建议在2012-2013年两年期内设立以下两个职位：", "(a) 行政官员(P-4)——协助监察办公室主任管理和监测监察办的人力和财务资源，并确保其标准和运作的连贯性和一致性。这包括待召唤监察员和调解员的行政管理，和为总部和所有分支机构处理预算和财务问题；", "(b) 特别助理(P-4)——在战略和业务规划以及政策协调和信息管理方面，向联合国监察员(助理秘书长)提供支助。应指出的是，联合国秘书处所有高级官员都有这种关键性的支助，以使他们得以把精力完全集中于提供战略方向的核心职责。特别助理将在监督直接办公室的日常管理和协调来自一体化结构的各个组成部分的投入方面，向联合国监察员和办公室主任提供支助，以确保在总体业务的运作上采取精干的、连贯一致的做法。在职者还将在处理高风险案件及其后续工作，以及联合国监察员与其高级同行的互动，包括其与政府间机构的工作中，向联合国监察员提供支助。", "138.　为使监察办能通过现场干预解决争端, 预防问题恶化和影响生产力和士气，并防止案子走向代价昂贵的诉讼，2012-2013年两年期要求总计18万美元的旅差经费。这样的经费也会提供开展额外活动的机会，例如，在没有监察员的工作地点开展冲突处理辅导和冲突驾驭能力建设。这笔经费也会使区域监察员得以会见其直接负责地区的工作人员和定期访问目前未设监察员的区域委员会。管理层和工作人员已多次要求有这样的定期访问。此外，这笔经费也将被用于建立监察员应急小组机制，以在意外情况下做出快速反应和迅速解决。由于非正式制度在2010年得到了更多人的认可，要求联合国监察员或通过待召唤监察员和调解员立即干预的数量大增，并且，在几次紧要关头，由于缺乏旅差经费，无法派遣监察员或调解员小组。最后，这笔经费还将使监察办得以为监察办所有工作人员举办年度休假地会议，交流最佳做法和经验教训，以提高监察办的总体业务水平。", "139.　要求总额15万美元的培训经费，以便为监察员和调解事务办公室(包括区域分支机构)的工作人员支付培训费、相关旅差费以及与培训有关的会议费用。在与人力厅协调下，这还将使他们得以在其负责的地区讲授冲突管理培训讲义，以建设冲突驾驭能力。监察办接到越来越多的要求，为协作处理冲突的工作人员群体举办这类培训，作为冲突预防和提高对冲突问题的认识的一部分。这一做法将提升监察办的能力，从而提高用户和其他目标群——如，管理人员——的冲突管理能力。", "140.　据此,如果大会同意上述建议，总额918 400美元(重计费用前)的追加经费要求就应按照根据大会第41/213和42/211号决议的条件规范应急资金的条款加以审议。就此，谨回顾大会在其第65/262号决议中批准了2012-2013年两年期总额为4 050万的应急资金。", "141.　本报告中所反映的所有新职位都是建议在2010年1月1日起设立的。鉴于行政和预算问题咨询委员会在其关于2008-2009年两年期方案概算的第一份报告(A/62/7)第20段中建议，关于职位延误的影响的信息应反映在所有有关新提案中，大会不妨注意到，2014-2015年两年期两个拟议新职位的全额费用目前估计为352 400美元：“第1款，通盘决策、领导和协调”项下306 000美元，和“第37款，工作人员薪金税 ”项下46 400美元，在“收入第1款，工作人员薪金税收入”项下以相同数额抵消。", "七. 有待大会采取的行动", "142.　据此,如果大会批准本报告中所载的追加经费的建议，则不妨：", "(a) 批准在2012-2013年两年期方案概算范围内设立两个P-4员额，自2012年1月1日起生效；", "(b) 在2012-2013年两年期方案概算范围内拨款总金额918 400美元(重计费用前)，其中包括以下增加：“第1 款，通盘决策、领导和协调”项下(725 400美元)；“第29 D款，中央支助事务厅”项下(135 800美元)；和“第37款，工作人员薪金税”项下(57 200美元)，在“收入第1款，工作人员薪金税收入”项下以相应数额抵消。这些经费将由应急基金支出。", "143.　监察办期待大会对其追加经费的要求给予有利的考虑，继续支持作为解决工作场所争端关键第一步的非正式解决方式，并批准在全系统范围迅速实施所建议的奖励措施，以更多地利用非正式冲突解决方式。", "[1] 本报告内可能有一些领域是某个实体所特有的，并会一一注明。", "[2] A/65/373，第185段。", "[3] A/61/205，第47段。", "[4] 同上，第48段。", "[5] 见A/65/303，第五节。", "[6] 第63/253号决议，第20段。", "[7] 这些类别是：工作和事业；评价关系；补偿和福利；法律、规范、财务和遵守；安全、健康、幸福和环境；价值观、道德操守和标准；同侪和同事关系；组织、领导和管理层；事务和行政。", "[8] 这一类包括：遴选和招聘；叙级；合同安排；事业发展； 任务分配； 借用/借调/调动； 合同不延和终止。", "[9] 这些规则并不中止规范G 到P 程序的规则, 虽然一些工作人员对此提出异议。人力厅一有机会就将在相关指示中澄清这一点。", "[10] 见A/62/311、64/314和A/65/303中提到的建议和最新情况。", "[11] 各基金会和方案的监察员和难民署的监察员发表单独的年度报告，可在监察办网站上查阅。", "[12] 见A/65/303，第19-24段。", "[13] A/RES/65/251，第13段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Items 134 and 143 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Administration of justice at the United Nations", "Activities of the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/251, reaffirmed that the informal resolution of conflict is a crucial element of the system of administration of justice and emphasized that all possible use should be made of the informal system in order to establish harmonious working conditions and avert unnecessary litigation. The Assembly also welcomed the submission of the second joint report for the entities covered by the integrated Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services and requested the Secretary-General to submit such a report at its sixty-sixth session.", "The present report is the third covering the activities of the integrated Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services, which delivers informal conflict resolution services to the staff of the Secretariat, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Office for Project Services and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.", "The present report contains a request for additional resources for the Office amounting to $918,400 (before recosting) under sections 1, 29D and 37 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Summarized below are some of the main points of the present report, which covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010.", "Regional impact", "As 2012 will mark the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the first ombudsman function in the Secretariat, and as the regional branches and Mediation Service have now completed one year of operation, the Office has launched efforts to assess its impact and effectiveness. Following a preliminary assessment, it was found that decentralization has provided the Office with better access to its constituencies and enabled it to provide in-person intervention at the field level, which is the most effective means for conflict resolution. This was one of the primary incentives for the establishment of the regional branches by the General Assembly. The Office has also been able to develop a greater understanding of regional dynamics. Furthermore, the Mediation Service has provided staff and managers an additional alternative tool with which to resolve workplace disputes.", "In terms of challenges, budgetary constraints have made it difficult for regional ombudsmen to travel within their respective areas to provide in-person intervention for the resolution of conflicts or festering issues, including in the deep field, and for the Office to deploy rapid response ombudsmen and mediation teams as needed.", "Systemic issues: ombudsman services", "In accordance with the mandate of the Office, the report identifies systemic and cross-cutting issues brought to the attention of the Office during the reporting period, as well as those that have been identified by the Ombudsman, together with related recommendations. Consistent with existing precedents across the integrated Office, the primary areas of concern for visitors who used ombudsman services during the reporting period were job and career, interpersonal relationships, and compensation and benefits.", "Statistics", "A 70 per cent increase was noted in the case volume relating to staff members in the United Nations Secretariat and a 35 per cent increase in overall case volume for the integrated Office. This was due, in large part, to the availability of on-site services provided by the ombudsmen in the regional branches.", "Mediation services", "The Mediation Service witnessed an increase in its caseload, with several complex and sensitive mediations leading to successful resolutions. The primary areas of concern for parties who sought the assistance of the Mediation Service were job and career; legal, regulatory, financial and compliance matters; and evaluative relationships.", "Update on incentives for informal resolution", "In paragraph 22 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure full implementation of the incentives for informal resolution that had been identified in the Secretary-General’s last report to the General Assembly (A/65/303). Some of the main actions thus far implemented include: directives by senior management to all offices and departments urging use of the informal resolution process to resolve conflicts and timely responses when contacted by the Office; ongoing efforts by the integrated Office and the Office of Human Resources Management to, among other things, offer dispute resolution training to key partners in the broader administration of justice system and interested staff; and the provision of feedback reports by the Office to certain departments, highlighting trends and systemic issues in their respective areas.", "Conclusion", "The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services looks forward to the General Assembly’s favourable consideration of its additional resource requirements and its continued support for informal resolution as a key first step in the resolution of workplace disputes, including system-wide and speedy implementation of incentives to encourage the usage of informal resolution.", "Contents", "PagePreamble: 5 \ncoreprinciples I.Office 5 of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation \nServices A. Ombudsman 5 \nservices B. Mediation 7 \nservices C.Regional 9 \nimpact D.Update 12 regarding implementation of incentives for informal \nresolution E.Outreach 13 and \nadvocacy II.Systemic 17 \nissues A.Source 17 and \ncontext B.Systemic 17 issues identified during the reporting period in the Secretariat, the funds and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for \nRefugees III.Statistical 27 information: ombudsman \nservices A.Case 27 \nvolume \nB.Demographics 28C. Issue 31 distribution by occupational \ngroup D.Issues 32 by type of office \nlocation IV.Statistical 34 information: mediation \nservices A.Case 34 volume and \noutcomes \nB.Demographics 35C. Mediation 35 cases by occupational \ngroup D. Mediation 36 cases by \nsource E. Types 37 of \nissues V.Future 37 \ndirections VI.Resource 38 \nrequirements VII. Action 41 to be taken by the General \nAssembly", "Preamble", "Core principles", "As the main informal pillar of the Organization’s conflict resolution system, the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services uses informal and collaborative approaches to resolving conflict at an early stage. The Office is guided by the core principles of independence, neutrality, confidentiality and informality, which are summarized below.", "Independence", "The Office maintains independence from other organizational entities, organs or officials and has direct access to the United Nations Secretary-General, executive heads of funds and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and senior management throughout the Organization as needed; access to information relevant to cases, except medical records; and access to individuals in the Organization for advice, information or opinion on a particular matter.", "Neutrality", "The Office serves as an advocate for justice and fair, equitably administered processes, not on behalf of any individual within the Organization, taking into account the rights and obligations between the Organization and the staff member, and the equity of the situation.", "Confidentiality", "The Office maintains strict confidentiality and does not disclose information about individual cases or visits from staff members; it cannot be compelled by any United Nations organ or official to testify.", "Informality", "Informality includes not keeping records for the United Nations or any other party; not conducting formal investigations or accepting legal notice on behalf of the United Nations; not having decision-making powers; and not making determinative findings or judgements.", "I. Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "A. Ombudsman services", "Trends", "1. As was the case in 2008 and 2009, the top three areas of concern for visitors who utilized ombudsman services across the integrated Office[1] in 2010 pertained to job and career (34 per cent), evaluative relationships (20 per cent) and compensation and benefits (15 per cent). The majority of cases resolved through ombudsman services, emanated from offices away from Headquarters and field operations, where most staff are located. In this context, the integration of mediation with the ombudsman approach and the ease of interaction between the two (e.g., when matters initially dealt with through one approach are ultimately determined to be more appropriate for the other, the approach can be easily changed), has created a highly effective informal resource for staff members.", "Scope", "2. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services considers it important to provide access to informal resolution to all United Nations personnel, regardless of category. In its dialogue with the members of the Sixth Committee in 2010, the Office confirmed its willingness to serve non-staff personnel, for which the additional resources required would be modest considering the long-term gains from the investment. Experience from other United Nations organizations that are currently providing ombudsman services to non-staff personnel has demonstrated that such intervention has helped to prevent conflicts from festering without creating any undue expectations regarding their contractual status. In the Secretariat, there are 16,480 non-staff personnel in field operations and 10,080 not based in the field.[2] Those numbers exclude any Secretariat consultants and individual contractors administered by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The current decentralized structure of the Ombudsman’s Office would provide easy access to that category of personnel.", "3. If the General Assembly decided that informal resolution should be extended to non-staff personnel, that would require an increase in the Office’s resources. In line with the spirit of the Charter of the United Nations, such expansion in scope would allow all United Nations employees to benefit from another mechanism of due process at minimal cost to the Organization.", "External reviews", "4. Analysing how the Office connects to its clients and stakeholders is crucially important to how it operates. Owing to the independent and confidential nature of its functions, the Office utilizes the services of external experts to monitor and assess its substantive performance and systemic impact and to improve the quality of its services. The Office will look at the possibility of a midterm review by a team of external experts for 2011-2012. The conduct of such reviews by outside individuals who are experts in the profession is critically important on two counts: (a) subject experts have the substantive knowledge and expertise to review all aspects of operations, and, in dialogue with relevant stakeholders and staff through surveys, to recommend how such relationships can and should evolve; (b) the conduct of such reviews by substantive experts is perceived by clients of the Office as credible and confidential and protects both the Office and its clientele.", "Terms of reference", "5. In paragraphs 16 and 17 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to conclude inter-agency negotiations on the revised terms of reference of the integrated Office and to ensure that they were promulgated as soon as possible. As mentioned in earlier reports, the terms of reference of the integrated Office have been the subject of extensive consultations involving staff and management, as well as the funds and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Following those consultations, the draft terms of reference were submitted for promulgation in a Secretary-General’s bulletin in 2010. However, General Assembly resolution 65/251 necessitated a further review of the draft terms of reference. In accordance with established procedures, the draft terms of reference have been the subject of additional consultations and review across the system. It is expected that a revised draft Secretary-General’s bulletin will be submitted for promulgation upon completion of this consultative phase.", "Audit of the outreach programme", "6. At the request of the United Nations Ombudsman, the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services conducted an audit from November to December 2010 focusing on the Office’s outreach programme, which included the regional branches in Nairobi and Santiago.", "7. The auditors concluded that since its creation, the Office had conducted several outreach campaigns aimed at increasing awareness among the staff at large about its functions and services and encouraging staff to make proactive use of the informal dispute resolution process. They also acknowledged efforts made by the Office to promote awareness among senior managers of the importance of informal resolution in the settlement of workplace disputes. The auditors further noted that the Office’s communications concept for 2011-2013, which sets out the Office’s outreach goals, strategy and performance measurements, should be finalized to include specific guidelines on how to implement its outreach programme to ensure that all activities and messages are delivered consistently across the integrated Office, including by its regional branches. This will be done in consultation with the funds and programmes and UNHCR.", "B. Mediation services", "8. As mandated by the General Assembly in paragraph 16 of its resolution 61/261, a Mediation Service was formally established within the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman to provide mediation services for the United Nations Secretariat, funds and programmes and UNHCR. The Mediation Service handles cases as requested by the parties to a dispute, or referred by management evaluation units, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, among others.", "9. In 2010, the Mediation Service witnessed an increase in its caseload as its services gained recognition, and it has now started to collect data to analyse trends and patterns. The number of referrals from the Tribunals and the Administration has increased, including cases of a disciplinary nature. In this context, it should be noted that mediation cases involve various issues, such as evaluative relationships, contractual status and terms of separation, which often entail emotional and highly sensitive matters. Also, in view of the voluntary nature of mediation, it can be challenging to secure the agreement of all parties concerned to participate in the process. It has also been observed that some parties wishing to avail themselves of mediation services approach other services simultaneously, such as the Ethics Office, the Office of Internal Oversight Services or the Conduct and Discipline Units, which could pose a challenge in managing expectations. Despite such challenges, the Mediation Service has handled and successfully resolved a wide range of cases.", "Mediation principles and guidelines", "10. The various stages in the mediation process and related important considerations are described in the mediation principles and guidelines, which have been available on the Office’s website since 1 July 2009. This also addresses the General Assembly’s request, in paragraph 17 of its resolution 65/251, for the Secretary-General to ensure that the guidelines for the Mediation Service are promulgated as soon as possible. In order to ensure the highest quality of service, the necessary modifications were introduced to the mediation principles and guidelines over time, based on lessons learned from practical experience. It should be noted that the revised terms of reference for the Office, which are in the process of being reviewed for promulgation, also include a section regarding mediation services, which is derived from the mediation principles and guidelines.", "On-call mediators", "11. The Office is continuing efforts to build a roster of on-call mediators, both at Headquarters and in the regions. The Mediation Service has maintained close contacts with its counterpart at the World Bank to share best practices and implement their joint project for the identification of regional mediators. The Mediation Service is currently in the process of assessing its regional needs and budget in order to recruit on-call mediators from the joint roster in 2011-2012.", "Enhancing partnerships and outreach", "12. During the reporting period, the Mediation Service continued to build partnerships throughout the Organization and with key stakeholders in the system of administration of justice to gauge and enhance mediation services. This has led to an increase in requests and referrals and a more streamlined mediation process. The Director of the Mediation Service made several presentations on resolving workplace disputes to targeted teams across the Organization and conducted various missions overseas, including to Geneva and Addis Ababa for on-site mediation and outreach activities and to Nairobi for outreach and participation in a meeting with the judges and registrars of the United Nations Dispute Tribunal.", "13. In December 2010, in partnership with the Office of Human Resources Management and UNDP, the Mediation Service helped to design and execute a conflict management and workplace dispute resolution training programme targeting specific audiences. That initiative was well received by the participants, and further training programmes of this nature are being planned at Headquarters and in the field, in coordination with the Office of Human Resources Management.", "C. Regional impact", "Rationale for decentralization", "14. By creating a single integrated and geographically decentralized Office for the provision of ombudsman and mediation services, the General Assembly made a critical investment in the informal system as a vital conduit for enhancing individual productivity and promoting organizational health. As envisaged by the panel of experts that reviewed the United Nations internal justice system (the Redesign Panel), the decentralization of services was intended to provide “easier access and quicker response”, which would bring “important benefits to the justice system as a whole”.[3]", "15. The Redesign Panel’s rationale for decentralization centred on the notion that the existing ombudsman structures in the Secretariat, funds and programmes and UNHCR had witnessed “a marked increase (to about 75 per cent) in the proportion of cases originating away from Headquarters” and, therefore, “for field staff in particular, decentralization [was] the only viable means of providing effective and timely informal dispute resolution”. The Panel also found that, in addition to building synergies by directing employment-related concerns to a single office, decentralization would give the Office of the Ombudsman “a privileged position from which to monitor systemic problems and to recommend solutions”. From the perspective of the Panel, “closing gaps of access and avoiding duplication of services [would] benefit all staff and [would] save human and financial resources, especially at the regional level”.[4]", "Decentralization in practice", "16. In 2010 the decentralization of the integrated Office was realized. The regional arm consists of seven regional branches, located in Bangkok, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago and Vienna and the peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sudan. Prior to 2010, the real impact of decentralization could not have been fully observed, and many lessons were learned as a consequence of implementation. Bearing in mind that 2012 marks the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the first ombudsman function in the Secretariat, the Office began to review its operations, starting with the regional branches, in order to identify key achievements in their first year of operation and challenges that needed to be addressed.", "17. Overall, it was determined that the presence of ombudsmen on the ground has provided vital and easy access to staff in the field. It has also helped to develop a wealth of knowledge regarding specific conditions and requirements in the various regions and a deeper understanding of cultural traditions and sensitivities, particularly at the mission level. Furthermore, it has greatly assisted the Office in its outreach and advocacy efforts at the field level.", "Achievements", "18. The key priority for all branches in their first year of operation was the set-up, staffing and running of an efficient practice that provides in-person intervention to United Nations personnel in the regions for the informal resolution of workplace concerns. This has been accomplished.", "19. Direct access for visitors and sustained face-to-face encounters with the regional ombudsmen has paved the way for several breakthroughs in conflict and dispute resolution cases, many of which had festered for long periods of time. It has also allowed the regional ombudsmen to build trust and credibility with their constituencies. The presence of ombudsmen on the ground has further facilitated access to senior managers and human resources personnel and expedited the settlement of workplace-related concerns brought to the attention of the ombudsmen by visitors in their respective areas. Such regular interaction has also encouraged managers to cooperate with the Office and to seek its services for the resolution of workplace disputes. The regional ombudsmen have started to mediate cases and collaborate closely with the Mediation Service in this regard.", "Outreach and advocacy in the field", "20. The regional ombudsmen were very active in their outreach efforts upon deployment, engaging with all stakeholders early on and promoting awareness of the range of services offered by the integrated Office and the advantages of informal resolution in the settlement of conflict. From their perspective, word of mouth has proved to be a very cost-effective outreach tool. Satisfied visitors are often inclined to discuss their experiences with their peers and encourage them to come forward with their own grievances. The opposite is also true, which is why the establishment of a successful practice based on a solid reputation was paramount among the regional ombudsmen’s priorities.", "21. In the peacekeeping missions in the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, visits to field offices proved very effective, since staff in the remote field often feel disconnected from their headquarters and do not have the same access to the services offered by the Office. Other gaps in access, such as to special political missions, are being examined to identify the best modalities for addressing the problem.", "Top three areas of concern in the regional branches", "22. The dominant areas of concern reported to the regional branches in 2010 were job and career, interpersonal relationships and performance management. These issues are further explored in the section on systemic issues below.", "Balance between workload and resources allocated", "23. Paramount among the regional ombudsmen’s priorities and concerns has been the need to have the resources required to be fully effective. In addition to on-site requirements, this also involves regular missions in the regions for conflict prevention and resolution and for awareness-raising purposes. Since 2010, the resources allocated to the regional offices have been very limited, with no allocations for missions or professional training.", "24. In paragraph 26 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General “to take fully into account the balance between the workload of the regional ombudsmen and the resources allocated to them in his future proposed programme budgets”. As anticipated, the reporting period was characterized by a 70 per cent increase in cases brought forward by Secretariat personnel alone, owing in large part to the presence of regional ombudsmen on the ground. As more experience is gained, the Office will continue to monitor the balance between the workload of the regional ombudsmen and the resources allocated.", "25. Given the likelihood of fluctuation in caseloads and considering the need to ensure that resource allocation is adequate to meet demands, it is suggested that any new travel resources should be centralized; such resources could then be deployed as needed to areas of high demand. This approach would provide operational flexibility, which would allow for maximum use of the resources.", "Challenges", "26. Efforts by the regional ombudsmen during their first year of operation were met with two types of challenges: administrative and conceptual. The administrative challenges involved budget, access and time constraints. The conceptual challenge lies in promoting a culture of trust and conflict prevention throughout the Organization.", "27. The volatile political and security situations in the countries covered by the regional branches in the peacekeeping missions has often hampered their access to staff serving in those areas. Owing to budgetary constraints and the fact that the Office is still operating on its pre-expansion budget in terms of its travel allocations, the ability of the regional ombudsmen to conduct the necessary missions in their respective areas of operation has been limited. Therefore, staff members located outside the duty stations do not enjoy the same access or assistance afforded to those who have direct access to the regional ombudsmen in their areas and who could meet with them face to face to address their concerns. The provision of budgetary resources for travel to remote areas is crucial.", "28. It has been found that tangible support among senior-level managers for informal conflict resolution is an incentive for staff to approach the Office and seek intervention. Without such commitment to the process on the part of management, staff members are reluctant to come forward. Experience has also shown that some managers feel limited in their ability to exercise flexibility in the resolution of cases because of either perceived rigidity in the rules and regulations or limitations in their delegated authority.", "Lessons learned", "29. Conditions in peacekeeping missions, which in some cases involve living and working together in the same compound, create conflicts of a specific nature. Therefore, from the perspective of the ombudsmen in the peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sudan, being on the ground is essential to better understand the complex dynamics and context in which such work-related conflicts appear and provides the most effective means of intervention for informal conflict resolution. In addition to deepening its understanding of the regional context, decentralization has better enabled the Office to identify regions where ombudsman services are most required, particularly in the peacekeeping missions.", "30. Parties in conflict tend to resort to the various mechanisms available in the formal and informal components of the internal justice system based on their perception of what those mechanisms could offer them. Some believe that they would get a resolution more quickly if they pushed conflicts up the hierarchy (hoping that a superior will impose a solution) or that they would attain lucrative financial settlements in the formal system (again hoping for a solution to be imposed), often losing sight of the long-term and sustainable benefits of informal resolution. Getting people to take responsibility for resolving their workplace concerns themselves is a challenge often faced by practitioners in the informal system. Therefore, efforts to promote the informal system, both within the Office of the Ombudsman and beyond, should focus on the importance of early conflict prevention and conflict management. In this context, the regional ombudsmen will continue to collaborate with relevant stakeholders both in the field and at Headquarters to promote such an approach.", "D. Update regarding implementation of incentives for informal resolution", "31. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered a set of incentives intended to encourage recourse to informal resolution,[5] which were prepared by the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services upon request by the Assembly.[6] The proposals, which were formulated on the basis of lessons learned and best practices in similar offices in international organizations, were discussed with the Staff-Management Coordination Committee at its session held in Beirut in June 2010. They included proposals regarding the need to increase awareness of the mandate and activities of the Office and the benefits of informal resolution; encouraging managers to cooperate with the Office and to respond in timely fashion when approached by it; improving access by deploying rapid response teams; amending the Staff Rules regarding the tolling of time limits; building conflict competence; and greater expression of support for informal resolution from the Organization, managers and staff associations.", "32. The General Assembly, reaffirming that the informal resolution of conflict is a crucial element of the system of administration of justice, favourably considered the incentives proposed by the Office. In paragraph 22 of its resolution 65/251, the Assembly recalled the recommendations contained in paragraphs 124 to 126 and 128 to 133 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/65/303) and requested the Secretary-General to ensure full implementation of those recommendations that were readily implementable and that did not require additional resources or amendments to the Staff Regulations and Rules, and to include all other recommendations in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "33. The present section provides an update with respect to ongoing efforts to implement the incentives for informal resolution endorsed by the General Assembly. The Office is encouraged that the stakeholders have started to implement the incentives and will continue to work in partnership with all concerned, including on the staff and management sides, to ensure that the incentives are fully implemented.", "34. One significant development in this area, building on the Deputy Secretary-General’s earlier guidance to senior managers, involves directives sent by the Under-Secretary-General for Management to all heads of departments and offices in January 2011. That communication emphasized the important role that the informal component of the justice system plays in the working environment, highlighting the benefits of informal resolution and urging managers to respond immediately to any request from the Office for information, input, etc., and in any event, no later than 30 days after the request is made. The Office is already seeing the impact of this directive in the shorter response time observed in the handling of several cases.", "35. A second important development is in the area of conflict competence and building the capacity of staff and managers to deal with conflict situations that arise in the workplace and to make effective use of the informal system. In this context, the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services is partnering with the Office of Human Resources Management, among others, to offer dispute resolution training to key partners in the broader system of administration of justice and other interested staff. Bearing in mind the importance of conflict prevention and conflict management in any organizational setting, the integrated Office will continue that partnership to enhance specialized training in conflict management in the various duty stations.", "36. Other developments in the implementation of the incentives include the preparation of feedback reports by the United Nations Ombudsman for selected departments in the Secretariat, identifying systemic issues and patterns in their areas. Two of those feedback reports have already been submitted. This practice will be progressively expanded to all departments. Furthermore, the United Nations Ombudsman has been invited by the Deputy Secretary-General to participate in meetings of the Management Performance Board and the Management Committee. Such ongoing collaboration and strong support by the Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General for the informal resolution process has yielded positive results: informal resolution is now included as an element of effective leadership in the Secretary-General’s compacts with senior managers.", "37. With respect to the proposals put forward by the Office for amending the Staff Rules, the General Assembly, in paragraph 23 of its resolution 65/251, requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to submit a proposal to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In this context, the Office of Human Resources Management is planning to review chapters X and XI of the Staff Rules, on the system of administration of justice, when the amendment of staff rule 11.1 (c) is addressed. Further updates regarding the implementation of the incentives for informal resolution will be provided in future activity reports.", "E. Outreach and advocacy", "Advocating for a culture of collaboration and conflict prevention", "38. In 2010, the integrated Office consolidated its outreach efforts in a number of areas, in the spirit of the General Assembly’s direction on informal resolution, including with regard to the need for better access to staff and further reliance on the informal system. The ombudsmen of the Secretariat, funds and programmes and UNHCR continued to coordinate their outreach activities on the basis of common principles that allow for synergies and for concerted promotion of a culture of collaboration and alternative dispute resolution within the United Nations system. While guided by common principles, the various entities tailored their outreach campaigns to the specific needs of their respective constituencies.", "Joint communication tools", "39. Outreach activities, such as presentations, meetings, training workshops, videoteleconferences and missions, constitute an important component of the work of the Office and formed a platform on which to explain the whole range of services the Ombudsman can provide, including the coaching role. They are also aimed at providing employees with conflict management skills through training that will help them to prevent conflict and to address badly managed conflict early and effectively.", "40. A key component of joint outreach activities is the website, which serves as a gateway to information in all six official languages about the Office and the services it delivers. The Office initiated contact with all field operations to inform them about the website and how to ensure web access to the Office Intranet.", "41. To enhance the visibility of the Office, a poster highlighting the key principles of informal resolution was distributed to offices at Headquarters and in the field. Several requests for additional materials were made for further distribution to field offices. Other communication tools prepared jointly by the Secretariat, funds and programmes and UNHCR include presentations and articles for United Nations Intranets regarding the Office and the benefits of informal resolution.", "Outreach to field-based staff and duty stations outside Headquarters", "42. The ability to provide in-person intervention to staff located outside Headquarters increased significantly in 2010 through the presence of the regional branches. Outreach efforts gained new momentum by focusing on a variety of activities in each region, including meetings with staff, senior management, staff representatives and other key stakeholders. Outreach travel to field missions and established duty stations, in conjunction with the provision of ombudsman services, was also carried out to the extent permitted by budget constraints.", "43. In the Secretariat, field missions conducted for in-person intervention to resolve disputes were also used to promote awareness of informal conflict resolution. These consisted of meetings with senior management and staff representation bodies, as well as town hall meetings to raise awareness of the mandate and activities of the Office. Travelling delegations also handled individual cases for the settlement of workplace concerns. It should be noted that special efforts were made to reach out to national staff. Such missions, which were undertaken to the extent permitted by budget constraints under the peacekeeping support account, included those to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste and the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO).", "44. Efforts in the peacekeeping area also included participation in videoconferences with senior managers in field operations, including UNTSO and MINURSO. Missions carried out under the regular budget have included those to the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the Economic Commission for Africa.", "45. In 2010, the Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes conducted five field missions in four regions. The UNHCR Ombudsman’s Office conducted field missions in conjunction with Respectful Workplace Adviser workshops in Eastern Europe and Southern Africa.", "Outreach to senior management and other stakeholder groups", "46. During the reporting period, special outreach efforts focused on highlighting to key stakeholders the added organizational value of informal conflict resolution. The United Nations Ombudsman moderated a session during the Secretary-General’s 2010 senior management retreat on how to build trust between staff and management through institutional reforms. The United Nations Ombudsman also participated in meetings of the Management Performance Board, the Management Committee, the Staff-Management Coordination Committee (Beirut, June 2010) and several senior management team meetings at the departmental level. Such efforts increased the awareness of senior managers regarding the benefits of informal resolution and garnered further commitment to the informal process. This was evidenced by the greater number of cases referred to the Office by senior managers.", "47. In the context of joint efforts to enhance cooperation with external stakeholders and to exchange best practices, the ombudsmen in the Secretariat and the funds and programmes participated in the annual meeting of the International Ombudsman Association held in New Orleans, United States of America, in April 2010 and, together with the UNHCR Ombudsman, in the meeting of the ombudsmen and mediators of the United Nations system and related international organizations held in Paris in September 2010.", "48. The Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes participated in three UNDP regional-cluster meetings, where they met with management and staff representatives. The Ombudsmen were also invited to give a presentation to 300 managers assembled at the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) annual global meeting. Additionally, the Ombudsmen addressed United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) security advisers and gave presentations to the UNICEF Division of Information Technology Solutions and Services in their transformative mediation skills workshop. The Ombudsmen also welcomed the opportunity to address newly recruited resident coordinators at the leadership and management-training workshop held in New York.", "49. As part of its outreach activities, in 2010 the UNHCR Ombudsman’s Office continued to expand its network of Respectful Workplace Advisers. The objective is to prevent or reduce the intensity of conflicts by addressing them promptly and at their source, while ensuring that relevant information is available regarding avenues through which interested individuals can seek advice and assistance or register a complaint. The Respectful Workplace Adviser programme is based on a model developed by the World Bank and involves (a) the nomination and selection, through a confidential voting system, of trusted colleagues as Respectful Workplace Advisers; (b) a workshop; and (c) subsequent back-up support provided by the UNHCR Ombudsman’s Office. The Respectful Workplace Advisers share an issue report every four months with the UNHCR Ombudsman’s Office.", "Conflict resolution day", "50. On 21 October 2010, the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services celebrated conflict resolution day with staff from the Secretariat and the funds and programmes. Open houses were held in Nairobi and Santiago to promote the use of informal conflict resolution and to give the various stakeholders involved in the resolution of workplace disputes an insight into the work of the Office and an opportunity to meet and greet the staff. The regional branch in Nairobi marked the event by presenting a series of short, inspirational video clips illustrating instances where the theory underlying conflict resolution was applied in schools, in the workplace and on the global stage. The feedback received indicated that the videos allowed participants to view their interactions both at the workplace and at home from a different perspective. The office in Santiago, serving Latin America and the Caribbean, also held an open-door day, which was well attended by staff in the region. In welcoming this initiative, the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean noted that, thanks to the work of the regional Ombudsman, the organization was better equipped to address and resolve work-related differences for the benefit of all. The Office is planning to celebrate conflict resolution day on an annual basis.", "Building conflict competence", "51. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services partnered with the Office of Human Resources Management and UNDP to offer a conflict management and workplace dispute resolution training programme to key partners in the broader administration of justice system and other interested staff. Nearly 100 staff from the United Nations Secretariat, UNDP, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNFPA and the World Food Programme (WFP) participated in that successful training event. The feedback was positive. One participant, after learning about the various tools of informal dispute resolution and in particular about the mediation services offered by the Ombudsman’s Office, commented, “I did not realize that mediation has such power in transforming a seemingly intractable conflict”. Another said, “We should expose staff at large to this valuable process and make more use of it as managers”.", "52. In July 2010, UNHCR conducted a workshop for Respectful Workplace Advisers for selected staff from countries in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, and in October 2010, jointly with WFP, a similar workshop was held for staff from countries in Southern Africa. The purpose of the workshops was to prepare staff in the field for a possible volunteer role as Respectful Workplace Advisers. In 2009, a Respectful Workplace Adviser workshop was conducted jointly with WFP for staff from countries in East Africa, following a pilot training event in West Africa in 2007. UNHCR now has 48 active Respectful Workplace Advisers operating in 31 countries. The Respectful Workplace Adviser workshops are conducted by the UNHCR Global Learning Centre while the UNHCR Ombudsman’s Office and, where applicable, WFP Ombudsman’s Office participate in the delivery of the training.", "53. In 2010 UNHCR also took the initiative of addressing conflict management through a newly developed learning concept, namely, the Conflict Management Programme, which is to be piloted in 2011. The Programme is aimed at changing how staff deal with workplace conflicts. In addition, managers will receive special training on mediation in workplace conflicts. Starting in 2011, mediation training will also be a part of new representatives’ training. The Conflict Management Programme and the representatives’ training are run by the UNHCR Global Learning Centre.", "54. The funds and programmes intend to re-examine the potential of the RWA programme, for which a number of pilot programmes were launched in the past, including with UNICEF. As a first resource for staff facing conflict in the country offices, the Respectful Workplace Adviser programme has proved to be useful. Cooperation with the World Bank, WFP and UNHCR will also be strengthened. In addition, the Office plans to examine UNHCR experience to offer mediation training to selected staff.", "55. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services is currently working on a targeted communications strategy that would build on the progress achieved in the areas of promoting informal conflict resolution, encouraging and facilitating recourse to informal resolution by senior managers and other important stakeholders and advocating a culture of collaboration and conflict prevention. In this context, several activities will be designed for the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the ombudsman function in the United Nations, in 2012.", "II. Systemic issues", "A. Source and context", "Issue identification and reporting", "56. In paragraph 21 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 11 of resolution 64/233, in which it emphasized the role of the Ombudsman as a vehicle for reporting on broad systemic issues that he or she identifies, as well as issues that are brought to his or her attention, in order to promote greater harmony in the workplace. In paragraph 12 of resolution 64/233, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report regularly on actions taken to address the findings of the Ombudsman on systemic issues.", "57. Although the high percentage of cases relating to a particular issue is a strong indicator that a systemic problem exists, there are issues that are directly identified by the Ombudsman that are systemic in nature and that have the potential for systemic impact. In identifying the systemic issues for inclusion in its annual report, the Office tries to maintain a balance between systemic issues that are characterized by case volume and other issues that may not yet produce such volume, but that are nevertheless noted as problematic and can worsen if not properly addressed.", "B. Systemic issues identified during the reporting period in the Secretariat, the funds and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "58. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services uses the issue categories defined by the International Ombudsman Association.[7] In 2010, as in 2009, the categories in which the most cases were brought to the attention of the integrated Office were job and career, evaluative (supervisory) relationships, compensation and benefits, and legal, regulatory, financial and compliance issues.", "Figure I Issues by category across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "1. Job and career", "59. During the reporting period, 34 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of the integrated Office pertained to job and career issues.[8] Such concerns have been dominant for the past three years. They were also among the top concerns at the field level, as reported by the regional ombudsmen.", "60. In the Secretariat, frustration over lack of career development and distrust of the selection process has been a continuous concern. One important element may be a discrepancy between the expectations of staff, who see promotion as a career satisfier, on the one hand, and the ability of the Organization, on the other hand, to meet those expectations in a changing economic environment and a changing peacekeeping landscape. In this context, there are a number of measures the Organization could take to enhance the work experience and thus the motivation of staff within existing means, so that the focus on promotion does not become the default perspective from which staff view their careers. This would involve a change from a perspective that is focused on success expressed in promotions to a focus on job satisfaction through challenging assignments, career mapping and a sense of purpose and contribution. This approach would require more active engagement by managers with regard to the job satisfaction and work assignments of their staff.", "61. The excessive use of temporary contracts in some regions, which are not issued to complete specific projects but rather to carry out regular functions, created a very precarious situation for many individuals who were informed about the eventual renewal of their contracts only at very short notice.", "62. Gender discrimination was reported in peacekeeping missions by female visitors who complained of discrimination in recruitment processes, working relationships and matters of professional advancement. More broadly, in the Secretariat, female visitors also brought forward cases involving sexual harassment and gender discrimination.", "63. In the funds and programmes, concerns pertaining to job and career-related issues manifested themselves differently depending on the category of staff. For example, significantly more national Professional and support service staff complained about job application and selection processes than did international Professional staff. This might indicate a need to provide greater opportunities for career progression to staff at the national Professional and support service levels, since they do not usually receive as many opportunities for exposure and career advancement as their international colleagues. Another distinction in this category is that more female than male staff came to the Office with concerns about career progression and opportunities.", "64. At UNHCR, concerns about job application and selection and recruitment processes and non-renewal of contracts were raised frequently, with career progression and opportunities the third most frequent concern. It was noted that career-progression concerns were more frequently brought up by women than men. Problems relating to non-renewal of contracts were almost exclusively raised by categories other than international Professional staff.", "Managed reassignment between missions", "65. It has come to the attention of the Office that a number of staff have served in the same mission for years, including at hardship duty stations, with no career prospects or opportunities for growth or change, including lateral transfers. A roster system has now been established for the missions, which is expected to help address these types of concerns more effectively.", "Eligibility of temporary staff", "66. Cases brought to the United Nations Ombudsman involved different interpretations in the application of the rules designed to allow temporary staff with external status to apply for posts at any level that they feel they can reasonably compete for. Since the rule governing these cases is clearly worded,[9] the systemic issue that these cases illustrate is not one of policy but of inconsistency in the application of the rules.", "Recommendations", "1. Human resources personnel and managers should communicate to staff at all levels information about realistic career prospects, the facts of the post pyramid, the average number of promotions for a staff member and the impact of downsizing peacekeeping missions. Managers should provide constructive but honest feedback to staff under their supervision in general and identify opportunities to promote job satisfaction. Also, staff members not selected for posts would benefit from feedback, which managers should provide if requested.", "2. Staff participation is already foreseen as part of the process in the downsizing of peacekeeping missions. Managers should ensure that relevant procedures are adhered to and, where possible, strengthened through communication by managers at all levels so that staff can understand the direction and decisions taken and are enabled to make informed decisions about their future at the earliest possible time.", "3. A reorientation of expectations should be undertaken to change the perception that promotion is the only avenue for a satisfactory career. Contributions at all levels should be valued, and emphasis should be placed on job satisfaction. Such a reorientation should be institutionally supported through appropriate mechanisms such as a periodic review of staff members’ careers and assignments by the heads of departments in cross-departmental meetings. Such a review should focus in particular on staff members who have been in their posts for an extended period of time.", "4. Managed reassignment between missions should be introduced to complement the current selection mechanism for the placement of staff in order both to avoid undue hardship and to prevent careers from going stale. The possibility of expanding the voluntary initiative for network exchanges (VINES) programme should be explored, and effective implementation of the envisaged mobility policy should be ensured.", "2. Evaluative and peer and colleague relationships", "67. Twenty per cent of the issues brought to the attention of integrated Office in 2010 were related to evaluative relationships, comprising 19 per cent of the cases in the Secretariat, 21 per cent in the funds and programmes and 26 per cent in UNHCR. Concerns pertaining to respectful treatment constituted the most frequent sub-issue.", "Performance evaluation process", "68. Providing and receiving constructive feedback in a diverse multicultural environment is a difficult and complex undertaking. The cases brought to the Ombudsman reveal weaknesses in the ability of both staff and managers to do so. Conflicts also stem from differences in the perceptions and expectations regarding, the role of the manager. In most cases received throughout the integrated Office, supervisees expected a more democratic, participatory style of management, while managers relied on more directional styles of management, often citing the need to get things done. This source of conflict is not limited to the performance evaluation process, although it is often triggered by it. Managers have sought help from the Office of the Ombudsman in dealing with staff they see as difficult, while staff who come to the Office wish to address the need to be heard or appreciated more by their managers.", "Harassment and abuse of authority", "69. Difficulties in interactions between supervisors and supervisees have led to complaints of harassment and abuse of authority by staff who saw no other way for their concerns to be addressed. During mission visits, this trend was also drawn to the attention of the United Nations Ombudsman by the Conduct and Discipline Units that had received complaints of this nature. Many of the complaints had festered for a long time, escalating to formal complaints, which could have been avoided through a more skilful handling of the situation by all concerned.", "Mainstreaming conflict resolution skills and trust-building", "70. Continued efforts are needed throughout the Organization to improve performance management skills and to mainstream conflict resolution skills as a managerial and staff competency. The latter would involve trust-building as an essential element.", "71. The Office is gratified to note that the Secretary-General, on the advice of the United Nations Ombudsman, has incorporated conflict resolution skills into his compact with senior managers as one of the expected elements of leadership. It is hoped that this will have a trickle-down effect on all managers, supervisors and staff. In addition, increased training efforts on conflict resolution skills at all levels are a welcome systemic response.", "72. In addition, and in the context of a review of organizational competencies by the Office of Human Resources Management, the United Nations Ombudsman proposed the incorporation of conflict resolution skills into the competencies required of all staff. The proposal was well received.", "Respectful treatment", "73. Respect for diversity is one of the core values of the United Nations, and all staff members are expected to express this core value in their day-to-day work. Regrettably, this is not always evidenced. Lack of respect and the resulting lack of trust are consistent triggers of conflict in any context. It has been noted that such situations often occur in missions and affect national staff in particular. Efforts are needed on the part of all concerned to ensure that this situation receives the attention it deserves.", "Recommendations", "1. Efforts should be increased to upgrade performance management skills throughout the Organization, including in missions, with the understanding that the evaluation process and attendant continuous dialogue are a shared responsibility for staff and managers.", "2. Heads of departments and missions should be directly involved in the performance management of their staff in their respective areas of responsibility.", "3. The Conduct and Discipline Units and the Office of Internal Oversight Services should highlight to managers and other appropriate officials lessons learned from complaints that may be more managerial than disciplinary in nature. Such lessons learned should be reviewed by the Management Performance Board and incorporated into leadership and managerial training programmes.", "4. Ongoing efforts to mainstream conflict resolution skills throughout the Organization should continue, through training and by holding staff accountable through the evaluation mechanisms, following the example set by the Secretary-General and the Management Performance Board for senior managers.", "5. Senior managers, including in the missions, should be required to set the tone for the respectful treatment of all staff and regularly reinforce that message in senior management meetings and other appropriate forums.", "3. Compensation and benefits/services and administration", "74. Fifteen per cent of the issues across the integrated Office in 2010 related to compensation and benefits, representing 16 per cent of cases from the Secretariat, 17 per cent from the funds and programmes and 10 per cent from UNHCR.", "75. These two categories are dealt with together, as many compensation and benefits issues turned out to be as much about the way the benefits were administered and staff were treated in the process as about the benefits themselves.", "Information and advice on entitlements to staff, responsiveness to queries", "76. The interpretation and application of the rules does not always appear to be uniform across the system. A contributing factor may be the significant number of changes introduced through previous and ongoing reform processes and the many attendant changes in the conditions of service.", "77. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services acknowledges that all relevant information is available to staff via the Intranet. In this connection, recent efforts to reorganize information on the Intranet (iSeek) to make it more accessible to users are deemed excellent by the Ombudsman. It has been noted that increased efforts for communication have been made centrally at the policymaking levels. However, there appears to be a need to better match existing information resources with effective delivery in order to allow for more effective application and communication of guidelines to staff.", "Timely information to staff on changes in variable benefits", "78. It was brought to the attention of the Office that changes in the rest and recuperation cycles were communicated in some cases after they had come into effect and with varying implementation dates. This made it difficult for the staff concerned to plan ahead. The Office of Human Resources Management is taking steps to address these types of situations.", "Special post allowance", "79. Special post allowance (SPA) is a payment to compensate for work performed at a level higher than the personal grade of the staff member. However, under the rules, its payment is discretionary, which does not guarantee equal pay for equal work, according to some visitors. The procedures for granting this allowance also involve a number of steps, which some perceive to be unnecessarily cumbersome and outdated, given that temporary assignments to a higher level are now granted only following a competitive selection process, which was not the case when the SPA rules were formulated.", "Dependency benefits", "80. The Office of the Ombudsman has raised with the Office of Human Resources Management concerns from separated or divorced staff members regarding which of the parents should receive the benefits for their dependent children. The Office is pleased to note that this issue will be addressed in the next issuance of the relevant administrative instruction.", "Recommendations", "1. The mechanisms by which staff are informed of their conditions of service should be reviewed, streamlined, standardized and strengthened at all stages of their career, namely: during the on-boarding process; during induction sessions relating to their conditions of service; when changes occur in their conditions of service throughout their careers; and at the time of separation. It should be noted that the provision of information via print or electronic media is not a substitute for, nor is it as effective as, interactive communication with the staff members concerned in a setting where they can ask questions and have their concerns addressed immediately.", "2. It should be ensured that human resources and administrative staff concerned at all duty stations, including missions, are sufficiently informed and trained in the application of the rules and in client orientation to ensure consistent application of the rules in a way that makes the staff feel properly treated.", "3. Guidelines for the time taken to respond to staff enquiries and other standards of client orientation should be considered.", "4. Improvement in the communication of information on rest and recuperation cycles has been noted by the Office. It is important, however, to ensure that any changes in entitlements are communicated to the staff members concerned in a timely manner.", "5. The special post allowance process should be reviewed with a view to streamlining its implementation and abolishing SPA panels.", "4. Legal, regulatory, financial and compliance", "81. In accordance with the guidelines and categories of issues established by the International Ombudsman Association, which the Office applies in its reporting, questions in this category pertain to financial, legal and disciplinary issues, which include harassment, waste, fraud, abuse of funds and investigative or disciplinary processes. During the reporting period, 8 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of the Office were in this category, with harassment (not including sexual harassment) being the most frequent source of concern. The percentage of this type of issue was slightly higher in 2009 (10 per cent). The Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes reported that 80 per cent of the cases that came to their Office cited the other party in the conflict as either a senior manager or a direct supervisor. In the Secretariat and UNHCR, legal, regulatory, financial and compliance issues accounted for 11 and 8 per cent of cases, respectively.", "Delays in investigations in possible disciplinary matters: update", "82. The question of delays in investigations was addressed in the Secretary-General’s last report (A/65/303); it continued to be raised as a due-process issue in 2010, and also in terms of its effect on the career development and contractual status of the staff concerned. Accordingly, the Office welcomes efforts by the Administration and the Office of Internal Oversight Services at the highest levels to address this matter. A full review has been conducted, initially under the auspices of the Deputy Secretary-General and later by the Office of Internal Oversight Services, resulting in proposals for remedying the situation in the context of an update of the current disciplinary procedures. Such an integrated approach to the issue promises to address the matter at the systemic level.", "83. Although the specific cases handled are disciplinary in nature, the systemic issue is one of capacity to investigate promptly and effectively. In addition, many cases that were brought forward as harassment or abuse-of-authority complaints could have escalated unnecessarily because they were not properly handled by the parties concerned. Therefore, efforts to strengthen performance management and conflict resolution skills system-wide may help to reduce the frequency of this problem.", "5. Organizational, leadership and management", "84. Five per cent of the issues brought to the attention of the Office were related to organizational, leadership and management matters, representing 8 per cent of cases in UNHCR, 8 per cent in the funds and programmes and 4 per cent in the Secretariat. Questions in this category have to do with, inter alia, the organizational climate and change management, as well as leadership in the organization and management styles.", "Strengthening a culture of informal conflict resolution", "85. Directives from senior management to all heads of offices and departments encouraging recourse and better responsiveness to informal resolution have been largely effective in further engaging managers and administrators in the process. It will be critical to pursue such efforts and to secure a more focused and sustained engagement on the part of all concerned in order to make the informal process even more effective. Experience has shown that where parties are constructively engaged early on, positive results can be achieved, creating further trust in informal conflict resolution and shifting the culture from one of confrontation to one of dialogue and mutual problem-solving.", "Change management", "86. Generally, reforms that help the Organization to keep up with the times, fulfil its mandate and remain a competitive and attractive employer are welcomed by both staff and management. However, the succession of various reforms over the last decade, some of which have required staff to do more without additional resources, appears to have left both staff and management reform-weary. A particular difficulty that the Office has discerned is in the conceptualization and implementation of such reform initiatives, that is to say, how the need for change is determined and later communicated to the various constituencies; the extent to which staff are involved in change management initiatives to ensure their acceptance of, and commitment to, such processes; and whether the necessary resources and training mechanisms are available or will be made available to make reform sustainable.", "Recommendations", "Issues of change management and organizational managerial culture, including accountability, should be taken up at the highest level, such as the Management Performance Board. Change requires a communication strategy and the participation of staff in decision-making to ensure their buy-in and engagement in the process. Every effort should be made to see how such participation could be strengthened. Most importantly, any reform should be planned with due regard to implementation and the provision of the necessary resources and support for the transitional periods. The most recent reform initiative may be an excellent opportunity to approach ongoing and further reforms with the above in mind.", "6. Safety, health, well-being, stress and work/life", "87. Issues relating to (a) safety, health, well-being, stress and work/life, (b) values, ethics and standards and (c) services and administration amounted to 4 per cent of the overall issues across the integrated Office.", "Handling of emergencies and crises as they affect staff: update and new issue", "88. One of the core functions of the United Nations is to help others in crisis. Unfortunately, with targeted attacks on United Nations personnel and large-scale natural catastrophes also affecting large numbers of employees, it has become necessary for the Organization to devise action plans and special measures to address the needs of staff in the aftermath of such events. The Office of the Ombudsman has been engaged with this issue for some time. It welcomed the establishment of the Emergency Preparedness and Support Team in the Office of Human Resources Management as a first step. The Office further welcomes the increased attention and support provided to that Team.[10] The Office of the Ombudsman also salutes the considerable efforts devoted to the compilation of lessons learned by the Department of Management and the Department of Field Support. The Office of the Ombudsman will work with the Emergency Preparedness and Support Team in sharing systemic trends and patterns identified following emergency situations and best practices derived from its experience in this area.", "89. Another concern is the effective implementation of special post-crisis measures and the need to examine such measures or exceptions in crisis situations with a view to enhancing the Organization’s ability to implement them before communicating them. In this context, the Office of the Ombudsman is working with all stakeholders — individual staff members, staff unions, management and administration — to resolve outstanding issues.", "Health and safety issues", "90. Cases involving medical issues, particularly from the field, revealed that most concerns are linked to health and safety policy issues, which signals the need for a comprehensive health and safety policy for all United Nations staff. The Office notes that one of the recommendations made by the United Nations Medical Directors Working Group is for the adoption of an occupational safety and health policy. The Office welcomes that recommendation and believes that any such policy must also take into account the correlation between poorly managed conflict and the potential for adverse health consequences.", "91. For example, absenteeism is one of the issues often brought to the attention of the Ombudsman, specifically, the tendency for staff members who may be experiencing higher than normal levels of stress owing to work-related conflicts to go on extended sick leave. When they return to work they often find, far from an improved work environment, that the situation deteriorates further, bringing additional impacts on colleagues who may have been sympathetic before the leave period but who subsequently became resentful because they had to take on all or part of the additional work created by the absence. Absenteeism, therefore, as an aspect of workplace conflict, is an issue that should be addressed in its entirety given its potential impact on productivity and morale.", "92. Visitors to the integrated Office also expressed concerns regarding the procedures governing the selection of doctors for the medical boards tasked with the review of complaints. In accordance with current guidelines, the administration selects one doctor and the staff member another; those two doctors then need to agree on a third. The two selected doctors sometimes fail to reach an agreement on a third, resulting in a delay that can last a long time. In reviewing such cases, the Office noted that the Medical Board and the Board of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, among others, are vestiges of the old system and do not have a mechanism for informal dispute resolution. In the new system of administration of justice, where emphasis is placed on informal dispute resolution, there may be a need to revisit the policy and procedures for the workings of such boards.", "Recommendations", "1. In devising special measures for staff affected by crisis, due regard should be given to effective implementation so that the proposed measures actually alleviate the problem they are intended to address. To this end, the development of templates and measures for potential scenarios without the pressure of an actual crisis may be useful. Improved cooperation in this area between the Department of Management, the Office of Human Resources Management, medical services, and the Department of Field Support, both at Headquarters and in field operations, is encouraging and deserves recognition. It should also be mentioned that, subsequently, a significant number of special measures that were extremely helpful to the staff concerned were implemented without the sort of difficulties and resulting cases mentioned above.", "2. Staff should feel free to bring up their concerns with the Office of the Ombudsman and be respected if they do so. Staff should not be concerned that when they approach the Ombudsman’s Office or when they enter the formal complaint mechanism they will face retaliation or reprisal or that they will be ostracized or acquire a bad reputation.", "3. A comprehensive occupational health and safety policy should be established. It should take into account the potential for adverse health consequences of poorly managed conflicts.", "4. The guidelines pertaining to the review of cases by the Medical Board should be revised to include, among other things, the possibility of informal dispute resolution.", "III. Statistical information: ombudsman services", "A. Case volume", "93. In 2010, the integrated Office registered a 35 per cent increase in its caseload, with a total of 1,764 cases in 2010 compared to 1,287 in 2009.", "Figure II Number of cases opened across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services, 2008-2010", "[]", "94. In the Secretariat, there was a higher demand for services during the reporting period, and the case volume increased by 70 per cent between 2009 and 2010. The regional branches opened a total of 725 cases in 2010, which was also a factor in the sizeable increase. Staff of the integrated Office continued to work beyond the call of duty to meet the demand and to ensure quality in service delivery despite the challenges posed by such an increase. It should be noted that the level of complexity tends to vary greatly from one case to another. Visitors frequently bring forward one case with multiple issues that may involve different policies and practices, which could require interaction with different stakeholders. For example, a visitor may approach the Office regarding non-selection for a post, which might also have an impact on performance evaluation, contractual status, entitlements, benefits, etc.", "95. Cases are registered according to the number of visitors and not the number of issues they raise. The time taken for resolution, depending on the complexity of the issues raised, generally ranges from two weeks to three months. This involves multiple sessions with each visitor and several contacts with relevant stakeholders on behalf of the visitor, including shuttle mediation, to discuss the various aspects of each matter and reach a mutually agreeable solution.", "96. The Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes opened 418 cases in 2010.[11] During the first half of the year, pending the arrival of the new Ombudsmen, the total number of visitors remained stable owing to the reduced capacity to address cases. The caseload increased significantly in the second half of the year following the arrival of the Ombudsmen.", "97. The UNHCR Ombudsman received 140 visitors in 2010, slightly fewer than in 2009. In addition, the UNHCR Respectful Workplace Adviser network, which was expanded at the end of 2009 and in 2010, received 65 visitors, who raised 87 issues.", "B. Demographics", "Number of cases by type of office location across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "98. The types of office locations in the Secretariat are Headquarters in New York, offices away from Headquarters and field missions. For funds and programmes, office types are headquarters in Copenhagen and New York and country offices, and for UNHCR they are headquarters in Geneva, the Budapest Global Service Centre and field offices. Figure III shows how the breakdown of visitors by type of office varies among the Secretariat, the funds and programmes and UNHCR.", "99. In 2010, as in the previous two years, the majority of visitors worked in offices away from headquarters and country and field offices. However, the distribution of visitors by location varies from one sector to the other and over time.", "Figure III Cases by type of office location across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services and in the different entities, 2010", "[]", "100. The proportion of cases from field missions (which are part of the Secretariat only) increased from 24 per cent in 2009 to 34 per cent in 2010. The share of cases from this category of personnel could increase further in the future, as 60 per cent of Secretariat staff serve in field missions.", "101. In the funds and programmes, 73 per cent of the cases addressed during the reporting period were from country offices and 27 per cent from headquarters locations. This is consistent with results from previous years and reflects the field-oriented nature of the organizations.", "102. As was the case in 2009, 38 per cent of visitors from UNHCR came from headquarters locations and 62 per cent from offices in the field. This information suggests that the reversion of the pattern observed prior to 2008 has stabilized, which can be attributed to a greater awareness of the role and the function of the Office of the Ombudsman as a result of field missions and, in particular, following a further expansion of the Respectful Workplace Adviser network, jointly with WFP.", "Occupational groups across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "103. Since 2008, the largest occupational group of visitors to UNOMS has been staff in the Professional category (44 per cent), followed by support staff (19 per cent, compared to 26 per cent in 2008 and 2009).", "104. Only the Secretariat has a specific occupational group of field staff, which consists of international support staff working exclusively in field missions (peacekeeping and special political missions). Field staff constituted 11 per cent of the total number of Secretariat visitors.", "105. The proportion of visitors from occupational groups deployed outside Headquarters increased. The percentage of national staff who sought assistance increased from 7 per cent in 2008 and 2009 to 13 per cent in 2010. The percentage of visitors belonging to the field staff category, specific to the Secretariat, also increased from 8 per cent in 2008 and 2009 to 11 per cent in 2010.", "106. The proportions of visitors belonging to the remaining three occupational categories — (a) former staff and retirees, (b) volunteers and (c) Director and above — remained stable between 2008 and 2010, at approximately 3 per cent each.", "Figure IV Visitors by occupational group across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "[]", "107. In the Secretariat, 41 per cent of visitors belonged to the Professional category and 17 per cent of cases were initiated by support staff.", "108. In the funds and programmes, as in the past, visitors in majority of cases (54 per cent) were staff from the Professional and higher categories. In the General Service category, more female (56 per cent) than male visitors contacted the Office.", "109. In UNHCR, two thirds of the visitors came from the Professional category, representing a small pro rata increase compared to the year before. The number of support staff visiting the Ombudsman’s Office decreased somewhat, but the decrease was more than offset (although not included in the statistics) by the number of staff visiting the Respectful Workplace Advisers. The number of senior-level personnel (P-5 and above) contacting the Ombudsman’s Office for advice, either about their own concerns or their concerns as managers, remained at just over 10 per cent.", "C. Issue distribution by occupational group", "110. The overall distribution of issues varies from one occupational group to another. However, some groups share similarities. For instance, the distribution of the three main types of issues is the same among Professionals, support staff, national staff and volunteers, with job and career issues being the most prevalent, followed by evaluative relationships and compensation and benefits.", "111. Visitors from the field staff category, specific to the Secretariat, displayed a slightly different distribution: job and career constituted their main category, compensation and benefits came second and evaluative relationships third. The Director and above category shows a particular pattern: for this group, evaluative relationships are the primary type of issue, followed by job and career and compensation and benefits. The main issue for staff in the “other” category is compensation and benefits.", "Figure V Types of issues by occupational group of visitors across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "112. Conflict concerning workplace relationships is the second most frequent issue that brings staff to the Office of the Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes, accounting for 30 per cent of cases in 2010. More female staff requested assistance on relationship matters than their male counterparts. Staff often bring to the Office claims of lack of respect and inappropriate treatment, usually in the form of inappropriate disregard for colleagues or supervisees and lack of strong and supportive communication skills. A major attribute of positive relationships in the workplace is effective communication and fostering consensus-building through communication.", "113. In UNHCR, international Professional staff members most frequently raise evaluative relationship issues, followed by concerns relating to job and career. National Professional staff, by contrast, primarily bring up job and career concerns. General Service staff members mostly raise issues relating to job and career, followed by evaluative relationships and peer and colleague relationships.", "D. Issues by type of office location", "114. The predominant concerns raised by visitors in 2010, regardless of their location, related to job and career. The second most numerous type of issue related to evaluative relationships, with compensation and benefits ranking third. The pattern was the same in 2009. For field missions, which are specific to the Secretariat, job and career-related issues were the most numerous. Compensation and benefits and evaluative relationships ranked second and third, respectively.", "Figure VI Categories of issues by type of office location across the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "[]", "115. In the funds and programmes, 73 per cent of the cases were from the country offices and 27 per cent from headquarters. In both locations, job and career-related issues were the primary reason for the initial contact by visitors. A larger proportion of female visitors (29 per cent) had concerns about career progression or opportunities than their male counterparts (19 per cent).", "116. In UNHCR, just over one third of the issues were raised by headquarters staff. In this group, the two most frequently raised issues were evaluative relationships (33 per cent) and job and career (15 per cent). In offices away from headquarters, the two issues raised most frequently were job and career (32 per cent) and evaluative relationships (28 per cent). In this context, it is also noteworthy (although not included in the statistics presented) that the issues raised with the Respectful Workplace Advisers primarily concerned job and career (23 per cent) and peer and colleague relationships (21 per cent), while evaluative relationships constituted 15 per cent of all issues.", "IV. Statistical information: mediation services", "A. Case volume and outcomes", "117. The present section provides statistical information with respect to cases and outcomes, demographics and types of issues mediated, covering the period from 1 July 2009 — when the new system of administration of justice was launched — until 31 December 2010.", "Figure VII Mediation cases, 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2010", "[]", "118. During the period from 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2010, the Mediation Service opened 62 cases, of which 28 (45 per cent) were mediated. Of the cases mediated, 21 (75 per cent) were successfully resolved and 7 (25 per cent) did not reach a successful resolution. In accordance with the mediation guidelines, the agreement of all parties to a dispute is required for mediation to proceed. A number of cases (29 per cent) were not able to be mediated owing to the fact that one or both parties chose not to mediate following a preliminary consultation, and three cases (5 per cent) were not mediated owing to other circumstances (either the case was not suitable for mediation or was resolved prior to mediation). A total of 13 cases (21 per cent) were ongoing at the end of 2010.", "B. Demographics", "Figure VIII Mediation demographics", "[]", "119. The majority of cases that the Mediation Service handled during the reporting period originated in offices away from Headquarters (50 per cent). A total of 11 cases originated in field operations (18 per cent) and 20 (32 per cent) at Headquarters. This confirms that the majority of cases are field-based and thus that strengthened capacity is required to deal with cases in the regions.", "C. Mediation cases by occupational group", "Figure IX Mediation cases by occupational group", "[]", "120. The top three occupational groups that sought or participated in mediation during the reporting period were as follows: Professional category (58 per cent), Director and above (10 per cent) and support staff (19 per cent). Those groups were followed by field staff and former staff/retirees (5 per cent each) and national staff/ other (2 per cent each).", "D. Mediation cases by source", "Figure X Mediation cases by source", "[]", "121. Mediation may be requested by one or all of the parties to a dispute, or referral for mediation may be made by the management evaluation units, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal, the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, the Office of Staff Legal Assistance or other similar offices. All requests for, or referrals to, mediation are reviewed by the Mediation Service to determine the suitability of the case for mediation.", "122. Of the total number of cases opened during the reporting period, 24 (39 per cent) were requested by a party or parties to a dispute, 13 (21 per cent) were referred by the Dispute Tribunal and 10 (16 per cent) started as ombudsman cases and were subsequently mediated. The remaining cases (24 per cent) were referred by the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, the management evaluation units and other parts of the Organization. Where cases were not found suitable for mediation, they were referred for ombudsman services.", "123. The fact that the largest source of cases is the clients themselves is the result of concerted outreach efforts by the Mediation Service to raise awareness about the process and its benefits, and is also due to the success of mediation proceedings. It is expected that future outreach efforts, quality of service and further decentralization will lead to an increase in case volume.", "E. Types of issues", "Figure XI Types of issues handled by the Mediation Service", "[]", "124. The category with the largest number of cases brought to the Mediation Service is job and career (38 per cent), which includes issues related to contractual status. The second largest category relates to legal, regulatory, financial and compliance matters (21 per cent). The evaluative relationships category is the third largest (16 per cent). A second tier of issues involves compensation and benefits (12 per cent), organizational leadership and management (4 per cent), services and administration (1 per cent), safety, health and well-being (1 per cent) and values, ethics and standards (3 per cent).", "V. Future directions", "1. Building credibility and conflict competence", "125. The Office will continue to look for ways to promote a culture of conflict prevention and trust-building. In this context, the Secretariat, the funds and programmes and UNHCR plan to further strengthen their work in the area of training, outreach and advocacy. The Office’s communication strategy will therefore focus on three priority areas: (a) promoting informal resolution, including mediation, as a safe first step for the resolution of workplace disputes; (b) partnering with senior management and other important stakeholders to encourage and facilitate the use of the informal conflict resolution mechanism; and (c) continued advocacy of a culture of collaboration and conflict prevention as an essential component of organizational health.", "2. Capacity-building in the field", "126. The Office will work to increase its capacity to serve staff in the field, including in remote areas, building on the work already accomplished through timely and effective action on cases and enhancing relationships with stakeholders, both at Headquarters and in the various regions. The Office will continue to explore the possibility of establishing a new regional branch to provide in-person intervention and better access to the deep field, including special political missions, and identifying financial resources for this purpose.", "127. The funds and programmes and UNHCR will continue to explore options to assess and expand their respective Respectful Workplace Adviser programmes.", "3. Measuring effectiveness of services", "128. The Office plans to evaluate its operations under the new system of administration of justice, which was launched in July 2009, and the effectiveness and impact of its newly created structure, which is integrated with the funds and programmes and UNHCR and geographically decentralized, with seven regional offices. The panel of experts is expected to identify lessons learned and formulate recommendations for improvement in overall service delivery.", "4. Strengthening the Mediation Service", "129. Efforts to consolidate the work already done will be pursued by the Mediation Service in terms of delivery and quality of service and outreach, particularly in the field, and enhancing partnerships with stakeholders in the United Nations system, as well as with external professional organizations. The Division will also examine best practices and lessons learned in its first year of operation in order to strengthen service delivery. It will also further develop its roster of on-call mediators and work with relevant stakeholders to review the appropriateness of mandatory suspension of filing timelines while informal dispute resolution proceedings are taking place.", "5. Contributing to the change management process", "130. The Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services was invited to participate in the joint meeting of the Policy and Management Committees in May 2011 regarding the reform agenda. The Office is exploring ways of collaborating with the recently established change management team to assist in ongoing efforts to streamline and improve the efficiency of the Organization, including by sharing with the team the systemic trends and patterns it identifies.", "VI. Resource requirements", "131. Decentralization has presented the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services with a tremendous opportunity for growth and improved efficiency, as initially envisioned by the Redesign Panel and later endorsed by the General Assembly. However, the overall provision of resources for the Office, which is one of the areas most critical to its operations and effectiveness, continues to pose a major challenge. As described in the Secretary-General’s last report on the activities of the Office (A/65/303), funding from the regular budget has continued to rely on its pre-expansion budget to cover operational needs, in particular for the regional branches and the Mediation Services. This has seriously hampered the Office’s capacity to respond to the needs of staff in the field, as well as emerging crises that warrant in-person intervention.", "132. The Office has proactively adopted a number of cost-saving measures[12] to deal with budget constraints during the reform implementation process, which began in January 2008. In doing so, the Office was cognizant of the financial climate in which Member States operate and the Secretary-General’s call for all departments to deliver more within existing resources. Bearing in mind that the prevention of conflict is, in itself, a cost-saving measure for the Organization, the Office will continue to explore every opportunity for the efficient use of its existing budget allocations. Nevertheless, it must be noted that such efforts cannot fully offset the challenges posed by the management of a decentralized structure and the high demand for informal conflict resolution, which was noted by the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session, particularly in the Secretariat, where the number of cases increased by 70 per cent from 2009 to 2010.[13]", "133. In paragraphs 24 and 25 of its resolution 65/251, the General Assembly stressed the importance of ensuring access for all staff members to the new administration of justice system, including to the rapid response teams deployed by the Office of the Ombudsman to respond to crises, and requested the Secretary-General to address the limitations to response capacity in future budget proposals. The present section explains the rationale for the Office’s requirements additional to those requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6, sect. 1) and the areas it has identified for adjustments to meet its present needs.", "134. The Office of the Ombudsman in the Secretariat underwent a comprehensive review by an external panel in 2007. One of the panel’s main conclusions was that the demand for services was likely to grow as the Office became better known and better understood. The challenge was to keep monitoring the capacity of the Office to ensure that it was sufficient to absorb and process the caseload and provide adequate and timely follow-up. Otherwise, there was a risk that the Office’s image could deteriorate, and that cases that could have been handled by the Ombudsman might be diverted to the formal system, with its attendant costs and congestion, thus replicating conditions that existed before the creation of the post of Ombudsman. The same concerns remain valid today.", "135. The regular budget requirements for the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services are guided by four main principles:", "(a) A needs assessment based on higher demand for services, taking into account experience gained since the establishment of the Office in 2002 and its decentralization in 2008;", "(b) The provision of equal access to all staff, including in remote areas, and particularly those who serve in the deep field and harsh environments;", "(c) The encouragement of informal conflict resolution in line with the incentives identified in the Secretary-General’s last report on the activities of the Office (A/65/303) and later endorsed by the General Assembly in paragraph 22 of its resolution 65/251. In this context, the General Assembly requested the inclusion of specific budget requirements in the programme budget to implement the incentives;", "(d) The strengthening of the decentralized structure and the upgrade of the administrative capacity of the Office to manage its operations more effectively.", "136. The Office’s structure has changed significantly with the creation of seven regional branches, the Mediation Service and a pool of on-call ombudsmen and mediators. In the past two years, the Office has faced challenges in its day-to-day operations that affected the management of its financial and human resources. In its management letter dated 15 June 2010, the Board of Auditors noted that with decentralization, problems of daily management were likely to increase and would constitute a full-time occupation for an administrative officer who would provide consistency, coherence and coordination across the decentralized structure. Owing to its cross-cutting function, the Office is also increasingly involved in promoting conflict prevention and harmonious working conditions at Headquarters and in the field, which requires a substantial amount of coordination with the various stakeholders within the Organization. In order to fill these gaps and allow the United Nations Ombudsman and his or her staff to focus fully on their substantive functions and the resolution of workplace conflicts, it is proposed to establish two Professional posts that will provide the necessary support to the United Nations Ombudsman, the Director of the Office and the overall team.", "137. Accordingly, it is proposed that the following two posts be established in the biennium 2012-2013:", "(a) An Administrative Officer (P-4), who will assist the Director of the Office in managing and monitoring the human and financial resources of the Office and ensuring coherence and consistency in its standards and operations. This includes the administration of on-call ombudsmen and mediators and dealing with budgetary and financial issues for Headquarters and all its branches;", "(b) A Special Assistant (P-4) to support the United Nations Ombudsman in strategic and operational planning as well as policy coordination and information management. It should be noted that all senior officials in the United Nations Secretariat have such pivotal support, which allows them to fully focus on their core responsibilities in providing strategic direction. The Special Assistant will support the United Nations Ombudsman and the Director in overseeing the day-to-day management of the immediate Office and coordinating inputs from the various components of the integrated structure, which would ensure a streamlined and coherent approach in the functioning of the overall operations. The incumbent will also support the United Nations Ombudsman in the processing and follow-up of high-risk cases and in interactions with senior counterparts, including in his or her work with intergovernmental bodies.", "138. Travel resources in the amount of $180,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 are requested to enable the Office to resolve disputes through in-person intervention, to prevent issues from festering and affecting productivity and morale, and to prevent cases from proceeding to costly litigation. Such resources would also provide opportunities to conduct additional activities such as conflict coaching and building conflict competence in duty stations with no ombudsman presence. The resources would also allow the regional ombudsmen to meet with staff in their immediate areas of responsibility and allow for regular visits to the regional commissions that currently have no ombudsman. Such a regular presence has been requested by management and staff repeatedly. In addition, the resources will be used to establish the critical ombudsman response team mechanism, which will allow for quick response and speedy resolution in unforeseen situations. As the informal system gained more recognition in 2010, the number of requests for immediate intervention by the United Nations ombudsmen or through on-call ombudsmen and mediators has increased significantly, and in several critical cases an ombudsman or a mediator team could not be dispatched because of the lack of travel resources. Lastly, the resources will allow the Office to hold an annual retreat for all staff of the Office to exchange best practices and lessons learned with a view to enhancing the overall operations of the Office.", "139. Training resources in the amount of $150,000 are requested to cover training fees, associated travel and training-related conference fees for the staff of the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services, including the regional branches. This would also allow them, in coordination with the Office of Human Resources Management, to deliver training modules on conflict management in their area of responsibility to build conflict competence. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services is increasingly requested to conduct such training sessions with groups of staff in collaborative conflict-handling as part of conflict prevention and building conflict awareness. This approach will increase the Office’s capacity to enhance the conflict management ability of clients and other target groups, such as managers.", "140. Accordingly, should the General Assembly agree with the above proposals, additional resource requirements in the amount of $918,400 (before recosting) would be considered in accordance with the provisions governing the contingency fund in accordance with the terms of Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. In this regard, it is recalled that the Assembly, in its resolution 65/262, approved a contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $40.5 million.", "141. All new posts reflected in the present report are proposed to be established as from 1 January 2012. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, in paragraph 20 of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/7), recommended that information on the delayed impact of posts should be reflected in any new proposals, the Assembly may wish to note that the additional requirements for the full costing of the proposed two new posts in the biennium 2014-2015 are currently estimated at $352,400: under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, $306,000, and under section 37, Staff assessment, $46,400, to be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "VII. Action to be taken by the General Assembly", "142. Accordingly, should the General Assembly approve the proposals contained in the present report for additional resources, it may wish:", "(a) To approve the establishment of two new P-4 posts effective 1 January 2012 under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(b) To appropriate a total amount of $918,400 (before recosting) under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, comprising increases under section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination ($725,400); section 29D, Office of Central Support Services ($135,800); and section 37, Staff assessment ($57,200), to be offset by a corresponding amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment. The provision would represent a charge against the contingency fund.", "143. The Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services looks forward to the General Assembly’s favourable consideration of its additional resource requirements and its continued support for informal resolution as a key first step in the resolution of workplace disputes, including system-wide and speedy implementation of incentives to encourage the usage of informal resolution.", "[1] There are areas in the present report that are specific to each entity and are noted as such.", "[2] A/65/373, para. 185.", "[3] A/61/205, para. 47.", "[4] Ibid., para. 48.", "[5] See A/65/303, sect. V.", "[6] Resolution 63/253, para. 20.", "[7] The categories are: job and career; evaluative relationships; compensation and benefits; legal, regulatory, financial and compliance; safety, health, well-being and environment; values, ethics and standards; peer and colleague relationships; organizational, leadership and management; and services and administration.", "[8] This category includes selection and recruitment, post classification, contractual arrangements, career development, assignment, loan/secondment/transfer, non-renewal of contract and termination.", "[9] The rules do not suspend the rules governing the G-to-P process, although this was argued by some staff. The Office of Human Resources Management will provide clarification in the relevant instruction at the next opportunity.", "[10] See the recommendations and updates in A/62/311, A/64/314 and A/65/303.", "[11] The Ombudsmen for the funds and programmes and the Ombudsman for UNHCR issue separate annual reports, which are available on the website of the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "[12] See A/65/303, paras. 19-24.", "[13] Resolution 65/251, para. 13." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Items 134 and 143 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009", "United Nations justice system", "Activities of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Office", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 9851, the General Assembly reaffirmed that resolving conflicts informally was a crucial factor in the justice system and emphasized that all possible use of the informal system should be done to establish a harmonious work environment and avoid unnecessary litigation. The Assembly also welcomed the second joint report to entities covered by the United Nations Ombudsman and the Integrated Office for Conciliation and requested the Secretary-General to submit such reports to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "The present report is the third report on the activities of the United Nations Ombudsman and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which provides informal conflict resolution services to the Secretariat, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Population Fund, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Office for Project Services and the staff of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.", "The present report also contains requirements for additional funding for the Office under section 1, paragraphs 29D and 37, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "The main points of this report are summarized below, covering the period from 1 January to 31 December 2010.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Regional impact", "As the year 2012 will mark the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the first ombudsman function within the Secretariat, and given the fact that the regional branches and mediation services have completed one year of operation, the Office has begun to assess their impact and effectiveness. After a preliminary assessment, the decentralization of authority has allowed the Office to have more opportunities to reach its service target audiences and to enable it to provide the most effective means of intervention on the ground to resolve the conflict. This is an essential cause for the establishment of regional branches by the General Assembly. IGOs also have better understanding of the dynamics of the regions. In addition, the Mediation Service provided staff and managers with additional options to resolve workplace disputes.", "In the face of the challenges, the funding constraints make it difficult for the regional ombudsman to reach out in their respective regions, including in the remote field, to provide immediate intervention on the resolution of conflicts or the deepest problem of depression, and to make it difficult for the IGO to deploy a rapid response ombudsman and mediation task force, as required.", "systemic issues: Ombudsman services", "In accordance with the mandate of the Office of the Ombudsman, the present report points to systemic and cross-cutting issues brought to the attention of the Office during the reporting period, as well as the issues identified by the Ombudsman and related recommendations. Like the existing precedents of the Integrated Office, the primary area of concern for visitors using the Ombudsman's services during the reporting period is work and cause, interpersonal relations, and compensation and benefits.", "Statistics", "The number of cases related to staff in the United Nations Secretariat increased by 70 per cent, while the total number of cases in the Integrated Office increased by 35 per cent. This is largely due to the fact that an ombudsman from the regional branches can provide on-site services.", "Mediation services", "The mediation service has increased in terms of case volume, some of which are complex and sensitive, leading to successful solutions. The priority areas of concern for parties seeking mediation services are: work and cause; legal, normative, financial and compliance matters; and evaluation of relations.", "Update on measures to encourage informal solutions", "In paragraph 22 of its resolution 9851, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of the measures encouraged by the informal solution noted by the Secretary-General in his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/3). Some of the main actions that have been implemented thus far include instructions from senior management to all offices and departments, urging the use of informal settlement procedures to resolve conflicts and respond in a timely manner in connection with the Office of the Ombudsman; routine efforts by the Office of the Ombudsman and the Office of Human Resources Management to provide training in dispute resolution for key partners and interested staff within a wide range of judicial administration systems; and feedback from the Office of the Ombudsman to certain departments, highlighting trends and systemic issues in their respective areas.", "Conclusion", "The United Nations Ombudsman and the Office of Conciliation expect the General Assembly to give favourable consideration to its request for additional funding, to continue to support informal solutions as a key first step in resolving workplace disputes, and to approve, within the system-wide, quick implementation of the recommended incentives in order to increase the use of informal solutions.", "Contents", "Introduction 5", "Introduction", "Core principles", "As the main informal pillar of the Organization's conflict resolution regime, the United Nations Ombudsman and the Office for Mediation have used informal collaborative practices to resolve conflicts at an early stage. IGOs are guided by the core principles outlined below — independence, neutrality, confidentiality and informality.", "Independence", "IGOs maintain their independence vis-à-vis other organizational entities, institutions or officials, which are in direct contact with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, foundations and programmes, and the full-scale management of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); access to information relating to cases other than medical files; advice, information or views on individuals in the Organization on specific matters.", "neutrality", "As an advocate of justice and equity, the IGO is impartially implementing the process without representing any individual within the Organization, taking into account the rights and obligations of organizations and staff, and the fairness of the situation.", "Confidentiality", "It maintains strict confidentiality and does not disclose information about individual cases or staff visits; any United Nations agency or official cannot compel them to testify.", "Informality", "The informality includes the absence of a record of the United Nations or any other party; the absence of a formal investigation or the acceptance of a legal notice on behalf of the United Nations; the right to decide; and the absence of decisive conclusions or decisions.", "United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Office", "Ombudsman services", "Trends", "As in 2008 and 2009, the three most important areas of concern for visitors using the Ombudsman's services in 2010 are related to work and cause (34 per cent); evaluation relations (20 per cent) and compensation and benefits (15 per cent). In cases addressed through the Ombudsman's work, most of the offices away from most staff members and field operations units are located. In this context, the practice of combining mediation with the Ombudsman and the flexibility of interaction between the two sides (e.g., matters that were initially dealt with by one approach but ultimately decided to deal with more appropriate practices could easily be replaced) creating extremely effective informal resources for staff.", "Scope", "IGO believes that it is essential to make use of informal solutions available to all United Nations personnel, regardless of their type of office. In its dialogue with the Sixth Committee in 2010, IGO confirmed its willingness to provide services for non-staffed personnel, which would require an increase in resources — if it took into account the long-term benefits of such investments. Experience from other United Nations organizations that do not provide ombudsperson services to non-staff personnel has shown that such intervention contributes to the deterioration of conflict prevention and does not result in undue expectations about their contractual status. In the Secretariat, the number of non-staffed personnel in field operations is 16,480 and the number of people on the ground is 10,080. [2] These figures do not include any secretariat consultant and individual contractors administered by UNOPS and UNDP. The current decentralized structure of the Office of the Ombudsman will provide such personnel with easy access.", "Should the General Assembly decide to extend informal solutions to non-staffing, this would require additional resources from the Office. In accordance with the spirit of the Charter of the United Nations, this expansion would enable all United Nations employees to benefit from another mechanism of due process in the event of a minimum cost to the organization.", "External review", "An analysis of how IGOs are connected with their users and stakeholders is essential for its functioning. In view of the independence and confidentiality of its functions, IGO uses the services of external experts to monitor and assess their operational performance and systemic impacts and improve the quality of its services. IGO will study the possibility of conducting a mid-2012 review by an external expert team. The critical importance of conducting such a review by external and specialized clients is reflected in the following two points: (a) the expertise of the topic to review all aspects of the operation by providing substantive knowledge and expertise, and to provide advice on how this relationship can and should evolve through investigations and dialogue with relevant stakeholders and staff; and (b) the fact that the users of the IGO appear to be credible and confidential, which protects both monitoring and users.", "Terms of reference", "In paragraphs 16 and 17 of its resolution 9851, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to conduct inter-agency negotiations on the revised terms of reference of the Office of the Ombudsman and to ensure the earliest possible enactment. As mentioned in previous reports, the terms of reference of the Integrated Office of the Ombudsman have been the subject of extensive consultations involving staff and management, as well as foundations and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). After these consultations, draft terms of reference were submitted in order to be promulgated in the Secretary-General's bulletin in 2010. However, the General Assembly, in its resolution 851, made it necessary to further review the draft terms of reference. In accordance with established procedures, the draft terms of reference are the subject of further consultations and review at the system-wide level. It is expected that, following the completion of this consultation phase, the Secretary-General's bulletin, which is to be issued as amended, will be issued.", "Audit of the programme of departure", "At the request of the United Nations Ombudsman, the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services conducted an audit of the Inspection Office's “Land out” programme from November to December 2010, including regional branches in Nairobi and Santiago.", "The auditors concluded that, since its establishment, IGO has carried out a number of “do out” activities aimed at raising staff awareness of their functions and services and encouraging staff to take proactive advantage of the informal dispute settlement process. The auditors also confirmed the efforts of IGOs to promote the importance of informal solutions to workplace disputes to senior management. The auditors further pointed out that the IGO's 2011-2013 communications concept set out the IGO's targets, strategies and performance measurement criteria, which should be incorporated into specific guidelines on how to implement the “outstream” programme, thereby finalizing it in order to ensure that all activities and information are carried out in the Integrated Office of the Ombudsman, including its regional branches. This will be carried out in consultation with foundations and programmes and UNHCR.", "Mediation services", "In accordance with the mandate given in paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 61/261, the Mediation Service was formally established within the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman to provide mediation services to the United Nations Secretariat, foundations and programmes, and UNHCR. The Mediation Service deals with matters such as cases referred to by parties to the dispute, or by management evaluation units and the United Nations Dispute Tribunal and the United Nations Appeals Tribunal.", "The Mediation Service, in recognition of its services, has increased the number of cases in 2010, and has begun to collect data on trends and patterns. The number of cases transferred from the courts and/or the executive branch has also increased, including disciplinary cases. In this regard, it should be noted that mediation cases involve a variety of issues, such as evaluation relationships, contractual status and separation conditions, often involving emotional and highly sensitive matters. Moreover, given the voluntary nature of mediation, it is also challenging for all parties concerned to agree on the process. It was also observed that some people wishing to use mediation services were also associated with other services, such as the Ethics Office, the Office of Internal Oversight Services or the Conduct and Discipline Unit, which also posed a challenge in managing expectations. Despite these challenges, the Mediation Service handles and successfully addresses a wide range of cases.", "Principles and guidelines for mediation", "The various stages of the mediation process and the relevant important considerations have been elaborated in the Principles and Guidelines for Conciliation, which were provided on the website of the Inspection Office effective 1 July 2009. It also responds to the request made by the General Assembly in paragraph 17 of its resolution 3951 that the Secretary-General ensure that mediation services are issued as soon as possible. In order to ensure the highest quality of services, the Principles and Guidelines for Conciliation have been revised as long as the time has come. It should be noted that a revised version of the terms of reference for the pre-emption review is also included in the chapter on mediation, which is drawn from the Principles and Guidelines for Conciliation.", "Mediators to be called", "The Office is continuing its efforts to establish a roster of distributors at Headquarters and in various regions. The Mediation Service maintains close contact with the World Bank counterparts to share best practices and implement joint projects for regional mediators. The Mediation Service recruited mediators to be called from the joint roster for 2011-2012 and is currently assessing its regional needs.", "Enhanced partnerships and “delivery” work", "During the reporting period, the Mediation continued to develop partnerships with key stakeholders in the justice system throughout the organization to measure and improve mediation services. This has resulted in an increase in mediation requirements and the transfer of cases, and a more streamlined mediation process. The Chief of the Mediation Service provided a number of presentations on how to resolve workplace disputes and undertook various country visits, including on-site mediation in Geneva and Addis Ababa, and “out” activities, as well as “to out” events in Nairobi and participation in a conference with United Nations Dispute Tribunal judges and Registrars.", "In December 2010, in cooperation with the Office of Human Resources Management and UNDP, the Mediation Service helped to design and implement a training programme on conflict management and workplace dispute resolution targeting specific targets. This initiative was welcomed by participants; further training programmes on such a nature are being planned at Headquarters and on the ground, in coordination with the Office.", "C. Regional implications", "The logical basis for decentralized power", "Through the creation of a single, geographically decentralized inspection service to provide inspection and mediation services, the General Assembly has made a key investment as an indispensable pipeline for improving personal productivity and promoting organizational health. As envisaged by the Panel of Experts reviewing the United Nations system of administration of justice (the redesign team), the dispersion of services is aimed at providing “more accessible and faster responses”, thereby enabling “the justice system as a whole”. [3]", "At the heart of the redesign team's logical basis for decentralized power is the only viable means to provide effective and timely informal solutions to disputes, as evidenced by the Secretariat, foundations and programmes, and the existing ombudsman structure within UNHCR. The Group also found that decentralized power, in addition to the synergies that would lead to a single office with employment-related concerns, could also be given to the IGO “a privileged position for monitoring monitoring issues and recommendations solutions”. The Panel considers that “the gap in the elimination of channels and the overlapping of services [may] benefit all staff and [should] save human and financial resources, especially at the regional level”. [4]", "Practice of decentralized power", "In 2010, the Integrated Office of the Ombudsman was decentralized. The regional branches are composed of seven regional branches, based in Bangkok, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago, Vienna and in peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sudan. Until 2010, it was not possible to fully observe the real impact of decentralized power and to draw on many lessons learned as a result of its decentralized implementation. In view of the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the first ombudsman function within the Secretariat in 2012, IGO began a review of its functioning, beginning with regional branches, with the aim of identifying achievements and challenges to be addressed in their first year of operation.", "Overall, it has been determined that the presence of the Ombudsman on the ground provides essential and convenient channels for staff on the ground. It also contributes to the accumulation of a large number of knowledge on specific environmental and requirements in different regions and to deepening understanding of cultural traditions and sensitivity, particularly at the mission level. In addition, this has contributed significantly to the monitoring of the “out” and advocacy work at the field level.", "Achievements", "The first year of operation of all branches is the establishment of institutions, personnel and the effective operation — the provision of live-in interventions to United Nations staff in the region and the provision of informal solutions to the concerns of the workplace. This has been achieved.", "Visitors have direct access and face-to-face contacts with regional ombudsmen to pave the way for a number of breakthroughs in conflict resolution and dispute cases — many of which have long been difficult to return. This also enables the Regional Ombudsman to build confidence and credibility with its clients. The presence of the Ombudsman on the ground further facilitated the immediate senior management and human resources and accelerated the resolution of workplace-related concerns brought to the attention of the Ombudsman by visitors in their respective regions. This regular interaction also encourages the cooperation of managers with the Office of Oversight Services and seeks the services of the Ombudsman to resolve workplace disputes. Regional ombudsmen have started to mediate cases in the region and work closely with the Mediation Service.", "“Towards” and advocacy work on the ground", "The regional ombudsman has been very active in the process of “doing out” after its presence, engaging with all stakeholders at an early stage to promote awareness of the scope of the services provided by the Integrated Office of the Ombudsman and the benefits of the informal settlement in conflict resolution. From their point of view, the use of chewings has proved to be a very cost-effective tool. Visitors with satisfaction tend to be willing to discuss their experiences with peers and encourage them to live in a hard water. Conversely, that is why a successful approach based on solid credibility is the top of regional ombudsman priorities.", "In the Sudan and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, missions to field offices have proved to be very effective, as staff in remote field locations feel that they are separated from their headquarters and do not receive the services provided by the Office. Other gaps in the channels, such as access to special political missions, are being studied to determine the best way to address these issues.", "The first three areas of concern of regional branches", "The most important area of concern reported to regional branches in 2010 is work and cause, interpersonal relations, and performance management. These issues are further explored in the following sections on systemic issues.", "Balance between workload and resources allocated", "The priorities and concerns of the regional ombudsman are overwhelmingly the need for the resources necessary to play an effective role. In addition to the demands on the ground, regular visits are needed in the region, conflict prevention and resolution and awareness-raising campaigns. Since 2010, the resources allocated to the Regional Office have been very limited and no disbursements have been made for visits and professional training.", "In paragraph 26 of its resolution 63/251, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General “to take fully into account the workload of the Regional Ombudsman and the balance of resources allocated to them in future proposed programme budgets”. As is expected, the present reporting period is characterized by an increase of 70 per cent in cases submitted by only Secretariat personnel, which is largely due to the presence of regional ombudsmen on the ground. With the accumulation of more experience, IGO will continue to monitor the workload of the Regional Ombudsman and the balance between the resources allocated to them.", "In view of the possibility of fluctuations in workload and the need to ensure that resource allocation is sufficient to meet demand, it is recommended that all new travel-poor resources be pooled so as to be allocated to high-need areas as required. This could provide flexibility to operate so that resources are maximized.", "Challenges", "The efforts of the regional ombudsman during the first year of its operation have encountered two types of challenges: administrative and conceptuality. Administrative challenges relate to budgetary, straightforward and time constraints. The conceptual challenge lies in advocating a culture of trust and conflict prevention throughout the organization.", "The volatile political and security situation in the countries covered by regional branches in peacekeeping missions often hampers access to staff in those areas. The capacity of regional ombudsmen to carry out the necessary missions in their respective operational areas has been limited owing to the constraints on funding and the fact that, in the context of the BAU allocation, IGOs continue to operate under their expanded budget. Therefore, staff members outside the duty station do not have access or assistance as they can face in the region as well as staff members of the regional ombudsperson who address their concerns. Funding for the gaps in the remote areas is essential.", "It was also found that high-level managers provide insights into informal solutions that could stimulate staff contact with the inspection and seek intervention. There is no commitment by management to this process, and staff are less willing. Experience also shows that some managers feel that they have limited capacity to exercise flexibility in resolving cases, either because of the regulatory system, the hard-won, understandable, or because of their limited authority.", "Lessons learned", "The conditions of peacekeeping missions — in situations where they live and work in the same chamber — can result in conflicts of a particular nature. As a result, in peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sudan, the Ombudsman believes that the field is essential to better understand the pre-existing consequences of complex developments and such work-related conflicts and to provide the most effective means of intervention for informal solutions to conflicts. In addition to deepening understanding of the regional situation, the decentralized power can make it better to identify regions where the Ombudsman's services are most needed, especially in peacekeeping missions.", "The parties to the conflict often use the mechanisms provided by the formal and informal components of the system of administration of justice, in accordance with their understanding of the mechanisms. Some believe that if they push the conflict to the upper level (that they want to impose a solution), they will receive faster solutions, or that they have a strong financial settlement in the formal system (or wishing to impose a solution), they have not seen the long-term sustainable benefits of informal solutions. It is often a challenge for the informal system practitioners to assume responsibility to address their workplace concerns. Therefore, efforts to promote informal systems within and outside the Office of the Ombudsman should highlight the importance of early conflict prevention and conflict management. In this regard, the Regional Ombudsman will continue to advocate for this practice in collaboration with relevant stakeholders in the field and at Headquarters.", "Update on the implementation of incentives for informal solutions", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered a set of incentives aimed at encouraging access to informal solutions, [5] of which was developed by the Office at the request of the General Assembly. [6] Recommendations based on lessons learned and best practices from similar units of other international organizations were discussed at the Staff-Management Coordination Committee held in Beirut in June 2010. It includes recommendations on the need to raise awareness of the mandate and activities of the Office and the benefits of informal solutions; encouraging managers to cooperate with and respond in a timely manner with the latter; improving access through the deployment of the rapid response team; revising the staff rules on time-bound charges; building conflict management capacities; and organizing, managers and the Employers Association to support informal solutions more explicitly.", "The General Assembly reaffirmed that the informal resolution of conflicts was an essential element of the judicial administration system and considered in a favourable manner the incentives recommended by the Office. In paragraph 22 of its resolution 9851, the General Assembly recalled the recommendations contained in paragraphs 124 to 126 of the Secretary-General's report (A/65/303) and paragraphs 128 to 133, and requested the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementation, without additional funding or revisions to the staff regulations and rules and to incorporate all other recommendations into the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "The present section provides an update on the efforts being made to implement the informal settlement incentives approved by the General Assembly. IGOs are encouraged by the fact that stakeholders have started implementing incentives and will continue to work with the parties concerned, including staff and management, to ensure that incentives are fully implemented.", "An important development in this area is that, on the basis of earlier instructions from the Deputy Secretary-General to senior management, the Under-Secretary-General for Management issued instructions to all heads of departments and offices in January 2011. These newsletters highlight the important role played by the informal components of the justice system in the working environment, highlight the benefits of informal solutions, and urge managers to respond promptly to any request from the IGO for information, input, etc. and, in any event, to respond within 30 days of the request. In a number of cases, IGO has seen the impact of this directive on a clear reduction in the response time.", "The second important development dynamic lies in the area of conflict management and building the capacity of staff and managers to address conflict situations in the workplace and to effectively utilize the informal system. In this regard, IGO is partnering with departments such as the Office of Human Resources Management to train key partners and other interested staff in the broader justice system on dispute resolution methods. In keeping with the importance of conflict prevention and conflict management in any organizational environment, IGO will continue to do so to strengthen specialized training in conflict management at all duty stations.", "Other developments in the implementation of incentives include the preparation of feedback reports by the United Nations Ombudsman to selected departments within the Secretariat, indicating systemic issues and regulations in this area. Two feedback reports have been submitted. This will be gradually extended to all sectors. In addition, the United Nations Ombudsman has been invited by the Deputy Secretary-General to participate in the meetings of the Management Performance Committee and the Management Committee. This daily strong support of the Secretary-General and the Deputy Secretary-General for the informal settlement process has yielded positive results: The informal solution has now been incorporated into the Secretary-General's compact with senior management as an element of effective leadership.", "With regard to the recommendations made by the Inspector General to amend the Staff Rules, the General Assembly, in paragraph 23 of its resolution 39/51, requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to make recommendations to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. In this regard, the Office of Human Resources Management is planning to review chapter X and XI of the Staff Rules on the administration of justice, which will also address the revision of staff rule 11.1 (c). Further updates on informal responses to incentives will be provided in future activities reports.", "E. “Towards” and advocacy", "Promotion of a culture of collaboration and conflict prevention", "In 2010, the IGO, in the spirit of the directives of the General Assembly on informal solutions, consolidated a number of areas of “down” work, including the need to improve access to staff and the further reliance on informal systems. The secretariat, foundations and programmes and UNHCR's ombudsmen continue to coordinate their “down” activities, based on a number of common principles, which provide space for synergies and for promoting a collaborative and dispute settlement approach within the United Nations system. Under the guidance of common principles, entities have also carried out “out” activities aimed at the particular needs of their constituencies.", "Joint information circulation tools", "The “out” event, such as lectures, conferences, training workshops, videoconferences and visits, constitutes an important component of the IGO's work and a platform for explaining the full services available by the Ombudsman, including its mentoring role. These activities are also aimed at providing conflict management skills to staff by facilitating conflict prevention and early and effective conflict management training.", "A key component of the joint “delivering” campaign is the website, which serves as a portal to provide information on inspection offices and their services in all six official languages. IGOs are proactively connected to all field operations, providing them with the website and how to ensure the Intranet of the IMS.", "In order to increase the visibility of IGOs, posters highlighting the main principles of informal solutions were distributed to Headquarters and field inspections. There have been a number of requests for information to be made available to field officials. Other information circulation tools prepared jointly by the Secretariat, foundations and programmes and UNHCR include presentations and articles on the benefits of IGOs and informal solutions on the United Nations Intranet.", "“Towards” exposure to field staff and duty stations away from Headquarters", "As a result of the existence of regional branches, the ability to provide field intervention to staff away from Headquarters has increased substantially in 2010. A new momentum has been generated through a focus on various activities in various regions, including meetings with staff, senior management, staff representatives and other key stakeholders. Within the limits permitted by the tense budget, a visit to the field missions and fixed duty stations was conducted in conjunction with the provision of Ombudsman services.", "In the Secretariat, the use of field visits to conduct on-site interventions has also been used to promote awareness of informal conflict resolution. This includes meetings with senior management and staff representatives, as well as the Staff General Assembly, to advocate for the tasks and activities of the Office. Missions visited also address individual cases to address workplace concerns. It should be noted that special efforts have been made to reach staff recruited locally. Such visits were carried out within the limits of the peacekeeping support account's intense budget, including the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire; the United Nations Mission in Liberia; the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization; the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste; and the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara.", "Efforts in the area of peacekeeping also include video meetings with senior managers in field operations, including the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization and the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. Visits carried out under the regular budget included travel to the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the Economic Commission for Africa.", "In 2010, the ombudsmen of foundations and programmes undertook five field visits to four regions. The Office of the Ombudsman of UNHCR conducted field visits, in conjunction with the mutually respected workplace advisers workshops in Eastern and Southern Africa.", "Access to senior management and other interested groups", "During the reporting period, special efforts to “do out” focus on the added organizational value of informal conflict resolution to key stakeholders. During the Secretary-General's High-level Management Leave Conference in 2010, the United Nations Ombudsman chaired a conference on how to build trust between staff and management through institutional reform. The United Nations Ombudsman also participated in meetings of the Management Performance Committee, the Management Committee, the Staff-Management Coordination Committee (Be Beirut, June 2010) and a number of ministerial senior management classes. These efforts raise the awareness of senior management of the benefits of informal solutions and capture the commitment to informal processes. This is evidence of the increase in the number of cases transferred by senior management to the Office.", "In the context of joint efforts to strengthen cooperation and exchange of best practices with external stakeholders, the secretariat, foundations and programme ombudspersons participated in the annual International Association of Ombudsmans, held in Seoul in April 2010, and participated with the UNHCR Ombudsman in Paris in September 2010.", "Funds and programme ombudsmen participated in three UNDP regional cluster meetings, during which they met with management and staff representatives. The ombudsmen were also invited to make presentations to 300 managers who assembled in the UNFPA Global Year. In addition, the ombudspersons also addressed the Child Fund security advisers and made presentations at the workshop on reforming mediation skills in the Information Technology Solutions and Services Division of the Child Fund. The ombudsmen also welcomed the opportunity to address the newly recruited Resident Coordinator at the leadership and management training workshops in New York.", "As part of the “Towards” campaign, the Office of the Ombudsman of UNHCR continued to expand its mutually respected workplace advisers network in 2010. The purpose of the programme is to prevent or reduce the severity of conflicts by addressing them in a timely manner, and to ensure that relevant information is provided, identifying individuals interested in the way to seek advice and assistance or complaints. The mutual respect for the Workplace Adviser programme is based on a model developed by the World Bank covering (a) the nomination and election of trusted colleagues as mutually respected workplace advisers through the secret voting system; (b) the organization of a workshop; and (c) subsequent support from the UNHCR Ombudsman's Office. A report on issues was prepared jointly with the UNHCR Office of the Ombudsman every four months.", "Conflict resolution Day", "On 21 October 2010, the IGO celebrated the Day of Conflict with staff from the Secretariat, foundations and programmes. In Nairobi and Santiago, a portal open day was also held to advocate for the use of informal conflict resolution solutions that would allow stakeholders involved in resolving workplace disputes to gain an in-depth understanding of the work of the IGO and have the opportunity to face staff. The regional ombudsmen's branch in Nairobi celebrated a series of encouraging videos showing examples of the theoretical application of conflict resolution in schools, workplaces and the global arena. The feedback received showed that such videos would enable participants to see their interactions in the workplace and in the family from a different perspective. An open day was also held for Latin America and the Caribbean to serve in Santiago, where many staff members were present. In welcoming this initiative, the Executive Secretary of ECLAC stated that, as a result of the work of the Regional Ombudsman, the Organization could deal with and resolve work-related differences in the interest of all. IGO is planning to celebrate the conflict resolution day on an annual basis.", "Building conflict management capacities", "In partnership with the Office of Human Resources Management and UNDP, IGOs provide training courses on conflict management and workplace dispute resolution to key partners and other interested staff in the broader judicial administration system. Nearly 100 staff members from the United Nations Secretariat, UNDP, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNFPA and WFP participated in this successful training. Feedback is positive. After being aware of the various means of informal settlement of disputes, particularly the mediation services provided by the Office of the Ombudsman, one participant commented that “I have not been aware of the great strength of mediation in changing a conflict that is difficult to deal”. Another point is that “We should familiarize the vast majority of staff with this valuable process, as managers are doing more”.", "In July 2010, UNHCR organized a workshop on mutual respect for workplace advisers for selected staff from Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, and a similar workshop was held with WFP for staff from Southern African countries in October 2010. The workshops were aimed at developing field staff to play a mutually respected role in the volunteer of the workplace advisers. Following a pilot training in West Africa in 2007, WFP organized a workshop on mutual respect for workplace consultants with WFP staff from East African countries in 2009. UNHCR has 48 active and mutually respected workplace advisers working in 31 countries. The workshop on mutual respect for workplace advisers was organized by UNHCR's Global Learning Centre, while the Office of the Ombudsman and the ombudsman of WFP participated in training.", "In 2010, UNHCR also launched a new vision of learning to address conflict management through a pilot conflict management programme in 2011. The objective of the programme is to change the way staff deal with workplace conflicts. In addition, managers will receive specialized training on mediation of conflicts in the workplace. Since 2011, mediation training will also be one of the training elements for new delegates. Conflict management programmes and representative training are hosted by the UNHCR Global Learning Centre.", "The funds and programmes intend to re-examine the potential of the mutual respect for the workplace consultants' programmes, and in this regard, a number of pilot projects have been launched in the past, including UNICEF. As a staff member of the country office in the face of the primary resources of the conflict, the mutual respect for the workplace advisers programme has proved to be useful. Cooperation with the World Bank, WFP and UNHCR will also be strengthened. In addition, in order to provide mediation training to selected staff, IGO will study UNHCR's experience.", "IGOs are currently studying a targeted communications strategy that will build on progress made in the areas of advocacy for informal solutions, the encouragement and promotion of informal solutions by senior managers and other key stakeholders, and the promotion of a culture of collaboration and conflict prevention. In this regard, a number of activities will be planned for the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations Ombudsman function in 2012.", "systemic issues", "Sources and former consequences", "Identification and reporting of issues", "In paragraph 21 of its resolution 9851, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 11 of resolution 64/233, which emphasized the role of the Ombudsman in reporting on the wide range of systemic issues identified and issues brought to its attention. In paragraph 12 of resolution 64/233, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report regularly on the actions taken to address the findings of the Ombudsman's research on systemic issues.", "While the percentage of cases related to a particular issue is a strong indicator of systemic problems, there are a number of issues that have a systematic and potential systemic impact identified directly by the Ombudsman. In order to identify systemic issues in their annual reports, IGOs strive to balance systemic issues characterized by the number of cases and other issues that have not yet been met, but point to problems, if not properly addressed, the problem.", "systemic issues identified during the reporting period in the Secretariat, funds and programmes and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "IGO uses the categories of issues set by the International Ombudsman Association. [7] In 2010, as in 2009, the largest category of cases brought to the attention of IGOs is: work and cause, evaluation (monitoring) relations, compensation and benefits, legal, normative, financial and compliance issues.", "Work and cause", "During the reporting period, 34 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of IGOs were related to work and cause. [8] Such concerns have been dominated over the past three years. According to the Regional Ombudsman's report, they are also of the greatest concern at the field level.", "In the Secretariat, there is a constant concern for visitors regarding the lack of pain and mistrust in the selection process. One of the important factors may be the difference between the expectations of staff whose promotion is seen as a mark and the ability of organizations to meet these expectations in changing economic environments and changing peacekeeping situations. Against this background, organizations may take measures to increase the experience and the corresponding positiveness of the work of the staff within existing conditions, so that attention to promotions will not be directed towards making the staff wanted to enter into the cause. This requires a change in the perspective of promoting such attention from the expression of success and becoming a sense of satisfaction for work of concern, as reflected in challenging mandates, business development maps and purposes and contributions.", "Figure I Problem by category", "[]", "sense. This practice requires managers to be more actively involved in the performance and distribution of their staff.", "In some areas, temporary contracts have been used excessively, which are not granted for the completion of specific projects, but for the conduct of fixed functions, resulting in a very precarious situation for many people — They are often notified, in exceptional circumstances, of the final extension of their contracts.", "Women visitors reported gender discrimination in peacekeeping missions, complaining about gender discrimination in recruitment, work relations and professional progress matters. More broadly, in the Secretariat, female visitors also raised cases involving sexual harassment and gender discrimination.", "Concerns about work and career-related issues vary according to the categories of staff. For example, local professional and support service staff complained more about job applications and selection procedures than that of internationally recruited professional staff. This may indicate the need to provide more opportunities for locally recruited professional and support service-level staff to advance their careers, as they often do not have the opportunity to demonstrate their own and career progress, as with colleagues recruited internationally. Another feature of this category is the fact that female staff who come to the IGO's appeal for concerns about the advancement and opportunities of the cause are more than men.", "In UNHCR, frequent references were made to concerns about job applications and selection, recruitment procedures and non-extensive contracts, which were the first three concerns. It should be noted that women are more often concerned about the progress of the cause than men. Issues related to the non-extension of contracts are almost entirely raised by categories other than internationally recruited professional staff.", "Mission management", "IGO noted that a number of staff members have served for many years in the same mission, including at hardship duty stations, without opportunities for prospecting or upgrading or change, including horizontal mobilization. A candidate-listing system has been established for the Mission, which is expected to contribute more effectively to addressing such concerns.", "Eligibility requirements for temporary staff", "The cases submitted to the United Nations Ombudsman relate to different interpretations regarding the application of temporary staff seeking any level at which they feel reasonably competitive. As the provisions governing these cases are clear, the systemic issues described in these cases are not of a policy nature, but are not inconsistent with the application of the rules.", "Recommendations", "Human resources personnel and managers should inform staff at all levels of realistic career prospects, the fact that the position is pyramid, the average number of staff promotions and the impact of the downsizing of peacekeeping missions. Managers should provide constructive but honest feedback to their staff, noting the opportunity to promote satisfactory work. In addition, staff who do not have elected positions would benefit from feedback, and managers should provide such feedback if requested.", "It has been foreseen that the involvement of staff is part of the downsizing process in peacekeeping missions. Managers should ensure compliance with the relevant procedures and, where possible, through briefings by managers at all levels, in order to enable staff to understand the direction and decisions identified and to make informed decisions on their own future.", "The desired goal should be adjusted to change the idea that promotion is the only way to be satisfactory. The contribution should be valued at all levels and the satisfaction of the work. Such objective adjustments should be structured through appropriate mechanisms, such as the periodic review of the career and assignment of staff by heads of departments at cross-sectoral meetings. Such a review should pay special attention to staff who have already been able to do so in their positions.", "Redeployments under the management of missions should be implemented to supplement existing staff arrangements to avoid excessive hardship and stagnation. The possibility of expanding the voluntary network exchange initiative (Was programme) should be explored and should ensure the effective implementation of the envisaged mobility policy.", "Evaluation relationships and peer and peer relations", "In 2010, 20 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of IGOs related to evaluation relations, accounting for 19 per cent of cases in the Secretariat, 21 per cent of the funds and programmes cases, and 26 per cent of cases in UNHCR. Concerns relating to respect are the most frequent sub-issues.", "Performance evaluation process", "The provision and constructive feedback are both difficult and complex in a diverse and cultural context. The cases submitted to the Ombudsman exposed weaknesses in the ability of staff and managers to do so. Conflicts also come from differences and expectations with regard to the role of managers. In most of the cases received by UNOCI, the managers expect more democratic and participatory management styles, while managers rely on a more volatile management style, often pointing out the need for work. The source of this conflict is not limited to the performance evaluation process, although it is often triggered by it. Managers sought assistance from the Office of the Ombudsman in response to staff they considered to be difficult, while the staff of the Inspection Office wanted to address such needs: Their leadership should be heard or more understood.", "harassment and abuse of authority", "The difficulty of interaction between the administrator and the custodian led to staff complaints about harassment and abuse of authority, which they considered that there was no other way to address their concerns. During the visit, this trend was also brought to the attention of the United Nations Ombudsman by conduct and discipline units that received such complaints. Many such complaints have been depressioned for long periods and escalated to formal complaints, which could have been avoided if the parties concerned have a more skilled deal.", "Mainstreaming conflict resolution skills and confidence-building", "There is a need for the Organization-wide efforts to improve performance management skills and mainstream conflict resolution techniques as a manager and staff capacity. The latter included confidence-building as an essential element.", "IGO welcomed the Secretary-General's proposal to include conflict resolution techniques as one of the expected leadership qualities in his compact with senior management. It is hoped that this will result in a fall effect for all managers, supervisors and staff. Moreover, the training of conflict resolution techniques at all levels is welcome and systematic responses.", "In addition, in the context of the organizational capacity review conducted by the Office of Human Resources Management, the United Nations Ombudsman recommends that conflict resolution techniques be incorporated into the capacity of all staff. This recommendation is good.", "Respect for pending", "Respect for diversity is one of the core values of the United Nations and all staff should demonstrate this core value in their daily work. Regrettably, that is not always clear. The lack of respect and the lack of trust caused by it is a trigger for any conflict. It was noted that this often occurred in missions, particularly at the affected local level. All persons concerned must ensure that this is given due attention.", "Recommendations", "Greater efforts should be made to increase organizational performance management skills, including missions, and to recognize that the evaluation process and the accompanying continuous dialogue are the shared responsibility of staff and managers.", "The heads of departments and missions shall be directly involved in the performance management of staff in their respective areas of responsibility.", "Conduct and discipline units and OIOS should focus on lessons learned from more management rather than disciplinary complaints to managers and other appropriate officials. Such lessons should be reviewed by the Management Performance Committee and incorporated into leadership and management training programmes.", "Organization-wide efforts to mainstream conflict resolution skills should continue to be carried out on a regular basis, in line with the example established by the Secretary-General and the Management Performance Committee for senior management, training and accountability for staff through evaluation procedures mechanisms.", "Senior management — including senior managers in missions — should be called upon to respect the prioritization of all staff and to strengthen this information at senior management meetings and other appropriate forums.", "Compensation and welfare/service and administration", "In 2010, 15 per cent of the IGO's questions related to compensation and benefits, 16 per cent of Secretariat cases, 17 per cent of the funds and programme cases, and 10 per cent of UNHCR cases.", "These two categories are dealt with together, since many compensation and welfare issues are ultimately the issue of welfare themselves, as well as the manner in which the benefits are implemented and staff are treated in this process.", "Information and recommendations on the rights of staff and positive questions", "The interpretation and application of various rules are not always uniform across the system. One contributing factor may be the large number of changes proposed in previous and ongoing reform processes and the consequent changes in conditions of service.", "IGO confirmed that all relevant information was provided to staff through the Intranet. In this regard, the Ombudsman believes that the recent work on reconfiguration of information on the Intranet (ISeek) is excellent. It was also noted that central communications efforts have also been increased at the decision-making level. However, it seems necessary to better match existing information resources with effective delivery so that the guidelines can be used more effectively and communicated to staff.", "Timely briefings by staff on changes in benefits", "The following cases were brought to the attention of IGOs: changes in the recuperation cycle were, in some cases, communicated after the entry into force, and in other cases different dates of implementation. This makes it difficult for the staff concerned to make advance plans. The Office is taking measures to correct such situations.", "Special post allowance", "The special job allowance is an indemnity for the work carried out at the level higher than the individual level of staff. However, according to the provisions, their payments are freely decided, which, according to the views of some visitors, cannot guarantee equal pay for work of equal value. The procedures for the award of this allowance also relate to steps that seem to be unnecessary, cumbersome and outdated by some, since the task of a more high-level temporary assignment is now due only after the competitive selection process, and that special job allowance rules are not the case.", "Maintenance grant", "The Office of the Ombudsman asked staff members from the Office of Human Resources Management for whom the parents should receive their child support benefits. IGOs are pleased to note that this issue will be answered in the relevant administrative instructions issued next.", "Recommendations", "Staff members should be reviewed, streamlined, harmonized and strengthened at all stages of their career to be informed of their conditions of service, namely, in the course of their use; during induction training on their conditions of service; when their conditions of service have changed throughout their careers; and when they leave. It should be noted that the provision of information in print or electronic media does not substitute for interactive communication with the relevant staff, nor is it effective, since, in such cases, they may refer to questions and be able to resolve them immediately.", "The relevant human resources and administrative staff at all duty stations, including missions, should be ensured with adequate information and training on the application of the rules and user awareness, in order to ensure consistency in the application of the rules and to make staff feel appropriate.", "Consideration should be given to the development of guidelines for the time required to respond to staff queries and other user awareness standards.", "IGO has taken note of the improvement of the notification of the recuperation cycle. However, it is important to ensure that any changes in the right to change are communicated to the relevant staff in a timely manner.", "Special job allowance procedures should be reviewed in order to streamline their implementation and eliminate special job allowance groups.", "Legal, normative, financial and compliance", "In accordance with the standards and categories of issues established by the International Ombudsman Association, the IGO has applied these standards and categories in its report, covering legal, normative, financial and compliance issues, such as harassment, waste, fraud, misappropriation of funds, investigation or disciplinary procedures. During the reporting period, 8 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of IGOs fell under this category, including harassment (excluding sexual harassment) as the most frequent source of concern. The percentage of such issues increased slightly in 2009 (10 per cent). The ombudspersons of foundations and programmes reported that 80 per cent of the cases submitted to their offices indicated that the other party to the conflict was a senior manager or a top-level division. In the Secretariat and UNHCR, legal, normative, financial and compliance issues account for 11 per cent and 8 per cent of the cases.", "Delays in investigations into possible disciplinary matters: update", "The question of investigating delays was addressed in the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/65/303) and continued to be raised as a legitimate point of order in 2010 and from its impact on the development and contractual status of the staff concerned. In this context, IGO welcomes the efforts of the Administration and OIOS at the highest level to address this matter. A comprehensive review has been carried out, initially chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General and later by OIOS, and final recommendations have been made to correct the situation in the context of updating the existing disciplinary process. Such an integrated approach would prejudge the issue and address it on a system-wide basis.", "Although specific cases dealt with were Disciplinary, systemic issues were the capacity to conduct prompt and effective investigations. In addition, many cases raised as complaints of harassment or abuse of power may be duly escalated by the parties concerned. Therefore, system-wide efforts to strengthen performance management and conflict resolution techniques could help to reduce the frequency of the problem.", "Organization, direction and management", "Of the 5 per cent of the issues brought to the attention of IGOs related to organizational, leading and management services, 8 per cent of UNHCR cases, 8 per cent of foundations and programmes and 4 per cent for the Secretariat. This category concerns, inter alia, the organization of environmental and change management and the organization's leadership and management style.", "Strengthening the culture of informal conflict resolution", "The guidance issued by senior management to all heads of departments to encourage and better respond to informal solutions is largely effective and enable managers and administrators to participate further in this process. In order to make the informal process more effective, it is essential to continue such efforts and to ensure more focused and sustained participation by the parties concerned. Experience has shown that, in the early and constructive participation of all parties, positive results can be achieved, resulting in further confidence in the informal conflict resolution and shift from a culture of confrontation to dialogue and a culture of mutual settlement.", "Changes in management", "Generally, the reform of employers that contribute to the organization of the last era, the fulfilment of their mandates and the maintenance of their own competitive and attractiveness is welcomed by staff and management. However, another reform over the past decade, some of which require more work by staff without increasing resources, appears to have led staff and management to the problem of reform fatigue. IGO understands that particular difficulties lie in the retreat and implementation of such reform initiatives, namely how to identify the need for change and then reach the target groups; the extent to which it participates in change management initiatives in order to ensure staff acceptance and commitment to such processes; and the availability, or availability of, the necessary resources and training mechanisms to maintain the sustainability of any reform.", "Recommendations", "Changes in the management and organization of culture, including accountability, should be addressed at the highest level, such as the Management Performance Committee. Change requires a communication strategy and the involvement of staff in decision-making to ensure their “buy” and participation in the process. Every effort should be made to study ways to strengthen this. Most importantly, the implementation and provision of the necessary resources and support for the transition period should be fully considered in the formulation of any reform plan. The latest reform initiatives may be a good opportunity for ongoing and further reform, as described above.", "Security, health, happiness, stress and work/life", "(a) Security, health, happiness, stress and work/life, (b) values, ethics and standards, and (c) services and administration-related issues, accounting for 4 per cent of all issues of the IGO.", "Addressing emergencies and crises affecting staff: update and emerging issues", "One of the core responsibilities of the United Nations is to help others in crises. Unfortunately, since targeted attacks on United Nations personnel and large-scale natural disasters affecting a large number of employees, the Organization needs to develop action plans and special measures to address the needs of staff after such incidents. The Office of the Ombudsman has dealt with this issue for some time. IGO welcomes the establishment, as a first step, of the Task Force on Emergency Preparedness and Support. IGO further welcomes the increased attention and support given to the above-mentioned task forces. [10] The Office of the Ombudsman also pays tribute to the considerable efforts made by the Ministry of Management and the Department of Field Support to compile lessons learned. The Office of the Ombudsman will work with the Emergency Preparedness and Support Task Force to share systemic trends and regulations identified after emergencies and best practices derived from its experience in this area.", "Another issue is the effective implementation of special measures in post-crisis situations and the need to examine such measures or exceptions in critical situations in order to enhance the implementation capacity of the organization before such measures are communicated. In this regard, the Office of the Ombudsman is working with all stakeholders, individuals, workers' associations, and the management and administration sectors to resolve outstanding issues.", "Health and safety issues", "In cases involving medical issues, particularly from the field, most of the concerns are linked to health and safety policy issues, a signal of the need to develop comprehensive health and safety policies for all United Nations staff. OIOS notes that one of the recommendations made by the United Nations Medical Director Working Group is the adoption of occupational safety and health policies. IGO welcomes this recommendation and considers that any occupational safety and health policy must take into account the interrelationship between inappropriate conflict management and negative health consequences.", "For example, the lack of attendance is one of the issues that are often brought to the attention of the Ombudsman, in particular the continued long-term recuperation of sick leave for staff who have suffered higher pressure as a result of conflict in work. When they returned to work, it was found that the working environment was far from improving, often worsened, and had more implications for colleagues — which might be sympathetic to those colleagues before the leave, but later had become dissatisfied because of their full or partial burden on additional work due to lack of work. Thus, as a lack of attendance in the workplace conflict, given its potential impact on productivity and morality, it is a matter that needs to be fully addressed.", "Visitors of the IGO also expressed concern about the selection process of medical board doctors with a review of complaints mandate. In accordance with existing guidelines, the Administration selects a doctor and selects another staff member. The three doctors were then selected. In some cases, two selected doctors were unable to agree on the third doctor, which could result in prolonged delays. In reviewing such cases, IGO noted that the old system, such as the Medical Committee and the Pension Board, was left behind and did not have informal dispute resolution mechanisms. In the new administration of justice, the informal settlement of disputes has been given priority, and therefore it may be necessary to re-examine the policies and working procedures of such committees.", "Recommendations", "In developing special measures for staff affected by the crisis, the question of effective implementation should be taken fully into account in order to make the proposed measures to effectively mitigate the problems they need to address. To that end, it may be useful to develop a model and measures that do not have the potential situation of actual crisis pressure. In this area, cooperation between the Department of Management, the Office of Human Resources Management, the Medical Service and the Department of Field Support has improved at the headquarters and field operations levels, which is encouraging. It should also be noted that, subsequently, a large number of special measures that are extremely helpful to the staff concerned have been implemented without the difficulties mentioned above and the circumstances resulting.", "Staff members shall raise their concerns with the intention of the Office of the Ombudsman and, if so, their will will be respected. When staff contact with or enter formal complaints mechanisms with the Office of the Ombudsman, they do not fear that reprisals will be faced or will be excluded and honoured.", "A comprehensive policy on occupational health and safety should be established, taking into account the negative health consequences that may be caused by poor management conflicts.", "Guidelines for reviewing cases, such as the Medical Committee, should be revised to include, inter alia, informal dispute resolution.", "Statistics: Ombudsman services", "Caseload", "In 2010, the number of cases of IGOs increased by 35 per cent, with 1,764 cases in 2010, compared with 1,287 in 2009.", "[] Number of cases processed by OIA in 2008-2010", "In the Secretariat, demand for services increased during the reporting period, by 2009 to 2010, the number of cases increased by 70 per cent. In 2010, the regional branches dealt with 725 cases and was also a factor in the increase. The staff of the IGO continued to work overloads to meet the needs and to ensure the quality of the services provided in the context of the challenges posed by such growth. It should be noted that the complexity of the case is often significant. It is often the case of visitors, which may involve different policies and practices and require interaction with different stakeholders. For example, a visiting person may be brought to the inspection because he was not chosen to serve in a position, which could also have an impact on performance evaluation, contractual status, rights, welfare and others.", "The case is registered on the basis of the number of visitors, not the number of questions raised by them. The time required to deal with the problem depends on the complexity of the issues raised, generally from two weeks to three months. This involves a number of interviews with each visitor and multiple contacts with relevant stakeholders, including through shuttle mediation, discussions on all aspects of each incident and a mutually agreed solution.", "In 2010, the ombudsmen of foundations and programmes addressed 418 cases. [11] In the first half of the year, the total number of visitors remained stable, as a result of reduced capacity to handle cases. In the second half year, the number of cases increased substantially after the Ombudsman's assignment.", "UNHCR's ombudsman received 140 visitors in 2010 compared to 2009. In addition, the UNHCR Inter-Organizational Adviser Network expanded at the end of 2009 and received 65 visitors in 2010, bringing 87 issues together.", "Population statistics", "Number of cases by office type", "The types of locations in the Office of the Secretariat are divided into: New York, offices away from Headquarters and field missions. The types of offices of the Foundation and the Programme are at headquarters and country offices in Copenhagen and New York, while UNHCR is at Geneva headquarters, the Global Service Centre in Budapest and field offices. Figure III shows the differences between the Secretariat, foundations and programmes, UNHCR visitors by type of office", "In 2010, as in the previous two years, most visitors were working at offices away from Headquarters, country offices and field offices. However, the location of the visitors varies from sector to time.", "Figure III Status of cases by the Office and various entities, by type of office", "[]", "The percentage of cases originating from field missions (only one part of the Secretariat) rose from 24 per cent in 2009 to 34 per cent in 2010. As 60 per cent of Secretariat staff are serving in field missions, the proportion of cases from such personnel may rise further in the future.", "In various funds and programmes, 73 per cent of cases processed during the reporting period were from country offices and 27 per cent from headquarters locations. This is consistent with the results of previous years and reflects the field-oriented nature of these organizations.", "As in 2009, 38 per cent of UNHCR visitors came from headquarters locations and 62 per cent from field offices. This information indicates that the situation observed by 2008 appears to have stabilized, which can be attributed to the results of field visits, particularly after the further expansion of the workplace advisers network, which will be mutually respected with WFP, raising awareness of the roles and functions of the Office of the Ombudsman.", "Occupational groups throughout the scope of inspection", "Since 2008, the largest number of visitors to the IGO have been staff of the Professional category (44 per cent), followed by support staff (19 per cent, compared with 26 per cent in 2008) and 2009.", "Only the Secretariat has a special professional group: field staff — international support staff dedicated to field missions (peacekeeping and special political missions). Of the total number of visitors from the Secretariat, 11 per cent of field staff are present.", "The proportion of visitors from professional groups away from Headquarters has increased. The percentage of local authorities seeking assistance rose from 7 per cent in 2008 and 2009 to 13 per cent in 2010. The percentage of visitors belonging to the category of staff in the field (but only specialized in the Secretariat) also increased from 8 per cent in 2008 and 2009 to 11 per cent in 2010.", "The remaining three occupational categories were: (a) former staff and retirees, (b) volunteers, and (c) the percentage of visitors and more remained stable in 2008 and 2010, at around 3 per cent.", "Figure IV Visitors by occupational groups", "[]", "In the Secretariat, 41 per cent of visitors are professional, and 17 per cent of cases are raised by support staff.", "In various foundations and programmes, as in the past, most cases (54 per cent) visitors come from professional and higher categories of staff. In the General Service category, the number of women (56 per cent) in contact with the Office is higher than men.", "In UNHCR, two thirds of the visitors come from the professional category, showing a proportional increase over the previous year. The number of support staff travelling to the inspection office has fallen, but the number of workplace consultants who visit the mutual respect network has been significantly offset (although not included in the statistics). The number of high-level personnel (P-5 and above) who are associated with IGO consultations with respect to their own concerns or as managers remains at 10 per cent.", "C. Distribution of occupational groups", "The overall distribution of issues varies according to the professional groups. However, some groups have similar places. For example, the distribution of three main types of issues is similar among professionals, support staff, local authorities and volunteers, the most common work and cause, followed by evaluation relationships and compensation and benefits.", "Visitors from the specialized field staff categories of the Secretariat showed a slight variation in distribution: work and cause constituted a major type of problem, compensation and benefits, and, secondly, evaluation relationships were third. The Directors and the above categories show special patterns: For this group, evaluation is the primary type of problem, followed by work and cause and compensation and benefits. The main issue of staff in the “other” category is compensation and welfare.", "Figure V Major types of coverage by occupational groups", "[]", "Conflicts related to interpersonal relations in the workplace are the second common problem of bringing staff to the Office of the Ombudsman in funds and programmes, accounting for 30 per cent of the 2010 cases. There are more women than men who seek employment on interpersonal matters. Staff complaints are often not respected and treated inappropriately to the Inspector General, often manifested in inappropriate disregard of colleagues or lower levels and lack of flexible communication skills. A key feature of active interpersonal relations in the workplace is effective communication and consensus-building through communication.", "In UNHCR, the most frequently mentioned issue of international recruitment of professional staff is evaluation relations, followed by concerns related to work and cause. In contrast, the primary concern of locally recruited professionals is work and cause. The largest number of General Service staff members are related to work and cause, followed by evaluation and peer and colleagues.", "Issues by type of office location", "In 2010, visitors, regardless of their duty stations, raised the most prominent concerns related mainly to work and cause. The second category of issues related to evaluation relations, and compensation and benefits are ranked third. 2009 is the same pattern. Among the Secretariat-specific field missions, work and career-related issues are the highest. Reimbursement and benefits and evaluation relationships are ranked in the second and third sectors, respectively.", "Figure VI", "[]", "Funds and programmes, 73 per cent of cases come from country offices and 27 per cent from Headquarters. In both locations, work and cause-related issues are the basic causes of contact among visitors. The higher proportion of female visitors (29 per cent) is more concerned about the progress or opportunities of the cause than male visitors (19 per cent).", "In UNHCR, a third of the issues raised by Headquarters staff have just been raised. Of this group, two of the most frequent questions were: evaluation relations (33%) and work and cause (15 per cent). In offices away from Headquarters, two of the most frequent questions were: work and cause (32 per cent), and evaluation (28 per cent). In this regard, it is also worth mentioning (although not included in the statistical data presented), the issues raised to each other's environmental advisers relate mainly to work and cause (23 per cent) and peer and colleagues (21 per cent), while evaluation constituted 15 per cent of all issues.", "Statistics: mediation services", "Caseload and results", "The present section provides statistical information on the types of cases and outcomes, population statistics and mediation issues, covering the period from 1 July 2009 to the start of the new judicial administration system until 31 December 2010.", "Figure VII Cases of mediation, 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2010", "[]", "During the period from 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2010, the Mediation Service dealt with 62 cases, of which 28 (45 per cent) were mediation. Of the mediation cases, 21 (75 per cent) were successfully resolved and 7 (25 per cent) did not reach a successful solution. In accordance with the norms of mediation, all parties to the dispute have agreed to conduct mediation. A number of cases (29 per cent) have not been mediated because of the choice of mediation by either party or by both parties after preliminary consultations. At the end of 2010, 13 cases (21 per cent) were ongoing.", "Population statistics", "Figure VIII", "[]", "During the reporting period, most of the cases handled by the Mediation Service originated from offices away from Headquarters (50 per cent). There were 11 cases from field operations (18 per cent), with 20 (32 per cent) at Headquarters. This identifies most cases in the field and therefore requires enhanced capacity to deal with regional cases.", "C. Mediation cases by occupational groups", "Figure IX Mediation cases by occupational groups", "[]", "During the reporting period, the first three categories of professional groups seeking or participating in mediation are as follows: professional category (58 per cent); directors or more (10 per cent); and support personnel (19 per cent). Secondly, staff on the ground and former staff/retires (5 per cent) and Local level/other (two per cent).", "Mediation cases by source", "Figure X Mediation cases by source", "[]", "Mediation may be submitted by a party to a dispute individually or jointly by all parties, or by the Management Evaluation Unit, the United Nations Dispute Tribunal, the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, the Staff Legal Aid Office or other similar units. All requests or transfers concerning mediation are reviewed by the Mediation Service to determine whether the case is appropriate for mediation.", "Of the total cases dealt with during the reporting period, 24 (39 per cent) were requested either by the parties or by multiple requests for the dispute; 13 (21 per cent) were transferred by the Dispute Tribunal; 10 (6 per cent) were initiated as a matter of inspection, followed by mediation. The remaining cases (24%) were transferred by the Staff Legal Aid Office, the Management Evaluation Unit and other organizational units. If the case was found not suitable for mediation, the Ombudsman was transferred.", "The fact that the largest source of the case is the user itself is the result of a joint effort by the Monitoring Service to raise awareness of the procedures and their benefits, and also because of the success of the mediation process. It is expected that future “down” efforts, high-quality services and further decentralized power will result in an increase in the number of cases.", "E. Types of issues", "Figure XI Types of issues addressed by the Mediation Service", "[]", "The largest number of cases submitted to the Monitoring Service is work and cause (38 per cent), including issues related to the status of contracts. The second category is legal, normative, financial and compliance (21 per cent). Evaluation relations are the third category (16%). The second issue relates to compensation and benefits (12 per cent); organizational leadership and management (4 per cent); services and administration (11 per cent); security, health, well-being (11 per cent); and values, ethics and standards (3 per cent).", "Future direction", "Building credibility and conflict management capacities", "IGO will continue to seek to promote a culture of conflict prevention and confidence-building. In this regard, the secretariat, foundations and programmes and UNHCR have planned to further strengthen their respective work in the areas of training, “out” and advocacy. Thus, the IGO's advocacy strategy will focus on three priority areas: (a) promoting informal solutions, including mediation as a first step towards addressing the security of workplace disputes; (b) partnerships with senior management and other important stakeholders to encourage and promote the use of informal conflict resolution mechanisms; and (c) continuing to advocate for a collaborative and conflict prevention culture as an essential component of the organization's health.", "Capacity-building on the ground", "IGOs will strive to enhance their capacity to serve staff on the ground, including in remote areas, to advance the achievements that have been achieved through timely and effective action on the case and to strengthen relations with stakeholders at Headquarters and in various regions. IGOs will continue to explore the possibility of establishing a new regional branches to provide on-site interventions and better channels of communication to remote areas, including special political missions, and fund-raising for this purpose.", "Funds and programmes, as well as UNHCR, will continue to explore options to assess and expand their respective mutually respected workplace advisers network programmes.", "Measuring service effectiveness", "The IGO plans to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of the new structures established in conjunction with foundations and programmes, UNHCR and seven regional offices, under the new judicial administration system launched in July 2009. It is expected that the Panel will identify lessons learned and make recommendations for improving overall service delivery.", "Strengthening of the Mediation Service", "The Mediation Service will strive to consolidate the work that has been accomplished in terms of delivery, quality of services and “out” - - In particular on the ground, and strengthen partnerships with stakeholders within the United Nations system, as well as external professional organizations. In order to strengthen service delivery, the Mediation Service will also study best practices and lessons learned in its first year of operation. It will further develop its roster of mediators to be called and, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, will examine the appropriateness of the mandatory suspension of the declaration time frame in the informal dispute settlement process.", "Promoting change in management procedures", "The Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation was invited to participate in the joint meeting of the Policy Committee and the Management Committee on the reform agenda (May 2011. IGOs are exploring ways of collaboration with the recently established Task Force on Reform Management and assisting in the streamlining and enhancement of the Organization's efficiency by sharing systematic trends and regulations identified by IGOs.", "Financial needs", "Decentralization of authority has given rise to great opportunities for growth and efficiency to the Office, as was the case that the redesign team initially envisaged and subsequently approved by the General Assembly. However, the overall allocation of funds is one of the most critical areas for its operation and effectiveness, but it continues to pose a major challenge. As stated in the previous report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Oversight Services (A/65/303), funds from the regular budget continue to rely on its expansion to meet operational requirements, in particular for regional branches and mediation. This severely hampers the ability of the Office to respond to the needs of its staff on the ground and the ability to intervene on the ground.", "In the course of the implementation of the reforms that started in January 2008, [...] proactively adopted a number of cost-saving measures to address the problem of funding tensions. During this process, IGO recognizes the financial environment in which Member States operate and the Secretary-General's call for all sectors to “minimise money” within existing resources. In keeping with the fact that conflict prevention itself is a cost-saving measure for the Organization, it will continue to explore all opportunities and efficiently utilize existing budgetary allocations. Notwithstanding that, it must be noted that such efforts are not fully compliant with the challenge posed by the management of a dispersed body and that the high demand for informal conflict resolution, as noted at the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, has increased by 70 per cent from 2009 to 2010. [13]", "In paragraphs 24 and 25 of its resolution 63/251, the General Assembly emphasized the importance of ensuring that all staff members use the new judicial administration system, including the rapid response team deployed by the Office of the Ombudsman to respond to the crisis, and requested the Secretary-General to address this funding capacity limit in future budget estimates. This section explains the logical basis for the additional requirements requested by the Office in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/64/2, para. 1) and the areas to be adjusted to meet current needs.", "The Office of the Ombudsman of the Secretariat undertook a comprehensive review in 2007 by an external team. One of the main findings of the Panel is that the demand for services is likely to rise as IGOs are more aware and better. It is important to continuously monitor the ability of the IGO to ensure that it is sufficient to absorb and deal with the volume of cases and to provide adequate and timely follow-up services. Otherwise, there will be a risk of impairing the image of the ombudsman, which may be dealt with by the ombudsman to a formal system and resulting in the accompanying costs and overcrowding, which will lead to a reoccupation of the situation before the creation of an ombudsman. The same concerns remain valid today.", "The regular budget needs of the Office are guided by four main principles:", "(a) Needs assessment based on rising demand for services, taking into account the experience accumulated since the establishment of the Office in 2002 and the dispersion of authority in 2008;", "(b) Provision of equitable channels for all staff, including in remote areas, especially those who are serving in remote and difficult environments;", "(c) To encourage informal conflict resolution, in accordance with the incentives noted in the previous report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office (A/65/303) and subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in paragraph 22 of its resolution 63/251. In this regard, the General Assembly requested that specific funding requirements be included in the programme budget for the implementation of the above-mentioned incentives;", "(d) Strengthening the decentralized structure of the IGO and upgrading administrative capacity to manage its operations more effectively.", "With the establishment of seven regional branches, mediation services and a pool of talented ombudsmen and mediators, the structure of the IGO has changed significantly. Over the past two years, IGO has faced challenges in the day-to-day operations that have affected the management of financial resources and human resources. In its official letter of management of 15 June 2010, the Board noted that, with the dispersion of powers, the issue of day-to-day management was likely to rise and that this would be a full-time task for administrative officials that would provide coherence, consistency and coordination within the decentralized institutions. Since its functions are cross-cutting, IGOs are also increasingly involved in work at Headquarters and in the field to promote conflict prevention and harmony, which requires considerable coordination with the various stakeholders within the Organization. In order to fill these gaps and to enable the United Nations Ombudsman and his staff to fully focus on substantive responsibilities and the resolution of workplace conflicts, I wish to propose the establishment of two professional positions to provide the necessary support to the United Nations Ombudsman, the Chief of the Inspector General and all team.", "Accordingly, it is proposed that the following two positions be established in the biennium 2012-2013:", "(a) Administrative officers (P-4) - to assist the Director of the Inspector General in the management and monitoring of the human and financial resources of the IGO and to ensure consistency and consistency in its standards and functioning. This includes the administration of the ombudsman and mediators to be called upon and the processing of budgetary and financial issues for Headquarters and all branches;", "(b) Special Assistant (P-4) — to support the United Nations Ombudsman (Assistant Secretary-General) in strategic and operational planning and policy coordination and information management. It should be noted that all senior officials of the United Nations Secretariat have such critical support to enable them to focus their efforts exclusively on core responsibilities in providing strategic direction. The Special Assistant will provide support to the United Nations Ombudsman and the Chief of Staff to oversee the day-to-day management of the Office and to coordinate inputs from the various components of the integration structure in order to ensure a good and consistent approach to the operation of the overall operations. The incumbent will also support the United Nations Ombudsman in the handling of high-risk cases and their follow-up, as well as the interaction of the United Nations Ombudsman with his senior counterparts, including in the work of the intergovernmental bodies.", "In order to enable the IGO to intervene in the settlement of disputes through site, the problem of prevention deteriorates and impacts on productivity and morale and prevents cases from moving to costly litigation, with a total of $180,000 in the biennium 2012-2013. Such funding would also provide opportunities for additional activities, for example, conflict management counselling and conflict management at duty stations without an ombudsman. The provision would also enable the regional ombudsman to meet with staff in areas directly responsible and to visit the regional commissions where no ombudsman is currently in place. Management and staff have repeatedly requested such regular visits. In addition, this provision will also be used to establish an ombudsman emergency response team mechanism to respond quickly and quickly to respond in an accidental context. As the informal system was endorsed by a greater number of people in 2010, the number of United Nations ombudspersons or mediators who were required to intervene immediately through the recruitment of ombudspersons and mediators was increased and, at several critical junctures, cannot be dispatched to an ombudsman or mediator team owing to the lack of funding from the brigade. Finally, this provision will also enable the IGO to organize annual leave meetings for all staff of the IGO to share best practices and lessons learned in order to increase the overall operational level of the IGO.", "A total of $1.5 million for training is requested to cover training expenses for staff of the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services (including regional branches), related travel costs and conference costs related to training. This will also enable them to teach conflict management training in their responsible areas to build conflict management capacities. IGO has received increasing demands for such training for staff groups working in conflict resolution as part of conflict prevention and awareness of conflict issues. This approach will enhance the capacity of IGOs, thereby enhancing the capacity of users and other target groups, such as managers.", "Accordingly, if the General Assembly agreed to the above recommendation, additional requirements of $918,400 (before recosting) should be considered in accordance with the provisions governing emergency funding in accordance with the terms of General Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. In this regard, I wish to recall that the General Assembly, in its resolution 3962, approved the total amount of $4,50 million for the biennium 2012-2013.", "All new positions reflected in the present report are proposed to be established effective 1 January 2010. In view of paragraph 20 of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/7), the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions recommended that information on the impact of post delays should be reflected in all relevant new proposals, the General Assembly may wish to note that the full cost of two proposed new posts for the biennium 2009-2010 is currently estimated at $3542,400: section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, and $46,400 under section 37, Staff assessment, offset by the same amount under income section 1.", "Action to be taken by the General Assembly", "Accordingly, if the General Assembly approves the proposal for additional resources contained in the present report, it may wish to:", "(a) To approve the establishment of two P-4 posts within the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, effective 1 January 2012;", "(b) A total amount of $918,400 (before recosting) in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, which includes an increase under “Article 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination” ($725,400); under section 29 D, Office of Central Support Services ($135,800); and under section 37, Staff assessment ($57,200), offset by a corresponding amount under income section 1, Staff assessment income”. These funds will be charged against the contingency fund.", "IGO expects the General Assembly to give favourable consideration to its request for additional resources, to continue to support the informal solution to the key first step in the settlement of disputes in the workplace, and to ratify the recommended incentives, within the system-wide, for the more use of informal conflict resolution.", "Some areas may be specific to a particular entity in the present report and will be noted in one way.", "[2] A/65/373, para.", "[3] A/61/205, para.", "[4] Ibid, para.", "[5] See A/65/303, sect.", "[6] Resolution 63/253, para.", "[7] These categories are: work and cause; evaluation relations; compensation and benefits; legal, normative, financial and compliance; security, health, well-being and the environment; values, ethics and standards; peer and colleague relations; organization, direction and management; affairs and administration.", "[8] This category includes: selection and recruitment; classification; contractual arrangements; career development; assignment of mandates; borrowing/secondary/mobilization; and contract discontinuation.", "[9] These rules do not suspend the rules governing G until the P process, although some staff objected to them. The Office has an opportunity to clarify this in the relevant instructions.", "[10] See the recommendations and updates referred to in A/62/311, 64314 and A/65/303.", "[11] The ombudspersons of foundations and programmes and UNHCR's ombudspersons have issued separate annual reports, which are available on the IGO website.", "[12] See A/65/303, paras.", "[13] A/RES/65/251, para." ]

[ "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组", "第二届工作会议", "2011年8月1日至4日，纽约", "议程项目6", "通过报告", "报告草稿", "报告员：利奥·费伯(卢森堡)", "会议安排", "A. 会议开幕和会期", "1． 老龄问题不限成员名额工作组于2011 年8月1日至4日在联合国总部举行第二届工作会议。工作组共举行了__次会议。", "2． 工作组主席豪尔赫·马丁·阿基略(阿根廷)宣布开会并发言。", "B. 出席情况", "3． 联合国___个会员国的代表出席会议。联合国系统各组织的代表以及政府间组织和非政府组织观察员也出席了会议。与会者名单见http://social.un.org/ ageing-working-group/secondsession.shtml。", "C. 选举主席团成员", "4. 根据大会议事规则第103条，工作组在8月1日举行的第二届工作会议第1次会议上以鼓掌方式选举欧文·尼纳(阿尔巴尼亚)担任副主席。", "D. 议程和工作安排", "5． 在8月1日第二届工作会议第1次会议上，工作组同意以前通过的载于A/AC.278/ 2011/3号文件的其工作会议的临时议程。议程如下：", "1. 选举主席团。", "2. 通过议程和其他组织事项。", "3. 非政府组织参加老龄问题不限成员名额工作组工作。", "4. 现有老龄人权问题国际框架和查明国际一级的现有差距。", "5. 其他事项。", "6. 通过报告。", "6． 在同次会议上，工作组核可了非正式文件所述第二届工作会议的拟议工作安排(仅英文本)。", "E. 非政府组织参加老龄问题不限成员名额工作组的工作", "7. 在第二届工作会议第1 次会议上，工作组决定认可下列非政府组织参加其工作：", "Action Solidaire pour un Développement Entretenu à la Base(多哥)", "Age Concern Ukraine(乌克兰)", "Age UK(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)", "Aging Safely，Inc.(美利坚合众国)", "Alzheimer’s Disease International(联合王国)", "AMD Alliance International(联合王国)", "American Federation for Aging Research(美国)", "Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público de Defesa dos Direitos dos Idosos e Pessoas com Deficiência(巴西)", "Benetas(澳大利亚)", "Beth Johnson Foundation(联合王国)", "Campaign for Human Rights & Development Sierra Leone(塞拉利昂)", "Council on the Ageing Australia(澳大利亚)", "Council on the Ageing(南澳大利亚)Inc.(澳大利亚)", "Council on the Ageing Victoria(澳大利亚)", "DaneAge Association(丹麦)", "Dementia S.A.(南非)", "Development，Welfare & Research Foundation(印度)", "Fiji Council of Social Services(斐济)", "Fundashon Nos Grandinan(荷兰)", "Geriatric Centre Nepal(尼泊尔)", "Janaseva Foundation(印度)", "Jewish Association for Services for the Aged(美国)", "National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys(美国)", "Regional Centre for the Welfare of Ageing Persons in Cameroon(喀麦隆)", "Regional Public Foundation Assistance for the Elderly“Dobroe Delo”(俄罗斯联邦)", "Silver Inning Foundation(印度)", "Volunteers of America，Inc.(美国)", "Život 90(捷克共和国)", "G. 现有老龄人权问题国际框架和查明国际一级现有差距", "[待补]", "H. 通过组织会议的报告", "8． 在8月___日第_____次会议上，工作组通过了载于A/AC.278/2011/L.4号文件的第二届工作会议的报告草稿。", "9. 在同次会议上，工作组获悉，秘书处将与主席团协商，稍后确定主席关于本届会议要点的摘要。", "I. 文件", "10. 工作组第二届工作会议收到的文件清单见ttp://social.un.org/ageing-working- group/secondsession.shtml。" ]

[ "Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "Second working session", "New York, 1-4 August 2011", "Agenda item 6", "Adoption of the report", "Draft report", "Rapporteur: Léo Faber (Luxembourg)", "Organization of the session", "A. Opening and duration of the session", "1. The Open-ended Working Group on Ageing held its second working session at United Nations Headquarters from 1 to 4 August 2011. The Working Group held ___ meetings.", "2. The session was opened by the Chair of the Working Group, Jorge Martín Argüello (Argentina), who made a statement.", "B. Attendance", "3. The session was attended by representatives of ____ States Members of the United Nations. Representatives of organizations of the United Nations system and observers for intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also attended. A list of participants is available from http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/secondsession.shtml.", "C. Election of officers", "4. Pursuant to rule 103 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the Working Group, at the 1st meeting of its second working session, on 1 August, elected Ervin Nina (Albania) as Vice-Chair, by acclamation.", "D. Agenda and organization of work", "5. At the 1st meeting of its second working session, on 1 August, the Working Group agreed to the previously adopted provisional agenda for its working sessions, as contained in document A/AC.278/2011/3. The agenda read as follows:", "1. Election of the Bureau.", "2. Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters.", "3. Participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing.", "4. Existing international framework on the human rights of older persons and identification of existing gaps at the international level.", "5. Other matters.", "6. Adoption of the report.", "6. At the same meeting, the Working Group approved the proposed organization of work for its second working session, as set out in an informal paper, in English only.", "E. Participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "7. At the 1st meeting of its second working session, the Working Group decided to grant accreditation to the following non-governmental organizations to participate in its work:", "Action solidaire pour un développement entretenu à la base (Togo)", "Age Concern Ukraine (Ukraine)", "Age UK (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)", "Aging Safely Inc. (United States of America)", "Alzheimer’s Disease International (United Kingdom)", "AMD Alliance International (United Kingdom)", "American Federation for Aging Research (United States)", "Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público de Defesa dos Direitos dos Idosos e Pessoas com Deficiência (Brazil)", "Benetas (Australia)", "Beth Johnson Foundation (United Kingdom)", "Campaign for Human Rights and Development Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone)", "Council on the Ageing Australia (Australia)", "Council on the Ageing (South Australia) Inc. (Australia)", "Council on the Ageing Victoria (Australia)", "DaneAge Association (Denmark)", "Dementia S.A. (South Africa)", "Development, Welfare and Research Foundation (India)", "Fiji Council of Social Services (Fiji)", "Fundashon Nos Grandinan (Netherlands)", "Geriatric Centre Nepal (Nepal)", "Janaseva Foundation (India)", "Jewish Association for Services for the Aged (United States)", "National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys (United States)", "Regional Centre for the Welfare of Ageing Persons in Cameroon (Cameroon)", "Regional Public Foundation Assistance for the Elderly “Dobroe Delo” (Russian Federation)", "Silver Inning Foundation (India)", "Volunteers of America Inc. (United States)", "Život 90 (Czech Republic)", "F. Existing international framework on the human rights of older persons and identification of existing gaps at the international level", "[To be inserted]", "G. Adoption of the report on the organizational session", "8. At its ____ meeting, on ____ August, the Working Group adopted the draft report on its second working session, as contained in document A/AC.278/2011/L.4.", "9. At the same meeting, the Working Group was informed that the Chair’s summary of the key points of the session would be finalized at a later stage by the Secretariat in collaboration with the Bureau.", "H. Documentation", "10. The list of documents before the Working Group at its second working session is available from http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/secondsession.shtml." ]

[ "Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "Second Working Meeting", "New York, 1-4 August 2011", "Agenda item 6", "Adoption of the report", "Draft report", "Rapporteur: Lio Fiber (Luxembourg)", "Organization of the session", "Opening and duration of the session", "The Open-ended Working Group on Ageing held its second working session at United Nations Headquarters from 1 to 4 August 2011. The Working Group held __ meetings.", "The Chairman of the Working Group, Jorge Martin Akio (Argentina), opened the meeting and made a statement.", "Attendance", "Representatives of the United Nations __ Member States attended. Representatives of organizations of the United Nations system and observers for intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also attended. The list of participants is available at http://social.un.org/ grandworking-group/secondsession.shtml.", "C. Election of officers", "In accordance with rule 103 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, at its 1st meeting, on 1 August, the Working Group elected, by acclamation, Eurovin Nina (Albania) as Vice-Chairperson.", "Agenda and organization of work", "At its 1st meeting, on 1 August, the Working Group agreed on the provisional agenda for its work, as adopted previously in document A/AC.278/2011/3. The agenda reads as follows:", "Election of the Bureau.", "Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters.", "Participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing.", "The existing international framework for the human rights of older persons and the identification of existing gaps at the international level.", "Other matters.", "Adoption of the report.", "At the same meeting, the Working Group endorsed the proposed organization of work for the second working session, as described in the informal paper (English only).", "E. Participation of non-governmental organizations in the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "At its 1st meeting, the Working Group decided to endorse the participation of the following non-governmental organizations in its work:", "Action Solidaire pour un Développement Entretenu à la base (Togo)", "Age concerns Ukraine (Ukraine)", "(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)", "Aging Safely, Inc. (United States of America)", "Alzheimer disease International (United Kingdom)", "AMD International (United Kingdom)", "American Federation for Aging Research (United States of America)", "Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público de Defesa dos Direitos dos Idosos e Pessoas com Deficiência (Brazil)", "Benetas (Australia)", "Beth Johnson Foundation (United Kingdom)", "Campaign for Human Rights & Development Sierra Leone (Sierra Leone)", "Council on the ageing Australia (Australia)", "Council on the retirement (South Australia) Inc. (Australia)", "Council on the Dominican Republic (Australia)", "DaneAge Association (Denmark)", "Dementia S.A. (South Africa)", "Development, Welfare & Research Foundation (India)", "Fiji Council of Social Services (Fiji)", "Fundashon Nos Grandinan (Netherlands)", "Geriatric Centre Nepal (Nepal)", "Janaseva Foundation (India)", "Jewish Association for Services for the Aged (United States of America)", "National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys (United States of America)", "Regional Centre for the Welfare of Persons in Cameroon (Cameroon)", "Regional Public Foundation Assistance for the Elderly “Dobroe Delo” (Russian Federation)", "Silver Inning Foundation (India)", "Finland, Inc. (United States)", "Život 90 (Czech Republic)", "The existing international framework for the human rights of older persons and the identification of existing gaps at the international level", "[To be completed]", "H. Adoption of the report of the organizational session", "At its _____ meeting, on __ August, the Working Group adopted a draft report on its second working session, as contained in document A/AC.278 (2009)L.4.", "At the same meeting, the Working Group was informed that, in consultation with the Bureau, the Secretariat would later determine the Chair's summary of the elements of the session.", "Documentation", "The list of documents before the Working Group at its second working session is available attp http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/secondsession.shtml." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国际人权学习年后续行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会关于国际人权学习年后续行动的第64/82号决议提交，大会在该决议中请秘书长就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "本报告提供信息，说明2009年8月至2011年6月期间为在国际年后续行动中推动人权教育和学习而在国际一级采取的举措。报告着重介绍根据世界人权教育方案以及在人权理事会起草和通过《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》的背景下开展的活动。报告最后认为，联合国的各项举措(如世界方案、《联合国宣言》和国际年)有助于提高全球对人权的认识，更好地了解人权教育和学习作为在全世界促进和保护人权的主要工具所发挥的作用。", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.导言 3\n2.世界人权教育方案(2005至今) 3\nA.世界方案的全球性协调 3\nB.评价第一阶段(2005-2009年)行动计划的执行情况 4\nC.启动第二阶段(2010-2014年)和通过相关行动计划 4\nD.信息共享活动 5\nE.支持国家能力和民间社会倡议 7\n3.联合国人权教育和培训宣言 8\n4.结论 9", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第62/171号决议决定宣布2008年12月10日起算的一年为国际人权学习年，并吁请会员国加紧努力促进地方、国家和国际各级的人权学习和教育，为此目的鼓励在各级与所有相关利益攸关方合作。大会第63/173号决议敦促会员国与相关利益攸关方协调，在联合国人权事务高级专员和人权理事会的支持和配合下，制订国际战略和(或)区域、国家和地方行动计划，以便在各级开展基础广泛和持久的人权学习。大会请秘书长就上述两项决议的执行情况向大会第六十四届会议提出报告。", "2. 为此，大会第六十四届会议收到了秘书长的报告(A/64/293)，其中说明截至2009年8月为实现国际年目标而采取的举措。大会第64/82号决议确认民间社会、学术界、私营部门和媒体，适当情况下也包括议员，能够发挥重要作用，帮助促进和实施人权学习，并鼓励采取行动，由各种利益攸关方在各级开展基础广泛的持久人权学习。决议吁请高级专员和人权理事会大力支持民间社会、私营部门、学术界、区域组织、媒体和其他相关利益攸关方以及联合国系统各组织、方案和基金，并与其密切合作与协作，特别是努力制订战略以及国际、区域、国家和地方的行动纲领，以便开展人权学习。大会同一决议请秘书长就决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "3. 本报告所涉期间为2009年8月至2011年6月，介绍尤其是在世界人权教育方案(2005年至今)以及人权理事会结合《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》制定标准的工作的背景下，由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)协助在国际年后续行动中采取的人权教育、培训和学习举措。", "二. 世界人权教育方案(2005至今)", "A. 世界方案的全球性协调", "4. 大会第59/113A号决议宣布订于2005年1月1日开始分阶段连续实施的世界人权教育方案是一项持续性全球举措。根据大会第59/113 B号决议通过的行动计划(见A/59/525/Rev.1)，第一阶段(2005-2007年)的重点是将人权教育纳入中小学系统。后来，人权理事会第6/24号决议将该计划第一阶段延长两年，到2009年12月为止。", "5. 世界方案第二阶段(2010-2014年)的重点是高等院校的人权教育，以及对各级教师和教育工作者、公务员、执法人员和军人的人权培训。人权理事会第15/11号决议通过了相关行动计划(见A/HRC/15/28)。", "6. 本报告所述期间，人权高专办继续促进第一和第二阶段行动计划，协助会员国在国家一级执行行动计划。人权高专办经常与各国政府、联合国实体和其他政府间组织及民间社会等广泛的行为体联系，提供信息、出版物、咨询和其他支助，参加相关活动。", "B. 评价第一阶段(2005-2009年)行动计划的执行情况", "7. 从2009年8月至2010年年中，人权高专办继续为学校系统中人权教育的联合国机构间协调委员会提供秘书处服务，委员会成立于2006年9月世界方案第一阶段期间，目的是促进联合国为各国执行中小学系统人权教育提供的协调支助。[1]", "8. 从2009年最后一个季度至2010年年中，协调委员会根据人权理事会第12/4号决议，对各国执行世界方案第一阶段(2005-2009年)的情况作出最后评价。2009年12月3日，协调委员会举行第7次、也是最后一次会议，特别讨论了评价方法，并商定为此目的拟定一份评价问卷。", "9. 向大会第六十五届会议提交的最后评价报告(A/65/322)是在76国报告的基础上制定的。报告发现，会员国已采取一些措施将人权教育纳入学校系统；尤其是在将人权教育纳入全国的课程方面取得了显著进展。报告指出，一些国家在政策和行动方面采取举措，在学校的日常生活中培养尊重人权的文化。报告发现在执行方面存在某些差距，表明需要在国家一级采取更加全面和系统的方法。为此，鼓励会员国在行动计划的指导下继续开展执行工作，进一步巩固取得的进展。", "10. 高级专员办事处在与人权教育各种利益攸关方的接触中一直在传播最后评价结果。最后评价报告和各自国家的报告可在专门网页上查阅，其中还载有政府在评价报告完成后提交的国家报告。[2]", "11. 2010年6月12日，协调委员会利用世界无童工日发表了第三份联合声明，敦请会员国进一步促进人权教育，将其作为实现到2016年消除最恶劣形式童工劳动的目标的一种手段。[3]", "12. 协调委员会的任期随世界方案第一阶段结束而届满。不过，人权高专办继续定期与联合国其他实体协作，在全球促进人权教育。", "C. 启动第二阶段(2010-2014年)和通过相关行动计划", "13. 根据人权理事会第10/3号决议，高级专员与会员国、国家人权机构、国际组织和非政府组织进行协商，讨论世界方案第二阶段的可能重点。2009年8月将协商结果提交给了理事会(A/HRC/12/36)。为促进就第二阶段的重点和期限进行讨论和帮助作出决策，具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议人权教育和学习工作组于2009年9月18日在日内瓦召集小组会议，讨论从世界方案第一阶段向第二阶段过渡的问题。小组成员包括赞助国政府(哥斯达黎加)、人权高专办、摩洛哥人权问题咨询委员会和两个民间社会组织。", "14. 人权理事会第12/4号决议决定第二阶段(2010-2014年)的重点是高等院校，以及各级教师和教育工作者、公务员、执法人员和军人的人权培训方案；并鼓励尚未这样做的会员国将人权教育纳入中小学系统。理事会请人权高专办与相关政府间组织，特别是联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和非政府行为体合作，准备就第二阶段行动计划与各国进行协商，并将其提交理事会第十五届会议审议。", "15. 为此，人权高专办经与教科文组织和其他利益攸关方协商后，拟定了第二阶段行动计划草案(见A/HRC/15/28)。计划草案提交各国政府审查，根据其意见进行了修改，并获理事会第十五届会议通过(第15/11号决议)。在这届会议期间，人权教育和学习工作组举办了由人权高专办和赞助国政府参加的小组讨论会，目的是提高对第二阶段行动计划的认识和促进其实施。", "16. 第二阶段行动计划为政府行动提供了一般框架，为国家执行工作提供了注重实际的实质性指导。计划将人权教育定义为“为建立普遍人权文化在提供学习、教育、培训和信息方面作出的任何努力”(A/HRC/15/28、第3段)。计划强调，“学习的所有要素和过程，包括教学大纲、教材、方法和培训，都应有助于人权学习”(A/HRC/15/28、第22(a)段)，该计划促进利用以学员为中心的方式方法，让学员积极参与学习进程，以及审核和修订教学材料，确保其符合人权原则(A/HRC/15/28、第28和44段)。", "17. 人权高专办正与教科文组织一起以政府、国家人权机构、民间社会组织、高等教育机构和政府间组织等相关人权教育利益攸关方为对象，实施行动计划传播战略。", "18. 根据理事会第15/11号决议，人权高专办将向人权理事会2012年最后一届会议提交一份世界方案的执行进展报告。", "D. 信息共享活动", "19. 高级专员办事处继续通过信息共享和联网活动，提高各级对人权教育举措的认识。[4] 人权高专办维持和进一步扩充英文、法文和西班牙文版的世界方案网页。[5] 网页除其他外载有各国政府提供的与学校人权教育有关的国家举措和国家人权教育整体计划和战略。", "20. 高级专员办事处支持记载、收集和传播区域一级人权教育的良好做法。2009年10月，人权高专办与欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室、教科文组织和欧洲委员会联合编印和发表了一份良好做法简编。题为：《欧洲、中亚和北美学校系统中的人权教育：良好做法简编》英文和俄文本出版物的印刷版业已面世，另有光盘和令人关注的电子版格式。[6]", "21. 人权高专办继续借鉴良好做法，选择性地编制和传播人权培训和教育材料及方法。[7] 2011年3月，该办事处与埃奎塔斯国际人权教育中心联合出版了《评价人权培训活动：人权教育者手册》的出版物，[8] 目的是支持严格、系统和持续评价为成人学员开展的人权培训活动，以便尽可能扩大和衡量培训效应。该手册以现有教育评价的研究和实践为基础，确保人权教育者掌握评价方面的基本知识，并分步骤提供指导，包括提供例子说明可适用不同情况的工具和技能。目前正在完成的另一个方法工具是为政府提供将人权教育纳入学校系统的自我评估指南。", "22. 人权教育和培训资源总汇和人权教育和培训数据库是人权高专办开发的两大资源。资源总汇是日内瓦人权高专办图书馆的一个专设部分，从世界各地收集了2 000多份人权教育和培训材料；本报告审查期间，又新添置了400多份。[9] 建立数据库是为了促进世界各地学习方案和教育机构的信息共享，[10] 其中载有1 100多个人权机构方案和350个人权培训方案的信息。该数据库具有多种功能，能够方便用户和进行互动。特别是，用户可通过一项多重搜索方式按方案或机构类别、国家和目标群体，对机构和方案进行定制搜索。", "23. 为了在全球传播《世界人权宣言》，人权高专办广泛收集不同国家语言和地方方言版《宣言》，作成汇编载于其网站，并另有一个印刷版和其他材料汇编。两个汇编最初的编制工作是在联合国人权教育十年(1995-2004年)背景下进行的，这些年来已稳步成长。目前，《世界人权宣言》已有375种国家和地方语言及地方方言版本，各种材料的汇编现已超过350个项目，如印刷材料、音像资源和广泛的纪念品。", "24. 作为其日常外联活动的一部分，人权高专办对政府和非政府实体，包括学术界有关人权教育的询问作出应答，并提供相关咨询服务和其他指导。人权高专办的赠款、出版物、人权高专办专门工作人员的参与及其他投入支持了由其他行为体举办的国际和区域人权教育活动。", "25. 欧洲委员会发起了一个公民和人权教育国际联络小组，以确保区域和国际密切合作在公民和人权教育领域采取各项举措，包括共享信息和开展联合活动。现任成员包括欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟委员会、欧洲联盟基本权利机构、人权高专办、欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室和教科文组织。将进一步探讨与其他区域组织的合作。", "26. 国家人权机构是人权教育的关键行为体，2010和2011年在日内瓦举行的促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会第二十三届和第二十四届会议期间，举行了人权教育专题会议。在2010年3月25日第二十三届会议期间，举行了推动人权教育和培训小组讨论会，小组成员是来自人权理事会咨询委员会、摩洛哥国家人权机构和人权高专办的代表。在2011年5月18日第二十四届会议期间，举行了关于国家人权机构以及人权教育和培训的小组专题讨论会。代表摩洛哥、爱尔兰、萨尔瓦多和印度国家人权机构的小组成员交流了通过人权教育和培训促进人权文化方面的经验。", "E. 支持国家能力和民间社会倡议", "27. 人权高专办通过其外地存在以及在总部支持各国建立人权教育和培训能力。人权高专办加大努力，加强国家对部署在维持和平行动中的军人、警察和其他工作人员进行人权培训的能力。它还与联合国训练研究所(训研所)合作，制定和实施人权高专办/训研所的外交人员人权概况介绍方案。该方案的目的是加强政府官员对人权高专办和联合国人权保护制度的了解。自2009年以来，每年都在日内瓦和纽约组织方案，在亚的斯亚贝巴也举办过一次方案。在吉布提、厄瓜多尔、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和泰国，为国家人权机构举办了人权监测方法培训课程。位于多哈的联合国西南亚和阿拉伯区域人权培训和文献中心2010年的重点是在该区域确立其存在，作为建立义务承担者和权利拥有者人权能力的伙伴，以及学习、记载和交流积极做法的英才中心。通过与人权高专办、欧洲大学间人权和民主化中心和俄罗斯大学联盟的一个联合项目，俄罗斯联邦首次设立了人权硕士课程；人权高专办还协助设立了研究人权问题的大学间资源中心，并向该中心提供设备。", "28. 大量人权培训活动是由人权高专办各个外地单位开展的。一份不完整活动清单[11] 包括了几内亚和乌干达选举期间的人权监测培训、多哥和塞拉利昂安全部队的人权培训、科特迪瓦关于人权宣传的民间社会培训以及达尔富尔和刚果民主共和国司法人员培训。在人权高专办的支持下，柬埔寨拟定了一项监狱工作人员全面培训计划，后得到内政部批准。在秘鲁，为法官和检察官组织了土著人民权利培训课程。在尼泊尔，为地方政府官员、民间社会组织和社区团体组织了监督经济、社会和文化权利讲习班。在西非区域，针对地方行为体提供了经济、社会和文化权利可受理性和国内适用性培训。在海地、人权高专办通过保护问题培训和其他手段，支持让境内流离失所者，特别是妇女团体参与境内流离失所者营地的管理，并起草其居住地区的保护战略。在塞尔维亚举办了适当住房权讲习班。在东帝汶，为了加强国家机构和促进过渡司法，向政府官员和民间社会组织提供了技术咨询和培训。", "29. 有关联合国人权机制的培训，在一些区域和国家，包括中东、尼日尔、索马里、缅甸、洪都拉斯、巴拿马和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国举办了普遍定期审查工作讲习班。人权高专办还进行关于报告和执行联合国条约机构建议的培训。2010年，应有关缔约国请求，在巴林、白俄罗斯、佛得角、中国(香港特别行政区)、日本、哈萨克斯坦、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、墨西哥、秘鲁、卡塔尔、塞内加尔和土库曼斯坦共进行了12次关于共同核心文件、具体条约准则、报告、个人来文和对建议采取后续行动的能力建设和培训活动。", "30. 共助社区项目是人权高专办和联合国开发计划署(计划署)为支持在选定国家采取基层人权教育举措而提出的一项联合倡议。自1998年启动以来，该项目向700多个国家和地方民间社会组织提供了小额赠款。[12] 2011年4月，人权高专办和开发署启动了项目第七阶段(2011-2012年)，尤其侧重于按照人权高专办2010-2011两年期六个优先专题之一，支持开展活动，反对以任何理由和针对任何群体进行歧视。2011年，人权高专办和开发署将向14个国家授予赠款。[13]", "三. 联合国人权教育和培训宣言", "31. 本报告所述期间，人权高专办继续促进人权理事会推行由人权教育和培训平台[14] 牵头提出的关于起草人权教育和培训宣言的倡议。该倡议是人权理事会在2007年9月第6/10号决议中发起的，理事会在决议中请人权理事会咨询委员会起草宣言草案。2008年8月至2010年1月期间，咨询委员会的一个起草小组从事宣言编制工作，咨询委员会根据理事会第6/10号和第10/28号决议[15] 将宣言草案转交人权理事会第十三届会议审议。", "32. 在理事会第十三届会议期间举行的理事会高级别会议讨论了咨询委员会转递的宣言草案。理事会第13/15号决议决定设立一个不限成员名额政府间工作组，在理事会第十六届会议之前举行会议，最多为时五个工作日，在咨询委员会提交的草案基础上，就宣言草案进行谈判，最后定稿并将其提交理事会。", "33. 在召集工作组之前，人权教育和培训平台于2010年6月24日、9月3日和12月14日就咨询委员会提交的案文进行不限成员名额非正式协商，随后咨询委员会修订了案文。", "34. 2011年1月10日至14日，由人权高专办提供秘书处服务的工作组在日内瓦开会，就联合国宣言草案进行谈判和最后定稿，工作组通过了宣言草案并将其提交人权理事会第十六届会议审议。[16] 理事会3月23日第16/1号决议通过了《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》，并建议大会通过该项宣言。[17]", "35. 《宣言》将人权教育和培训定义为“一切旨在推动普遍尊重和遵守人权与基本自由的教育、培训、提供信息、提高认识和学习活动，从而除其他外，促进防止侵犯和侵害人权，向人们提供知识、技能、认识和培养态度和行为，以增强他们的权能，为建设和促进世界人权文化作出贡献”(第2.1条)。", "36. 民间社会为起草工作作出贡献，在理事会各届会议期间提供书面意见、发表书面和口头声明，除其他外，参加不限成员名额工作组的三次非正式协商和会议。日内瓦的非政府组织会议人权教育和学习工作组与理事会第十三届会议和第十六届会议同期组织了两次关于宣言草案的小组讨论会(分别于2010年3月17日和2011年3月11日)，赞助国政府、国家人权机构、学术界和活跃于人权教育领域的非政府组织代表参加了小组讨论会。", "37. 高级专员办事处建立了一个关于《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》的专门网页。[18] 网页将得到提升，以反映大会第六十六届会议审议《宣言》的情况。", "四. 结论", "38. 在2008年12月10日开始的国际人权学习年的后续行动中，国际社会为人权教育和学习作出很多努力。这表现在政府机构、国家人权机构、政府间组织和民间社会行为体对人权教育和学习的兴趣与日俱增。国际人权学习年、世界人权教育方案和《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》等举措所产生的协同增效作用促进了人权教育和培训方面的整体进展，包括制定国家战略、扩大国家、区域和国际合作、增加共享信息资源和方法工具的数量以及加强政府在国际一级的承诺，这些都对国家所作努力的可持续性产生积极效应。", "[1] 协调委员会由下列实体组成：国际劳工组织、人权高专办、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署、联合国发展集团、联合国开发计划署、新闻司、联合国教育、科学及文化组织及其国际教育局、联合国人口基金、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国儿童基金会、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处和世界银行。欧洲委员会以观察员身份参加。关于该机构间委员会，详见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UN-inter-agency.htm。", "[2] 见www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/evaluationWPHRE.htm。", "[3] 声明全文见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/joint_statements.htm。", "[4] 有关活动信息详见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/index.htm。", "[5] 见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/programme.htm。", "[6] 见：www.ohchr.org/EN/PublicationsResources/Pages/TrainingEducation.aspx。", "[7] 人权高专办的出版物，包括相关电子版本，见：www.ohchr.org/EN/PublicationsResources/ Pages/Publications.aspx.", "[8] 英文版见：http://equitas.org/en/popular/may-10-2011-publication-of-evaluating-human-rights- training-activities-a-handbook-for-human-rights-educators/.法文版和西班牙文版分别于2011年12月和9月推出。", "[9] 有关目录见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/collection.htm。", "[10] 可从下列网址进入数据库：http://hre.ohchr.org/hret。", "[11] 更完整信息见下列网址的《2010年人权高专办报告》：www2.ohchr.org/english/ohchrreport2010/ web_version/ohchr_report2010_web/index.html#/home。", "[12] 见：www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/act.htm。", "[13] 喀麦隆、佛得角、中非共和国、吉布提、厄瓜多尔、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、伊拉克、科索沃、毛里塔尼亚、摩尔多瓦共和国、塞内加尔、多哥、乌干达和乌拉圭。", "[14] 人权教育和培训平台是由哥斯达黎加、意大利、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞内加尔、斯洛文尼亚和瑞士组成的一个非正式、跨区域政府小组。", "[15] 见咨询委员会第四届会议报告(A/HRC/AC/4/4)，建议4/2。", "[16] 另见不限成员名额工作组报告(A/HRC/WG.9/1/3)。", "[17] 理事会通过的《宣言》案文载于第16/1号决议附件。", "[18] http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UNDHREducationTraining.htm。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 64/82, concerning the follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "The report provides information about initiatives undertaken at the international level during the period from August 2009 and June 2011 to advance human rights education and learning in follow-up to the International Year. It highlights activities carried out in the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education and the drafting and adoption by the Human Rights Council of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. The report concludes that United Nations initiatives, such as the World Programme, the United Nations Declaration and the International Year, contribute to increasing global awareness of human rights and the role of human rights education and learning as significant instruments in promoting and protecting human rights throughout the world.", "* A/66/150.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. World 3 Programme for Human Rights Education \n(2005-ongoing) A.Global 3 coordination of the World \nProgramme B.Evaluation 4 of the implementation of the plan of action for the first phase \n(2005-2009) C.Launch 5 of the second phase (2010-2014) and adoption of the related plan of \naction D.Activities 6 aimed at information \nsharing E.Supporting 8 national capacities and civil society \ninitiatives III. United 10 Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and \nTraining \nIV.Conclusions 11", "I. Introduction", "1. By resolution 62/171, the General Assembly decided that the year commencing on 10 December 2008 should be proclaimed the International Year of Human Rights Learning, called upon Member States to intensify their efforts to promote human rights learning and education at the local, national and international levels and, to that end, encouraged cooperation at all levels and with all relevant stakeholders. By resolution 63/173, the Assembly urged Member States, in coordination with relevant stakeholders and with the support and collaboration of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Human Rights Council, to develop international strategies and/or regional, national and local plans of action aimed at broad-based and sustained human rights learning at all levels. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it on the implementation of both resolutions at its sixty-fourth session.", "2. Accordingly, at its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly had before it a report of the Secretary-General (A/64/293), which provided information on the initiatives undertaken up to August 2009 to achieve the objectives of the International Year. In resolution 64/82, the Assembly, acknowledging that civil society, academia, the private sector, the media and, where appropriate, parliamentarians could play an important role in the promotion and implementation of learning about human rights, encouraged action aimed at broad-based and sustained human rights learning at all levels by a variety of stakeholders. It called upon the High Commissioner and the Human Rights Council to support, cooperate and collaborate closely with civil society, the private sector, academia, regional organizations, the media and other relevant stakeholders, as well as with organizations, programmes and funds of the United Nations system, in efforts to develop, in particular, the design of strategies and international, regional, national and local programmes of action aimed at such learning. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution.", "3. The present report covers the period from August 2009 to June 2011 and describes human rights education, training and learning initiatives undertaken in follow-up to the International Year, which were facilitated by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), particularly in the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005-ongoing), as well as the standard-setting efforts of the Human Rights Council with relation to the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training.", "II. World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005‑ongoing)", "A. Global coordination of the World Programme", "4. The World Programme for Human Rights Education was proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 59/113 A as an ongoing global initiative, structured in consecutive phases which were scheduled to begin on 1 January 2005. In accordance with the plan of action adopted by the Assembly in resolution 59/113 B (see A/59/525/Rev.1), the first phase (2005-2007) was focused on the integration of human rights education into primary and secondary school systems. Subsequently, by resolution 6/24, the Human Rights Council extended the first phase of the plan for two more years, until December 2009.", "5. The second phase (2010-2014) of the World Programme is focused on human rights education in higher education and on human rights training for teachers and educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel. The related plan of action (see A/HRC/15/28) was adopted by the Human Rights Council in resolution 15/11.", "6. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to promote the plans of action for the first and second phases and to assist Member States in their implementation at the national level. OHCHR frequently interacted with a wide range of actors, such as Governments, United Nations entities and other intergovernmental organizations, as well as civil society, it provided information, publications, advice and other support and it participated in relevant events.", "B. Evaluation of the implementation of the plan of action for the first phase (2005-2009)", "7. During the period from August 2009 to mid-2010, OHCHR continued to provide the secretariat for the United Nations Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee on Human Rights Education in the School System, which had been established in September 2006 in the context of the World Programme’s first phase with the aim of facilitating coordinated United Nations support for the national implementation of human rights education in primary and secondary school systems.[1]", "8. During the period between the last quarter of 2009 and mid-2010, the Coordinating Committee carried out the final evaluation of national implementation of the first phase (2005-2009) of the World Programme, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 12/4. The Coordinating Committee held its seventh and final meeting on 3 December 2009 when it discussed in particular the evaluation methodology and agreed on an evaluation questionnaire developed for that purpose.", "9. The final evaluation report (A/65/322), elaborated on the basis of 76 national reports, was submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session. According to the report, Member States had taken some measures to integrate human rights education in their school systems; particularly notable progress had been made in making human rights education part of national curricula. A number of national initiatives were reported, in terms of policy and action to foster a culture of respect for human rights in daily school life. The report identified certain gaps in implementation, which suggested the need for a more comprehensive and systematic approach at the national level. Accordingly, Member States were encouraged to consolidate progress further by continuing implementation in line with the guidance provided by the plan of action.", "10. The Office of the High Commissioner has been disseminating the findings of the final evaluation in its contacts with various human rights education stakeholders. The final evaluation report and individual national submissions are available for consultation on a dedicated web page, which also contains the national reports submitted by Governments after the finalization of the evaluation report.[2]", "11. On 12 June 2010, the Coordinating Committee issued a third joint statement on the occasion of the World Day against Child Labour, urging Member States to further promote human rights education as a means of achieving the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016.[3]", "12. The mandate of the Coordinating Committee expired with the conclusion of the first phase of the World Programme. OHCHR, however, continues to collaborate on a regular basis with other United Nations entities in the global promotion of human rights education.", "C. Launch of the second phase (2010-2014) and adoption of the related plan of action", "13. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 10/3, the High Commissioner consulted with Member States, national human rights institutions and international and non-governmental organizations on the possible focus for the second phase of the World Programme. In August 2009, the findings of the consultation were presented to the Council (A/HRC/12/36). To stimulate discussions and facilitate the decision-making on the focus and length of the second phase, the Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (CONGO) convened in Geneva, on 18 September 2009, a panel which discussed the transition from the first to the second phase of the World Programme. Panellists included representatives of the sponsoring Government (Costa Rica), OHCHR, the Advisory Council on Human Rights of Morocco and two civil society organizations.", "14. The Human Rights Council, by resolution 12/4, decided to focus the second phase (2010-2014) on higher education and on human rights training programmes for teachers and educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel at all levels, and encouraged Member States that had not yet done so to incorporate human rights education in primary and secondary school systems. The Council requested OHCHR to prepare, in cooperation with relevant intergovernmental organizations, in particular the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and non-governmental actors, to consult States on and submit to it for consideration at its fifteenth session a plan of action for the second phase.", "15. Accordingly, OHCHR, in consultation with UNESCO and other stakeholders, elaborated a draft plan of action for the second phase (see A/HRC/15/28). The draft plan, which was submitted to Governments for review and revised in the light of their comments, was adopted by the Council at its fifteenth session (resolution 15/11). During that session, the CONGO Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning convened a discussion panel with the participation of OHCHR and sponsoring Governments, aimed at increasing awareness of the plan of action for the second phase and at promoting its implementation.", "16. The plan of action for the second phase provides a general framework for action by Governments and substantive practical guidance for national implementation. It defines human rights education as “any learning, education, training and information efforts aimed at building a universal culture of human rights” (A/HRC/15/28, para. 3). It stresses that “all the components and processes of learning, including curricula, materials, methods and training, should be conducive to the learning of human rights” (A/HRC/15/28, para. 22 (a)) and it promotes the use of learner-centred methods and approaches, the active involvement of learners in learning processes, and the review and revision of teaching and learning materials to ensure that they conform to human rights principles (A/HRC/15/28, paras. 28 and 44).", "17. Together with UNESCO, OHCHR is currently implementing dissemination strategies for the plan of action, targeting relevant human rights education stakeholders, including Governments, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, higher education institutions and intergovernmental organizations.", "18. In accordance with Council resolution 15/11, OHCHR will submit a progress report on the implementation of the World Programme to the Human Rights Council at its last session in 2012.", "D. Activities aimed at information sharing", "19. The Office of the High Commissioner has continued to raise awareness of human rights education initiatives at various levels through information sharing and networking activities.[4] OHCHR has maintained and further expanded the web pages[5] on the World Programme, which are available in English, French and Spanish. The pages contain, inter alia, information received from Governments on national initiatives related to human rights education in schools and on overall national plans and strategies for human rights education.", "20. The Office of the High Commissioner has supported the documentation, collection and dissemination of good practices on human rights education at the regional level. A compendium of good practice was developed and published jointly in October 2009 by OHCHR, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, UNESCO and the Council of Europe. The publication, entitled Human Rights Education in the School Systems of Europe, Central Asia and North America: A Compendium of Good Practice, is available in English and Russian, in print, as a CD and in an attractive electronic format.[6]", "21. The Office has continued to develop and disseminate selected human rights training and education materials and methodologies based on good practice.[7] In March 2011, it published, jointly with EQUITAS-The International Centre for Human Rights Education, Evaluating Human Rights Training Activities: A Handbook for Human Rights Educators,[8] which is aimed at supporting the rigorous, systematic and continuous evaluation of human rights training activities for adult learners with a view to maximizing and measuring training impact. The handbook, building on existing research and practice in educational evaluation, equips human rights educators with basic knowledge in evaluation and provides step-by-step guidance, including examples of tools and techniques that can be adapted to different contexts. Another methodological tool currently being finalized is a self-assessment guide for Governments on the integration of human rights education into the school system.", "22. Two major resources developed by OHCHR are the Resource Collection on Human Rights Education and Training and the database on human rights education and training. The Resource Collection, a specialized section of the OHCHR library in Geneva, gathers more than 2,000 human rights education and training materials from around the world; more than 400 new acquisitions were added in the period under review.[9] The database is intended to facilitate the sharing of information in regard to learning programmes and educational institutions throughout the world,[10] and contains information on the programmes of over 1,100 human rights institution and 350 human rights training. The database has various functions which make it user-friendly and interactive. Most notably, a multiple search option allows users to carry out a customized search for institutions and programmes by programme or institution type, country and target group. New entries are added on a regular basis.", "23. With a view to globally disseminating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, OHCHR maintains an extensive collection of the Declaration in various languages and dialects, all available from the OHCHR website, and a collection of printed and other material. Both collections were initiated in the context of the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004) and have grown steadily over the years. At present, the text of the Universal Declaration is available in over 375 national and local languages and dialects, and the collection of materials now comprises more than 350 items, such as printed materials, audio-visual resources and a broad range of commemorative items.", "24. As part of its daily outreach activities, OHCHR has responded to human rights education queries from governmental and non-governmental entities, including academia, and provided related reference services and other guidance. OHCHR grants, publications, the participation of specialized OHCHR staff and other contributions have supported the international and regional human rights education activities organized by other actors.", "25. The Council of Europe has initiated an international contact group on citizenship and human rights education to ensure close cooperation among regional and international initiatives in the field of citizenship and human rights education, including the sharing of information and the implementation of joint activities. Current members include the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, OHCHR, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and UNESCO. Cooperation with other regional organizations will be further explored.", "26. National human rights institutions are key actors in human rights education and, during the twenty-third and twenty-fourth annual meetings of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights held in Geneva in 2010 and 2011, thematic sessions were convened on human rights education. At the twenty-third meeting, a panel discussion of developments in human rights education and training was held on 25 March 2010, with panellists representing the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, the national human rights institution of Morocco and OHCHR. At the twenty-fourth meeting, a thematic panel discussion of national human rights institutions and human rights education and training was held on 18 May 2011. Panellists representing the national human rights institutions of Morocco, Ireland, El Salvador and India exchanged their experiences in promoting a human rights culture through human rights education and training.", "E. Supporting national capacities and civil society initiatives", "27. National capacities for human rights education and training have been supported through OHCHR field presences and headquarters. OHCHR has enhanced its efforts to strengthen national capacities for human rights training of military, police and other staff deployed to peacekeeping operations. It has also developed and implemented, in cooperation with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the OHCHR/UNITAR Human Rights Orientation Programme for Diplomats. The programme is aimed at enhancing understanding by governmental officials of OHCHR and the United Nations human rights protection system. Since 2009, programmes have been organized each year in Geneva and New York, and one has been held in Addis Ababa. Training courses on human rights monitoring methodologies for national human rights institutions were held in Djibouti, Ecuador, the United Republic of Tanzania and Thailand. The United Nations Training and Documentation Centre for South-West Asia and the Arab Region, located in Doha, focused in 2010 on establishing its presence in the region as a partner for building the human rights capacity of duty bearers and rights holders, and as a centre of excellence for learning, documentation and the exchange of positive practice. A human rights Masters programme, the first of its kind in the Russian Federation, has been established through a joint project of OHCHR, the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation and the Russian University Consortium; OHCHR has also facilitated the creation of an inter-university resource centre for research on human rights issues and provided the centre with equipment.", "28. A significant number of human rights training activities has been carried out by various OHCHR field presences. A non-exhaustive list of the activities[11] includes training on human rights monitoring during elections in Guinea and Uganda, human rights training for security forces in Togo and Sierra Leone, training for civil society on human rights advocacy in Côte d’Ivoire, and training for judicial actors in Darfur and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Cambodia, OHCHR supported the development of a comprehensive training plan for prison staff, which was subsequently approved by the Ministry of Interior. In Peru, a training course on indigenous people’s rights was organized for judges and public prosecutors. In Nepal, workshops on monitoring economic, social and cultural rights were organized for local government officials, civil society organizations and community-based groups. Targeted training on the justiciability and domestic application of economic, social and cultural rights was provided to local actors in the West Africa region. In Haiti, OHCHR supported, through training on protection issues and by other means, the integration of internally displaced persons and, in particular, involvement of women’s groups in the management of camps for internally displaced persons and the drawing up of protection strategies in their areas of residence. Workshops on the right to adequate housing were held in Serbia. In Timor-Leste, technical advice and training were provided to government officials and civil society organizations to strengthen national institutions and promote transitional justice.", "29. With respect to training on United Nations human rights mechanisms, workshops on the universal periodic review process were organized in a number of regions and countries, including the Middle East, the Niger, Somalia, Myanmar, Honduras, Panama and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. OHCHR also conducted training on the reporting and implementation of recommendations of United Nations treaty bodies. In 2010, a total of 12 capacity-building and training activities concerning the common core document and treaty-specific guidelines, reporting, individual communications and follow-up to recommendations were carried out with State parties, at their request, in Bahrain, Belarus, Cape Verde, China (Hong Kong SAR), Japan, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Qatar, Senegal and Turkmenistan.", "30. The Assisting Communities Together (ACT) project is a joint initiative of OHCHR and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in support of grass-roots human rights education initiatives in selected countries. Since its launch in 1998, the project has provided small grants to over 700 national and local civil society organizations.[12] The seventh phase (2011-2012) of the project was launched by OHCHR and UNDP in April 2011 and is focused in particular on support for activities which counter discrimination on any ground and in regard to any group, in line with one of the six thematic priorities of OHCHR for the biennium 2010-2011. In 2011, OHCHR and UNDP will award grants in 14 countries.[13]", "III. United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training", "31. During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to facilitate the initiative of the Human Rights Council, led by the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training,[14] to develop a United Nations declaration on human rights education and training. This initiative was launched in September 2007 by the Human Rights Council in resolution 6/10, by which it requested the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee to prepare the draft. Between August 2008 and January 2010, a drafting group of the Advisory Committee worked on its development, and a draft declaration was transmitted by the Advisory Committee to the Council for consideration at its thirteenth session, in accordance with both Council resolution 6/10 and resolution 10/28.[15]", "32. The draft declaration transmitted by the Advisory Committee was discussed at a high-level meeting of the Council, held during its thirteenth session. The Council, by resolution 13/15, decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental working group which would meet for a maximum of five working days prior to its sixteenth session to negotiate, finalize and submit to the Council the draft declaration on the basis of the draft submitted by the Advisory Committee.", "33. Prior to the convening of the working group, the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training held, on 24 June, 3 September and 14 December 2010, open-ended informal consultations on the text submitted by the Advisory Committee, which it subsequently revised.", "34. The working group, for which OHCHR provided the secretariat, met in Geneva from 10 to 14 January 2011 to negotiate and finalize the draft United Nations declaration, which it adopted and transmitted to the Human Rights Council for consideration at its sixteenth session.[16] The Council, by resolution 16/1 of 23 March, adopted the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and recommended it for adoption by the General Assembly.[17]", "35. The Declaration defines human rights education and training as “all educational, training, information, awareness-raising and learning activities aimed at promoting universal respect for and observance of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and thus contributing to, inter alia, the prevention of human rights violations and abuses by providing persons with knowledge, skills and understanding and developing their attitudes and behaviours, to empower them to contribute to the building and promotion of a universal culture of human rights” (art. 2.1).", "36. Civil society contributed to the drafting process by providing written input, delivering written and oral statements during the Council’s sessions, and participating, inter alia, in the three informal consultations and meetings of the open-ended working group. The Geneva-based CONGO Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning organized two panel discussions of the draft declaration, in parallel with the thirteenth and sixteenth sessions of the Council (on 17 March 2010 and 11 March 2011, respectively), which brought together representatives of sponsoring Governments, national human rights institutions, academia and non-governmental organizations active in the area of human rights education.", "37. The Office of the High Commissioner has developed a web page dedicated to the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. The web page[18] will be updated to reflect the consideration of the Declaration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "IV. Conclusions", "38. In follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning which commenced on 10 December 2008, many efforts have been devoted internationally to human rights education and learning. This reflects a growing interest in human rights education and learning among governmental bodies, national human rights institutions, intergovernmental organizations and civil society actors. The synergy among such international initiatives as the International Year of Human Rights Learning, the World Programme for Human Rights Education and the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training has stimulated overall progress in human rights education and learning, including the development of national strategies, an expansion of national, regional and international cooperation, a greater number of' information-sharing resources and methodological tools and an increased commitment by Governments at the international level, which can have a positive impact on the sustainability of national efforts.", "[1] The Coordinating Committee was composed of the following entities: International Labour Organization, OHCHR, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Group, United Nations Development Programme, Department of Public Information, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and its International Bureau of Education, United Nations Population Fund, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and World Bank. The Council of Europe participated as an observer. More information about the Inter-Agency Committee is available from www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UN-inter-agency.htm.", "[2] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/evaluationWPHRE.htm.", "[3] The full text of the statement is available from www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/ training/joint_statements.htm.", "[4] More information on the activities is available from www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/ training/index.htm.", "[5] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/programme.htm.", "[6] Available from www.ohchr.org/EN/PublicationsResources/Pages/TrainingEducation.aspx.", "[7] OHCHR publications, including relevant electronic versions, are available from www.ohchr.org/ EN/PublicationsResources/Pages/Publications.aspx.", "[8] Available in English from http://equitas.org/en/popular/may-10-2011-publication-of-evaluating-human-rights-training-activities-a-handbook-for-human-rights-educators/. French and Spanish versions will be available in December and September 2011, respectively.", "[9] The catalogue is available from www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/ collection.htm.", "[10] The database can be accessed at http://hre.ohchr.org/hret.", "[11] For more complete information, see OHCHR Report 2010, available from www2.ohchr.org/ english/ohchrreport2010/web_version/ohchr_report2010_web/index.html#/home.", "[12] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/act.htm.", "[13] Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iraq, Kosovo, Mauritania, Republic of Moldova, Senegal, Togo, Uganda and Uruguay.", "[14] The Platform for Human Rights Education and Training is an informal, cross-regional governmental group consisting of Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland.", "[15] See the report of the Advisory Committee on its fourth session (A/HRC/AC/4/4), recommendation 4/2.", "[16] See also the report of the open-ended working group (A/HRC/WG.9/1/3).", "[17] The text of the Declaration as adopted by the Council is contained in the annex to resolution 16/1.", "[18] http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UNDHREducationTraining.htm." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Provisional agenda (* 69 (b)", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/82 on follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution.", "The present report provides information on initiatives taken at the international level to promote human rights education and learning during the period August 2009 to June 2011. The report highlights activities undertaken in accordance with the World Programme for Human Rights Education and in the context of the Human Rights Council's drafting and adoption of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. The report concluded that United Nations initiatives, such as the World Programme, the United Nations Declaration and the International Year, contribute to raising global awareness of human rights and a better understanding of the role of human rights education and learning as the main tool for the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide.", "Contents", "Introduction 3", "Introduction", "In its resolution 62/171, the General Assembly decided to declare a year of International Year of Human Rights Learning, effective 10 December 2008, and called upon Member States to intensify their efforts to promote human rights learning and education at the local, national and international levels and to encourage cooperation at all levels with all relevant stakeholders. In its resolution 63/173, the General Assembly urged Member States, in coordination with relevant stakeholders, to develop international strategies and/or regional, national and local action plans, with the support and collaboration of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Human Rights Council, in order to carry out broad-based and sustainable human rights learning at all levels. The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-fourth session on the implementation of the two resolutions.", "To that end, the General Assembly, at its sixty-fourth session, had before it the report of the Secretary-General (A/64/293), describing the initiatives taken to achieve the international goals by August 2009. In its resolution 64/82, the General Assembly recognized that civil society, academia, the private sector and the media, where appropriate, included parliamentarians, had an important role to play in helping to promote and implement human rights learning and encouraged action to build a wide range of sustained human rights learning at all levels. The resolution calls upon the High Commissioner and the Human Rights Council to strongly support civil society, the private sector, academia, regional organizations, the media and other relevant stakeholders, as well as the United Nations system organizations, programmes and funds, and to work closely with them, in particular in efforts to develop strategies and international, regional, national and local programmes of action for human rights learning. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution.", "The present report covers human rights education, training and learning initiatives undertaken by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005 to date) and the work of the Human Rights Council in the context of the standard-setting process established in the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training.", "World Programme for Human Rights Education (2005) to date", "Global coordination of the World Programme", "By its resolution 59/113A, the General Assembly proclaimed the phased and continuous implementation of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, which was scheduled to begin on 1 January 2005, is a continuing global initiative. In accordance with the plan of action adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 59/113 B (see A/59/525/Rev.1), the first phase (2005-2007) focused on the integration of human rights education into the primary and secondary school system. Subsequently, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 6/24, extended the first phase of the plan for two years until December 2009.", "The second phase of the World Programme (2010-2014) focuses on human rights education in higher institutions and human rights training for teachers and educators at all levels, civil servants, law enforcement personnel and military personnel. In its resolution 15/11, the Human Rights Council adopted the relevant action plan (see A/HRC/15/28).", "During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to promote action plans at the first and second phases to assist Member States in implementing the action plan at the country level. OHCHR often liaises with a wide range of actors, including Governments, United Nations entities and other intergovernmental organizations and civil society, to provide information, publications, advice and other support to participate in relevant activities.", "Evaluation of the implementation of the first phase (2005-2009) action plan", "From August 2009 to mid-2010, OHCHR continued to provide secretariat services to the United Nations Inter-Agency Coordinating Committee on Human Rights Education in the School System, which was established during the first phase of the World Programme in September 2006, with the aim of promoting coordinated support by the United Nations in the implementation of human rights education in the primary and secondary school system. Annexes", "From the last quarter of 2009 to mid-2010, the Coordinating Committee, in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 12/4, made a final evaluation of the implementation of the first phase of the World Programme (2005-2009). On 3 December 2009, the Coordinating Committee held its seventh and last meeting, with a particular discussion on evaluation methods and agreed to develop an evaluation questionnaire for that purpose.", "The final evaluation report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/322) was prepared on the basis of the 76-country report. The report found that Member States had taken a number of measures to incorporate human rights education into the school system; in particular, there had been significant progress in integrating human rights education into national curricula. The report notes that a number of countries have taken initiatives in policy and action to develop a culture of respect for human rights in the daily lives of schools. The report found some gaps in implementation, indicating that a more comprehensive and systematic approach was needed at the national level. To that end, Member States are encouraged to continue their implementation under the guidance of the plan of action and to further consolidate progress.", "The Office of the High Commissioner has been disseminating final evaluation findings in its contacts with various stakeholders in human rights education. The final evaluation report and the reports of the respective countries are available on the specialized web page, which also contains the national report submitted by the Government after the evaluation is completed. [2]", "On 12 June 2010, the Coordinating Committee, using the World Day of Child Labour, issued a third joint statement urging Member States to further promote human rights education as a means of achieving the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labour by 2016. [3]", "The term of office of the Coordinating Committee expires at the end of the first phase of the World Programme. However, OHCHR continued to work regularly with other United Nations entities to promote human rights education globally.", "C. Launch of phase II (2010-2014) and adoption of relevant action plans", "In accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 10/3, the High Commissioner, in consultation with Member States, national human rights institutions, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, discussed possible priorities for the second phase of the World Programme. The results of the consultations were presented to the Council in August 2009 (A/HRC/12/36). In order to facilitate discussion and decision-making on the focus and duration of the second phase, the Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning of the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations was convened in Geneva on 18 September 2009 to discuss the transition from the first phase of the World Programme to the second phase. The panellists included sponsoring Governments (Costa Rica), OHCHR, the Moroccan Advisory Committee on Human Rights and two civil society organizations.", "In its resolution 12/4, the Human Rights Council decided that the second phase (2010-2014) would focus on higher education institutions and human rights training programmes for teachers and educators at all levels, civil servants, law enforcement personnel and military personnel; and encouraged Member States that had not yet done so to incorporate human rights education into the primary and secondary school system. The Council requested OHCHR, in cooperation with relevant intergovernmental organizations, in particular the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and non-governmental actors, to prepare for consultations with States on the action plan for the second phase and to submit it for consideration by the Council at its fifteenth session.", "To that end, OHCHR, in consultation with UNESCO and other stakeholders, developed a draft second phase of action plan (see A/HRC/15/28). The draft plan was submitted to Governments for review and was revised in accordance with their views and adopted by the Council at its fifteenth session (resolution 15/11). During the session, the Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning organized a panel discussion with the participation of OHCHR and the sponsoring Governments aimed at raising awareness and promoting their implementation.", "The second phase of action provides a general framework for government action and provides practical and substantive guidance for national implementation. It is planned to define human rights education as “any effort to establish a universal culture of human rights in providing learning, education, training and information” (A/HRC/15/28, para. It emphasizes that “all elements and processes of learning, including curricula, teaching materials, methodologies and training, should contribute to human rights learning” (para. A/HRC/15/28, paras. 22 (a)), which facilitates the use of the means at the centre of trainees, the active participation of trainees in the learning process and the examination and revision of teaching materials to ensure compliance with human rights principles (A/HRC/15/28, paras. 28 and 44).", "OHCHR is targeting relevant human rights education stakeholders such as Governments, national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, higher education institutions and intergovernmental organizations to implement the action plan communications strategy.", "In accordance with Council resolution 15/11, OHCHR will submit a progress report on the implementation of the World Programme to the Human Rights Council at its final session in 2012.", "Information-sharing activities", "The Office of the High Commissioner continues to raise awareness of human rights education initiatives at all levels through information-sharing and networking activities. [4] OHCHR maintains and further expands the World Programme web page in English, French and Spanish. [5] The web page contains, inter alia, national initiatives and national plans and strategies for human rights education related to schools.", "The Office of the High Commissioner supports the documentation, collection and dissemination of good practices for human rights education at the regional level. In October 2009, OHCHR co-sponsored and published a compendium of good practices with the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, UNESCO and the Council of Europe. Human rights education in the schools system in Europe, Central Asia and North America: A compilation of good practices is available in English and Russian, and a CD-ROM and a interested electronic format. [6]", "OHCHR continued to draw on good practices and to develop and disseminate human rights training and educational materials and methods selectively. [7] In March 2011, the Office, in conjunction with the International Centre for Human Rights Education, launched a publication on the Evaluation of Human Rights Training Activities: Manual for Human Rights Education, [8] aimed at supporting rigorous, systematic and continuous evaluation of human rights training activities for adult trainees in order to maximize and measure training effectiveness. The handbook builds on research and practice in existing education evaluations, ensures that human rights educators have basic knowledge in evaluation and provide guidance, including by providing examples of tools and skills that can apply different circumstances. Another methodological tool currently being finalized is the Government's self-assessment guide for integrating human rights education into the school system.", "The database on human rights education and training resources is the two resources developed by OHCHR. The overall resource sink is a dedicated part of the OHCHR Library in Geneva, where over 2,000 human rights education and training materials have been collected worldwide; over 400 new posts were added during the review of the present report. [9] The establishment of a database to promote the sharing of information among learning programmes and educational institutions worldwide, [10] contains information on over 1,100 human rights institutions programmes and 350 human rights training programmes. The database has multiple functions to facilitate user-friendly and interactive interaction. In particular, users can conduct customized searches for institutions and programmes through multiple search methods according to programme or agency categories, national and target groups.", "In order to disseminate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights globally, OHCHR has widely collected the Declaration on the Languages and Local Expressions in different countries, which is compiled on its website and a compilation of other print and other materials. The initial preparation of two compilations was carried out in the context of the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education (1995-2004), which has grown steadily over the years. At present, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has 375 national and local languages and a compilation of materials has now surpassed 350 projects, such as print materials, audio-visual resources and extensive commemoratives.", "As part of its regular outreach activities, OHCHR responded to inquiries from governmental and non-governmental entities, including academia, on human rights education and provided related advisory services and other guidance. OHCHR grants, publications, the participation of OHCHR specialized staff and other inputs have supported international and regional human rights education activities organized by other actors.", "The Council of Europe has launched an International Contact Group on Civil and Human Rights Education to ensure that regional and international cooperation is taking initiatives in the area of civic and human rights education, including sharing information and joint activities. The current members include the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, OHCHR, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and UNESCO. Cooperation with other regional organizations will be further explored.", "National human rights institutions are key actors in human rights education, and thematic conferences on human rights education were held during the twenty-third and twenty-fourth sessions of the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, held in Geneva in 2010 and 2011. During the twenty-third session, on 25 March 2010, a panel discussion on the promotion of human rights education and training was held, from the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, the National Human Rights Institutions of Morocco and OHCHR. A panel discussion on national human rights institutions and human rights education and training was held during the twenty-fourth session on 18 May 2011. On behalf of the members of the national human rights institutions of Morocco, Ireland, El Salvador and India, the experience of promoting a culture of human rights through human rights education and training was shared.", "E. Support for national capacities and civil society initiatives", "Through its field presence and at Headquarters, OHCHR supports national efforts to build human rights education and training capacities. OHCHR has intensified its efforts to strengthen national capacities for human rights training for military, police and other staff deployed in peacekeeping operations. It also collaborated with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) in the development and implementation of the OHCHR/UNITAR human rights profile programme. The purpose of the programme is to strengthen the knowledge of OHCHR and the United Nations human rights protection system. Since 2009, a programme has been organized annually in Geneva and New York and has been organized in Addis Ababa. In Djibouti, Ecuador, the United Republic of Tanzania and Thailand, training courses on human rights monitoring methodologies were held for national human rights institutions. The United Nations Regional Centre for Human Rights Training and Documentation in South-West Asia and the Arab Region, located in Doha, focused on the establishment of its presence in the region as a partner to build the human rights capacity of those responsible and rights holders, as well as a centre for learning, documenting and sharing positive practices. Through a joint project with OHCHR, the Inter-European University Centre for Human Rights and Democratization and the Alliance of Russian Universities, the Russian Federation established a Master's Course on Human Rights for the first time; OHCHR also assisted in the establishment of an inter-universal resource centre for researching human rights issues and provided equipment to the Centre.", "A large number of human rights training activities are carried out by OHCHR field offices. A complete list of activities [11] includes human rights monitoring training during elections in Guinea and Uganda, human rights training for the Togolese and Sierra Leone security forces, civil society training on human rights advocacy in Côte d'Ivoire and training of judicial personnel in Darfur and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With the support of OHCHR, a comprehensive training plan for prison staff was developed and approved by the Ministry of the Interior. In Peru, training courses on indigenous peoples were organized for judges and prosecutors. In Nepal, workshops were organized for local government officials, civil society organizations and community groups to monitor economic, social and cultural rights. In the West African region, economic, social and cultural rights are accessible and nationally applicable training is provided to local actors. In Haiti, OHCHR supports the involvement of internally displaced persons, in particular women's groups, in the management of internally displaced persons camps, through protection training and other means, and the drafting of protection strategies in their areas of residence. A workshop on the right to adequate housing was held in Serbia. In Timor-Leste, technical advice and training were provided to government officials and civil society organizations to strengthen national institutions and promote transitional justice.", "Training on United Nations human rights mechanisms was organized in several countries and regions, including the Middle East, the Niger, Somalia, Myanmar, Honduras, Panama and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, at the universal periodic review. OHCHR also conducts training on reporting and implementing the recommendations of United Nations treaty bodies. In 2010, at the request of the State party concerned, 12 capacity-building and training activities were carried out in Bahrain, Belarus, Cape Verde, China (the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region), Japan, Kazakhstan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Qatar, Senegal and Turkmenistan on common core documents, treaty guidelines, reporting, individual communications and follow-up to recommendations.", "The CPA is a joint initiative of OHCHR and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to support grass-roots human rights education initiatives in selected countries. Since its inception in 1998, the project provided small grants to over 700 national and local civil society organizations. [12] In April 2011, OHCHR and UNDP launched the seventh phase of the project (2011-2012), with a particular focus on supporting activities in accordance with one of the six priority themes for the biennium 2010-2011 of OHCHR, against discrimination on any grounds and against any group. In 2011, OHCHR and UNDP will grant grants to 14 countries. [13]", "United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training", "During the reporting period, OHCHR continued to promote the implementation of the Human Rights Council's human rights education and training platform [the human rights education and training platform]. 14] Initiatives leading to the drafting of a declaration on human rights education and training. The initiative was launched by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 6/10 of September 2007, in which the Council requested the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee to draft the draft declaration. Between August 2008 and January 2010, a drafting group of the Advisory Committee was engaged in the preparation of the Declaration, which was based on Council resolutions 6/10 and 10/28 [. The draft declaration was transmitted to the Human Rights Council for its consideration at its thirteenth session.", "The draft declaration transmitted by the Advisory Committee was discussed at the high-level meeting of the Council during the thirteenth session. In its resolution 13/15, the Council decided to establish an open-ended intergovernmental working group to meet for up to five working days before the sixteenth session of the Council, to negotiate on the draft declaration on the basis of a draft submitted by the Advisory Committee and to finalize it and submit it to the Council.", "Prior to the convening of the Working Group, the human rights education and training platform held open-ended informal consultations on the text submitted by the Advisory Committee on 24 June, 3 September and 14 December 2010, and subsequently revised the text by the Advisory Committee.", "From 10 to 14 January 2011, the Working Group, which served by OHCHR, met in Geneva to negotiate and finalize the draft United Nations Declaration, adopted the draft declaration and presented it to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session. [16] By its resolution 16/1 of 23 March, the Council adopted the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and recommended that the General Assembly adopt the Declaration. [17]", "The Declaration defines human rights education and training as “all educational, training, information, awareness-raising and learning activities aimed at promoting universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, thereby, inter alia, promoting the prevention of violations and violations of human rights, providing knowledge, skills, awareness and the development of attitudes and behaviours to enhance their empowerment and contributing to building and promoting a world culture of human rights” (art.", "Civil society contributed to the drafting process by providing written advice, written and oral statements during the sessions of the Council, with participation, inter alia, in three informal consultations and meetings of the Open-ended Working Group. The Geneva NGO Conference Working Group on Human Rights Education and Learning organized two panel discussions on the draft declaration with the thirteenth and sixteenth sessions of the Council (17 March 2010 and 11 March 2011 respectively), sponsored Governments, national human rights institutions, academia and non-governmental organizations active in the field of human rights education.", "The Office of the High Commissioner established a dedicated web page on the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training. [18] The web page will be upgraded to reflect the consideration of the Declaration at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Conclusion", "In follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning, which started on 10 December 2008, the international community has made a number of efforts for human rights education and learning. This is manifested in growing interest in human rights education and learning among governmental institutions, national human rights institutions, intergovernmental organizations and civil society actors. The synergies generated by initiatives such as the International Year of Human Rights Learning, the World Programme for Human Rights Education and the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training have contributed to overall progress in human rights education and training, including the development of national strategies, the expansion of national, regional and international cooperation, the increase in the number of information-sharing resources and methodological tools and the strengthening of the Government's commitment at the international level, which have a positive effect on the sustainability of national efforts.", "The Coordinating Committee consists of the International Labour Organization, OHCHR, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, the United Nations Development Group, the United Nations Development Programme, the Information Division, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and its International Bureau of Education, the United Nations Population Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and the World Bank. The Council of Europe participated as an observer. For the Inter-Agency Committee, see www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UN-inter-agency.htm.", "[2] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/evaluationWPHRE.htm.", "[3] The full text of the statement is available at www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/joint_statements.htm.", "[4] Information on activities is available at www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/index.htm.", "[5] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/programme.htm.", "[6] See: www.ohchr.org/EN/Publications Resources/Pages/TrainingEducation.aspx.", "[7] OHCHR publications, including relevant electronic versions, available at www.ohchr.org/EN/Publications Resources/ Pages/Publications.aspx.", "[8] In the English version: http://equitas.org/en/popular/may-10-2011-publication-of-evaluating-human-rights-training-activities-a-handbook-for-human-rights-educators/. French and Spanish editions were launched in December and September 2011.", "[9] For the directory: www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/collection.htm.", "[10] Available from http://hre.ohchr.org/hret.", "[11] For more complete information, the OHCHR report for 2010 is available on: www2.ohchr.org/english/ohchrreport 2010/ web_trans/ohchr_report 2010_web/index.html#/home.", "[12] See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/act.htm.", "[13] Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ecuador, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iraq, Kosovo, Mauritania, the Republic of Moldova, Senegal, Togo, Uganda and Uruguay.", "[14] The human rights education and training platform consists of an informal, cross-regional government group composed of Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland.", "[15] See the report of the Advisory Committee on its fourth session (A/HRC/AC/4/4), recommendation 4/2.", "[16] See the report of the Open-ended Working Group (A/HRC/WG.9/1/3).", "The text of the Declaration adopted by the Council is contained in the annex to resolution 16/1.", "[18] http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/education/training/UNDHREducationTraining.htm." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目27(a)", "社会发展：社会发展问题世界首脑会议和 大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况", "2011年世界社会状况：全球社会危机", "秘书长的报告^(**)", "摘要", "2008-2009年期间，世界经历了1930年代大萧条以来最严重的金融和经济危机。2007年和2008年粮食和燃料价格上涨，影响所及，危机随之发生。《2011年世界社会状况报告：全球社会危机》概述了这些危机的成因及扩散情况，以及不断产生的不良社会后果。虽然通过采取协调一致的刺激措施，更深、更长的全球经济衰退得以避免，经济复苏还是脆弱的、不均衡的。经济放缓导致大多数发展中国家减少社会支出，发达国家转而采取财政紧缩政策，又降低了它们的社会支出，危及了新生的复苏。", "报告指出，在全球经济危机之后，失业和脆弱性迅猛增加，在没有全面社会保护措施的发展中国家，尤其如此。由于发生全球金融危机，数以百万计的人陷入或被困在极端贫穷之中。2009年，世界上有超过10亿人挨饥抵饿，是为最高的纪录。报告强调了从国家应付全球金融危机的对策中得出的一些重要经验教训，实施普惠包容的社会政策十分重要，推行普遍的社会保护措施很有必要。一", "^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 本报告是《2011年世界社会状况报告》的摘要概览，载有秘书长的一些结论和建议。报告全文将在今年晚些时候作为联合国销售出版物发行。", "个主要的结论是，各国需要有能力始终如一地实施反周期性波动政策。第二个主要教训是，设有社会保护制度的国家能够避开最严重的社会影响，而且复苏的速度快得多。这突出表明，普遍的社会保护制度和积极的劳动力市场方案需要永久设置，而不只是暂时作为国家危机对策的组成部分。最后，社会政策方面的考虑，特别是生产性就业，在宏观经济政策中应占有更重要的位置，而不是被视为提供给贫穷人口和弱势群体的剩余援助。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.复苏之外：解决社会危机 4\n3.持续的社会危机 6\n4.应对危机：前进之路 9\nA.政府的作用 9\nB.以就业增长为重点 9\nC.需要实施社会保护 11\nD.贫穷和粮食安全 12\n5.社会政策的再思考 12\n6.结论和建议 13", "一. 导言", "1. 全球经济衰退已产生广泛的不良社会后果，在实现国际商定的发展目标包括千年发展目标的进展并阻碍。鉴于主要经济体的经济复苏脆弱，进展又不平衡，预料社会状况只会慢慢恢复。贫穷、饥饿和失业水平提高，今后多年将继续影响亿万人民。", "二. 复苏之外：解决社会危机", "2. 2008-2009年期间，世界遭受了1930年代大萧条以来最严重的金融和经济危机。全球经济迅速衰退，严重扰乱了全球经济增长，使实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标方面的进展受到了重大的挫折。据联合国估计，全球产出年增长率从2006-2007年期间的大约4%下降到2008年的1.6%；2009年，有95个国家的人均收入下降，产出增长率甚至进一步降至-2%。", "3. 失业率急剧上升；2009年有2.05亿人失业，而2007年只有1.78亿。据国际劳工组织最近的估计，[1] 2010年全球失业率仍然很高，保持不变。失业增加一直是危机对发达经济体的主要社会影响，但在发展中国家，就业形势没有这样明显。虽然非正规经济和农民农业部门吸收了正规部门的大部分失业冲击，但发展中国家更多的工人现在要忍受更脆弱的就业条件。", "4. 就业机会的流失不仅意味着收入的损失，也意味着脆弱性的增加，特别是在没有全面社会保护措施的发展中国家。根据不同的估计，有4 700万至8 400万人由于全球金融危机而陷入或被困于极端贫穷之中。[2] 全球金融危机在粮食和燃料价格大幅上涨后立即开始展开。因此，2009年世界上生活在饥饿中的人数上升到超过一个亿，是为最高纪录。", "5. 虽然金融危机的源头不在发展中国家，但它们的经济，特别是融入国际金融市场程度较大的发展中国家的经济，不能幸免于金融风暴之外。冲击通过各种渠道过来，包括贸易和商品价格崩溃、资本流动逆转、借贷成本抬高、汇款收入下降、官方发展援助压力加大。各国受影响的程度不一，取决于其经济结构和对冲击的脆弱性。", "6. 受危机冲击的程度进一步受到各国政府应付和抗衡危机后果的能力所影响，而这取决于各国政府的反周期性波动宏观经济政策机制、社会保护体系、监管框架、治理结构和政局稳定的效率和实力。这些因素反过来影响到不同社会群体如何受危机的影响。最贫穷的国家已成为最容易受到全球经济动荡影响的国家，它们一般都严重依赖外部融资，其中包括援助和贸易。它们的外汇收益和政府收入往往只依靠少数商品，财政空间不大，社会保护制度薄弱。", "7. 本报告的一个关键结论是，国家需要有能力始终如一地实施反周期性波动政策。应该改变国际组织作为援助条件强加给各国的政策处方的根本方向和性质，以创造这种政策空间。国际金融机构，尽管已公布了政策处方的变化，但在提供给需要援助的国家的财政援助包中，仍继续附加有可能助长周期性波动的条件，而且对这些政策的社会影响重视不够。", "8. 一些亚洲和拉丁美洲政府相对成功地减轻了最近的危机所产生的经济和社会影响，这强调了各国政府必须坚持反周期性波动，同时要有大智慧，在经济繁荣时期节约财政资源，以备不时之需，在需要时支持反经济周期性措施。事实上，普遍的社会保护制度和积极的劳动力市场方案应成为永久性措施，不仅仅是国家危机对策的临时组成部分。", "9. 各国政府必须考虑到其经济政策可能产生的社会影响。事实一再证明，不考虑社会后果的经济政策可以对营养、健康和教育产生可怕的后果，这反过来又会对长期经济增长产生不利影响。经济政策及其社会后果彼此脱节，会创造出增长不快和社会进步缓慢的恶性循环。", "方框1盲目乐观\n许多国际组织意想不到会发生当前的全球金融和经济危机。例如，负责监测全球宏观金融发展的国际货币基金组织一直保持乐观的看法；过了一段时间，国际货币基金组织才认识到这场危机将很快席卷整个世界。在美国的次贷危机制造第一轮颤动前一个月，国际货币基金组织指出：“强大的全球扩张仍在继续，2007年和2008年全球经济增长预测已上调……”^(a)\n此外，这次失败已得到国际货币基金组织独立评估办公室承认。即使到了2007年4月，国际货币基金组织的口号讯息仍然是全球环境普遍良好，可以保持乐观。工作人员的报告和基金组织的其他文件指出，短期前景很好，金融市场条件基本上健全。只有在金融动荡爆发后，国际货币基金组织才在2007年10月版的《世界经济展望》和《全球金融稳定报告》中用较为审慎的口气说话。^(b)\n其他主要组织也没有看到危机的到来。例如，在美利坚合众国次贷市场于2007年8月崩溃后，金融内爆开始，在这之前的三个月，经济合作与发展组织指出：“美国经济放缓并不是预示着一个全球经济疲软的时期，比方说，现在的情况与2001年不同。相反，“顺利”求得再平衡是意料中事，欧洲从美国接过接力棒，驾驭经合组织的增长，……。我们的中心预测确实仍然相当好：美国软着陆，欧洲复苏强而持久，日本脚踏实地，中国和印度活动蓬勃。”^(c)\n这种极度的乐观没有任何可信的理由。除了国际清算银行外，联合国是唯一提出关注的国际组织。在其出版物《2006年世界经济局势与展望》中，联合国发出以下警告：“主要经济体宏观经济失衡扩大，可能出现无序调整是一个重大的风险，这会损害世界经济的稳定和增长……房价逆转……将提高违约风险，并可能引发银行危机……在主要经济体之一出现房价大幅下跌，会导致全球失衡出现突发性和破坏性的调整。”^(d)\n联合国不仅正确分析了对全球经济的潜在风险，也对2009年的增长作出了更切合实际的预测。国际货币基金组织在2009年11月预测全球经济增长2.2%的时候，联合国预测的基线增长率为0.9%。事实证明，全球经济在2009年收缩到-2.0%。 ^(a) 国际货币基金组织，《世界经济展望增编》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，2007年)。 ^(b)国际货币基金组织独立评估办公室，《货币基金组织在金融和经济危机前的业绩：2004-07年货币基金组织的监督工作》(国际货币基金组织，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，2011年)。 ^(c)经济合作与发展组织，《经合发组织经济展望》，第2007/1卷，(巴黎，2007年)。 \n^(d)联合国，《2006年世界经济局势与展望》，（联合国出版物，出售品编号E.06.II.C.2)。", "三. 持续的社会危机", "10. 金融和经济危机对教育和卫生等领域的社会进步的全面影响不可能立即察觉，只能随着时间的推移，慢慢才能完全了解过来。但是，初步的估计表明，其影响是急切、广泛和深入的。鉴于主要经济体的经济复苏脆弱，进展又不平衡，预料社会状况只会慢慢恢复。由于全球金融危机，贫穷、饥饿和失业水平提高，今后多年将继续影响发达国家和发展中国家亿万人民。", "11. 与此同时，在一些发达经济体，如希腊和西班牙，为应对高额政府债务而采取的紧缩措施，不仅威胁到公共部门就业和社会支出，也使经济复苏更加不确定，更加脆弱。财政整顿的压力增大，加上应对这些债务的新压力，严重限制了发达经济体的财政和政策空间，随着危机的继续，还限制了他们可用的办法选择。许多发展中国家，特别是正在实施货币基金组织方案的国家，也开始受到削减公共开支并采取紧缩措施的压力。", "12. 虽然主要经济体采取的大规模一揽子经济刺激措施成功终止经济下滑，从而防止经济发生长期衰退，但在许多情况下，复苏工作做得不好，失业和就业不足维持在令人无法接受的高水平。从最近经济衰退所得证据表明，产出复苏和就业复苏两者之间的滞后情况扩大。当前危机所产生的较长远的不利就业后果已然可见，在大多数国家，青年失业率已达到惊人的程度。在发达国家以及发展中国家， 15岁至24岁的年轻人失业和就业不足率非常高：在2009年年底，估计有7 900万失业青年，全球青年失业率为13.0%。", "13. 自2007年以来，最发达国家结构性失业或长期失业显着增加。例如，在美利坚合众国，失业27个星期或以上的工人人数在2010年以惊人的速度上升；大约一半的工人没有工作或已经失业至少半年。在许多欧洲国家，失业情况也同样令人担忧。", "14. 在发展中国家，大多数失业都发生在充满活力的出口部门。令人极大关注的是，脆弱就业情况增加，在业穷人人数上升，在正规经济中失去工作的人日益转到非正规经济谋生，收入微薄，很少得到或根本没有保护。", "15. 发展中国家劳工市场情况预计仍然构成挑战，原因至少有二。第一，全世界每年有4 700万新工人进入劳动力市场，他们大多是在发展中国家寻找就业的人。据联合国估计，[3] 2010-2011年，光亚洲就需要有5 100万个额外职位以吸收日益增加的劳动力。第二，像在发达国家一样，在发展中国家正规部门和工业部门创造就业机会的进展预计也将滞后于产出的恢复。例如，在1997-1998年亚洲金融危机后，就业复苏过程至少要三年才能完成。鉴于当前危机的全球性质，就业复苏可能需要更长的时间。", "16. 全球经济衰退已对个人、家庭、社区和社会产生广泛的不良社会后果。贫穷和失业往往带来犯罪、性基暴力、药物滥用和精神病发作，包括抑郁症和自杀。在金融和经济危机时期，家庭往往要采取应对策略，如改变家庭开支模式；不过，这些做法会对教育、卫生和营养造成负面影响，可能会导致受影响儿童终身负债，使跨代贫穷永续不断。", "17. 粮价动荡偏高，收入减少和失业率上升，使减少饥饿和改善营养方面的进展减慢。2007年和2008年全球粮食和能源价格急剧上升，进一步削弱了世界上穷人的福利，迫使更多的家庭依靠资金不足的公共食品援助计划，往往有一顿没一顿，少吃减食，或放弃营养食品，吃比较便宜、不太健康的替代品。由于升高的价格，增加的交通运输能源成本，都转嫁到消费者身上，因此粮食进口国的进口费用增加。[4]", "18. 2009年粮价又再开始上升，主要是因为全球粮食生产和供应长期存在的问题，加上生物燃料需求增加，商品期货和期权市场投机更大，因而变本加厉。持续不断的粮食危机对贫穷的粮食进口国的政治和社会稳定产生严重影响。高粮价对穷人和其他弱势群体的持续影响已导致粮食骚乱的爆发。联合国粮食及农业组织最近警告指出，2010年因天气恶劣、洪水和火灾，主要谷物意想不到地歉收，粮价“上升到令人担忧的地步”，影响到千百万人。", "方框2危机的社会病理学 只有经过长期考察，才能知道经济危机的全部社会影响，特别是对公众健康和教育的影响。然而，从过去的金融和经济危机，如20世纪30年代的大萧条和1997-1998年亚洲金融危机，可以借鉴经验教训。例如，在1929年和1932年之间，美利坚合众国的收入下降30%，自杀率上升了40%，所有其他原因死亡人数上升10%。^(a)同样，在1997年和1998年之间，日本男性自杀率上升39%，中国香港上升44%%，大韩民国上升45%。泰国的男性自杀率也有上升。在中国香港、日本和大韩民国，1998年因经济危机自杀的人比1997年多10400。前苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟瓦解后，该国的平均寿命急剧下降，1998年发生卢布危机又再次下降。^(b) 经济衰退也对公众健康产生不利影响。布伦纳(Brenner)发现，^(c)1900年到1967年期间，纽约州和美利坚合众国心脏病死亡率增加与经济衰退有关联。酒精消费短期增加，至少部分反映出经济衰退造成较大的社会心理压力。^(d)如果经济衰退是长期的，酗酒增加可能造成肝硬化，导致死亡率上升，布伦纳发现，^(e)1936年至1976年期间，在英格兰和威尔士就是这种情况。 在社会经济水平较低阶层，对于没有经济安全的家庭，不良健康影响较大。缺乏经济安全往往造成压力：社会和家庭结构崩溃，染上有害健康的习惯。这些影响可能表现在精神病理学的事件，如自杀，或者经过几年的时间，变成慢性疾病。布伦纳的调查结果与大卫·杜利、拉尔夫·卡塔拉诺和乔珍娜·威尔逊^(f)的发现不谋而合，由于失去工作，在短期内(不到一年)，抑郁症的症状会加重。他们还提出证据，失去工作的人酗酒增加。 ^(a) DavidStuckler等著，“经济危机对公共卫生的影响和欧洲的变通对策：经验分析报告”，《柳叶刀》(TheLancet)第374卷,第9686号,(2009)；DavidStuckler等著，“金融危机对公共卫生的影响：证据评论”，见北爱尔兰医学杂志。 ^(b) Shu-SenChang等著，“1997-1998年的经济危机导致东亚/东南亚自杀率上升？关于日本、香港、南韩、台湾、新加波和泰国的时间趋势分析”，《社会科学和医学研究》，第68卷，第7号，(2009年）。 ^(c) M. HarveyBrenner，“经济变化与心脏病死亡率“，美国公共卫生学报，第61卷，第3号，（1971年）。 ^(d) M. HarveyBrenner,“酒精消费趋势与有关疾病：经济变化的一些影响”，美国公共卫生学报，第65卷(1975年)。 ^(e) M.HarveyBrenner,“死亡率与国民经济”，Lancet,第1979卷,第26号,(1979)。 \n^(f) David Dooley, Ralph Catalano and GeorjeannaWilson,“忧郁与失业：流行病受托区研究的小组结论”，美国社区心理学报，第22卷，第6号，(1994年)。", "四. 应对危机：前进之路", "A. 政府的作用", "19. 2008年10月最初应对金融危机的多边对策保证采取强调合作与协调的综合办法。[5] 因此，许多政府的经济刺激措施提供了基本动力，带动了全球经济复苏。然而，由于这些刺激措施已让位给财政紧缩政策，在一些国家由政府主导的复苏有可能会停止甚或逆转的危险。鉴于许多国家的经济复苏脆弱，决策者如要避免危机复发的可能性，就必须抗拒压力，不能太多、太早地削减开支。", "20. 反周期性波动宏观经济政策措施已明显生效，减轻了危机的影响。由于许多国家包括在发展中世界的新兴经济体迅速作出政策反应，经济衰退及其社会影响没有最初担心的那么严重。据国际劳工组织估计，20国集团各国实施反周期性波动的措施，为它们的经济体保存或创造了2 100万个就业岗位。[6]", "21. 这凸显了国家及时进行干预以应对危机的重要性。然而，危机对各国政府财政负担的有害影响和其他相关后果都被夸大，致使这些对策的可持续能力受到威胁。无疑各国政府的财政负担加重，因为随着经济增长放缓，税基收缩，可得财政收入便即降低。预算赤字的主要成因是产出和收入急剧收缩导致收入的下降，而不是由于刺激措施和社会支出。税收减少，再加上社会方案的需求增加，加剧了金融危机对社会发展的影响。", "22. 采取紧缩措施的压力越来越大，表面上是为了整顿财政，却把社会保护、公共卫生和教育方案，以及经济复苏措施置于风险之中。在许多工业化国家，以及在许多发展中国家，社会开支都已减少。各国政府必须谨慎应对整顿财政和紧缩措施的压力，以免危及经济复苏的可持续能力。需要继续支持刺激措施和其他恢复措施，才能加强产出复苏的势头，保障支持未来增长的经济和社会投资。", "23. 更重要的是，应付危机的对策都没有设法解决其的根本成因。例如，主要经济体的金融改革都达不到最初的期望，复苏措施出现新的滥于执行、过犹不及、漏洞百出的情况。有迹象表明，这种情况已在发生。在解决危机的其他结构性原因方面，进展也有限。例如，收入不平等现象继续增长，谋求全球经济再平衡成效不大，全球需求仍然低迷。未能解决危机的根本原因将会妨碍可持续的复苏。", "B. 以就业增长为重点", "24. 就业复苏明显滞后于经济复苏的其他指标，政府必须继续把重点放在就业增长的刺激措施之上。就业复苏滞后着重指出，全球金融和经济危机为消除贫穷和到2015年实现千年发展目标带来了挑战。为消除贫穷和实现千年发展目标，充分和生产性就业及人人有体面工作是非常重要的。危机发生不久后，旨在促进就业多复苏的全球就业契约倡议就极力强调这点。[7]", "25. 在2010年9月举行的大会第六十五届会议千年发展目标高级别全体会议上，大会促请注意以生产性就业和体面工作作为实现千年发展目标重要手段的重要性。特别是，体面就业机会增加可使广大群众获得经济增长的好处。[8] 因此，促进就业多的复苏将为实现成果文件中所设想的持续、包容和公平的经济增长目标奠定坚实的基础。[9]", "26. 然而，创造就业机会方面的挑战不应低估，因为要将就业恢复到危机前的水平，经济增长的速度必须够快，才能跟上劳动人口的增加，同时提高生产力。此外，这种经济增长必须是就业密集型的，又为了可持续起见，必须由生产率增长带动。这意味着必须推动广泛的结构性改革，向经济有活力的部门倾斜。", "27. 加强劳动力市场灵活性被说成是解决失业率上升的一个必要条件，这种情况往往鼓励低工资，促使就业条件退化。[10] 但是，这种放松管制劳动力市场的处方忽略了三个重要的考虑因素。第一，在实施劳工友好法规的国家，工资不平等程度较低。因此，保护劳工权利的法规可减少不平等，而不会在产出和就业方面造成任何重大的损失。[11]", "28. 第二，当前关于劳动力市场灵活性的论述所指的是一种任意就业制度，政府对聘用、解聘或就业条件不加限制。因此，从这个角度看，雇佣者和劳动者可以自由选择对双方都方便的就业条件。不过，事实上灵活性只是为雇主服务。在顺境中可能无人注意，但在逆境时，企业可以削减工资或大规模解雇员工，以降低成本，这种对雇主的灵活性对工人来说就是没有安全感，尤其是缺乏足够的普及社会保护。", "29. 第三，以劳动力市场灵活性作为应付全球经济危机的重点会产生损害长期增长潜力的风险，因为如果监管方面发生变化，会促使工人针对新的奖励制度作出反应，改变他们的集体行为，从而陷入一个低工资，低生产力的陷阱。", "30. 有一种心领神会的教训是，任何工作都比没有工作好。这种观点贬低了改善工作安全的价值。在没有正式减缓风险计划的情况下，工人可能被迫随时接受低工资、低生产力的工作。这就可能将经济推进低工资、低生产力的陷阱，即所谓以坏工作排除了好工作。", "31. 更灵活的劳动力市场导致的高更替率也可能促使无工作保障的工人不愿接受提高劳动生产力的培训。在缺乏就业保障和法律保护的情况下，工人要向雇主支付保费(以接受低工资和愿意接受任何工作的形式)，以减少失业的风险。在这种情况下，规定更高的劳工标准和实施各种风险缓解计划既可提高效率(促使经济求得高生产力和高工资的平衡)，也可促进公平(使弱势工人能够应付劳工市场的风险)。", "C. 需要实施社会保护", "32. 危机对如此多的人带来灾难性影响，在在强调贫穷的动态和多面性，以及社会保护对减少脆弱性的关键重要性。有社会保护制度的国家更有能力减轻冲击的负面影响，防止人们陷入更加贫穷的境地。社会保护措施也能帮助恢复经济活动和生计。[12]", "33. 从长远来看，社会保护可帮助个人和家庭积累人力资源和社会资源等资产，并改善他们的谋生前景，[13] 从而减少贫穷，释放劳动队伍的生产潜力。因此，社会保护不应被视作为一项减缓危机影响的临时措施，而是一项促进持续、包容和公平经济增长的不断进行的投资。如果允许社会支出下降，危机过后，这种情况有可能加剧和延长不利的影响，例如使营养不良程度、辍学率和长期失业率更加严重。", "34. 普及基本社会保护和社会服务，是打破贫穷恶性循环、减少不平等和社会排斥所必要的。提高最大限度的基本社会保护是负担得起的；需要对照不投资在社会保护的潜在人力、社会和经济成本来权衡它的好处。一个国家如果没有确保获得卫生保健、足够的营养水平和社会稳定的计划，就不能充分释放其人力、经济和生产潜力。凡是以人权为基础的发展战略都必须促进社会和经济权利的充分实现，例如在危机时期也应促进和保护社会发展方面取得的成绩。《世界人权宣言》列明的社会保障权利规定要普遍提供社会保护，确保所有的人，包括生活在贫穷中的人以及那些有可能成为穷人的人，都获得基本福利保障。", "D. 贫穷和粮食安全", "35. 2007年和2008年，粮价急剧上涨，加剧了当前金融和经济危机的影响。随着全球粮食生产增长比较缓慢，又越来越多地用食物来生产动物饲料和生物燃料，回到前一阶段粮价下降时期的机会不大。最近的供应问题可归咎于天气、火灾和水灾，也加剧了不确定性。粮价飞涨的部分原因是金融投资者逃避传统金融市场导致的商品市场投机活动。显然，粮价上涨对减少贫穷和饥饿的努力产生了不利影响。", "36. 全球粮食生产和贸易体制的基本问题必须解决，以确保持续的粮食安全保障。发展中国家需要从出口导向的农业政策转变为加强国内粮食生产的政策，更好地满足当地需要，让人民买得起食物，以减轻国际价格冲击的影响。这种转变的前提是国家加强扶持作用，改善国际合作，对粮食和农业发展作出更大的投资，优先改善小型农业和可持续的环境资源管理。", "五. 社会政策的再思考", "37. 这场危机提供了一个机会，可以重新思考社会政策和社会投资的作用，将应对危机的对策转化为加强社会发展，实现更持久、包容和公平发展的机遇。它提供了一个机会，可以重新调整全球经济、社会和发展议程。人们重新了解到，社会政策方面的考虑，特别是生产性就业，在宏观经济政策中应占有更重要的位置，而不是被视为向贫穷人口和弱势群体提供的剩余援助。贫穷人口和弱势群体一直受到只以降低通货膨胀或消除预算赤字为目的的宏观经济政策的不利影响。", "38. 经济危机提醒人们，人民身体健康，受到教育，有适当住房，能吃饱肚子，对提高生产力以及更好地为社会作出贡献，是必不可少的。换句话说，一般社会政策以及旨在在各方面终止贫穷的措施，都应该是促进发展的宏观经济政策的组成部分。因此，减少贫穷的措施应面向发展，着眼于全局，结合各种经济政策和社会政策，实现以人为本的发展成果。", "39. 在危机背景中，就业多的复苏需要将社会目标纳入经济复苏的战略和政策。事实上，促进经济持续复苏的宏观经济政策措施应当支持就业增长和消除贫穷的政策。复苏战略和发展政策应优先重视社会投资。", "40. 社会投资总有助于长期增长和发展。在发展中国家，增加开支，扩大社会保护和改善获得教育和保健服务的机会，将有助于确保更普惠包容的发展，加强内需，为未来的发展建立更加坚实的基础。", "41. 危机也提供了一个重新审视社会政策方针的机会。事实上，无论是富国和穷国，其人口都已经受全球粮食、金融和经济危机的负面影响，这强调指出，社会政策需要有一个普遍的方针，不能只聚焦于已经贫穷的人。普遍的社会给予应该是社会决策的目标。普遍给予将更有可能获得更广泛和更持续的支持，只面向少数人的政策措施有一个很大的风险，就是会无意之中排除许多应得到扶助的人。", "42. 社会保护最低限度倡议促进普遍获得基本的社会转让和服务。[14] 全球人口有75%以上享受不到社会保护，使他们无法应付生计风险。对于挣扎着谋生的人，确保他们得到最低限度的社会保护，应该是必要的第一步，这样才可以解决贫穷的多方面问题。这可能需要特殊的、目标明确的措施——在普遍给予的承诺范围内——确保最脆弱的人得到扶助。", "43. 对于许多贫穷的发展中国家，这种方案将需要国际社会至少提供中期支助。确保所有全球人口获得最低限度的社会保护是相当大的一项挑战，但联合国各机构已证明，在几乎所有经济发展阶段的所有国家，基本最低限度的社会转让都是负担得起的。", "44. 历史已经证明，在导致社会和政治动乱的危机时刻，强有力的政治领导可以是实现重要社会变革的关键因素。当前的危机为实现社会进步提供了这样一个机会之窗：重要的是要抓住机遇，开创倡议，将普遍的社会保护化为现实。", "六. 结论和建议", "45. 2008-2009年期间，世界经历了大萧条以来最严重的金融和经济危机。自此以来，全球经济反弹，但复苏是不平衡的，而且依然脆弱，不断产生社会后果。失业率急剧增加，使没有全面社会保护的发展中国家更形脆弱。粮食和燃料价格的影响使经济危机变本加厉。多重的危机使许多国家在实现千年发展目标方面的进展受到挫折。凡是采用反周期性波动政策，设立社会保护制度以及推行积极劳动力市场计划的国家都能够及早复苏，都能避免一些最严重的社会成果。鉴于经济复苏脆弱，粮食和能源价格高涨，许多国家的进展不平衡，预料社会状况只会慢慢恢复。", "46. 大会不妨考虑以下建议：", "(a) 鼓励各国政府始终如一地实施反周期性波动政策——无论是在经济上升还是下跌时期——以便稳定收入和就业，保护所取得的成果。应通过改变政策处方的根本方向和性质，创造政策空间，以及扩大财政空间。这可能需要国际社会提供不带政策或方案条件的预算支持；", "(b) 各国政府需要考虑到其经济政策可能产生的社会影响。不考虑社会后果的经济政策可以对贫穷、就业、营养、健康和教育产生严重后果，反过来又会对长期可持续发展产生不利影响；", "(c) 普遍社会保护制度和积极就业方案应成为国家危机对策的永久性重点，以避免为应对经济下跌和灾害等其他冲击而发生延误，并使这些系统和方案具有成本效益。由于全球化和气候变化使经济日益不安全，这显得尤为迫切；", "(d) 复苏战略和发展政策应优先重视社会投资。增加支出，扩大社会保护和改善获得教育和保健服务的机会，将有助于确保更普惠包容的发展，扩大内需，为将来的增长打下更坚实的基础。", "[1] 国际劳工组织，《2011年全球就业趋势：就业复苏的挑战》，(日内瓦，国际劳工局，2011年)。", "[2] 这些估计数指的是每天靠不到1.25美元过活的人，与世界银行的估计数差不多。据世界银行估计，与没有发生危机的局势比较，到2010年将增加大约6 400万穷人。见世界银行和国际货币基金组织，《2010年全球监测报告：危机后的千年发展目标》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，世界银行，2010年)。", "[3] 联合国，《2010年世界经济局势与展望》，(联合国出版物，出售品编号10.II.C.2)。", "[4] Anuradha Mittal，“2008年粮价危机：对粮食安全政策的再思考”，24国集团讨论文件系列，第56号，(日内瓦，联合国贸易和发展会议，2009年)。", "[5] 联合国，《2009年世界经济局势与展望》，(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.09.II.C.2)。", "[6] 国际劳工组织和经济合作与发展组织，“在20国集团国家加速就业多的复苏：经验借鉴”，20国集团劳工和就业部长会议报告，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，2010年4月20日和21日。", "[7] 2009年4月，联合国系统行政首长协调理事会启动《全球就业契约》倡议，目的是促使决策者集中注意将就业措施和体面工作作为长期复苏的基础。《全球就业契约》包括一系列应付危机的对策措施，各国可根据其具体需要和国情修改应用。这不是“一刀切”的解决办法，而是基于成功实例以及旨在提供和支持多边行动的各种备选方案。《全球就业契约》的主要组成部分是促进就业和社会保护。", "[8] 联合国，《就业方面的必要措施：2007年世界社会状况报告》，(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.07.IV.9)。", "[9] 见大会第65/1号决议，第23(b)段。", "[10] 例如，经济合作与发展组织最近由Zuzanal Brixiova编写的一份工作文件指出：“在经济衰退期间以及对中期来说，更灵活的劳动力市场将是关键的重要调整机制”(见“爱沙尼亚劳工市场的灵活性：还能做些什么”，经济合作与发展组织经济部第697号工作文件(2009年))。Anis Chowdhury 和 Lyanatul Islam(“2008-2009年大萧条和劳动力市场的灵活性——路在何方？”Voxeu评论，2009)提到《经济学家》的一篇文章(“当工作消失时”，2009年3月12日)，指出该文已将希望寄托在重新致力推动全球劳动力市场的灵活性，以应付全球失业问题，促进就业带动的经济复苏。他们引述世界银行的建议，即过于严格的就业保护法律会制约公司征聘，并导致不理想的就业水平，在经济衰退中，征聘功能特别重要，又指出许多人认为，金融危机引起的经济衰退提供了一个取消劳动力市场法规的机会。例如，智利前财政和外交部长认为，经济危机提供了消除劳动力市场保护的机会，指出：“劳工改革始终是政治争议，但当前的危机，通过说明忽视必要长期改革的危险，使人们更容易达到需要采取行动的共识“(Alejandro Foxley，“复苏：全球金融危机和中等收入国家”，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿，卡内基国际和平基金会，2009年)", "[11] Richard B. Freeman，“世界各地劳动力市场体制”，国家经济研究局工作文件，第13242号(马萨诸塞州堪布里奇，国家经济研究局，2007年)。", "[12] 社会保护 ，一般包括社会保险、社会救助，包括全民税款补助转让在内、以及保护性劳动力市场监管措施 ，也发挥商业周期自动稳定机制的作用，同时支持经济增长。", "[13] 例如巴西一个带条件现金转让方案“家庭补助”(Bolsa Familia)改善了家庭教育、营养和健康。见国际劳工局，“巴西家庭补助：背景、概念和影响”(日内瓦，2009年)。", "[14] 国际劳工局，《社会保障促进社会正义以及公平的全球化》(日内瓦，2011年)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "** The present document contains an overview of the Report on the World Social Situation 2011 and presents some conclusions and recommendations of the Secretary-General. The full report will be issued later in the year as a United Nations sales publication.", "Item 27 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Social development: implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development and of the twenty-fourth special session of the General Assembly", "World social situation 2011: the global social crisis", "Report of the Secretary-General**", "Summary", "During 2008-2009, the world experienced its worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The crisis followed the effects of food and fuel price hikes in 2007 and 2008. The Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis reviews the ongoing adverse social consequences of the crisis, after providing an overview of its causes and transmission. While a deeper, more prolonged global recession has been averted through coordinated stimulus measures, the recovery is fragile and uneven. The economic slowdown has reduced social spending in most developing countries, while the turn towards fiscal austerity has undermined social spending in developed countries, as well as threatening nascent recovery.", "The report points to the rapid rise in unemployment and vulnerability, especially in developing countries without comprehensive social protection in the wake of the global economic crisis. Tens of millions fell into, or were trapped in, extreme poverty because of the global crisis, while the number of people living in hunger in the world rose to over 1 billion in 2009, the highest on record. The report strongly underscores important lessons learned from national responses to the global crisis, the importance of inclusive social policies and the need for universal social protection. A key conclusion is that countries need to be able to pursue counter-cyclical policies in a consistent manner. The second key lesson is that countries with a social protection system were able to avoid the worst social impact and recover much faster. This highlights the need to make universal social protection systems and active labour market programmes permanent, not merely temporary, components of national crisis response. Finally, social policy considerations, especially productive employment, should be given greater importance within macroeconomic policy, rather than being viewed as residual assistance to poor people and disadvantaged groups.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Beyond 4 recovery: addressing the social \ncrisis III.The 7 continuing social \ncrisis IV. Addressing 10 the crisis: the way \nforward A.Role 10 of \nGovernment B. Focus 11 on employment \ngrowth C.Need 13 for social \nprotection D.Poverty 13 and food \nsecurity V.Rethinking 14 social \npolicy VI.Conclusions 15 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The global economic downturn has had wide-ranging negative social outcomes and has impeded progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. Given the fragility of the economic recovery and uneven progress in major economies, social conditions are expected to recover only slowly. The increased levels of poverty, hunger and unemployment will continue to affect billions for years to come.", "II. Beyond recovery: addressing the social crisis", "2. During the period 2008-2009, the world suffered the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The rapid global economic downturn severely disrupted economic growth worldwide and caused significant setbacks in the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals. According to United Nations estimates, the annual growth rate in global output fell from about 4 per cent during the period 2006-2007 to 1.6 per cent in 2008; the rate of growth in output dropped even further — to -2 per cent — in 2009, when 95 countries experienced declines in average per capita income.", "3. Unemployment rose sharply; 205 million people were unemployed in 2009, compared with 178 million in 2007. According to the most recent estimates by the International Labour Organization,[1] global unemployment remained high and unchanged in 2010. Increased unemployment has been the dominant social impact of the crisis in developed economies, but the employment situation in developing countries has been less obvious. While the informal economy and peasant agricultural sector have absorbed much of the impact of formal sector job losses, much larger numbers of workers are now subject to more vulnerable employment conditions in developing countries.", "4. The loss of jobs means not only loss of incomes but also an increase in vulnerability, especially in developing countries without comprehensive social protection. Various estimates suggest that between 47 million and 84 million people fell into, or were trapped in, extreme poverty because of the global crisis.[2] The global financial crisis began to unfold immediately after food and fuel prices had risen sharply. As a result, the number of people living in hunger in the world rose to more than 1 billion in 2009, the highest on record.", "5. Although the financial crisis did not originate in developing countries, their economies, especially those more integrated into international financial markets, were not immune to the financial turmoil. The impact was transmitted through a variety of channels, including collapsing trade and commodity prices, capital flow reversals, higher costs of borrowing, declining remittance income and strains on official development assistance. Countries were affected to different degrees, depending on their economic structure and vulnerability to shocks.", "6. The impact of the crisis was further influenced by the capacity of Governments to cope with and counteract its consequences, which has depended on the efficiency and strength of their counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy mechanisms, social protection systems, regulatory frameworks, governance structures and political stability. These factors, in turn, influenced how different social groups have been affected by the crisis. The poorest countries have become the most vulnerable to the vicissitudes of the global economy and are generally heavily dependent on external finance, including aid, and trade. Their foreign exchange earnings and Government revenue tend to rely on only a few commodities, and, with little fiscal space, they have weak social protection systems.", "7. A key conclusion of the present report is that countries need to be able to pursue counter-cyclical policies in a consistent manner. Such policy space should be enabled by changing the fundamental orientation and nature of policy prescriptions that international organizations impose on countries as conditions for assistance. International financial institutions — despite having declared changes in their policy prescriptions — continue to attach pro-cyclical conditions to the financial assistance packages they extend to countries in need and have paid insufficient attention to the social implications of such policies.", "8. The relative success of some Asian and Latin American Governments in mitigating the economic and social impacts of the recent crisis strongly underscores the need for Governments to be consistently counter-cyclical and the wisdom of conserving fiscal resources during boom periods to support counter-cyclical measures in times of need. In fact, universal social protection systems and active labour market programmes should become permanent measures, not merely temporary components of national crisis response.", "9. It is essential that Governments take into account the likely social implications of their economic policies. It has been shown time and again that economic policies considered in isolation from their social consequences can have dire outcomes for nutrition, health and education, which, in turn, adversely affect long-term economic growth. The disconnect between economic policies and their social consequences can create a vicious circle of slow growth and poor social progress.", "Box 1Blinding optimism\nThe current global financial and economic crisis came almost as asurprise to many international organizations. For example, theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), which monitors globalmacrofinancial developments, maintained an optimistic view; it tooksome time for IMF to realize that the crisis would soon engulf thewhole world. A month before the first tremors of the sub-primemortgage crisis in the United States of America were felt, IMFnoted: “The strong global expansion is continuing, and projectionsfor global growth in both 2007 and 2008 have been revised up.”^(a)\nFurthermore, this failing has been acknowledged by the IndependentEvaluation Office of IMF. Even as late as April 2007, the IMFbanner message was one of continued optimism within a prevailingbenign global environment. Staff reports and other IMF documentspointed to a positive near-term outlook and fundamentally soundfinancial market conditions. Only after the eruption of financialturbulence did IMF adopt a more cautionary tone, in the October2007 editions of World Economic Outlook and Global FinancialStability Report.^(b)\nOther leading organizations also failed to see the crisis coming.For example, three months before the implosion of the financialsector began with the sub-prime market collapse in the UnitedStates of America in August 2007, the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD) took the view that the slowdownin the United States “was not heralding a period of worldwideeconomic weakness, unlike, for instance, in 2001. Rather a ‘smooth’rebalancing was to be expected, with Europe taking over the batonfrom the United States in driving OECD growth. ... Our centralforecast remains indeed quite benign: a soft landing in the UnitedStates, a strong and sustained recovery in Europe, a solidtrajectory in Japan and buoyant activity in China and India.”^(c)\nThere was no credible reason for such exuberant optimism. Asidefrom the Bank for International Settlements, the United Nations wasthe only international organization which raised concerns. In itspublication World Economic Situation and Prospects 2006, the UnitedNations issued the following warning: “The possibility of adisorderly adjustment of the widening macroeconomic imbalances ofthe major economies is a major risk which could harm the stabilityand growth of the world economy. ... A reversal in house prices …will heighten the risk of default and could trigger bank crises.... A sharp fall in house prices in one of the major economiescould, then, precipitate an abrupt and destabilizing adjustment ofthe global imbalances.”^(d)\nThe United Nations not only correctly analysed the underlying risksfor the global economy, but also made more realistic projectionsfor growth in 2009. When, in November 2009, IMF was projectingglobal growth of 2.2 per cent for 2009, the United Nationsprojected a baseline growth rate of 0.9 per cent. As it turned out,the global economy contracted by -2.0 per cent in 2009.^(a) International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Update(Washington, D.C., July, 2007). ^(b) Independent Evaluation Office of the International MonetaryFund, IMF Performance in the Run-Up to the Financial and EconomicCrisis: IMF Surveillance in 2004-07 (Washington, D.C.,International Monetary Fund, 2011). ^(c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECDEconomic Outlook, vol. 2007/1 (Paris, 2007). \n^(d) United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2006(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.06.II.C.2).", "III. The continuing social crisis", "10. The full impact of the financial and economic crisis on social progress in areas such as education and health are not immediately discernible and will become fully evident only over time. However, initial estimates show that the effects have been sharp, widespread and deep. Given the fragility of the economic recovery and uneven progress in major economies, social conditions are expected to recover only slowly. The increased levels of poverty, hunger and unemployment due to the global crisis will continue to affect billions of people in many developed and developing countries for years to come.", "11. Meanwhile, austerity measures in response to high Government debt in some advanced economies, such as Greece and Spain, are not only threatening public sector employment and social expenditure, but also making the recovery more uncertain and fragile. Increased pressure for fiscal consolidation and new pressures in response to such debt have severely limited fiscal and policy space in developed economies, restricting their options as the crisis continues. Many developing countries, especially those under International Monetary Fund (IMF) programmes, are also coming under pressure to cut public expenditure and undertake austerity measures.", "12. Although the massive stimulus packages adopted by major economies were able to halt the downslide and thus prevent a prolonged recession, in many cases the recovery has been job-poor, with unemployment and underemployment remaining at unacceptably high levels. Evidence from recent recessions suggests that the lag between output and employment recovery has grown. The longer term adverse employment consequences of the current crisis are already visible and, in most countries, youth unemployment has reached alarming levels. In developed as well as developing countries, unemployment and underemployment rates are very high among young people 15 to 24 years of age: at the end of 2009, there were an estimated 79 million unemployed young people, and the rate of youth unemployment stood at 13.0 per cent globally.", "13. Structural or long-term unemployment has increased significantly in most developed countries since 2007. For example, the number of workers unemployed for 27 weeks or more in the United States of America rose at an alarming pace during 2010; approximately half of workers without jobs have been unemployed for at least half a year. The unemployment situation is equally worrisome in many European countries.", "14. In developing countries, most job losses have occurred in the dynamic export sectors. Of great concern have been the rise in vulnerable employment and the number of working poor, as people who lost their jobs in the formal economy have increasingly moved to the informal economy where jobs are poorly paid and offer little or no protection.", "15. Labour market conditions in developing countries are expected to remain a challenge for at least two reasons. First, most of the 47 million new workers who enter labour markets worldwide each year are searching for jobs in developing countries. According to the United Nations,[3] an estimated 51 million additional jobs will be needed in Asia alone to absorb the growing labour force during the period 2010-2011. Second, as in developed countries, employment creation in the formal and industrial sectors in developing countries is expected to lag behind output recovery. For example, in the aftermath of the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis the process of job recovery took at least three years. Given the global nature of the current crisis, job recovery may take even longer.", "16. The global economic downturn has had wide-ranging negative social outcomes for individuals, families, communities and societies. Poverty and unemployment have been linked to crime, gender-based violence, substance abuse and manifestations of mental illness, including depression and suicide. During times of financial and economic crisis, households often adopt coping strategies, such as making changes in household expenditure patterns; however, these can negatively influence education, health and nutrition outcomes, which may lead to lifelong deficits for the children affected and thus perpetuate intergenerational poverty.", "17. The impact of volatile and high food prices, diminishing incomes and rising unemployment are slowing progress towards reducing hunger and improving nutrition. The sharp rise in global food and energy prices in 2007 and 2008 further undermined the welfare of the world’s poor, forcing more families to rely on underfunded public food assistance programmes, skip meals, consume less or substitute nutritious foods with cheaper, less healthful alternatives. Food-importing countries saw their import bills increase as a result of higher prices and higher transport energy costs passed on to consumers.[4]", "18. Food prices started rising once again in 2009, primarily because of persistent problems with global food production and supply, exacerbated by the demand for biofuel production and greater speculation in commodity futures and options markets. The continuing food crisis has serious implications for political and social stability in poor food-importing countries. Outbreaks of food riots have been related to the continued impacts of high food prices on the poor and other vulnerable groups. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recently warned of a “worrying rise” in food prices which would affect millions of people, following unexpected shortfalls in major cereals caused by bad weather, floods and fires in 2010.", "Box 2The social pathology of crises\nThe full social impacts of economic crises, especially on publichealth and education, become known only after a long gestationperiod. However, one can draw lessons from past financial andeconomic crises, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. For example, a 30 per cent dropin income between 1929 and 1932 led to a 40 per cent rise insuicide rates and a 10 per cent rise in deaths from all causes inthe United States of America.^(a) Similarly, between 1997 and 1998,suicide rates among males rose by 39 per cent in Japan, 44 per centin Hong Kong, China, and 45 per cent in the Republic of Korea.Suicide rates among males also rose in Thailand. In Hong Kong,China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, the economic crisis wasassociated with 10,400 more suicides in 1998 than in 1997. Afterthe collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, lifeexpectancy there fell steeply, and it fell again with the roublecrisis of 1998.^(b)\nEconomic downturns have also produced adverse impacts on publichealth. M. Harvey Brenner^(c) found that economic downturns wereassociated with increased mortality from heart disease in New YorkState and in the United States in general over the period from 1900to 1967. Short-term increases in alcohol consumption at leastpartly reflect the social-psychological stresses related toeconomic recession.^(d) If an economic recession is prolonged,increased alcoholism is likely to lead to increased mortality dueto liver cirrhosis, as Brenner^(e) found was the case in Englandand Wales during the period from 1936 to 1976.\nAdverse health effects are higher in the lower socio-economiclevels, in households without economic security. Lack of economicsecurity is often stressful: social and family structures breakdown, and habits harmful to health are adopted. These effects maybe manifested in psychopathological events, such as suicide, or,after a time lag of a few years, in chronic disease. Brenner’sfindings are consistent with those of David Dooley, Ralph Catalanoand Georjeanna Wilson,^(f) who found that losing a job leads, inthe short term (a year or less), to increased symptoms ofdepression. They also cite evidence of increased alcohol abuseamong those who have lost their jobs.^(a) David Stuckler and others, “The public health effect ofeconomic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: anempirical analysis”, in The Lancet, vol. 374, No. 9686 (2009);David Stuckler and others, “The health implications of financialcrisis: a review of the evidence”, in The Ulster Medical Journal,vol. 78, No. 3 (2009). ^(b) Shu-Sen Chang and others, “Was the economic crisis 1997-1998responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? atime-trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan,Singapore and Thailand”, in Social Science and Medicine, vol. 68,No. 7 (2009). ^(c) M. Harvey Brenner, “Economic changes and heart diseasemortality”, in American Journal of Public Health, vol. 61, No. 3(1971). ^(d) M. Harvey Brenner, “Trends in alcohol consumption andassociated illnesses: some effects of economic changes”, inAmerican Journal of Public Health, vol. 65, No. 12 (1975). ^(e) M. Harvey Brenner, “Mortality and the national economy”, inThe Lancet, vol. 314, No. 8142 (1979). \n^(f) David Dooley, Ralph Catalano and Georjeanna Wilson,“Depression and unemployment: panel findings from the EpidemiologicCatchment Area study”, in American Journal of Community Psychology,vol. 22, No. 6 (1994).", "IV. Addressing the crisis: the way forward", "A. Role of Government", "19. The initial multilateral response, in October 2008, to the financial crisis promised comprehensive approaches that emphasized cooperation and coordination.[5] As a result, many Government stimulus measures furnished the essential impetus to drive global recovery. However, as these stimulus measures have given way to fiscal austerity, there is the danger that Government-led recovery in some countries may stall or even be reversed. Given the continuing fragility of the economic recovery in many countries, it is imperative that policymakers resist pressures to cut spending too much and too soon if they are to avert the possibility of a relapse.", "20. Counter-cyclical macroeconomic policy measures have clearly worked to mitigate the impacts of the crisis. Both the recession and its social impacts have been less severe than initially feared, thanks to the prompt policy responses by many countries, including emerging economies in the developing world. The International Labour Organization has estimated that counter-cyclical measures implemented by the Group of Twenty countries saved or created 21 million jobs in their economies.[6]", "21. This highlights the importance of timely State intervention in response to a crisis. Yet, the sustainability of these policy responses has been threatened by exaggerated claims of the deleterious effects of the fiscal burdens and other related consequences that the crisis has imposed on Governments. Undoubtedly, the fiscal burdens on Governments have grown as the economic slowdown has reduced the fiscal revenues available in tandem with the contraction of tax bases. The primary cause of budgetary deficits is the decline in revenues associated with drastic output and income contractions, not stimulus measures and social spending. These declining tax revenues, combined with the increased need for social programmes, have exacerbated the impact of the crisis on social development.", "22. The growing pressure for austerity measures, ostensibly for reasons of fiscal consolidation, is putting at risk social protection, public health and education programmes, as well as the economic recovery measures. Reductions in social expenditure are already taking place in many industrialized countries and in many developing countries as well. Governments must respond with caution to pressures for fiscal consolidation and austerity measures, lest they jeopardize the sustainability of the recovery. Continued support for stimulus and other recovery measures is needed to strengthen the momentum of output recovery and to protect the economic and social investments that underpin future growth.", "23. More important, the responses to the crisis have not addressed its fundamental causes. For example, financial reform in major economies has not matched initial expectations and exposes the recovery to new abuses, excesses and vulnerabilities. There are signs that this is already happening. Progress in addressing other structural causes of the crisis has also been limited. For example, income inequalities continue to grow, global rebalancing is limited and global demand remains depressed. The failure to address the root causes of the crisis will impede a sustainable recovery.", "B. Focus on employment growth", "24. Employment recovery clearly lags behind other indicators of economic recovery, and Governments must continue to focus stimulus measures on job growth. The lag in employment recovery underscores the challenge posed by the global financial and economic crisis for poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Full and productive employment and decent work for all are critically important for poverty eradication and the achievement of the Goals. This was strongly emphasized shortly after the onset of the crisis by the Global Jobs Pact initiative, aimed at promoting a job-rich recovery.[7]", "25. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010, the Assembly called attention to the importance of productive employment and decent work as crucial means to achieve the Goals. In particular, the expansion of decent employment opportunities enables the benefits of economic growth to reach the broader population.[8] Therefore, promoting a job-rich recovery will lay a solid foundation for realizing the goal of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth envisioned in the outcome document.[9]", "26. However, the challenge of employment generation should not be underestimated, because the rate of economic growth needed to restore employment to pre-crisis levels must be sufficiently high both to compensate for the increases in the size of the working population and to increase productivity. In addition, this growth has to be employment-intensive and, for sustainability, must be driven by productivity growth. This means that there must be widespread structural change favouring the dynamic sectors of the economy.", "27. Calls to enhance labour market flexibility, a condition which often encourages lower wages and degraded employment conditions, are touted as necessary to address rising unemployment levels.[10] However, this prescription of deregulating the labour market overlooks three key considerations. First, countries with labour-friendly regulations are associated with lower wage inequality. Hence, regulations to protect labour rights lower inequality without imposing any significant loss in terms of output and employment.[11]", "28. Second, the current discourse on labour market flexibility refers to a regime of employment at will, in which Governments impose no restrictions on hiring, firing or employment conditions. Hence, from this perspective, both employers and workers should be free to choose mutually convenient terms of employment. In reality, however, flexibility is meant only for employers. In good times, this may go unnoticed, but in bad times, when firms are allowed to cut wages or fire employees en masse to reduce costs, this flexibility for employers translates into insecurity for workers, especially in the absence of adequate universal social protection.", "29. Third, the focus on labour market flexibility to cope with the global economic crisis runs the risk of impairing long-term growth potential if regulatory changes create an incentive structure in which workers respond by changing their collective behaviour to induce a low-pay, low-productivity trap.", "30. There is an implicit normative message that any job is better than no job. Such a view discounts the value of improving job security. In the absence of formal risk-mitigation schemes, workers could be induced to readily accept low-productivity jobs at low wages. This could propel an economy into a low-wage, low-productivity trap, with “bad” jobs driving out good jobs.", "31. A high turnover of workers induced by greater labour market flexibility might also reduce incentives for insecure workers to acquire training that would enhance labour productivity. In the absence of job security and legal protection, workers pay a premium (in the form of low wages and willingness to accept any job) to employers to reduce the risk of being unemployed. In such circumstances, the imposition of higher labour standards and various risk-mitigation schemes could be both efficient (leading an economy towards a high productivity, high wage equilibrium) and equitable (enabling vulnerable workers to cope with labour market risks).", "C. Need for social protection", "32. The devastating impact of the crisis on so many people underscores the dynamic and multidimensional nature of poverty and the critical importance of social protection for reducing vulnerability. Countries that have social protection systems are more capable of mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and preventing people from falling deeper into poverty. Social protection measures can also help regenerate economic activities and livelihoods.[12]", "33. In the long term, social protection can help individuals and families build human and social resources, among other assets, and improve their livelihood prospects,[13] thereby reducing poverty and unleashing the productive potential of the workforce. Therefore, social protection should not be viewed as a temporary measure to cushion the impact of a crisis, but rather as an ongoing investment to promote sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth. If social expenditures are allowed to decline in the wake of the crisis, such a situation is likely to exacerbate and prolong its adverse impacts on, for example, levels of malnutrition, school dropout rates and long-term unemployment.", "34. Universal access to basic social protection and social services is necessary to break the cycle of poverty and reduce inequality and social exclusion. A basic social protection floor is affordable; its benefits need to be weighed against the potentially high human, social and economic costs of not investing in social protection. Without schemes that ensure access to health care, adequate levels of nutrition and social stability, a country cannot unlock its full human, economic and productive potential. A human rights-based development strategy must advance the full realization of social and economic rights, and should also, for example, advance and protect gains in social development during times of crisis. The right to social security, set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, requires universal social protection to ensure the basic well-being of all individuals, including people living in poverty and those at risk of becoming poor.", "D. Poverty and food security", "35. The effects of the current financial and economic crisis were compounded by food-price hikes in 2007 and 2008. With global food production growing more slowly and foodstuffs increasingly used to produce animal feed and biofuels, it is highly unlikely that there will be an early return to the preceding period of declining food prices. Recent supply problems attributed to weather, fires and floods have also exacerbated uncertainties. The food-price hikes were due in part to speculation in the commodities markets as financial investors fled traditional financial markets. Clearly, higher food prices have adversely affected efforts to reduce poverty and hunger.", "36. Fundamental problems in the global food production and trading system must be addressed to ensure sustained food security. Developing countries need to shift from predominantly export-oriented agricultural policies to policies that strengthen domestic food production, the better to meet local needs for affordable food and to cushion the impact of international price shocks. Such a shift presupposes a stronger supportive role for the State, improved international cooperation and greater investment in food and agricultural development, with priority for small-scale farming and sustainable environmental resource management.", "V. Rethinking social policy", "37. The crisis offers an opportunity to rethink the role of social policy and social investment by transforming policy responses to the crisis into opportunities to strengthen social development and to achieve more sustained, inclusive and equitable development. It presents an opportunity to reshape the global economic, social and development agenda. There is a renewed realization that social policy considerations, especially productive employment, should be given greater importance within macroeconomic policy, rather than being viewed as residual assistance to poor people and disadvantaged groups who have been adversely affected by macroeconomic policies aimed only at lowering inflation or eliminating budget deficits.", "38. The economic crisis has served as a reminder that it is essential for people to be healthy, educated, adequately housed and well fed in order to be more productive and better able to contribute to society. In other words, social policy in general, as well as measures to end poverty in all its dimensions, should be an integral part of macroeconomic policy to promote development. Approaches to poverty reduction should therefore be developmental and holistic, integrating economic and social policies to achieve people-centred development outcomes.", "39. In the context of the crisis, a job-rich recovery requires the incorporation of social objectives into economic recovery strategies and policies. In fact, macroeconomic policy measures to promote sustained recovery should support policies for employment growth and poverty eradication. Social investments should be accorded priority in recovery strategies and development policies.", "40. Social investment invariably contributes to long-term growth and development. In developing countries, increasing expenditure to expand social protection and improve access to education and health services will help ensure more inclusive development with stronger domestic demand and establish a more solid foundation for future growth.", "41. The crisis also provides an opportunity to re-examine approaches to social policy. The fact that populations in rich and poor countries alike have been negatively affected by the global food, financial and economic crises underscores the case for a universal approach to social policy that does not focus only on people already in poverty. Universal social provisioning should be the goal of social policymaking. This will also ensure support that is broader and more sustained than that provided through narrowly targeted policy measures which risk the significant, albeit inadvertent, exclusion of many of the deserving.", "42. The Social Protection Floor Initiative promotes universal access to essential social transfers and services.[14] More than 75 per cent of the global population do not enjoy social guarantees that would enable them to cope with livelihood risks. Ensuring a social protection floor for people struggling to survive should be a necessary first step in addressing the multifaceted nature of poverty. This may require special, targeted measures — within the commitment to universal provisioning — to ensure that the most vulnerable are reached.", "43. For many poor developing countries, such programmes would require at least medium-term support from the international community. Ensuring a social protection floor for the entire global population represents a considerable challenge, but various United Nations agencies have shown that a basic floor of social transfers is affordable in all countries at virtually any stage of economic development.", "44. History has shown that, during moments of crisis leading to social and political unrest, strong political leadership can be the key factor in realizing important social change. The current crisis offers such a window of opportunity for achieving social progress: it is important to seize the opportunity to pioneer initiatives that will make universal social protection a reality.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "45. Over the period 2008-2009, the world experienced its worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression. Since then, the global economy has bounced back, but the recovery has been uneven and remains fragile, with ongoing social consequences. The rapid rise in unemployment triggered an increase in vulnerability in developing countries without comprehensive social protection. The economic crisis was exacerbated by the effects of food and fuel prices. The multiple crises set back the progress that many countries had made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Countries which responded with counter-cyclical policies and had social protection systems as well as active labour market programmes were able to recover early and to avoid some of the worst social outcomes. Given the fragility of the economic recovery, rising food and energy prices and the uneven progress in many countries, social conditions are expected to recover only slowly.", "46. The General Assembly may wish to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Governments are encouraged to pursue counter-cyclical policies in a consistent manner — during both economic upswings and downswings — in order to stabilize income and employment as well as to protect the gains made. Policy space should be created by changing the fundamental orientation and nature of policy prescriptions, and by enhancing fiscal space. This may require budget support from the international community without policy or programme conditionality;", "(b) Governments need to take into account the likely social implications of their economic policies. Economic policies considered in isolation from their social consequences can have serious consequences for poverty, employment, nutrition, health and education, which in turn adversely affect long-term sustainable development;", "(c) Universal social protection systems and active employment programmes should become permanent features of national crisis response measures in order to avoid delays in responding to economic downturns and other shocks, such as disasters, and to make those systems and programmes cost-effective. This is particularly urgent in view of the increased economic insecurity due to globalization and climate change;", "(d) Social investments should be accorded priority in recovery strategies and development policies. Increasing expenditures to expand social protection and improve access to education and health services will help ensure more inclusive development with stronger domestic demand and a more solid foundation for future growth.", "[1] International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Jobs Recovery (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2011).", "[2] These estimates refer to people living on less than $1.25 per day and are similar to those of the World Bank, which estimated that about 64 million additional people had become poor by 2010 compared with the situation that would have existed had the crisis not taken place. See World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2010: The MDGs after the Crisis (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010).", "[3] United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.C.2).", "[4] Anuradha Mittal, “The 2008 food price crisis: rethinking food security policies”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series, No. 56 (Geneva, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2009).", "[5] United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2009 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.C.2).", "[6] International Labour Organization and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Accelerating a job-rich recovery in G20 countries: building on experience”, report to the Meeting of G20 Labour and Employment Ministers, Washington, D.C., 20 and 21 April 2010.", "[7] In April 2009, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination launched the “Global Jobs Pact” initiative aimed at focusing the attention of decision-makers on employment measures and decent work as the foundation for long-term recovery. The Global Jobs Pact includes a range of crisis-response measures that countries can adapt to their specific needs and situations. It is not a one-size-fits-all solution, but a portfolio of options based on successful examples, and is designed also to inform and support action at the multilateral level. The key components of the Global Jobs Pact are employment promotion and social protection.", "[8] United Nations, The Employment Imperative: Report on the World Social Situation 2007, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.07.IV.9).", "[9] See General Assembly resolution 65/1, para. 23 (b).", "[10] For example, in a recent Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) working paper, Zuzana Brixiova argued: “More flexible labour markets will be a key adjustment mechanism during the recession as well as in the medium term” (see “Labour market flexibility in Estonia: what more can be done?”, OECD Economics Department working paper No. 697 (2009)). Anis Chowdhury and Iyanatul Islam (“The Great Recession of 2008-2009 and labour market flexibility: which way now?”, VoxEU commentary, 2009) referred to an article in The Economist (“When jobs disappear”, 12 March 2009), noting that the publication had pinned its hopes on a renewed commitment to global labour market flexibility to cope with worldwide job losses and accelerate employment-led recovery. They quoted the World Bank as suggesting that overly stringent employment protection laws constrained firm hiring and led to sub-optimal levels of employment, a feature particularly important during economic downturns, adding that, in fact, many believed that the financial crisis-induced recession provided an opportunity to dismantle labour market regulations. For example, a former finance minister and foreign minister of Chile had argued that the economic crisis provided opportunities to remove labour market protection, and had stated: “Labour reform is always politically contentious, but the current crisis, by illustrating the dangers of ignoring necessary long-term reforms, has made it easier to reach consensus on the need for action.” (Alejandro Foxley, “Recovery: the global financial crisis and middle-income countries”, Washington, D.C., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009).", "[11] Richard B. Freeman, “Labor market institutions around the world”, NBER working paper No. 13242 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007).", "[12] Social protection, which typically consists of social insurance, social assistance, including universal tax-financed transfers, and protective labour market regulations, also functions as an automatic stabilizer through business cycles and supports economic growth.", "[13] For example, Bolsa Familia, a conditional cash-transfer programme in Brazil, has improved the education, nutrition and health of beneficiary families. See International Labour Office, “Bolsa Familia in Brazil: context, concept and impacts” (Geneva, 2009).", "[14] International Labour Office, Social Security for Social Justice and a Fair Globalization (Geneva, 2011)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 27 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Social development: implementation of the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development and the twenty-fourth special session of the General Assembly", "World Social Situation 2011: Global Social Crisis", "Report of the Secretary-General (**)", "Summary", "During 2008-2009, the world experienced the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The rise in food and fuel prices in 2007 and 2008 affected the crisis. World Social Situation Report 2011: The Global Social Crisis outlines the causes and proliferation of these crises and the continuing negative social consequences. Despite the fact that, through concerted stimulus measures, a deeper and longer global recession has been avoided, economic recovery is fragile and uneven. The economic slowdown has led to a reduction in social spending in most developing countries, and the fiscal crunching policy adopted by developed countries has also reduced their social spending and jeopardizes recovery.", "The report notes that, following the global economic crisis, unemployment and vulnerability have increased rapidly, particularly in developing countries that have not comprehensive social protection measures. Because of the global financial crisis, millions of people have been trapped or trapped in extreme poverty. In 2009, more than 1 billion people in the world suffer from hunger, the highest record. The report highlights a number of important lessons learned from national responses to the global financial crisis, the importance of implementing inclusive social policies and the need for universal social protection measures. Annex", "∗ A/63/250.", "The present report (**) is a summary of the World Social Situation Report 2011, containing some conclusions and recommendations of the Secretary-General. The full text of the report will be issued later this year as a United Nations publication on sales.", "One major conclusion was that States needed to be able to consistently implement anti-cyclical policies. The second major lesson is that countries with social protection systems are able to avoid the worst social impacts and that recovery is much faster. This underscores that universal social protection systems and active labour market programmes require permanent establishments, not only as a temporary part of the national crisis response. Finally, social policy considerations, in particular productive employment, should place a more important place in macroeconomic policies, rather than as remaining assistance to poor populations and vulnerable groups.", "Contents", "Introduction 4 2. Recovery: Addressing the Social Crisis 4 3. Sustained Social Crisis 6 Response to Crisis: The way forward 9A. Government's role 9 B. Focus on employment growth 9 C. Need for rethinking social protection 11 D. Poverty and food security 12", "Introduction", "The global economic downturn has resulted in a wide range of adverse social consequences, and has impeded progress towards the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. Given the fragility of economic recovery in the main economies, progress is uneven and the social situation is expected to slow. The levels of poverty, hunger and unemployment have increased and will continue to affect millions of people over the next years.", "Beyond recovery: addressing the social crisis", "During 2008-2009, the world suffered the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The rapid global recession has severely disrupted global economic growth, which has led to significant setbacks in progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals. According to United Nations estimates, the annual growth rate for global output decreased from about 4 per cent in 2006-2007 to 1.6 per cent in 2008; in 2009, 95 countries had a decline in per capita income, and output growth was even further reduced to -2 per cent.", "The unemployment rate rose sharply; in 2009, 205 million people were unemployed, compared with 178 million in 2007. According to recent estimates by the International Labour Organization, the global unemployment rate for 2010 remains high and remains unchanged. The increase in unemployment has been a major social impact of the crisis on the developed economies, but in developing countries, the employment situation is not clear. Although the informal economy and the agricultural sector of farmers absorb most of the unemployment shocks in the formal sector, more workers in developing countries now suffer more vulnerable employment conditions.", "The loss of employment opportunities means not only loss of income but also increased vulnerability, particularly in developing countries that do not have comprehensive social protection measures. According to different estimates, between 47 million and 80 million people have been caught or trapped in extreme poverty due to the global financial crisis. [2] The global financial crisis started immediately following a significant increase in food and fuel prices. As a result, the number of people living in hunger in the world increased to more than 100 million in 2009, the highest record.", "Although the source of the financial crisis is not developing countries, their economies, in particular those that are much larger in international financial markets, cannot be spared from financial storms. The impact has been increased through various channels, including the collapse of trade and commodity prices, the reversal of capital flows, the rise in borrowing costs, the decline in remittances and the increased pressure on official development assistance. The extent to which States are affected is dependent on their economic structure and vulnerability to shocks.", "The extent of the impact of the crisis is further affected by the ability of Governments to respond to and combat the consequences of the crisis, which depends on the efficiency and strength of Governments' anti-cyclical macroeconomic policy mechanisms, social protection systems, regulatory frameworks, governance structures and political stability. These factors, in turn, affect how different social groups are affected by the crisis. The poorest countries have become the most vulnerable to the effects of global economic instability, which generally depend heavily on external financing, including aid and trade. Their foreign exchange earnings and Government income often depend on only a few commodities, with little financial space and weak social protection systems.", "A key finding of the present report is that the State needs to be able to consistently implement anti-cyclical policies. The fundamental direction and nature of international organizations imposing policies on States as aid conditions should be changed in order to create such a policy space. International financial institutions, despite the changes made by the Policy Branch, continue to add conditions that may contribute to the volatility of cycles to the financial assistance package of countries in need of assistance, and that the social impact of those policies is not given due attention.", "A number of Governments in Asia and Latin America have been relatively successful in mitigating the economic and social impacts of the recent crisis, which underscores the need for Governments to adhere to counter-cyclical fluctuations, with great wisdom to save financial resources in times of economic prosperity in order to support counter-cyclical measures when needed. In fact, the universal social protection system and active labour market programmes should be permanent measures, not only a temporary component of the national crisis response.", "Governments must take into account the social impact that their economic policies may have. The fact has repeatedly confirmed that economic policies that do not consider the social consequences can have terrible consequences for nutrition, health and education, which in turn negatively affect long-term economic growth. Economic policies and their social consequences are disconnected by creating a vicious circle of slow growth and social progress.", "In box 1 blind optimism was expressed by many international organizations that would not have the current global financial and economic crisis. For example, the International Monetary Fund responsible for monitoring global macro-financial development has maintained optimism; for some time, the International Monetary Fund has recognized that the crisis will soon be distributed to the world as a whole. In the previous month of the first round of the mortgage crisis in the United States, the International Monetary Fund noted that “strengthening global expansion continues, and global economic growth forecasts for 2007 and 2008 ...” lob (a) In addition, this failure has been recognized by the International Monetary Fund's Independent Assessment Office. Even in April 2007, the International Monetary Fund's message remained generally good in the global environment and was optimistic. The staff report and other documents of the IMF point out that the short-term prospects are good and that financial markets are generally sound. Only after the financial turmoil eruption, the International Monetary Fund was able to use a more prudent voice in the World Economic Outlook and the Global Financial Stability Report of October 2007. AD(b) other major organizations have not seen the arrival of the crisis. For example, following the collapse of the subprime mortgage market in the United States of America in August 2007, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development stated that: “The economic slowdown in the United States is not presupposing a period of weakness in the global economy, and in contrast, the current situation differs from 2001. On the contrary, “selective” demands a further balance, and Europe has come from the United States to leverage OECD growth .... Our central forecast is still quite good: the United States is housed, Europe has been released and sustained, Japan is on the ground and China and India operate vibrant. Such extreme optimism is no credible reason. In addition to the International Reimbursement Bank, the United Nations is the only international organization concerned. In its publication World Economic Situation and Prospects 2006, the United Nations issued the following warnings: “The expansion of macroeconomic imbalances in the major economies may lead to unplanned adjustment as a major risk, which undermines the stability and growth of the world economy ... the reversal of the housing prices will raise the risk of default and may trigger the banking crisis ... a sharp fall in the prices of buildings in one of the major economies leading to sudden and destructive adjustments in global imbalances”. AD(d) The United Nations has not only correctly analysed potential risks to the global economy but also made more practical projections of growth in 2009. In November 2009, the International Monetary Fund forecasted 2.2 per cent of global economic growth, with a projected baseline growth rate of 0.9 per cent. The global economy has proved to fall to 2.0 per cent in 2009. lob (a) International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook addendum (Washington, D.C., 2007). AD (b) International Monetary Fund Independent Assessment Office, IMF performance before the financial and economic crisis: oversight of IMF for 2004-07 (International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C., 2011). lob (c) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Economic Outlook, vol. 2007/1 (Paris, 2007). lob (d) United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2006 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "Sustainable social crises", "The overall impact of the financial and economic crisis on social progress in the areas of education and health cannot be seen immediately and can only be fully understood over time. However, preliminary estimates suggest that their impact is urgent, widespread and in-depth. Given the fragility of economic recovery in the main economies, progress has been uneven and the social situation is expected to slow. As a result of the global financial crisis, levels of poverty, hunger and unemployment will continue to affect millions of people in developed and developing countries over the next years.", "At the same time, in some developed economies, such as Greece and Spain, the tighter measures taken to deal with high-level government debt, not only threaten public sector employment and social spending, but also render economic recovery more uncertain and vulnerable. The increased pressure on financial rehabilitationton, combined with new pressures to deal with these debts, severely restricts the financial and policy space of developed economies, as the crisis continues, and limits their available options. Many developing countries, in particular those in the process of implementing IMF programmes, have also begun to be pressured by cuts in public spending and through tighter measures.", "While the large-scale economic stimulus packages adopted by the major economies succeeded in ending the economic downturn, thereby preventing the long-term recession in the economy, in many cases, recovery efforts were poor and unemployment and underemployment remained unacceptable levels. Evidence from the recent economic downturn suggests that the lag between the recovery of outputs and the recovery of employment has increased. The longer-term negative employment consequences of the current crisis have been evident, and youth unemployment has reached alarming levels in most countries. In developed countries and in developing countries, unemployment and underemployment rates for young people aged 15-24 years are very high: At the end of 2009, an estimated 79 million unemployed young people were unemployed and the global youth unemployment rate was 13.0 per cent.", "Structural unemployment or long-term unemployment in the most developed countries have increased since 2007. For example, in the United States of America, the number of workers who were unemployed for 27 weeks or more was increasing at an alarming rate in 2010; about half of the workers had not worked or had been unemployed for at least half a year. In many European countries, unemployment is equally worrying.", "In developing countries, most of the unemployment occurred in dynamic export sectors. There is great concern about the increase in vulnerable employment, the rise in the number of poor people in the business sector, the increasingly shift of those who lose their jobs in the formal economy to informal economic livelihoods, the low income and little protection.", "The labour market situation in developing countries is expected to pose challenges for at least two. First, 47 million new workers worldwide enter the labour market each year, mostly those seeking employment in developing countries. According to United Nations estimates, in 2010-2011, 5,100 million additional positions were required for the expansion of the workforce. Secondly, as in developed countries, progress in creating employment opportunities in the formal and industrial sectors in developing countries is also expected to be slower than output recovery. For example, after the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, the employment recovery process will be completed at least three years. Given the global nature of the current crisis, employment recovery may require longer time.", "The global economic downturn has had a wide range of adverse social consequences for individuals, families, communities and societies. Poverty and unemployment often result in crime, sexual violence, drug abuse and mental illness, including depression and suicide. In times of financial and economic crisis, households often need to respond to strategies such as changing household spending patterns; however, these practices have negative impacts on education, health and nutrition, which may lead to life-long liabilities for affected children and perpetuate poverty across generations.", "The volatility of food prices and the rise in income and unemployment have slowed progress in reducing hunger and improving nutrition. The sharp rise in global food and energy prices in 2007 and 2008, further weakening the well-being of the world's poor, compelling more families to rely on inadequate public food aid schemes, often with meals, less foods or abandoning nutritional foods, feeding more cheap and less healthy alternatives. As a result of rising prices, increased transport energy costs are transferred to consumers, and the import costs of food importers increased. [4]", "In 2009, food prices started to rise again, mainly because of the long-standing problems of global food production and supply, coupled with increased demand for biofuels and the greater speculation of commodity futures and future markets. The ongoing food crisis has serious implications for the political and social stability of poor food importers. The continuing impact of high food prices on the poor and other vulnerable groups has led to the outbreak of food unrest. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently warned that, in 2010, the main cereals want less apologized for weather, floods and fires, food prices “to rise to worrying ground” affecting millions of people.", "Social pathology of the 2 crisis can only be seen in the long term, in particular the impact of the economic crisis on public health and education. However, lessons can be learned from the past financial and economic crisis, such as the Great Depression in the 30th Century and the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. For example, between 1929 and 1932, the income of the United States of America declined by 30 per cent, the suicide rate increased by 40 per cent and all other causes increased by 10 per cent. lob (a) Similarly, between 1997 and 1998, the rate of suicide among Japanese men increased by 39 per cent, Hong Kong, China, by 44 per cent, and the Republic of Korea by 45 per cent. The rate of male suicide has also increased in Thailand. In Hong Kong, Japan and the Republic of Korea, China, the number of suicides of the economic crisis was more than 10400 in 1998. After the collapse of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the average life of the country declined sharply, with the return of the Lub crisis in 1998. AD (b) The economic downturn also adversely affects public health. Brenner (Brenner) found that the increase in heart disease mortality in New York and the United States of America was linked to the economic recession between 1900 and 1967. Short-term increases in alcohol consumption reflect, at least in part, higher socio-psychiatry pressures. AD(d) If the economic downturn is long, the increase in alcohol abuse may result in a healing of healing, leading to an increase in mortality, which was found in Buronne, 1936-1976 in England and Wales. In low levels of socio-economicity, poor health affects households without economic security. The lack of economic security often leads to stress: the collapse of social and family structures and the habit of harmful health. These impacts may be attributed to events in mental health, such as suicide, or to chronic diseases by several years. The findings of Burona were unworkable with the discovery of Major Guard Duli, Ralif Caratano and Jocherna Wilson (f) and, as a result of the loss of work, in the short term (less than one year), the symptoms of depression were exacerbated. They also suggested evidence that persons who lost work had increased alcohol abuse. lob (a) David Stuckler, “The impact of the economic crisis on public health and the changing response of Europe: the empirical analysis report”, vol. 374, No. 9686, (2009); David Stuckler, etc., “The impact of the financial crisis on public health: the comments of evidence”, see the Northern Ireland Medical Journal. Patrick (b) Shu-SenChang, “The economic crisis of 1997-1998 has led to an increase in suicide rates in East/East Asia? Time trends analysis on Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, New Zealand, and Thailand, Social Science and Medicine Research, vol. 68, No. 7, (2009). lob (c) M. Harvey Brenner, “Economic change and heart disease mortality”, “United States Public Health, vol. 61, No. 3, 1971”. lob (d) M. Harvey Brenner, “The trend of alcohol consumption and related diseases: some of the impacts of economic changes”, United States Public Health, vol. 65 (1975). lob (e) M. Harvey Brenner, “Health and National Economy”, Lancet, vol. 1979, No. 26 (1979). lob (f) David Dooley, Ralph Catalano and GeorjenaWilson, “Concertation and unemployment: findings of the Panel's studies in pandemic-proto-care areas”, United States Community Psychology, vol. 22, No. 6 (1994).", "Crisis response: way forward", "Role of the Government", "The initial multilateral response to the financial crisis in October 2008 pledged a comprehensive approach to highlighting cooperation and coordination. [5] As a result, economic stimulus measures by many Governments have provided basic impetus to global economic recovery. However, as these stimulus measures have been put in place to a fiscal crunch policy, recovery, led by the Government in some countries, may put an end to the risk of a lack or reversal. Given the fragility of economic recovery in many countries, decision-makers must reject pressure and cut spending too long.", "The impact of the crisis has been mitigated by the apparent entry into force of countercyclical macroeconomic policy measures. As many countries, including emerging economies in the developing world, have reacted rapidly to policies, the economic recession and its social impact are less severe. According to the International Labour Organization, countries of the Group of Twenty have implemented counter-cyclical measures to preserve or create 210 million jobs for their economies. [6]", "This underscores the importance of timely intervention by States in response to the crisis. However, the adverse effects of the crisis on the financial burden of Governments and other related consequences have been exacerbated, threatening the sustainability of these responses. There is no doubt that the financial burden of Governments is increasing because, as economic growth slows down, the tax base is reduced. The main reason for the budget deficit is the sharp contraction in output and income, which has resulted in a decline in income, not because of stimulus measures and social spending. The decline in revenue collection, combined with increased demand for social programmes, has exacerbated the impact of the financial crisis on social development.", "There is a growing pressure on austerity measure, which is clearly aimed at reconfigured finances, but also at risk of social protection, public health and education programmes and economic recovery measures. Social spending has been reduced in many industrialized countries and in many developing countries. Governments must carefully respond to the pressure on the retrenching of the financial and crunch measures to avoid endangering the sustainability of economic recovery. There is a need to continue to support stimulus measures and other recovery measures to enhance the momentum of output recovery and to guarantee economic and social investment in support of future growth.", "More importantly, the response to the crisis has not managed to address its underlying causes. For example, the financial reforms of the major economies are less than the original expectations, and recovery measures are emerging from new abuse, neglect and loopholes. There are indications that this has occurred. Progress has also been limited in addressing other structural causes of the crisis. For example, income inequality continues to grow, and the global economy is less effective and global demand remains low. Failure to address the underlying causes of the crisis will hamper sustainable recovery.", "Focus on employment growth", "The recovery of employment is clearly lagging behind other indicators of economic recovery, and the Government must continue to focus on incentives for employment growth. As a result of the recovery of employment, the global financial and economic crisis poses challenges for poverty eradication and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Adequate and productive employment and decent work for all are important in order to eradicate poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Shortly after the crisis, the Global Jobs Pact initiative aimed at promoting the recovery of employment was very strong. [7]", "At the high-level plenary meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, held in September 2010, the Assembly drew attention to the importance of productive employment and decent work as an important means of achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In particular, the increase in decent employment opportunities can make the benefits of economic growth available to the general public. [8] Therefore, the promotion of more employment recovery will lay a solid foundation for the achievement of the objectives of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth envisaged in the outcome document. [9]", "However, the challenge of creating jobs should not be underestimated, as the pace of economic growth must be sufficient to keep pace with the increase in the workforce while increasing productivity. Moreover, such economic growth must be employment-intensive and must be driven by productivity growth for sustainable purposes. This means that a wide range of structural reforms must be promoted and dynamism to economically dynamic sectors.", "Enhanced labour market flexibility is described as a necessary condition for addressing the rising unemployment rate, which often encourages low wages and contributes to the deterioration of employment conditions. [10] However, these parts of the labour market have neglected three important considerations. First, in countries implementing labour friendly legislation, the level of wage inequality is low. Therefore, legislation protecting labour rights may reduce inequality, without causing any significant loss in output and employment. [11]", "Secondly, the current discussion on labour market flexibility refers to a system of arbitrary employment, which does not limit employment conditions. Thus, from this point of view, workers and workers can freely choose employment conditions that are accessible to both parties. However, de facto flexibility is only the service of employers. There may be no attention in the face, but at the time of the reversal, enterprises may reduce wages or mass dismissals to reduce costs, which are not safe for workers, particularly in the absence of adequate universal social protection.", "Thirdly, labour market flexibility as a risk of coping with the global economic crisis would undermine long-term growth potential, as regulatory changes would result in a response by workers to a new incentive system to change their collective behaviour, thereby trapping a low wage and low productivity trap.", "There is a lesson of a hearty meditation that any work is better than that. This view derogates the value of improving the security of work. In the absence of a formal risk mitigation plan, workers may be forced to accept low wages and low productivity. This may push the economy forward low wages and low productivity traps, i.e. the so-called poor jobs.", "The higher turnover rate resulting from a more flexible labour market may also result in the reluctance of work-protected workers to receive training to increase labour productivity. In the absence of employment security and legal protection, workers are obliged to pay insurance payments to employers (in the form of low wages and willingness to accept any work) to reduce the risk of unemployment. In such cases, higher labour standards and the implementation of risk mitigation plans can be effective (enhancing economic productivity and higher wage balance) or promote equity (to enable vulnerable workers to cope with labour market risks).", "C. Need for social protection", "The crisis has disastrous impacts on such a large number of people, highlighting the dynamics and multidimensional nature of poverty and the critical importance of social protection for reducing vulnerability. Countries with social protection systems are more able to mitigate the negative impacts of shocks and prevent people from falling into poverty. Social protection measures can also help restore economic activity and livelihoods. [12]", "In the long term, social protection can help individuals and families to build up assets such as human resources and social resources and to improve their livelihood prospects, [13] thereby reduce poverty and release the productive potential of the workforce. Therefore, social protection should not be seen as an interim measure to mitigate the effects of the crisis, but rather as an ongoing investment in promoting sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth. If social spending is allowed to fall, the situation is likely to exacerbate and prolong adverse impacts, such as increasing malnutrition, drop-out rates and long-term unemployment.", "Universal access to basic social protection and social services is necessary to break the vicious circle of poverty, reduce inequality and social exclusion. Improving basic social protection is affordable; it needs to be weighed against the potential human, social and economic costs of non-investment in social protection. A State cannot fully release its human, economic and productive potential without ensuring access to health care, adequate nutrition levels and social stability plans. Human rights-based development strategies must promote the full realization of social and economic rights, for example, in times of crisis, as well as the promotion and protection of social development. The right to social security enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides for universal access to social protection to ensure that all people, including those living in poverty and those who are likely to be poor, are guaranteed basic welfare.", "Poverty and food security", "In 2007 and 2008, the sharp rise in food prices exacerbated the impact of the current financial and economic crisis. As global food production growth is slower and food is increasingly used to produce animal feeds and biofuels, there is little opportunity to return to the previous phase of food prices. Recent supply problems can be attributed to weather, fire and flooding, as well as to uncertainty. The rise in food prices is partly due to the speculation of commodity markets caused by financial investors to escape traditional financial markets. Clearly, rising food prices have had a negative impact on efforts to reduce poverty and hunger.", "The basic issues of the global food production and trade system must be addressed to ensure sustained food security. Developing countries need to move from export-led agricultural policies to strengthen domestic food production policies to better meet local needs and afford food to the people to mitigate the impact of international price shocks. This shift is premised on the State's enhanced enabling role, improved international cooperation, greater investment in food and agricultural development, and on the priority of improving the management of small and sustainable environmental resources.", "Reconsideration of social policies", "The crisis provides an opportunity to rethink the role of social policy and social investment, translate the response to the crisis into strengthening social development and achieve opportunities for sustainable, inclusive and equitable development. It provides an opportunity to restructure the global economic, social and development agenda. It was re-assured that social policy considerations, in particular productive employment, should be more important in macroeconomic policy, rather than being seen as providing residual assistance to poor populations and vulnerable groups. Poor populations and vulnerable groups have been adversely affected by macroeconomic policies aimed at reducing inflation or eliminating budgetary deficits.", "The economic crisis reminds people of their physical health, education, adequate housing, access to stoves, productivity enhancement and better contribution to society. In other words, general social policies and measures aimed at ending poverty in all areas should be part of macroeconomic policies for development. Measures to reduce poverty should therefore be geared towards development, with a view to achieving people-centred development outcomes in the context of economic policies and social policies.", "In the context of the crisis, the recovery of employment needs to incorporate social goals into economic recovery strategies and policies. Indeed, macroeconomic policy measures to promote sustained economic recovery should support employment growth and poverty eradication policies. Recovery strategies and development policies should give priority to social investment.", "Social investment generally contributes to long-term growth and development. In developing countries, increased spending, increased social protection and improved access to education and health services will help to ensure more inclusive development, strengthen internal demand and build a stronger foundation for future development.", "The crisis also provides an opportunity to revisit the social policy approach. In fact, both rich and poor countries, their population has been negatively affected by the global food, financial and economic crisis, which underscores that social policies require a universal approach that cannot focus solely on those who have already been poor. Universal social empowerment should be the goal of social decision-making. Universal support will be more likely to receive broader and more sustained support, with only a great risk for minority policy measures, or inadvertently exclude a large number of those who deserve help.", "The Minimum Initiative for Social Protection promotes universal access to basic social transfers and services. [14] More than 75 per cent of the global population does not enjoy social protection and enable them to cope with their livelihood risks. For those who earn their livelihoods, ensuring that they receive a minimum social protection, it should be the first step necessary to address the multiple dimensions of poverty. This may require special and targeted measures — within the context of universal commitment — to ensure that the most vulnerable are assisted.", "For many poor developing countries, such programmes will require at least medium-term support from the international community. While ensuring minimum social protection for all global populations is a considerable challenge, United Nations agencies have proven to be affordable in all countries at all stages of economic development.", "History has proved that strong political leadership can be a key factor in achieving important social change at times of crisis that lead to social and political unrest. The current crisis provides a window of opportunity to achieve social progress: it is important to seize opportunities and to set up initiatives that will translate universal social protection into reality.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "During 2008-2009, the world has experienced the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression. Since then, the global economy has been reversed, but recovery is uneven and remains fragile and continues to have social consequences. The sharp increase in unemployment has made it easier for developing countries without comprehensive social protection. The impact of food and fuel prices has exacerbated the economic crisis. The multiple crises have setbacks in progress towards the Millennium Development Goals in many countries. Countries that adopt anti-cyclical policies, establish social protection systems and implement active labour market plans can recover early and avoid some of the most serious social outcomes. Given the fragility of economic recovery, the rise in food and energy prices, the uneven progress of many countries is expected to slow the recovery.", "The General Assembly may wish to consider the following recommendations:", "(a) Encourage Governments to consistently implement anti-cyclical fluctuation policies, whether in times of economic growth or drop — in order to stabilize income and employment and protect the results achieved. Policy spaces should be created and expanded by changing the fundamental direction and nature of the Policy Branch. This may require budgetary support from the international community for non-policy or programmatic conditions;", "(b) Governments need to take into account the social impact that their economic policies may have. Economic policies that do not consider the social consequences could have serious consequences for poverty, employment, nutrition, health and education, which in turn negatively affect sustainable development in the long term;", "(c) The universal social protection system and active employment programmes should be a permanent focus of the national crisis response to avoid delays in responding to other shocks such as economic downturns and disasters and to make them cost-effective. This is particularly urgent because globalization and climate change make the economy increasingly unsafe;", "(d) Recovery strategies and development policies should give priority to social investment. Increasing spending, expanding social protection and improving access to education and health services will contribute to ensuring more inclusive development, expanding the demand and building a stronger foundation for future growth.", "ILO, Global Employment Trends 2011: Challenges for Employment Recovery (Geneva, International Labour Office, 2011).", "[2] These estimates refer to those who live on less than $1.25 a day and to the World Bank's estimates vary. According to World Bank estimates, the number of poor people will increase by about 664 million by 2010. See World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2010: Millennium Development Goals after the crisis (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010).", "[3] United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2010 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[4] Anuradha Mittal, “The food price crisis 2008: rethinking of food security policies”, Group of 24 Discussion Paper Series, No. 56 (Geneva, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2009).", "[5] United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2009 (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[6] International Labour Organization and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Acceleration of employment in the countries of the Group of 20: lessons learned”, Report of the Conference of Ministers of Labour and Employment of the Group of 20, Washington, D.C., 20 and 21 April 2010.", "[7] In April 2009, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination launched the Global Jobs Pact initiative aimed at focusing on employment measures and decent work as a basis for long-term recovery. The Global Jobs Pact includes a series of response measures to the crisis, which can be adapted by States in accordance with their specific needs and national circumstances. This is not a “one-size-fits-all” solution, but is based on successful examples and options aimed at providing and supporting multilateral action. The main component of the Global Jobs Pact is to promote employment and social protection.", "[8] United Nations, “Elementary measures in employment: Report on the World Social Situation 2007” (United Nations publication, Sales No.", "[9] See General Assembly resolution 63/2, paragraph 23 (b).", "[10] For example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development recently, in a working paper prepared by Zuzanal Brixiova, stated that “The more flexible labour market will be a key adjustment mechanism during the economic downturn and in the medium term” (see “Estonian labour market flexibility: what can be done”, Working Paper No. 697 (2009) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Anis Chowdhury and Lyanatul Islam (the flexibility of the Great Depression of 2008-2009 and the labour market — where?” Voxeu comments, 2009), referring to an article of the Economist (when work is lost), 12 March 2009, pointing out that it has renewed its commitment to promoting the flexibility of the global labour market in order to address global unemployment and to promote the economic recovery of employment-led. They cited the World Bank's recommendation that too rigorous employment protection laws restrict the recruitment of companies and lead to undesirable levels of employment, particularly in economic downturns, noting that many believe that the economic downturn caused by the financial crisis provides an opportunity to repeal labour market regulations. For example, in Chile, the former Minister for Finance and Foreign Affairs stated that the economic crisis provided an opportunity to eliminate labour market protection, noting that labour reform was always a political controversy, but the current crisis made it easier to reach consensus on the need for action by ignoring the risk of the necessary long-term reforms (Alejandro Foxley, “Recovering: the global financial crisis and middle-income countries”, Washington, D.C., Carnegie International Peace Foundation, 2009)", "[11] Richard B. Freeman, “The labour market system in all parts of the world”, Working Paper of the National Bureau of Economic Research, No. 13242 (Board, National Economic Research Agency, 2007).", "[12] Social protection, including, in general, social insurance, social assistance, including the transfer of tax subsidies for all, and protection of sexual labour market regulatory measures, also plays the role of an automatic stabilization mechanism for the commercial cycle, while supporting economic growth.", "[13] For example, a conditional cash transfer programme in Brazil, “Family grants” (Bolsa Familia) has improved family education, nutrition and health. See International Labour Office, “Fami Family Assistance: background, concept and impact” (Geneva, 2009).", "[14] International Labour Office, Social Security for Social Justice and Fair Globalization (Geneva, 2011." ]

[ "2011年8月1日以色列常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨致信就今早在以色列和黎巴嫩之间的蓝线地区发生的一起严重事件表达严重关切。", "今天，大约当地时间上午7时，黎巴嫩武装部队(黎军)一名士兵向位于蓝线以南的以色列国防军士兵开火。这一无端攻击显然违反了安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议的规定。", "这是我在过去两周里第二次写信投诉黎巴嫩在北部边境的挑衅行为。这起事件显示了黎军挑衅行为的清晰模式，黎军已经一再暴露自身好战和乱开火的面目。这在以往造成了人员伤亡：2010年8月3日，黎军发起无端攻击，开火并打死了以色列国防军预备役营长Dov Harari中校。万幸的是，今早发生的事件并未造成人员伤亡。", "以色列国防军已经并将继续与联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)充分合作调查这起事件。自始至终，以色列国防军一直遵守安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议的规定，位于蓝线以南。我要强调指出，以色列国防军是在遭到射击之后才作出自卫反应的，保持了最大程度的克制。", "我们要求黎巴嫩政府充分调查黎军在引发这一挑衅事件中的角色。此外，我们期望黎巴嫩政府采取各种必要措施，避免此类危险事件重演，并确保尊重整条蓝线。", "我们还呼吁国际社会采取行动防止挑衅行为再次发生，向黎巴嫩政府发出明确信息，即此类攻击不仅违反了安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议的规定，并极有可能造成冲突升级，威胁本地区的和平和稳定。", "以色列一如既往，决心保卫自己的边界、平民和士兵，使其免受诸如今早事件的非法挑衅。以色列将继续极力维护地区和平和安全，并希望邻国也本着同样负责的精神行事。", "请将此信作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "龙恩·普罗索尔(签名)" ]

[ "Identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I write to express my grave concern regarding a serious incident that took place this morning in the area of the Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon.", "Today, at approximately 7 a.m. local time, a soldier from the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) opened fire on Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers situated south of the Blue Line. This unprovoked attack by the LAF is a clear violation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006).", "This is my second letter in the last two weeks dealing with Lebanese acts of provocation on the northern border. This incident is indicative of a clear pattern of provocative acts by the LAF, which has repeatedly shown itself trigger-happy and quick to open fire. In the past this has led to fatalities: on 3 August 2010, in another unprovoked attack, the LAF shot and killed reservist IDF Battalion Commander Lieutenant Colonel Dov Harari. Miraculously, no causalities have been reported in this incident.", "The IDF has fully cooperated with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) investigation into the incident and will continue to do so. At all times, the IDF remained south of the Blue Line, in compliance with Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). I would like to emphasize that the IDF responded in self-defence only after being fired upon, acting with maximum restraint.", "We demand that the Government of Lebanon fully investigate the role of the LAF in causing this provocation. Moreover, we expect the Government of Lebanon to take all necessary measures to prevent such dangerous incidents from reoccurring in the future, and to ensure that the Blue Line is respected in its entirety.", "We also call upon the international community to take action to prevent further provocations, conveying a clear message to the Government of Lebanon that such attacks are not only in violation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), but also carry with them a serious potential for escalation, threatening peace and stability in this area.", "Israel remains determined to protect its borders, civilians and soldiers from unlawful provocations such as the one that took place this morning. Israel will continue to take great efforts to maintain regional peace and security and hopes that our neighbours will act in the same responsible way.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter distributed as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ron Prosor Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "Identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to convey to you serious concern about a serious incident that has occurred in the Blue Line area between Israel and Lebanon.", "Today, at about 7 a.m., a soldier from the Lebanese Armed Forces (Lebanon) fired at Israeli Defense Forces soldiers in the south of the Blue Line. This unwarranted attack clearly violates Security Council resolution 1701 (2006).", "This is my second letter in the past two weeks to complain about the provocative acts of Lebanon at the northern border. This incident shows a clear model of provocative actions by the Tripoli Army, which has repeatedly exposed its own trajectorys and fires. This resulted in the loss of life and injury in the past: on 3 August 2010, the Tripoli Army launched an unwarranted attack, fired at and killed Colonel Dov Harari, Director of the Preparatory Operations of the Israel Defense Forces. Fortunately, the events that have occurred earlier did not cause casualties.", "The Israeli Defense Forces have and will continue to cooperate fully with the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). From the outset, the Israel Defense Forces have been in compliance with Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), which is south of the Blue Line. I would like to stress that the Israeli Defense Forces have reacted in self-defence after the firing.", "We call on the Government of Lebanon to fully investigate the role of the Lebanese Army in triggering this provocation. In addition, we expect the Government of Lebanon to take all necessary measures to avoid such dangerous events and to ensure respect for the Blue Line.", "We also call on the international community to take action to prevent the recurrence of provocations and to send a clear message to the Government of Lebanon that such attacks violate not only the provisions of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), but also the most likely escalation of conflicts, threatening peace and stability in the region.", "Israel, as always, is committed to defending its borders, civilians and soldiers from unlawful provocations such as those that have occurred earlier. Israel will continue to uphold peace and security in the region and hopes that neighbouring countries will act in the same spirit of responsibility.", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Permanent Representative", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利", "暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表年度报告", "摘要", "暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表的这份第二次报告是根据大会第65/197号决议提交大会的。本报告接受了联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告(A/61/299)的指导，并发扬光大了特别代表在其初次报告(A/65/292)中表达的远见和确定的优先领域。", "本报告是对特别代表提交人权理事会的年度报告(A/HRC/16/54)的补充。本报告审查了主要情况发展和特别报告员推动开展的主动行动，这些主动行动的目的是在全球、区域和国家各级推动落实研究报告并取得进展，将区域治理结构制度化，并加强战略联盟，加速全球迈向没有暴力行为的世界的进展。", "为了加速进展，本报告突出了特别代表在未来阶段将特别关注的领域：(a) 推动普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的各项任择议定书；(b) 进一步巩固暴力侵害儿童行为区域治理结构；(c) 继续关于与暴力有关的专题的系列专家协商会；(d) 开展全球调查，评估进展情况，向在预防和应对暴力领域开展进一步行动提供信息。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n1.任务规定和战略优先事项 3\t\n2.巩固在执行联合国研究的战略议程方面取得的进展 4\t\nA.努力推动普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的各项任择议定书 5\t\nB.巩固保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力的法律保护 6\tC.促进建立对儿童敏感的咨询、报告和投诉机制，以解决暴力侵害儿童事件， 8 \n并确保残疾儿童可用、能用和使用此类机制 \nD.预防和解决校内侵害儿童的暴力行为 10\tE.开展一项全球调查，评估在预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为方面 14 \n的进展 \n3.通过战略伙伴关系以及区域治理结构的制度化来加速进展 15\t\nA.与包括人权条约机构和机制在内的联合国系统的合作 15\t\nB.与政府间和区域组织和机构的合作 16\t\nC.与民间社会、包括与儿童和年轻人的合作 19\t\n4.确保坚定的支持 20\t\n5.展望未来 20\t\nA.逐步争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约》各项任择议定书 21\tB.巩固区域治理结构的发展和促进跨区域的经验交流以确保保护儿童免遭 21 \n暴力侵害 \nC.组织专家协商会和撰写专题报告 21\tD.开展一项全球调查，评估在预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为 22 \n方面的进展", "一. 任务规定和战略优先事项", "1. 暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表[1] 是预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为方面一位高调的全球独立倡导人。特别代表的任务规定接受联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告及其战略建议(A/61/299)的指导，并倡导将保护儿童不受暴力侵害作为人权要求的必要事项。《儿童权利公约》和相关的各种任择议定书以及其他国际人权文书为预防和应对暴力行为奠定了坚实的规范基础。为此，特别代表提倡普遍批准和有效实施人权的核心条约。", "2. 特别代表在各区域、各部门和可能发生暴力侵害儿童的场合发挥着桥梁和行动催化剂的作用。她与联合国系统内外的广大伙伴合作，她为保持这一议程的势头而鼓动采取行动和争取政治支持，激发人们对暴力侵害儿童问题的新的关注，促进行为举止和社会变革，并随之取得稳定进展。", "3. 特别代表采用相辅相成的战略，包括促进对保护儿童免受暴力侵害的宣传；为国际、区域和国家各级的战略会议作出贡献，以加速这一领域的进展，确认最佳做法，促进横跨区域、部门和场所交流经验；组织实地访问团；开展专题研究和拟订报告。", "4. 正如向大会和人权理事会提交的以前的报告[2] 详述的那样，特别代表优先注重：", "(a) 在联合国关于暴力侵害儿童行为问题的研究报告建议基础上，促进制定一项战略议程(见下文第二节)；", "(b) 加强重要的伙伴关系，以在落实该研究报告方面取得进展和维持此种进展(见下文第三节)；", "(c) 争取对她任务规定的有力支持，包括可靠的资金，以推动在预防暴力和保护儿童不受各种形式的暴力侵害方面取得进展(见下文第四节)。", "5. 特别代表的任务规定的总体目标是要在执行该研究报告所载建议方面加速取得进展。鉴于其特别的紧迫性，这些建议中有三条建议中列入了有时间限制的目标。下面这些也是特别代表优先关注的领域，即：", "(a) 在每个国家制定一项全面的国家战略，预防和应对一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为；", "(b) 明令禁止各种形式和在各种场合暴力侵害儿童的行为；", "(c) 巩固国家的数据收集、分析和传播系统以及暴力侵害儿童问题的研究工作议程。", "6. 在这些领域已经取得充满希望的国家进展。特别代表一直通过与政府间组织和政治团体的区域接触进程，召集有关打击暴力侵害儿童行为的议程的战略方面问题的专家协商会，撰写支持宣传、政策和法律改革的专题报告，[3] 并通过对所有区域37个国家的访问，追求这些优先目标。", "二. 巩固在执行联合国研究的战略议程方面取得的进展", "7. 在特别代表任期的第一年期间，为了巩固优先领域的变化，特别注重重振参与开展研究、促进新联盟和进一步巩固战略伙伴关系，特别是有关暴力侵害儿童方面的区域治理结构的制度化等方面的网络。这些努力对促进将儿童免遭暴力侵害的问题纳入国际、区域和国家各级政策议程的主流很关键。", "8. 任期的第二年是个关键阶段，在这一阶段要凝聚对解决长期挑战和加速迈向一个没有暴力的世界的全球进展努力的坚定支持。在支持这一进程中，特别代表与关键合作伙伴一道，组织了三场有关关切的关键领域的专家协商会，即对儿童敏感的解决暴力事件的机制；确保保护儿童的法律改革；预防和解决校内暴力的战略。下文将介绍这些会议的主要结论和建议。", "9. 特别代表也在准备出版专题报告和关于这些主题的宣传工具，以协助各国政府和其他利益攸关方确保保护儿童免受暴力。将特别为儿童开发资料，包括关于对儿童敏感的应对暴力事件机制的资料。", "10. 作为她宣传和沟通战略的一部分，特别代表建立了一个网站(http://srsg.　violenceagainstchildren.org)来传播关于保护儿童免遭暴力方面的重要情况发展的信息。该网站也是重要伙伴间进行联络的平台，它包括社会媒体工具和一个“儿童之角”，上面有对儿童友好的资料。", "11. 2011年，特别代表在她的优先议程的总体框架下，特别重视：", "(a) 努力推动普遍批准《公约》的各项任择议定书，特别是要确保保护儿童免遭买卖、卖淫、色情之害；", "(b) 巩固保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力的法律保护；", "(c) 促进建立安全和对儿童敏感的咨询、报告和投诉机制，以解决暴力侵害儿童，包括残疾儿童的事件；", "(d) 扩大认识和宣传，预防和解决在教育机构以及相关司法机构中暴力侵害儿童的行为；", "(e) 开展一项全球调查，评估在预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为方面的进展。", "A. 努力推动普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的各项任择议定书", "12. 秘书长于2010年发起的推动普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的各项任择议定书的全球运动，为巩固与联合国系统内的战略盟友的机构伙伴关系提供了关键议程，这些盟友包括负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、儿童权利委员会、买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员。该运动也已成为衡量与国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)合作情况的一个重要参考。", "13. 鉴于她的任务规定，暴力侵害儿童问题特别代表特别重视全球遵守《买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》。她通过全球宣传、区域参与和外地访问来推动这一议程。", "14. 在开展这一运动的第一年，已取得重大进展。普遍批准的目标被纳入联合国的政策议程，其中包括联合国打击贩运人口的全球行动计划[4] 和2011年5月11日海牙全球童工会议通过的在2016年底以前实现消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动目标的路线图(见下文第三节)。区域组织和政治团体也表示致力于批准和执行《议定书》，其中包括伊斯兰合作组织、阿拉伯国家联盟、南方共同市场、南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议以及亚洲和太平洋地区国家。欧洲委员会展开有关对儿童的性暴力行为的广泛宣传运动，其中批准《议定书》是一个核心组成部分。", "15. 自从发起这一运动以来，已有8个国家批准了《议定书》：吉布提、几内亚比绍、圭亚那、马耳他、毛里求斯、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦和沙特阿拉伯。中非共和国已签署这一文书。", "16. 2011年5月，为了加快进度，特别代表与战略伙伴合作，在发起这一运动一周年之际，在纽约主持了一场条约活动，并支持非洲联盟在亚的斯亚贝巴与非洲经济委员会、儿基会和人权高专办一道主办的一场区域活动。在这些会议和其他高级别会议上，活动得到各国政府、联合国机构、国会议员、儿童权利倡导者、宗教组织和民间社会组织的大力支持。", "17. 至少有18个国家已作出批准《议定书》的正式承诺，包括在人权理事会的普遍定期审议框架内以及在儿童权利委员会或人权任务负责人面前作出的承诺。在那些尚未成为缔约国的国家中，40%的已批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》，90%的已批准劳工组织关于最恶劣形式的童工劳动的第182号公约，这些议定书和公约针对的是类似的关切领域。", "B. 巩固保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力的法律保护", "18. 通过禁止所有情况下的一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为的立法，再加上预防和应对暴力的适当法律框架，是联合国研究报告的一项关键建议，并构成了特别代表任务规定的优先事项。为了推进在这一关键领域取得进展，特别代表与人权高专办、各国议会联盟和落实研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告的国际非政府组织咨询委员会一道，于2011年7月组织了在日内瓦举行的法律改革专家协商会。下面介绍协商会的主要成果。", "19. 正如以前的报告强调的那样，关于暴力侵害儿童问题的法律改革是一个势头渐劲的领域。最终完成该研究报告时，有16个国家已经立法禁止一切情况下的暴力。迄今，有29个国家已经有了此类全面法律禁令，在某些情况下，将其纳入了宪法。在一些国家，法院也发挥了重要作用，保障儿童享有人身安全得到尊重的权利和免受暴力之害的自由，包括在家庭内享有此类权利。纵观各区域，现正在采取重大举措，以实现在法律上充分禁止暴力侵害儿童的行为；许多国家通过了关于具体形式的此类暴力的立法，其中包括性虐待和性剥削、贩运和有害的传统习俗。", "20. 在过去两年里，许多区域组织和政治团体也将这一目标作为优先事项，其中包括伊斯兰合作组织、阿拉伯国家联盟、南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议、南方共同市场和欧洲委员会。此外，非洲儿童权利与福利问题专家委员会、儿童权利委员会和美洲人权委员会一直是积极的支持者。", "21. 尽管有了这些重要的情况发展，但仍然需要积极努力。首先，需要扩大努力，明确在法律上禁止一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为：在全球范围内，不到5%的儿童受益于在一切情况下免受一切形式暴力的法律保护。", "22. 其次，在已颁布立法的国家，需要采取进一步的措施来缩小法律和实践之间的差距。儿童权利委员会有关《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》执行情况的结论意见表明，在超过一半的已审查国家中，有关儿童卖淫的立法需要修订，包括要确保保护男孩。关于《公约》执行情况的结论意见表明，至少有三分之一的国家，关于其他形式的性暴力的立法条款不足，因为这些条款未将强奸定为刑事犯罪或未就性虐待作出足够的定义。同样，儿童权利信息网进行的一项研究表明，在至少40个国家，儿童有被判处接受暴力形式的惩罚的风险，其中包括鞭刑、笞刑、杖刑或截肢，在一些国家，法律仍然允许儿童被判处死刑。", "23. 简而言之，虽然许多国家已经采取步骤禁止以某些形式和在某些背景下暴力侵害儿童的行为，但只有少数国家推出了全面禁止。而且，执法仍然薄弱，对采取的变化的传播和了解有限。为监测法律改革的影响和解决正在出现的问题以及确保支持受害者的治愈和长期融入社会的服务和方案协调良好及资源充足所作的努力，一直较少。", "24. 关于法律改革的日内瓦专家协商会提供了一个战略平台，以便审查世界上不同国家的倡议和积极经验、承认进展、反思研究所查明的5种场合下便于或有损让儿童免受暴力的法律保护的关键因素。此会还包括查明加快进展和促进这一关键领域的技术咨询的机遇。", "25. 此会得出了重要的结论和建议，要确保儿童免受不同形式和场所的暴力，包括免受性虐待和性剥削、贩卖、有害的传统习俗、少年司法、与劳动有关的暴力和家庭内暴力的自由。特别代表未来几个月中即将发表的关于这一主题的专题报告，将会更详细地谈及这些。", "26. 在期待该报告时，鉴于以下四个支配性结论在塑造关于暴力侵害儿童问题的立法倡议中具有关键价值，它们值得特别注意。", "27. 第一，关于暴力侵害儿童行为问题的法律改革是一个强有力的国家儿童保护体系的重要组成部分。因此，它需要得到协调良好和资源充足的服务和机构的支持，并通过一个全面的方法进行法律改革。这包括解决暴力的根源；禁止和阻吓暴力事件；保障所有儿童的权利，包括那些面临较大风险的儿童的权利；提供补救和重返社会的机会；打击有罪不罚现象。根据法律建立较易使用、对儿童敏感且安全的咨询、报告和投诉机制来解决暴力事件，是这一进程的一个重要方面。", "28. 第二，法律改革是一个持续的进程，不能降低为孤立或零散的行动。法律改革需要坚持不懈的努力，以确保与国际标准统一，并落实在这一领域作出的政治承诺；填补执行方面的差距；解决新出现的问题，如使用新技术所产生的问题。在根深蒂固的社会习俗容忍将使用暴力作为抚养孩子的做法或必要的纪律形式的情况下，关键是促进宣传、教育、立法和执法以及评价的持续进程。", "29. 第三，保护儿童免受暴力的立法性质复杂而广泛。这就需要全面和明确的法律禁令，以传达一个明确的信息，任何地方和任何时候都要保障儿童免受暴力的自由权。通过宪法改革，或在家庭法和刑法中以及在保护儿童和家庭暴力立法中引入新的条款，这一进程在越来越多的国家势头日渐强劲。", "30. 法律上的禁止也必须得到具体立法中的详尽条款的支持，以解决不同形式的暴力行为，如性虐待和性剥削、贩卖或有害的传统习俗，解决学校、照料机构和司法机构或家庭等特定场所的暴力。必须要制定相关法律领域的授权法律和条例，从而赋予禁令充分的意义，阻吓暴力事件，保护有关儿童，并确保适当支持执法进程和打击有罪不罚现象。", "31. 因此，需要上述两种方法，全面的和具体的，它们确实是相辅相成的。", "32. 第四，通过包容性和参与性的进程来加以推动，法律改革举措已取得特别成功，政府部门、国会议员、支持儿童权利的独立国家机构和民间社会的主要行动者，包括专业团体、地方当局和宗教领袖，以及青年人自己等关键利益攸关方等均参与其中。", "33. 而且，当此类举措得到社会动员倡议和提高认识运动(无论是针对一般大众，还是特别针对儿童及其家庭的倡议和宣传)的支持，以及得到制定道德标准、能力建设活动的支持和向从事儿童工作的专业人员和机构提供具体指导时，执法就更加有效。因此，法律改革举措应包括明确的实施计划，要有成本估算，以及支付成本的预期资源分配。", "C. 促进建立对儿童敏感的咨询、报告和投诉机制，以解决暴力侵害儿童事件，并确保残疾儿童可用、能用和使用此类机制", "34. 应人权理事会的要求，特别代表与买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员一道，编写了一份关于建立有效和对儿童敏感的咨询、投诉和报告机制来应对暴力，包括性暴力的报告(A/HRC/16/56)。人权理事会还敦促各国确保此类机制要保密、适合年龄、对性别问题有敏感认识、对残疾敏感、安全、广为人知和能为所有儿童使用。联合国研究暴力侵害儿童问题的报告提出了类似的建议。", "35. 咨询、投诉和报告机制，是解决侵犯儿童权利行为，包括暴力的重要补救措施。该机制的建立要根植于国际人权标准，鉴于其紧迫性，2008年在里约热内卢召开的第三届禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削世界大会呼吁所有国家在2013年底前建立此类机制。", "36. 根据2010年与人权高专办一道举办的专家协商会的成果并根据所开展的研究以及从国家政府和其他利益攸关方收到的资料，该联合报告概述了现有的咨询、投诉和报告机制的情况。联合报告承认在许多国家内政府、国家人权机构、民间社会和基于社区的组织为促进咨询和方便投诉和报告暴力事件，包括性虐待和性剥削所作的努力。但它也承认，这些举措仍然是头痛医头，脚痛医脚，往往不足以解决儿童的具体关切问题。因此，它们不足以确保保护儿童免受暴力侵害，往往未被视为健全的儿童保护系统的核心组成部分。", "37. 情况往往是，儿童不易有机会使用咨询、报告和投诉机制，并对此类服务缺乏信任。他们担心，他们将受到忽略，没人相信他们，人们会去判断他们，而不是聆听他们讲话。儿童害怕如果他们报告暴力事件，他们会遭到曝光、污辱、骚扰和报复。通常情况下，儿童不知道现有的机制，也没有关于如何得到咨询和援助的任何信息。", "38. 在性剥削和性虐待的案件中，这些行为往往是机构、学校和家里儿童了解和信任的人所犯下的，家长会试图掩盖此类事件，以保护他们的子女，维护家庭的形象和团结。专业人士可能缺乏必要的培训，无法发现早期信号，以道德、对性别和儿童敏感的方式来处理暴力事件，可能没有就是否和如何报告此类案件，或如何移交案件提供任何指导。在处理暴力事件时，继续由不同的专业人士分开审议，并通过被割裂开来的学科来看待这些事件，有造成再次受害的风险。", "39. 特别易受伤害儿童在获得诉诸咨询、报告和投诉机制机会方面有特别困难。鉴于大会就残疾儿童的权利举行了专题辩论，特别代表借此机会强调这些儿童面临的特殊挑战。", "40. 残疾儿童的生活充满着耻辱、歧视、文化偏见、误解和别人的视而不见。他们的能力和积极的潜力往往被忽视。他们的生存中往往有忽视、暴力、伤害和剥削。尽管这一领域的数据和研究有限，但现有的研究揭示，残疾儿童遭受暴力行为的风险之高令人震惊——从小时候高度易遭受身体和情感暴力，到进入青春期时遭受性暴力风险更大。", "41. 残疾在很大程度上仍被视为诅咒、是一个家庭的耻辱之源、社区的不幸。有时，残疾被视为是巫术和恶魔附体之果，认为通过饥饿、遭受极热或极冷、火烧或毒打，可让儿童获得解放。", "42. 当残疾儿童被用作乞丐时，他们会遭受暴力，以便让他们留在街道上，他们常常遭受身体虐待以吸引注意力和鼓励慈善。他们往往在质量差的学校里，他们得忍受同伴的殴打、欺凌、忽视和虐待，教师准备不足，不明白和不关注他们的特殊需要。被安置在机构内的儿童，在工作人员缺乏训练、薪水差和经常受挫，社区持羞辱态度的环境中，他们遭受身体暴力以及口头和情感虐待的风险增加。", "43. 在有残疾儿童的家庭内，繁重的要求和高压力、缺乏支持和服务以及深深的孤立感，加重了家庭内暴力行为的风险。一些家庭作出的回应是忽视，而不是活跃的暴力。其他家庭不让残疾儿童与外界接触，包括为了保护其不受虐待和侮辱的目的，有时将他们安置在令人震惊的条件(如没有窗户的房间或很热的庭院)中。还有其他家庭安排“安乐死”来结束他们眼中孩子的痛苦——有时这是由于来自其他家庭成员或在社区中有影响力的行为体的压力或建议。", "44. 残疾儿童与其他儿童相比，不太能够逃避遭受暴力的风险或报告其所忍受的虐待。当其唯一的参考点是施虐者(施虐者可能是家庭成员、邻居或他们所依赖的专业工作者)时，这些困难就难以逾越。他们可能不愿意投诉，担心如果他们这样做，他们将失去照顾者的支持，和他们逐渐依靠的人的关注和感情。获得使用咨询、报告和投诉服务的机会，从身体方面而言，可能很困难。", "45. 此外，残疾儿童报告的事件很大程度上会被置之不理；有一个流行的看法，即这些儿童很容易糊涂，无法提供令人信服和准确的证词。", "46. 在许多情况下，司法系统并不方便儿童使用，对残疾不敏感，一个盲童识别性侵者所面临的挑战，就充分说明了这一点。但在许多国家，还存在更多的障碍，包括法律制度不承认残疾儿童在法庭的证词，不让他们宣誓或签署法律文件。在这种情况下，保持缄默的密约就难以逾越。", "47. 鉴于这些关切，给人权理事会的报告提出了一套基于人权标准的指导原则，并提出切实可行的建议，以加快进度，向所有儿童提供安全、对儿童敏感和有效的机制。这些机制需要依法而建，并有明确界定的任务规定，以儿童的最佳利益为依归，并了解儿童的经验和观点。它们要广为人知，使得所有儿童均可使用，不受任何形式的歧视，必须保证儿童的安全，确保保密性，并可以及时和迅速地作出应对和采取后续行动。", "48. 这些关键的规定是必不可少的，可以帮助儿童感到增强了能力，得到支持，并感到放心，有人会道德和安全地听他们讲话，他们的证词不会被披露或乱用，或让他们遭到进一步的风险。", "D. 预防和解决校内侵害儿童的暴力行为", "49. 在许多国家，预防和解决校内暴力侵害儿童行为的倡议的势头日盛。这一明显的变化过程中的一些重要情况发展，包括确保在无恐惧中学习运动和解决欺凌、网络欺凌和基于性别的暴力等各种具体形式的暴力行为的运动。学校的审计和参与式的辩论，会给促进道德标准提供资料，并鼓励对儿童敏感的咨询、报告、调解和受害者援助。数据和研究会解决暴力的根本原因以及支持面临风险的儿童。法律改革举措的目的是禁止教育中的一切形式的暴力。", "50. 教育具有独特的潜力，它能创造可以改变纵容暴力态度和学会非暴力行为的积极环境。学校完全有能力打破暴力模式，传授技能，让人们能够沟通、谈判和支持和平解决冲突。这在生命的每个阶段都有可能，特别是在幼儿期，有关举措可以决定性地改善儿童的才艺和能力的发展，减少被边缘化和相关暴力风险，并促进获得上学和教育成绩的机会。免受一切形式的暴力行为的环境，对推动实现千年发展目标，特别是对确保所有人普及小学教育，并消除教育中的性别差距很重要。", "51. 遗憾的是，这一独特的潜力与数以百万计的儿童每天面对的现实形成鲜明对比。在教育场所内和周围，男童和女童继续遭受暴力行为，包括辱骂、恐吓、人身伤害，在某些情况下，遭到性虐待。有时他们也是帮派暴力和攻击的受害者。", "52. 暴力对受害儿童有着负面，且往往是长期的影响。然而，除了那些直接受影响的学生外，还会在学生中产生恐惧和不安全感，阻碍他们的学习机会和福祉。这反过来造成家中的焦虑和关切，有时会加大让儿童尤其是女童辍学的压力，或鼓励逃学，以作为逃避暴力的一种手段。", "53. 认识到教育在保障儿童权利中的至关重要性，无暴力的学校在充当让它们所服务的社区变成非暴力社区的催化剂中所发挥的重要作用，特别代表与挪威政府和欧洲委员会合作，举办一次关于解决校内暴力的专家协商会。这次会议于2011年6月在奥斯陆举行，汇集了来自世界不同地区的决策者、教育和儿童权利专家、民间社会组织和学者，以及联合国机构代表。", "54. 协商会以国际和区域人权标准以及联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告的建议为指导。该研究报告强调，打击校内暴力最有效的方法，要适合每所学校的具体情况。这些方法也有共同的关键要素，“因为它们基于这一认识，即所有的孩子都有在没有暴力的环境中接受教育的平等权利，教育的功能之一就是培养出被灌输了非暴力价值观和做法的成人。”[5]", "55. 奥斯陆协商会承认通过多层面战略来预防和应对校内暴力的重要性。它特别建议考虑以下五个优先层面：", "(a) 促进全面的、参与性的和以儿童为中心的战略；", "(b) 与儿童成为合作伙伴；", "(c) 以必要的技能和资源来支持教师和员工；", "(d) 巩固这一领域的数据和研究；", "(e) 确保对儿童的法律保护。", "1. 促进全面的、参与性的和以儿童为中心的战略", "56. 学校是其所在社区固有的一部分；校内暴力是社会纵容暴力态度的映射，也反映了学校周围的环境，包括社会动乱、有武器和犯罪团伙活动。出于这一原因，结束校内暴力的努力，不仅要着力确保教育场所有安全和对儿童友好的环境，而且还争取解决接受暴力侵害儿童的文化问题，并着力对广大家庭和社区开展预防暴力和采取积极的纪律处罚等方面的宣传。", "57. 特别是，当学校抛开严格的部门做法，转而采取全面的、参与性的和以儿童为中心的战略时，其制止暴力的努力就会取得成功。此种战略有助于让家庭参与学校生活，将学生设想为关键行为者和变革推动者，从而借助于其观点和经验作出决定。此外，此类战略还有助于通过对教师和学校员工培训的投资、课程制定、学校管理、政策拟订、预算拨款和保障儿童免受暴力的强有力立法，克服官僚主义和行政分割，让学校以一种多方位的方式运行。", "58. 这种整个学校一盘棋的精髓，给奥斯陆会议上共享的重要经验提供了许多信息，包括有关为预防校园欺凌而设计的举措方面的经验。此类举措的成功，与教师、员工和学生，以及家长和社区成员的参与密切相关。结果，由于坚强的决心、明确的计划和各种努力的战略结合，欺凌事件数量也减少了，即：", "(a) 真诚和广泛共同作出的解决这种现象的承诺，正式通过并广为传播反欺凌规则，并在正式学校活动中加以推出；", "(b) 建立一个所有利益攸关方参与其中的治理系统；", "(c) 建立一个监测系统，定期审查关切的事件和问题；", "(d) 在广大社区中传播反欺凌讯息。", "59. 从反欺凌方案中吸取的这些重要的经验教训，为预防和消除校内侵害儿童的其他形式的暴力提供了重要的参考。", "2. 与儿童成为合作伙伴", "60. 学校和全系统的干预措施，会加深理解，并鼓励改变纵容暴力的态度和社会规范，包括将暴力用作一种纪律惩罚方面的改变。这些干预措施还有助于促进宽容、尊重和非暴力文化，结果，预防暴力有助于减少学校旷课和辍学，提高学习成绩，并提高儿童的社会技能和福祉。", "61. 为了巩固这一进程，至关重要的是与儿童成为合作伙伴。与年轻人携手有助于打击对暴力的视而不见，增加对儿童对这种现象的看法的了解，并加强预防和消除各种不同形式的暴力的努力的整体有效性。", "62. 儿童认识到以保护其权利为基础的清楚和明确规则的重要性。尽管他们中许多人忍受了很高程度的暴力，但他们仍然致力于推动具有包容性和无暴力的学校环境。纵观各区域，他们正在逐渐参与学校俱乐部、同伴教育和同伴辅导方案以及调解和解决冲突努力，正在参加学校解决暴力事件的理事会和纪律处分程序。", "63. 为了支持儿童参与这一进程，关键是促进对儿童友好的学校环境和相关课程，侧重于生活技能和人权教育，并培养社会平等、容忍多样性和用非暴力手段解决冲突等价值观。所有这些要素可以向儿童提供认识世界的替代方法，甚至在校外的暴力行为影响他们的社区和生活的情况下。", "64. 对于弱势儿童群体，包括女童、残疾儿童、属于少数民族或土著群体的儿童，或感染艾滋病毒和艾滋病的儿童，需要加倍进行这些努力。这些儿童获得上学机会和留在学校方面有着特殊的挑战。他们更有可能遭受暴力，或当他们就暴力事件进行咨询或报告时，他们会受到忽视。结果，他们因担心会引来对自己的注意而最终可能会选择不报告暴力行为。", "3. 以必要的技能和资源来支持教师和学校的其他员工", "65. 教师和其他学校员工在预防和应对暴力中是决定性的角色。因此，向其提供必要的技能、支持和资源很重要。提高认识和提供有关侵害儿童的暴力行为的信息，在这一过程中是不可缺少的。这有助于让工作人员能在学校使用建设性的纪律技巧和方法，在预防暴力中与学生成为合作伙伴，成为正面的榜样，学会和平地调解和解决冲突，并促进学校安全机制，如行为守则和对学生友好的报告机制。同样重要的是，就解决暴力事件、强制报告和对儿童受害者的援助等提供明确指导。", "66. 诸如这些层面对学校是至关重要的，能让学校查明暴力的警讯，支持面临特别风险的儿童，并以道德和对儿童敏感的方式提供及时和有效的支持。", "67. 在缺少有关对儿童友好的教学法方面的培训，没有对暴力侵害儿童行为的认识、信息和指导的情况下，教师和其他学校员工可能会认为，诉诸暴力手段来维持学术标准或实施纪律惩戒是自然或必要的对策。反过来，儿童将此类价值观记在心里，认为暴力是解决争端和将自己的观点强加给同伴的一种合法战略。然而，在提供了预防暴力技能和培训的情况下，就有更大的开放性，会诉诸替代性的积极纪律形式，和倡导放弃校内暴力。", "4. 巩固关于校内的暴力的数据和研究", "68. 虽然关于校内的暴力行为的统计资料稀缺和零散，但已有的数据证实了这一现象的严重程度和其对儿童和他们的家庭及整个教育系统的长期影响。在一些国家进行的调查证实了这种模式，并在某些情况下，有助于报告新形式的暴力，包括称为“以性换分”的校内新形式的性虐待。", "69. 迫切需要这一领域良好的数据和研究。如果没有可靠的数据，国家规划就会受到损害，会妨碍有效的决策和资源调动，且有针对性的干预措施解决和预防校内暴力的能力有限。", "70. 如果要揭露暴力暗藏的一面和解决其根源，那么，数据和研究必是不可少的；要了解对这种现象的看法和态度，包括不同年龄和社会背景的男童和女童的看法和态度；要查明面临更大的风险的儿童和有效支持他们；要评估暴力行为的经济成本以及通过稳步预防暴力可能带来的社会回报。在这些领域，巩固伙伴关系和加速努力很重要。", "5. 确保儿童免遭校内暴力的法律保护", "71. 如果没有支持性的法律框架，吓阻和消除校内暴力的措施的成效会明显受限。如前文所述，禁止一切形式的暴力和保护儿童免受暴力，包括在校内免受暴力的清晰、明确的立法，是任何有关暴力侵害儿童问题的全面战略的关键组成部分。", "72. 除了29个国家已推出明确的法律禁令，禁止一切情况下暴力侵害儿童的行为外，另有几个国家已通过具体立法来打击校内暴力。在大多数国家，学内暴力，包括虐待和殴打儿童，被认为是不允许的，会遭到纪律措施处罚。当发生一些更严重形式的暴力，如性骚扰或性虐待时，结果可能是会解雇，起诉那些负有责任者。", "73. 在最近的过去，这一领域出现了重大的立法发展。在一些国家，颁布了新的法律来预防欺凌，如2011年秘鲁的情况。在其他国家，通过了更广泛地处理暴力事件的立法。例如，在印度，2009年《儿童接受免费义务教育权利法》禁止对儿童的体罚或精神骚扰。该法规定了对违反这一禁令的惩戒措施，并承认国家保护儿童权利委员会负责监督实施该法和维护有关儿童的权利。", "74. 尽管有了这些重要的事态发展，但在世界各地的80个国家内，法律禁止校内暴力侵害儿童行为尚未成为现实。而且，立法和通行做法之间的总体差距仍然很大，具有挑战性。因此，将继续努力加快这一领域的进展。", "E. 开展一项全球调查，评估在预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为方面的进展", "75. 2011年是特别代表任期的中间点，大会审查联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告业已五年。因此，现在是了解已取得的进展情况、反思良好做法和成功因素、加大努力克服持久挑战和创造保护儿童免受暴力新势头的战略机遇期。", "76. 考虑到这一点，特别代表正在进行一项全球调查，绘制该研究报告建议的执行情况图和评估有关进展情况。将与各国政府、联合国机构、区域组织和机构、以及民间社会和儿童组织等合作伙伴密切合作，开展调查。在包括阿拉伯国家联盟、南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议和南方共同市场在内的一些区域进行的重要分析审查，将是这一进程必不可少的组成部分。", "77. 本次调查也将建立在相关倡议和进程基础之上，其中包括人权理事会普遍定期审议进程、向儿童权利委员会和其他条约机构提交报告的进程、禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削世界大会的后续行动以及2010年海牙全球童工问题会议通过的实现到2016年消除最恶劣形式童工现象的路线图。", "78. 将与民间社会伙伴合作，特别努力考虑到儿童和年轻人的意见。儿童的参与和专业知识在撰写该研究报告中很关键，在其后续行动中是不可缺少的，包括通过区域青年论坛和儿童派代表正式参加区域治理结构等手段来实现这一目标。", "79. 本次调查的目的是评估执行该研究报告建议方面所取得的进展，并帮助打造一个前瞻性的议程。在这方面，2012年将向大会提交一份详述调查结果的分析报告，届时大会将审查为期3年的任务规定，并考虑对该研究报告的进一步后续行动。", "三. 通过战略伙伴关系以及区域治理结构的制度化来加速进展[6]", "80. 特别代表仍坚定地致力于进一步加强联合国系统内外的保护儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的战略联盟。为支持她的任务，已建立重要的机构合作机制，其中包括暴力侵害儿童问题机构间工作组、联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告后续行动非政府组织咨询理事会以及为该研究报告后续行动建立的区域高层治理结构。", "A. 与包括人权条约机构和机制在内的联合国系统的合作", "81. 与联合国伙伴的合作对下列方面来说很重要：提高认识和扩大全球对保护儿童免遭暴力侵害的支持；促进将这一专题纳入联合国活动的主流；通过与主要伙伴举行关于非常关切的领域的战略专题小组讨论来激发政策辩论。", "82. 机构间工作组定期会议是进行协商、制订政策和将这一问题纳入联合国关于暴力侵害儿童问题议程的主流的一个重要论坛。这一战略合作会带来重大举措，包括推动宣传普遍批准《儿童权利公约》任择议定书的运动，促进更好的数据和研究，以结束对暴力的视而不见和社会对暴力的接受，支持战略宣传、政策拟订和资源调动。", "83. 2011年，为了进一步将保护儿童免受暴力侵害问题纳入联合国议程的主流，特别代表推动了几个高层次政策讨论会。下列论坛进行了此类讨论，例如，人权理事会，举行了关于街头流浪儿童的权利和对儿童敏感的解决暴力事件机制；社会发展委员会，举行了关于极端贫困和暴力侵害儿童行为的讨论；妇女地位委员会，举行了关于解决暴力，包括侵害女童的性暴力的讨论，关于优质教育和性别歧视的讨论；在大会前夕，举行了关于残疾儿童的权利的讨论。此外，一直促进与联合国伙伴的战略合作，以遏制社区的暴力以及最大程度地减少武装暴力和帮派暴力对儿童的影响，包括通过有助于减少小武器供应和获得小武器机会的政策来这样做。", "84. 而且，特别代表一直追求与人权条约机构和机制的密切合作，以便利用横跨各个任务的协同作用，促进相互支持的议程。与买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的联合报告，显示了此类战略合作的潜力。同样，为支持《儿童权利公约》新的任择议定书，进行了协调努力，规定了沟通程序。", "85. 与儿童权利委员会的伙伴关系一直特别具有战略性，包括合作鼓励普遍批准和有效实施国际儿童权利条约，促进有关预防和消除暴力行为的宣传和法律改革，并建立安全和对儿童敏感的解决暴力事件的咨询、报告和投诉机制。委员会通过了关于儿童免受暴力侵害的权利的一条一般性意见，打开了战略合作的新途径。[7]", "B. 与政府间和区域组织和机构的合作", "86. 与区域合作伙伴的协作，是特别代表巩固各国内部和跨国实施研究报告建议的战略的一个基石。为了推动这一进程，并使关键联盟制度化，特别代表参加了战略性、高层次的区域会议。她支持重要的宣传和政策举措，并加强与区域机构和组织的伙伴关系以及与为支持研究报告的后续行动而建立的区域机制的伙伴关系。这一领域已取得重大进展。[8]", "87. 首先，已经就暴力侵害儿童问题作出重要的区域政治承诺，包括伊斯兰合作组织通过的2009年《开罗宣言》；南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议；《北京亚太区域儿童权利南-南合作宣言》；第四次儿童权利高级别阿拉伯会议通过的《马拉喀什宣言》；南美国家通过的暴力侵害儿童问题路线图；欧洲委员会2009-2011年战略“为儿童并与儿童共建欧洲”；欧洲联盟促进和保护儿童权利准则，包括关于暴力侵害儿童问题的战略，以及最近通过的儿童权利议程。", "88. 其次，支持研究建议后续行动的区域治理结构和区域倡议越来越制度化。牵头的区域机构正在向前推进这一议程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。这些包括关于阿拉伯国家联盟暴力侵害儿童问题小组委员会、南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议理事会、欧洲委员会儿童权利平台、南方共同市场Niñ@sur倡议常设委员会、全球儿童运动拉丁美洲和加勒比分会、非洲联盟社会事务部以及非洲儿童权利与福利问题专家委员会。", "南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议", "89. 在南亚，与2010年成立的指导各国执行研究报告建议进程的“南亚终止暴力侵害儿童倡议”建立了坚实的合作关系。该倡议2010-2015年战略计划，包括有时限的目标，以监测所取得的进展，并由南亚各国政府以及民间社会和儿童组织代表组成的理事会每年加以审查。", "亚太区域", "90. 在亚太区域，在2010年11月举行的亚太区域儿童权利南南合作高级别会议通过的《北京宣言》强烈关注暴力侵害儿童问题，呼吁依据保护儿童免遭潜在危害和禁止一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为的法律和政策，采取系统方法来解决儿童保护问题。", "91. 与东南亚国家联盟(东盟)政府间人权委员会也建立了一个重要的合作平台，并与最近成立的东盟促进和保护妇女和儿童权利委员会也建立了合作平台，该委员会确定暴力侵害儿童问题是其议程上的优先事项。", "阿拉伯国家联盟", "92. 阿拉伯国家联盟作出了坚定承诺。该联盟进行了一项全面的区域研究，以收集有关预防和消除暴力侵害儿童行为方面的国家情况发展资料，并查明可加强研究报告建议后续行动进程的那些领域。2010年12月召开的第四次儿童权利高级别阿拉伯会议通过的《马拉喀什宣言》呼吁各成员国进一步努力与特别代表合作，以期制定打击暴力侵害儿童行为的国家战略；建立国家后续行动和报告机制；颁布保护儿童免受暴力、忽视、虐待和剥削的立法；提供支持受害者的服务；以及采取措施打击有罪不罚现象。", "非洲联盟和非洲儿童权利与福利问题专家委员会", "93. 在与非洲联盟社会事务部和非洲儿童权利与福利问题专家委员会制定的合作框架的基础上，2011年，与这些机构的合作加强了。特别代表与非洲联盟促进普遍批准《儿童权利公约》任择议定书和其他儿童权利条约的倡议合作。与非洲专家委员会合作，加强保护儿童免受暴力侵害方面取得重要进展，在布基纳法索召开的关于非洲立法改革禁止暴力侵害儿童行为，包括体罚的技术协商会也很重要。", "94. 特别代表还参加了纪念2011年非洲儿童日的会议，该会议的主题是“所有人联合起来，为流落街头的儿童采取紧急行动”。这一会议是非洲专家委员会举行的，是2011年人权理事会关于儿童权利的专题辩论的重要后续行动，强调了非洲地区生活和工作在街头的儿童所面临的重大挑战。会议强调，流落街头的儿童特别容易遭受极端形式的暴力。他们的生活充满着羞辱、恐惧和被视而不见，他们遭受骚扰、虐待和性虐待的风险很高。对这些儿童来说，报告暴力事件的挑战是不可逾越的。", "95. 非洲儿童日是一个战略性的机遇，可与非洲专家委员会一道呼吁建立广为人知、方便、安全和对儿童敏感的咨询、报告及投诉机制；国家投资，建立资源充足的儿童保护体系，包括立法禁止一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为；废除身份罪，包括将诸如乞讨、旷课和流浪罪等生存行为非犯罪化。需要在流落街头的儿童本身中间宣传这些解决方案，要了解他们的观点，从而进行投资，真正增强其能力，让他们在可有效避免暴力的情况下能够做出知情的选择。", "南方共同市场", "96. 在美洲，对联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题的报告的后续行动是在泛美儿童大会第二十届会议的框架内开展的，并与下列方面建立了强有力的机构合作关系：美洲国家组织美洲儿童研究所、美洲人权委员会儿童权利问题报告员、全球儿童运动拉丁美洲和加勒比分会、伊比利亚-美洲主管儿童和青少年部长会议。", "97. 2011年4月，第一次举办了研究报告后续行动次区域高级别会议，从而这一进程获得了新的政治势头。此次南美会议是在巴拉圭担任南方共同市场主席和Niñ@sur倡议常设委员会主席的情况下由巴拉圭政府举办的。会议是与特别代表和全球儿童运动拉丁美洲和加勒比分会共同举办的，南方共同市场成员国和联系国以及民间社会的代表，其中包括儿童组织、儿童权利倡导者以及媒体出席了会议。", "98. 对为推进研究报告建议而采取的国家措施的一份分析性审查报告，向在巴拉圭举行的讨论会提供了资料。这次审查所依据的是就拟订预防和解决暴力侵害儿童行为综合战略、让儿童免受暴力侵害的法律保护以及巩固数据和研究等方面提交的国家报告。", "99. 会议促成了显著的成果：(a) 通过一个具有前瞻性的路线图，以推进进度和解决差距以及长期存在的挑战；(b) 各国制定与区域路线图一致的关于暴力侵害儿童行为的国家战略；(c) 在南方共同市场内，将区域路线图纳入Niñ@sur倡议常设委员会的议程，该委员会将根据各国政府提交的国家报告每年审议路线图的执行情况。", "100. 预期不久的将来会举行中美洲和加勒比地区的另外两个高级别会议，支持在这些次区域对研究报告采取后续行动。", "欧洲委员会", "101.　特别代表追求与欧洲委员会富有成果的合作。在乌克兰担任欧洲委员会主席期间，她与欧洲委员会联手，连同儿基会和欧洲联盟，在基辅组织了题为“打击暴力侵害儿童行为：从孤立的行动到综合战略”的会议。", "102.　会议讨论了对中东欧地区很关键的问题，包括通过修订国家儿童保育标准和政策来加强预防暴力；提供对家庭友好的服务，以预防暴力和由于暴力行为儿童与其家庭分离的情况；促进收容儿童机构内对儿童友好的咨询、报告、投诉和转交制度和机制；建立暴力行为的儿童受害者、证人和肇事者的全面重返社会和康复方案。", "103.　与会国家重申，它们坚定致力于执行欧洲委员会关于保护儿童免受暴力侵害的综合国家战略的政策准则，包括通过符合国际和区域儿童权利标准的国家行动计划、政策和方案来实现这一目标。作出强有力的承诺，对儿童进行法律保护，禁止一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为；建立一个具有影响力和资源充足的协调机构，以阐明在这一领域的所有相关行动；建立广泛可用和易用的咨询、报告和投诉机制，以解决暴力事件。将执行基辅议程，以巩固对研究报告建议的后续行动。", "欧洲联盟", "104.　2007年，为了推进执行联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告的各项建议，欧洲联盟通过了促进和保护儿童权利的准则，其中包括打击暴力侵害儿童行为的一项战略。“准则”为与欧洲联盟合作和执行研究报告的建议奠定了坚实基础。", "105.　2011年，欧洲联盟儿童权利议程重申致力于推动实施该准则，并强调，“只有在没有侵害儿童的暴力、虐待和剥削的社会，才能实现儿童福祉”。[9] 这些关键文书为巩固该区域各国对执行研究报告建议的支持奠定了良好基础。", "C. 与民间社会、包括与儿童和年轻人的合作", "106.　与民间社会行动者的合作对推进执行研究报告的建议是至关重要的，因为它们与区域进程有联系，它们参加关于议程的关键层面的专家讨论，它们支持全球普遍批准运动、扩大法律改革、儿童的参与以及预防学校、机构和家庭内的暴力。非政府组织咨询委员会的成立、其宣传和在国际、区域和国家各级与合作伙伴一道开展的社会动员工作，已大大促进了合作。[10]", "107.　与非政府组织《儿童权利公约》小组、儿童与暴力问题工作组以及国际儿童帮助热线及其网络的战略协作进一步加强。儿童帮助热线目前已在120多个国家开通，在保护儿童免受暴力侵害中发挥着宝贵作用，这也是世界各地儿童打儿童帮助热线的主要原因。求助热线是建立对儿童敏感的机制的一个重要参考点，是关于与暴力有关问题的不可缺少的信息来源。", "108.　最近几个月也见证了与宗教组织合作的加强。宗教领袖在编写研究报告中是重要盟友，而且一直是研究报告的后续行动中的关键伙伴，培育对话，促进改变使暴力侵害儿童行为长期化的做法，并鼓励使用非暴力形式的纪律。为了加强这些努力，已与宗教领袖和有各种信仰的社区和世俗化组织致力于促进儿童权利和福祉的一个全球运动“世界祷告和为儿童采取行动日”结成战略伙伴关系。每年11月20日即通过《儿童权利公约》纪念日这一周期间，会庆祝该世界日。与儿基会、世界宗教争取和平会议、民间社会组织以及特别代表办公室合作，世界祷告和为儿童采取行动日发起了一项倡议，未来三年专门致力于保护儿童免受暴力侵害。为支持这一进程，2011年6月，在智利常驻联合国代表团的主持下，在纽约联合国与关键伙伴举行了一个专题小组讨论会。", "与年轻人的合作", "109.　儿童的参与仍然是特别代表任务规定的一个核心层面。一直与儿童和年轻人举行定期会议，包括在区域倡议和外地访问团的框架内举行定期会议。", "110.　在一些地区，暴力是儿童主要关切的一个问题，这一现象被确定为他们最关切的问题。尽管事实上儿童会广泛遭受暴力，但他们表现出卓越的韧性。学校的辩论和社区活动、电台节目和街头剧院、动画片、博客和社会媒体，它们帮助提高其他儿童及其家人对暴力及其影响的认识，激发了对儿童受害人的声援和支持，并可以灌输对报告暴力事件和施加压力要求迅速和持久解决问题的信心。", "111.　为了最大限度地让儿童参与讨论暴力问题和对此采取行为，特别代表正在让更多的专家研究儿童参与问题，并会在她的网站上进一步开发对儿童友好的空间。", "四. 确保坚定的支持", "112.　确保良好的支持和可预见的供资对促进这一战略议程的进展以及有效和独立地履行特别代表的任务很重要。", "113.　儿基会向任务规定提供行政支助，并设立了一个信托账户，以接收、持有、管理和发放有关财政捐款，为特别代表办公室的运作提供经费，包括人事费。", "114.　根据大会第62/141号决议的规定，特别代表的任务规定是由自愿捐款提供经费的。在这方面，大会呼吁各国和有关机构、联合国机构、区域和民间社会组织和私营部门提供必要的支持，包括财政捐助。大会还预期，会在该任务规定设立三年后，即2012年对任务进行评价，包括对其供资情况进行评价。", "115.　2011年7月底以前已收到的捐款对重新启动和推动研究报告的后续行动进程、宣传和支持预防暴力和保护儿童免受暴力侵害方面的发展以及确保对特别代表办公室的支持至关重要。然而，额外资金对特别代表有效地履行其作为一个全球性的独立倡导者的作用仍然很重要。坚定的支持对推进她的战略议程所确定的优先领域的进展、组织专题专家协商会、编写宣传材料和资源、继续巩固与区域治理结构的合作以加强国家对研究报告的后续行动仍然特别重要。", "五. 展望未来", "116.　任务规定的前两年已经见证了长足的发展。这些包括各国政府为保护儿童免受暴力而采取的重要立法和政策措施；联合国各机构和机制为将暴力侵害儿童问题纳入其议程的主流而采取的战略举措；区域组织和团体以及民间社会行动者，在将执行研究报告建议的进程制度化方面取得的关键进展。暴力侵害儿童问题引起越来越多的关注和行动，在许多情况下，得到广泛社会动员的支持，儿童本身正在其中发挥越来越大的作用。", "117.　然而，与此同时，暴力继续危及数以百万计的儿童的权利。对隐藏和为社会所接受的暴力，人们持消极和冷漠的态度。由于提出报告方面的软弱，干预措施的分散和短期性质，暴力侵害儿童问题很少排在政策议程的前列，或成为公共辩论的优先专题。结果，许多儿童继续生活在创伤和恐惧、自责、孤立和无助之中。", "118.　保障儿童免受暴力的自由的紧迫性并没有减弱，当务之急是加快当前的进展步伐。本着这一目的，特别代表在其任务规定的优先次序的总体框架内，将在今后一个时期特别关注下述几个方面。", "A. 逐步争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约》各项任择议定书", "119.　各国广泛表示支持推动普遍批准的全球运动，这种支持植根于国际社会作出的重大承诺，特别代表深感鼓舞，将继续积极推动实现这一目标。", "B. 巩固区域治理结构的发展和促进跨区域的经验交流以确保保护儿童免遭暴力侵害", "120.　特别代表将继续倡导支持区域治理结构的制度化，并倡导各种举措，以加快落实研究报告建议后续行动的进度。在这方面，特别代表将在未来几个月与这些区域机制的代表举办一个高级别会议，以帮助加强它们之间的协同作用，从而促进跨区域的经验交流和巩固儿童免受暴力侵害的自由。", "C. 组织专家协商会和撰写专题报告", "121.　特别代表将继续她关于与暴力有关的选定优先领域的富有成果的系列专家协商会。如上所述，这些协商会之一将专门讨论加强关于暴力侵害儿童问题的研究和数据；第二个协商会将讨论暴力和司法。", "关于暴力侵害儿童方面更好的数据和研究", "122.　对暴力侵害儿童行为鲜有报道，官方统计数据捕捉这种现象的真正规模和程度的能力依然有限。因此，现有的信息是稀缺的，只反映了冰山一角。这是一个需要采取紧急行动的领域，是特别代表将继续高度优先重视的领域。考虑到这一点，2012年，她将与瑞典政府一道组织一场关于这一问题的专家协商会。", "暴力与司法", "123.　特别代表通过宣传、政策对话倡议和外地访问团，在与司法有关的背景中特别强调暴力行为问题。建立在尊重儿童权利基础上的司法系统，对预防和解决暴力侵害儿童事件以及保护受害者和证人的权利至关重要。", "124.　这是一个正在开展大量工作的领域，美洲人权委员会在特别代表的支持下发行的2011年美洲少年司法与人权专题报告就说明了这一点。该报告确定了少年司法系统中保护儿童的情况发展和良好做法，并为有效实施相关国际标准提出了建议。", "125.　为了巩固取得的进展，特别代表将利用世界不同地区的重要经验，加强与各会员国、联合国各机构、区域机构、学术界和民间社会组织的战略伙伴关系。在这方面，她将与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室以及其他伙伴一道，在2012年初组织一场专家协商会。", "D. 开展一项全球调查，评估在预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为方面的进展", "126.　如上文所述，特别代表将进行一项全球调查，为研究报告建议的执行情况绘制地图，并评估其进度。将在2012年向大会提交调查成果，预计会为进一步加速执行建议的努力和维持正在进行的工作的势头提供资料。", "127.　上文第119至126段突出了特别代表决心重点关注的主要关切领域。她期待着继续巩固与会员国和所有其他利益攸关方之间强有力的伙伴关系，以推进研究报告建议的有效实施，并确保儿童免于一切形式的暴力行为的自由。", "[1] 特别代表于2009年9月1日任职，对其任命和任务规定的更全面解释，见2010年2月2日文件A/HRC/13/46。", "[2] 分别为A/HRC/16/54和A/65/262。", "[3] 见买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员向人权理事会提交的关于对儿童敏感的咨询、报告和投诉机制的联合报告(A/HRC/16/56)；关于法律改革和校内暴力的两个联合报告即将提交。", "[4] 经大会第64/293号决议通过；特别见全球行动计划的第4段。", "[5] 2006年《暴力侵害儿童行为问题世界报告》，第138页。", "[6] 这一节是对A/HRC/16/54提供的信息的补充。", "[7] CRC/C/GC/13。", "[8] 又见A/65/262 C节和A/HRC/16/54第41-57段。", "[9] 见欧洲联盟委员会2011年2月15日文件COM(2011)60，第2.2段。", "[10] 详情，见A/HRC/16/54。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children", "Summary", "This second annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children is submitted to the General Assembly in accordance with its resolution 65/197. It is guided by the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299) and builds upon the vision and the priority areas identified by the Special Representative in her initial report (A/65/292).", "The present report complements the annual report of the Special Representative to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/54) and reviews key developments and initiatives promoted to advance progress in the follow-up to the study at the global, regional and national levels, institutionalize regional governance structures and strengthen strategic alliances to speed up global progress towards a world free from violence.", "To further accelerate progress, the report identifies areas to which the Special Representative will devote special attention in the forthcoming period: (a) promoting the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child; (b) further consolidating regional governance structures on violence against children; (c) continuing the series of expert consultations on violence-related topics; and (d) conducting a global survey to assess progress and inform further action in the area of preventing and responding to violence.", "Contents", "PageI.Mandate 3 and strategic \npriorities II. Consolidating 4 progress on the strategic agenda for the implementation of the United Nations \nstudy A.Moving 5 towards the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild B. Consolidating 6 the legal protection of children from all forms of \nviolence C. Promoting 9 the establishment of child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence against children, and ensuring their availability, accessibility and use by children with \ndisabilities D.Preventing 11 and addressing violence against children in \nschools E.Conducting 15 a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against \nchildren III. Strategic 16 partnerships and the institutionalization of regional governance structures to accelerate \nprogress A.Cooperation 17 with the United Nations system, including human rights treaty bodies and \nmechanisms B.Cooperation 18 with intergovernmental and regional organizations and \ninstitutions C.Cooperation 21 with civil society, including children and young \npeople IV.Ensuring 23 firm \nsupport V.Looking 23 \nahead A.Moving 24 towards the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild B. Consolidating 24 the development of regional governance structures and the promotion of the cross-regional exchange of experiences to ensure the protection of children from \nviolence C.Organizing 24 expert consultations and developing thematic \nreports D.Conducting 25 a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against \nchildren", "I. Mandate and strategic priorities", "1. The Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children[1] acts as a high-profile, global independent advocate of the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children. Her mandate is guided by the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children and its strategic recommendations (A/61/299) and promotes the protection of children from violence as a human rights imperative. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocols thereto, together with other international human rights instruments, provide a firm normative foundation for preventing and responding to violence. For this reason, the Special Representative promotes the universal ratification and effective implementation of core human rights treaties.", "2. The Special Representative acts as a bridge-builder and a catalyst of action in all regions and across sectors and settings in which violence against children may occur. She cooperates with a wide range of strategic partners within and beyond the United Nations system, and mobilizes action and political support to maintain momentum around this agenda, to generate renewed concern about the harmful effects of violence on children, to promote behavioural and social change, and to achieve steady progress along the way.", "3. The Special Representative makes use of mutually supportive strategies, including promoting advocacy of the protection of children from violence; contributing to strategic meetings at the international, regional and national levels to accelerate progress in this field, to identify good practices and to promote the exchange of experiences across regions, sectors and settings; organizing field missions; and developing thematic studies and reports.", "4. As detailed in previous reports to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council,[2] the Special Representative places a priority focus on:", "(a) Promoting a strategic agenda, building upon the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children (see section II below);", "(b) Strengthening key partnerships in order to achieve and sustain progress in the follow-up to the study (see section III below);", "(c) Ensuring firm support for her mandate, including sound funding, to promote progress in the prevention of violence and in the protection of children from all its forms (see section IV below).", "5. The overall thrust of the Special Representative’s mandate is to accelerate progress in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the study. In view of their particular urgency, three of those recommendations included time-bound targets. These are also the areas to which the Special Representative devotes priority attention, namely:", "(a) The development in each State of a national comprehensive strategy for preventing and responding to all forms of violence;", "(b) The introduction of an explicit legal ban on all forms of violence against children, in all settings;", "(c) The consolidation of a national system for data collection, analysis and dissemination, and a research agenda on violence against children.", "6. Promising national progress has been achieved in these areas. The Special Representative has pursued these priority objectives through a process of regional engagement with intergovernmental organizations and political groupings, the convening of expert consultations on strategic dimensions of the agenda aimed at combating violence against children, and the development of thematic reports in support of advocacy, policy and legal reform,[3] as well as through 37 country missions in all regions.", "II. Consolidating progress on the strategic agenda for the implementation of the United Nations study", "7. During the first year of the Special Representative’s mandate, in order to consolidate change in the aforementioned priority areas, particular attention was given to the revitalization of networks involved in the development of the study, the promotion of new alliances and further consolidation of strategic partnerships and, in particular, the institutionalization of regional governance structures related to violence against children. Those efforts have been critical in promoting the mainstreaming of the issue of the freedom of children from violence into the policy agenda at the international, regional and national levels.", "8. The second year of the mandate was a key period in which to rally firm support for efforts to address persisting challenges and to accelerate global progress towards a world free from violence. In support of that process, the Special Representative organized, with key partners, three expert consultations on critical areas of concern, namely, child-sensitive mechanisms for addressing incidents of violence, law reform to ensure the protection of children, and strategies for preventing and addressing violence in schools. The main conclusions and recommendations resulting from those meetings are presented below.", "9. The Special Representative is also preparing the publication of thematic reports and advocacy tools on these subjects, to assist governments and other stakeholders in ensuring the protection of children from violence. Materials will be developed especially for children, including on child-sensitive mechanisms for responding to incidents of violence.", "10. As part of her advocacy and communication strategy, the Special Representative established a website (http://srsg.violenceagainstchildren.org) to disseminate information about significant developments related to the protection of children from violence. The website is also a platform for networking among key partners and includes social media tools and a Children’s Corner with child-friendly materials.", "11. In 2011, the Special Representative has, within the overall framework of her priority agenda, placed a special emphasis on:", "(a) Moving towards the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention, in particular to ensure the protection of children from sale, prostitution and pornography;", "(b) Consolidating the legal protection of children from all forms of violence;", "(c) Promoting the establishment of safe and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence against children, including children with disabilities;", "(d) Widening awareness and advocacy in order to prevent and address violence against children in education, as well as in justice-related institutions;", "(e) Conducting a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children.", "A. Moving towards the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "12. The global campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, launched in 2010 by the Secretary-General, provides a critical agenda for consolidating the institutional partnership with strategic allies within the United Nations system, including the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The campaign has also become a crucial reference for collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).", "13. In the light of her mandate, the Special Representative on Violence against Children places a special focus on achieving global adherence to the protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. She pursues that agenda through global advocacy, regional engagement and field missions.", "14. During the first year of the campaign, significant progress was made. The goal of universal ratification was incorporated into the United Nations policy agenda, including the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons[4] and the Roadmap for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016, adopted on 11 May 2011 at the Hague Global Child Labour Conference (see section III below). Commitment to the ratification and implementation of the Protocol was also expressed by regional organizations and political groupings, including the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the League of Arab States, the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children and States from the Asia-Pacific region. The Council of Europe launched a wide-scale information campaign about sexual violence against children, of which the ratification of the Protocol is a core component.", "15. Since the launching of the campaign, eight States have ratified the Protocol: Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Malta, Mauritius, Nigeria, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The Central African Republic has signed the instrument.", "16. In May 2011, in order to accelerate progress, the Special Representative, in collaboration with strategic partners, hosted a treaty event in New York on the occasion of the first anniversary of the launching of the campaign, and supported a regional event in Addis Ababa hosted by the African Union with the Economic Commission for Africa, UNICEF and OHCHR. At these and other high-level meetings, the campaign received strong support from Governments, United Nations agencies, parliamentarians, children’s advocates, faith-based organizations and civil society organizations.", "17. At least 18 States have made formal commitments to the ratification of the Protocol, including within the framework of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council and before the Committee on the Rights of the Child or human rights mandate-holders. Of those that are not yet parties, 40 per cent have ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and 90 per cent have ratified ILO Convention No. 182, on the Worst Forms of Child Labour; these address similar areas of concern.", "B. Consolidating the legal protection of children from all forms of violence", "18. The adoption of legislation to prohibit all forms of violence against children, in all settings, together with an appropriate legal framework for preventing and responding to violence, was a critical recommendation of the study and constitutes a priority of the Special Representative’s mandate. To advance progress in this crucial area, the Special Representative organized, together with OHCHR, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the international non-governmental organization Advisory Council for the follow-up to the study on violence against children, an expert consultation on law reform held in Geneva in July 2011. The main findings of the consultation are presented below.", "19. As highlighted in previous reports, law reform on violence against children is an area that is gaining momentum. When the study was finalized, 16 countries had legislation prohibiting violence in all settings. To date, 29 have introduced such a comprehensive legal ban, in some cases incorporating it into their Constitutions. In some countries, courts have also been instrumental in guaranteeing the right of the child to respect for his or her physical integrity and to freedom from violence, including within the family. Across regions, there are significant initiatives under way to achieve the full legal prohibition of violence against children, and many countries have adopted legislation on specific forms of such violence, including sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking and harmful traditional practices.", "20. Over the past two years, regional organizations and political groupings have also embraced this goal as a priority, including the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the League of Arab States, the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children, MERCOSUR and the Council of Europe. In addition, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have been active supporters.", "21. In spite of these important developments, vigorous efforts are still needed. First, efforts to introduce an explicit legal ban on all forms of violence against children need to be scaled up: globally, fewer than 5 per cent of children benefit from legal protection from all forms of violence in all settings.", "22. Second, in countries where legislation has been enacted, further measures are required to narrow the gap between law and practice. The concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the implementation of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography indicate that, in more than half of the countries reviewed, the legislation on child prostitution needs to be amended, including to ensure the protection of boys. The concluding observations on the implementation of the Convention indicate that, in at least one third of countries, legislative provisions on other forms of sexual violence are inadequate, as they fail to criminalize rape or to provide an adequate definition of sexual abuse. Similarly, research conducted by the Child Rights Information Network indicates that in at least 40 countries, children are at risk of being sentenced to violent forms of punishment, including whipping, flogging, caning or amputation, and that in a number of countries the law still allows children to be sentenced to death.", "23. In short, although steps have been taken in many countries to prohibit violence against children in some forms and contexts, only a few have introduced comprehensive bans. Moreover, law enforcement has remained weak, with limited dissemination and understanding of the changes introduced. Efforts to monitor the impact of legal reform, to address emerging concerns and to ensure well-coordinated and well-resourced services and programmes to support victims in their healing and long-term reintegration have been scarce.", "24. The Geneva expert consultation on law reform provided a strategic platform for the review of initiatives and positive experiences in various countries of the world, the acknowledgement of progress, and reflection on critical factors facilitating or compromising the legal protection of children from violence in the five settings identified in the study. The meeting also included the identification of opportunities to accelerate progress and promote technical advice in this critical area.", "25. The meeting resulted in important conclusions and recommendations to ensure the freedom of children from violence in various forms and settings, including sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking, harmful traditional practices, juvenile justice, labour-related violence and violence within the home. These will be addressed in greater detail in the thematic report to be issued by the Special Representative on this topic in the coming months.", "26. In anticipation of that report, the following four overarching conclusions deserve special attention in view of their crucial value for shaping legislative initiatives on violence against children.", "27. First, law reform on violence against children is an essential component of a robust national child protection system. For that reason, it needs to be supported by well-coordinated and well-resourced services and institutions, and pursued through a holistic approach. This involves addressing the root causes of violence; prohibiting and deterring incidents of violence; safeguarding the rights of all children, including those at greater risk; providing redress and reintegration; and fighting impunity. The establishment by law of accessible, child-sensitive and safe counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence is a crucial dimension of this process.", "28. Second, law reform is an ongoing process and cannot be reduced to isolated or fragmented actions. It requires consistent efforts to ensure harmonization with international standards and implement political commitments undertaken in this area; to fill gaps in implementation; and to address emerging concerns, such as those arising from the use of new technologies. Where deeply rooted social conventions condone the use of violence as a child-rearing practice or a necessary form of discipline, it is critical to promote a sustained process of advocacy, education, law enactment and enforcement, and evaluation.", "29. Third, legislation to protect children from violence is by nature complex and wide-ranging. It requires a comprehensive and explicit legal ban to convey an unequivocal message that children’s right to freedom from violence must be safeguarded everywhere and at all times. Through constitutional reform or the introduction of new provisions in family and criminal codes and in child protection and domestic violence legislation, this process is gaining ground in an increasing number of States.", "30. Legal prohibition must also be supported by detailed provisions in specific pieces of legislation, both to address distinct forms of violence, such as sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking or harmful traditional practices, and to tackle violence in specific settings, including schools, care and justice institutions and the home. It is critical that enabling laws and regulations be developed in relevant legal fields to give full meaning to the prohibition and deter incidents of violence, to protect the children concerned, to ensure appropriate support for the process of enforcement and to fight impunity.", "31. These two approaches, comprehensive and specific, are therefore needed and are indeed mutually supportive.", "32. Fourth, law reform initiatives have been particularly successful when promoted through an inclusive and participatory process, with the involvement of key stakeholders including governmental departments, parliamentarians, independent national institutions for children’s rights and key actors in civil society, including professional groups, local authorities and religious leaders, as well as young people themselves.", "33. Moreover, law enforcement has been more effective when such initiatives have been supported with social mobilization initiatives and awareness-raising campaigns (both for the public in general and for children and their families in particular) and supported by the development of ethical standards, capacity-building activities and concrete guidance for professionals and institutions working for and with children. For this reason, law reform initiatives should include a clear plan of implementation, with an estimation of costs and an anticipated allocation of resources to meet them.", "C. Promoting the establishment of child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence against children, and ensuring their availability, accessibility and use by children with disabilities", "34. At the request of the Human Rights Council, the Special Representative joined the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in the preparation of a report on effective and child-sensitive counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms to address incidents of violence, including sexual violence (A/HRC/16/56). The Council has urged States to ensure that such mechanisms are confidential, age-appropriate, gender-sensitive, disability-sensitive, safe, well publicized and accessible to all children. A similar recommendation was made in the United Nations study on violence against children.", "35. Counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms constitute critical remedies to address breaches of children’s rights, including violence. Their development is anchored in international human rights standards, and, in view of their urgency, the Third World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro in 2008, called for their establishment in all countries by 2013.", "36. Based on the findings of an expert consultation convened in 2010 with OHCHR, and on research conducted by and information received from national Governments and other stakeholders, the joint report provides an overview of existing counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms. It acknowledges efforts made in many countries by Governments, national human rights institutions, civil society and community-based organizations to promote counselling and to facilitate complaints and reporting of incidents of violence, including sexual abuse and exploitation. But it also recognizes that those initiatives remain piecemeal and are often inadequate to address children’s specific concerns. As a result, they are insufficient to ensure the protection of children from violence and are often not seen as core components of a robust child protection system.", "37. More often than not, children cannot easily gain access to counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms and lack trust in such services, fearing that they will be disregarded rather than believed, judged rather than listened to. Children fear that they will be subjected to public exposure, stigmatization, harassment and reprisals if they report incidents of violence. Often, children are unaware of available mechanisms and have no information about how to obtain advice and assistance.", "38. In the case of sexual exploitation and abuse, which are often committed by people whom children know and trust within institutions, in schools and in the home, parents feel tempted to conceal such incidents in order to protect their children and safeguard the image and unity of the family. Professionals may lack the training necessary to identify early signals and address incidents of violence in an ethical and gender- and child-sensitive manner, and may have no guidance as to whether and how they are expected to report such cases or how to refer them. When they are addressed, incidents of violence continue to be considered separately, by different professionals, and through the lens of disconnected disciplines, creating the risk of revictimization.", "39. Children with special vulnerabilities have particular difficulties in gaining access to counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms. In the light of the thematic debate in the General Assembly on the rights of children with disabilities, the Special Representative takes this opportunity to highlight the special challenges faced by these children.", "40. The lives of children with disabilities are fraught with stigma, discrimination, cultural prejudices, misperceptions and invisibility. Their capacity and their positive potential are often ignored. Their existence is often marked by neglect, violence, injury and exploitation. In spite of the limited amount of data and research in this area, available studies reveal an alarming level of risk for violence against children with disabilities, ranging from high vulnerability to physical and emotional violence when they are young to greater risks of sexual violence as they reach puberty.", "41. Disability is still perceived largely as a curse, a source of shame for the family and a misfortune for the community. At times, it is believed to be the result of witchcraft or possession by evil spirits; the child’s liberation is thought to be achieved through starvation, exposure to extreme heat or cold or to fire, or severe beatings.", "42. When used as beggars, children with disabilities are subject to violence to keep them on the streets, and often suffer physical abuse to attract attention and encourage charity. In schools that are often of low quality, they endure beatings, bullying, neglect and abuse by their peers and by ill-prepared teachers who fail to understand and attend to their special needs. For children placed in institutions with ill-trained, ill-paid and often frustrated staff, in an environment of stigmatizing attitudes in the community, there are increased risks of physical violence and of verbal and emotional abuse.", "43. For the families of children with disabilities, heavy demands and high stress, lack of support and services, and a deep sense of isolation aggravate the risk of violence within the household. Some families respond with neglect rather than with active violence. Others shield the child from contact with the outside world, including to protect him or her from abuse and stigmatization, sometimes in appalling conditions (such as windowless rooms or hot courtyards). Still others arrange for a “mercy killing” to put an end to the child’s perceived suffering, at times as a result of pressure from or upon the advice of other family members or influential actors in the community.", "44. Children with disabilities are less able than other children to escape the threat of violence or to report the abuses that they have endured. These difficulties become insurmountable when their only point of reference is the abuser, be it a family member, a neighbour or a professional worker on whom they depend. They may be unwilling to complain, fearing that if they do so they will lose the support of caregivers and the attention and affection of those on whom they have come to rely. Access to counselling, reporting and complaint services may be physically difficult to gain.", "45. Moreover, incidents reported by children with disabilities are largely dismissed; there is a prevailing perception that such children are easily confused and are unable to provide convincing and accurate testimony.", "46. In many cases, the justice system is not child-friendly or disability-sensitive; the challenges faced by a blind child in identifying a sexual offender amply illustrate this. However, in many countries additional barriers persist, including where the legal system fails to recognize the testimony of children with disabilities in court and prevents them from testifying under oath or signing legal documents. Under such circumstances, the conspiracy of silence becomes insurmountable.", "47. In the light of these concerns, the report to the Human Rights Council presents a set of guiding principles based on human rights standards, as well as practical recommendations to accelerate progress in making safe, child-sensitive and effective mechanisms available to all children. These mechanisms need to be established by law and to have well-defined mandates, guided by the best interests of the child and informed by children’s experiences and perspectives. They need to be well publicized and made accessible to all children, without discrimination of any kind, and must guarantee children’s safety, ensure confidentiality and allow for prompt and speedy response and follow-up.", "48. These critical requirements are essential in helping children to feel empowered, supported and reassured that they will be listened to in an ethical and safe manner, and that their testimony will not be disclosed or misused or place them at further risk.", "D. Preventing and addressing violence against children in schools", "49. In many countries, initiatives to prevent and address violence against children in schools are building momentum. Some key developments of this significant process of change include campaigns aimed at ensuring learning without fear and at addressing specific forms of violence, including bullying, cyberbullying and gender-based violence. School audits and participatory debates inform the promotion of ethical standards and encourage child-sensitive counselling, reporting, mediation and victim assistance. Data and research address root causes of violence and support children at risk. Law reform initiatives seek to prohibit all forms of violence in education.", "50. Education has a unique potential to create a positive environment in which attitudes condoning violence can be changed and non-violent behaviour can be learned. Schools are well placed to break patterns of violence and to provide skills that enable people to communicate, negotiate and support peaceful solutions to conflicts. This is possible at all stages of life, especially early childhood, when initiatives can decisively improve the development of talents and abilities, reduce marginalization and associated risks of violence, and promote access to school and educational achievement. An environment free of violence in all its forms is also instrumental to promoting the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, in particular to ensure universal primary education for all and to eliminate gender disparities in education.", "51. Unfortunately, this unique potential is in marked contrast to the daily reality of millions of children. Within and around educational settings, both girls and boys continue to be exposed to violence, including verbal abuse, intimidation, physical aggression and, in some cases, sexual abuse. At times they are also victims of gang violence and assault.", "52. Violence has a negative and often long-term impact on child victims. Beyond those directly affected, however, it creates fear and insecurity among students, hampering their learning opportunities and well-being. This in turn gives rise to anxiety and concerns in the family, sometimes fuelling pressure to keep children, particularly girls, out of school or to encourage school abandonment as a means of avoiding further violence.", "53. Recognizing the crucial importance of education in safeguarding children’s rights and of violence-free schools as catalysts for non-violence in the communities that they serve, the Special Representative, in cooperation with the Government of Norway and the Council of Europe, organized an expert consultation on tackling violence in schools. The meeting was held in Oslo in June 2011, and brought together policymakers, education and children’s-rights experts, civil society organizations and academics from various regions of the world, as well as United Nations agencies.", "54. The consultation was guided by international and regional human rights standards and the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children. The study highlights the fact that the most effective approaches to countering violence in schools are tailored to the specific circumstances of each school. These approaches also have key elements in common, as “they are based on the recognition that all children have equal rights to education in settings that are free of violence, and that one of the functions of education is to produce adults imbued with the non-violent values and practises”.[5]", "55. The Oslo consultation recognized the importance of preventing and responding to violence in schools through a multidimensional strategy. In particular, it recommended that the following five priority dimensions be taken into account:", "(a) Promoting holistic, participatory and child-centred strategies;", "(b) Partnering with children;", "(c) Supporting teachers and staff with the necessary skills and resources;", "(d) Consolidating data and research in this field;", "(e) Ensuring the legal protection of children.", "1. Promoting holistic, participatory and child-centred strategies", "56. Schools are an inherent part of the communities in which they are located; violence in the school mirrors social attitudes condoning violence and also reflects the environment surrounding the school, including social unrest, the availability of weapons and criminal gang activities. For this reason, efforts to bring an end to violence in school must not only invest in ensuring a safe and child-friendly environment in educational settings, but also seek to address the cultural acceptance of violence against children, and invest in violence prevention and positive discipline initiatives for families and the community at large.", "57. Schools succeed in their efforts to curb violence in particular when they break away from a strictly sectoral approach in favour of holistic, participatory and child-centred strategies. Such strategies help to involve families in school life and envisage children as crucial actors and agents of change, shaping decisions with their perspectives and experiences. Furthermore, they help to overcome bureaucratic and administrative divisions and operate in a multifaceted way, through investments in teacher and school staff training, curriculum development, school administration, policy development, budgetary allocations and strong legislation to guarantee the protection of children from violence.", "58. This whole-school ethos informed the significant experiences shared at the Oslo meeting, including experiences with initiatives designed to prevent bullying in schools. The success of such initiatives has been closely associated with the engagement of teachers, staff and students, as well as parents and other members of the community. Reductions in the number of incidents of bullying have also been achieved as a result of a strong commitment, a clear plan and a strategic combination of efforts, namely:", "(a) A sincere and widely shared commitment to address this phenomenon, with the formal adoption and wide dissemination of anti-bullying rules, and their launching at an official school event;", "(b) The establishment of a governance system in which all stakeholders participate;", "(c) The development of a monitoring system, with the periodic review of incidents and issues of concern;", "(d) The dissemination of anti-bullying messages in the community at large.", "59. These important lessons learned from anti-bullying programmes provide a crucial reference for the prevention and elimination of other forms of violence against children in schools.", "2. Partnering with children", "60. School- and system-wide interventions deepen understanding and encourage change in attitudes and social norms that condone violence, including its use as a form of discipline. They also help to promote a culture of tolerance, respect and non-violence and, as a result, prevent violence, contribute to reductions in school absenteeism and abandonment, improve academic achievement and enhance children’s social skills and well-being.", "61. In order to consolidate this process, it is critical to partner with children. Joining hands with young people helps to counter the invisibility of violence, increase understanding of children’s perceptions of this phenomenon, and enhance the overall effectiveness of efforts to prevent and eliminate violence in its various forms.", "62. Children recognize the importance of clear and unambiguous rules based on the protection of their rights. In spite of the high levels of violence that many of them endure, they remain committed to promoting an inclusive and violence-free school environment. Across regions, they are becoming involved in school clubs, peer education and peer counselling programmes and mediation and conflict-solving efforts, and are participating in school councils and disciplinary proceedings in which incidents of violence are addressed.", "63. In order to support children in this process, it is critical to promote a child-friendly school environment and relevant curricula focusing on life skills and human rights education, and to nurture the values of social equality, tolerance towards diversity and non-violent means of resolving conflict. All these elements can provide children with alternative ways of understanding the world, even in situations where violence outside the school affects their communities and their lives.", "64. For vulnerable groups of children, including girls, children with disabilities, children belonging to minority or indigenous groups, and children affected by HIV and AIDS, these efforts must be redoubled. Such children face particular challenges in gaining access to schooling and in remaining in school. They are more likely to be subjected to violence or to be disregarded when they seek advice about or report incidents of violence. As a result, they may end up choosing not to report violence for fear of drawing attention to themselves.", "3. Supporting teachers and other school staff with necessary skills and resources", "65. Teachers and other school staff are decisive actors in preventing and responding to violence. It is therefore essential to provide them with the necessary skills, support and resources. Raising awareness and providing information about violence against children is indispensable in this process. It helps to equip staff to use constructive-discipline techniques and methods in school, to partner with students in violence prevention, to serve as positive role models, to learn about peaceful conflict mediation and resolution, and to promote school-safety mechanisms such as codes of conduct and student-friendly reporting mechanisms. Equally important is the provision of clear guidance on addressing incidents of violence, mandatory reporting and providing assistance to child victims.", "66. Dimensions such as these are vital to enable schools to identify early warning signs of violence, to support children at special risk and to provide timely and effective support in an ethical and child-sensitive manner.", "67. In the absence of training in child-friendly pedagogy, and without awareness, information or guidance regarding violence against children, teachers and other school staff may believe that resorting to violent methods to maintain academic standards or impose discipline is a natural or needed response. Children in turn may internalize such values and regard violence as a valid strategy for resolving disputes and imposing their views on their peers. When violence prevention skills and training have been provided, however, there is greater openness to resorting to alternative, positive forms of discipline and advocating the abandonment of violence in school.", "4. Consolidating data and research on violence in schools", "68. Although statistical information on violence in schools is scarce and fragmented, available data confirm the serious magnitude of this phenomenon and its long-lasting consequences, both for children and their families and for the education system as a whole. Surveys conducted in a number of countries have confirmed this pattern and, in some cases, have assisted in the reporting of emerging forms of violence, including a new form of sexual abuse in schools, referred to as “sex for grades”.", "69. Sound data and research are urgently needed in this field. Without reliable data, national planning is undermined, effective policymaking and resource mobilization are hampered, and targeted interventions are limited in their ability to address and prevent violence in schools.", "70. Data and research are indispensable if we are to expose the hidden face of violence and address its root causes; understand perceptions and attitudes regarding this phenomenon, including among girls and boys of various ages and social backgrounds; identify children at greater risk and effectively support them; and assess the economic costs of violence and the social gains that can be achieved through steady investment in prevention. These are areas where consolidated partnerships and the acceleration of efforts will remain of the essence.", "5. Ensuring the legal protection of children from violence in schools", "71. The effectiveness of measures to deter and eliminate violence in schools is significantly curtailed without a supportive legal framework. As indicated above, clear, unambiguous legislation that prohibits all forms of violence and protects children from them, including within the school, is a key component of any comprehensive strategy on violence against children.", "72. In addition to the 29 countries that have introduced an explicit legal ban on all forms of violence against children in all contexts, several have adopted specific legislation to counter violence in schools. In the majority of countries, violence in schools, including the ill treatment and beating of children, is considered impermissible and is punished with disciplinary measures. When certain more serious forms of violence occur, such as sexual harassment or abuse, the outcome may be the dismissal and prosecution of those found responsible.", "73. In the recent past, there have been significant legislative developments in this area. In some countries, new laws have been enacted to prevent bullying, as was the case in 2011 in Peru. In others, legislation has been adopted that addresses incidents of violence more broadly. For example, in India the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009 bans the physical punishment and mental harassment of children. The Act provides for disciplinary measures in the event of the violation of this ban and recognizes the responsibility of the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights in monitoring its implementation and safeguarding the rights of the children concerned.", "74. In spite of these important developments, the legal prohibition of violence against children in schools is not yet a reality in 80 countries around the world. Moreover, the overall gap between legislation and prevailing practice remains wide and challenging. For this reason, efforts to accelerate progress in this area will continue.", "E. Conducting a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children", "75. The year 2011 marks the midpoint of the Special Representative’s mandate and five years since the review by the General Assembly of the United Nations study on violence against children. Thus, it is a strategic opportunity to gain a perspective on the progress achieved, to reflect on good practices and success factors, and to boost efforts to overcome persistent challenges in and generate renewed momentum towards the protection of children from violence.", "76. With this in mind, the Special Representative is conducting a global survey to map and assess progress in the implementation of the study’s recommendations. The survey will be developed in close collaboration with partners, including Governments, United Nations agencies, regional organizations and institutions, and civil society and children’s organizations. The significant analytical reviews conducted in a number of regions, including by the League of Arab States, the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children and MERCOSUR, will be an essential component of this process.", "77. The survey will also build upon relevant initiatives and processes, including the universal periodic review process in the Human Rights Council, the process of reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child and other treaty bodies, and the follow-up to the World Congresses against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents and to the Roadmap for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016, adopted at the Hague Global Child Labour Conference in 2010.", "78. In cooperation with civil society partners, a special effort will be made to take into account the views of children and young people. The participation and expertise of children were critical in the development of the study and have remained indispensable in its follow-up, including through regional youth forums and the formal representation of children in regional governance structures.", "79. The survey is intended to assess progress achieved in the implementation of the recommendations of the study and to help shape a forward-looking agenda. In this connection, an analytical report detailing the outcomes of the survey will be submitted to the General Assembly in 2012, at which time the Assembly will review the three-year mandate and consider further follow-up to the study.", "III. Strategic partnerships and the institutionalization of regional governance structures to accelerate progress[6]", "80. The Special Representative remains firmly committed to further strengthening strategic alliances for the protection of children from all forms of violence, within and beyond the United Nations system. Important institutional collaboration mechanisms have been established in support of her mandate, including the Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence against Children, the non-governmental organization Advisory Council for the follow-up to the study on violence against children, and regional high-level governance structures established for the follow-up to the study.", "A. Cooperation with the United Nations system, including human rights treaty bodies and mechanisms", "81. Collaboration with United Nations partners has been crucial in raising awareness of and broadening global support for the protection of children from violence, promoting the mainstreaming of this topic into United Nations activities, and generating policy debate through the holding of strategic panel discussions with key partners on areas of critical concern.", "82. The periodic meetings of the Inter-Agency Working Group are an important forum for consultation, policy formulation and mainstreaming within the United Nations agenda on violence against children. This strategic cooperation has led to significant initiatives, including the advancement of the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the promotion of better data and research in order to put an end to the invisibility and social acceptance of violence and to support strategic advocacy, policy development and resource mobilization.", "83. In 2011, in order to further mainstream into the United Nations agenda the protection of children from violence, the Special Representative has promoted a number of high-level policy discussions. These have taken place in such forums as the Human Rights Council, in discussions on the rights of street children and on child-sensitive mechanisms for addressing incidents of violence; the Commission for Social Development, in discussions on extreme poverty and violence against children; the Commission on the Status of Women, in discussions on tackling violence, including sexual violence, against girls and on quality education and gender discrimination; and in the lead-up to the General Assembly, in discussions on the rights of children with disabilities. In addition, strategic cooperation has been promoted with United Nations partners to curb violence in communities and minimize the impacts of situations of armed and gang violence on children, including through policies that help to reduce the availability of and access to small arms.", "84. Furthermore, the Special Representative has pursued close collaboration with human rights treaty bodies and mechanisms in order to capitalize on synergies across mandates and to promote a mutually supportive agenda. The joint report with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography shows the potential of such strategic cooperation. Similarly, concerted efforts have been deployed in support of the new optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, providing for a communication procedure.", "85. The partnership with the Committee on the Rights of the Child has been particularly strategic, including in encouraging the universal ratification and effective implementation of international children’s rights treaties, promoting advocacy and law reform on violence prevention and elimination, and establishing safe and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence. The Committee’s adoption of a general comment on the right of the child to freedom from violence[7] opens new avenues for strategic cooperation.", "B. Cooperation with intergovernmental and regional organizations and institutions", "86. Collaboration with regional partners is a cornerstone of the Special Representative’s strategy for consolidating the implementation of the study’s recommendations within and across countries. In order to advance that process and institutionalize key alliances, the Special Representative participated in strategic, high-level regional meetings. She supported significant advocacy and policy initiatives and strengthened partnerships with regional institutions and organizations and with regional mechanisms established to support the follow-up to the study. This is an area where significant progress has been achieved.[8]", "87. First, important regional political commitments on violence against children have been undertaken, including in the context of the 2009 Cairo Declaration adopted by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation; the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children; the Beijing Declaration on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region; the Marrakesh Declaration adopted at the Fourth High-level Arab Conference on the Rights of the Child; the road map on violence against children adopted by South American countries; the Council of Europe Strategy for 2009-2011, “Building a Europe for and with Children”; and the European Union Guidelines for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Child, including the strategy on violence against children and the recently adopted Agenda for the Rights of the Child.", "88. Second, there has been a growing institutionalization of regional governance structures and regional initiatives in support of the follow-up to the study’s recommendations. Leading regional institutions are playing a pivotal role in moving this agenda forward. These include the Subcommittee on Violence against Children of the League of Arab States, the Governing Board of the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children, the Platform on Children’s Rights of the Council of Europe, the Permanent Commission of the Niñ@Sur Initiative of MERCOSUR, the Latin American and Caribbean chapter of the Global Movement for Children, the African Union Department of Social Affairs and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.", "South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children", "89. In South Asia, solid collaboration was established with the South Asia Initiative to End Violence against Children, created in 2010 to guide the process of the national implementation of the recommendations of the study. The Initiative’s strategic plan for 2010-2015 includes time-bound targets to monitor the progress achieved and is reviewed annually by a governing body composed of representatives of South Asian Governments, civil society and children’s organizations.", "Asia-Pacific region", "90. In the Asia-Pacific region, the Beijing Declaration adopted at the High-level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region, held in November 2010, focused strongly on violence against children, calling for a systematic approach to child protection concerns, based on laws and policies safeguarding children from potential harm and banning all forms of violence against children.", "91. A significant platform for cooperation was also developed with the Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and with the recently established ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women and Children, which has identified violence against children as a priority for its agenda.", "League of Arab States", "92. Firm commitments have been made by the League of Arab States, which carried out a comprehensive regional study to collect information about national developments towards the prevention and elimination of violence against children and identified areas for strengthening the process of follow-up to the recommendations of the study. The Marrakesh Declaration adopted at the Fourth High-level Arab Conference on the Rights of the Child, held in December 2010, called on member States to pursue further efforts in collaboration with the Special Representative, including with a view to the development of national strategies to combat violence against children; the establishment of national follow-up and reporting mechanisms; the enactment of legislation to protect children from violence, neglect, ill treatment and exploitation; and the provision of services to support victims, as well as to undertake measures to combat impunity.", "African Union and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child", "93. The year 2011 has been marked by enhanced collaboration with the African Union Department of Social Affairs and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, building upon the framework of cooperation developed with those institutions. The Special Representative partnered with the African Union initiative to promote the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other child rights treaties. With the African Committee of Experts, important strides were made in strengthening the protection of children from violence, not least through the Burkina Faso technical consultation on legislative reform in Africa to prohibit violence against children, including corporal punishment.", "94. The Special Representative also joined in the commemoration of the 2011 Day of the African Child, devoted to the theme “All together for urgent actions in favour of street children”. The meeting held by the African Committee of Experts was an important follow-up to the 2011 thematic debate in the Human Rights Council on child rights and highlighted the significant challenges faced by children living and working in the streets in the African region. The meeting underlined the fact that street children are particularly vulnerable to extreme forms of violence. Their lives are fraught with stigma, fear and invisibility, and they are at high risk for harassment, ill treatment and abuse. For these children, the challenges of reporting incidents of violence are insurmountable.", "95. The Day of the African Child was a strategic opportunity to join with the African Committee of Experts in calling for the establishment of widely publicized, accessible, safe and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms; national investment in well-resourced child protection systems, including legislation banning all forms of violence against children; and the abolishment of status offences, including the decriminalization of survival behaviour such as begging, truancy and vagrancy. These solutions need to be promoted among street children themselves, with an understanding of their perspectives, thus investing in their genuine empowerment and enabling them to make informed choices in situations where the risk of violence may be effectively prevented.", "Common Market of the South", "96. In the Americas, follow-up to the United Nations study on violence against children has been carried out within the framework of the Twentieth Pan American Child Congress and the strong institutional cooperation developed with the Inter-American Children’s Institute of the Organization of the American States, the Rapporteur on the Rights of the Child of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Latin American and Caribbean chapter of the Global Movement for Children, and the Ibero-American Conference of Ministers Responsible for Children and Adolescents.", "97. In April 2011, this process gained renewed political impetus through the holding of the first subregional high-level meeting to follow up on the study. The South American meeting was hosted by the Government of Paraguay, in the context of its chairmanship of MERCOSUR and of the Permanent Commission of the Niñ@Sur Initiative. The meeting was co-organized with the Special Representative and the Latin American and Caribbean chapter of the Global Movement for Children, and had the participation of MERCOSUR member and associated States, as well as representatives of civil society, including children’s organizations, children’s advocates and the media.", "98. The discussions in Paraguay were informed by an analytical review of national measures adopted to advance the implementation of the study’s recommendations. The review was based on national reports submitted on the development of a comprehensive strategy for preventing and addressing violence against children, the legal protection of children from violence, and the consolidation of data and research.", "99. The meeting led to significant outcomes: (a) the adoption of a forward-looking road map to advance progress and address gaps and persisting challenges; (b) the development of national strategies on violence against children by individual countries aligned with the regional road map; and (c) within MERCOSUR, the incorporation of the regional road map into the agenda of the Permanent Commission of the Niñ@Sur Initiative, which will review its implementation on an annual basis in the light of national reports submitted by Governments.", "100. Two other high-level meetings, in Central America and in the Caribbean, are expected to be held in the near future in support of the follow-up to the study in those subregions.", "Council of Europe", "101. The Special Representative pursued fruitful collaboration with the Council of Europe, with which she joined hands, together with UNICEF and the European Union, in the organization of the conference entitled “Combating violence against children: from isolated actions to integrated strategies”, held in Kiev during the Ukrainian chairmanship of the Council.", "102. The conference addressed critical issues for the Central and Eastern European region, including strengthening violence prevention through the revision of national childcare standards and policies; providing family-friendly services to prevent violence and the separation of children from their families as a result of violent behaviour; promoting child-friendly counselling, reporting, complaint and referral systems and mechanisms within institutions hosting children; and developing comprehensive reintegration and rehabilitation programmes for child victims, witnesses and perpetrators of violence.", "103. Participating countries reaffirmed their strong commitment to implementing the Council of Europe Policy Guidelines on integrated national strategies for the protection of children from violence, including through national action plans, policies and programmes in line with international and regional children’s-rights standards. Strong commitments were made to the legal protection of children and the prohibition of all forms of violence against them; the establishment of an influential and well-resourced coordinating body to articulate all relevant actions in this area; and the development of widely available and accessible counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address incidents of violence. The Kiev agenda will be pursued to consolidate the follow-up to the recommendations of the study.", "European Union", "104. In 2007, with a view to advancing the implementation of the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children, the European Union adopted its Guidelines for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of the Child, which include a strategy for combating violence against children. The Guidelines provide a strong basis for collaboration with the European Union and for the implementation of the study’s recommendations.", "105. In 2011, the European Union Agenda for the Rights of the Child reaffirmed the commitment to advancing the implementation of the Guidelines, stressing that “the well-being of children can only be achieved in a society which is free of violence, abuse and exploitation of children”.[9] These key instruments provide a sound basis for consolidating support for the implementation of the study’s recommendations in countries across regions.", "C. Cooperation with civil society, including children and young people", "106. Collaboration with civil society actors is critical for advancing the implementation of the recommendations of the study, through their association with regional processes, their involvement in expert discussions on critical dimensions of the agenda, and their support for the global universal ratification campaign, the scaling-up of legal reform, the participation of children and the prevention of violence in schools, institutions and the home. Collaboration has been greatly facilitated by the establishment of the non-governmental organization Advisory Council and its advocacy and social mobilization efforts with partners at the international, regional and national levels.[10]", "107. Strategic collaboration was further strengthened with the NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Working Group on Children and Violence, as well as with Child Helpline International and its network. Present in more than 120 countries, child helplines play an invaluable role in the protection of children from violence, which is the main reason why children around the world call helplines. Helplines constitute a crucial reference for the development of child-sensitive mechanisms and an indispensable source of information on violence-related issues.", "108. Recent months have also seen strengthened collaboration with faith-based organizations. Religious leaders were important allies in the development of the study and have remained key partners in the process of follow-up, fostering dialogue, promoting change in practices that perpetuate violence against children, and encouraging the use of non-violent forms of discipline. In order to strengthen these efforts, a strategic partnership was developed with the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children, a global movement of religious leaders and communities of all faiths and secular organizations committed to the promotion of children’s rights and well-being. The World Day is celebrated every year during the week of 20 November, the anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In collaboration with UNICEF, the World Conference of Religions for Peace, civil society organizations and the Office of the Special Representative, the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children launched an initiative to devote the next three years to the protection of children from violence. In support of this process, a panel discussion with key partners was held at the United Nations in New York in June 2011 under the auspices of the Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations.", "Cooperation with young people", "109. Child participation continues to be a core dimension of the Special Representative’s mandate. Regular meetings have been held with children and young people, including within the framework of regional initiatives and field missions.", "110. Violence is a key concern of children; in some regions, the phenomenon was identified as their most critical concern. Despite the fact that they are exposed to widespread violence, children show a remarkable resilience. Through school debates and community events, radio programmes and street theatre, cartoons, blogs and social media, they help to raise awareness among other children and their families about violence and its impact, create solidarity and support for child victims, and can instil the confidence to report incidents of violence and press for speedy and lasting solutions.", "111. In order to maximize the involvement of children in discussions and action on violence, the Special Representative is engaging additional experts on child participation and will further develop the child-friendly space on her website.", "IV. Ensuring firm support", "112. Ensuring sound support and predictable funding has been essential for promoting progress on this strategic agenda and for the effective and independent fulfilment of the Special Representative’s mandate.", "113. UNICEF provides administrative support for the mandate and has established a trust account in order to receive, hold, administer and disburse financial contributions provided to fund the operation of the Office of the Special Representative, including payment for personnel costs.", "114. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/141, the mandate of the Special Representative is funded from voluntary contributions. In this connection, the Assembly called upon States and institutions concerned, United Nations agencies, regional and civil society organizations and the private sector to provide the necessary support, including financial contributions. The Assembly also anticipated the evaluation of the mandate three years after its establishment, in 2012, including with regard to its funding.", "115. Contributions received by July 2011 have been crucial in relaunching and promoting the process of follow-up to the study, advocating and supporting developments for violence prevention and the protection of children from violence, and ensuring office support. However, additional funding remains essential if the Special Representative is to be able to effectively play her role as a global independent advocate. Firm support remains particularly important for the advancement of progress in the priority areas identified in her strategic agenda, the organization of thematic expert consultations, the development of advocacy materials and resources, and the continued consolidation of collaboration with regional governance structures to strengthen national follow-up to the study.", "V. Looking ahead", "116. The first two years of the mandate have seen significant developments. These include important legislative and policy measures undertaken by Governments to protect children from violence; strategic initiatives by United Nations agencies and mechanisms to mainstream the issue of violence against children into their agendas; and critical strides by regional organizations and groupings, as well as civil society actors, in institutionalizing the process of implementing the study’s recommendations. Violence against children is giving rise to increasing concern and action, in many cases supported by wide social mobilization in which children themselves are playing a growing role.", "117. At the same time, however, violence continues to compromise the rights of millions of children. Hidden and socially accepted, violence is met with passivity and indifference. Owing to weak reporting and to fragmented and short-term interventions, it is seldom high on the policy agenda or a priority topic of public debate. As a result, many children continue to live with trauma and in fear, self-blame, isolation and helplessness.", "118. The urgency of ensuring children’s freedom from violence has not diminished, and it is imperative that the current pace of progress be accelerated. With this aim, and within the overall framework of the priorities of her mandate, the Special Representative will, in the forthcoming period, devote particular attention to the areas set out below.", "A. Moving towards the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "119. Encouraged by the wide expression of support for the global campaign for universal ratification, which is rooted in significant commitments undertaken by the international community, the Special Representative will continue to actively promote the achievement of this goal.", "B. Consolidating the development of regional governance structures and the promotion of the cross-regional exchange of experiences to ensure the protection of children from violence", "120. The Special Representative will continue her advocacy in support of the institutionalization of regional governance structures and initiatives to accelerate progress in the follow-up to the study’s recommendations. In this regard, the Special Representative will, in the coming months, host a high-level meeting with representatives of these regional mechanisms to help strengthen synergies among them, to promote a cross-regional exchange of experiences and to consolidate children’s freedom from violence.", "C. Organizing expert consultations and developing thematic reports", "121. The Special Representative will continue her fruitful series of expert consultations on selected violence-related priority areas. As noted above, one of these will be devoted to the consolidation of data and research on violence against children; a second will address violence and the administration of justice.", "Better data and research on violence against children", "122. Violence against children is seldom reported, and official statistics remain limited in their ability to capture the true scale and extent of this phenomenon. As a result, available information is scarce and reflects only the tip of the iceberg. This is an area where urgent action is required and one to which the Special Representative will continue to devote priority attention. With that in mind, in 2012 she will join the Government of Sweden in the organization of an expert consultation on this issue.", "Violence and the administration of justice", "123. The Special Representative places special emphasis on violence in justice-related settings, through advocacy, policy dialogue initiatives and field missions. A justice system based on respect for the rights of the child is critical for preventing and addressing incidents of violence against children, as well as safeguarding the rights of victims and witnesses.", "124. This is an area where significant work is being done, as illustrated in the 2011 thematic report on juvenile justice and human rights in the Americas issued by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, with the support of the Special Representative. The report identifies developments and good practices for the protection of children in the juvenile justice system and provides recommendations for the effective implementation of relevant international standards.", "125. With a view to consolidating progress, the Special Representative will capitalize on significant experiences in various parts of the world, and will strengthen strategic partnerships with Member States, United Nations agencies, regional institutions, academia and civil society organizations. In this connection, she will join the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other partners in the organization of an expert consultation early in 2012.", "D. Conducting a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children", "126. As indicated above, the Special Representative will conduct a global survey to map and assess progress in the implementation of the study’s recommendations. The survey outcomes will be presented to the General Assembly in 2012 and are expected to inform the further acceleration of efforts in the implementation of the recommendations, and to sustain the momentum of work already under way.", "127. Paragraphs 119 to 126 above highlight crucial areas of concern on which the Special Representative is committed to focusing. She looks forward to continuing to consolidate strong partnerships with Member States and all other relevant stakeholders to advance the effective implementation of the study’s recommendations and to ensure the freedom of children from violence in all its forms.", "[1] The Special Representative assumed her position on 1 September 2009. A fuller explanation of her appointment and mandate can be found in A/HRC/13/46.", "[2] A/HRC/16/54 and A/65/262, respectively.", "[3] See the joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Representative on Violence against Children on child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms, submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/56); two other joint reports, on law reform and violence in schools, are forthcoming.", "[4] Adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/293; see in particular paragraph 4 of the Global Plan of Action.", "[5] World Report on Violence against Children, 2006, p. 138.", "[6] This section complements the information provided in A/HRC/16/54.", "[7] CRC/C/GC/13.", "[8] See also A/65/262, sect. C, and A/HRC/16/54, paras. 41-57.", "[9] See European Commission document COM(2011) 60 of 15 February 2011, para. 2.2.", "[10] For further details, see A/HRC/16/54." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children", "Summary", "The second report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children is submitted to the General Assembly in accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/297. The present report has been guided by the report of the independent expert of the United Nations on violence against children (A/61/299) and highlights the vision and priority areas expressed by the Special Representative in his initial report (A/65/292).", "This report complements the Special Representative's annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/54). The present report reviews major developments and initiatives undertaken by the Special Rapporteur, aimed at promoting the implementation of studies and progress at the global, regional and country levels, institutionalizing regional governance structures, and strengthening strategic alliances to accelerate global progress towards a world free of violence.", "In order to accelerate progress, the present report highlights the areas of special attention to be given by the Special Representative in the future: (a) promoting universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child; (b) further consolidating the regional governance structure of violence against children; (c) continuing expert consultations on the theme of violence; and (d) conducting global surveys to assess progress and providing information on further actions in the area of prevention and response to violence.", "∗ A/63/250.", "Contents", "C. Promoting the universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child 5 B. Enhancement of legal protection against all forms of violence 6 C. Promote the establishment of child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaint mechanisms to address violence against children,8 and ensure that children with disabilities, use and use such mechanisms, D. Prevention and resolution of violence against children in schools 10 E. Undertake a global survey to assess progress in the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children, including through regional governance mechanisms, and accelerate progress in the development of the United Nations system and regional mechanisms for the protection of children.", "Mandate and strategic priorities", "The Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children has chosen to serve as a global independent advocate for the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against children. The mandate of the Special Representative is guided by the report of the independent expert of the United Nations on violence against children and its strategic recommendations (A/61/299) and advocates for the protection of children against violence as a necessary matter for human rights. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the relevant Optional Protocols and other international human rights instruments provide a solid normative basis for preventing and responding to violence. To that end, the Special Representative advocates the universal ratification and effective implementation of core human rights treaties.", "The Special Representative plays a bridging and catalytic role in various regional, sectoral and possible instances of violence against children. In partnership with the wider United Nations system and beyond, she took action and sought political support to maintain the momentum of this agenda, stimulated new attention on violence against children, promote behavioural and social change and subsequently made steady progress.", "The Special Representative adopts complementary strategies, including promoting advocacy for the protection of children against violence; contributing to strategic meetings at the international, regional and national levels to accelerate progress in this area, identify best practices, promote cross-regional, sectoral and local exchange of experiences; organizing field missions; conducting thematic studies and preparing reports.", "As detailed in previous reports to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council [2], the Special Representative has given priority to:", "(a) To promote a strategic agenda based on the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children (see section II below);", "(b) Enhance important partnerships to make progress in the implementation of the study and to sustain such progress (see section III below);", "(c) Towards strong support for her mandate, including reliable funding, to facilitate progress in preventing violence and protecting children from all forms of violence (see section IV below).", "The overall objective of the mandate of the Special Representative is to accelerate progress in the implementation of the recommendations contained in the study. In view of their particular urgency, three of these recommendations include time-bound targets. These are also areas of priority to the Special Representative, namely:", "(a) Develop a comprehensive national strategy to prevent and respond to all forms of violence against children in each country;", "(b) To prohibit all forms of violence against children on various occasions;", "(c) To consolidate the national research agenda on data collection, analysis and dissemination and violence against children.", "There has been promising national progress in these areas. Through regional contacts with intergovernmental organizations and political groups, the Special Representative has convened expert consultations on strategic aspects of the agenda against violence against children to prepare thematic reports to support advocacy, policy and legal reform, [3] to pursue these priority goals through visits to all 37 countries in all regions.", "Consolidation of progress towards the implementation of the strategic agenda for United Nations research", "During the first period of the Special Representative's mandate, in order to consolidate changes in priority areas, special emphasis was placed on the revitalization of networks such as research, the promotion of new alliances and the further consolidation of strategic partnerships, in particular the institutionalization of regional governance structures for violence against children. These efforts are crucial in promoting the mainstreaming of child protection from violence in the policy agendas at the international, regional and national levels.", "The second year of the term was a key phase, at which there was a strong support for efforts to address long-term challenges and accelerate progress towards a world free of violence. In support of this process, the Special Representative, together with key partners, organized three expert consultations on key areas of concern, namely, mechanisms for child-sensitive responses to violence; ensuring legal reform for children; and strategies to prevent and address violence in schools. The main conclusions and recommendations of these meetings will be presented below.", "The Special Representative is also preparing to publish thematic reports and advocacy tools on these themes to assist Governments and other stakeholders in ensuring the protection of children from violence. Special information will be developed for children, including information on child-sensitive response mechanisms.", "As part of her advocacy and communication strategy, the Special Representative established a website (http://srsg. violenceagainstchildren.org) to disseminate information on important developments in the protection of children against violence. The website is also a platform for liaison among key partners, including social media tools and a “Childlock” with information on child-friendlyness.", "In 2011, the Special Representative gave particular attention to the overall framework of her priority agenda:", "(a) Efforts to promote universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention, in particular to ensure the protection of children against sale, prostitution and pornography;", "(b) Strengthening the legal protection of children against all forms of violence;", "(c) Promote security and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms to address violence against children, including children with disabilities;", "(d) Expand awareness and awareness-raising to prevent and address violence against children in educational institutions and in the relevant judiciary;", "(e) A global survey to assess progress in preventing and eliminating all forms of violence against children.", "Efforts to promote universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "The Global Campaign launched by the Secretary-General in 2010 to promote universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides a key agenda for the consolidation of institutional partnerships with strategic allies within the United Nations system, including the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The campaign has also become an important reference to measuring cooperation with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).", "In the light of her mandate, the Special Representative on violence against children placed particular emphasis on global adherence to the Optional Protocol to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. She promotes this agenda through global advocacy, regional participation and field missions.", "During the first year of the campaign, significant progress has been made. The goal of universal ratification is included in the policy agenda of the United Nations, including the United Nations Global Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons [4] and the road map for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour by the end of 2016 adopted by the Hague Global Conference on Child Labour on 11 May 2011 (see sect. III below). Regional organizations and political groups also expressed their commitment to the ratification and implementation of the Protocol, including the Islamic Cooperation Organization, the League of Arab States, the Common Market of the South, the South Asian End of Violence against Children initiative and the Asian and Pacific region. The Council of Europe launched a wide-ranging campaign on sexual violence against children, in which the Protocol was ratified as a core component.", "Since the launch of the campaign, eight States have ratified the Protocol: Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Malta, Mauritius, Nigeria, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The Central African Republic has signed this instrument.", "In May 2011, in order to expedite progress, the Special Representative, in partnership with the Strategy, chaired a treaty event in New York on the occasion of the first anniversary of the launch of the campaign and supported a regional event organized by the African Union in Addis Ababa with the Economic Commission for Africa, UNICEF and OHCHR. At these meetings and other high-level meetings, activities were strongly supported by Governments, United Nations agencies, parliamentarians, child rights advocates, religious organizations and civil society organizations.", "At least 18 States have made formal commitments for the ratification of the Protocol, including commitments made within the framework of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council and before the Committee on the Rights of the Child or the human rights mandate holders. Of those States that have not yet become parties, 40 per cent have ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 90 per cent have ratified ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour, which addresses similar areas of concern.", "Strengthening the legal protection of children against all forms of violence", "The adoption of legislation prohibiting all forms of violence against children in all circumstances, together with the appropriate legal framework for preventing and responding to violence, is a key recommendation of the United Nations study and constitutes a priority for the mandate of the Special Representative. In order to advance progress in this critical area, the Special Representative, together with OHCHR, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the International NGO Advisory Committee on the Implementation of the Report on Violence against Children, organized a consultation of legal reform experts in Geneva in July 2011. The main results of the consultation will be presented below.", "As highlighted in previous reports, legal reform on violence against children is a dynamic area. At the end of the study, 16 States had legislation prohibiting violence in all circumstances. To date, 29 States have already made such comprehensive legal prohibitions and, in some cases, incorporated them into the Constitution. In some countries, the courts also play an important role in guaranteeing the right of children to respect their personal security and freedom from violence, including the right to such rights within the family. In all regions, significant initiatives are being taken to achieve the full prohibition of violence against children in law, and many States have adopted legislation on specific forms of such violence, including sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking and harmful traditional practices.", "Over the past two years, many regional and political groups will also be given priority, including the Islamic Cooperation Organization, the League of Arab States, the South Asian Ending Violence against Children Initiative, the Common Market of the South and the Council of Europe. In addition, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have been active supporters.", "Despite these important developments, positive efforts are needed. First, there is a need to expand efforts to explicitly prohibit all forms of violence against children by law: At the global level, less than 5 per cent of children benefit from legal protection against all forms of violence.", "Secondly, in countries that have enacted legislation, further measures are needed to narrow the gap between law and practice. Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the implementation of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography indicate that legislation on child prostitution needs to be revised in more than half of the State under review, including ensuring the protection of boys. Concluding observations on the implementation of the Convention indicate that at least one third of States have insufficient legislative provisions on other forms of sexual violence, since they do not criminalize rape or do not have sufficient definition of sexual abuse. Similarly, a study carried out by the Child Rights Information Network indicated that in at least 40 countries, children were at risk of being punished in the form of violence, including flogging, flogging, cement or amputation, and in some countries the law still allowed the death penalty.", "In short, while many States have taken steps to prohibit acts of violence against children in certain forms and in certain contexts, only a few States have introduced a comprehensive ban. Moreover, law enforcement remains weak and has limited dissemination and understanding of changes. Efforts to monitor the impact of legal reform and address emerging issues, as well as to ensure that services and programmes supporting victims' healing and long-term integration are coordinated with good and adequate resources have been made.", "The Geneva expert consultation on legal reform provides a strategic platform to review initiatives and positive experiences in different countries of the world, recognize progress, and reflect on the five occasions identified by the Institute, which facilitate or undermine the legal protection of children from violence. This will also include opportunities for accelerating progress and promoting technical advice in this critical area.", "Important conclusions and recommendations will be drawn up to ensure that children are free from sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking, harmful traditional practices, juvenile justice, labour-related violence and domestic violence. The thematic report on this subject, to be forthcoming in the coming months, will be more detailed.", "In looking forward to the report, given the critical value of the following four proxy conclusions in shaping legislative initiatives on violence against children, they deserve particular attention.", "First, legal reform on violence against children is an important component of a strong national child protection system. It therefore needs to coordinate good and resource support and legal reform through a comprehensive approach. This includes addressing the root causes of violence; prohibiting and deterring violence; guaranteeing the rights of all children, including those at risk; providing opportunities for redress and reintegration; and combating impunity. The establishment of more accessible, child-sensitive and safe counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms under the law to address violence is an important aspect of this process.", "Secondly, legal reform is an ongoing process that cannot diminish actions that are isolated or fragmented. Legal reform requires sustained efforts to ensure coherence with international standards and to implement political commitments in this area; to fill gaps in implementation; to address emerging issues, such as the use of new technologies. In cases where deep-rooted social practices tolerate the use of violence as a method of raising children or the necessary disciplinary form, it is crucial to promote advocacy, education, legislation and law enforcement and evaluation of ongoing processes.", "Thirdly, the legal nature of child protection against violence is complex and broad. This requires a comprehensive and clear legal prohibition to convey a clear message that children are guaranteed free from violence at all places and at all times. This process is becoming stronger through constitutional reform or introducing new provisions in family and criminal law, as well as in child protection and domestic violence legislation.", "Legal prohibition must also be supported by detailed provisions in specific legislation to address different forms of violence, such as sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, trafficking or harmful traditional practices, and to address violence in specific places such as schools, care institutions and the judiciary or the family. Authorization laws and regulations must be developed in the relevant legal areas, thus giving sufficient meaning to the prohibition, deterring violence, protecting children and ensuring adequate support for law enforcement processes and combating impunity.", "Therefore, the two approaches described above, comprehensive and specific, are needed and are indeed complementary.", "Fourthly, through inclusive and participatory processes, legal reform initiatives have been particularly successful, involving government departments, parliamentarians, independent national institutions supporting children's rights and key actors of civil society, including professional groups, local authorities and religious leaders, and key stakeholders such as young people themselves.", "Moreover, law enforcement is more effective when such initiatives are supported by social mobilization initiatives and awareness-raising campaigns, whether directed at the general public or specifically for children and their families, as well as through the development of ethical standards, support for capacity-building activities and specific guidance to professionals and institutions working with children. Legal reform initiatives should therefore include clear implementation plans, cost estimates, and projected resource allocation for cost payments.", "C. Promote the establishment of child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms to address violence against children and to ensure that children with disabilities have access, use and use such mechanisms", "At the request of the Human Rights Council, the Special Representative, together with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, prepared a report on the establishment of effective and child-sensitive counselling, complaints and reporting mechanisms to address violence, including sexual violence (A/HRC/16/56). The Human Rights Council also urges States to ensure that such mechanisms are confidential, age-appropriate, gender-sensitive, sensitive to disability, safe, widely known and accessible to all children. Similar recommendations were made in the United Nations study on violence against children.", "Counselling, complaints and reporting mechanisms are important remedies to address violations of children's rights, including violence. In view of its urgency, the Third World Congress against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro in 2008, called upon all States to establish such mechanisms by the end of 2013.", "In accordance with the outcome of the expert consultation held with OHCHR in 2010, and in accordance with the studies undertaken and information received from Governments and other stakeholders, the joint report outlines existing advisory, complaint and reporting mechanisms. The joint report recognizes efforts made in many countries by Governments, national human rights institutions, civil society and community-based organizations to promote counselling and facilitate complaints and reporting of violence, including sexual abuse and sexual exploitation. However, it also recognizes that these initiatives remain the leading medical doctor, the trajectory, and are often insufficient to address the specific concerns of children. As a result, they are not enough to ensure that children are protected from violence and are often not seen as a central component of a sound child protection system.", "Often, children are not able to have access to counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms and lack confidence in such services. They fear that they will be neglected and do not believe that they will judge them and not listen to them. Children fear that they will be exposed, stigma, harassment and reprisal if they report violence. Children are generally unaware of existing mechanisms or of any information on how to receive counselling and assistance.", "In cases of sexual exploitation and abuse, such acts are often committed by institutions, schools and those who know and trust the children at home, and parents try to conceal such incidents in order to protect their children and preserve the image and unity of the family. Professionals may lack the necessary training to detect early signals to deal with violence in a moral, gender and child-sensitive manner, and may not provide any guidance on whether or how such cases are reported or how they are transferred. In dealing with violence, it continues to be considered separately by different professionals, and the risk of re-victimization through disciplines that have been broken down.", "Specially vulnerable children have particular difficulties in obtaining access to counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms. In view of the thematic debate held by the General Assembly on the rights of children with disabilities, the Special Representative takes this opportunity to highlight the special challenges faced by these children.", "The lives of children with disabilities are stigmatized, discrimination, cultural prejudice, misunderstandings and others. Their capacity and positive potential are often neglected. They often suffer from neglect, violence, harm and exploitation. Despite the limited data and research in this area, existing studies reveal that the high risk of violence against children with disabilities is alarming — from time to time is highly vulnerable to physical and emotional violence and are at greater risk of sexual violence when entering the juvenile spring.", "Disability remains largely treated as curse, a shameful source of the household and the unfortunate community. In some cases, disability is considered to be a witchcraft and abhorrent, and it is believed that children can be freed by hunger, heat or cold, fire or poisoning.", "When children with disabilities are used as beggars, they will be subjected to violence in order to keep them in the streets, who often suffer physical abuse to attract attention and encourage philanthropy. They tend to be in poor quality schools where they are subjected to accompanying beatings, abuse, neglect and abuse, teachers are not well prepared and are not aware and concerned about their special needs. Children placed in institutions are at risk of physical violence and verbal and emotional abuse in the context of a lack of training, poor pay and frequent setbacks by the staff, humiliating communities.", "In households with children with disabilities, heavy demands and high pressure, lack of support and services, and deep sense of isolation have increased the risk of violence within the family. Some households responded to neglect rather than active violence. Other families do not allow children with disabilities to engage outside the country, including in order to protect their untreated and humiliating purposes, they sometimes be placed in alarming conditions (e.g., rooms without windows or very hot chambers). There are other family arrangements to end the suffering of their children in their eyes, “Anjoy death” This is sometimes the result of pressure or recommendations from actors that come from other family members or influence in the community.", "Children with disabilities are less able to escape the risk of violence or to report abuse they have suffered. These difficulties are more difficult when the only reference point is the abuser (the abusers may be family members, neighbours or professional workers they depend). They may be reluctant to lodge complaints, fearing that they will lose the support of the caregivers and the concerns and feelings of those who are gradually dependent on them. Access to counselling, reporting and complaints services is likely to be very difficult in terms of the body.", "In addition, the reporting of children with disabilities is largely ignored; there is a perception that these children are vulnerable to ambiguity and that they cannot provide convincing and accurate testimony.", "In many cases, the judicial system does not facilitate the use of children, is not sensitive to disability, and the challenge of a blind child identifier is fully illustrated. In many countries, however, there are additional obstacles, including legal systems that do not recognize the testimony of children with disabilities in the courts and do not allow them to oath or sign legal documents. In such cases, it is difficult to maintain a silence.", "In the light of these concerns, the report of the Human Rights Council presents a set of guiding principles based on human rights standards and makes practical recommendations to accelerate progress and provide safe, child-sensitive and effective mechanisms for all children. These mechanisms need to be established in accordance with the law and have a clear definition of mandates that depend on the best interests of the child and understand the experiences and views of children. They are widely aware that all children can be used without any form of discrimination and must guarantee the safety of children, ensure confidentiality and enable timely and prompt responses and follow-up.", "These key provisions are essential to enable children to feel able, supported and assured that their statements are ethically and safely heard and that their testimony will not be disclosed or inclinated or exposed to further risks.", "Prevention and resolution of violence against children in schools", "In many countries, the momentum of initiatives to prevent and address violence against children in schools has come. A number of important developments in this clear changing process include ensuring free-in fear learning campaigns and campaigns to address specific forms of violence such as abuse, cyber abuse and gender-based violence. School audits and participatory debates will provide information on ethical standards and encourage child-sensitive counselling, reporting, mediation and victim assistance. Data and studies address the root causes of violence and support children at risk. The legal reform initiatives aim to prohibit all forms of violence in education.", "Education has a unique potential to create a positive environment that can change tolerance of violence and learn non-violence. Schools are fully able to break patterns of violence, teach skills and enable people to communicate, negotiate and support peaceful solutions to conflicts. This is likely at every stage of life, particularly in the early childhood period, where initiatives can decisively improve the horticulture and capacity of children, reduce the risk of marginalization and related violence and promote access to school and educational performance. It is important to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, in particular to ensure universal primary education for all and to eliminate gender disparities in education.", "Regrettably, this unique potential is a stark contrast to the reality that millions of children face daily. In and around educational places, boys and girls continue to suffer from violence, including abuse, intimidation, physical harm, and in some cases sexual abuse. They are sometimes victims of gang violence and attacks.", "Violence has negative and often long-term implications for child victims. However, in addition to those directly affected students, fear and insecurity among students hinder their learning opportunities and well-being. This, in turn, leads to anxiety and concern in the home, sometimes to increase pressure on children, especially girls, to drop out of school or to encourage desertion as a means of avoiding violence.", "Recognizing the crucial importance of education in guaranteeing children's rights, the important role played by non-violence schools as a catalyst for transforming communities they serve into non-violent communities, the Special Representative, in cooperation with the Government of Norway and the Council of Europe, organized an expert consultation meeting on addressing violence in schools. The meeting was held in Oslo in June 2011, bringing together policymakers, education and child rights experts, civil society organizations and scholars from different parts of the world, as well as representatives of United Nations agencies.", "The consultation will be guided by international and regional human rights standards and the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children. The study emphasizes that the most effective way to combat violence in schools is tailored to the specific circumstances of each school. These methods also have a common key element, “as they are based on this recognition that all children have equal rights to education in a situation free of violence, one of the functions of education is to develop adults who have been caught in non-violent values and practices”. [5]", "The Oslo consultation acknowledged the importance of preventing and responding to violence in schools through a multidimensional strategy. In particular, it recommended that the following five priority areas be considered:", "(a) Promote comprehensive, participatory and child-centred strategies;", "(b) Working with children as partners;", "(c) Support teachers and employees with the necessary skills and resources;", "(d) Consolidation of data and research in this area;", "(e) Ensure the legal protection of children.", "Strategies to promote comprehensive, participatory and child-centred strategies", "Schools are an inherent part of their communities; violence in schools is a screening of societal attitudes towards violence and reflects the environment surrounding schools, including social unrest, arms and gang activities. For this reason, efforts to end violence in schools are not only focused on ensuring a safe and child-friendly environment in educational places, but also on addressing the cultural problems of acceptance of violence against children, as well as focusing on awareness-raising on the prevention of violence and active disciplinary sanctions against families and communities at large.", "In particular, the efforts to end violence will be successful when schools have put in place strict sectoral practices that are comprehensive, participatory and child-centred strategies. Such strategies have helped to involve families in school life and to envisage students as key actors and agents of change, thereby drawing on their views and experiences. In addition, such strategies contribute to overcoming bureaucratic and administrative segregation and making schools operational in a multifaceted manner through investment, curriculum development, school management, policy formulation, budgetary allocations and robust legislation guaranteeing children against violence.", "This is the essence of the entire school ches and provides many information on the important experience shared at the Oslo Conference, including on the experience of initiatives designed to prevent school abuse. The success of such initiatives is closely related to the participation of teachers, employees and students, as well as parents and community members. As a result, the number of cases of abuse has also decreased owing to strong determination, clear plans and the strategic combination of efforts:", "(a) A genuine and widespread commitment to address this phenomenon, formally adopting and widely disseminating anti-corruption rules and introducing them in official school activities;", "(b) Establish a system of governance involving all stakeholders;", "(c) To establish a monitoring system to review incidents and issues of concern;", "(d) Dissemination of anti-corruption messages in the wider community.", "These important lessons learned from anti-corruption programmes provide important references to preventing and eliminating other forms of violence against children in schools.", "Working with children as partners", "Schools and system-wide interventions will deepen understanding and encourage changes in attitudes and social norms that tolerate violence, including the use of violence as a disciplinary sanction. These interventions also contribute to the promotion of a culture of tolerance, respect and non-violence, and as a result, the prevention of violence has helped to reduce school absenteeism and drop out of school, improve learning achievements and improve the social skills and well-being of children.", "In order to consolidate this process, it is crucial that children be partners. In partnership with young people, they help to combat the perception of violence, increase the awareness of children about this phenomenon and strengthen the overall effectiveness of efforts to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence.", "Children recognize the importance of clear and clear rules based on the protection of their rights. Despite the high levels of violence committed by many of them, they remain committed to promoting an inclusive and violent school environment. In all regions, they are gradually participating in school clubs, peer education and peer counselling programmes and mediation and conflict resolution efforts, and are participating in the Governing Council and disciplinary procedures for addressing violence in schools.", "In order to support the participation of children in this process, it is crucial to promote a child-friendly school environment and related curricula that focus on life skills and human rights education and to develop values such as social equality, tolerance and non-violent means of conflict resolution. All these elements could provide children with alternative methods of understanding the world, even when violence outside school affects their communities and lives.", "These efforts need to be doubled for vulnerable groups of children, including girls, children with disabilities, children belonging to national minorities or indigenous groups. These children have special challenges in accessing school opportunities and staying in schools. They are more likely to suffer violence, or when they consult or report on violence. As a result, they may ultimately choose not to report acts of violence because they fear that they will lead to their attention.", "The necessary skills and resources to support teachers and other employees in schools", "Teachers and other school employees are decisive in preventing and responding to violence. It is therefore important to provide the necessary skills, support and resources. Awareness-raising and information on violence against children are indispensable in this process. This helps to enable staff to use constructive disciplinary techniques and methods in schools, to become partners in the prevention of violence, to serve as a positive example, to learn peaceful mediation and resolution of conflicts and to promote school safety mechanisms, such as codes of conduct and reporting mechanisms for students. It is also important to provide clear guidance on addressing violence, mandatory reporting and assistance to victims of children.", "These levels are essential for schools, allowing schools to identify information about violence, support children at particular risk and provide timely and effective support in a moral and child-sensitive manner.", "In the absence of training on child-friendly teaching laws and without awareness, information and guidance on violence against children, teachers and other school employees may be of the view that recourse to violence to maintain academic standards or disciplinary measures is natural or necessary. In turn, children bear such values in mind that violence is a legitimate strategy for resolving disputes and imposing their views. However, in the context of the provision of violence prevention skills and training, there is greater openness to resort to alternative forms of active discipline and to advocate for the abandonment of violence in schools.", "Consolidation of data and studies on violence in schools", "Although statistical information on violence in schools is scarce and fragmented, the data available confirms the gravity of this phenomenon and its long-term impact on children and their families and the entire educational system. The survey conducted in a number of countries confirmed that model and, in some cases, contributed to the reporting of new forms of violence, including new forms of sexual abuse in schools known as “sexual exchange”.", "There is an urgent need for good data and research in this area. Without reliable data, national planning will be compromised and will impede effective decision-making and resource mobilization and the limited capacity of targeted interventions to address and prevent violence in schools.", "Data and studies must not be limited if violence is to be revealed and addressed to their root causes; the perceptions and attitudes about this phenomenon, including the perceptions and attitudes of boys and girls in different age and social contexts; the identification of children at greater risk and effective support for them; the assessment of the economic costs of violence and the social returns that may be generated through a steady prevention of violence. The consolidation of partnerships and accelerated efforts in these areas are important.", "Ensuring the legal protection of children against violence in schools", "In the absence of a supportive legal framework, the effectiveness of measures to deter and eliminate violence in schools will be clearly limited. As mentioned earlier, the prohibition of all forms of violence and the protection of children from violence, including clear and clear legislation to protect against violence in schools, is a key component of any comprehensive strategy on violence against children.", "In addition to the fact that 29 States have introduced clear legal prohibitions prohibiting violence against children in all circumstances, several other States have adopted specific legislation to combat violence in schools. In most countries, intra-school violence, including child abuse and beating, is considered to be impermissible and disciplinary measures are punishable. When a number of more serious forms of violence, such as sexual harassment or sexual abuse, may result in dismissal and prosecution of those responsible.", "Over the past, significant legislative developments have occurred in this area. In some countries, new laws were enacted to prevent abuse, such as in Peru in 2011. In other countries, legislation was adopted to address violence more broadly. For example, in India, the Children's Right to Free Education Act 2009 prohibits corporal punishment or mental harassment of children. The Act provides for disciplinary measures against violations of this prohibition and recognizes that the State protects the Committee on the Rights of the Child to monitor the implementation of the Act and to protect the rights of the child.", "Despite these important developments, violence against children in schools has not been realistic in 80 countries around the world. Moreover, the overall gap between legislation and practice remains high and challenging. Efforts will therefore continue to be made to accelerate progress in this area.", "E. A global survey to assess progress in preventing and eliminating all forms of violence against children", "The report of the United Nations independent expert on violence against children has been reviewed by the General Assembly for a period of five years in 2011. It is therefore time to understand the progress achieved, to reflect on good practices and success factors, to intensify efforts to overcome persistent challenges and to create new momentum for protecting children from violence.", "Taking this into account, the Special Representative is undertaking a global survey to map the implementation of the recommendations of the study and assess progress. Surveys will be carried out in close cooperation with partners such as Governments, United Nations agencies, regional organizations and agencies, and civil society and children's organizations. An important analytical review in a number of regions, including the League of Arab States, the South Asian Ending Violence against Children Initiative and the Common Market of the South, will be an essential component of this process.", "The survey will also be based on relevant initiatives and processes, including the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council, the process of reporting to the Committee on the Rights of the Child and other treaty bodies, the follow-up to the World Congress against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents and the road map for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour by 2016 adopted by the Hague Conference on Child Labour in 2010.", "In partnership with civil society, special efforts will be made to take into account the views of children and young people. The participation and expertise of children are crucial in the preparation of the study, which is indispensable in its follow-up, including through the formal participation of regional youth forums and children's representatives in regional governance structures.", "The purpose of the survey is to assess progress made in the implementation of the recommendations of the study and to help shape a forward-looking agenda. In that regard, an analytical report on the results detailed will be submitted to the General Assembly in 2012, when the Assembly will review the three-year mandate and consider further follow-up to the study.", "Progress accelerated through strategic partnerships and institutionalization of regional governance structures [6]", "The Special Representative remains firmly committed to further strengthening the strategic alliance for the protection of children from all forms of violence within and outside the United Nations system. In support of her mandate, important institutional mechanisms have been put in place, including the Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence against Children, the NGO Advisory Council for the Follow-up to the United Nations Report on Violence against Children and the regional high-level governance structure established for the follow-up to the study.", "Cooperation with the United Nations system, including human rights treaty bodies and mechanisms", "Cooperation with United Nations partners is important in raising awareness and expanding global support for the protection of children from violence; promoting mainstreaming this topic into United Nations activities; and stimulating policy debates through strategic thematic discussions with key partners on areas of great concern.", "The regular meetings of the Inter-Agency Working Group are an important forum for consultation, policy formulation and mainstreaming this issue in the United Nations agenda on violence against children. This strategic cooperation will lead to significant initiatives, including the promotion of campaigns to universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the promotion of better data and research to end the perception of violence and the social acceptance of violence, and support strategic advocacy, policy formulation and resource mobilization.", "In 2011, in order to further mainstream child protection from violence in the United Nations agenda, the Special Representative facilitated several high-level policy seminars. Such discussions were held in the following forums, for example, the Human Rights Council, which held a mechanism on the rights of street children and child-sensitive resolution of violence; the Commission for Social Development, held discussions on extreme poverty and violence against children; the Commission on the Status of Women held discussions on addressing violence, including sexual violence against girls, and on quality education and gender discrimination; and the discussion on the rights of children with disabilities was held on the eve of the General Assembly. In addition, strategic cooperation with United Nations partners has been promoted to curb community violence and minimize the impact of armed violence and gang violence on children, including through policies that contribute to the reduction of the supply of small arms and access to small arms.", "Furthermore, the Special Representative has been pursuing close cooperation with human rights treaty bodies and mechanisms to harness synergies across mandates and promote mutually supportive agendas. The joint report with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography shows the potential for such strategic cooperation. Similarly, coordinated efforts have been made to support the new Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, providing for communications procedures.", "Partnerships with the Committee on the Rights of the Child have been particularly strategic, including by encouraging universal ratification and effective implementation of the international child rights treaties, promoting advocacy and legal reform on the prevention and elimination of violence, and establishing counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms for safe and child-sensitive solutions to violence. The Committee adopted a general comment on the right of children to be free from violence and opened new ways of strategic cooperation. [7]", "Cooperation with intergovernmental and regional organizations and bodies", "Collaboration with regional partners is a cornerstone of the Special Representative's strategy to consolidate the recommendations of studies within and across countries. In order to facilitate this process and institutionalize key alliances, the Special Representative participated in strategic, high-level regional meetings. She supported important advocacy and policy initiatives and strengthened partnerships with regional organizations and organizations and with regional mechanisms to support the follow-up to the study. Significant progress has been made in this area. [8]", "First, important regional political commitment has been made on the issue of violence against children, including the Cairo Declaration of 2009 adopted by the Islamic Cooperation Organization; the South Asian End of Violence against Children initiative; the Beijing Declaration on South-South Cooperation for Children in Asia and the Pacific; the Marrakesh Declaration adopted by the Fourth High-level Arab Conference on the Rights of the Child; the road map on violence against children adopted by South American States; the Council of Europe strategy 2009-2011 “Towards children and build Europe”; the European Union guidelines for the promotion and protection of children, including strategies on violence against children, and the recently adopted child rights agenda.", "Secondly, regional governance structures and regional initiatives supporting follow-up to research recommendations are increasingly institutionalized. The leading regional bodies are playing a significant role in advancing this agenda. These include the Subcommittee on Violence against Children of the League of Arab States, the South Asian Council for the Eradication of Violence against Children, the Council of Europe Platform for the Rights of the Child, the Standing Committee of the Common Market of the South Niñ@sur Initiative, the Division for Latin America and the Caribbean of the Global Movement for Children, the African Union Ministry of Social Affairs and the African Committee of Experts on Children and Welfare in Africa.", "South Asia initiative to end violence against children", "In South Asia, a strong collaborative relationship was established with the South Asia End Violence against Children initiative established in 2010 to guide the implementation of the recommendations of the study. The initiative's strategic plan for 2010-2015, including time-bound targets, will monitor progress and be reviewed annually by the South Asian Governments, as well as representatives of civil society and children's organizations.", "Asia and the Pacific", "In the Asia-Pacific region, the Beijing Declaration adopted at the high-level meeting on children's rights in Asia and the Pacific in November 2010 strongly focused on violence against children and called for a systematic approach to child protection based on child protection policies and policies that protect children from potential hazards and prohibit all forms of violence against children.", "The Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) also established an important platform for cooperation with the recently established ASEAN Committee for the Promotion and Protection of Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child, which identified violence against children as a priority on its agenda.", "League of Arab States", "The League of Arab States has made a firm commitment. The Alliance carried out a comprehensive regional study to collect information on national developments in the prevention and elimination of violence against children and to identify areas that could enhance the follow-up process to the recommendations of the study. The Marrakech Declaration, adopted at the fourth High-level Arab Conference on the Rights of the Child in December 2010, calls upon Member States to intensify their cooperation with the Special Representative with a view to developing a national strategy to combat violence against children; to establish national follow-up and reporting mechanisms; enact legislation to protect children from violence, neglect, abuse and exploitation; provide support to victims; and take measures to combat impunity.", "African Union and African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child", "Cooperation with these bodies was strengthened in 2011. The Special Representative cooperates with the African Union initiative to promote universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other treaties on children's rights. In cooperation with the African Committee of Experts, significant progress has been made in strengthening the protection of children against violence, and technical consultations on legislative reform in Africa against violence against children, including corporal punishment, have also been important.", "The Special Representative also participated in the commemoration of the African Day of Children in 2011, which was the theme “Every association and urgent action for children living in the street”. The conference was held by the African Committee of Experts, which was an important follow-up to the thematic debate of the Human Rights Council on the rights of the child in 2011, highlighting the major challenges faced by children living and working in the streets in Africa. The Meeting emphasized that children living on the street were particularly vulnerable to extreme forms of violence. Their lives are humiliating, feared and perceived, and they are at high risk of harassment, abuse and sexual abuse. For these children, the challenge of reporting violence is beyond.", "The Day of Children in Africa is a strategic opportunity that, together with the African Committee of Experts, calls for the establishment of well-known, convenient, safe and child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms; national investment and the establishment of adequate child protection systems, including legislation prohibiting all forms of violence against children; and the abolition of identity offences, including the decriminalization of life such as begging, absenteeism and street crime. Those solutions need to be promoted among children living on the street themselves, to understand their perspectives, thereby enabling them to be able to make informed choices in cases where violence can be effectively avoided.", "Common Market of the South", "In the Americas, the follow-up to the United Nations report on violence against children was carried out within the framework of the twentieth session of the General Assembly of Children in Pan American States and a strong institutional relationship with the following: the American Institute for Children, the Rapporteur on the Rights of the Child of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Latin American and Caribbean Division of the Global Movement for Children, the Ibero-American Meeting of Ministers of Children and Adolescents.", "In April 2011, the first subregional high-level meeting on the follow-up to studies was held, thereby gaining new political momentum. The South American Conference was organized by the Government of Paraguay in the capacity of Paraguay as President of the Common Market of the South and the Standing Committee on the Initiative. The meeting was co-organized with the Special Representative and the Global Movement for Children in Latin America and the Caribbean and was attended by representatives of the Common Market of the South and associated countries and civil society, including children's organizations, child rights advocates and the media.", "An analytical review of national measures taken to advance the recommendations of the study provided information to the seminar in Paraguay. The review was based on the national report on the development of a comprehensive strategy to prevent and address violence against children, the legal protection of children against violence and the consolidation of data and research.", "The meeting resulted in significant results: (a) moving forward through a forward-looking road map to advance progress and address gaps and long-term challenges; (b) national strategies for violence against children consistent with regional road maps; and (c) integrating regional road maps into the agenda of the Standing Committee on Niñ@sur initiatives in the Common Market of the South, which will consider the implementation of the road map annually in accordance with the national report submitted by Governments.", "Two additional high-level meetings in Central America and the Caribbean are expected to be held soon to support follow-up to the study in those subregions.", "Council of Europe", "The Special Representative pursues fruitful cooperation with the Council of Europe. During Ukraine's presidency of the Council of Europe, she organized a conference entitled “Combating violence against children: from isolated actions to integrated strategies”, in conjunction with the Council of Europe and the European Union.", "The meeting discussed key issues for Central and Eastern Europe, including through the revision of national childcare standards and policies to strengthen violence prevention; the provision of friendly services for families to prevent violence and the separation of children from their families; the promotion of counselling, reporting, complaints and referral systems and mechanisms for children within institutions; and the establishment of comprehensive reintegration and rehabilitation programmes for child victims, witnesses and perpetrators of violence.", "Participants reiterated their strong commitment to the implementation of the Council of Europe's policy guidelines on a comprehensive national strategy for the protection of children against violence, including through national action plans, policies and programmes consistent with international and regional child rights standards. A strong commitment was made to protect children from all forms of violence against children; to establish an adequate coordination body with influence and resources to clarify all relevant actions in this area; to establish a broad and accessible counselling, reporting and complaints mechanism to address violence. The support agenda will be implemented to consolidate follow-up to the recommendations of the study.", "European Union", "In 2007, in order to advance the implementation of the recommendations of the United Nations report on violence against children, the European Union adopted guidelines for the promotion and protection of the rights of children, including a strategy to combat violence against children. The “Guide” lays a solid foundation for cooperation and implementation with the European Union.", "In 2011, the European Union Agenda for the Rights of the Child reaffirmed its commitment to promoting the implementation of the Guidelines and stressed that “the well-being of children can only be achieved if there is no violence, abuse and exploitation against children”. [9] These key instruments provide a good basis for consolidating the support of the countries of the region in implementing the recommendations of the study.", "C. Cooperation with civil society, including children and young people", "Cooperation with civil society actors is crucial to advancing the implementation of the recommendations of the study, as they are linked to the regional process, and they participate in expert discussions on key dimensions of the agenda, which support the universal ratification campaign, the expansion of legal reform, the participation of children and the prevention of violence in schools, institutions and families. The establishment of the Non-Governmental Organizations Advisory Committee, its advocacy and social mobilization with partners at the international, regional and national levels have greatly facilitated cooperation. [10]", "Further collaboration with the NGO Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Working Group on Children and Violence and the International Child Helpline and its network strategy are further strengthened. The child help line is now open in more than 120 countries to play a valuable role in protecting children from violence, which is the main reason for the children's helpline around the world. The help line is an important reference point for establishing a child-sensitive mechanism, which is an indispensable source of information on issues related to violence.", "In recent months, the strengthening of cooperation with religious organizations has also been shown. Religious leaders are key allies in the preparation of the study and have been key partners in the follow-up to the study, foster dialogue, promote change in practices that perpetuate violence against children and encourage the use of non-violent forms of discipline. In order to strengthen these efforts, a strategic partnership has been established with religious leaders and faith-based communities and secular organizations that are committed to promoting a global campaign on children's rights and well-being, “World Day of prayer and action for children”. The World Day will be celebrated during this week of 20 November's adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In cooperation with UNICEF, the World Conference on Religions for Peace, civil society organizations and the Office of the Special Representative, the World Day of Penitentiaries and Action for Children launched an initiative dedicated to protecting children from violence for the next three years. In support of this process, a panel discussion was held between the United Nations and key partners in New York, under the chairmanship of the Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations.", "Cooperation with young people", "The participation of children remains a central dimension of the mandate of the Special Representative. Regular meetings have been held with children and young people, including regular meetings within the framework of regional initiatives and field missions.", "In some areas, violence is a major concern for children, which is identified as their most concern. Despite the fact that children suffer widespread violence, they have shown great resilience. School debates and community activities, radio programmes and street theatres, sketches, blogs and social media have helped to raise awareness among other children and their families about violence and its impact, stimulate solidarity and support for victims of children and to instil confidence in reporting violence and pressure on rapid and durable solutions.", "In order to maximize the participation of children in the discussion of violence and in this regard, the Special Representative is engaging more experts in researching the participation of children and further developing a child-friendly space on her website.", "Ensuring strong support", "Ensuring good support and predictable funding is important for the advancement of the strategic agenda and for the effective and independent fulfilment of the mandate of the Special Representative.", "UNICEF provides administrative support to mandates and established a trust account to receive, hold, manage and distribute financial contributions to fund the operation of the Office, including staff costs.", "In accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/141, the mandate of the Special Representative is funded by voluntary contributions. In this regard, the General Assembly calls upon States and relevant institutions, United Nations agencies, regional and civil society organizations and the private sector to provide the necessary support, including financial contributions. The Assembly also expects that, three years after the establishment of the mandate, a mission evaluation will be conducted in 2012, including an evaluation of its funding.", "Contributions received by the end of July 2011 were critical to the reactivation and promotion of the follow-up process, advocacy and support for the prevention of violence and the protection of children against violence and ensuring support for the Office of the Special Representative. However, additional funding remains important for the Special Representative to effectively perform his role as a global advocate. Strong support for progress in the priority areas identified in her strategic agenda, the organization of thematic expert consultations, the preparation of advocacy materials and resources, the continued consolidation of cooperation with regional governance structures to strengthen national follow-up to the study remains particularly important.", "Looking ahead", "The first two years of the mandate have been seen as a significant development. These include important legislative and policy measures taken by Governments to protect children from violence; strategic initiatives undertaken by United Nations agencies and mechanisms to mainstream violence against children into their agendas; key progress in institutionalizing the implementation of the recommendations of the study. The issue of violence against children has given rise to increased attention and action, in many cases with broad social mobilization, and children themselves are playing an increasing role.", "At the same time, however, violence continues to endanger the rights of millions of children. There is a negative and indifferent attitude towards hidden and socially accepted violence. Because of the weakness in reporting, the dispersion and short-term nature of the intervention, the problem of violence against children is rarely placed before the policy agenda or a priority theme for public debate. As a result, many children continue to live in trauma and fear, self-responsibility, isolation and assistance.", "The urgency of guaranteeing the freedom of children from violence has not diminished, and it is urgent to accelerate progress. To that end, the Special Representative, within the overall framework of his mandate, will pay particular attention to the following aspects in the coming period.", "Progress towards universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "The Special Representative is deeply encouraged by the extensive support expressed by States for the global campaign to promote universal ratification, which is rooted in the important commitments made by the international community.", "Consolidation of regional governance structures and the promotion of cross-regional exchange of experience to ensure protection of children against violence", "The Special Representative will continue to advocate for institutionalization in support of regional governance structures and advocate for initiatives to accelerate progress in the follow-up to the recommendations of the study. In this regard, the Special Representative will hold a high-level meeting with representatives of these regional mechanisms in the coming months to help strengthen synergies among them, thereby contributing to the exchange of experiences across the region and consolidating the freedom of children from violence.", "C. Organization of expert consultations and preparation of thematic reports", "The Special Representative will continue her expert consultation series on selected priority areas related to violence. As noted above, one of these consultations will be devoted to strengthening research and data on violence against children; and the second consultation will address violence and justice.", "Better data and research on violence against children", "There are reports of violence against children, and the ability of official statistics to capture the real scale and extent of the phenomenon remains limited. Thus, existing information is scarce and reflects only the iceberg. This is an area in which urgent action is needed, and the Special Representative will continue to give high priority. Taking this into account, in 2012, she will organize an expert consultation on this issue with the Government of Sweden.", "Violence and justice", "Through advocacy, policy dialogue initiatives and field missions, the Special Representative has placed particular emphasis on violence in the context of justice. Judicial systems based on respect for children's rights are essential for preventing and resolving violence against children and protecting the rights of victims and witnesses.", "This is an area in which the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, with the support of the Special Representative, issued the thematic report on juvenile justice and human rights in the Americas in 2011. The report identifies child protection developments and good practices in juvenile justice systems and makes recommendations for the effective implementation of relevant international standards.", "In order to consolidate progress, the Special Representative will use important experience in different parts of the world to strengthen strategic partnerships with Member States, United Nations agencies, regional bodies, academia and civil society organizations. In that regard, she will organize an expert consultation meeting in early 2012.", "A global survey to assess progress in preventing and eliminating all forms of violence against children", "As noted above, the Special Representative will conduct a global survey to map implementation of the recommendations of the study and assess their progress. The results of the survey will be presented to the General Assembly in 2012 and will be expected to provide information on efforts to further expedite implementation of the recommendations and on the momentum of ongoing work.", "The main areas of concern that the Special Representative is committed to focusing on are highlighted in paragraphs 119 to 126 above. She looked forward to continuing to consolidate strong partnerships between Member States and all other stakeholders in order to further the effective implementation of the recommendations of the study and to ensure that children are free from all forms of violence.", "The Special Representative served on 1 September 2009 in a more comprehensive explanation of his appointment and mandate, see document A/HRC/13/46 of 2 February 2010.", "[2] A/HRC/16/54 and A/65/262, respectively.", "[3] See the joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to the Human Rights Council on child-sensitive counselling, reporting and complaints mechanisms (A/HRC/16/56); and the two joint reports on legal reform and violence in schools are to be submitted.", "[4] was adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 64293; see in particular paragraph 4 of the Global Plan of Action.", "[5] 2006 World Report on Violence against Children, p. 138.", "[6] This section complements the information provided by A/HRC/16/54.", "[7] CRC/C/GC/13.", "[8] See also A/65/262 C and A/HRC/16/54 paras.", "[9] See European Commission document COM (2011)60 of 15 February 2011, para.", "[10] For further information, see A/HRC/16/54." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月1日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随函附上格鲁吉亚外交部2011年7月29日的声明，内容涉及向俄罗斯国家杜马提交并请后者批准所谓的俄罗斯联邦和阿布哈兹关于在海关领域合作与互助协议(见附件)一事。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "沙尔瓦·齐斯卡拉什维里(签名)", "2011年8月1日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部关于向国家杜马提交所谓的俄罗斯联邦和阿布哈兹在海关领域合作与互助协议供俄罗斯总统批准一事的声明", "2011年7月28日，俄罗斯联邦总统梅德韦杰夫向国家杜马提交了所谓的俄罗斯联邦和阿布哈兹在海关领域合作与互助协议，供批准。", "值得指出的是，俄罗斯联邦与格鲁吉亚被占领区域之间目前或任何其他所谓的“国际协议”都不具有任何法律效力或可适用于国际关系，因为阿布哈兹和茨欣瓦利地区/南奥塞梯只是格鲁吉亚的组成部分，不具备国际法主体地位。因此，与俄罗斯当局与控制这些地区的傀儡政权中间的任何关系都违反了公认的国际法规范与原则以及俄罗斯在国际舞台上应承担的义务。", "此外，格鲁吉亚方面表示愿意解决格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯之间所有悬而未决的问题并朝着这个方向做出具体努力，而俄罗斯联邦总统最近采取的步骤，却再次表明俄罗斯方面根本无意以建设性的方式与格鲁吉亚进行谈判。", "应当强调，俄罗斯方面不断尝试注入俄罗斯创造的“新现实”。然而，不论是格鲁吉亚还是国际社会，都不会让这种现实合法化或予以容忍。", "2011年7月29日，第比利斯" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 34 \nProtracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development", "Identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 29 July 2011, concerning the submission for ratification of the so-called agreement between the Russian Federation and Abkhazia on cooperation and mutual assistance in the area of customs to the State Duma of Russia (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Shalva Tsiskarashvili Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia concerning the submission for ratification by the Russian President of the so-called agreement between the Russian Federation and Abkhazia on cooperation and mutual assistance in the area of customs to the State Duma", "On 28 July 2011, the President of the Russian Federation, D. Medvedev, submitted for ratification the so-called agreement between the Russian Federation and Abkhazia on cooperation and mutual assistance in the area of customs to the State Duma.", "It is noteworthy that neither present nor any other so-called “international agreements” concluded between the Russian Federation and Georgia’s occupied regions have any legal effect or are applicable in international relations, as Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia represent integral parts of Georgia and do not have the status of subjects of international law. Hence, any relations which Russian authorities engage in with its proxy regimes in control of these territories are in violation of universally recognized norms and principles of international law as well as obligations of Russia undertaken in the international arena.", "Moreover, in circumstances when the Georgian side expresses its readiness to resolve all outstanding issues between Georgia and Russia and is undertaking concrete efforts in this direction, the recent step by the President of the Russian Federation once again makes it clear that the Russian side is not willing to proceed with negotiations with Georgia in a constructive manner.", "It should be underscored that the Russian side continuously tries to instil “new reality” created by Russia; however, neither Georgia nor the international community will legitimize or tolerate this reality.", "Tbilisi, 29 July 2011" ]

[ "General Assembly", "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda item 34", "The protracted conflicts in the GUAM region and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 29 July 2011 concerning the submission to the Russian State of Duma and request the latter to ratify the so-called Russian Federation and Abkhaz agreement on cooperation and mutual assistance in the field of customs (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "Interim office", "Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia concerning the submission of so-called agreements on cooperation and mutual assistance in the Customs sphere to the State Duma for approval by the President of Russia", "On 28 July 2011, the President of the Russian Federation, Medvedev, submitted the so-called cooperation and mutual assistance agreement between the Russian Federation and Abkhazia in the area of customs for approval.", "It is worth noting that the current or any other so-called international agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia does not have any legal effect or applicable to international relations, since Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia are only an integral part of Georgia and does not have the subject of international law. Thus, any relationship between the Russian authorities and the proxy regime in those areas violates the recognized norms and principles of international law and Russia's obligations in the international arena.", "In addition, the Georgian side has expressed its willingness to resolve all outstanding issues between Georgia and Russia and to make concrete efforts in that direction, while the recent steps taken by the President of the Russian Federation have shown once again that the Russian side has no intention to negotiate with Georgia in a constructive manner.", "It should be emphasized that the Russian side is constantly trying to inject the new reality created by Russia. However, neither Georgia nor the international community will legitimize or tolerate this reality.", "On 29 July 2011, Tbilisi" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目97和98", "全面彻底裁军", "审查和执行大会第十二届 特别会议的《结论文件》", "2011年8月1日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨写信通知你，古巴共和国全国人民政权代表大会国际关系委员会于2011年7月28日通过一项重要的《关于和平与核裁军的宣言》，抄本附后见附件。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目97和98的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "鲁道夫·贝尼费斯·弗尔松(签名)", "古巴共和国全国人民政权代表大会国际关系委员会关于和平与核裁军的宣言", "全国人民政权代表大会国际关系委员会，意识到核武器和气候变化是目前人类遭遇的最重大挑战；对目前存在22 600多枚核弹头，其中一半随时可以立即使用，表示深感关切。", "委员会谴责核大国没有政治意愿，不履行签订消灭核武器条约的承诺，并且继续完善现有的核武器。", "委员会反对军事开支惊人增加的情况，目前军事开支的数额已达到15 000亿美元，比用于国际发展援助的资源多好几倍。利用今天用于武器的资源可向目前全世界10.2亿饥饿人口提供粮食、避免1 100万儿童死亡(他们每年因饥饿和原可预防的疾病死亡)、消灭全世界14多亿人忍受的赤贫、或为现在仍不能读书的7.59亿成年人扫盲。", "委员会重申古巴一再在最高级别对必须彻底消灭核武器表示的立场，它支持2011年5月在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟国家运动第16次部长级会议通过的关于这个主题的宣言，其中要求召开一次高级别的国际会议，以达成一项关于彻底消灭核武器方案的协定。", "如同总司令菲德尔·卡斯特罗·鲁斯在许多场合所警告的，人类现面临历史关键时刻；我们人类生存受到的威胁日益严重和令人吃惊，要保证核武器不被国家或任何人使用，唯一的办法是彻底消灭或禁止这些武器。", "国际关系委员会呼吁全世界议会促进具体步骤，彻底消灭核武库，以确保未来世代可以在一个无核武器的和平世界里生活。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 97 and 98", "General and complete disarmament", "Review and implementation of the Concluding Document of the Twelfth Special Session of the General Assembly", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that on 28 July 2011 the Committee on International Relations of the National Assembly of the People’s Power of the Republic of Cuba adopted an important Statement on Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, a copy of which is attached hereto (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda items 97 and 98.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement on Peace and Nuclear Disarmament issued by the Committee on International Relations of the National Assembly of the People’s Power of the Republic of Cuba", "The Committee on International Relations of the National Assembly of the People’s Power, aware that nuclear weapons, together with climate change, constitute the most significant challenge facing humanity, expresses its deep concern about the existence of more than 22,600 nuclear warheads, half of which are ready for immediate use.", "The Committee condemns the lack of political will on the part of the nuclear Powers, which have not fulfilled the commitment to conclude a treaty for the elimination of nuclear weapons and which continue to develop their existing nuclear arsenals.", "It rejects the alarming increase in military expenditure, which currently amounts to $1.5 trillion, or several times the amount of resources allocated to international development assistance. With the resources now devoted to weapons, it would be possible to feed the more than 1.02 billion hungry people in the world, prevent the deaths of the 11 million children who die each year of hunger and preventable diseases, combat the extreme poverty suffered by over 1.4 billion people worldwide or provide literacy training to the 759 million adults who cannot read or write.", "It reaffirms the position, which Cuba has expressed repeatedly and at the highest level, that nuclear weapons must be completely eliminated, and supports the declaration on that issue adopted at the sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, in May 2011, which calls for the convening of a high-level international conference for the purpose of reaching agreement on an agenda for the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "As the Cuban Commander-in-Chief, Fidel Castro Ruz, has warned on various occasions, humanity is now at a pivotal moment in history; threats to the survival of our species have grown increasingly serious and alarming, and the only way to guarantee that nuclear weapons cannot be used by States or other actors is to eliminate and strictly prohibit them.", "The Committee on International Relations calls upon all of the world’s legislative bodies to promote practical steps towards the total elimination of nuclear arsenals, so as to ensure that future generations can live in a peaceful world free of nuclear weapons." ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 97 and 98", "General and complete disarmament", "Review and implementation of the Concluding Document of the Twelfth Special Session of the General Assembly", "Letter dated 1 August 2011 from the Chargé d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to write to inform you that, on 28 July 2011, the National People's regime of the Republic of Cuba, on behalf of the General Assembly Committee on International Relations, adopted an important Declaration on Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, which is annexed hereto.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 97 and 98.", "Interim office", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Declaration of the National People's regime of the Republic of Cuba on behalf of the General Assembly Committee on International Relations concerning Peace and Disarmament", "On behalf of the General Assembly Committee on International Relations, the National People's regime is aware that nuclear weapons and climate change are the most significant challenge for humanity at present, and expresses its deep concern at the current presence of more than 22,600 nuclear warheads, half of which can be used immediately.", "The Committee condemns the lack of political will on the part of nuclear Powers to fulfil their commitment to the conclusion of a nuclear-weapon-free treaty and to continue to improve existing nuclear weapons.", "The Committee rejects the alarming increase in military spending, and the current level of military spending amounted to $15,000, more than double resources for international development assistance. The resources used today for weapons can provide food, avoid the deaths of 11 million children, who die every year as a result of hunger and preventable disease, eradicate extreme poverty of more than 14 million people around the world or eradicate the illiteracy of 7,599 million adults who are now unable to read.", "The Committee reiterates Cuba's repeated position at the highest level on the need for the total elimination of nuclear weapons and its support for the declaration on this subject, adopted at the 16th Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, in May 2011, which calls for the convening of a high-level international conference to reach an agreement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons programmes.", "As the General Command fidel Castro Rus warnings on numerous occasions, humanity is now at a critical moment of history; the threats to human survival are becoming increasingly serious and alarming, and it is only to guarantee that nuclear weapons are not used by States or by any person, and that they are completely eliminated or prohibited.", "The Committee on International Relations calls upon the parliaments of the world to promote concrete steps towards the total elimination of nuclear arsenals in order to ensure that future generations can live in a world free of nuclear weapons." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目65(a)", "^(*) A/66/150。", "促进和保护儿童权利", "建立国家按照权利全面保护儿童防止和打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品体系", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨按照大会第65/197号决议，向大会成员转递负责买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员纳贾特·马阿拉·姆吉德的报告。", "负责买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告按照大会第65/197号决议提交。报告叙述负责买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员自上次提交大会的报告以来，为履行任务而进行的活动情况。", "本报告打算用作一个工作工具，以有效地执行任务开始以来提出的各项建议，并提出一个按照权利全面保护儿童防止和打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品体系的指导原则和必要组成部分。", "目录", "页次\n1.工作方法和活动 4\nA.工作方法 4\nB.活动 4\n2.建立国家按照权利全面保护儿童防止和打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品体系 5\nA.导言 5\nB.按照权利保护儿童体系：一般原则 6\nC.按照权利保护儿童体系：组成部分 7\n3.结论：执行进程 23", "一. 工作方法和活动", "A. 工作方法", "1. 大会第65/197号决议请负责买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员继续向大会和人权理事会提交报告，说明其在执行任务时所开展的活动。本报告叙述2010年7月至2011年7月所进行的活动，打算作为一个指导工具，以有效地执行自任务开始以来提出的各项建议。", "B. 活动", "1. 人权理事会", "2. 特别报告员提交人权理事会第十六届会议的年度报告(A/HRC/16/57和Add.1-5和Add.1/Corr.1)包括她访问阿拉伯联合酋长国(2009年10月12日至18日)、塞内加尔(2009年10月21日至30日)、萨尔瓦多(2010年8月23日至31日)和美利坚合众国(2010年10月12日至27日)的汇报，以及她从2009年6月16日至2011年1月23日期间去文各国政府及收到的复文摘要。她也按照人权理事会第13/20号决议的要求，连同负责侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表，向理事会第十六届会议汇报关于可用的对儿童问题敏感事项咨询、申诉和报告机制，以处理暴力事件、包括性暴力和性剥削(A/HRC/16/56)。特别报告员将于2012年3月向人权理事会第十九届会议提交下一次的年度报告。", "2. 国家访问", "3. 特别报告员自人权理事会提出上次报告以来，访问了毛里求斯(2011年5月1日至11日)。特别报告员关于此次访问的初步意见载于新闻谈话。[1] 特别报告员将于2011年11月正式访问法国。", "3. 会议、讨论会和同民间社会接触", "4. 特别报告员在本报告所述期间参加许多会议和讨论会。2010年7月，她在达喀尔出席一次关于西非和中非儿童流动情况区域会议。2010年9月，她参加一次欧洲议会关于打击儿童性虐待和性剥削及儿童色情制品准则草案的会议。2010年9月和10月，她在编写关于对儿童问题敏感事项咨询和申诉及报告机制的联合报告框架内，组织咨询会议。2010年10月，她在西班牙巴塞罗那参加一次由全球儿童运动、加泰隆尼亚自治区和联合王国拯救儿童协会组织的儿童流动问题会议。2010年11月，她参加一次由“开放社会正义倡议”、布鲁金斯学会(在其外交政策方案的范围内)和“普遍定期审议观察”在日内瓦组织的关于加强执行和贯彻条约机构的观点和意见、特别程序特别报告员的建议及普遍定期审议成果的会议。2011年1月，特别报告员参加安全饮用水和卫生人权特别报告员组织的关于饮用水和卫生权利国家行动计划的咨询。2011年3月，她参加人权理事会第十六届会议期间同时组织的一次关于街头流浪儿童问题会议。同月，她也参加一次在布鲁塞尔举行的关于普遍定期审议成果及其他人权机制建议后续行动的区域工作会。2011年5月，她参加一次由全球移徙问题小组在纽约组织的题为“移徙与青年：利用机会发展”研讨会。2011年6月，她参加由人权与赤贫问题独立专家组织的关于赤贫与人权问题指导原则草案的咨询，并参加由少数群体问题独立专家主持的基于工作和族裔的歧视问题专家讨论会。2011年7月，她在一次由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表、各国议会联盟和暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长研究报告后续工作国际非政府组织咨询委员会共同组织的关于禁止、防止和回应一切形式暴力侵害儿童的法律框架专家会议上，负责主持一部分会议。", "二. 建立国家按照权利全面保护儿童防止和打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品体系", "A. 导言", "1. 背景", "5. 特别报告员在2010年提交大会的上一次报告中，着重指出在打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品方面取得的一些成就(参看A/65/221，C节)。不过对于估计这些罪行的全部范围、防止其发生、调查和起诉犯罪者、有效保护儿童受害人、儿童证人和有被卖或成为卖淫和色情制品受害人风险的儿童方面，仍有许多挑战存在。", "6. 尽管一切国际和区域准则以及全球承诺存在，但严重挑战仍继续存在。国际准则包括《儿童权利公约》及其《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》；国际劳工组织《禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号公约)；补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩卖人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》；区域准则则包括《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》；《美洲国家贩卖未成年人问题公约》；《欧洲委员会保护儿童不受性剥削和性虐待公约》；全球承诺包括《1996年斯德哥尔摩宣言和行动议程》；《千年发展目标》；《2001年横滨全球承诺》；《里约热内卢宣言》和《2008年防止和禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削行动呼吁》。", "7. 特别报告员在任务期间、特别在国家访问期间，同相关的利益攸关方(国家、国内人权机构、民间社会和儿童)互动，她注意到必须有进一步的实际指导，才能有效地执行这些文书，包括《任择议定书》的规定和特别报告员就专题焦点领域提出的各项建议。", "2. 本报告的目的", "8. 本报告的目的是提出建立全面保护儿童体系的详细纲要，提供一人实际的指导工具，帮助所有利益攸关方加强保护和促进儿童权利活动的效力。", "9. 本报告以特别报告员及其前任进行的工作、包括国家访问，以及联合国人权机制和机构及其他区域和国际组织的报告和研究为基础。", "B. 按照权利保护儿童体系：一般原则", "10. 特别报告员自2008年任职以来，特别着重必须建立一种以儿童为中心的全面综合处理方法，以毫无歧视地保护一切儿童免被买卖和性剥削。", "11. 买卖儿童和性剥削儿童由几个相互依存的决定性因素促成，既涉及儿童生活成长所在地点和国家的形势(政治、立法、文化、环境、社会经济和体制)，也涉及世界形势(旅游、通信技术、金融危机、粮食危机、气候变化)。面对这个多种形式的复杂问题，必须采取统筹办法，在儿童切实参与的情况下建立真正保护儿童的地方和国家体系。", "12. 为此目的，必须从我们常见的零碎保护儿童办法，改为积极发展一种全面的、可持久的、具体的保护儿童体系。必须协调努力，建立一套协调的社会规范、法律、政策、规章和服务，以及监测和监督一切社会部门活动的能力、特别是社会福利、教育、健康、安全和司法部门，以防止和回应与保护儿童有关的问题和风险(参看下图)。[2]", "图 全面保护儿童体系", "13. 为了运作有效，保护儿童体系应：", "(a) 聚焦儿童，首要考虑促进儿童的最大利益；", "(b) 遵照符合国际准则的综合法律和国家政策及条例(规定任务、责任、标准和监督体系以确保遵守)；", "(c) 包括正式和非正式机制(例如依靠传统的和习俗的当局或社区组织)，并通过法律和政府条例使其任务正式化；", "(d) 确保对儿童问题敏感的服务在一切级别均可取得，而且这些服务均符合质量标准(由有见识的、受过良好培训的工作人员执行并具备足够资源)，并且所有儿童毫无歧视地都可使用；", "(e) 通过儿童的有效参与和融入，结合儿童的意见和经验；", "(f) 通过一切级别有效管理和监测保护儿童的标准，确保所有向儿童和家庭提供服务者(公共部门、民间社会组织)对行为负责。", "C. 按照权利保护儿童体系：组成部分", "1. 清楚的规范和概念框架", "14. 任何解决买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的适当办法，必须从国内法规定这些现象的清楚定义开始。这种概念上的澄清是避免法律漏洞、确保正确鉴定儿童受害人和有效执行法律的一个必要条件。", "15. 保护儿童法律的效力往往因为定义差异和使用不精确的定义而受到障碍，这可能导致某些行为不受惩罚、腐化、选择性执法或在极端情况下造成普遍的有罪不罚文化。", "16. 《儿童权利公约》及其《任择议定书》是加强保护儿童和惩处犯罪者的基本工具。它们提供极之有用的定义，让所有利益攸关方对下列用语得到一个共同的了解和解释：", "(a) “儿童”指“18岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用的法律规定成年年龄低于18岁”。《任择议定书》也适用相同定义。有些国家将儿童定义定为18岁以下的人；有些国家则考虑到刑事责任年龄或同意性活动年龄。这些差异可能造成执法不确定。", "(b) “买卖儿童”指“任何人或群体将儿童转予另一人或群体以换取报酬或其他补偿的行为或交易”。买卖儿童可因如下目的发生：性剥削、强迫劳动、转移器官和非法收养；", "(c) “儿童卖淫”指“在性活动中利用儿童以换取报酬或其他补偿”。这包括出售、获取、介绍或提供儿童进行儿童卖淫活动。“或其他补偿”一语指即便在性活动中利用儿童以换取货物、服务或恩惠，例如食物、住所或药物，而不仅换取金钱，儿童卖淫行为亦已发生。", "(d) “儿童色情制品”指“以任何手段显示儿童进行真实或模拟的露骨性活动或主要为诲淫而显示儿童性器官的制品”。这一定义涵盖为制作、分销、传送、进口、出口、出售、销售或拥有儿童色情制品目的而进行的一切活动。使用通讯技术的新发展(博客、移动电话和在线社会网络)使必须经常调整概念和规范框架。欧洲委员会最近通过《保护儿童不受性剥削和性虐待公约》，其中规定这方面的最新定义和详细标准。除了处理儿童卷入性虐待、卖淫和色情制品的问题外，《公约》也处理“培养”(“grooming”)(使用在线技术为性目的招搅儿童)和性旅游业的问题。", "17. 尽管定义清楚，概念的解释仍可能是一个困难的、挑战性的进程，尤其在定义重叠的时候。例如，在买卖儿童、贩运儿童、强迫儿童劳动和招募儿童用于武装冲突等概念之间就有各种联系。", "18. 贩运儿童和买卖儿童的概念重叠，但并不相同。按照《儿童权利公约》第35条，缔约国应采取措施防止贩运和买卖儿童。", "19. 性剥削和性虐待之间往往混淆，特别是在家庭内发生的时候。在《任择议定书》的范围内，性剥削涵盖为卖淫或色情制品材料或表演目的，使用、招募或出售儿童。强迫婚姻和早龄婚姻可视为一种为性剥削目的的买卖方式。这种方式的一种表现是出售年轻女童为男子——往往是年纪大男子——的妻子，以换取金钱。", "20. 《任择议定书》还特别规定缔约国应禁止为从事强迫劳动目的买卖儿童。根据国际劳工组织《第182号公约》，“最恶劣形式的童工劳动”包括“强迫或强制招募儿童参加武装冲突”。", "21. 但是，问题不在于怎样将这些罪行分类，而在于对这些罪行的处理在保护儿童和惩处犯罪者上，是否适当和符合国家为缔约方的各种国际文书的规定。", "2. 对现象普遍程度的可靠定期资讯及认识", "22. 买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品现象的发生，其实际程度很难加以评估，因为数据很少而且往往不可靠。由于恐惧、文化禁忌、羞耻和对司法制度不信任，造成对这些罪行保持缄默，以致报告数字极度偏低，加深收集数据困难。", "23. 建立一个中央化、标准化和可靠的资讯系统，对正确了解这些现象的范围是必要的，同时，对建立适当有效的预防和回应战略及为其筹措资源，也是一个关键要素。标准化使人可以分析数据及新出现的和长期的趋势，并让国家一级的相关实体可以分享资讯。", "24. 一个可靠的资讯系统应以下列原则为基础：", "(a) 对概念要素的共同了解；", "(b) 收集和处理足够数量可靠数据的严格立法，数据按年龄、性别、地点(城市或乡村地区)及特别保护需要分列。[3] 所收集数据应能反映各种形式的剥削，包括为性目的和其他剥削目的买卖和贩运儿童，诸如强迫劳动、非法转移器官和非法收养；", "(c) 建立国家指标，特别是在数据由质量和数量研究加以补充的时候。指标可以作为必要的评价工具，以评估进展、确定尚余的挑战和发展进一步的立法、政策和方案措施；[4]", "(d) 提高儿童、家庭和社区对打击定型观念和文化抵抗力的认识，这些定型观念和抵抗力可能导致报告数字偏低和妨碍收集相关数据；", "(e) 对这些现象普遍程度及认识的质量和数量调查和研究；", "(f) 协调区域和国际级别跨部门资讯交流的有效工具；", "(g) 在收集数据和进行研究的过程中，让儿童有机会发表意见，并对其意见加以考虑，但必须对儿童提供适当的保护。", "3. 禁止、预防和回应一切形式买卖儿童和性剥削儿童的法律框架", "25. 关于儿童权利的许多国际和区域文书都载有禁止、预防和回应一切形式买卖和性剥削儿童的规定和详细标准：", "(a) 《儿童权利公约》促进一个全面保护儿童免遭暴力和性剥削及其他形式剥削的体系(第34和35条特别确认儿童有权得到保护，免遭为任何目的或以任何形式的性剥削和性虐待)；", "(b) 《任择议定书》要求缔约国禁止买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品；法律和调查程序配合儿童受害人、包括作为证人的特殊需要；提供支助服务；把儿童本人权利、其角色及诉讼程序的范围、时间及进度告知儿童本人；避免不必要的拖延；容许提出儿童的观点、需要和关切点；支持儿童的隐私权；保护儿童不受恐吓和报复。此外，《任择议定书》规定，刑事司法系统在对待受害人方面，应以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑，并规定同受害人接触的人员经受适当培训；", "(c) 其他的国际和区域儿童权利文书补充《儿童权利公约》和《任择议定书》，提出有用的、详细的标准，以禁止、预防和回应买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品，这着重指出这些权利的不可分割和相互依存。", "指导原则", "26. 国家法律框架(民事和刑事)应同已批准的国际文书一致。这些框架应附有具有约束力的措施和机制，结合成为一个全面的法律框架，构成一个全面保护儿童战略的组成部分。", "27. 包括民法和刑法和涵盖禁止、起诉、保护、照顾、协助和预防的综合法律框架，应包括下文第28至第31段所列的具体规定。", "28. 关于禁止，综合法律框架应：", "(a) 按照现行的国际人权标准，对《任择议定书》涵盖的一切罪行(包括使用资讯技术和社会网络及其他手段所犯的新形式性剥削)加以界定、禁止和罪犯化，并按罪行严重程度规定最低限度刑罚；", "(b) 对于《任择议定书》涵盖的罪行，规定18岁以下的人为儿童；不得使此一年限以下的人对《任择议定书》涵盖的罪行承担刑事责任；确认儿童的同意并不相干，即便在成年人并不知儿童年龄的情况；", "(c) 规定男女童婚姻最低限度年龄为18岁，禁止介绍、出售、进行或强迫未成年婚姻；", "(d) 建立域外管辖权；废除对这些罪行双重犯罪的要求；促进相互法律援助以确保对犯罪者进行有效起诉和执行适当刑罚；在现行或新订引渡条约中将一切有关买卖和性剥削儿童的行为，定为可引渡罪行；", "(e) 进行刑事调查和展开诉讼程序(在儿童受害人或其代表不举报的情况，可能需要援引一些规定，以协助调查罪行)；", "(f) 处理执法和司法当局及其他照顾儿童当局腐化的问题，确认腐化是有效执行法律和保护儿童的主要障碍。", "29. 关于报告，综合法律框架应：", "(a) 确保同儿童接触的专业人员必须将怀疑儿童被买卖或受性剥削或面临此种风险的情况提出报告。报告义务应载入专业协会的行为守则和条例，并规定于经常同面临风险儿童接触的一切组织和机构，包括学校、住所和机构设施、医疗服务机构和执法机构；", "(b) 确保因特网服务提供者、移动电话公司、搜索引擎、因特网咖啡室等依法必须将任何儿童色情制品情况向警察报告，阻止进入犯罪网址，并按既定标准保持记录，以便进行调查和起诉。同样的，金融机构应依法律规定，举报、阻止和阻挠使儿童色情制品网站有可能成立的金融机制的运作；", "(c) 建立对儿童问题敏感的申诉、咨询和报告机制(见下文)。", "30. 关于保护、照顾和对儿童友好的程序，综合法律框架应：", "(a) 授权有关当局介入紧急情况，必要时并使儿童脱离这一情况；", "(b) 向儿童受害人、儿童证人及其家庭提供适当照顾、协助和心理社会支助(必要时包括家庭支助)，以确保儿童受害人充分复原和重返社会；", "(c) 确保儿童受害人能得到有关其权利和相关程序的对儿童问题敏感的资讯，包括寻求损害赔偿；并确保儿童能行使其陈述意见及意见获得听信的权利；", "(d) 在刑事司法程序的一切阶段(即鉴定、调查、起诉、惩处和引渡程序)，保护儿童受害人和儿童证人的隐私和福利，包括确保儿童不受罚金、监禁或其他惩罚行动；", "(e) 确保儿童不因参与刑事诉讼程序而遭受困苦和再度受害，应限制他们接受访谈的次数；使用录象记录和安全房间，并提供法律援助或一名特别代表；", "(f) 确保免费和容易得到法律救济；", "(g) 确保在处理案件方面得到迅速回应；", "(h) 向儿童受害人提供赔偿，必要时并强制支付此种赔偿。", "31. 关于预防，综合法律框架应：", "(a) 确保儿童出生登记。出生证证实儿童年龄，有助于采取适当法律步骤，确保保护儿童及惩处犯罪者。出生经过登记的儿童比较不会被买卖或非法收养，一部分原因是他们有父母是谁的证明；", "(b) 制订和执行严格的国际和国家收养法律，规定：㈠ 收养为最后办法；㈡ 鉴定合适措施，包括将儿童安置在血亲家庭或扩大家庭；㈢ 国内收养优于国际收养；㈣ 必须进行收养家庭和提供收养儿童之间的相容性研究，同时顾到儿童的最大利益，以避免买卖儿童供非法收养；", "(c) 确保弱势儿童得到适当的生活水平，免费获得保健和医疗服务、教育和社会保障，同时，他们的父母也获得必要支助；", "(d) 建立特定的法律机制和方案，防止性犯罪者再犯，并禁止性犯罪者进行接触儿童的活动，包括收集和分享良好做法，适当时并设立性犯罪者登记册。", "32. 为了确保所有利益攸关方切实执行和掌握这个综合法律框架，应于执法同时，采取下列行动：", "(a) 让所有利益攸关方、包括儿童和青少年参与发展法律框架的进程，并应在进程的最早阶段开始；", "(b) 向社区、儿童和青少年展开提高认识的宣传，确保把相关问题纳入媒体、民间社会和决策者的公开辩论；", "(c) 采用对用户友好的适当方式，广泛传播关于立法和程序的资讯；", "(d) 适当培训法官、检察官、律师、警察、教师、社会工作者和其他专业人员对儿童权利、需要和最大利益的理解；", "(e) 提供足够资源以执行所有措施、方案和政策；", "(f) 促进必要的区域和国际级别跨国合作以应对儿童和犯罪者的流动性及新技术的广泛使用。", "4. 早期鉴定、有效保护、照顾儿童受害人及后续工作", "33. 为确保有效鉴定、照顾、协助儿童受害人及后续工作，必须制订和执行精确的、合适的议定书，并让一切与保护儿童有关者参与。这些议定书应澄清必须采取的步骤(从早期鉴定被买卖儿童或儿童卖淫或色情制品受害人，到这些儿童完全康复和重返社会)以及每一行为者的角色和责任，从而可以进行更好的协调和资讯分享。", "早期鉴定", "34. 早期鉴定被买卖儿童或儿童卖淫或色情制品受害人，极之重要。早期鉴定不仅是保护儿童受害人和面临成为受害人或再次成为受害人风险的儿童的一个有效工具，而且可以确保他们不会被不当地作为犯罪者对待。", "35. 此外，鉴定在建立和执行目标明确的预防战略及应对措施，以补救现行的保护漏洞方面，可起关键作用。", "36. 用以鉴定儿童受害人的方法，必须使专业人员能够区分被买卖儿童是为以下哪一个目的受害：性剥削；强迫劳动；乞讨；非法收养或转移器官。专业人员也必须能够确定儿童是否为卖淫受害人，包括性旅游或儿童色情制品情况、包括在线色情制品和培养(grooming)。", "37. 鉴定进程的一个必要组成部分是建立和执行适当程序，包括以儿童为中心或对儿童友好的报告和申诉机制。", "38. 能够鉴定儿童受害人的任何程序，必须按照上述原则及下列标准进行：", "(a) 尊重儿童的尊严权利及在一个安全和友爱环境陈述意见和意见获得考虑的权利；", "(b) 确保儿童有权获得用他明白的语言或方式迅速告知他可以使用的一切选择、程序、保护措施和服务；", "(c) 向儿童提供适当的专业支助，包括处理因提出申诉而受到的各种身心和社会后果；", "(d) 处理一切阶段获得的资讯并予保密，维护儿童权利、包括隐私权，并防止不当地传播可能导致鉴定儿童受害人的资讯；", "(e) 保证儿童受害人、其家庭和儿童证人的安全，保护他们不受伤害、恐吓、报复或再度受害的风险；", "(f) 结合年龄评估进程，既考虑个人的身体特征，亦考虑个人的心理成熟程度，这些进程应由经过培训的专业人员以一种安全的、对儿童和性别问题敏感的公正方式进行，避免侵害儿童人身安全的任何风险；", "(g) 结合防止报告数字过高和防止再度受害的措施；", "(h) 确保一切进程获得足够资源；", "(i) 确保一切进程受到定期有系统的监测，以确定它们是否为对儿童友好的进程；这种监测应包括同使用这些进程的儿童在安全环境进行咨商。", "容易使用对儿童问题敏感的申诉和报告机制", "39. 一切儿童能够容易地、方便地使用独立的、对儿童问题敏感的、及时的和有效的申诉和报告机制(同时参看A/HRC/16/56)，也是必要的。这种机制应符合如下标准：", "(a) 依法律建立并符合国际人权文书的规定；", "(b) 以儿童最大利益为准则并依据儿童的经验和展望；", "(c) 在诉讼程序和有关进程期间维持严格保密，并尊重儿童的隐私权；", "(d) 对机制作积极的、全面的宣传，并让儿童和成年人、包括代表儿童的人普遍能够使用机制；", "(e) 国家管辖下的一切适龄儿童毫无任何种类歧视地均可使用；机制应注意性别问题并对面临风险儿童提供特别保护；", "(f) 使最弱势的非常年轻儿童和边缘化儿童群体(孤身儿童或失散儿童、街头儿童、不会讲主流文化语言儿童、残疾儿童等等)有相同机会就实际或潜在暴力表达意见；", "(g) 通过容易记忆的、三个号码的、免费的24小时热线，让全国都可使用机制。热线应用一切地方方言和邻国语言向儿童受害人提供实际援助和支助，并同相关当局连接，必要时并能接触相关当局；", "(h) 保证儿童安全，包括避免任何伤害、恐吓、报复或再度受害风险的措施；", "(i) 迅速和有效地采取和通报决定，以避免对有关人员造成不良后果，并采取适当的后续行动；", "(j) 获得足够的财政、专业和技术资源；", "(k) 定时进行系统性监测以确定机制是否为对儿童友好机制；这种监测应包括同使用监测进程的儿童在安全环境进行咨商。", "多学科保护、照顾和协助", "40. 一旦鉴定儿童受害人后，必须立即采取步骤同相关执法当局和/或社会服务当局接触，展开为儿童福利提供适当照顾和协助的进程。可能时，必须紧急将儿童同有害环境隔离，安置在一个安全的支助环境，并向其提供必要的教育、保健、复原和重返社会支助。", "41. 鉴于犯罪和加害行为对受害人和儿童证人造成严重的身心和精神方面后果，儿童(及其家庭)必须获得专业的和协调的协助和支助，包括财政援助、免费法律协助、咨询、健康和医疗照顾、教育服务以及心理社会康复、复原和重返社会方面的服务。", "42. 最有效的应对方法是多学科方法，同时考虑到儿童受害人完全康复和重返社会所需的各种短、中、长期照顾和协助。应对方法要能真正有效，必须：", "(a) 作为一个全面康复和复原计划的一部分；", "(b) 儿童及其家庭可以使用；", "(c) 对儿童和文化问题敏感，同时考虑到性别、族裔、残疾和其他可能加重儿童弱势地位的因素；", "(d) 有力量向儿童受害人和儿童证人提供特别的、迅速的保护和协助；这种协助应适合儿童的年龄、成熟程度和特殊需要，以防止进一步的困苦和心理创伤；", "(e) 能够提供安全的、对儿童友好的其他照顾或住宿照顾，这些照顾应符合儿童受害人的基本需要，遵照儿童保护规范和准则，并受定期监测。为此目的，必须对其他和住宿照顾规定最低限度标准。所有登记中心必须每月就儿童到达和离开日期以及有关其照顾和转移的详细情况提出报告；", "(f) 同一个有效的查询系统连接，这个系统含有调查儿童面临风险情况的义务，以便适当当局可以进行干预；", "(g) 配置受过良好培训的专业人员，他们采用一种整体合作态度，具备必要的知识和技巧，在咨商和支助时遵守儿童权利准则和道德原则(包括报告和申诉机制以及康复和重返社会方案方面)；", "(h) 在这样的一个环境进行：支持儿童的健康、自尊和尊严，特别是促进一切儿童受害人完全身心康复和重返社会；", "(i) 获得足够的人力、技术和财政资源支持。", "关于儿童的定时后续工作", "43. 为了确保儿童受害人得到适当协助以能完全重返社会和完全身心康复，后续措施必须：", "(a) 向儿童、青少年和成年人提供适当的精神保健服务；", "(b) 对儿童受害人的长期生活安排，按照儿童的最大利益，鼓励以家庭或社区为基础的环境，不鼓励机构或住宿照顾；", "(c) 对在其他照顾方式下生活的儿童、包括由收养家庭和其他照顾者提供照顾的儿童，提供家庭支助和咨询；在儿童康复进程的一切阶段，充分支助儿童；", "(d) 对被遣返原藉国的儿童，任命一名监护人，以确保他们得到长期照顾和保护；", "(e) 确保在受害人寻求法律上对暴力侵害行为负有责任的人提供损害赔偿的情况，赔偿机制考虑到受害人可能面对长期的重返社会和身心问题；", "(f) 定时后续关注，直至儿童完全康复为止。", "5. 有效的全面预防措施", "44. 尽管普遍承认投资于预防工作，是维护儿童权利和打击一切形式暴力侵害儿童行为的主要方法之一，目前各种利益攸关方采取的许多预防措施，主要是反应性的，不够有效。", "45. 由于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的问题是多方面性质，很复杂，预防儿童受害必需采取有效的预防措施，这些措施应在一个全面保护儿童权利体系的框架内拟订，并让所有相关的利益攸关方、包括儿童、家庭和社区参与这个进程。", "指导原则", "46. 预防措施要有效，必须构成国家保护儿童体系的核心组成部分，并以儿童权利法律和政策为基础。", "47. 预防措施应更积极地执行：制订一个强有力的预防和禁止法律框架(参看上文第25至第32段)，并将旨在增长和减贫的战略、例如千年发展目标纳入更广泛的国家政策框架主流，以将儿童被买卖和被性剥削的风险减至最低限度；和实施一个弱势风险评估框架，使专业人员能够确定什么时候儿童所处情况需要介入，什么时候儿童须要支助，以及确定什么种类行动最符合儿童需要。", "48. 预防措施应通过如下方法处理关键的社会——经济因素：", "(a) 确保所有儿童出生时立即登记(免费)；对于仍未登记的儿童、面临风险儿童和处于边缘化情况儿童，特别加以注意；", "(b) 确保面临风险儿童及其家庭可得到社会——经济服务，从适当的食物、住房、教育和保健开始，使他们能尊严地生活；", "(c) 通过社会福利系统支助单身母亲，在保护儿童体系范围内提供一整系列的其他照顾服务和协助；", "(d) 确保一切预防措施都为最弱势和最边缘化的儿童所知并能加以使用。", "49. 预防措施必须包括促进可持续的教育和提高认识的步骤，包括：", "(a) 在学校、社区和边远社区进行提高认识和教育运动，使用一切形式的媒介、资讯和通讯技术，包括社会网络工具。应同各种学科的专业人员和其他与儿童接触的人员合作，开展有效的宣传运动，并须获得足够资源；", "(b) 让社区和宗教领袖参与，以利用他们的道德权威、社会影响力和领导地位，导引社区保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力，虐待和剥削；", "(c) 告知儿童、其家庭和其他同儿童接触的人，如果儿童受害或面临受害风险，可以使用申诉机制和对儿童友好的申诉、报告和咨询服务、包括热线；", "(d) 在学校进行性教育课程，提供关于性健康、安全性活动和生殖的资讯，并强调两性平等、自尊、增强能力和尊重他人。如果没有这种课程，资讯和通讯技术散播的形象和录象可能形成儿童对性和性行为的最初概念，增加他们年轻时成为虐待行为受害人的风险；", "(e) 同印刷和电子媒体及私营部门(特别是旅游业和资讯技术领域)合作，传播资讯和发动宣传，以提高对以下几点的认识：儿童权利；禁止和寻求打击一切形式暴力的法律；许多儿童面临越来越大的风险；社区发生或在线的一些色情活动行为。应该充分利用资讯和通讯技术、包括社会网络工具，以接触到尽量多的儿童。", "50. 预防措施应包括采取步骤资助和进行关于国内和跨国的对剥削儿童服务需求的共同研究和分析造成有害的、歧视性的社会规范(惯例、行为、态度)的特殊环境。这种研究和分析应用作拟订法律和政策的参考。", "51. 预防措施必须鼓励和促进儿童参与和增强他们的能力：鼓励和支持儿童牵头的一切预防措施倡议；支持儿童对其权利和因应虐待的各种可能选择获得更广泛理解，从而增强他们保护自己和其他儿童的能力。", "6. 儿童参与和增强能力", "儿童参与", "52. 儿童不仅仅是受害人或弱势者：他们可以并应该积极参与寻求解决办法。儿童参与的基础是，每一个儿童都有权对直接或间接影响到他的生活的事项表示意见并让意见得到考虑，以影响决策，达成改革。", "53. 儿童参与也指一种工作方法，让儿童、包括最边缘化儿童和不同年龄和能力儿童有机会在知情和乐意的基础上参与。", "54. 最后，儿童参与是促进儿童权利办法所必要，因此必须在一切领域、方案、政策和其他相关行动实施(从家庭至政府，从地方一级至国际一级)。", "55. 确保儿童参与的责任应广泛由地方政府和当局、直接同儿童接触或代表儿童的人、议会和立法机构、非政府组织和民间社会、国内独立人权机构、私营部门和公司实体、宗教领袖、精神领袖、文化领袖、土著领袖、区域和国际组织及多边机构分担。大众媒体也可起重要作用，将儿童参与的价值传达给所有儿童、家庭及广大社会。", "56. 采取实际措施让儿童按年龄和发育情况担负更大责任(通称为能力渐进原则)，与儿童陈述意见的权利密切相关。充分落实这一原则，公认是一项挑战，因为许多成年人很难接受儿童有能力在重要决策过程中，理解、交流意见和作出明智的选择。", "指导原则", "57. 儿童参与机制必须按照国际公认的准则运作，并确保以下几点：", "(a) 可以得到用地方语言和不用版式(对残疾儿童)制作的众所周知的、适合不同年龄(包括非常年轻者)和不同成熟阶段儿童的资讯；", "(b) 儿童和青少年代表自愿地和知情地参与；", "(c) 一切儿童毫无歧视地参与的机制体制化，例如，儿童议会、青年论坛、国家、区域和都市级别的理事会和委员会；", "(d) 建立和维持一种对儿童友好和赋予权力的环境，确保儿童得到保护和安全；", "(e) 机会平等和确保面临风险的弱势和边缘化儿童参与、包括残疾儿童、生活极之贫穷及生活于乡村和边远地区的儿童、生活于其他照顾场所或生活和/或工作于街头的儿童，以免只有优越背景的儿童才能参与；", "(f) 订立和遵守道德标准和儿童权利原则，包括透明和问责；", "(g) 有效的、经过专业培训的、合格的、有信心的工作人员和支助人员参与；", "(h) 对机制的质量、持久性问责制及后续活动与其做法进行定时的独立监测。", "58. 儿童参与所有监测活动必须制度化：儿童必须有机会就监测进程提供反馈并提出可能改进的建议，从而确保他们的意见获得考虑。此外，儿童必须可以得到关于他们参与情况的对儿童友好的反馈，即时清楚地说明他们所作贡献、所作决定及下一步骤的影响和价值。这使儿童可以了解他们所作贡献的成果和用处。", "儿童增强能力", "59. 为了使儿童有能力参与有效打击买卖儿童和一切形式的剥削、包括性剥削和强迫劳动，必须增强儿童自我保护和保护其他儿童的能力。目前全世界有无数由儿童牵头的组织和网络，处理贩运人口、商业性剥削、强迫劳动和街头儿童等重要问题。", "指导原则", "60. 儿童牵头的组织和儿童对儿童的倡议，必须按照上文所述有关儿童参与的指导原则和准则运作。政府应鼓励和支持儿童牵头的组织和倡议(儿童对儿童的倡议和青年牵头的研究)，办法如下：", "(a) 提供技术、物质和后勤支助，使儿童能够发展和进行他们的活动；", "(b) 确保参与这些倡议的任何儿童受害人能够加快康复和发展技能；", "(c) 发展一些使受害人和面临风险儿童能够在一个安全支助环境进行活动的结构和保护框架；", "(d) 让儿童参与一切同儿童及青少年有关事项的决策进程。", "7. 定时和有效的监测和评价", "61. 全世界作出许许多多国家、区域和国际努力，以防止和打击暴力侵害儿童权利的行为。这些努力是重要的第一步，但中央化资讯系统和监测机构的软弱或根本不存在，使得评价儿童壮况及所采行动的影响以及计量改革程度极之困难，因此亦极难根据证据作出未来行动的决定。", "62. 2008年11月25日至28日在里约热内卢举行第三世界打击性剥削儿童和青少年大会，与会者发表《里约热内卢宣言》和《防止和制止性剥削儿童和青少年行动呼吁》，其中建议2013年建立促进和保护儿童权利独立机构，同时考虑到儿童权利公约委员会第2号一般性评论。这些独立机构的目的是确保保护儿童、恢复他们的权利、独立监测所执行的战略和政策、鼓吹加强法律框架和能够取得适当的法律救济，包括提出申诉的可能性。", "评价和监测国家保护儿童政策战略和方案", "63. 监测是有效实施保护体系所需的关键措施之一，这使人可以审查所取得的进展和确定现存挑战和补救行动建议。因此监测也可起预防作用。", "64. 扩大和加强监测和评价政策与方案机制必须按以下原则和准则进行：", "(a) 监测应包括审查所采取步骤、所取得进展和执行所作政治承诺上遭遇的可能障碍；定期向议会和公众提出报告；", "(b) 应鼓励政府、议会、公共行政机构、儿童保护网络、民间社会(包括儿童、家庭和公众)、社区组织、媒介和私营部门彼此间进行多部门合作；", "(c) 监测进程应标准化，但同时应具弹性，可以按特定情况调整和适用；", "(d) 必须建立预算分配和使用问责制，并加以监测；", "(e) 应注意国际和区域机构及机制(条约机构、特别程序的特别报告员、普遍定期审议和区域及国家人权机构)通过或印发的相关建议的执行情况；", "(f) 上述每项工作都需要一个可靠的国家数据收集系统以确保取得正确资讯，促进对体制、服务、方案和成果的监测和评价，从而能作出适当应对；", "(g) 评价最好能以普遍公认、符合地方情况并有证据根据的指标为基础。", "独立监测机制", "65. 目前有各种独立监测机制存在，包括独立的儿童权利倡导者、例如儿童监察员或儿童权利联络中心，这些机制都可以设在现行的人权机构或总监察员办事处内。", "66. 每个人权机构和监测机制不论结构如何，都应按照国际公认的指导原则和准则建立，并且必须：", "(a) 独立、完全合格并具有广泛、明确、弹性的任务，积极地和创新地促进和保护儿童权利；", "(b) 具有咨询性、包容性、透明性、并以对儿童及其与其他行为者的关系的整个观点为基础；", "(c) 保证以儿童最大利益优先，包括严格遵守保密原则和促进一个以信任为基础的对儿童友好环境；", "(d) 具有反应性和主动积极性，在独立监测所采防止和保护儿童免遭买卖或剥削(不论为性目的或其他目的)的行动方面起中心作用，包括恢复受害人权利，鼓吹加强法律框架及其执行，以及确保可以寻求有效救济和补救、包括独立申诉程序；", "(e) 获准对一般的和特定的暴力侵害儿童权利行为进行调查和查询(自己主动进行或根据提出的申诉进行)；", "(f) 能够到各地点进行定时访问，尤其包括拘留和照顾机构，以确保它们遵守既定标准和确定它们听取和重视儿童意见的程度；", "(g) 具备足够资源和尽可能来自不同学科的专业工作人员。", "67. 此外，监测机构必须：", "(a) 审查关于儿童权利的法律和做法的适当性、效力和影响，促进这些法律和做法与《儿童权利公约》及其《任择议定书》和其他国际人权文书保持一致；", "(b) 审查公司社会责任倡议的活动及影响；", "(c) 确保儿童能够行使对与其有关事项及界定与其权利有关问题陈述意见的权利，并广为宣传可用的有效救济和补救办法，包括个别提出暴力侵害儿童权利行为的申诉办法；", "(d) 确保已经批准的国际和区域人权文书的原则和规定获得广泛认识和了解，包括获得政府公共机构、民间社会和公众、包括儿童的认识和了解；", "(e) 审查和汇报政府执行政策和监测儿童权利壮况的情况，包括确保收集统计数字及其他数据，并适当加以分类、处理、分析和分享；", "(f) 独立地促进向国际条约机构报告儿童权利的进程；", "(g) 进行严格的定时独立监测，确定已取得什么进展和尚余什么挑战。", "8. 有效的公司社会责任", "68. 公司企业的承诺和参与已大幅度增加，大量的公司社会责任倡议正在进行。虽然有些国家制订关于因特网服务提供者、电讯公司和银行责任及问责的法律，但大部分公司社会责任倡议的参与仍是自愿性的。", "69. 很多公司制订行为守则，以遵守国际法律标准。此外，它们同政府和非政府组织合作，支持提供资讯和提高认识运动以及预防和保护儿童方案。", "70. 同时制订了许多原则和准则，包括：", "(a) 《联合国全球契约》，其中载列一系列政策和做法，寻求公司伙伴支持将10项原则(着重人权、劳工权利、环境可持续性和打击腐化行动)纳入主流；", "(b) 《保护儿童免受旅游和旅行业性剥削行为守则》，[5] 该《守则》的目的是防止儿童在旅游目的地因旅行团业者及赞同《守则》的伞式组织成员(旅行社、酒店、航空公司等等)的操作而遭受性剥削；", "(c) 资讯和通讯技术工业儿童在线保护准则，[6] 这些准则规定严格规则，面对资讯和通讯技术工业、广播公司、移动电话操作员和因特网服务提供者，保护儿童免遭虐待和维护儿童权利；", "(d) 国际新闻工作者联合会制订的报道儿童问题准则和原则，[7] 其中鼓励媒介组织将暴力侵害儿童权利行为及有关儿童安全、隐私、保安、教育、保健和社会福利的问题，以及一切形式的剥削，视为调查和公共辩论的主要问题。", "71. 但是，尽管许多卓越倡议向公司企业提供关于保护儿童问题的指导，但目前尚无一整套原则将这些指导纳入一个全面的、连贯的框架，让公司企业和利益攸关方明白怎样做才能尊重和支持儿童权利。", "72. 为此目的，2010年6月，联合国儿童基金会、联合国全球契约和拯救儿童协会展开拟订一套原则的进程，这些原则旨在提出一整套系列公司企业可以采取的行动纲要，以尊重和支持儿童权利；促进政府同公司企业合作共同促进儿童权利；提出一个对现行和未来倡议的统一框架；促进公司企业彼此间和公司企业与其他利益攸关方之间的合作；提高对公司企业对儿童正面、负面影响的认识。这些预定于2011年11月定稿的原则亦将呼吁采取行动处理公司企业和儿童问题。", "73. 为了将防止买卖儿童和儿童卖淫及儿童色情制品的规定纳入新的或现行的公司社会责任倡议(包括旅游业、旅行、运输、农业、金融服务、通讯、媒体、因特网服务、广告和娱乐部门等等)，应采取步骤：", "(a) 鼓励、扩充、协调和分享关于现行倡议和做法的资讯；", "(b) 整个供应链制订公司社会责任文书，并提高所有人员(雇员和雇主)的认识及加以培训；", "(c) 确保公司社会责任政策获得适当执行，并进行以儿童、父母和社区为目标的普遍公众认识活动和宣传，包括使用公司的技术、人力和财政资源网络、结构和影响力；", "(d) 遵守国际公司劳工标准，禁止以任何方式雇用儿童，造成剥削或童工；提供体面的工作条件；支持以父母或照顾者身份工作的男女；遵守合乎道德的做法：问责、透明、尊重法治、缴付公平税捐以产生收入，促进经济增长和减贫；", "(e) 保护儿童免受在线性剥削，包括通过过滤、封锁和监测节目，限制接触有害的或非法的内容；提供工具让父母和照顾者控制用户内容；向儿童及其父母提供资讯和便利用户的工具；制止使用因特网和新技术培养(gvoeming)儿童及其后进行虐待(不论是否在线进行)；向警察报告不当内容；建立可以使用的电话或网络热线；采取行动追踪和阻止通过金融机构服务进行有关性剥削儿童的金融交易；", "(f) 对于商业性剥削儿童，制订道德政策，保护儿童免遭儿童性旅游业侵害；培训原籍国和旅行目的地国人员；以目录册、情况介绍小册、航机上影片和广告、网址和机票页等向旅行者提供资讯；并向目的地当地关键人员提供资讯；", "(g) 加强社区和政府尊重儿童权利的努力：向儿童受害人或面临风险儿童及其家庭提供支助服务；进行以儿童、父母、教师、青年组织和其他与儿童接触的人为对象的教育和提高认识宣传运动，促进认识儿童容易受剥削以及为性剥削目的使用因特网、移动电话和其他新技术的情况，并认识保护措施；", "(h) 确保有效监测公司社会责任机制和活动，并向利益攸关方汇报。", "9. 有效国际合作", "74. 由于资讯技术、贩运网络、旅游业和移徙的发展，买卖儿童和性剥削儿童越来越变成国际现象。因此，如果没有在区域和国际级别促进协调和合作的坚固网络，根本不可能适当地处理这些罪行。这种合作应促进资讯和专门知识交流、分享和协调做法以及提供技术和财政支助。", "75. 虽然已采取许多国际行动、包括警察合作，以促进资讯和专门知识交流以及向发展中国家提供技术和财政支助，但国际合作、特别是北-南合作仍然很少。有些调查方法(例如在线儿童色情制品的影像分析)须要对专门知识和先进电子计算机技术进行重大投资，而这是发展中国家做不到的。因此，人力技术和财政支助是必要的，这样才能确保对这些问题的全球有效回应。", "76. 法律不同、程序不协调、资讯系统不协调以及一些国家在合作调查和起诉方面缺乏政治意愿，使到有效的区域和国际合作遭遇重大挑战。", "77. 为了确保持久的和有效的国际合作以有效地防止和打击买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品，必须：", "(a) 审查关于防止、侦察、调查、起诉和惩处犯罪者及协助儿童受害人身心康复、重返社会和适当时遣返的现行多边、区域和双边协定的执行进度，并加强后续活动；", "(b) 扩大和加强多边、区域和双边协定，明确界定每一方的义务和应作贡献，以及有时间规定的目标和监测指标；", "(c) 支助和促进国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)的国际儿童虐待影象数据库，和建立国家联络中心(人员或单位)，负责收集和迅速更新国家关于性剥削儿童和青少年的数据。应有系统地同国际刑警组织分享资讯，鼓励跨边界的执法行动，加强这种行动的效力和缔订多边协定、特别是关于警察进行调查工作方面。", "(d) 加强北-南和南-南合作，包括系统资讯和专门知识，分享和协调做法与工具，和对公共部门、非政府组织和青年倡议进行的儿童方案提供技术协助和后勤及财政支助；", "(e) 适当时同私营部门合作，制订政策和方案，在联合国机构、非政府组织、民间社会组织和工人及雇主组织支助下，促进和支持公司社会责任；", "(f) 建立监测机制，评价合作效力。", "三. 结论：执行进程", "78. 有效执行按照权利的保护儿童体系，需要：", "(a) 政府的坚强政治意愿，并获分配足够资源；", "(b) 一切行为者充分参与按照权利制定儿童方案的办法及遵守所牵涉的原则；", "(c) 因应买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的多方面和跨部门性质，在国家、区域和国际级别进行协调的和有效的合作。", "国家一级", "79. 为了有效防止和打击买卖儿童、贩运儿童和剥削儿童、包括性剥削，必须在一个全面的和连贯的行动计划下(或并入现行的发展计划)建立全面的、具有适当结构和资源的保护儿童体系；这种体系应包含针对目标的法律、多部门政策和方案，明确界定主要行为者、他们的作用和责任，并应包含后续活动和定时评价和监测活动。国家行动计划必须分权在地方一级发展。", "80. 保护儿童体系的实施必须按照相关原则和组成部分，进行全球性规划和评估，以鉴定有关保护儿童的主要问题，审查现行保护儿童法律、政策、战略和方案、包括非正式保护儿童机制(例如依靠传统或习惯当局或社区组织)的范围和能力。", "81. 规划进程必须得到所有保护儿童的关键行为者(公共和私营部门、国家人权机构、非政府组织)，包括儿童和社区参与，以期：", "(a) 对买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的多方面性质得到一个全面了解；", "(b) 审查整个法律框架(民事、刑事、规章)以确保其符合儿童权利标准并指出其力量和差距；", "(c) 鉴定儿童、特别是最弱势儿童面临的关键风险；", "(d) 优先着重监测和评价国内保护儿童所需的数据，并鉴定对较不明显主题额外数据的需要；", "(e) 清楚鉴定主要行为者及其作为维护儿童权利者的作用和责任；", "(f) 评估关键的正式和非正式结构(部委、机构、伙伴、社区、儿童牵头的倡议等等)发展、管理、有效执行和监测其保护儿童责任的能力；", "(g) 评价现行方案、服务和机制的效力、可用性和质量及其遵守标准和规范情况；", "(h) 汲取有价值的做法，尽量加以利用并扩大其影响；", "(i) 评估有关儿童和青少年参与和赋权的成就与挑战；", "(j) 鉴定协调、评价和监测体制机制的宝贵价值和缺陷；", "(k) 评估政府与政府间现行双边和多边协定以及同私营部门、媒介、民间社会、社区组织和儿童组织现行伙伴关系的力量和差距；", "(l) 提供关于所获分配财政和人力资源的明确资讯；", "(m) 评价促进所有负责维护儿童权利者问责机制的效力。", "82. 规划和评估将有助于使所有参与保护儿童的行为者、包括儿童和社区能够提出未来符合儿童权利文书和标准的国家政策纲要，其中：", "(a) 鉴定和优先着重建立符合上文扼述的原则和组成部分的有效保护儿童体系行动；", "(b) 通过有效管理和监测一切级别保护儿童标准，建立有效的协调和问责机制；", "(c) 建立一个中央化、标准化和可靠的资讯系统，从而可以更好地分析数据和新出现的和长期的趋势，以及国家相关实体之间资讯分享情况；", "(d) 界定执行这些保护儿童体系所需的技术、财政和人力资源；", "(e) 制订战略在同民间社会、私营部门、媒介和国际组织伙伴关系框架内动员资源。", "83. 为了确保所有利益攸关方的有效执行和掌握，应采取以下行动：", "(a) 动员所有利益攸关方、包括儿童和青年参与整个进程(规划和评估、拟订、执行、后续和监测)；", "(b) 提高公共和私营部门、社区领袖、儿童组织和非政府组织的认识，并确保通过媒介将相关问题列入公共辩论。", "84. 虽然有些国家表示坚决承诺改进保护儿童体系，但由于政治不稳定和资源有限，它们的行动能力有时受到限制。在这种情况下，必须通过区域和国际级别强有力的协调合作，提供可持续的支持。", "国际一级", "85. 执行有效的保护儿童体系需要所有利益攸关方在区域一级和国际一级充分参与，包括政府、联合国实体和国际社会其他伙伴、私营部门(跨国公司)、媒介和国际组织。", "86. 《里约热内卢宣言》和《防止和禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削行动呼吁》建议到2013年建立一个全面框架，协调和促进所有相关利益攸关方、包括儿童牵头组织在国家、区域和国际级别进行协调和合作，并促进和支持具体行动以防止和禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削。", "87. 必要时，可由联合国机构及联合国人权机制向国家提供技术协助，以支持拟订和执行按照权利的保护儿童体系。", "88. 普遍批准《儿童权利公约》及其关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的《任择议定书》和一切相关国际和区域文书，是建立一个有效的国际保护儿童框架的必要先决条件。", "[1] 只有法文本：www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11007&LangID=F。", "[2] 参看联合国儿童基金会，保护儿童体系制图和评估工具包：www.unicef.org/protection/index_ 54229.html。", "[3] 参看关于《儿童权利公约》(第4条、第42条和第44条第6款)一般执行措施的第5号一般性评论(2003年)", "[4] 自2006年以来，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处同各国、国内人权机构、非政府组织、联合国专门机构和其他利益攸关方合作，发展一个概念和方法框架和指标。根据这些努力，高级专员办事处制订一个实用指南，帮助传播和实施关于使用指标的概念和方法框架。", "[5] 这个守则是国际制止儿童卖淫、儿童色情制品和为性目的贩运儿童组织、联合国儿童基金会和世界旅游组织的联合倡议。", "[6] 查阅www.itu.itn/osg/csd/cyberservurity/gca/cop/guidelines/index.html。", "[7] 查阅www.ifj.org/en/articles/childrens-rights-and-media-guidelines-and-principles- for-reporting-on-issues-involving-children。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Building rights-based and comprehensive national child protection systems to prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography", "Note by the Secretary-General", "* A/66/150.", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly, in accordance with resolution 65/197, the report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Najat Maalla M’jid.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography", "Summary", "The present report is being submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/197. It describes the activities undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in the discharge of her mandate since her last report to the Assembly.", "The report is intended to be used as a working tool for effectively implementing the recommendations formulated since the beginning of the mandate by providing the guiding principles and essential components of a comprehensive rights-based child protection systems aimed at preventing and combating the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.", "Contents", "PageI.Working 3 methods and \nactivities A.Working 3 \nmethods \nB.Activities 3II.Building 4 rights-based and comprehensive national child protection systems to prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child \npornography \nA.Introduction 4B.Rights-based 5 child protection systems: general \nprinciples C.Rights-based 7 child protection systems: \ncomponents III.Conclusions: 25 implementation \nprocess", "I. Working methods and activities", "A. Working methods", "1. In its resolution 65/197, the General Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to continue to submit reports to the Assembly and the Human Rights Council on the activities undertaken in the discharge of her mandate. The present report contains information on the activities undertaken from July 2010 to July 2011 and aims to serve as a guiding tool for the effective implementation of the recommendations formulated since the beginning of the mandate.", "B. Activities", "1. Human Rights Council", "2. The annual report of the Special Rapporteur submitted to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/57 and Adds. 1-5 and Add.1/Corr.1) included the reports on her visits to the United Arab Emirates (12-18 October 2009), Senegal (21-30 October 2009), El Salvador (23-31 August 2010) and the United States of America (12-27 October 2010) and a summary of her communications to Governments and the replies she received between 16 June 2009 and 23 January 2011. As requested by the Council in its resolution 13/20, she also reported, jointly with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, to the Council at its sixteenth session on the subject of accessible and child-sensitive counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms to address incidents of violence, including sexual violence and exploitation (A/HRC/16/56). The Special Rapporteur will submit her next annual report to the Human Rights Council at its nineteenth session, in March 2012.", "2. Country visits", "3. Since her last report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur has visited Mauritius (1-11 May 2011). The Special Rapporteur’s preliminary observations on that visit are contained in a press statement.[1] The Special Rapporteur will make an official visit to France in November 2011.", "3. Conferences, seminars and engagement with civil society", "4. The Special Rapporteur participated in numerous conferences and seminars during the period under review. In July 2010, she attended a regional conference in Dakar on children’s mobility in West and Central Africa. In September 2010, she participated in a meeting on a draft directive of the European Parliament on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography. In September and October 2010, she organized consultations in the framework of preparations for the joint report on child-sensitive counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms. In October 2010, she participated in a conference in Barcelona, Spain, on child mobility organized by the Global Movement for Children, the Generalitat de Catalunya (the autonomous regional government of Catalonia) and Save the Children United Kingdom. In November 2010, she attended a conference on improving the implementation and follow-up of the observations and views of treaty bodies, the recommendations of special procedures mandate holders and the outcomes of the universal periodic review, organized in Geneva by the Open Society Justice Initiative, the Brookings Institution (in the context of its foreign policy programme) and UPR Watch. In January 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in consultations on national action plans on the right to water and sanitation organized by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. In March 2011, she participated in an event organized in parallel to the sixteenth session of the Council on children on the move in street situations. Also in March, she attended a regional workshop held in Brussels on follow-up to the outcomes of the universal periodic review and the recommendations of other human rights mechanisms. In May 2011, she participated in a symposium entitled “Migration and youth: harnessing opportunities for development”, organized in New York by the Global Migration Group. In June 2011, she participated in consultations on draft guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights organized by the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty and attended an expert seminar on discrimination on the basis of work and descent hosted by the independent expert on minority issues. In July 2011, she moderated a segment of the expert meeting on the legal framework required to prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of violence against children co-organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the International NGO Advisory Council for follow-up to the study on violence against children of the Secretary-General.", "II. Building rights-based and comprehensive national child protection systems to prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography", "A. Introduction", "1. Context", "5. In her previous report, submitted to the General Assembly in 2010, the Special Rapporteur highlighted some of the achievements gained in combating the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (see A/65/221, sect. C). Nevertheless, many challenges remain with respect to gauging the full scope of these offences, preventing their occurrence, investigating and prosecuting offenders and providing effective protection to children who are victims, witnesses and at risk of being sold or of becoming the victims of prostitution and pornography.", "6. Serious challenges persist in spite of all the standards that exist at the international level (e.g. the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; the Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Convention No. 182), of the International Labour Organization; and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime) and at the regional level (e.g. the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child; the Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors; and the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse), and global commitments (e.g. the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action of 1996; the Millennium Development Goals; the Yokohama Global Commitment of 2001; and the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents of 2008).", "7. While interacting with relevant stakeholders (States, national human rights institutions, civil society and children) throughout her mandate, and particularly during her country visits, the Special Rapporteur has noted the need for further practical guidance on the effective implementation of those instruments, including the provisions of the Optional Protocol and the recommendations formulated by the Special Rapporteur in the context of thematic focus areas.", "2. Objective of the report", "8. By providing a detailed outline for the creation of comprehensive child protection systems, the present report seeks to provide a practical guiding tool that will assist all stakeholders in enhancing the effectiveness of activities for the protection and promotion of children’s rights.", "9. The report is based on the work carried out by the Special Rapporteur and her predecessors, including through country visits, and on reports and studies of United Nations human rights mechanisms and agencies and other regional and international organizations.", "B. Rights-based child protection systems: general principles", "10. Since taking up her functions in 2008, the Special Rapporteur has focused on the need for a holistic and comprehensive approach that is child-centred, in order to protect all children, without discrimination, from being sold and sexually exploited.", "11. The sale and sexual exploitation of children are fuelled by a number of interdependent factors stemming not only from the local or national context in which the child lives and was raised (political, legislative, cultural, environmental, socio-economic and institutional) but also from the global context (tourism, communications technology, the financial crisis, the food crisis and climate change). This multifaceted and complex context necessitates a response that incorporates an integrated approach with a view to putting in place, with the effective participation of children, genuinely local and national child protection systems.", "12. To that end, there must be a shift away from the fragmented child protection responses we frequently see towards the proactive development of comprehensive, sustainable and context-specific child protection systems. Concerted efforts must be made to establish a coordinated set of social norms, laws, policies, regulations and services, capacities and monitoring and oversight activities across all social sectors — especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice — to prevent and respond to child protection-related issues and risks (see figure below).[2]", "Figure", "[]", "13. In order to be functional and effective, child protection systems should:", "(a) Focus on the child and have, as their primary consideration, the promotion of the child’s best interests;", "(b) Be governed by comprehensive laws that are compliant with international standards and by national policies and regulations (establishing mandates, responsibilities, standards and systems of supervision to ensure compliance);", "(c) Include both formal and informal mechanisms (that rely, for example on a traditional and custom-based authority or on community-based organizations) and formalize their mandate through the law and government regulations;", "(d) Ensure that child-sensitive services are available at all levels and that such services are regulated by quality standards (implemented by knowledgeable, well-trained staff and with adequate resources) and accessible to all children without discrimination;", "(e) Integrate children’s views and experiences through their effective participation and inclusion;", "(f) Ensure that all providers of services to children and families (the public sector, civil society organizations) are held accountable through the effective regulation and monitoring, at all levels, of child protection standards.", "C. Rights-based child protection systems: components", "1. Clear normative and conceptual framework", "14. The starting point for any adequate response to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography must be the establishment of clear definitions of those phenomena in national legislation. This conceptual clarity is a sine qua non condition for avoiding legal gaps, ensuring the proper identification of child victims and promoting the effective implementation of the legislation.", "15. The effectiveness of child protection laws is often hampered by disparities and the use of imprecise definitions, which can lead to certain acts remaining unpunished, corruption, selective enforcement or, in extreme cases, a general culture of impunity.", "16. The Convention of the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol are fundamental tools for strengthening the protection of children and punishing offenders. They provide extremely useful definitions, thus allowing all stakeholders to share a common understanding and interpretation of the following terms:", "(a) A “child” is defined as “every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”. The same definition applies to the Optional Protocol. Some States define a child as an individual under the age of 18, while others take into account the age of criminal responsibility or the age of consent to sexual activity. These variations can create uncertainty in law enforcement;", "(b) The “sale of children” is defined as “any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration”. The sale of children can occur for the following purposes: sexual exploitation, forced labour, the transfer of organs and illegal adoption;", "(c) “Child prostitution” is defined as “the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other form of consideration”. This includes offering, obtaining, procuring or providing a child for child prostitution. The phrase “any other form of consideration” means that child prostitution is taking place even when a child is being used in sexual activities in exchange for goods, services or favours such as food, lodging or drugs, not only in exchange for money;", "(d) “Child pornography” is defined as “any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a child for primarily sexual purposes”. This definition refers to all activities undertaken for the purpose of producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing child pornography. New developments in the use of communications technologies (blogs, mobile telephony and online social networks) demand the constant adaptation of conceptual and normative frameworks. The Council of Europe recently adopted the Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, which provides the most updated definitions and detailed standards in that regard. In addition to addressing the involvement of children in sexual abuse, prostitution and pornography, the Convention addresses the issues of “grooming” (the use of online technologies to solicit children for sexual purposes) and sex tourism.", "17. Despite clear definitions, the interpretation of concepts can be a difficult and challenging process, especially when definitions overlap. There are, for instance, various links between the sale of children, the trafficking in children, the forcing of children into labour and the recruitment of children for use in armed conflict.", "18. The trafficking in and sale of children are overlapping concepts, but they are not identical. Pursuant to article 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States parties are required to take measures to prevent both the traffic in and sale of children.", "19. There is often confusion between sexual exploitation and sexual abuse, particularly when they occur within the family. In the context of the Optional Protocol, sexual exploitation covers the use, recruitment or offer of a child for purposes of prostitution or pornographic material or performances. Forced and early marriage can be considered a form of sale for the purpose of sexual exploitation. One manifestation of this is the offering of young girls as wives to men — often older men — in exchange for money.", "20. States parties to the Optional Protocol are specifically required to prohibit the sale of children for the purpose of engagement in forced labour. Pursuant to Convention No. 182 of the International Labour Organization, “the worst forms of child labour” include the “forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict”.", "21. The question is not, however, how to categorize these offences, but whether the responses to them, in terms of protecting children and punishing offenders, are adequate and comply with the provisions set out in the various international instruments to which States are parties.", "2. Reliable and regular information on the prevalence of and knowledge about the phenomenon", "22. The full extent to which the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography occur is difficult to assess because data are scarce and often unreliable. The culture of silence that surrounds these crimes due to fear, cultural taboos, shame and a lack of confidence in the justice system results in high levels of underreporting, exacerbating difficulties in collecting data.", "23. The establishment of a centralized, standardized and reliable information system is essential to an accurate understanding of the scope of these phenomena and is key to the establishment and resourcing of appropriate and effective prevention and response strategies. Standardization would make it possible to analyse data and emerging and long-term trends, and would provide relevant entities at the national level the opportunity to share information.", "24. A reliable information system should be based on the following principles:", "(a) A common understanding of the conceptual elements;", "(b) A rigorous method for the collection and processing of sufficient quantities of reliable data disaggregated by age, sex, location (urban or rural areas) and need for special protection.[3] Data collected should reflect different forms of exploitation, including the sale of and traffic in children for sexual and other exploitative purposes, such as forced labour, illegal organ transfer and illegal adoption;", "(c) The establishment of national indicators, particularly when data are supplemented with qualitative and quantitative research studies. Indicators can be essential evaluative tools to assess progress, identify remaining challenges and inform the development of further legislative, policy and programmatic measures;[4]", "(d) Awareness-raising among children, families and communities to combat stereotypes and cultural resistance that can contribute to underreporting and undermine the collection of relevant data;", "(e) Qualitative and quantitative surveys and research regarding both the prevalence of and knowledge about these phenomena;", "(f) Effective means of coordinating the intersectoral exchange of information within and between the regional and international levels;", "(g) The opportunity for children to have their views heard and taken into consideration in the processes of data collection and conducting of research, provided that appropriate safeguards are in place.", "3. Legal framework prohibiting, preventing and responding to all forms of sale and sexual exploitation of children", "25. Several international and regional instruments on the rights of children contain provisions and detailed standards that prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of sale and sexual exploitation of children:", "(a) The Convention on the Rights of the Child promotes a comprehensive system for protecting children from violence and from sexual and other forms of exploitation (articles 34 and 35 specifically recognize the right of children to be protected from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse, for any purpose or in any form);", "(b) The Optional Protocol requires States parties to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, adapt legal and investigative procedures to the special needs of child victims, including as witnesses, provide support services, inform children of their rights, their role and the scope, timing and progress of proceedings, avoid unnecessary delay, allow the views, needs and concerns of children to be presented and considered, uphold their right to privacy and protect them against intimidation and retaliation. In addition, the Optional Protocol provides for the best interests of the child to be a primary consideration in the treatment of victims in the criminal justice system and for the persons who work with victims to receive appropriate training;", "(c) Other international and regional child rights instruments complement the Convention and the Optional Protocol and outline useful and detailed standards with a view to prohibiting, preventing and responding to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, thus emphasizing the indivisibility and interdependence of rights.", "Guiding principles", "26. National legal frameworks (civil and penal) should be harmonized with ratified international instruments. They should be accompanied by binding measures and mechanisms inscribed into a comprehensive legal framework that forms part of a comprehensive child protection strategy.", "27. Comprehensive legal frameworks that embrace both civil and penal laws and cover prohibition, prosecution, protection, care, assistance and prevention should include the specific provisions set out in paragraphs 28 to 31 below.", "28. With regard to prohibition, comprehensive legal frameworks should:", "(a) Define, prohibit and criminalize, in accordance with existing international human rights standards, all the offences covered in the Optional Protocol (including the new forms of sexual exploitation committed through the use of information technology and social networks, among others) and set minimum penalties that reflect the gravity of the crimes;", "(b) Establish an age limit of 18 years for defining a person as a child in relation to offences covered in the Optional Protocol, prevent the criminalization of a person under this age limit for offences covered in the Optional Protocol and recognize that the consent of a child is not relevant, even in cases when the adult is unaware of the child’s age;", "(c) Establish 18 years as the minimum age of marriage for girls and boys, with a prohibition on the procurement, offering, conducting of or forcing into an under-age marriage;", "(d) Establish extraterritorial jurisdiction, abolish the requirement of double criminality for these offences and facilitate mutual legal assistance in order to secure the effective prosecution of perpetrators and the implementation of appropriate sanctions while making all acts related to the sale and sexual exploitation of children extraditable offences in existing or newly established extradition treaties;", "(e) Introduce criminal investigations and the initiation of proceedings (a number of provisions would need to be invoked to assist in the investigation of offences and the pressing of charges in cases where the child victim or another person on her or his behalf does not file a report);", "(f) Address corruption in law enforcement and the judiciary, as well as other authorities, with a view to caring for children, recognizing that corruption is a major obstacle to the effective enforcement of the law and the protection of children.", "29. With regard to reporting, comprehensive legal frameworks should:", "(a) Ensure that it is mandatory for professionals working with children to report instances where there is a suspicion or a risk of children being sold or sexually exploited. The obligation to report should be included in the codes of conduct and regulations of professional associations and in all institutions and agencies that regularly work with children at risk, including schools, residential and institutional facilities, medical services and law enforcement bodies;", "(b) Ensure that Internet service providers, mobile telephone companies, search engines, Internet cafes and others are legally required to report any case of child pornography to the police, block access to offending websites and keep records, in accordance with established standards, for the purpose of investigation and prosecution. Similarly, financial institutions should be legally required to report, block and impede the functioning of financial mechanisms that make child pornography websites possible;", "(c) Establish child-sensitive complaint, counselling and reporting mechanisms (see below).", "30. With regard to protection, care and child-friendly procedures, comprehensive legal frameworks should:", "(a) Empower the authorities concerned to intervene in situations of emergency and remove children from such situations if necessary;", "(b) Provide child victims, witnesses and their families with adequate care, assistance and psychosocial support (including family support if needed) to ensure the full recovery and social reintegration of child victims;", "(c) Ensure that child victims have access to child-sensitive information about their rights and relevant procedures, including for seeking compensation for damages, and that they exercise their right to be heard and listened to;", "(d) Protect the privacy and well-being of child victims and witnesses at all stages of the criminal justice process (i.e. during identification, investigation, prosecution, punishment and extradition proceedings), including by ensuring that children are not subjected to fines, imprisonment or other punitive action;", "(e) Ensure that children do not suffer from hardship and revictimization as a result of participating in criminal proceedings by limiting the number of interviews they are involved in, using video recordings and secure rooms, and providing legal aid or a special representative;", "(f) Ensure free and easy access to legal remedies;", "(g) Ensure prompt responses in the treatment of cases;", "(h) Grant compensation to child victims and enforce the payment of such compensation, as necessary.", "31. With regard to prevention, comprehensive legal frameworks should:", "(a) Ensure children’s birth is registered. A birth record, because it certifies a child’s age, allows appropriate legal steps to be taken to ensure the protection of the child and the punishment of the offender. Children whose birth has been registered are less likely to be sold or illegally adopted, in part because they have proof of who their parents are;", "(b) Develop and implement strict international and national adoption laws foreseeing: (i) adoption as a last resort; (ii) the identification of suitable measures, which include the placement of children with their biological or extended family; (iii) preference for national adoption over international adoption; and (iv) the obligation to conduct compatibility studies between the adoptive family and a child given up for adoption, keeping in mind the best interests of the child, with a view to avoiding the sale of children for illegal adoption;", "(c) Ensure that vulnerable children have an adequate standard of living, free access to health care and services, education and social security, and that their parents receive the necessary support;", "(d) Establish specific legal mechanisms and programmes for preventing recidivism among sex offenders and forbidding sex offenders from carrying out activities with children, including the collection and sharing of good practices and the establishment, where appropriate, of registers of sex offenders.", "32. In order to ensure the effective implementation and ownership by all the stakeholders of this comprehensive legal framework, the following actions should be undertaken, in conjunction with the enforcement of legislation:", "(a) Involvement of all stakeholders, including children and youths, in the development of the legal framework from the earliest stage of the process;", "(b) Launch of awareness-raising and advocacy initiatives among communities, children and youths, ensuring that relevant issues are included in the public debate through the media, civil society and policymakers;", "(c) Widespread dissemination, in a way that is user-friendly and appropriate, of information regarding legislation and procedures;", "(d) Adequate training of judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police officers, teachers, social workers and other professionals regarding the rights, needs and best interests of the child;", "(e) Provision of adequate resources to implement all measures, programmes and policies;", "(f) Fostering transnational cooperation at regional and international levels, which is necessary owing to the mobility of children and offenders and the widespread use of new technologies.", "4. Early identification, effective protection, care and follow-up of child victims", "33. To ensure the effective identification, care, assistance and follow-up of child victims, precise and adaptable protocols must be developed and implemented with the participation of all those involved in child protection. Such protocols should clarify the steps that need to be taken (from the early identification of children who have been sold or become victims of prostitution or pornography to the full recovery and social integration of such children) and the role and responsibilities of each actor, thereby allowing for better coordination and information-sharing.", "Early identification", "34. It is crucial that children who have been sold or become victims of prostitution or pornography be identified early. Identification can be an effective means of protecting child victims and children at risk of becoming victimized or revictimized, while also ensuring that they are not unjustly treated as offenders.", "35. Furthermore, identification can play a key role in the creation and implementation of targeted prevention strategies and response measures to address existing protection gaps.", "36. Methods used to identify child victims must enable professionals to distinguish whether a child who was sold was victimized for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced labour, begging, illegal adoption or the transfer of organs. Professionals must also be able to determine whether a child was a victim of prostitution, including in the context of sex tourism, or of child pornography, including online pornography and grooming.", "37. An essential component of the identification process is the establishment and implementation of appropriate procedures, including child-focused or child-friendly reporting and complaints mechanisms.", "38. Any processes that enable the identification of child victims must be carried out in compliance with the principles outlined above and with standards that require the following:", "(a) Respect for children’s right to dignity and to having their views heard and taken into account in a safe and reassuring environment;", "(b) Ensuring children’s right to be informed quickly and in an accessible language or format about all the options, procedures, protective measures and services available to them;", "(c) Providing children with appropriate professional support, including to address the various physical, psychological and social consequences of submitting a complaint;", "(d) Treating the information obtained at all stages confidentially, upholding the rights of children, including the right to privacy, and preventing the inappropriate dissemination of information that could lead to the identification of child victims;", "(e) Guaranteeing the safety of child victims, their families and witnesses by protecting them from any risk of harm, intimidation, reprisal or revictimization;", "(f) Incorporating age assessment processes that consider both the physical appearance and psychological maturity of the individual and that are carried out in a safe, child- and gender-sensitive and fair manner by trained professionals, avoiding any risk of violation of the physical integrity of the child;", "(g) Incorporating measures that protect against overreporting and revictimization;", "(h) Ensuring that all processes are adequately resourced;", "(i) Ensuring that all processes are subject to regular and systematic monitoring to determine whether they are child-friendly; such monitoring should include safeguarded consultations with the children who have availed themselves of the processes.", "Easy access to child-sensitive complaints and reporting mechanisms", "39. It is equally imperative that all children have easy and facilitated access to independent, child-sensitive, timely and effective complaints and reporting mechanisms (see also A/HRC/16/56). Such mechanisms should meet the following criteria:", "(a) Be established by law and in conformity with international human rights instruments;", "(b) Be guided by the best interests of the child and informed by children’s experiences and perspectives;", "(c) Maintain strict confidentiality during proceedings and related processes and respect the right of the child to privacy;", "(d) Be actively and thoroughly publicized and made widely available to children and adults, including those acting on behalf of children;", "(e) Be accessible to all children under the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination of any kind, while being age appropriate and gender-sensitive and granting special protection to children at risk;", "(f) Enable very young children and marginalized groups of children (unaccompanied or separated children, street children, children who do not speak the language of the dominant culture, children with disabilities etc.), who are more vulnerable, to have the same opportunities to communicate about actual or potential violations;", "(g) Be accessible throughout the country through an easy-to-remember three-digit, toll-free, 24-hour hotline. Hotlines should provide practical aid and support to child victims in all the local languages and the languages of neighbouring countries and be connected with and able to contact relevant authorities when necessary;", "(h) Guarantee the safety of children, including through measures to avoid any risk of harm, intimidation, reprisal or revictimization;", "(i) Promptly and efficiently take and communicate decisions to avoid adverse consequences to those concerned, and be followed-up as deemed appropriate;", "(j) Be adequately resourced financially, professionally and technically;", "(k) Regularly undergo systematic monitoring to determine whether they are child-friendly; such monitoring should include safeguarded consultations with children who have availed themselves of the processes.", "Multidisciplinary protection, care and assistance", "40. Once a child victim has been identified, steps must be taken immediately to contact the relevant law enforcement and/or social service authorities to begin the process of securing appropriate care and assistance for the well-being of the child. When possible, child victims must be urgently removed from harmful situations and placed in a secure and supportive environment that will provide the necessary educational, health-care, recovery and rehabilitative support.", "41. Bearing in mind the serious physical, psychological and emotional consequences of crime and victimization for victims and witnesses, children (and their families) must have access to professional and coordinated assistance and support, including financial aid, free legal assistance, counselling, health and medical care and educational services, as well as psychosocial recovery, rehabilitation and reintegration services.", "42. The most effective responses are multidisciplinary and take into account the various types of short-, mid- and long-term care and assistance that child victims require for their full recovery and reintegration. True efficacy requires that responses be:", "(a) Part of a comprehensive recovery and rehabilitation plan;", "(b) Available to the child and her or his family;", "(c) Child- and culturally-sensitive, taking into account gender, ethnicity and disability and other factors that may heighten a child’s vulnerability;", "(d) Equipped to provide special and prompt protection and assistance to child victims and witnesses; such assistance should be appropriate to the age, level of maturity and unique needs of the child in order to prevent further hardship and trauma;", "(e) Able to offer safe and child-friendly alternative or residential care that accommodates the basic needs of child victims, is governed by child protection norms and standards and is subject to regular monitoring. To that end, it is essential to establish minimum standards for alternative and residential care. All registered centres must be required to submit monthly reports on the arrival and departure of children and details related to their care and transfer;", "(f) Connected to an effective referral system that incorporates the obligation to investigate situations that place children at risk in order to enable the appropriate authorities to carry out interventions;", "(g) Staffed by professionals who are well trained, employ a collaborative and integrated approach, have the requisite knowledge and skills and are guided by child rights standards and ethical principles in counselling and support (including in relation to reporting and complaint mechanisms and to recovery and reintegration programmes);", "(h) Undertaken in an environment that supports the health, self-respect and dignity of the child and, in particular, promotes the complete physical and psychological recovery and social integration of all child victims;", "(i) Supported by adequate human, technical and financial resources.", "Regular follow-up of children", "43. To ensure that child victims receive appropriate assistance for their full social reintegration and physical and psychological recovery, follow-up measures must:", "(a) Provide appropriate mental health services for children, adolescents and adults;", "(b) Favour family- or community-based environments over institutional or residential care for the long-term living arrangements of child victims, in accordance with the best interests of the child;", "(c) Make available family support and counselling for children living in alternative forms of care, including those provided by foster families and other caregivers, to fully support children through all stages of their recovery process;", "(d) Appoint a guardian for children who have been repatriated to their country of origin to ensure they receive long-term care and protection;", "(e) Ensure that in cases where victims seek compensation for damages from those legally responsible for a violation, reparation mechanisms take into account the long-term reintegration, psychosocial and physical issues that victims might face;", "(f) Follow up regularly until the child’s full recovery is achieved.", "5. Effective and comprehensive preventive measures", "44. Despite widespread recognition that investing in prevention is one of the main ways to safeguard the rights of children and combat all forms of violence perpetrated against children, including exploitation, the many preventive measures currently taken by various stakeholders are mainly reactive and insufficiently effective.", "45. Because of the multifaceted nature and complexity of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, preventing the victimization of children requires the adoption of effective preventive measures that are developed in the framework of a comprehensive child rights system and involve all relevant stakeholders, including children, families and communities.", "Guiding principles", "46. To be effective, preventive measures should form the core component of national child protection systems and be anchored in child-rights laws and policies.", "47. Preventive measures should be implemented more proactively by adopting a strong preventive and prohibitive legal framework (see paras. 25-32 above) and mainstreaming strategies aimed at growth and poverty reduction, such as the Millennium Development Goals, into broader national policy frameworks with a view to minimizing the risk of children being sold and sexually exploited and implementing a vulnerability risk assessment framework that would enable professionals to determine when a child is in a situation requiring intervention and when he or she requires support, as well as to determine which type of action is most appropriate given the child’s needs.", "48. Preventive measures should address critical socio-economic factors by:", "(a) Ensuring that all children are immediately registered for free at birth and that special attention is paid to children who have not yet been registered, children at risk and children in marginalized situations;", "(b) Ensuring the availability of and access to socio-economic services, beginning with adequate food, housing, education and health care, for children at risk and their families, enabling them to live a life of dignity;", "(c) Providing single mothers (particularly adolescent girls) with support through social welfare systems that offer a full range of alternative care services and assistance within child protection systems;", "(d) Ensuring that all preventive measures are known, available and accessible to the most vulnerable and marginalized children.", "49. Preventive measures must include steps to promote sustainable education and awareness-raising, including by:", "(a) Conducting awareness-raising and educational campaigns in schools, communities, rural and remote communities and making use of all forms of media, information and communications technologies, including social networking tools. Effective campaigns should be developed collaboratively by professionals from different disciplines and others working with children and must be adequately resourced;", "(b) Involving community and religious leaders with a view to using their moral authority, social influence and leadership to guide communities in protecting children against all forms of violence, abuse and exploitation;", "(c) Informing children, their families and others working with children about the availability of complaints mechanisms and child-friendly complaint, reporting and counselling services, including hotlines, if a child has been or is at risk of being victimized in any way;", "(d) Making available in schools sex education programmes that provide information on healthy sexual development, safe sex and reproduction, and emphasize gender equality, self-respect, empowerment and respect for others. In the absence of such programmes, the proliferation of images and videos through information and communications technologies may shape children’s first ideas about sexuality and sexual behaviour, increasing the risk that they will reproduce while still young or become victims of abusive behaviour;", "(e) Undertaking partnerships with print and electronic media and the private sector (particularly in the areas of tourism and information technology) to disseminate information and launch campaigns designed to raise awareness about the rights of children, laws that prohibit and seek to combat all forms of violations, the increased risks faced by many children and certain behaviours that may indicate predatory activity taking place in a community or online. Information and communications technologies, including social networking tools, should be utilized fully to reach as many children as possible.", "50. Preventive measures should include steps to fund and conduct shared research on the national and transnational demand for services that exploit children and analyses of the specific context in which harmful and discriminatory social norms (practices, behaviours, attitudes) take place. Such research and analyses would be used to inform laws and policies.", "51. Preventive measures must encourage and facilitate child participation and empowerment. That can be done by encouraging and supporting child-led initiatives in all preventive measures and by supporting children in gaining broader knowledge about their rights and the options available to them to address abuse so that they are empowered and able to protect themselves and other children.", "6. Child participation and empowerment", "Child participation", "52. Children are not only victims or vulnerable: they can and should actively take part in finding solutions. Child participation is based on the right of each child to express her or his views and to have those views taken into consideration in all matters that directly or indirectly concern her or his life, with the objective of influencing decision-making and achieving change.", "53. Child participation also refers to a way of working that gives children, including those most marginalized and those of different ages and abilities, the opportunity to participate on an informed and willing basis.", "54. Finally, child participation is essential to a child-rights approach. As such, it must be implemented in all areas, programmes, policies and other relevant actions, from homes to Governments and from the local to the international level.", "55. Responsibility for ensuring the participation of children is broadly shared by local governments and authorities, people who work directly with or on behalf of children, parliaments and legislatures, non-governmental organizations and civil society, independent national human rights institutions, the private sector and corporate entities, religious, spiritual, cultural and indigenous leaders, and regional and international organizations and multilateral agencies. The mass media also has an important role to play in communicating the value of children’s participation for all children, families and wider society.", "56. Adapting practical measures that give children increasing responsibilities in accordance with their age and development, known as the principle of evolving capacities, is closely connected with the right of the child to be heard. Giving full effect to that principle is recognized as a challenging exercise owing to the difficulty that many adults have in accepting the capacities of a child to understand, communicate and make informed choices during important decision-making processes.", "Guiding principles", "57. Child participation mechanisms must operate in compliance with internationally recognized standards and ensure the following:", "(a) Availability of and access to well-publicized information in local languages and different formats (for children with disabilities) that is suitable for children of different ages, including the very young, and at different stages of maturity;", "(b) Voluntary and informed participation of child and youth representatives;", "(c) Institutionalization of mechanisms for the participation, without discrimination, of all children, such as children’s parliaments, youth forums, councils and committees at the national, regional and municipal levels;", "(d) Establishment and maintenance of a child-friendly and enabling environment that ensures the protection and safety of children;", "(e) Equality of opportunity and guaranteed participation of children from vulnerable and marginalized at-risk groups, including children with disabilities and those living in extreme poverty, in rural and remote areas, within alternative care settings or living and/or working on the streets, taking care to avoid the representation of only children from privileged backgrounds;", "(f) Establishment of and adherence to ethical standards and child rights principles that include transparency and accountability;", "(g) Presence of effective, professionally trained, qualified and confident staff and support personnel;", "(h) Incorporation of regular and independent monitoring of the quality, permanence, accountability and follow-up activities of the mechanisms and the practices they give rise to.", "58. Children’s participation must be systematized in all monitoring activities: children must have the opportunity to provide feedback on processes and make suggestions for possible improvements, thus ensuring that their views are taken into consideration. In addition, children must be provided with child-friendly and accessible feedback on their participation through immediate and clear statements on the impact and value of their contributions, the decisions they have taken and next steps. This enables children to understand the outcome and use of their contributions.", "Child empowerment", "59. To enable children to be part of efforts to effectively combat the sale of children and all forms of exploitation, including sexual exploitation and forced labour, children must be empowered to fight for their own protection and that of their peers. There are currently countless child-led organizations and networks around the world dealing with major issues of concern such as human trafficking, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labour and street children.", "Guiding principles", "60. Child-led organizations and peer-to-peer initiatives must operate in compliance with the guiding principles and standards related to child participation set out above. Governments should encourage and support child-led organizations and initiatives (peer-to-peer initiatives and youth-led research) by:", "(a) Providing technical, material and logistical support to enable children to develop and carry out their activities;", "(b) Ensuring the enhanced recovery and skill-development of any child victim participating in such initiatives;", "(c) Developing structures and protective frameworks that enable victims and at-risk children to carry out activities in a secure and supportive environment;", "(d) Involving children in decision-making processes related to all matters of concern to children and youth.", "7. Regular and effective monitoring and assessment", "61. A wide variety of national, regional and international efforts have been made around the world to prevent and combat violations of the rights of the child. While such efforts represent an important first step, weak or absent centralized information systems and monitoring mechanisms make it extremely difficult to evaluate and measure changes in the situation of children and the impact of any action taken or to make evidence-based decisions for future action.", "62. In the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, the participants in the Third World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 25 to 28 November 2008, recommended the establishment by 2013 of independent institutions for the promotion and protection of the rights of the child, taking into account general comment No. 2 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. The objective of such independent institutions is to ensure the protection of children, the restitution of their rights, independent monitoring of the strategies and policies being implemented, advocacy for strengthening legal frameworks and the availability of and accessibility to appropriate legal remedies, including the possibility of filing complaints.", "Assessment and monitoring of national child protection policies, strategies and programmes", "63. Monitoring is one of the key measures needed for the effective implementation of protection systems, making it possible to review progress made and identify existing challenges and proposals regarding remedial actions. Monitoring can therefore also serve a preventive function.", "64. The expansion and strengthening of mechanisms for monitoring and assessing policies and programmes must be done in accordance with the following principles and standards:", "(a) Monitoring should include a review of steps taken, progress achieved and possible impediments faced in the implementation of political commitments that have been undertaken; periodic reports should be made to parliament and the general public;", "(b) Multisectoral and collaborative efforts should be encouraged between the Government, the parliament, the public administration, child protection networks, civil society (including children, families and the general public), community-based organizations, the media and the private sector;", "(c) Monitoring processes should be standardized, yet remain flexible enough that they can be adapted and applied to specific contexts;", "(d) Accountability in budget allocation and use must be developed and monitored;", "(e) Attention should be paid to the implementation of relevant recommendations that have been adopted or issued by international and regional bodies and mechanisms (treaty bodies, special procedures mandate holders, the universal periodic review and regional and national human rights institutions);", "(f) Every context requires a comprehensive and reliable national data collection system to ensure that accurate information is available and to facilitate the monitoring and evaluation of systems, services, programmes and outcomes so that appropriate responses can be developed;", "(g) Evaluation should ideally be based on universally recognized, locally adapted and evidence-based indicators.", "Independent monitoring mechanisms", "65. Several kinds of independent monitoring mechanisms are available, including independent children’s rights advocates such as children’s ombudspersons or focal points on children’s rights, which could be located within an existing human rights institution or the office of a general ombudsperson.", "66. Regardless of its structure, each human rights institution and monitoring mechanism should be established in accordance with internationally recognized guiding principles and standards and must be:", "(a) Independent, fully competent and broadly, clearly and flexibly mandated to promote and protect the rights of the child in a proactive and innovative manner;", "(b) Consultative, inclusive, transparent and based on a holistic vision of the child and her or his relationships with other actors;", "(c) Committed to prioritizing the best interests of the child, including by strictly observing principles of confidentiality and promoting a child-friendly environment founded on trust;", "(d) Reactive and proactive and playing a central role in the independent monitoring of actions taken to prevent and protect children from being sold or exploited, whether for sexual or other purposes, including by restoring the rights of victims, advocating for strengthened legal frameworks and enforcement and ensuring access to effective remedies and redress, including independent complaints procedures;", "(e) Authorized to undertake investigations and make inquiries into general and specific violations of the rights of the child (on its own initiative or in response to complaints filed);", "(f) Able to conduct regular visits to settings, including, in particular, to detention and care institutions, to ensure that they conform with established standards and to determine the extent to which the views of children are listened to and weighed by the institution;", "(g) Adequately resourced and staffed by professionals from a variety of disciplines wherever possible.", "67. Furthermore, monitoring institutions must:", "(a) Review the adequacy, effectiveness and impact of laws and practices on the rights of the child and promote their harmonization with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its optional protocols and other international human rights instruments;", "(b) Review the activities and impact of corporate social responsibility initiatives;", "(c) Ensure that children are able to exercise their right to be heard on matters concerning them and in defining issues related to their rights, and to publicize widely the availability of effective remedies and redress, including the possibility of submitting individual complaints for violations of children’s rights;", "(d) Ensure that the principles and provisions of the international and regional children’s rights instruments that have been ratified are widely known and understood, including by Governments, public agencies, civil society and the general public, including children;", "(e) Review and report on Governments’ implementation and monitoring of the state of children’s rights, including by ensuring that statistics and other data are collected, appropriately disaggregated, processed, analysed and shared;", "(f) Make independent contributions to the process of reporting on children’s rights to the international treaty bodies;", "(g) Undertake rigorous and periodic independent monitoring to determine what progress has been achieved and what challenges remain.", "8. Effective corporate social responsibility", "68. The commitment and involvement of businesses has increased considerably and a large number of corporate social responsibility initiatives are currently under way. While some States have adopted legislation on the responsibility and accountability of Internet service providers, telecommunications companies and banks, participation in most corporate social responsibility initiatives remains voluntary.", "69. A significant number of businesses have adopted codes of conduct in an attempt to adhere to international legal standards. In addition, they have supported, in partnership with Governments and non-governmental organizations, information and awareness-raising campaigns, as well as prevention and child protection programmes.", "70. Numerous principles and guidelines have been developed, including the following:", "(a) The United Nations Global Compact, which is a collection of policies and practices through which support is sought from corporate partners to mainstream ten principles focusing on human rights, labour rights, environmental sustainability and actions aimed at combating corruption;", "(b) The Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism,[5] which aims to prevent the sexual exploitation of children at tourism destinations through the efforts of tour operators and members of their umbrella organizations (travel agents, hotels, airlines etc.) that endorse the Code;", "(c) The guidelines aimed at the information and communications technology industry on child online protection,[6] which provide strong rules to protect children from abuse and defend the rights of children in the context of the information and communications technology industry, broadcasters, mobile telephone operators and Internet service providers;", "(d) The guidelines and principles for reporting on issues involving children[7] developed by the International Federation of Journalists, which encourage media organizations to regard violations of the rights of children and issues related to children’s safety, privacy, security, education, health and social welfare and all forms of exploitation as important questions for investigation and public debate.", "71. However, although several excellent initiatives provide guidance to businesses on the issue of the protection of children, a comprehensive set of principles does not currently exist to contextualize such guidance within an overarching and coherent framework for businesses and stakeholders on what to do to respect and support children’s rights.", "72. To that end, in June 2010 the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Global Compact and Save the Children launched a process to develop a set of principles that would outline the full range of actions that businesses could take to respect and support children’s rights, promote government engagement with businesses regarding children’s rights, offer a unifying framework for existing and future initiatives, promote collaboration among businesses and between businesses and other stakeholders, and raise awareness of the positive and negative impact that businesses have on children. The principles, to be finalized in November 2011, will also be a call to action with regard to the issue of business and children.", "73. With a view to incorporating provisions on preventing the sale of children and the involvement of children in prostitution and pornography into new or existing corporate social responsibility initiatives in the tourism, travel, transportation, agriculture, financial services, communications, media, Internet services, advertising and entertainment sectors, among others, steps should be taken to do the following:", "(a) Encourage, expand, harmonize and share information on existing initiatives and practices;", "(b) Adopt corporate social responsibility instruments throughout the supply chain and to raise awareness among and train all personnel (employees and employers);", "(c) Ensure that corporate social responsibility policies are appropriately implemented and that widespread public awareness activities and campaigns are undertaken targeting children, parents and communities, including by using their know-how, human and financial resources, networks, structures and leveraged power;", "(d) Respect international corporate labour standards that prohibit the employment of children in any manner that results in exploitation, secure decent working conditions and support women and men who work in their roles as parents or caregivers, and adhere to ethical operating practices in terms of accountability, transparency, respect for the rule of law and payment of fair taxation to generate revenues for economic growth and poverty reduction;", "(e) Protect children against online sexual exploitation, including by restricting access to harmful or illegal content through filtering, blocking and monitoring programmes; providing tools that allow parents and caregivers to control the content of the user; equipping children and their parents with information and user-friendly tools; ending the use of the Internet and new technologies for the grooming of children and the subsequent perpetration of abuse, whether committed online or not; reporting offending content to police; establishing accessible telephone or web-based hotlines; and taking actions to trace and stop the flow of financial transactions for the sexual exploitation of children through the services of financial institutions;", "(f) Protect children against child sex tourism by establishing an ethical policy regarding the commercial sexual exploitation of children; training personnel on countries of origin and travel destinations; providing information to travellers in catalogues, brochures, in-flight films and advertisements, websites and on tickets etc.; and providing information to local key persons at destination;", "(g) Reinforce community and government efforts to respect children’s rights by providing support for services to child victims or children at risk and their families and educational and awareness-raising campaigns targeting children, parents, teachers, youth organizations and others working with and for children on children’s vulnerability to exploitation, on the use of the Internet, mobile telephones and other new technologies for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on protective measures;", "(h) Ensure the effective monitoring of corporate social responsibility mechanisms and activities and report back to stakeholders.", "9. Effective international cooperation", "74. The sale and sexual exploitation of children have increasingly become international phenomena owing to the development of information technologies, trafficking networks, tourism and migration. Consequently, it is virtually impossible to address these crimes adequately without solid networks at the regional and international levels aimed at promoting coordination and cooperation. This cooperation should facilitate the exchange of information and expertise, the sharing and harmonization of practices and the provision of technical and financial support.", "75. Although numerous transnational actions have been taken, including cooperation among police forces to facilitate the exchange of information and expertise and the provision of technical and financial support to developing countries, international cooperation and, in particular, North-South cooperation remains scarce. Some investigative methods (e.g. image analyses of online pornographic material involving children) require important investments in expertise and sophisticated computer technology that developing countries cannot afford. For that reason, human, technical and financial support is essential to ensuring an effective global response to these issues.", "76. Divergent legislation, non-harmonized procedures and information systems and a lack of political will on the part of some States to cooperate in investigations and prosecutions represent a significant challenge to efficient regional and international cooperation.", "77. In order to ensure sustainable and efficient international cooperation to effectively prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, it is necessary to do the following:", "(a) Review progress and strengthen follow-up activities on the implementation of existing multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements for the prevention, detection, investigation, prosecution and punishment of offenders and for assisting child victims in their physical and psychological recovery, social reintegration and, as appropriate, repatriation;", "(b) Expand and strengthen multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements by defining clearly the obligations and contributions of each party, time-bound goals and monitoring indicators;", "(c) Support and contribute to the international child abuse images database of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and nominate a national focal point (person or unit) to collect and promptly update national data on the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Information should be shared systematically with INTERPOL to encourage cross-border law enforcement action, strengthen the effectiveness of such action and adopt multilateral agreements, especially for investigative work carried out by police forces;", "(d) Enhance North-South and South-South cooperation, including through the exchange of information and expertise, the sharing and harmonization of practices and tools, and the provision of technical assistance and logistical and financial support to programmes for children run by the public sector, non-governmental organizations and youth initiatives;", "(e) Develop, where appropriate and in cooperation with the private sector, policies and programmes that promote and support corporate social responsibility with the support of United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations , civil society organizations and workers’ and employers’ organizations;", "(f) Establish monitoring mechanisms in order to assess the effectiveness of the cooperation.", "III. Conclusions: implementation process", "78. The effective implementation of rights-based child protection systems requires:", "(a) The strong political will of Governments, backed by the allocation of adequate resources;", "(b) Full engagement of all actors in a children’s rights-based programming approach and the principles involved;", "(c) Concerted and effective cooperation at the national, regional and international levels, in view of the multi- and intersectoral dimensions of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.", "National level", "79. In order to effectively prevent and combat the sale of, trafficking in and exploitation, including sexual exploitation, of children, comprehensive, appropriately structured and resourced child protection systems must be developed under a comprehensive and cohesive plan of action (or integrated into existing development plans); such systems should include targeted legislation, multisectoral policies and programmes that clearly identify the primary actors, their roles and responsibilities, follow-up activities and regular assessment and monitoring activities. National plans of action must be decentralized and developed at the local level.", "80. The implementation of child protection systems requires a global mapping and assessment to be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and components, with a view to identifying the main issues relating to child protection and examining the scope and capacity of existing child protection laws, policies, strategies and programmes, including informal child protection mechanisms (that rely, for example, on traditional and custom-based authority or community-based organizations).", "81. The mapping process must involve all the key players in child protection (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to:", "(a) Having a global overview of the multidimensional nature of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography;", "(b) Reviewing the whole legal framework (civil, penal, regulatory) to ensure its compliance with children’s rights standards and highlight strengths and gaps;", "(c) Identifying the key risks facing children, particularly the most vulnerable;", "(d) Prioritizing data requirements for monitoring and evaluating child protection in the country and identifying the need for additional data on less visible themes;", "(e) Clearly identifying the primary actors and their roles and responsibilities as children’s rights duty bearers;", "(f) Assessing the capacity of key formal and informal structures (ministries, agencies, partners, communities, child-led initiatives etc.) to develop, administer, effectively implement and monitor their child protection responsibilities;", "(g) Evaluating the availability, accessibility and quality of existing programmes, services and mechanisms and their compliance with standards and norms;", "(h) Drawing on promising practices, with a view to capitalizing on them and increasing their impact;", "(i) Assessing achievements and challenges relating to the participation and empowerment of children and youths;", "(j) Identifying the assets and breaches of institutional mechanisms for coordination, evaluation and monitoring;", "(k) Assessing the strengths of and gaps in existing bilateral and multilateral agreements between Governments, as well as existing partnerships with the private sector, the media, civil society and community- and child-led organizations;", "(l) Providing clear information on the financial and human resources allocated;", "(m) Evaluating the effectiveness of mechanisms aimed at promoting the accountability of all children’s rights duty bearers.", "82. The mapping and assessment will contribute to enabling all actors involved in child protection, including children and communities, to outline a future national policy that complies with children’s rights instruments and standards by doing the following:", "(a) Identifying and prioritizing actions to build effective child protection systems in compliance with the principles and components outlined above;", "(b) Establishing effective coordination and accountability mechanisms through the effective regulation and monitoring of child protection standards at all levels;", "(c) Establishing a centralized, standardized and reliable information system, thus enabling a better analysis of data and of emerging and long-term trends and information-sharing between relevant entities at the national level;", "(d) Defining the technical, financial and human resources required to implement such child protection systems;", "(e) Adopting a strategy to mobilize resources in the framework of partnerships with civil society, the private sector, the media and international organizations.", "83. To ensure effective implementation and ownership by all stakeholders, the following actions should be undertaken:", "(a) Mobilization and involvement of all stakeholders, including children and youth, in the whole process (mapping and assessment, elaboration, implementation, follow-up and monitoring);", "(b) Awareness-raising among the public and private sectors, community leaders, children and non-governmental organizations, and ensuring that relevant issues are included in the public debate through the media.", "84. While some States have demonstrated a strong commitment to improving child protection systems, their capacity to act is sometimes hampered by political instability and limited resources. In such cases, it is essential to provide sustainable support through strong and coordinated cooperation at the regional and international levels.", "International level", "85. The implementation of effective child protection systems requires the full participation of all stakeholders at the regional and international level, such as Governments, United Nations entities and other partners in the international community, the private sector (multinational companies), the media and international organizations.", "86. In the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents it was recommended that a comprehensive framework be established by 2013 to harmonize and facilitate coordination and cooperation at the national, regional and international levels among all relevant stakeholders, including child-led organizations, to enable and support concrete actions to prevent and stop the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents.", "87. If necessary, technical assistance could be extended to States by United Nations agencies and United Nations human rights mechanisms, with a view to providing support for the elaboration and implementation of rights-based child protection systems.", "88. The universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and all relevant international and regional instruments is an essential prerequisite for the development of an effective international child protection framework.", "[1] Available in French only from www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx? NewsID=11007&LangID=F.", "[2] See United Nations Children’s Fund ,Child Protection System Mapping and Assessment Toolkit, available from www.unicef.org/protection/index_54229.html.", "[3] See general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6).", "[4] Since 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has worked with States, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations, specialized agencies of the United Nations and other stakeholders to develop a conceptual and methodological framework and indicators. From these efforts, OHCHR has developed a practical guide to help disseminate and implement the conceptual and methodological framework on the use of indicators.", "[5] The Code is a joint initiative of ECPAT International, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Tourism Organization.", "[6] Available from www.itu.int/osg/csd/cybersecurity/gca/cop/guidelines/index.html.", "[7] Available from www.ifj.org/en/articles/childrens-rights-and-media-guidelines-and-principles-for-reporting-on-issues-involving-children." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda", "∗ A/63/250.", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Establishment of a national system for the prevention and combating of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, in accordance with the rights established by the State", "Note by the Secretariat", "In accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/297, the Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Navalma Migid.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/297. The report describes the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography since his last report to the General Assembly.", "The present report intends to serve as a tool for the effective implementation of the recommendations made since the start of the mandate and to propose a guiding principles and necessary components for the comprehensive protection of children against the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.", "Contents", "Activities 4B. Activities 4", "Working methods and activities", "Working methods", "In its resolution 63/297, the General Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography to continue to report to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council on its activities in the implementation of its mandate. The present report describes the activities carried out between July 2010 and July 2011 and intends to serve as a guiding tool to effectively implement the recommendations made since the start of the mandate.", "Activities", "Human Rights Council", "The annual report of the Special Rapporteur to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/57 and Add.1-5 and Add.1/Corr.1), including her visit to the United Arab Emirates (12-18 October 2009), Senegal (21-30 October 2009), El Salvador (23-31 August 2010) and the United States of America (12-27 October 2010) and her summary of contributions received from Governments and from 16 June 2009 to 23 January 2011. She also reported to the Council at its sixteenth session, in accordance with the request of the Human Rights Council in its resolution 13/20, together with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children, on the advisory, complaints and reporting mechanisms available for child-sensitive matters to address violence, including sexual violence and sexual exploitation (A/HRC/16/56). The Special Rapporteur will submit his next annual report to the Human Rights Council at its nineteenth session in March 2012.", "Country visits", "Since the last report of the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur visited Mauritius (1-11 May 2011. The preliminary observations of the Special Rapporteur on the visit are contained in the press statement. The Special Rapporteur will visit France in November 2011.", "Meetings, seminars and contacts with civil society", "During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in numerous meetings and seminars. In July 2010, she attended a regional conference on the flow of children in West and Central Africa in Dakar. In September 2010, she participated in a meeting of the European Parliament on draft guidelines for combating child sexual abuse and sexual exploitation and child pornography. In September and October 2010, she organized the Advisory Meeting within the framework of the joint report on counselling and complaints and reporting mechanisms on child-sensitive matters. In October 2010, in Barcelona, Spain, she participated in a conference on child mobility organized by the Global Movement for Children, the Katangon Self-Autonomous Region and the United Kingdom Association for Save the Children. In November 2010, she participated in a meeting organized by the “Establishment of Social Justice Initiative”, the Brookings Institute (in the context of its foreign policy programme) and the Universal Periodic Review Watch in Geneva on strengthening the implementation and follow-up of treaty body views and views, the recommendations of special procedures special rapporteurs and the outcome of the universal periodic review. In January 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in consultations organized by the Special Rapporteur on the right to drinking water and sanitation. In March 2011, she participated in a conference on street children organized at the same time during the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council. In the same month, she also participated in a regional conference on follow-up to the recommendations of the universal periodic review and other human rights mechanisms held in Brussels. In May 2011, she participated in a seminar entitled “Migration and Youth: Opportunities for Development” organized by the Global Migration Group in New York. In June 2011, she participated in consultations organized by the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty on the draft guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights and participated in the expert seminar on work-based and ethnic-based discrimination, chaired by the independent expert on minority issues. In July 2011, she chaired a part of the expert meeting on the legal framework for the prohibition, prevention and response to all forms of violence against children, organized jointly by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Violence against Children, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Advisory Committee on Follow-up to the study of the Secretary-General on violence against children.", "Establishment of a national system for the prevention and combating of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in accordance with rights", "Introduction", "Background", "In his previous report to the General Assembly in 2010, the Special Rapporteur highlighted some of the achievements made in combating the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (see A/65/221, sect. C). However, there are still many challenges for estimating the full scope of these crimes, preventing their occurrence, investigating and prosecuting perpetrators, effectively protecting child victims, child witnesses and children at risk of being sold or becoming victims of prostitution and pornography.", "Despite all international and regional norms and global commitments, serious challenges remain. International norms include the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; the International Labour Organization Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (No. 182); the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime; regional guidelines include the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of Children; the American Convention on the Trafficking of Juveniles; the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse; the Global Commitment, including the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action on Children and Adolescents, 2008.", "During his mandate and in particular during the country visit, the Special Rapporteur interacted with relevant stakeholders (State, national human rights institutions, civil society and children), noting the need for further practical guidance to effectively implement those instruments, including the provisions of the Optional Protocol and the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on thematic focus areas.", "Purpose of the present report", "The purpose of the present report is to provide a detailed framework for the establishment of a comprehensive child protection system that provides a practical guidance tool to assist all stakeholders in enhancing the effectiveness of the protection and promotion of child rights activities.", "The present report is based on the work of the Special Rapporteur and his predecessors, including country visits, and on the reports and studies of United Nations human rights mechanisms and agencies and other regional and international organizations.", "Protection of children's systems in accordance with rights: general principles", "Since his office in 2008, the Special Rapporteur has placed particular emphasis on the need to establish a comprehensive and integrated approach to child-centred treatment to protect all children from sale and sexual exploitation without discrimination.", "The sale of children and the sexual exploitation of children is driven by a number of interdependent determinants that address both the location of child growth and the situation in the country (political, legislative, cultural, environmental, socio-economic and institutional) and the world situation (tourism, communications technology, financial crisis, food crisis, climate change). In the face of this complex issue, an integrated approach must be taken to establish a genuine local and national system for the protection of children, with the effective participation of children.", "To that end, it is important to move from our common piecemeal approach to child protection to a comprehensive, sustainable and specific child protection system. Efforts must be coordinated to establish a coordinated set of social norms, laws, policies, regulations and services, as well as capacity to monitor and monitor all social sector activities, in particular social welfare, education, health, security and the judiciary, in order to prevent and respond to child protection-related issues and risks (see figure below). [2]", "Figure IV Comprehensive Child Protection System", "In order to function effectively, the child protection system should:", "(a) Focus children and give primary consideration to promoting the best interests of the child;", "(b) A comprehensive legal and national policy and regulations consistent with international standards (providing mandates, responsibilities, standards and oversight systems to ensure compliance);", "(c) Include formal and informal mechanisms (e.g., authorities or community organizations that depend on traditional and customary practices) and formalize their mandates through legal and governmental regulations;", "(d) Ensure that child-sensitive services are accessible at all levels and that these services are in line with quality standards (the implementation and availability of adequate resources by well-known and well-trained staff) and that all children are free of discrimination;", "(e) Integrate the views and experiences of children through their effective participation and integration;", "(f) Ensure that all service providers (public sector, civil society organizations) are responsible for behaviour through effective management and monitoring of child protection standards at all levels.", "C. Protection of children in accordance with their rights: components", "Clear normative and conceptual framework", "Any appropriate solution to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography must begin with a clear definition of these phenomena in domestic law. This conceptual clarification is a necessary condition for avoiding legal loopholes, ensuring that children are properly identified and effectively implemented.", "The effectiveness of child protection laws is often hampered by differences in definitions and the use of unambiguous definitions, which may lead to impunity for certain acts, corruption, selective enforcement or, in extreme cases, a general culture of impunity.", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol are essential tools for strengthening the protection of children and the punishment of perpetrators. They provide a very useful definition that allows all stakeholders to gain a common understanding and interpretation of the following terms:", "(a) “Child” means “any person below the age of 18 years unless the law applicable to him is less than 18 years”. The Optional Protocol also applies the same definition. Some States have defined the child as persons below the age of 18; some States take into account the age of criminal responsibility or the age of consent. These differences may result in uncertainty about law enforcement.", "(b) “The sale of children” means “any person or group shall transfer a child to another person or group in exchange for compensation or other compensation”. The sale of children can occur for the purposes of sexual exploitation, forced labour, transfer of organs and illegal adoption;", "(c) “Child prostitution” means “the use of children in sexual activity for compensation or other compensation”. This includes the sale, acquisition, presentation or provision of child prostitution. The term “or other compensation” means that even when children are used in sexual activities in exchange for goods, services or in-kind, such as food, shelter or medicine, child prostitution occurs not only in exchange for money.", "(d) “Child pornography” means “any means to show the child's real or simulated osteotyped activities or the products of sexual organs of the child, mainly for sexual purposes”. This definition covers all activities for the production, distribution, delivery, import, export, sale, sale or possession of child pornography. New developments in the use of communications technology (both, mobile and online social networks) have made it necessary to adapt the conceptual and normative framework on a regular basis. The Council of Europe recently adopted the Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Abuse, which provides for an updated definition and detailed criteria in this regard. In addition to addressing the issue of the involvement of children in sexual abuse, prostitution and pornography, the Convention also addresses the issue of “development” (grooming) (the use of online technology for the purpose of sexualizing children) and sexual tourism.", "Although it is clear that the interpretation of the concept may still be a difficult and challenging process, especially when it is defined as overlap. For example, there are various links between concepts such as the sale of children, trafficking in children, forced labour and the recruitment of children for armed conflict.", "The concept of trafficking in children and the sale of children overlaps. In accordance with article 35 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States parties should take measures to prevent trafficking and the sale of children.", "Sexual exploitation and abuse tend to be confused, particularly in the case of the family. In the context of the Optional Protocol, sexual exploitation covers the use, recruitment or sale of children for purposes of prostitution or pornography. Marriage and early marriage can be seen as a form of sale for sexual exploitation purposes. One manifestation of this approach is the sale of young girls as men — often older men — in exchange for money.", "The Optional Protocol also stipulates in particular that States parties shall prohibit the sale of children for purposes of forced labour. According to ILO Convention No. 182, “The worst forms of child labour” include “forced or compulsory recruitment of children into armed conflict”.", "However, the question does not lie in how these offences are classified, but in the treatment of those offences in the protection of children and the punishment of offenders, whether appropriate and consistent with the provisions of various international instruments to which States are parties.", "Reliable regular information and awareness of the prevalence of phenomena", "The incidence of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography makes it difficult to assess in practice, as data are rarely and often unreliable. Because of fear, cultural taboo, shame and mistrust in the justice system, the report has been extremely low and the difficulty of data collection is exacerbated.", "The establishment of a centralization, standardization and reliable information system is necessary for the proper understanding of the scope of such phenomena, and is also a key element for the establishment of appropriate effective prevention and response strategies and the mobilization of resources. Standardization enables people to analyse data and emerging and long-term trends and to share information among relevant entities at the national level.", "A reliable information system should be based on the following principles:", "(a) A common understanding of conceptual elements;", "(b) Structural legislation for collecting and processing sufficient quantities of reliable data disaggregated by age, sex, location (urban or rural areas) and special protection needs. [3] Data collection should reflect all forms of exploitation, including the sale and trafficking of children for sexual and other exploitative purposes, such as forced labour, illegal transfer of organs and illegal adoption;", "(c) Establishing national indicators, particularly when data are supplemented by quality and quantitative studies. Indicators can serve as the necessary evaluation tool to assess progress, identify remaining challenges and develop further legislative, policy and programme measures; [4]", "(d) Raise awareness among children, families and communities of the fight against stereotypes and cultural resistance, which may result in low reporting figures and impeding the collection of data;", "(e) Conduct and study of the prevalence and quality and quantity of such phenomena;", "(f) Harmonization of effective tools for cross-sectoral information exchange at the regional and international levels;", "(g) In collecting data and conducting research, children have the opportunity to express their opinions and to consider their views, but must be given adequate protection for children.", "Legal framework for the prohibition, prevention and response to all forms of sale and sexual exploitation of children", "Many international and regional instruments on children's rights contain provisions and detailed standards for the prohibition, prevention and response to all forms of sale and sexual exploitation of children:", "(a) The Convention on the Rights of the Child promotes a comprehensive system for the protection of children against violence and sexual exploitation and other forms of exploitation (articles 34 and 35 specifically recognize the rights of children to be protected from any purpose or any form of sexual exploitation and abuse);", "(b) The Optional Protocol requests the State party to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; legal and investigative procedures in line with the special needs of children, including as witnesses; support services; inform children themselves of their rights, their roles and the scope, time and progress of proceedings; avoid unnecessary delays; allow the submission of child perspectives, needs and concerns points; support the child's right to privacy; and protect children from intimidation and reprisal. In addition, the Optional Protocol stipulates that the criminal justice system should be the primary consideration of the best interests of the child and that persons who are in contact with the victim receive appropriate training;", "(c) Other international and regional instruments on children's rights complement the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol, and provide useful and detailed standards to prohibit, prevent and respond to the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, highlighting the indivisibility and interdependence of these rights.", "Guiding principles", "The national legal framework (civil and criminal) should be consistent with the international instruments ratified. These frameworks should be accompanied by binding measures and mechanisms that integrate into a comprehensive legal framework that forms part of a comprehensive child protection strategy.", "These include the Civil Code and the Criminal Code and the comprehensive legal framework covering prohibition, prosecution, protection, care, assistance and prevention, including the specific provisions contained in paragraphs 28 to 31 below.", "With regard to the prohibition, the comprehensive legal framework should:", "(a) To define, prohibit and criminalize all offences covered by the Optional Protocol, including the use of information technology and new forms of sexual exploitation committed by social networks and other means, in accordance with existing international human rights standards, and to set minimum sentences in accordance with the gravity of the offence;", "(b) For offences covered by the Optional Protocol, persons below the age of 18 shall not be criminalized for the offences covered by the Optional Protocol;", "(c) The minimum age of marriage for boys and girls is 18 years, prohibiting the introduction, sale, conduct or forced marriage of minors;", "(d) Establish extraterritorial jurisdiction; repeal the requirement for dual criminality of such crimes; promote mutual legal assistance to ensure effective prosecution and enforcement of appropriate penalties for perpetrators; and criminalize extradition in existing or new extradition treaties;", "(e) Criminal investigations and proceedings (in cases where a child victim or his or her representative are not reported, some provisions may be invoked to assist in the investigation of the crime);", "(f) Addressing the corruption of law enforcement and judicial authorities and other child authorities, recognizing that corruption is the main obstacle to the effective implementation of the law and the protection of children.", "With regard to the report, the integrated legal framework should:", "(a) Ensure that professionals in contact with children must report suspected of being sold or sexually exploited or at risk. Reporting obligations should be included in the Code of Conduct and Regulations of the Professional Association and provide for all organizations and institutions that are often exposed to children at risk, including schools, shelters and institutions, health-care institutions and law enforcement agencies;", "(b) Ensure that Internet service providers, mobile telephone companies, search engines and Internet cafés must report to the police on any child pornography and prevent access to crime sites and maintain records in accordance with established standards for investigation and prosecution. Similarly, financial institutions should report, deter and block the operation of financial mechanisms that make the child pornography website possible, in accordance with the law;", "(c) Establish a child-sensitive complaints, counselling and reporting mechanism (see below).", "The comprehensive legal framework should:", "(a) Authorize the relevant authorities to engage in emergencies and, if necessary, to separate children from the situation;", "(b) Provide adequate care, assistance and psychosocial support to child victims, child witnesses and their families, including family support, where necessary, to ensure the full rehabilitation and reintegration of child victims;", "(c) Ensure that child victims are given child-sensitive information on their rights and related procedures, including seeking damages; and that children are able to exercise their right to speak and to receive a hearing;", "(d) Protection of the privacy and well-being of child victims and child witnesses at all stages of the criminal justice process (i.e., identification, investigation, prosecution, punishment and extradition proceedings), including ensuring that children are not subject to fines, imprisonment or other punishment;", "(e) Ensure that children suffer from hardship and revictimization as a result of their participation in criminal proceedings and should limit their number of interviews; use video recordings and safe rooms and provide legal assistance or a special representative;", "(f) Ensure free and accessible legal remedies;", "(g) Ensure that cases are promptly addressed;", "(h) Compensation for child victims and, if necessary, for such compensation.", "The integrated legal framework should:", "(a) Ensure child birth registration. The birth certificate confirms the age of the child and contributes to appropriate legal steps to ensure the protection of children and the punishment of perpetrators. A child who is registered will not be sold or unlawfully adopted, partly because of their parents' testimony;", "(b) Develop and implement rigorous international and national adoption laws that stipulate: (i) adoption as a last resort; (ii) identification of appropriate measures, including the placement of children in blood-parent households or the expansion of the family; (iii) domestic adoption preference for international adoption; and (iv) the need for a constituency study between adoption and adoption of children, taking into account the best interests of the child, in order to avoid the sale of children for illicit adoption;", "(c) Ensure that vulnerable children receive adequate standards of living, free access to health care, education and social security, while their parents receive the necessary support;", "(d) Establish specific legal mechanisms and programmes to prevent recidivism of sexual offenders and prohibit sexual offenders from engaging children, including collecting and sharing good practices, and, where appropriate, establishing a register of sexual offenders.", "In order to ensure the effective implementation and ownership of this integrated legal framework by all stakeholders, the following actions should be taken simultaneously by law enforcement:", "(a) To involve all stakeholders, including children and adolescents, in the process of developing a legal framework and to start at the earliest stages of the process;", "(b) Awareness-raising campaigns for communities, children and adolescents to ensure that relevant issues are included in public debates of the media, civil society and decision makers;", "(c) Broad dissemination of information on legislation and procedures through appropriate means of user-friendlyness;", "(d) Appropriate training of judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police, teachers, social workers and other professionals on the understanding of children's rights, needs and best interests;", "(e) Provide adequate resources to implement all measures, programmes and policies;", "(f) Promote the necessary transnational cooperation at the regional and international levels to address the mobility of children and perpetrators and the wide use of new technologies.", "Early identification, effective protection, care for children and follow-up", "In order to ensure effective identification, care and assistance to child victims and follow-up, precise and appropriate protocols must be developed and implemented and involving all child-related persons. These protocols should clarify the steps that must be taken (from early identification of victims of the sale of children or of child prostitution or pornography, their full rehabilitation and reintegration) and the roles and responsibilities of each of these actors, thereby allowing better coordination and information-sharing.", "Early identification", "Early identification of victims of the sale of children or child prostitution or pornography is of great importance. Early identification is not only an effective tool for the protection of child victims and children at risk of becoming victims or once again, but also to ensure that they are not treated as perpetrators on the ground.", "In addition, the identification of clear prevention strategies and responses for the establishment and implementation of objectives could play a key role in remedying existing protection gaps.", "The methodology used to identify child victims must enable professionals to distinguish between the sale of children as a victim of sexual exploitation, forced labour, begging, illegal adoption or transfer of organs. Professionals must also be able to determine whether children are victims of prostitution, including sex tourism or child pornography, including online pornography and development (grooming).", "An essential component of the identification process is the establishment and implementation of appropriate procedures, including reporting and complaints mechanisms that are child-centred or child-friendly.", "Any process that can identify child victims must be carried out in accordance with the above principles and the following criteria:", "(a) Respect the right to dignity of the child and the right to be considered in a safe and friendly environment;", "(b) Ensure that children have the right to be informed promptly of all options, procedures, protection measures and services available to him in the language or manner he understands;", "(c) Provide adequate professional support to children, including addressing the physical and psychological consequences of complaints;", "(d) To address information received at all stages and to maintain the rights of the child, including the right to privacy, and to prevent the non-local dissemination of information that may lead to the identification of child victims;", "(e) To guarantee the safety of child victims, their families and child witnesses and to protect their risks of harm, intimidation, reprisal or revictimization;", "(f) Integrate the age assessment process by considering both the physical characteristics of the individual and the degree of psychological maturity of the individual, which should be carried out by trained professionals in a safe, child and gender-sensitive manner to avoid any risk against the safety of the child;", "(g) Integrate measures to prevent the excessive reporting figures and prevent the recurrence of victims;", "(h) Ensure that all processes receive adequate resources;", "(i) Ensure that all processes are monitored on a regular basis in order to determine whether they are child-friendly processes; such monitoring should include consultations with children who use them in the security environment.", "Vulnerable access to child-sensitive complaints and reporting mechanisms", "All children can easily and easily use independent, timely and effective complaints and reporting mechanisms for children (see A/HRC/16/56). Such mechanisms should meet the following criteria:", "(a) Establish and comply with the provisions of international human rights instruments in accordance with the law;", "(b) Guidelines for the best interests of the child and based on the experience and prospects of the child;", "(c) Maintain strict confidentiality during proceedings and related processes and respect the right of the child to privacy;", "(d) Active and comprehensive advocacy of mechanisms and universal access to mechanisms for children and adults, including those representing children;", "(e) All children of age under national jurisdiction may be used without any kind of discrimination; mechanisms should pay attention to gender issues and provide special protection to children at risk;", "(f) Make the most vulnerable young and marginalized groups of children ( unaccompanied or separated children, street children, children who do not speak mainstream cultural languages, children with disabilities, etc.) the same opportunity to express their views on actual or potential violence;", "(g) To enable the country to use mechanisms through a 24-hour hotline that is remembrable, three numbers, free of charge. The hotline applies all local dialects and neighbouring languages to provide practical assistance and support to child victims and links with relevant authorities and, where necessary, to the relevant authorities;", "(h) Guarantee the safety of children, including measures to avoid any harm, intimidation, reprisal or revictimization;", "(i) To take prompt and effective decisions to avoid adverse consequences for the persons concerned and to take appropriate follow-up;", "(j) Access to adequate financial, professional and technical resources;", "(k) A systematic monitoring mechanism to determine whether the mechanism is a child-friendly mechanism; such monitoring should include consultation with children using the monitoring process in the security environment.", "Multidisciplinary protection, care and assistance", "Immediate steps must be taken to engage relevant law enforcement authorities and/or social service authorities in the process of providing appropriate care and assistance for child welfare. At the time possible, children must be urgently separated from harmful environments, placed in a safe support environment and provided with the necessary education, health, recovery and reintegration support.", "In the light of the serious physical and mental consequences of crime and abuse on victims and child witnesses, children (and their families) must receive professional and coordinated assistance and support, including financial assistance, free legal assistance, counselling, health and medical care, education services and psychosocial rehabilitation, recovery and reintegration services.", "The most effective response is a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account the short, medium, long-term care and assistance required for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of child victims. To be truly effective, it must:", "(a) As part of a comprehensive recovery and recovery plan;", "(b) Children and their families can be used;", "(c) Be sensitive to children and cultural issues, taking into account gender, ethnicity, disability and other factors that may exacerbate the vulnerability of children;", "(d) Concrete, rapid protection and assistance to child victims and child witnesses; such assistance should be tailored to the age, maturity and special needs of children to prevent further hardship and psychological trauma;", "(e) Access to safe, other care or accommodation care for children, which should be in line with the basic needs of child victims, in compliance with child protection norms and standards, and subject to regular monitoring. To that end, minimum standards must be set for other and accommodation care. All registration centres must submit monthly reports on the date of arrival and departure of children and on their care and transfer.", "(f) Contrary to an effective search system that contains obligations to investigate the risks faced by children so that appropriate authorities can intervene;", "(g) A well-trained professionals who use a holistic approach to cooperation, have the necessary knowledge and skills to adhere to child rights norms and ethical principles in consultation and support (including reporting and complaints mechanisms and rehabilitation and reintegration programmes);", "(h) In such an environment: supporting the health, self-esteem and dignity of children, in particular promoting the full physical and psychological recovery and reintegration of all child victims;", "(i) Access to adequate human, technical and financial resources support.", "Forthcoming follow-up to children", "In order to ensure that child victims receive adequate assistance for their full reintegration and full physical and psychological recovery, follow-up measures must:", "(a) Provide adequate mental health services to children, adolescents and adults;", "(b) Long-term living arrangements for child victims and, in accordance with the best interests of the child, encourage a family or community-based environment that does not encourage institutional or accommodation care;", "(c) Provide family support and advice to children who live in other care methods, including through adoption of family and other caregiving; and fully support children at all stages of the child rehabilitation process;", "(d) Appointment of a guardian to ensure that they receive long-term care and protection for children who have been repatriated to their countries;", "(e) Ensure that victims seek legal compensation for damages to those responsible for violence, and that reparation mechanisms take into account the long-term reintegration and physical and psychological problems that victims may face;", "(f) Sustained follow-up attention until children are fully rehabilitated.", "Effective and comprehensive preventive measures", "Despite the general recognition that investing in prevention is one of the main ways to uphold children's rights and to combat all forms of violence against children, many of the preventive measures being taken by various stakeholders are not effective.", "As the problem of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography is multifaceted and complex, prevention of child victims requires effective preventive measures, which should be developed within a framework of a comprehensive system for the protection of children's rights and involve all relevant stakeholders, including children, families and communities.", "Guiding principles", "Preventive measures must be effective and must constitute a central component of the national child protection system and be based on child rights law and policy.", "Preventive measures should be more proactive in implementing: developing a strong legal framework for prevention and prohibition (see paras. 25 to 32 above) and mainstreaming strategies aimed at growth and poverty reduction, such as the Millennium Development Goals in a broader national policy framework to minimize the risk of the sale and sexual exploitation of children; and implementing a vulnerability risk assessment framework that allows professionals to identify what needs to be involved in the situation of children at times, when children are to be supported and what types of actions are most responsive to the needs of children.", "Preventive measures should address key socio-economic factors through:", "(a) Ensure that all children are registered immediately when they are born (free of charge); and pay special attention to children who are not registered, at risk and marginalized;", "(b) Ensure that children at risk and their families have access to social-economic services, beginning with adequate food, housing, education and health, enabling them to live in dignity;", "(c) To support single mothers through the social welfare system and to provide a full range of other care services and assistance within the child protection system;", "(d) Ensure that all preventive measures are known and accessible to the most vulnerable and marginalized children.", "Preventive measures must include steps to promote sustainable education and awareness-raising, including:", "(a) Awareness-raising and education campaigns in schools, communities and remote communities, using all forms of media, information and communication technologies, including social networking tools. Effective information campaigns and adequate resources should be carried out in cooperation with professionals in various disciplines and other persons in contact with children;", "(b) To involve communities and religious leaders in order to take advantage of their moral authority, social influence and leadership, leading to community protection against all forms of violence, abuse and exploitation;", "(c) To inform children, their families and other persons in contact with children that complaints mechanisms and counselling services, including hotlines, can be used if children are victimized or at risk of victimization;", "(d) Conduct sexual education curricula in schools, provide information on sexual health, safety and reproduction, and emphasize gender equality, self-esteem, empowerment and respect for others. In the absence of such courses, images and videos of information and communication technologies may form the initial concept of sexual and sexual behaviour of children and increase their risk of becoming victims of abuse at young times;", "(e) Dissemination of information and advocacy, in cooperation with print and electronic media and the private sector, in particular in the field of tourism and information technology, to raise awareness of the rights of the child; the prohibition and pursuit of laws to combat all forms of violence; the increasing risk of many children; and the occurrence or online sexual activity of communities. Information and communication technologies, including social networking tools, should be fully utilized to reach children as much as possible.", "Preventive measures should include steps taken to finance and conduct a special environment that is harmful to harmful and discriminatory social norms (prejudication, behaviour, attitudes) resulting from common research and analysis on domestic and transnational needs for the exploitation of child services. Such research and analysis should be used as a reference to the formulation of laws and policies.", "Preventive measures must encourage and promote the participation and empowerment of children: encourage and support all preventive measures led by children; support the wider understanding of their rights and possible options for abuse, thereby enhancing their capacity to protect themselves and other children.", "Participation and empowerment of children", "Participation of children", "Children are not only victims or vulnerable: they can and should be actively involved in finding solutions. The participation of children is based on the right of every child to express opinions and give consideration to matters directly or indirectly affecting him's lives in order to influence decision-making and achieve reform.", "The involvement of children also means a working method whereby children, including the most marginalized and children of different ages and capacities, have the opportunity to participate on an informed and happy basis.", "Finally, the involvement of children is necessary to promote a child rights approach and must be implemented in all areas, programmes, policies and other relevant actions (from the family to the Government, from the local level to the international level).", "The responsibility to ensure the participation of children should be shared widely among local governments and authorities, persons directly with or on behalf of children, parliaments and legislative bodies, non-governmental organizations and civil society, national independent human rights institutions, private and corporate entities, religious leaders, cultural leaders, indigenous leaders, regional and international organizations and multilateral institutions. The mass media can also play an important role in conveying the value of child participation to all children, families and society at large.", "Practical measures were taken to give children greater responsibility in terms of age and development (known as a progressive principle of capacity) and were closely linked to the rights of the child to make observations. Full implementation of this principle is recognized as a challenge because many adults are difficult to accept the ability of children to understand, share their views and make informed choices in important decision-making processes.", "Guiding principles", "Child participation mechanisms must operate in accordance with internationally accepted norms and ensure that the following points are:", "(a) The well-known information on children with different ages, including very young persons, can be obtained in local languages and inaccessible formats (for children with disabilities);", "(b) The voluntary and informed participation of representatives of children and adolescents;", "(c) Institutionalization of mechanisms involving all children without discrimination, such as the Children's Parliament, the Youth Forum, the National, Regional and Urban Councils and committees;", "(d) Establish and maintain an environment of child-friendly and empowered protection and safety;", "(e) Equal opportunities and ensure the participation of vulnerable and marginalized children at risk, including children with disabilities, poor living in extreme poverty and children living in rural and remote areas, children living in other care places or living and/or working in the streets, so that children who are in a better position can be involved;", "(f) Develop and adhere to ethical standards and child rights principles, including transparency and accountability;", "(g) Effective, professionally trained, qualified and confident staff and support personnel;", "(h) Independent monitoring of the quality, sustainability and follow-up of the mechanism with its practices.", "The involvement of children in all monitoring activities must be institutionalized: children must have the opportunity to provide feedback on the monitoring process and to make possible improvements, thereby ensuring that their views are taken into account. In addition, children must receive feedback on their participation to the child's friendlyness, i.e., to clarify their contributions, their decisions and the impact and value of the next steps. This makes children aware of the results and usefulness of their contributions.", "Child empowerment", "In order to enable children to participate in the effective fight against the sale of children and all forms of exploitation, including sexual exploitation and forced labour, children must be empowered to protect themselves and protect other children. There are numerous organizations and networks around the world led by children to address important issues such as trafficking in persons, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labour and street children.", "Guiding principles", "Children-led organizations and child-led initiatives must operate in accordance with the guiding principles and guidelines on the participation of children as described above. The Government should encourage and support child-led organizations and initiatives (children initiatives and youth-led research) as follows:", "(a) Providing technical, material and logistical support to enable children to develop and carry out their activities;", "(b) Ensure that any child victim participating in these initiatives can accelerate recovery and development skills;", "(c) Develop structures and protection frameworks that enable victims and children at risk to carry out activities in a safe support environment;", "(d) Participation of children in decision-making processes on all matters related to children and adolescents.", "Time- and effective monitoring and evaluation", "The world has made numerous national, regional and international efforts to prevent and combat violence against children. These efforts are an important first step, but the weakness or fundamental absence of centralized information systems and monitoring bodies makes it extremely difficult to assess the impact of child growth and the actions taken and to measure the extent of reforms.", "The Third World Congress against Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, held in Rio de Janeiro from 25 to 28 November 2008, participants published the Rio Declaration and the Action Call for the Prevention and Suppression of the Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, recommending the establishment of an independent body for the promotion and protection of the rights of children in 2013, taking into account the Committee's general comment No. 2. These independent bodies aim to ensure the protection of children, the restoration of their rights, the strategies and policies implemented by independent monitoring, advocacy for strengthening the legal framework and access to appropriate legal remedies, including the possibility of submitting complaints.", "Evaluation and monitoring of national child protection policy strategies and programmes", "Monitoring is one of the key measures required for the effective implementation of the protection system, which enables people to review progress made and identify existing challenges and remedial action recommendations. Monitoring can therefore play a preventive role.", "Broadening and strengthening monitoring and evaluation policies and programme mechanisms must be guided by the following principles and guidelines:", "(a) Monitoring should include possible obstacles to the review of the steps taken, progress made and the implementation of the political commitment undertaken; and regular reporting to Parliament and the public;", "(b) Multisectoral cooperation among Governments, parliaments, public administration institutions, child protection networks, civil society, including children, families and the public, community-based organizations, the media and the private sector should be encouraged;", "(c) Monitoring processes should be standardized, but should be flexible and adapted and applied according to specific circumstances;", "(d) A budget allocation and accountability must be established and monitored;", "(e) Attention should be paid to the implementation of relevant recommendations adopted or issued by international and regional bodies and mechanisms ( treaty bodies, special procedures, universal periodic review and regional and national human rights institutions);", "(f) Each of the above-mentioned work requires a reliable national data-collection system to ensure proper information and to promote monitoring and evaluation of institutions, services, programmes and outcomes, so that appropriate responses can be made;", "(g) Evaluation is best based on universally recognized indicators that are consistent with local circumstances and are based on evidence.", "Independent monitoring mechanisms", "There are currently various independent monitoring mechanisms, including independent child rights advocates, such as child ombudspersons or child rights focal points, which can be located within existing human rights bodies or the Office of the Ombudsman.", "Each human rights institution and monitoring mechanism, regardless of structure, shall be established in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines and guidelines and must:", "(a) The active and innovative promotion and protection of the rights of children through independent, fully qualified and extensive, clear and flexible mandates;", "(b) A consultative, inclusive, transparent and based on the overall view of the relationship between children and their other actors;", "(c) Guarantee the priority of the best interests of the child, including strict observance of the principle of confidentiality and the promotion of a trust-based environment for children;", "(d) The central role of independent monitoring of actions taken to prevent and protect children from sale or exploitation, whether for sexual or other purposes, including rehabilitation of victims' rights, advocacy for strengthening the legal framework and its implementation, and ensuring that effective remedies and remedies, including independent complaints procedures, can be sought;", "(e) Permissibility of conducting investigations and inquiries into general and specific violence against children's rights (in their own initiative or on the basis of complaints submitted);", "(f) To be able to conduct targeted visits at locations, including, inter alia, detention and care institutions, to ensure compliance with established standards and to determine the extent to which they listen and give priority to the views of children;", "(g) Adequate resources and, to the extent possible, professional staff from different disciplines.", "In addition, the monitoring body must:", "(a) To review the appropriateness, effectiveness and impact of laws and practices on children's rights and to promote their consistency with the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol and other international human rights instruments;", "(b) Review the activities and impacts of the corporate social responsibility initiative;", "(c) To ensure that children are able to exercise their right to make representations on matters related to them and to define issues relating to their rights, and to disseminate widely available effective remedies and remedies, including individual complaints about violence against children;", "(d) Ensure that the principles and provisions of international and regional human rights instruments ratified are widely recognized and understood, including access to public institutions, civil society and the public, including children;", "(e) Review and report on the Government's implementation policies and monitoring of child rights empowerment, including ensuring that statistics and other data are collected and disaggregated, processed, analysed and shared appropriately;", "(f) Promote the process of reporting on children's rights to international treaty bodies independently;", "(g) Strict and time-bound independent monitoring to determine what progress has been made and the remaining challenges.", "Effective corporate social responsibility", "Corporate undertakings and participation have increased significantly, and a large number of corporate social responsibility initiatives are under way. Although some States have enacted laws on Internet service providers, telecommunications companies and banking responsibilities and accountability, the participation of most corporate social responsibility initiatives remains voluntary.", "Many companies have developed codes of conduct to comply with international legal standards. In addition, they cooperate with Governments and non-governmental organizations to support the provision of information and awareness-raising campaigns and programmes for the prevention and protection of children.", "At the same time, many principles and guidelines, including:", "(a) The United Nations Global Compact, which contains a series of policies and practices that seek corporate partners to support the mainstreaming of 10 principles (focusing human rights, labour rights, environmental sustainability and action against corruption);", "(b) The Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation of the Tourism and Travel Industry, [5] which aims to prevent sexual exploitation of children in tourist destinations from being exploited by travellers and by members of the umbrella organization that endorses the Code ( Travel, hotels, airlines, etc.);", "(c) The online protection guidelines for children in the information and communications technology industry, which stipulate strict rules for the protection of children against abuse and child rights in the face of information and communications technology industry, radio companies, mobile telephone operators and Internet service providers;", "(d) Guidelines and principles for coverage of children developed by the International Federation of Journalists, [7] which encourage media organizations to consider violence against children and issues related to the safety, privacy, security, education, health and social welfare of children, as well as all forms of exploitation as a major issue of investigation and public debate.", "However, despite the fact that many of the outstanding initiatives provide guidance to companies on child protection issues, there is no single set of principles that incorporate them into a comprehensive and coherent framework to make corporate businesses and stakeholders aware of what can be done to respect and support children's rights.", "To this end, in June 2010, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Global Compact and Save the Children Association launched a process to develop a set of principles aimed at proposing a set of actions that could be taken by companies to respect and support children's rights; promoting cooperation between Governments and companies in promoting children's rights; proposing a unified framework for existing and future initiatives; promoting cooperation between corporate enterprises and companies and other stakeholders; and raising awareness of the positive and negative impact of corporate enterprises on children. These principles that are scheduled to be finalized in November 2011 will also call for action to address corporate businesses and children.", "In order to incorporate provisions to prevent the sale of children and child prostitution and child pornography into new or existing corporate social responsibility initiatives (including tourism, travel, transport, agriculture, financial services, communications, media, Internet services, advertising and recreational sectors, etc.) steps should be taken:", "(a) Encourage, expand, coordinate and share information on existing initiatives and practices;", "(b) Develop corporate social responsibility instruments throughout the supply chain and increase awareness and training of all personnel (employees and employers);", "(c) Ensure that corporate social responsibility policies are properly implemented and conduct universal public awareness activities and advocacy aimed at children, parents and communities, including the use of corporate technical, human and financial resources networks, structures and influence;", "(d) To comply with international corporate labour standards prohibiting the employment of children in any way, causing exploitation or child labour; to provide decent working conditions; to support men and women working in their parents or caregivers; and to adhere to ethical practices: accountability, transparency, respect for the rule of law, payment of fair taxes to generate income and to promote economic growth and poverty reduction;", "(e) Protection of children against online sexual exploitation, including through filtering, embargoing and monitoring programmes, limiting exposure to harmful or illegal content; provision of tools to control user content by parents and caregivers; provision of information and user-friendly tools to children and their parents; suppression of the use of Internet and new technologies (gvoeming) children and subsequent abuse (whether online); reporting inappropriate content to the police; establishment of a telephone or network hotline that can be used; action to track and prevent financial transactions involving children through financial institutions;", "(f) The development of ethical policies for children of commercial sexual exploitation, the protection of children against sexual tourism; training of persons from countries of origin and destination; the provision of information to travellers, such as catalogues, briefs, cruise films and advertisements, website and air tickets; and the provision of information to key local personnel at destination;", "(g) Strengthen community and Government efforts to respect the rights of the child: support services to child victims or children at risk and their families; education and awareness-raising campaigns targeting children, parents, teachers, youth organizations and other persons in contact with children; and promotion of awareness of the vulnerability of children to the exploitation of the Internet, mobile phones and other new technologies for sexual exploitation; and awareness of protection measures;", "(h) Ensure effective monitoring of corporate social responsibility mechanisms and activities and reporting to stakeholders.", "Effective international cooperation", "As a result of information technology, trafficking networks, tourism and migration, children from the sale of children and sexual exploitation are becoming increasingly international. Therefore, if there is no solid network to promote coordination and cooperation at the regional and international levels, these crimes cannot be properly addressed. Such cooperation should promote the exchange of information and expertise, the sharing and coordination of practices and the provision of technical and financial support.", "While many international actions, including police cooperation, have been taken to promote the exchange of information and expertise and to provide technical and financial support to developing countries, international cooperation, in particular North-South cooperation, remains small. Some survey methods (e.g. a video analysis of online child pornography) require significant investments in expertise and advanced electronic computer technology, which is less developed countries. Therefore, human technology and financial support are necessary to ensure an effective global response to these issues.", "Different laws, procedural failure coordination, uncoordinated information systems and lack of political will in some countries in the area of cooperation investigation and prosecution have made significant challenges for effective regional and international cooperation.", "In order to ensure sustained and effective international cooperation to effectively prevent and combat the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, it must:", "(a) Review progress in the implementation of existing multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements to prevent, detect, investigate, prosecute and punish perpetrators and assist child victims in physical and psychological recovery, reintegration and repatriation, as appropriate, and strengthen follow-up activities;", "(b) Expand and strengthen multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements to clearly define the obligations and contributions of each party and the time-bound targets and monitoring indicators;", "(c) Support and promote the International Child Abuse Digest Database of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) and the establishment of national focal points (persons or units) to collect and update national data on sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Information should be systematically shared with INTERPOL to encourage cross-border law enforcement, to enhance the effectiveness of such operations and to establish multilateral agreements, particularly with regard to police investigation.", "(d) Strengthening North-South and South-South cooperation, including systematic information and expertise, sharing and coordinating practices and tools, and technical assistance and logistical and financial support for child programmes in the public sector, non-governmental organizations and youth initiatives;", "(e) Develop policies and programmes with the private sector, where appropriate, to promote and support corporate social responsibility with the support of United Nations agencies, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations and workers and employers;", "(f) Establish monitoring mechanisms to evaluate effectiveness of cooperation.", "Conclusion: implementation process", "Effective implementation of the child protection system in accordance with rights requires:", "(a) The strong political will of the Government and the allocation of adequate resources;", "(b) The full participation of all actors in the formulation of child programmes in accordance with their rights and in compliance with the principles involved;", "(c) Coordination and effective cooperation at the national, regional and international levels due to the multifaceted and cross-sectoral nature of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.", "Country-level", "In order to effectively prevent and combat the sale of children, trafficking in children and the exploitation of children, including sexual exploitation, a comprehensive, structured and resource-friendly child protection system must be established under a comprehensive and coherent plan of action (or incorporated into existing development plans); such a system should include targeted legal, multisectoral policies and programmes that clearly define key actors, their roles and responsibilities and should include follow-up and identification activities. National action plans must be decentralized at the local level.", "The implementation of the child protection system must be carried out in accordance with the relevant principles and components in order to identify key issues related to the protection of children and to review the scope and capacity of existing child protection laws, policies, strategies and programmes, including informal child protection mechanisms (e.g. reliance on traditional or customary authorities or community organizations).", "Planning processes must involve all key actors for the protection of children (public and private sectors, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations), including children and communities, with a view to:", "(a) A comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography;", "(b) Review the legal framework as a whole (civil, criminal, regulatory, etc.) to ensure that it complies with child rights standards and notes its strength and gaps;", "(c) Identification of key risks faced by children, in particular the most vulnerable;", "(d) Prioritize the monitoring and evaluation of data needed to protect children in the country and identify the need for additional data on less prominent themes;", "(e) A clear identification of the roles and responsibilities of key actors and their defenders of children's rights;", "(f) Assessment of key formal and informal structures (ministerial, institutional, partner, community, child-led initiatives, etc.) capacity to develop, manage, effectively implement and monitor their child protection responsibilities;", "(g) Evaluation of the effectiveness, availability and quality of existing programmes, services and mechanisms and their compliance with standards and norms;", "(h) To draw on valuable practices and maximize their impact;", "(i) Assess achievements and challenges related to the participation and empowerment of children and adolescents;", "(j) Identification of valuable values and weaknesses in the coordination, evaluation and monitoring of institutional mechanisms;", "(k) To assess the strength and gaps of existing partnerships between the Government and intergovernmental and existing bilateral and multilateral agreements and with the private sector, the media, civil society, community organizations and children's organizations;", "(l) Provide clear information on the allocation of financial and human resources;", "(m) Evaluation of the effectiveness of all accountability mechanisms for the defence of children's rights.", "Planning and assessment will help to enable all actors involved in the protection of children, including children and communities to propose future national policy frameworks consistent with child rights instruments and standards, including:", "(a) Identify and prioritize effective child protection systems actions consistent with the principles and components outlined above;", "(b) Establish effective coordination and accountability mechanisms through effective management and monitoring of child protection standards at all levels;", "(c) The establishment of a centralization, standardization and reliable information system that would allow for better analysis of data and emerging and long-term trends and information-sharing among relevant national entities;", "(d) Defining the technical, financial and human resources required to implement these child protection systems;", "(e) Develop strategies to mobilize resources within the framework of partnerships with civil society, the private sector, the media and international organizations.", "In order to ensure the effective implementation and ownership of all stakeholders, the following actions should be taken:", "(a) Mobilization of participation by all stakeholders, including children and youth, in the process as a whole (planning and assessment, formulation, implementation, follow-up and monitoring);", "(b) Raise awareness among the public and private sectors, community leaders, children's organizations and non-governmental organizations and ensure that related issues are included in public debates through the media.", "While some States expressed their firm commitment to improving the child protection system, their operational capacity was sometimes limited owing to political instability and limited resources. In this context, sustainable support must be provided through strong coordination at the regional and international levels.", "International level", "The implementation of effective child protection systems requires the full participation of all stakeholders at the regional and international levels, including Governments, United Nations entities and other partners of the international community, the private sector ( Transnational corporations), the media and international organizations.", "The Rio Declaration and the Call for Action against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents recommended that a comprehensive framework be established by 2013 to coordinate and promote coordination and cooperation among all relevant stakeholders, including children's lead organizations at the national, regional and international levels, and to promote and support specific actions to prevent and combat sexual exploitation of children and adolescents.", "Where necessary, technical assistance may be provided to States by United Nations agencies and United Nations human rights mechanisms to support the development and implementation of a rights-based child protection system.", "Universal ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and all relevant international and regional instruments are essential prerequisites for the establishment of an effective international framework for the protection of children.", "Only the text of the model law: www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/Display News.aspx?NewsID=11007&LangID=F.", "[2] See United Nations Children's Fund, Cartographic and Assessment Toolkit for the Child System: www.unicef.org/protection/index_54229.html.", "[3] See general comment No. 5 (2003) on the general implementation measures of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para.", "[4] Since 2006, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in cooperation with States, national human rights institutions, non-governmental organizations, specialized agencies and other stakeholders, has developed a conceptual and methodological framework and indicators. In accordance with these efforts, the Office of the High Commissioner has developed a practical guide to help disseminate and implement the conceptual and methodological framework for the use of indicators.", "[5] The Code is a joint international initiative to combat child prostitution, child pornography and trafficking in children for sexual purposes, the United Nations Children's Fund and the World Tourism Organization.", "[6] Available at www.itu.itn/osg/csd/cyberservurity/gca/cop/guidelines/index.html.", "[7] Available at www.ifj.org/en/articles/childrens-rights-and-media-guidelines-and-principles-reporting-on-issues-involving-children." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "哥斯达黎加", "1. 2011年7月11日，委员会第978次和第979次会议审议了哥斯达黎加第五次和第六次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/CRI/5-6)(见CEDAW/C/SR.978和979)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/CRI/Q/5-6，哥斯达黎加的答复载于CEDAW/C/ CRI/Q/5-6/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会表示感谢缔约国的第五次和第六次合并定期报告，尽管报告的结构并未遵循委员会的报告编写导则。委员会对报告提交时间延迟许久并对其中所载信息过时表示遗憾。委员会表示赞赏缔约国对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的口头说明和书面答复以及对委员会口头所提问题的补充说明。", "3. 委员会赞赏缔约国派遣由国家妇女事务局执行局长率领的高级别代表团出席会议，代表团成员包括卫生部和最高法院的代表。委员会赞赏代表团与委员会成员之间开展的建设性对话。", "B. 积极方面", "4. 委员会满意地注意到国家性别平等和公正政策(2007-2017年)及其五年行动计划(2008-2012年)的通过，目的是提高妇女地位，并确保妇女在就业、家庭责任、获取健康服务和教育等领域的待遇平等。", "5. 委员会称赞缔约国采取措施增加妇女对公共生活的参与，包括在2009年对《选举法》做出一项全面改革。委员会尤其欣见首位妇女总统的当选，欣见一位妇女法官被任命为最高法院副院长，21个部委中有9个系由妇女主管，而且全国议员中有38.6%是妇女。", "6. 委员会称赞缔约国通过了旨在保护妇女免遭暴力的法律，特别是《反家庭暴力法》(第7586号)、《暴力侵害妇女行为刑事惩处法》(第8589/2007号法律)及其修正案(第8929/2011号法律)以及《证人和受害人保护法》(第8720/2009号法律)。", "7. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国已接受关于委员会会议时间的《公约》第20条第1款的修正案。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "8. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》各项规定，同时认为，从现在到提交下一次定期报告期间，缔约国须优先注意本结论意见提出的各项关切和建议。因此，委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点置于这些领域，并在下次定期报告中汇报所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会吁请缔约国将本结论意见发送所有相关部委、议会和司法系统，以确保这些意见得到充分执行。", "国家议会", "9. 委员会重申，政府对全面执行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任，尤其要为此承担问责责任。委员会强调《公约》对政府各部门都具有约束力，并邀请缔约国鼓励其国家议会酌情根据自己的程序，就本结论意见的执行和根据《公约》规定提交下一个报告的进程采取必要措施。", "《公约》及其《任择议定书》的知名度", "10. 委员会表示注意到缔约国提供的关于分发材料和提供培训等措施以在律师、其他专业人员和广大民众间宣传《公约》及其《任择议定书》的信息，但委员会关切的是，这些措施未给予这两项文书充分的知名度。委员会尤其关切的是，妇女并不了解自己根据《公约》所享的权利，不了解《任择议定书》规定的申诉程序，因此缺乏能力来主张在与男子平等基础上使自身权利得到充分促进、保护和实现。", "11. 委员会敦促缔约国采取措施，在所有利益攸关方，包括政府部委、议员、司法和执法人员中建立对《公约》及其《任择议定书》和委员会一般性建议的认识并为此而广为加以传播，以期对妇女人权有所认识。委员会还敦促缔约国开展以妇女为对象的提高认识运动，以提高妇女对自身人权的认识，确保妇女能够在《公约》规定的权利受侵时诉诸程序和补救措施。", "平等原则", "12. 委员会表示注意到代表团做出的说明，同时重申感到关切的是，《公约》提及了平等概念，而缔约国报告在述及不同计划和方案时提及“平等”和“公平”的方式给人的感觉是这两个词被用作同义词。", "13. 委员会促请缔约国注意，《公约》的目的是消除对妇女的歧视并且确保男女之间享有形式上和实质上的平等。因此，委员会建议缔约国在公共实体、学术界和民间社会扩大对话，以便其计划和方案符合《公约》规定和委员会关于《公约》第4条第1款、涉及临时特殊措施的第25(2004)号和关于《公约》第2条、涉及缔约国核心义务的第28(2010)号一般性建议澄清平等的定义。", "国家机构", "14. 委员会赞赏代表团提供的有关分配给国家机构的预算和人力资源方面的信息，但委员会感到遗憾的是，缔约国决定不再派部长级官员担任国家妇女事务局执行局长。委员会还感到遗憾的是，局长的职等下降。委员会认为，这一决定可以被理解为缺乏政治承诺来确保为国家性别平等机构提供充分的权力和能力，以提高妇女地位和促进性别平等并把性别平等工作有效纳入全国、省市各级政府部门所有活动的主流。", "15. 委员会促请缔约国考虑恢复派部长级官员担任国家妇女事务局执行局长的做法，以期提高该事务局的可见度和效力，使之更有能力来影响公共政策的制订、设计和执行，并加强其在各级政府尤其是在部长一级的协调作用。", "暂行特别措施", "16. 委员会表示注意到在妇女参与政治生活方面采用了暂行特别措施，但委员会关切地注意到根据《公约》第4⑴条在其他领域采用的暂行特别措施不足。", "17. 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》第4⑴条和第25号一般性建议采取进一步措施，扩大对暂行特别措施概念的理解及这些措施的使用范围，以此作为实现妇女实质上平等所需的战略的组成部分，尤其是在卫生、教育和就业等领域为处境不利的妇女群体这么做。", "陈规定型观念", "18. 委员会注意到缔约国在学校和媒体中订有旨在消除家庭和广大社会中的传统性别角色观念的措施，包括涉及政治参与、就业、教育、获取卫生服务和诉诸司法等领域的观念。但委员会关切缔约国内有碍推进妇女权利和全面执行《公约》的传统和歧视态度顽固存在，宗教信仰和文化模式的影响普遍，尤其是在性权利和生殖权利方面。委员会还关注缔约国宪法第75条的内容对该国内传统性别角色观念顽固存在是否可能有着影响。", "19. 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》第2条(f)款和第5条(a)款，更加努力地对广大民众、特别是对政治和宗教领袖及政府官员开展提高认识和公共教育运动，以期推动改变与家庭和广大社会中歧视性的性别角色观念有关的传统态度。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "20. 委员会对缔约国通过了旨在保护妇女免受家庭暴力侵害的立法框架并在2008年建立了暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭内暴力行为全国应对和预防系统表示肯定，但对2009年诉至专门法院的家庭暴力案件达52 103起、并且此类案件自2007年以来持续增加了13.2%感到关切。委员会还感到关切的是，尽管有4 969名受到指控的行为人被定罪，但并没有提供关于他们所犯罪行类型、所受制裁、与受害人的关系或给受害人的赔偿类型(如有)的信息。此外，委员会还对该国为家庭暴力行为的受害妇女及其儿童提供的庇护所数量有限感到关切。", "21. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 研究暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭内暴力行为全国应对和预防系统的影响和效果，以加强所有对家庭暴力案件提供协助和支持的机构间的协调；", "(b) 确保为家庭暴力的受害人及其儿童提供足够数量由国家资助的庇护所；", "(c) 继续努力改进其用于定期收集按性别和暴力行为类型以及行为人与受害人关系分列的家庭暴力侵害妇女行为统计数据的系统；", "(d) 考虑到委员会关于暴力侵害妇女的第19号一般性建议，通过媒体开展教育和宣传活动，以传达这样的信息，即包括家庭暴力在内的一切形式暴力侵害妇女行为均不可接受。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "22. 委员会注意到缔约国为解决贩运妇女和女孩问题及其跨国性而采取的各项举措，包括成立一个打击偷运移民和人口贩运的全国联盟，以及修订《移民法》(2010年)以授权向人口贩运的受害人发放临时签证，但委员会感到关切的是，缺少人力和财力资源用于充分打击贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利现象以及为受害人提供庇护和基本服务。委员会还感到关切的是，缺乏关于为进行商业性剥削而贩运的受害妇女和女孩人数的统计数据，案件得到调查以及人口贩运被定罪的数量也很低。", "23. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 加紧努力，实施打击贩运的举措，以期充分全面地解决贩运妇女和女孩并利用卖淫营利现象的复杂问题；", "(b) 考虑通过一部完全符合《公约》第6条的贩运问题法律；", "(c) 确保进行系统的监测和定期评价，包括收集和分析关于贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利的数据，并将这些数据包括在其下一次定期报告中；", "(d) 加紧努力，同原籍国、过境国和目的地国进行国际、区域和双边合作，通过信息交流防止贩运，并协调法律程序，以起诉贩运者。", "参与政治和公共生活", "24. 委员会满意地注意到《选举法》(2009年)的修正，这次修正将妇女参与政治生活的配额制度改为基于性别均等的制度(男女各50%)。然而，委员会感到关切的是，修正案只适用于按比例代表制选举的职位，而并不适用于那些按多数制选举的职位，而大多数关键的决策职位正在此列。委员会还感到关切的是，没有实施暂行特别措施来确保残疾、土著和非洲裔妇女等弱势妇女群体参与政治和公共生活。", "25. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 考虑依照最高选举委员会第3671-E8-2010号决议进一步修订《选举法》，以便确保按多数代表制选举的职位能实行性别均等；", "(b) 在必要时依照《公约》第4条第1款及委员会第25号一般性建议采取暂行特别措施，以加速推动妇女充分和平等地参与公共和政治生活，特别是残疾、土著和非洲裔妇女等弱势妇女群体。", "教育", "26. 委员会感到遗憾的是，报告所提供的关于缔约国为消除妇女在教育领域所受歧视而采取的措施的信息大多已经过时，而且有些数据还相互矛盾。委员会还表示关切，性别陈规定型观念可能影响了妇女，使其选择传统的社会职业，如在食品业、手工和纺织业，而且使她们在劳动力市场上的相对优势有限，尽管她们受教育的时间比男子长，获得的学历也更高。委员会还感到关切的是，尽管少女怀孕确实是女孩辍学的原因之一，但缔约国缺乏关于性权利和生殖权利的教育计划。", "27. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 修订教育数据，并在下一次定期报告中提供关于为消除妇女在教育领域所受歧视而采取的措施的准确数据和最新信息；", "(b) 抓紧努力，在全国各地所有省份和县市对各级教育系统的教师进行性别培训，以期消除教师态度和行为中的性别偏见，根除正式和非正式课程中的性别陈规定型观念；", "(c) 推行一项既面向女孩也面向男孩的性教育课程综合方案，作为学校常规课程的一部分。", "就业", "28. 委员会欢迎旨在消除劳动力市场的性别差距而采取的措施，包括对公司进行检查以确保就业妇女能领到最低工资。但委员会表示关切：妇女在正规和非正规的经济部门包括家庭雇工行业中的工作条件不平等，职业上的隔离长期存在，妇女集中在报酬较低的工作上，公共和私营部门男女之间的工资不均，可获得的托儿服务有限。委员会对移徙和难民妇女在劳动力市场上的地位感到关切。委员会感到遗憾的是，缺少关于为分析、预防和跟踪《中美洲自由贸易协定》对正规部门就业妇女可能造成的负面影响而采取的措施的具体信息。", "29. 委员会敦促缔约国采取一切必要步骤，确保更好地执行其劳工立法，解决工资差距，鼓励妇女在非传统领域就业。委员会鼓励缔约国采取措施，提供负担得起、接送方便的托儿服务，使妇女能兼顾工作和家庭责任。委员会还敦促缔约国加紧努力，确保为移徙和难民妇女提供充分的保护。委员会再次要求缔约国在下一次定期报告中包含信息，说明旨在抵消自由贸易协定对女性就业和妇女生活质量的负面影响的各项工作的成果。委员会还邀请缔约国批准国际劳工组织《家庭雇工公约》(第189号公约)。", "工作场所内的性骚扰", "30. 委员会对包含旨在预防性骚扰的条款的《工作场所和学校内性骚扰法案》的修正表示肯定，但委员会对所收到的信息感到关切，这些信息表明，向监察员或劳工部劳工监察局提出的性骚扰投诉大量被驳回，另外一些案件则因为骚扰行为所涉受害妇女不想继续申诉，或者因为妇女拒绝投诉而失败。", "31. 委员会建议缔约国采取措施：", "(a) 确保投诉性骚扰的妇女拥有保留工作的合法权利，确保性骚扰行为人受到起诉和惩罚；", "(b) 开展特别针对职业妇女的宣传活动，以打破围绕着性骚扰的沉默文化，并且按照劳工组织公约和建议执行问题专家委员会的建议，向主管当局提供具体信息，以确定和处理性骚扰案件。", "卫生", "32. 委员会对缔约国未充分认识和保护性权利和生殖权利表示关切。委员会关切的是，妇女不能合法堕胎，因为没有概述何时及如何能够进行合法堕胎的明确医疗准则。委员会还关切妇女难以获得最安全、最先进的避孕方法，包括紧急避孕药具。委员会并关切为妇女提供的辅助生殖服务有限，包括人工受孕，缔约国禁止人工受孕，因为最高法院在2000年宣布人工受孕违宪。", "33. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 根据关于妇女和保健的《公约》第12条和委员会第24(1999)号一般性建议优先通过《基本卫生法》修正案，列入专门阐述性权利和生殖权利的章节；", "(b) 根据《公约》第16条，考虑取消人工受孕禁令，采取立法措施促进并扩大妇女自由、负责任地决定子女人数的权利；依照美洲人权委员会建议(2010年)，确保提供辅助生殖服务，包括人工受孕；", "(c) 制订明确的合法堕胎医疗准则，并向保健专业人员和群众广泛宣传这些准则；", "(d) 考虑审查堕胎法，以确定能够允许堕胎的其他情况，如在强奸或乱伦导致怀孕的情况下堕胎；", "(e) 采取措施，旨在向妇女提供可使用的技术先进的避孕方法。", "农村妇女", "34. 委员会重申其对农村偏远地区妇女不利处境的关切，她们受贫穷的影响最大，很难获得保健和社会服务，而且对社区一级决策进程缺乏参与。", "35. 委员会呼吁缔约国采取必要措施，促进并加强妇女参与制订和执行地方发展计划，特别关注农村妇女的需要，特别是女户主的需要，确保她们参加决策进程，更有机会获得保健、教育、清洁饮用水和卫生服务和肥沃土地及参加创收项目。", "弱势妇女群体", "36. 委员会注意到《有酬家政法》(2009年)的通过以及为处理移徙家政女工的处境、特别是在缔约国的尼加拉瓜人的处境而采取的措施。但委员会遗憾的是，缺乏有关法律和其他相关立法为移徙家政女工所提供保护的程度的信息。", "37. 委员会建议缔约国审查根据《有酬家政法》和其他相关立法向移徙家政女工提供的法律保护，并在下次定期报告中列入审查结果。委员会鼓励缔约国建立一个机制，监测《有酬家政法》的执行情况。委员会还建议缔约国采取措施保护移徙家政女工，防止非法就业机构进行活动，确保妇女离境前得到适当的安全移徙信息，并同接受国缔结双边协议。", "38. 委员会对诸如庆祝旨在提高土著妇女地位的第一个土著妇女论坛(2007年)等举措表示肯定，但委员会关切地注意到，土著妇女仍然机会有限，在获得优质教育、保健和法律援助服务方面受到限制。委员会还关切的是，在采取措施提高缔约国非洲裔妇女地位方面，代表团提供的信息有限。", "39. 委员会鼓励缔约国采取具体定向措施，加速改进土著妇女和非洲裔妇女在生活各方面的状况。委员会呼吁缔约国确保土著妇女和非洲裔妇女有充分机会接受教育及获得保健和信贷服务，并能够充分参加决策进程。委员会请缔约国在下次定期报告中提供信息和数据，说明土著妇女和非洲裔妇女的状况以及为消除对她们的多重歧视而采取的各项措施的效果。", "40. 委员会注意到已经制定条例，旨在尊重民事登记处发放的有照身份证中变性女的身份。但委员会关切的是，缔约国内的女同性恋、双性恋、变性女和双性女在受教育、就业和获得保健服务方面受到歧视。委员会还关切的是，已有信息表明其中一些妇女受到卫生服务提供者和执法人员的侵犯和虐待。", "41. 委员会呼吁缔约国依照其接受的普遍定期审查建议(A/HRC/13/15和Add.1)提供有效保护，打击暴力侵害和歧视妇女行为。在此方面，委员会敦促缔约国加紧努力，包括通过开展大众宣传运动以及为执法人员和卫生服务提供者提供适当培训等措施，打击基于性取向和性别认同的歧视妇女现象，避免这些妇女遭受侵犯和虐待。", "《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》", "42. 委员会促请缔约国在履行《公约》义务时，充分利用使《公约》各项规定得到强化的《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中提供相关资料。", "千年发展目标", "43. 委员会强调，充分和有效地执行《公约》对实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的一切工作中纳入性别平等观点，明确体现《公约》各项规定，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入相关信息。", "宣传", "44. 委员会要求在哥斯达黎加广泛宣传本结论意见，使民众、政府官员、政界人士、议员及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在形式上和实质上的平等而采取的步骤以及在这方面必须采取的进一步步骤。委员会建议，也应在地方社区一级宣传结论意见。委员会鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论执行这些意见的进度。委员会请缔约国继续广泛宣传、特别是向妇女组织和人权组织宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果。", "其他条约的批准", "45. 委员会指出，缔约国参加九项主要国际人权文书，[1] 有助于促进妇女在生活的各方面享受人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励哥斯达黎加政府考虑批准其尚未成为缔约国的条约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "46. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为执行上文第15段和33段中的建议所采取的步骤。", "下次报告的编写", "47. 委员会请缔约国确保各部和所有公共机构广泛参与编写下次报告，并在此阶段与各种妇女组织和人权组织进行协商。", "48. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见所提出的各项关切。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交第8次定期报告。", "49. 委员会请缔约国遵循人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议于2006年6月批准的根据国际人权条约提交报告的协调准则，包括编写共同核心文件、提交具体条约报告的准则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。必须一并遵循委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的关于具体条约的报告准则和关于共同核心文件的协调报告准则。这两份准则共同构成了根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。具体条约文件应限制在40页，订正共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道、有辱人格待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》、《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of", "Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Costa Rica", "1. The Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Costa Rica (CEDAW/C/CRI/5-6) at its 978th and 979th meetings, on 11 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.978 and 979). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/CRI/Q/5-6 and the responses are contained in CEDAW/C/CRI/Q/5-6/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fifth and sixth periodic report, although its structure did not follow the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports. The Committee regrets the long delay in the submission of the report and the outdated information contained therein. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group and the further clarification provided in response to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation, headed by the Executive President of the National Institute for Women, which included representatives from the Ministry of Health and the Supreme Court of Justice. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "B. Positive aspects", "4. The Committee notes with satisfaction the adoption of the National Gender Equality and Equity Policy for 2007-2017 and its five-year plan of action for 2008-2012 aiming to improve the status of women and to ensure equality of treatment for them in areas such as employment, family responsibilities, access to health services and education.", "5. The Committee commends the State party for its measures to increase the participation of women in political life, including a comprehensive reform to the Electoral Code in 2009. It particularly welcomes the fact that, for the first time, a woman has been elected President, that a woman judge has been appointed as Vice-President of the Supreme Court of Justice, that 9 out of the 21 ministries are headed by women and that women represent 38.6 per cent of National Assembly members.", "6. The Committee commends the State party for the adoption of laws aimed at protecting women from violence, in particular, the Domestic Violence Act (No. 7586), the Criminalization of Violence against Women Act (No. 8589/2007) and the amendment to it (Act No. 8929/2011), and the Witness and Victims Protection Act (Act No. 8720/2009).", "7. The Committee notes with appreciation that the State party has accepted the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention, relating to the meeting time of the Committee.", "C. Principle areas of concern and recommendations", "8. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on the actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, to the parliament and to the judiciary, so as to ensure their full implementation.", "National Assembly", "9. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage its National Assembly, in line with its procedures and where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the next reporting process under the Convention.", "Visibility of the Convention and the Optional Protocol", "10. While taking note of the information provided by the State party on measures in place, such as distribution of materials and training, to disseminate the Convention and its Optional Protocol among lawyers, other professionals and the population at large, the Committee is concerned that these measures have not given sufficient visibility to either instrument. It is particularly concerned that women themselves are not sufficiently aware of their rights under the Convention, or of the complaints procedure under the Optional Protocol, and thus lack the capacity to claim the full promotion, protection and fulfilment of their rights on an equal basis with men.", "11. The Committee urges the State party to implement measures to create awareness of and adequately disseminate the Convention, its Optional Protocol and the Committee’s general recommendations among all stakeholders, including Government ministries, parliamentarians, the judiciary and law enforcement officers, so as to create awareness of women’s human rights. The Committee further urges the State party to undertake awareness-raising campaigns targeted at women to enhance their awareness of their human rights and to ensure that they can avail themselves of procedures and remedies for violations of their rights under the Convention.", "Principle of equality", "12. While taking note of the explanation provided by the delegation, the Committee reiterates its concern over the fact that, while the Convention refers to the concept of equality, in the report of the State party the terms “equality” and “equity” are mentioned when referring to different plans and programmes.", "13. The Committee urges the State party to take note of the fact that the Convention is directed towards eliminating discrimination against women and ensuring formal and substantive equality between men and women. The Committee therefore recommends that the State party expand the dialogue between public entities and civil society in order to ensure that its plans and programmes are in line with the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations No. 25 (2004) on article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on temporary special measures and No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention.", "National machinery", "14. While the Committee appreciates the information provided by the delegation regarding the budget and human resources allocated to the national machinery, it regrets the decision of the State party to discontinue according ministerial rank to the Executive President of the National Institute for Women. The Committee believes that this decision could be interpreted as a lack of political commitment to ensuring that the national gender mechanism is provided with full authority and capacity to promote the advancement of women and gender equality and to effectively mainstream gender into all activities of governmental departments at the national, provincial and canton level.", "15. The Committee urges the State party to consider reassigning ministerial rank to the Executive President of the National Institute for Women with a view to making the Institute more visible and effective, enhancing its capacity to influence the formulation, design and implementation of public policies and strengthening its coordination role at all levels of government, in particular at the ministerial level.", "Temporary special measures", "16. While taking note of the use of special measures with respect to the participation of women in political life, the Committee notes with concern the insufficiency of temporary special measures in other areas, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention.", "17. The Committee recommends that the State party take further steps to expand the understanding of the concept of temporary special measures and the use of these measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and general recommendation No. 25, as part of a necessary strategy towards the achievement of women’s substantive equality, in particular for disadvantaged groups of women, in fields such as health, education and employment.", "Stereotypes", "18. While noting the measures in place at schools and in the media aimed at eliminating traditional gender roles in the family and in society at large, including in areas such as political participation, employment, education, access to health services and access to justice, the Committee is concerned at the persistence of discriminatory traditional attitudes and the prevailing negative influence of some religious beliefs and cultural patterns in the State party that hamper the advancement of women’s rights and the full implementation of the Convention, in particular sexual and reproductive rights. The Committee is also concerned that the content of article 75 of the Constitution may have an impact on the persistence of traditional gender roles in the State party.", "19. The Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts in conducting awareness-raising and public educational campaigns addressing the population at large and in particular political and religious leaders and government officials, with a view to bringing about changes in traditional attitudes associated with discriminatory gender roles in the family and in society at large, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention.", "Violence against women", "20. While acknowledging that the State party has adopted a legislative framework to protect women from domestic violence and that in 2008 it also established a national response and prevention system on violence against women and violence within the family, the Committee is concerned at the 52,103 cases of domestic violence which were brought before specialized courts in 2009 and which represent a 13.2 per cent increase in such cases since 2007. It is also concerned that even though 4,969 of the alleged perpetrators were convicted, no information is provided in the report about the types of offences they committed, the sanctions imposed on them, their relationship with the victims or the type of reparations, if any, granted to the victims. The Committee is further concerned at the limited number of shelters (three) available for women victims of domestic violence and their children in the country.", "21. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Study the impact and effectiveness of the national response and prevention system on violence against women and violence within the family, with the aim of enhancing coordination among all institutions providing assistance and support in cases of domestic violence;", "(b) Ensure that a sufficient number of State-funded shelters are available to women victims of domestic violence and their children;", "(c) Continue its efforts to improve its system for the regular collection of statistical data on violence against women, disaggregated by sex and type of violence and by the relationship of the perpetrators and victims;", "(d) Undertake educational and public awareness programmes through the media to convey the message that all forms of violence against women, including domestic violence, are unacceptable, taking into account the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19 (1992) on violence against women.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "22. While noting the initiatives of the State party to address the issue of trafficking in women and girls and its transnational nature, including by establishing the National Coalition against the Smuggling of Migrants and Human Trafficking and by amending the Immigration Act (2010) to authorize the provision of temporary visas to victims of human trafficking, the Committee is concerned at the lack of human and financial resources to adequately combat trafficking and the exploitation of prostitution and to offer shelter and basic services to victims. The Committee is further concerned at the lack of statistics on the number of women and girls who are victims of trafficking for sexual commercial exploitation and at the low numbers of cases investigated and prosecuted and the low rate of convictions.", "23. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts in anti-trafficking initiatives with a view to addressing fully and comprehensively the complexities of trafficking in women and girls and the exploitation of prostitution;", "(b) Consider adopting a law on trafficking which fully complies with article 6 of the Convention;", "(c) Ensure systematic monitoring and periodic evaluation, including the collection and analysis of data on trafficking and the exploitation of women in prostitution, and include such data in its next periodic report;", "(d) Increase its efforts in international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin, transit and destination of trafficking to prevent trafficking through information exchange and to harmonize legal procedures aiming at the prosecution and punishment of traffickers.", "Participation in political and public life", "24. The Committee notes with satisfaction the amendment of the Electoral Code (2009) which changed the system of quotas for women’s participation in political life to a system based on gender parity (50 per cent women and 50 per cent men). However, the Committee is concerned that the amendment only applies to posts elected under the system of proportional representation (National Assembly seats) and not to those elected under the majority system (executive posts), where most of the key decision-making posts are located. It is further concerned at the lack of temporary special measures in place aimed at ensuring the participation in political and public life of disadvantaged groups of women, such as women with disabilities, indigenous women and women of African descent.", "25. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Consider further amending the Electoral Code, in order to ensure the implementation of gender parity for posts elected under the majority representation system, in line with the Supreme Electoral Tribunal resolution No. 3671-E8-2010;", "(b) Adopt, wherever necessary, temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 (2004), in order to accelerate women’s full and equal participation in public and political life, in particular with respect to disadvantaged groups of women, such as women with disabilities, indigenous women and women of African descent.", "Education", "26. The Committee regrets that most of the information provided in the report regarding the measures taken by the State party to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of education is outdated and that some of the data provided is contradictory. The Committee also expresses its concern that gender stereotypes may have an impact on women opting for traditional social occupations, such as working in the food industry and crafts and textiles, and on their limited comparative advantage in the labour market, despite their remaining longer than men in the educational system and obtaining higher qualifications. The Committee is also concerned about the lack of a sexual and reproductive health and rights education programme in the State party, despite the fact that teenage pregnancy is one of the causes of girls dropping out of school.", "27. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Conduct a revision of its data on education and provide, in its next periodic report, accurate data and updated information on the measures taken to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of education;", "(b) Enhance its efforts to provide gender training to teachers at all levels of the educational system throughout the country, with a view to eliminating gender bias in the attitudes and behaviour of teachers, as well as eradicating gender stereotypes from the curricula used in both formal and informal education;", "(c) Introduce a comprehensive programme on sexual and reproductive health and rights education for both girls and boys as a regular part of the school curriculum.", "Employment", "28. The Committee welcomes the measures aimed at closing the gender gap in the labour market, including the inspection of companies to ensure that employed women are receiving the minimum wage. However, the Committee expresses its concern at the unequal working conditions of women in both the formal and informal sectors of the economy, including for domestic workers; the persistence of occupational segregation and the concentration of women in low-paid jobs; wage disparities between women and men in both the public and private sectors; and the limited availability of childcare services. The Committee is concerned that the new Immigration Act does not adequately cover the problems of migrant and refugee women in the labour market. It regrets the lack of concrete information regarding measures taken to analyse, prevent and follow up the possible negative impact of the Central American Free Trade Agreement for women employed in the formal sector.", "29. The Committee urges the State party to take all the necessary steps to ensure better implementation of its labour legislation, to address pay gaps and to encourage women to take up employment in non-traditional fields. It encourages the State party to take measures in order to provide affordable and accessible childcare services to enable women to balance their work and family responsibilities. The Committee also urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to ensure adequate protection of migrant and refugee women as regards work permits and work opportunities. The Committee reiterates its request to the State party to include in its next periodic report information on the results of activities aimed at neutralizing the negative effects of free-trade agreements on female employment and the quality of life of women. The Committee also invites the State party to ratify the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 189) concerning decent work for domestic workers.", "Sexual harassment in the workplace", "30. While acknowledging the amendment to the Act on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Schools which contains provisions aimed at preventing sexual harassment, the Committee is concerned about its insufficient implementation and limited impact and more especially about information received, which indicates that a large number of sexual harassment complaints filed before the Ombudsperson or the Labour Inspectorate of the Ministry of Labour were dismissed and that a large number of cases failed because alleged women victims of harassment did not want to pursue their complaints.", "31. The Committee recommends that the State party take measures to:", "(a) Ensure that women who file complaints against sexual harassment have the legal right to remain in their jobs and that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished;", "(b) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns, targeting, in particular, working women, to break down the culture of silence surrounding sexual harassment and, as recommended by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, to provide the competent authorities with specific information to identify and address cases of sexual harassment.", "Health", "32. The Committee expresses its concern about the inadequate recognition and protection of sexual and reproductive rights in the State party. It is concerned that women do not have access to legal abortion because of the lack of clear medical guidelines outlining when and how a legal abortion can be conducted. The Committee is also concerned about women’s difficulties in access to and availability of the safest and most technologically advanced contraceptive methods, including emergency contraception. It is further concerned at the limited assisted reproductive services available for women, including in vitro fertilization, which is banned in the State party as it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Justice in 2000.", "33. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Prioritize the adoption of the amendment to the General Health Act, which envisages the introduction of a chapter devoted to sexual and reproductive rights, in accordance with article 12 of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24 (1999) on article 12 of the Convention (women and health);", "(b) Consider lifting the ban on in vitro fertilization and adopting legislative measures aimed at facilitating and expanding women’s right to decide freely and responsibly on the number of their children in accordance with article 16 (e) of the Convention, and ensure access to assisted reproductive services, including in vitro fertilization, in line with the recommendations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in 2010;", "(c) Elaborate clear medical guidelines on access to legal abortion and disseminate them widely among health professionals and the public at large;", "(d) Consider reviewing the law relating to abortion, with a view to identifying other circumstances under which abortion could be permitted, such as abortions in cases of pregnancies resulting from rape or incest;", "(e) Take measures aimed at making accessible and available technologically advanced contraceptive methods to women.", "Rural women", "34. The Committee reiterates its concern at the disadvantaged position of women in rural and remote areas, which are the most affected by poverty, difficulties in obtaining access to health and social services and a lack of participation in decision-making processes at the community level.", "35. The Committee calls upon the State party to take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, fertile land and income-generation projects.", "Disadvantaged groups of women", "36. The Committee takes note of the adoption of the Paid Domestic Work Act (2009) and also of measures taken to address the situation of women migrant domestic workers, in particular Nicaraguans, in the State party. However, it regrets the lack of information regarding the extent of protection provided by the act and other legislation relevant to women migrant domestic workers.", "37. The Committee recommends that the State party conduct a review of the legal protection afforded to women migrant domestic workers under the Paid Domestic Work Act and other relevant legislation and to include the results of the review in its next periodic report. It encourages the State party to establish a mechanism for monitoring the implementation of the Paid Domestic Work Act. It further recommends that the State party take measures to protect women migrant domestic workers, prevent the activities of illegal employment agencies, ensure that women are provided with adequate information on safe migration before departure and conclude bilateral agreements with receiving countries.", "38. While acknowledging initiatives such as the celebration of the first forum of indigenous women in 2007 aimed at improving the status of indigenous women, the Committee notes with concern that indigenous women continue to have limited opportunities and restricted access to quality education, health care and legal aid services. The Committee is further concerned about the limited information provided by the delegation regarding measures to improve the status of women of African descent in the State party.", "39. The Committee encourages the State party to adopt concrete, targeted measures to accelerate the improvement of conditions of indigenous women and women of African descent in all spheres of life. It calls upon the State party to ensure that both groups of women have full access to education, health services and credit facilities and can fully participate in decision-making processes. It requests the State party to include in its next periodic report information and data on the situation of indigenous women and women of African descent and on the impact of measures taken to overcome multiple discrimination against them.", "40. The Committee takes note of the establishment of regulations aiming to respect the identity of transgender women in the identity photograph cards issued by the Civil Registry Office. However, it expresses its concern about discrimination in the State party against lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex women in access to education, employment and health-care services. The Committee is also concerned at information received indicating that some of these women are victims of abuse and mistreatment by health service providers and law enforcement officials.", "41. The Committee calls on the State party to provide effective protection against violence and discrimination against women, in line with the recommendation under the universal periodic review (A/HRC/13/15 and Add.1) accepted by the State party. In this regard, the Committee urges the State party to intensify its efforts to combat discrimination against women based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, including by launching a sensitization campaign aimed at the general public, as well as providing appropriate training to law enforcement officials and health service providers, in order to avoid abuse and mistreatment of these women.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "42. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "43. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "44. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Costa Rica of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations, aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure formal and substantive equality of women, as well as the further steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that its concluding observations should also be disseminated at the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "45. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Costa Rica to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "46. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 15 and 33 above.", "Preparation of next report", "47. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report, and to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "48. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its eighth periodic report in July 2015.", "49. The Committee invites the State party to follow the “Harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents” (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1), approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006. The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session, in January 2008, must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman, Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Costa Rica", "At its 978th and 979th meetings, on 11 July 2011, the Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of Costa Rica (CEDAW/C/CRI/5-6) (see CEDAW/C/SR.978 and 979). The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/CRI/Q/5-6 and the responses of Costa Rica are contained in CEDAW/C/CRI/Q/5-6/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee expressed its appreciation to the State party for its combined fifth and sixth periodic report, although the structure of the report did not follow the guidelines prepared by the Committee. The Committee regrets the delay in reporting and the outdated information contained therein. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation and written replies to the list of issues and questions posed by the pre-session working group and for the additional information provided orally by the Committee.", "The Committee commends the State party for the high-level delegation headed by the Executive Director of the National Bureau for Women, which includes representatives of the Ministry of Health and the Supreme Court. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee notes with satisfaction the adoption of the National Policy on Gender Equality and Justice (2007-2017) and its five-year action plan (2008-2012) aimed at the advancement of women and ensuring equal treatment of women in the areas of employment, family responsibility, access to health services and education.", "The Committee commends the State party for measures taken to increase women's participation in public life, including a comprehensive reform of the Electoral Law in 2009. In particular, the Committee welcomes the election of the first President of Women, and welcomes the appointment of a woman judge as Vice-President of the Supreme Court and the appointment of nine of the 21 ministries headed by women and 38.6 per cent of the National Assembly.", "The Committee commends the State party for the adoption of laws aimed at protecting women against violence, in particular the Domestic Violence Act (No. 7586), the Criminal Punishment of Violence against Women (Law 8589/2007) and its amendments (Law 8929/2011) and the Law on Witnesses and Victims Protection (Law 8720/2009).", "The Committee notes with appreciation that the State party has accepted the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the time of the Committee.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee recalls the State party's obligation to systematically and continuously implement the provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and believes that, from now to the submission of its next periodic report, the State party should give priority to the concerns and recommendations contained in the present concluding observations. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus its implementation activities on those areas and to report on the actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to transmit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, parliaments and the judiciary to ensure their full implementation.", "National Parliament", "The Committee reiterates that the Government has the primary responsibility for the full implementation of the State party's obligations under the Convention, particularly with regard to accountability. The Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage its National Parliament, as appropriate, to take the necessary measures on the implementation of the present concluding observations and the process of submitting the next report in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.", "The visibility of the Convention and its Optional Protocol", "While taking note of the information provided by the State party on measures such as the distribution of materials and training to promote the Convention and its Optional Protocol among lawyers, other professionals and the general public, the Committee is concerned that these measures do not give them sufficient visibility. The Committee is particularly concerned that women are not aware of their rights under the Convention and are not aware of the complaints procedures set out in the Optional Protocol and therefore lack the capacity to advocate for the full promotion, protection and realization of their rights on an equal basis with men.", "The Committee urges the State party to take measures to establish awareness of the Convention and its Optional Protocol and the Committee's general recommendations among all stakeholders, including Government ministries, parliamentarians, the judiciary and law enforcement officials, with a view to raising awareness of women's human rights. The Committee also urges the State party to undertake awareness-raising campaigns targeting women in order to raise women's awareness of their human rights and to ensure that women are able to resort to procedures and remedies when the rights enshrined in the Convention are duly abused.", "Principles of equality", "While taking note of the statement made by the delegation, the Committee reiterates its concern that the Convention refers to the concept of equality, and that the State party's report refers to the “equality” and “equity” in the context of different plans and programmes, which are used as synonymous.", "The Committee urges the State party to note that the purpose of the Convention is to eliminate discrimination against women and to ensure that both women and men enjoy formal and substantive equality. The Committee therefore recommends that the State party expand its dialogue with public entities, academia and civil society in order to align its plans and programmes with the provisions of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures and article 2 of the Convention, concerning the core obligations of States parties.", "National institutions", "While appreciating the information provided by the delegation on budgetary and human resources allocated to national institutions, the Committee regrets that the State party decided not to assign ministerial officials to the Executive Director of the National Bureau for Women. The Committee also regrets the decrease in the level of the Director. In the Committee's view, this decision could be understood as a lack of political commitment to ensure adequate authority and capacity for national gender equality institutions to promote gender equality and mainstream gender equality in all government activities at the national, provincial and municipal levels.", "The Committee urges the State party to consider re-establishing the practice of assigning ministerial officers to the Executive Director of the National Bureau for Women with a view to increasing the visibility and effectiveness of the Bureau and making it more capable of influencing the development, design and implementation of public policies and to strengthen its coordination role at all levels of government, in particular at the ministerial level.", "Provisional measures", "While taking note of the use of temporary special measures in the area of women's participation in political life, the Committee notes with concern the lack of temporary special measures in other areas, in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take further measures, in accordance with its general recommendations No. 4 (1) and 25, to expand its understanding of the concept of temporary special measures and the scope of their use as part of the strategy needed to achieve women's substantive equality, in particular for disadvantaged groups of women in the areas of health, education and employment.", "Stereotypes", "The Committee notes that the State party has measures in schools and the media aimed at eliminating traditional gender roles in the family and in society at large, including those relating to political participation, employment, education, access to health services and access to justice. However, the Committee is concerned at the persistence of traditional and discriminatory attitudes that hinder the advancement of women's rights and the full implementation of the Convention, as well as the prevalence of religious and cultural patterns, in particular with regard to sexual and reproductive rights. The Committee is also concerned that the content of article 75 of the State party's Constitution may affect the persistence of traditional gender roles in the country.", "The Committee recommends that the State party increase its efforts to raise awareness and public education campaigns for the general population, in particular political and religious leaders and government officials, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention, with a view to promoting change in traditional attitudes related to discriminatory gender roles in the family and in the wider society.", "Violence against women", "The Committee expresses its appreciation for the adoption by the State party of a legislative framework for the protection of women against domestic violence and the establishment of a national response and prevention system for violence against women and domestic violence in 2008, but is concerned at the 52,103 cases of domestic violence v. specialized courts in 2009 and at the ongoing 13.2 per cent increase in such cases since 2007. The Committee is also concerned that, despite the conviction of 4,969 alleged perpetrators, no information is provided on the types of offences committed by them, the sanctions imposed, the relationship with the victim or the types of reparations to victims (e.g., available). In addition, the Committee is concerned at the limited number of shelters provided to women victims of domestic violence and their children.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To study the impact and effectiveness of the national response and prevention system for violence against women and domestic violence in order to strengthen inter-agency coordination for all assistance and support for domestic violence cases;", "(b) Ensure that adequate numbers of shelters are provided to victims of domestic violence and their children;", "(c) Continue its efforts to improve its system for the regular collection of statistical data on violence against women disaggregated by sex and type of violence and by the perpetrators and victims;", "(d) Considering the Committee's general recommendation No. 19 on violence against women, education and awareness-raising campaigns through the media to convey such information that all forms of violence against women, including domestic violence, are unacceptable.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "While noting the initiatives taken by the State party to address the problem of trafficking in women and girls and their transnationality, including the establishment of a national alliance against the smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons, as well as the revision of the Immigration Act (2010) to authorize the granting of temporary visas to victims of trafficking in persons, the Committee is concerned at the lack of human and financial resources for the full fight against trafficking in women and the exploitation of prostitution and the provision of shelter and basic services to victims. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of statistical data on the number of women and girls trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation, and the low number of cases investigated and convicted of trafficking in persons.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To intensify efforts to implement initiatives to combat trafficking with a view to fully addressing the complex problem of trafficking in women and girls and the exploitation of prostitution;", "(b) Consider adopting a law that fully complies with article 6 of the Convention;", "(c) Ensure systematic monitoring and periodic evaluation, including the collection and analysis of data on trafficking and the exploitation of prostitution for women, and include in its next periodic report;", "(d) Strengthen efforts to prevent trafficking through information exchange and to coordinate legal procedures to prosecute traffickers through international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin, transit and destination.", "Participation in political and public life", "The Committee noted with satisfaction the amendment to the Electoral Law (2009), which replaced the quota system for women in political life to gender-based systems (50 per cent for men and women). However, the Committee is concerned that the amendment applies only to posts of proportional representation, and does not apply to those elected by majority, while most of the key decision-making positions are in place. The Committee is also concerned at the lack of temporary special measures to ensure the participation of vulnerable groups of women, such as disability, indigenous and Afro-descendant women in political and public life.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Consider further revisions of the electoral law, in accordance with resolution 3671-E8-2010 of the Supreme Electoral Commission, in order to ensure gender parity in the majority of elections;", "(b) In accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25, temporary special measures should be taken, where necessary, to accelerate the full and equal participation of women in public and political life, in particular vulnerable groups such as disability, indigenous and Afro-descendant women.", "Education", "The Committee regrets that the information provided in the report on measures taken by the State party to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of education has been mostly outdated and that some data contradict each other. The Committee is also concerned that gender stereotypes may affect women's choice of traditional social occupations, such as in the food industry, handicrafts and textile industries, and that they have limited comparative advantages in the labour market, despite their higher education than men. The Committee is also concerned that, despite the fact that teenage pregnancies are one of the causes of girls dropping out of school, the State party lacks educational programmes on sexual and reproductive rights.", "The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Revision of educational data and provide in its next periodic report accurate data and updated information on measures taken to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of education;", "(b) Strive efforts to train teachers at all levels of the education system in all provinces and districts throughout the country with a view to eliminating gender bias in teachers' attitudes and behaviour and eliminating gender stereotypes in formal and informal curricula;", "(c) The introduction of a comprehensive programme of sex education for both girls and boys as part of the regular school curriculum.", "Employment", "The Committee welcomes the measures taken to eliminate the gender gap in the labour market, including the inspection of companies to ensure that women in employment are able to lead to the minimum wage. However, the Committee is concerned at the unequal working conditions of women in the formal and informal sectors of the economy, including in the domestic employment industry, the persistence of occupational segregation, the concentration of women in low-paid jobs, the lack of wages between women and men in the public and private sectors and the limited availability of childcare services. The Committee is concerned about the status of migrant and refugee women in the labour market. The Committee regrets the lack of specific information on measures taken to analyse, prevent and track the negative impact of the Central American Free Trade Agreement on women in the formal sector.", "The Committee urges the State party to take all necessary steps to ensure better implementation of its labour legislation to address the wage gap and to encourage women to work in non-traditional areas. The Committee encourages the State party to take measures to provide affordable and accessible childcare services that enable women to reconcile their work and family responsibilities. The Committee also urges the State party to intensify its efforts to ensure adequate protection for migrant and refugee women. The Committee reiterates its request to the State party to include in its next periodic report information on the results of efforts aimed at countering the negative impact of free trade agreements on women's employment and the quality of life. The Committee also invites the State party to ratify the International Labour Organization Convention on the Domestic Employees (No. 189).", "Sexual harassment in the workplace", "While acknowledging the amendments to the Act on Sexual harassment in the workplace and in schools, which contain provisions aimed at preventing sexual harassment, the Committee is concerned about the information received that complaints of sexual harassment have been rejected to the Ombudsman or the Labour Inspectorate, and that some cases have been dismissed because women affected by harassment do not wish to continue their complaints or because women refuse to complain.", "The Committee recommends that the State party take measures:", "(a) Ensure that women who have complaints of sexual harassment have the legitimate right to retain their work and to ensure that perpetrators of sexual harassment are prosecuted and punished;", "(b) To conduct awareness-raising campaigns targeting women in particular in order to break the culture of silence surrounding sexual harassment and to provide specific information to the competent authorities, as recommended by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, to identify and address cases of sexual harassment.", "Health", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of adequate awareness and protection of sexual and reproductive rights in the State party. The Committee is concerned that women cannot be legally subject to abortion because there is no clear medical guidelines outlining when and how legal abortion can be carried out. The Committee is also concerned at the difficulties faced by women in obtaining the most safe and advanced contraceptive methods, including emergency contraceptives. The Committee is also concerned at the limited number of supporting reproductive services provided to women, including forced pregnancy, which is prohibited by the State party, as the Supreme Court declared artificially unconstitutional in 2000.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) In accordance with article 12 of the Convention on Women and Health and the Committee's general recommendation No. 2 (1999), the adoption of amendments to the Basic Health Act has been given priority to the inclusion of sections devoted to sexual and reproductive rights;", "(b) To consider the prohibition of forced pregnancy and to adopt legislative measures to promote and expand the rights of women to decide freely and responsibly on the number of children, in accordance with article 16 of the Convention; and to ensure the provision of complementary reproductive services, including artificial pregnancy, in accordance with the recommendations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2010);", "(c) Develop clear legal guidelines for abortion and disseminate them widely to health professionals and the public;", "(d) Consider reviewing abortion legislation to determine other cases where abortion is permitted, such as abortion in cases of rape or incest;", "(e) Measures aimed at providing women with technical advanced contraceptive methods.", "Rural women", "The Committee reiterates its concern about the disadvantaged situation of women in rural remote areas, who are the most affected by poverty, have difficulty in accessing health and social services and lack of participation in decision-making processes at the community level.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to take the necessary measures to promote and strengthen women's participation in the development and implementation of local development plans, paying particular attention to the needs of rural women, in particular female heads of households, to ensure their participation in decision-making processes, and to have access to health care, education, clean water and sanitation services and fertile land and income-generating projects.", "Vulnerable groups of women", "The Committee notes the adoption of the Act on Equal Remuneration (2009) and the measures taken to address the situation of migrant women workers, in particular those of Nicaraguans in the State party. However, the Committee regrets the lack of information on the level of protection afforded to migrant women workers by law and other relevant legislation.", "The Committee recommends that the State party review the legal protection afforded to migrant women workers in accordance with the Act on Remuneration and other relevant legislation and include in its next periodic report the results of the review. The Committee encourages the State party to establish a mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Act. The Committee also recommends that the State party take measures to protect migrant women workers, prevent the activities of illegal employment institutions, ensure that women receive adequate security information on migration before leaving the country and conclude bilateral agreements with the receiving State.", "While acknowledging the initiatives such as the celebration of the First Indigenous Women Forum (2007) aimed at improving the status of indigenous women, the Committee notes with concern that indigenous women continue to have limited opportunities and limit access to quality education, health and legal aid services. The Committee is also concerned at the limited information provided by the delegation with regard to measures taken to improve the status of Afro-descendant women in the State party.", "The Committee encourages the State party to take specific targeted measures to accelerate the improvement of the situation of indigenous women and Afro-descendant women in all aspects of life. The Committee calls upon the State party to ensure that indigenous women and Afro-descendant women have adequate access to education and access to health and credit services and are able to participate fully in decision-making processes. The Committee requests the State party to provide information and data in its next periodic report on the situation of indigenous women and Afro-descendant women and the effect of measures taken to eliminate multiple discrimination against them.", "The Committee notes that regulations have been put in place to respect the status of women who have been released in the civil registry. However, the Committee is concerned about discrimination against lesbian, bisexual, transgender and bisexual women in the State party in the areas of education, employment and access to health services. The Committee is also concerned at information indicating that some of these women have been violated and abused by health service providers and law enforcement personnel.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to provide effective protection against violence and discrimination against women, in accordance with its universal periodic review recommendations (A/HRC/13/15 and Add.1). In this regard, the Committee urges the State party to intensify its efforts to combat discrimination against women based on sexual orientation and gender identity, including through public information campaigns and adequate training for law enforcement and health service providers.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to take full advantage of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, when fulfilling its obligations under the Convention, and requests the State party to provide relevant information in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee calls for the inclusion of a gender perspective in all efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, reflecting clearly the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Advocacy", "The Committee requests that the present concluding observations be widely disseminated in Costa Rica to inform the population, government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women's and human rights organizations about ensuring women's rights. Steps taken in the form and substantive equality and further steps that must be taken in that regard. The Committee recommends that concluding observations should also be disseminated at the local community level. The Committee encourages the State party to hold a series of meetings to discuss progress in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes the State party's participation in nine major international human rights instruments, which contribute to the promotion of women's enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Costa Rica to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on steps taken to implement the recommendations in paragraphs 15 and 33 above.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of ministries and all public institutions in the preparation of the next report and to consult with women's and human rights organizations at this stage.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to submit its eighth periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under international human rights treaties approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006, including guidelines for the preparation of common core documents, submission of specific treaty reports (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). It is important to follow the reporting guidelines on specific treaties adopted by the Commission at its fortieth session in January 2008 and the harmonized reporting guidelines on common core documents. These two guidelines form the harmonized guidelines for reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Specific treaty documents should limit 40 pages, and the revised common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论性意见", "吉布提", "1. 2011年7月21日消除对妇女歧视委员会第991次和第992次会议(CEDAW/C/SR.991和992)审议了吉布提的合并初次、第二次和第三次定期报告(CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3，吉布提政府的答复载于CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会欢迎缔约国提交其合并初次、第二次和第三次定期报告。虽然这些报告缺乏一些按性别分列的具体数据并且已经逾期，但它们提供了详细情况并总体遵循了委员会编写报告的准则。委员会赞赏地注意到，在编写合并报告时，由部际委员会协调开展了参与性进程，参与者包括不同部委、国民议会议员、全国人权委员会和民间社会组织。委员会赞赏缔约国代表团团长所作的口头发言、对会前工作组所提议题和问题清单的书面答复以及对委员会口头提出的大部分问题所作的进一步说明。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派遣了由吉布提共和国提高妇女地位和计划生育部长率领的高级别代表团，其中包括多个政府部门和全国人权委员会的代表。委员会赞赏该代表团与委员会成员之间进行的建设性对话，但同时指出，一些问题未获答复。", "4. 委员会欢迎缔约国在面临众多挑战的情况下仍承诺执行《公约》的规定。", "B. 积极方面", "5. 委员会欢迎缔约国自1998年该《公约》在缔约国生效以来批准了下列国际人权条约：", "(a) 2002年，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》；", "(b) 2002年，《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》；", "(c) 2002年，《公民及政治权利国际公约》的两项《任择议定书》；", "(d) 2011年，《儿童权利公约》关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题和关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的两项《任择议定书》；", "(e) 2005年，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章非洲妇女权利议定书》。", "6. 委员会欢迎自《公约》生效以来已实行下列立法措施，以消除对妇女的歧视：", "(a) 《家庭法》(2002年)，其中规定了男女最低结婚年龄为18岁(尽管有例外)，提高了妇女在一夫多妻制婚姻中的经济地位，废除了休妻做法，并把离婚丈夫拒付赡养费定为刑事罪(“遗弃家庭罪”)；", "(b) 2009年修订了《刑法典》第333条(把切割女性生殖器定为刑事罪)，对不报告切割女性生殖器行为的做法加以定义并把它定为刑事罪；修订了《刑事诉讼法》第7条，放宽妇女权利组织把切割女性生殖器案件提交法庭须满足的条件；", "(c) 《人口贩运法》(2007年)，其中把参与或协助贩卖人口行为定为刑事罪，并规定向受害者提供协助；", "(d) 《教育制度法》(2000年)，实行6至16岁女童和男童免费义务教育；", "(e) 《劳工法典》(2006年)，其中除其他外规定14周带薪产假和3天父亲带薪育儿假。", "7. 委员会还赞赏地注意到缔约国采取了多种体制和政策措施，其中包括：", "(a) 2008年成立负责与议会关系的提高妇女地位、家庭福利和社会事务部，后来更名为提高妇女地位和计划生育部；", "(b) 2008年成立全国人权委员会和协调向条约机构提交报告的部际委员会；", "(c) 妇女参与发展全国战略(2003-2010年)及其行动计划，该计划力求增强妇女对政治和经济生活的参与、改善孕产妇和儿童健康以及增加妇女和女童受教育和扫盲的机会。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "8. 委员会重申缔约国有义务系统和持续地执行《公约》的所有规定，并认为本结论性意见中提出的关切和建议是需要缔约国从现在到提交下次定期报告期间优先关注的问题。因此，委员会敦促缔约国在执行活动中把重点放在这些领域，并在下次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和所取得的成果。委员会呼吁缔约国在国家和地区两级向所有相关部委、国民议会、地区议会、司法机关散发本结论性意见，以确保它们得到充分执行。委员会还建议缔约国将结论性意见纳入整个权力下放过程。", "国民议会", "9. 委员会重申，政府对于缔约国根据《公约》全面履行各项义务负有主要责任并尤其承担问责，同时委员会强调，《公约》对政府所有部门都有约束力。它请缔约国鼓励国民议会酌情按照其程序采取必要的步骤，以落实本结论性意见并根据《公约》展开缔约国下次报告过程。", "《公约》的能见度和委员会的一般建议", "10. 委员会指出，缔约国批准的国际条约构成其国家法律一个部分而且优先于国家法律(《宪法》第37条)，同时委员会关切地注意到，有人认为国内法已充分反映《公约》的规定，法官、治安法官和执法官员不必要再适用《公约》。它关切地注意到，《公约》并没有被翻译成民族语言，即阿法尔语、索马里语和阿拉伯语，也没有得到广泛传播。它还感到关注的是，在国家和地区两级，并非所有政府部门和司法部门都充分认识到妇女根据《公约》享有的权利、实质性性别平等的概念和委员会的一般建议。最近吉布提颁布了一项关于法律援助的法律，虽然它的适用范围不仅仅局限于妇女，但是它缓解了法律费用的影响，而法律费用是限制妇女诉诸法律的一个重要方面。尽管委员会欢迎吉布提的这种做法，但是委员会感到关切的是，妇女、特别是农村妇女并不知道她们根据《公约》享有的权利，而她们获得这些权利的能力受到以下方面的进一步限制：长期存在的文化定型观念、传统司法机制、文盲、不能获得信息以及向法院申诉时的其他实际困难。", "11. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 以所有民族语言翻译和广泛传播《公约》，并为此酌情寻求国际援助；", "(b) 采取措施，确保国家和地区两级所有政府和司法部门充分了解和适用《公约》和委员会各项一般建议，把它们作为关于性别平等和提高妇女地位的所有法律、法院判决和政策的框架；", "(c) 确保《公约》成为对法官和治安法官，包括家事法院工作人员、律师和检察官进行法律教育及培训的组成部分，从而在该国牢固确立支持男女平等和无性别歧视的法律文化；", "(d) 通过法律扫盲方案等途径，提高妇女对自身权利及其获取途径的认识，通过使用包括媒体在内的一切适当方式，确保缔约国各地妇女获得有关《公约》的信息；", "(e) 通过有效实施关于法律援助的法律以使贫困妇女能够就《公约》权利受到侵犯的问题提出申诉，以及通过宣传如何利用现有的反歧视法律补救办法，消除妇女在诉诸法律时可能面临的障碍。", "法律的协调统一", "12. 委员会欢迎缔约国努力在基于习惯法、伊斯兰法和现代法律元素的《家庭法典》中增强妇女在结婚和离婚方面享有的权利。然而，它关切地注意到缔约国的立场，即《家庭法典》中的歧视性条款，如丈夫作为家长的作用和妇女不平等的继承份额，均植根于“较高的社会文化和宗教价值观”中，因而不能修改。委员会关切地注意到，《家庭法典》内有些条款所规定的妇女和男子在婚姻中以及在离婚过程中享有的权利是不平等的，与《公约》不符。在这方面，委员会回顾，缔约国当初无保留地批准了《公约》。委员会还感到关切的是，涉及侵犯妇女权利的纠纷，尤其是性暴力案件常常通过传统司法机制解决，例如向受害者家人象征性地支付一点钱，而不与受害者协商或向其提供赔偿。", "13. 委员会回顾其关于婚姻和家庭关系平等的第21(1994)号一般性建议，呼吁缔约国修订《家庭法典》的歧视性条款，以使这些条款与《公约》保持一致。在此过程中，缔约国应借鉴该区域其他缔约国的成功经验，即根据《公约》在逐步解释《古兰经》的基础上审查家事和家庭法律。委员会还建议该缔约国采取措施，让公众认识通过司法机制、而不是习惯机制处理暴力侵害妇女权利案件的重要性，以确保受害者获得有效的补救和赔偿，并且培训法官、治安法官和执法人员根据《公约》采取对性别问题有敏感认识的方式来适用有关法律。", "提高妇女地位的国家机制", "14. 委员会欢迎吉布提建立由提高妇女地位部、性别平等问题地区办事处和各政府部门性别平等问题协调中心组成的提高妇女地位国家机制，同时委员会感到关切的是，在确保有效协调和实施妇女参与发展国家战略以及确保妇女权利在社会和经济发展战略中获得优先安排方面，国家机制的能力和资源没有得到适当的加强，特别是在地区一级。", "15. 委员会回顾其第6(1988)号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》提出的指导意见，特别是国家机制有效运作的必要条件，建议缔约国：", "(a) 提供充足的人力、技术和财政资源，以加强现有的各级国家机制，以便在制定和实施关于性别平等和把性别观点纳入所有法律和政策主流的法律和政策措施，提供相关咨询意见，协调和监督其编制与实施方面提高其效用；", "(b) 向提高妇女地位部、包括其地区办事处的男女工作人员以及在国家和地区两级其他政府部门工作的妇女和男子提供关于性别平等的培训；", "(c) 优先重视妇女权利、不歧视和性别平等问题，包括考虑到委员会关于编制和实施国家性别平等政策的建议；", "(d) 把注重成果的做法——包括具体指标和目标——纳入国家性别平等政策；", "(e) 按照关于国家机构地位的原则(巴黎原则)(大会第48/134号决议，附件)，加强国家人权委员会的能力、独立性和资源，强化其实现妇女权利的任务。", "定型观念和有害习俗", "16. 虽然委员会注意到缔约国已采取步骤，消除歧视性文化态度和把一些有害习俗定为刑事罪，但是委员会关切的是不良文化规范、习俗和传统的长期存在以及对妇女和男子在生活各方面角色、责任和身份的重男轻女态度和根深蒂固的定型观念。委员会还感到关切的是，这样的习俗和做法会造成对妇女的长期歧视并反映了妇女在公共生活、经济生活、决策以及婚姻和家庭关系等许多方面处于不利和不平等的地位。它指出，这类定型观念也促成暴力侵害妇女行为和有害习俗的长期存在，包括切割女性生殖器、一夫多妻制和早婚；它表示关切缔约国没有采取足够的持续、有系统的行动，纠正或消除定型观念、歧视性文化价值观和有害习俗。", "17. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 根据《公约》第二条(f)和第五条(a)的规定，制定全面战略以消除歧视妇女的有害习俗和定型观念。这些措施应包括努力与民间社会合作，对社会各阶层的妇女和男子，包括对传统和宗教领袖进行这方面的教育并提高其对这个问题的认识；", "(b) 建立公众教育计划并禁止和(或)有效禁止这些习俗，特别是农村地区的习俗，取缔切割女性生殖器、一夫多妻制和早婚等有害习俗；", "(c) 采用创新措施，加强人们对男女平等的了解并继续与媒体合作，以增强妇女的积极和无陈规偏见形象；", "(d) 评估这些措施的影响，以查明不足并加以相应改进。", "切割女性生殖器", "18. 虽然委员会欣见缔约国采取了多项措施，以提高对切割女性生殖器做法所产生有害影响的认识，但委员会关切地注意到切割女性生殖器做法依然非常普遍(高达93%)，尤其是在农村地区，而且一般不会报告、起诉及惩处此类案件。委员会还关切地注意到，切割女性生殖器往往会造成产科并发症、剖腹产、失血过多、产程过长和孕产妇死亡，特别是缔约国境内普遍存在的阴部扣锁做法是切割女性生殖器的最极端形式，更容易造成以上问题。", "19. 委员会回顾关于切割女性生殖器做法的第14号(1990年)和关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19号(1992年)一般性建议以及各方在关于吉布提的普遍定期审查期间提出的建议(A/HRC/11/16，第67.18、67.25、68.3和68.8段)和儿童权利委员会向缔约国提出的建议(CRC/C/DJI/CO/2，第56段)，并敦促缔约国：", "(a) 通过起诉和适当惩处犯罪人及合谋者或对这一罪行知情不报者，有效执行《刑法》中关于切割女性生殖器做法的第333条的内容，其中规定对这一行为判处5年监禁，并向委员会通报相关报告、起诉和定罪的数目以及对切割女性生殖器施行人所作判决；", "(b) 在民间社会组织的支持下，加强针对家庭、执行人员、社区、传统和宗教领导人、保健工作人员、法官和治安法官(其中包括家事法庭法官)、检察官及警官的提高认识活动及培训工作，以便解释切割女性生殖器是一种性别歧视和暴力行为，并杜绝此种行为及其文化根基；", "(c) 向家庭、社区、执行人员、教师以及保健工作人员解释切割女性生殖器对妇女和女孩生殖健康的有害影响。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "20. 委员会注意到缔约国已采取多项措施，对付暴力侵害妇女问题，这些措施包括：缔约国向法官、律师及民间社会散发法律应答和受害者援助指南；主要妇女权利组织“吉布提全国妇女联盟”在Ali-Adeh难民营等地设立信息、指导和咨询中心，向性别暴力受害者提供援助。委员会还注意到缔约国打算审查其关于暴力侵害妇女行为的法律。但委员会感到关切的是，妇女极少报告性别暴力行为，这些问题通常是在家庭内部解决，婚内强奸没有被定为犯罪行为，被强奸后进行人工流产属于非法行为。委员会还关切地注意到，据报在Ali-Adeh难民营存在性暴力行为，但受害者无法获得司法救助。", "21. 根据关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19号(1992年)一般性建议，委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 在接获受害者或依职权提出的申诉后，立即起诉所有侵害妇女和女孩的家庭暴力和性暴力行为并适当惩处犯罪人；", "(b) 考虑订正刑法，以便将婚内强奸定为犯罪行为，将强奸后人工流产非刑罪化；", "(c) 就严格适用《刑法》中相关条款的问题向法官、检察官和警察提供强制性培训；", "(d) 鼓励作为暴力行为受害者的妇女和女孩向警察报告案件，采取的办法包括提高对此类行为犯罪性质的认识，消除对受害者的诋毁，培训执法人员和医护人员在对待受害者、有效调查申诉方面采用标准的、对性别问题有敏感认识的程序；", "(e) 确保提高妇女地位部编写的国家两性平等政策草案把取缔暴力侵害妇女行为列为优先事项；", "(f) 通过提供免费法律援助和心理咨询、为受虐妇女提供庇护所以及支持包括吉布提全国妇女联盟在内的多个妇女权利组织向受害者提供援助，加强对受害者的援助力度，使她们恢复正常生活；", "(g) 在Ali-Adeh营地派驻更多执法人员，向性暴力和其他形式暴力行为受害者提供免费法律援助，确保营地难民中妇女和女孩的人身安全；", "(h) 收集按性别分列的申诉、起诉和定罪数目以及对家庭暴力和性暴力犯罪人判刑的数据，并将此类数据提供给委员会。", "贩运人口及利用妇女卖淫营利", "22. 委员会承认缔约国在应对入境和过境的难民和移民人数多方面面临诸多困难。委员会注意到缔约国已采取多项措施打击贩运人口特别是贩运妇女和儿童行为，妇女和儿童往往遭到贩运人员的虐待并在目的地国被强迫劳动及遭到性剥削。这些措施包括与次区域其他国家达成多项合作协议，进一步加强与国际移民组织的合作——该组织最近在Obock开设了一个移徙事务中心——以及将贩运人口定为犯罪行为。但委员会关切地注意到缔约国执行禁止贩运人口法，向受害者提供援助的能力有限，被起诉和定罪的贩运者很少，而对容易成为贩运受害者的难民或移徒妇女及儿童的保护措施很缺乏。", "23. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 加快采纳国家行动计划，打击贩运人口特别是贩运包括难民和移徒者在内的妇女和女孩的行为；", "(b) 起诉和适当惩处贩运者并向贩运受害者提供援助，以有效执行禁止贩运人口法；", "(c) 就严格适用刑法中的相关条款问题继续提高认识及培训执法官员；", "(d) 建立适当机制，以尽早发现、移交处理并帮助贩运受害者，包括难民和移徒妇女和女孩；", "(e) 通过提供小额信贷和自主创业机会，向难民和移徒妇女提供创收途径，以减少她们为生计不得不卖淫及成为贩运人口受害者的风险；", "(f) 收集按性别分列的被起诉和定罪的贩运者人数数据，并将这一数据列入下一份定期报告。", "参与政治和公共生活", "24. 委员会欢迎2002年法令规定，提出候选人名单的政党必须在其名单中包含10%的女性比例，这使得国民议会、区议会和市议会中妇女人数增多。2009年，妇女占了国民议会65个议席中的9个。委员会还注意到，2008年颁布的一项法令规定，女性在国家高级职务中的配额为20%，目前已有3个女部长，而且女法官包括个人身份法院中的女法官人数有了大幅增多。但委员会感到关切的是，妇女参与政治和公共生活依然不足，尤其是在决策职位、地方行政当局以及外交事务方面。", "25. 委员会回顾关于妇女参与政治和公共生活的第23号(1997年)和关于暂行特别措施的第25号(2004年)一般性建议，并建议缔约国：", "(a) 通过适当处罚等办法加强并有效执行现行配额以及为申请国家、区域及市一级公务职位的妇女增设配额，以便在当选和获任的政治机构，特别是在决策职位和地方行政当局中加快实现男女平等代表权；", "(b) 在用于竞选的公共资金中为女候选人，包括为反对派候选人划拨适当资金；", "(c) 促进妇女参与民间社会组织、各政党、工会及其他协会，包括担任领导职务；", "(d) 确保妇女，包括残疾妇女拥有适当参与机会，并能投票参与规划、执行、监督及评价发展政策和社区项目；", "(e) 采取平等权利行动，增加女外交官，特别是女大使人数；", "(f) 为政界人士、记者、教师以及传统和宗教领导人，特别是向男子提供性别平等培训，使他们进一步认识到，妇女和男子充分、平等、自由、民主地参与政治和公共生活是全面落实《公约》的一个必要条件。", "教育", "26. 委员会欢迎缔约国为增加女孩接受教育特别是初等教育的机会采取了各种措施，包括使学校更靠近农村社区，成立一个新的学前教育部，增加幼儿园和托儿所数目，为女孩提供奖学金和口粮，通过奖励机制鼓励父母特别是农村地区父母送女儿上学，但委员会感到关切的是：", "(a) 尽管缔约国采取了各种措施，但女孩特别是农村地区女孩的初等教育入学率增长缓慢；", "(b) 女孩特别是农村地区女孩中等教育入学率低，中学教育女孩和男孩入学率差距很大；", "(c) 面向妇女和女孩的专业培训及技术和职业教育注重传统上女性占主导地位领域，诸如缝纫、烹饪以及美发等，潜在地将她们今后的职业限制在低收入职业；", "(d) 妇女特别是农村地区妇女识字率低。", "27. 委员会呼吁缔约国继续采取各项措施，确保女孩和妇女能够平等获得各级教育，包括：", "(a) 消除妇女和女孩在受教育方面遇到的障碍，如负面文化观念、早婚、过多家务劳动、女教师人数少、安全无保障以及与切割女性生殖器相关的保健问题；", "(b) 提高家长、社区、教师、传统领导人、公职人员，特别是男子对妇女和女孩受教育重要性的认识；", "(c) 采取平等权利行动，例如培训和征聘女教师；", "(d) 确保女孩的安全并满足她们的保健需求，包括在靠近农村社区地方开设更多学校，修建男女分开的功能型厕所，特别是在小学；", "(e) 为女孩提供公共奖学金及制定使父母愿意送女儿读书的奖励机制，包括提供补贴，减轻女孩家务劳动等；", "(f) 通过将残疾女孩和男孩纳入主流教育等办法为他们提供适当的教育机会；", "(g) 提供技术和职业培训，为辍学女孩提供职业培训机会，同时指导她们进入传统上男性占主导的职业领域，例如与吉布提港相关的服务、贸易和物流；", "(h) 实施成人扫盲方案，特别是面向农村地区妇女实施此种方案。", "就业", "28. 委员会注意到《劳动法》为妇女提供了保护，而且缔约国努力为妇女创造创收机会，但委员会对劳动力市场中妇女遭受歧视的问题依然感到关切，这些问题包括：", "(a) 妇女失业率非常高；", "(b) 妇女集中从事非正规经济中的无薪或低薪工作，无法获得社会保护；", "(c) 据报告，载有同工同酬原则的《劳动法》第137条执行不严格；", "(d) 妇女创办小型企业获得信贷的途径有限；", "(e) 尽管有法律规定，但据报仍存在解雇妊娠妇女或产后妇女等歧视劳工做法；", "(f) 没有关于禁止工作单位性骚扰的立法；", "(g) 女孩在包括家庭务工在内的最恶劣形式童工劳动中受到剥削。", "29. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 加强对妇女的技术和职业培训，包括在传统的男性主导领域以及在农业部门；", "(b) 批准国家社会保障基金并将其扩大至包括妇女在内的非正规经济部门工人，或者请负责非正规经济部门正规化工作的部委为这些工人拟订单独的国家社会保护方案；", "(c) 通过提高认识、适当制裁和劳动检查来有效落实同工酬原则，并考虑修正《劳动法》第259条以使其与第137条保持一致；", "(d) 通过社会发展基金、社会发展署、信用合作社以及民众储蓄和信贷基金来扩大妇女获得低息小额融资和小额信贷的机会，使其从事创收活动或创业；", "(e) 收集私营和非正规经济部门中男女境况的分列数据，以监测并改善妇女的工作条件；", "(f) 考虑修正《劳动法》，禁止并适当制裁工作单位里的性骚扰，加大对以妊娠为由终止雇佣的惩罚力度；", "(g) 依照《1999年禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(劳工组织第182号公约)，增加对雇主的检查和罚金，以此保护女孩和男孩免于剥削性童工劳动；监管和监测家庭雇工尤其是女孩的工作条件以及考虑批准《2011年家庭佣工公约》(劳工组织第189号公约)。", "卫生", "30. 委员会注意到缔约国已采取重要措施，以使基本保健服务延伸到农村社区，降低孕产妇死亡，增加妇女和女孩获得计划生育和生殖保健服务的机会。委员会还注意到缔约国有意审查关于堕胎的立法。但是，委员会对以下各项表示关注：", "(a) 产科并发症、切割女性生殖器、早孕、不安全人工流产和其他因素导致孕产妇死亡率很高，包括孕产妇医院内死亡率；", "(b) 缺少产科急诊和产后保健，尤其是在农村地区；", "(c) 避孕药具使用率低(22.5%)，致使妇女和女孩面临艾滋病毒/艾滋病、其他性传播疾病和早孕风险；", "(d) 缺乏关于早孕和不安全人工流产的分列数据；", "(e) 艾滋病毒/艾滋病在妇女中的流行率很高；预防母婴传播的工作效力有限；以艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者为耻的心态阻碍其获得支助服务、自愿心理咨询和筛查以及妇女和女孩缺少有关艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防方法的知识。", "31. 依照委员会关于《公约》第12条(妇女和健康)的第24号一般性建议(1999年)，委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 进一步分散设立医疗机构，就妇女转诊到孕产妇保健服务机构事宜培训社区保健员和流动健康工作队，解决农村地区缺乏产科急诊服务的问题；", "(b) 通过提高认识，在强奸案中以及怀孕妇女和女孩生命或健康有危险时使堕胎行为免于刑事处罚，以及提供安全堕胎和堕胎后护理来收集关于早孕和不安全堕胎流行率的分列数据并解决这些问题；", "(c) 提高对可采用的避孕方法的认识，特别是将性教育纳入学校课程，尤其是中学学校课程；鼓励使用男用安全套作为安全且较经济的方法；", "(d) 为感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的妇女和男子提供免费抗逆病毒治疗，继续使感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的母亲尤其是父亲注意预防母婴传播的重要性；", "(e) 提高认识，解除艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者或艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者及包括性工作者在内的高危群体所遭受的污名，使其获得支助服务和自愿心理咨询及筛查。", "农村妇女", "32. 委员会注意到该缔约国80%的人口生活在城市地区，同时对农村妇女尤其受到贫困、粮食无保障、缺少安全饮用水以及干旱等不利气候条件的影响表示关切。", "33. 委员会建议缔约国继续努力，以便：", "(a) 为农村地区妇女开展创收活动；", "(b) 为因干旱或贫困而几乎全部丧失其牲畜的放牧男女提供替代生计；", "(c) 修建新水井、龙头和环卫设施，以改善农村地区妇女和女孩获得安全饮用水和适当卫生设备的机会；", "(d) 鼓励农牧民社区在新建水源附近定居以加强粮食保障，更便利地获得个人消费用水和灌溉用水。", "弱势妇女群体", "34. 委员会感到关切的是，缺乏相关分列数据，无法了解老年妇女、孤女和弱势女孩、残疾妇女以及难民和移徙妇女等通常面临多种形式歧视的妇女的境况。", "35. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 收集有关老年妇女、孤女和弱势女孩、残疾妇女以及难民和移徙妇女等通常面临多种形式歧视的妇女的境况的分列数据，并将其列入下一次定期报告；", "(b) 按照《公约》第4条第一段采取措施，包括暂行特别措施以消除歧视，包括酌情消除政治和公共生活以及教育、就业和卫生领域的歧视，保护弱势妇女免遭暴力、虐待和剥削，并将有关这些措施的资料列入下次报告。", "婚姻和家庭关系中对妇女的歧视", "36. 委员会关切地注意到2002年《家庭法》中规定：", "(a) 妇女只有在取得监护人同意后才可结婚(第7条)以及不可与非穆斯林男子结婚，除非其皈依伊斯兰教(第23条)；", "(b) 须向新娘支付财礼(mahr)以使婚姻有效(第7、20和21条)；", "(c) 在未成年人的法定监护人同意或法官授权的情况下，允许豁免最低结婚年龄(18岁)限制(第14条)；", "(d) 保留一夫多妻制，条件是多妻男性的第一个妻子获得一定经济保障(第22条)；", "(e) 丈夫是一家之长，妻子必须尊重其特权(第31条)；", "(f) 只有丈夫可无正当理由提出离婚，而妻子提出离婚必须证明所受伤害(第39条第2段)或放弃作为离婚妇女的权利，并可被勒令向丈夫提供赔偿；", "(g) 妇女的继承份额不足男性的一半，女儿的继承比例是儿子的一半(第101条及后续条款)。", "37. 委员会回顾《婚姻和家庭关系中男女平等公约》第16条以及第21号一般性建议(1994年)，并呼吁缔约国废除或修正《家庭法》中的上述歧视性规定，以消除在婚姻、家庭关系和继承等一切相关事务中存在的对妇女和女孩的歧视，从而在明确的时限内使相关规定与《公约》相一致。", "任择议定书", "38. 委员会注意到代表团表示缔约国已启动批准《公约任择议定书》的进程，因而呼吁缔约国加快批准《任择议定书》的工作。", "《公约》第20条第1段的修正", "39. 委员会鼓励缔约国加快接受关于委员会会议时间的《公约》第20条第1款修正案。", "北京宣言和行动纲要", "40. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》义务时充分实施《北京宣言和行动纲要》，后者强化了《公约》各项规定，此外请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关资料。", "千年发展目标", "41. 委员会强调，充分和有效地执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在所有谋求实现千年发展目标的工作中纳入性别观点，明确体现《公约》各项规定，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关资料。", "传播", "42. 委员会请吉布提在国内广为传播本结论意见，使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员以及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等而采取的步骤以及在这方面应进一步采取的步骤。委员会建议本结论意见的传播范围应包括地方社区一级。委员会鼓励缔约国举办一系列会议，讨论在落实本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国广泛传播，尤其是向妇女和人权组织广泛传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪性别平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "43. 委员会指出，缔约国加入所有九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将有助于妇女在所有各方面生活中进一步享受人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励缔约国考虑批准其尚未加入的公约，即《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《残疾人权利公约》以及《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续落实", "44. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为落实上文第19段和第21段所载各项建议而采取的措施。", "技术援助", "45. 委员会建议缔约国考虑寻求更多国际协助并借助各种技术协助来拟订和执行一项综合性方案，以实施上述各项建议及整个公约。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作，其中包括妇女署、联合国统计司、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世卫组织及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处。", "编写下一次报告", "46. 委员会请缔约国确保各部委和公共机构广泛参与下次定期报告的起草工作，同时与各妇女和人权组织进行协商。", "47. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见中提出的各项关切。委员会邀请缔约国于2015年7月提出下次定期报告。", "48. 委员会请缔约国遵守人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议于2006年6月批准的根据国际人权条约提交报告的统一准则，包括编写核心文件和提交具体条约文件的准则(HRI/MC/2006/3 和 Corr.1)。委员会在其2008年1月第四十届会议上通过的与《公约》具体相关的报告导则(见A/63/38，第一部分，附件一)必须与共同核心文件的统一报告导则一并适用。这两个导则共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交的报告的统一导则。与《公约》具体相关的文件的页数应限制在40页，修订后的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》以及《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Djibouti", "1. The Committee considered the combined initial, second and third periodic reports of Djibouti (CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3) at its 991st and 992nd meetings, on 21 July 2011 (CEDAW/C/SR.991 and 992). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3 and the responses of the Government of Djibouti are contained in CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee welcomes the submission by the State party of its combined initial, second and third periodic reports, which were detailed and generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, although they lacked some specific sex-disaggregated data and were overdue. The Committee notes with appreciation that the combined reports were prepared in a participatory process coordinated by an inter-ministerial committee and involving different ministries, members of the National Assembly, the National Human Rights Commission and civil society organizations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for the oral statement presented by the head of the delegation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre‑session working group, and the further clarifications to most of the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation, headed by the Minister for the Advancement of Women and Family Planning of the Republic of Djibouti, which included representatives of several Government departments and of the National Human Rights Commission. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee, while noting that some questions were not answered.", "4. The Committee welcomes the commitment of the State party to implement the provisions of the Convention despite the many challenges it is facing.", "B. Positive aspects", "5. The Committee welcomes the ratification by the State party of the following international human rights treaties since the entry into force of the Convention for the State party in 1998:", "(a) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in 2002;", "(b) The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, in 2002;", "(c) The two Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in 2002;", "(d) The Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, in 2011;", "(e) The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, in 2005.", "6. The Committee welcomes the adoption, since the entry into force of the Convention, of the following legislative measures aimed at eliminating discrimination against women:", "(a) The Family Code (2002), which sets the minimum age of marriage at 18 years for women and men, albeit with exceptions, and improves the economic position of women in polygamous marriages, abolishes the practice of repudiation and criminalizes the refusal of a divorced husband to pay alimony (“family abandonment”);", "(b) The amendment in 2009 of article 333 of the Criminal Code (criminalizing female genital mutilation) to define and criminalize failure to report female genital mutilation and of article 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code to relax the conditions to be met by women’s rights organizations for bringing female genital mutilation cases to court;", "(c) The Human Trafficking Act (2007) which criminalizes engaging in or facilitating human trafficking and provides for victim assistance;", "(d) The Education System Act (2000) introducing free compulsory education for girls and boys aged 6 to 16 years;", "(e) The Labour Code (2006) providing for, inter alia, 14 weeks of paid maternity leave and three days of paid parental leave for fathers.", "7. The Committee also notes with appreciation the adoption by the State party of various institutional and policy measures, including:", "(a) The establishment in 2008 of the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, Family Welfare and Social Affairs, which was renamed Ministry for the Advancement of Women and Family Planning, in charge of relations with Parliament (Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme et du Planning Familial, chargé des Relations avec le Parlement);", "(b) The establishment in 2008 of the National Human Rights Commission and of an inter-ministerial committee to coordinate the submission of reports to treaty bodies;", "(c) The National Strategy for the Integration of Women in Development (2003-2010) and its action plan aiming at strengthening women’s participation in political and economic life, improving maternal and child health, and increasing women’s and girls’ access to education and literacy.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "8. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries at the national and regional levels, to the National Assembly and regional assemblies, as well as to the judiciary, so as to ensure their full implementation. It also recommends that the State party integrate the concluding observations throughout its decentralization process.", "National Assembly", "9. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of government. It invites the State party to encourage the National Assembly, in line with its procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the State party’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Visibility of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations", "10. While noting that international treaties ratified by the State party form part of its national law and have supremacy over national laws (article 37 of the Constitution), the Committee is concerned about the perception that judges, magistrates and law enforcement officials need not apply the Convention, as domestic law adequately reflects its provisions. It notes with concern that the Convention has not been translated and widely disseminated in the national languages, namely, Afar, Somali and Arabic. It is further concerned that there is inadequate knowledge of the rights of women under the Convention, its concept of substantive gender equality and of the Committee’s general recommendations among all branches of the Government and the judiciary, at both the national and regional levels. While welcoming the recent adoption of a law on legal aid which, although not limited to women, mitigates the impact of legal costs as a critical aspect that limits women’s access to justice, the Committee is concerned that women, especially in rural areas, are not aware of their rights under the Convention and that their ability to claim those rights is further limited by the persistence of cultural stereotypes, traditional justice mechanisms, illiteracy, lack of access to information and other practical difficulties in accessing courts.", "11. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Translate and widely disseminate the Convention in all national languages and to that end seek international assistance, if appropriate;", "(b) Take measures to ensure that the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations are sufficiently known and applied by all branches of Government and the judiciary at the national and regional levels as a framework for all laws, court decisions and policies on gender equality and the advancement of women;", "(c) Ensure that the Convention be made an integral part of the legal education and training of judges and magistrates, including those in personal status courts, lawyers and prosecutors, so that a legal culture supportive of women’s equality with men and non-discrimination on the basis of sex is firmly established in the country;", "(d) Enhance women’s awareness of their rights and the means to enforce them through, inter alia, legal literacy programmes, and to ensure that information on the Convention is provided to women in all parts of the State party through the use of all appropriate means, including the media;", "(e) Remove barriers that women may face in gaining access to justice by effectively implementing the law on legal aid to enable poor women to claim violations of their rights under the Convention and by disseminating knowledge of ways to utilize available legal remedies against discrimination.", "Harmonization of laws", "12. The Committee welcomes the efforts made by the State party to strengthen women’s rights in relation to marriage and divorce in the Family Code, which is based on customary law, Islamic law and modern elements of law. However, it notes with concern the State party’s position that discriminatory provisions of the Family Code, such as provisions concerning the husband’s role as the head of the family and women’s unequal inheritance share, cannot be changed as they are rooted in “higher socio-cultural and religious values”. The Committee notes with concern that provisions of the Family Code which provide for unequal rights of women and men during marriage and its dissolution are incompatible with the Convention, and in this regard recalls that the State party ratified the Convention without reservations. It is also concerned that disputes concerning violations of women’s rights, especially cases of sexual violence, are often settled through traditional justice mechanisms, such as payment of a symbolic amount to the victim’s family without consulting or compensating the victim.", "13. The Committee recalls its general recommendation No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations, and calls upon the State party to amend discriminatory provisions of the Family Code, with a view to harmonizing them with the Convention. In doing so, the State party is advised to draw upon the successful experiences in other States parties in the region in reviewing personal status and family laws based on progressive interpretations of the Koran, in line with the Convention. The Committee also recommends that the State party take measures to sensitize the public on the importance of addressing violations of women’s rights through judicial rather than customary mechanisms so as to ensure that victims have access to effective remedies and reparation, and to train judges, magistrates and law enforcement officials to apply relevant laws in a gender-sensitive manner in conformity with the Convention.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "14. While welcoming the establishment of a national machinery for the advancement of women, comprising the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, regional gender offices, and gender focal points in different government departments, the Committee is concerned that the capacity and resources of the national machinery have not been adequately strengthened, especially at the regional level, to ensure the effective coordination and implementation of the National Strategy for the Integration of Women in Development and the prioritization of women’s rights in social and economic development strategies.", "15. The Committee, recalling its general recommendation No. 6 (1988) and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular regarding the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen the existing national machinery at all levels by providing it with adequate human, technical and financial resources to increase its effectiveness in formulating, implementing, providing advice on, coordinating and overseeing the preparation and implementation of laws and policy measures in the field of gender equality and in mainstreaming gender perspectives in all laws and policies;", "(b) Provide training on gender equality to women and men working in the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, including its regional offices, as well as to those working in other government departments at the national and regional levels;", "(c) Give priority attention to women’s rights, non-discrimination and gender equality, including by taking into account the Committee’s recommendations in the preparation and implementation of the National Gender Policy;", "(d) Incorporate a result-oriented approach, including specific indicators and targets, in the National Gender Policy;", "(e) Strengthen the capacity, independence and resources of the National Human Rights Commission, as well as its mandate to work on women’s rights, in line with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions (Paris Principles) (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex).", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "16. While noting the steps taken by the State party to eliminate discriminatory cultural attitudes and to criminalize certain harmful practices, the Committee is concerned about the persistence of adverse cultural norms, practices and traditions as well as patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life. The Committee is also concerned that such customs and practices perpetuate discrimination against women, and are reflected in women’s disadvantageous and unequal status in many areas, including in public and economic life and decision-making and in marriage and family relations. It notes that such stereotypes also contribute to the persistence of violence against women as well as harmful practices, including female genital mutilation, polygamy and early marriage; and expresses its concern that the State party has not taken sufficient sustained and systematic action to modify or eliminate stereotypes, discriminatory cultural values and harmful practices.", "17. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Put in place a comprehensive strategy to eliminate harmful practices and stereotypes that discriminate against women, in conformity with articles 2(f) and 5(a) of the Convention. Such measures should include efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness about this subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society, including traditional and religious leaders;", "(b) Address harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, polygamy and early marriage by instituting public education programmes and prohibiting and/or effectively enforcing the prohibition of such practices, in particular in rural areas;", "(c) Use innovative measures to strengthen understanding of the equality of women and men and to continue working with the media to enhance a positive and non-stereotypical portrayal of women;", "(d) Undertake an assessment of the impact of those measures in order to identify shortcomings, and to improve them accordingly.", "Female genital mutilation", "18. While welcoming the numerous measures taken by the State party to raise awareness about the harmful effects of female genital mutilation, the Committee notes with concern that its prevalence is still very high (93 per cent), especially in rural areas, and that cases of female genital mutilation are generally not reported, prosecuted and punished. It also notes with concern that it often leads to obstetric complications, caesarean sections, excessive bleeding, prolonged labour and maternal death, especially in case of infibulations, the most extreme form of female genital mutilation, which is widely practised in the State party.", "19. The Committee recalls its general recommendations No. 14 (1990) on female circumcision and No. 19 (1992) on violence against women, as well as the recommendations addressed to the State party during the universal periodic review of Djibouti (A/HRC/11/16, paras. 67.18, 67.25, 68.3 and 68.8) and by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/DJI/CO/2, para. 56), and urges the State party to:", "(a) Effectively enforce article 333 of the Criminal Code on female genital mutilation, which provides for a penalty of five years’ imprisonment, by prosecuting and adequately punishing perpetrators as well as those complicit in or failing to report the crime, and to provide to the Committee information on the number of reports, prosecutions, convictions, and on the sentences imposed on perpetrators of female genital mutilation;", "(b) Intensify its awareness-raising campaigns and training efforts targeting families, practitioners, communities, traditional and religious leaders, health workers, judges and magistrates, including those in personal status courts, prosecutors and police officers, with the support of civil society organizations, in order to explain that female genital mutilation is a form of gender-based discrimination and violence and to eradicate it and its underlying cultural justifications;", "(c) Educate families, communities, practitioners, teachers, and health workers on the harmful effects of female genital mutilation on women’s and girls’ reproductive health.", "Violence against women", "20. The Committee notes that measures have been taken to address violence against women, such as the distribution by the State party of guides for judges and lawyers and for civil society on legal responses and victim assistance, and the establishment by the Union Nationale des Femmes Djiboutiennes (UNFD), the main women’s rights organization in the State party, of information, guidance and counselling centres (cellules d’écoute, d’information et d’orientation), including in the Ali-Adeh refugee camp, providing assistance to victims of gender-based violence. It also takes note of the State party’s intention to review its legislation on violence against women. However, it is concerned that women rarely report cases of gender-based violence, which are usually settled within the family, that marital rape is not criminalized, that abortion following rape is illegal. It is also concerned about reports of sexual violence in the Ali-Adeh camp without access to justice for victims.", "21. In accordance with its general recommendation No. 19 (1992) on violence against women, the Committee calls on the State party to:", "(a) Prosecute all acts of domestic and sexual violence against women and girls, upon complaint by the victim or ex officio, and adequately punish perpetrators;", "(b) Consider amending the Criminal Code, with a view to criminalizing marital rape and decriminalizing abortion in cases of rape;", "(c) Provide mandatory training to judges, prosecutors and the police on the strict application of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code;", "(d) Encourage women and girls who are victims of violence to report cases to the police, by raising awareness about the criminal nature of such acts, destigmatizing victims and training law enforcement and medical personnel on standardized, gender-sensitive procedures for dealing with victims and effectively investigating complaints;", "(e) Ensure that the draft National Gender Policy under preparation by the Ministry for the Promotion of Women prioritizes combating violence against women;", "(f) Strengthen victim assistance and rehabilitation by providing free legal aid, psychological counselling, opening shelters for battered women and supporting women’s rights organizations assisting victims, including but not limited to UNFD;", "(g) Ensure the physical security of refugee women and girls in the Ali‑Adeh camp by increasing the number of law enforcement personnel in the camp and providing free legal assistance to victims of sexual and other forms of violence;", "(h) Collect sex-disaggregated data on the number of complaints, prosecutions and convictions, as well as on the sentences imposed on perpetrators of domestic and sexual violence, and provide such data to the Committee.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "22. The Committee acknowledges the difficulties faced by the State party in responding to the high numbers of refugees and migrants coming to and transiting through its territory. It notes the measures that the State party has taken to combat trafficking in human beings, in particular women and children, who are often abused by traffickers and subjected to forced labour and sexual exploitation in the countries of destination, by concluding cooperation agreements with other countries in the subregion, further cooperating with the International Organization for Migration, which recently opened a migration response centre in Obock, and criminalizing human trafficking. However, the Committee notes with concern the limited capacity of the State party to enforce the Human Trafficking Act and provide assistance to victims, the low number of prosecutions and convictions of traffickers, and the lack of protection of refugee or migrant women and children vulnerable to become victims of trafficking.", "23. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Expedite the adoption of a national plan of action to combat trafficking in human beings, in particular women and girls, including refugees and migrants;", "(b) Effectively enforce the Human Trafficking Act by prosecuting and adequately punishing traffickers and by providing assistance to victims of trafficking;", "(c) Continue raising awareness and training law enforcement officials on the strict application of relevant criminal law provisions;", "(d) Establish appropriate mechanisms aimed at early identification, referral and support of victims of trafficking, including refugee and migrant women and girls;", "(e) Provide refugee and migrant women with access to income-generating activities, through microcredits and self-employment opportunities, to reduce their risk of having to engage in survival sex and of becoming the victims of human trafficking;", "(f) Collect sex-disaggregated data on the number of prosecutions and convictions of traffickers and include such data in its next periodic report.", "Participation in political and public life", "24. The Committee welcomes the fact that the 2002 law introducing a 10 per cent quota for women’s representation on candidate lists of political parties has resulted in an increase of the number of women in the National Assembly, where women were elected to 9 of the 65 seats in 2009, and in regional and municipal councils. It also notes that a 20 per cent quota for women in senior civil service posts was introduced in 2008 by decree, that there are currently three women ministers, and that the number of women judges, including those in personal status courts, has significantly increased. However, the Committee is concerned that women’s participation in political and public life remains weak, especially in decision-making positions and in the local administration, as well as in the diplomatic service.", "25. The Committee recalls its general recommendations No. 23 (1997) on women in political and public life and No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, and recommends that the State party:", "(a) Increase and effectively enforce, including through adequate sanctions, existing quotas and adopt additional quotas for women applying throughout the public service at national, regional and municipal levels, with a view to accelerating the equal representation of women and men in elected and appointed political bodies, especially in decision-making positions and in the local administration;", "(b) Allocate adequate funds for women candidates, including opposition candidates, in the public funding of election campaigns;", "(c) Promote women’s participation in civil society organizations, political parties, trade unions and other associations, including in leadership positions;", "(d) Ensure that women, including women with disabilities, have adequate opportunities to participate and that they have a vote in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development policies and community projects;", "(e) Take affirmative action to increase the number of women diplomats, in particular women ambassadors;", "(f) Provide training on gender equality to politicians, journalists, teachers, and traditional and religious leaders, especially men, to enhance the understanding that full, equal, free and democratic participation of women and men in political and public life is a requirement for the full implementation of the Convention.", "Education", "26. While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to increase girls’ access to, in particular, primary education, such as bringing schools closer to rural communities, creating a new ministry for preschool education, increasing the number of nurseries and daycares, and providing scholarships and food rations to girls and incentives for parents to send their daughters to school, especially in rural areas, the Committee is concerned about:", "(a) The slow increase in the enrolment of girls at the primary level, in particular in rural areas, despite the measures taken by the State party;", "(b) Girls’ low enrolment at the secondary level, especially in rural areas, and the significant gap between the enrolment rates for girls and boys at the secondary level;", "(c) The emphasis on traditionally female-dominated fields such as sewing, cooking and hairdressing in professional training and in technical and vocational education for women and girls, potentially confining them to low-paid jobs in their future professions;", "(d) The low female literacy rate, especially in rural areas.", "27. The Committee calls upon the State party to continue taking measures to ensure equal access of girls and women to all levels of education, such as:", "(a) Addressing barriers to women’s and girls’ education such as negative cultural attitudes, early marriage, excessive domestic duties, the low number of female teachers, lack of safety and health problems related to female genital mutilation;", "(b) Awareness-raising among parents, communities, teachers, traditional leaders and public officials, especially men, about the importance of women’s and girls’ education;", "(c) Affirmative action such as training and recruitment of female teachers;", "(d) Ensuring girls’ safety and addressing their health needs, including by opening more schools close to rural communities and by building separate and functioning latrines, in particular in primary schools;", "(e) Public scholarships for girls and incentives for parents to send their daughters to school, including subsidies, to relieve girls of their domestic work duties;", "(f) Adequate educational opportunities for girls and boys with disabilities, including by integrating them into mainstream education;", "(g) Technical and vocational training facilitating the professional reinsertion of girls who dropped out of school, also orienting them towards traditionally male-dominated careers, for example, in services, trade and logistics related to the port of Djibouti;", "(h) Adult literacy programmes, especially for women in rural areas.", "Employment", "28. While noting the protection afforded to women in the Labour Code, as well as the State party’s efforts to create income-generating opportunities for women, the Committee remains concerned about discrimination against women in the labour market, including:", "(a) The very high unemployment rate among women;", "(b) The concentration of women in unpaid work and in low-paid jobs in the informal economy without access to social protection;", "(c) The reportedly lax enforcement of article 137 of the Labour Code enshrining the principle of equal pay for work of equal value;", "(d) The limited access of women to credit for starting small-scale businesses;", "(e) Reports about discriminatory labour practices such as dismissals of women during or following pregnancy, despite the legal provisions in place;", "(f) The absence of legislation prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace;", "(g) Exploitation of girls in the worst forms of child labour, including domestic work.", "29. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Intensify technical and vocational training for women, including in traditionally male-dominated fields and in the agricultural sector;", "(b) Adopt and extend the National Social Security Fund to informal sector workers, including women, or task the Ministry for the formalization of the informal sector to develop a separate national social protection scheme for those workers;", "(c) Effectively enforce the principle of equal pay for work of equal value, through awareness-raising, adequate sanctions and labour inspections, and consider amending article 259 of the Labour Code to bring it into conformity with article 137;", "(d) Expand women’s access to microfinance and microcredit at low interest rates through the Social Development Fund, the Social Development Agency, credit unions, and the Caisse Populaire d’Épargne et de Crédits to enable women to engage in income-generating activities and to start their own businesses;", "(e) Collect disaggregated data on the situation of women and men in the private and informal sectors to monitor and improve women’s working conditions;", "(f) Consider amending the Labour Code, with a view to prohibiting and introducing adequate sanctions for sexual harassment in the workplace and increasing the penalties for termination of employment based on pregnancy;", "(g) Protect girls and boys from exploitative child labour, through increased inspections and fines for employers, in accordance with the Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (International Labour Organization (ILO Convention No. 182)), regulate and monitor the working conditions of domestic workers, in particular girls, and consider ratifying the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (ILO Convention No. 189).", "Health", "30. The Committee notes the important measures taken by the State party to extend basic health services to rural communities, reduce maternal mortality and increase women’s and girls’ access to family planning and reproductive health services. It also takes note of the State party’s intention to review its legislation on abortion. However, the Committee is concerned about:", "(a) The high maternal mortality rate, including intra-hospital maternal deaths, due to obstetric complications, female genital mutilation, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and other factors;", "(b) The lack of emergency obstetric services and post-natal care, especially in rural areas;", "(c) The low rate of contraceptive use (22.5 per cent), exposing women and girls to risk of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy;", "(d) The lack of disaggregated data on early pregnancies and unsafe abortions;", "(e) The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women, the limited effectiveness of efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission, the stigmatization of persons living with HIV/AIDS impeding their access to support services, voluntary counselling and screening, and the lack of knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention methods among women and girls.", "31. In line with its general recommendation No. 24 (1999) on article 12 of the Convention (women and health), the Committee calls on the State party to:", "(a) Further decentralize health structures, train community health workers and mobile health teams on referring women to maternal health services, and address the lack of emergency obstetric services in rural areas;", "(b) Collect disaggregated data on the prevalence of and address early pregnancy and unsafe abortion, through awareness-raising, decriminalization of abortion in cases of rape and where the life or health of the pregnant woman or girl is in danger, and provision of safe abortion and post-abortion services;", "(c) Raise awareness about available contraceptive methods, in particular by integrating sex education into school curricula, especially at the secondary level, and encourage the use of male condoms as a safe and less costly option;", "(d) Provide women and men living with HIV/AIDS with free antiretroviral treatment and continue sensitizing mothers and, in particular, fathers living with HIV/AIDS, on the importance of preventing mother-to-child transmission;", "(e) Conduct awareness-raising to destigmatize persons living with or affected by HIV/AIDS and risk groups, including sex workers, in order to enable them to access support services and voluntary counselling and screening.", "Rural women", "32. While noting that 80 per cent of the State party’s population lives in urban areas, the Committee is concerned that rural women are particularly affected by poverty, food insecurity, the lack of safe drinking water and adverse climatic conditions such as drought.", "33. The Committee recommends that the State party continue its efforts to:", "(a) Create income-generating activities for women in rural areas;", "(b) Provide pastoralist women and men whose herds are being decimated due to drought and poverty with alternative livelihoods;", "(c) Improve women’s and girls’ access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation in rural areas by building new wells, taps and sanitation facilities;", "(d) Encourage agro-pastoralist communities to settle near newly built water sources to increase food security and access to water for personal consumption and irrigation.", "Disadvantaged groups of women", "34. The Committee is concerned about the lack of disaggregated data on the situation of women who typically face multiple forms of discrimination, such as older women, orphaned and vulnerable girls, women with disabilities and refugee and migrant women.", "35. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Collect disaggregated data on the situation of women facing multiple forms of discrimination, such as older women, orphaned and vulnerable girls, women with disabilities and refugee and migrant women, and include such data in its next periodic report;", "(b) Adopt measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, to eliminate any such discrimination, including, as applicable, in political and public life and in the areas of education, employment and health, and to protect disadvantaged women from violence, abuse and exploitation, and include information on such measures in its next report.", "Discrimination against women in marriage and family relations", "36. The Committee notes with concern that under the 2002 Family Code:", "(a) Women may enter into marriage only with the consent of a guardian (art. 7) and may not get married to a non-Muslim man unless the latter converts to Islam (art. 23);", "(b) The requirement of payment to the bride of a dowry (mahr) in order for the marriage to be valid (arts. 7, 20 and 21);", "(c) Derogations from the minimum marriage age (18 years) are permitted subject to the consent of the legal guardian of the minor or authorization by a judge (art. 14);", "(d) Polygamy is retained but subject to certain economic safeguards for the first wife of the polygamous man (art. 22);", "(e) The husband is the head of the family whose prerogatives the wife must respect (art. 31);", "(f) Only the husband may file divorce without providing justification, while the wife must provide proof of injuries suffered (art. 39, para. 2) or, alternatively, renounce her rights as a divorced woman, and may be ordered to pay damages to the husband;", "(g) A woman’s inheritance share is less than half that of a man and a daughter’s share is half that of a son (arts. 101 et seq.).", "37. The Committee recalls article 16 of the Convention on equality of women and men in marriage and family relations as well as its general recommendation No. 21 (1994) and calls upon the State party to eliminate discrimination against women and girls in all matters relating to marriage, family relations and succession by repealing or amending the above discriminatory provisions of the Family Code, with a view to bringing them into conformity with the Convention, within a clear time frame.", "Optional Protocol", "38. The Committee takes note of the statement of the delegation that the process of ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention has been initiated and calls on the State party to accelerate its efforts to ratify the Optional Protocol.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "39. The Committee encourages the State party to accelerate the acceptance of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "40. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "41. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "42. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Djibouti of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women and the further steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that dissemination should include dissemination at the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss the progress achieved in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "43. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "44. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 19 and 21 above.", "Technical assistance", "45. The Committee recommends that the State party consider seeking increased international assistance and avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to strengthen further its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including UN-Women, the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, WHO, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Preparation of the next report", "46. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next periodic report and, at the same time, to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations.", "47. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "48. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents that were approved at the fifth Inter-Committee Meeting of human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The Convention-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session, in January 2008 (see A/63/38, part one, annex I), must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Convention-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Djibouti", "The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considered the combined initial, second and third periodic reports of Djibouti (CEDAW/C/DJI/1-3) at its 991st and 992nd meetings (CEDAW/C/SR.991 and 992). The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/DJI/Q/1-3/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee welcomes the submission by the State party of its combined initial, second and third periodic report. Although these reports lack specific data disaggregated by sex and have been overdue, they provide detailed information and generally follow the Committee's guidelines for reporting. The Committee notes with appreciation the participatory process coordinated by the Inter-Ministerial Committee in the preparation of the consolidated report, including various ministries, parliamentarians of the National Assembly, the National Human Rights Commission and civil society organizations. The Committee appreciates the oral statement made by the head of delegation of the State party, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the pre-session working group and the further clarifications provided by the Committee on most of the issues raised orally.", "The Committee commends the State party for the high-level delegation led by the Minister for the Advancement of Women and Family Planning of the Republic of Djibouti, including representatives of multiple government departments and the National Human Rights Commission. While appreciating the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee, the Committee noted that a number of issues were not answered.", "The Committee welcomes the State party's commitment to the implementation of the provisions of the Convention in the face of numerous challenges.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee welcomes the ratification by the State party of the following international human rights treaties since the entry into force of the Convention in 1998:", "(a) In 2002, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;", "(b) In 2002, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;", "(c) In 2002, the two Optional Protocols to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;", "(d) In 2011, the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography;", "(e) In 2005, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa.", "The Committee welcomes the legislative measures taken since the entry into force of the Convention to eliminate discrimination against women:", "(a) The Family Code (2002), which stipulates that the minimum age of marriage for women and men is 18 years (a) Despite exceptions, the economic status of women in polygamy, the abolition of paediatric practices and the criminalization of the refusal of divorced husbands to pay maintenance (the “exploitation of the family”) was increased.", "(b) In 2009, article 333 of the Penal Code (criminalization of female genital mutilation) was amended to define and criminalize the practice of non-reporting female genital mutilation; article 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, thereby easing the conditions for women's rights organizations to submit cases of female genital mutilation to the courts;", "(c) The Trafficking in Persons Act (2007) criminalizes participation or assistance in trafficking and provides for assistance to victims;", "(d) The Education System Act (2000), which provides free and compulsory education for girls and boys aged 6 to 16 years;", "(e) Labour Code (2006), which stipulates, inter alia, 14 weeks of paid maternity leave and 3 days of parental leave.", "The Committee also notes with appreciation the various institutional and policy measures taken by the State party, including:", "(a) The Ministry for the Advancement of Women, Family Welfare and Social Affairs, which was established in 2008 in connection with Parliament, was later renamed the Ministry for the Advancement of Women and Family Planning;", "(b) The establishment in 2008 of the National Human Rights Commission and the coordination of the Inter-Ministerial Committee reporting to treaty bodies;", "(c) Women's participation in the development of the national strategy (2003-2010) and its plan of action, which aims to increase women's participation in political and economic life, improve maternal and child health and increase access to education and literacy for women and girls.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee reiterates the State party's obligation to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and considers that the concerns and recommendations contained in the present concluding observations are a matter of priority for the State party to submit its next periodic report. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on the actions taken and the results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to disseminate the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the National Assembly, the Regional Parliament and the judiciary at the national and regional levels in order to ensure their full implementation. The Committee also recommends that the concluding observations be incorporated into the entire process of decentralization.", "National Assembly", "While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of States parties under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all sectors of the Government. It requested the State party to encourage the National Assembly, as appropriate, to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its procedures, to implement the present concluding observations and to carry out its next reporting process in accordance with the Convention.", "The visibility of the Convention and the general recommendations of the Committee", "While noting that international treaties ratified by the State party constitute a part of its national law and a priority over national legislation (article 37 of the Constitution), the Committee notes with concern that domestic law adequately reflects the provisions of the Convention and that judges, magistrates and law enforcement officials are not required to apply the Convention. It noted with concern that the Convention had not been translated into national languages, namely, Afar, Somali and Arabic, and had not been widely disseminated. It is also concerned that at the national and regional levels, not all government departments and the judiciary are fully aware of women's rights under the Convention, the concept of substantive gender equality and the general recommendations of the Committee. More recently, Djibouti enacted a law on legal aid, although its scope of application is not limited to women, it mitigated the impact of legal costs, which are an important aspect of limiting women's access to justice. Although the Committee welcomes this practice in Djibouti, the Committee is concerned that women, in particular rural women, do not know their rights under the Convention and that their ability to obtain these rights is further limited by long-standing cultural stereotypes, traditional justice mechanisms, illiteracy, lack of access to information and other practical difficulties in making complaints to the courts.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Translation and wide dissemination of the Convention in all national languages and, where appropriate, seek international assistance;", "(b) Take measures to ensure that all Governments and the judiciary at the national and regional levels are fully aware of and apply the Convention and the Commission's general recommendations as a framework for all laws, court decisions and policies on gender equality and the advancement of women;", "(c) Ensure that the Convention is an integral part of legal education and training for judges and magistrates, including family court staff, lawyers and prosecutors, thereby firmly establishing a legal culture that supports gender equality and non-discrimination;", "(d) Raise women's awareness of their rights and their access through, inter alia, legal literacy programmes, and ensure access to information on the Convention through all appropriate means, including the media;", "(e) To enable poor women to submit complaints on violations of the rights of the Convention through the effective implementation of the law on legal assistance, and to remove the obstacles that women may face in resorting to the law through the promotion of existing anti-discrimination legal remedies.", "Harmonization of laws", "The Committee welcomes the State party's efforts to strengthen women's rights in marriage and divorce in the Family Code based on customary law, Islamic law and modern legal elements. However, it notes with concern the State party's position that discriminatory provisions in the Family Code, such as the role of husbands as parents and the inheritance share of women's inequality, are rooted in “high social and cultural values” and cannot be amended. The Committee notes with concern that the rights of women and men in marriage and in the divorce process are unequal in some provisions of the Family Code and are incompatible with the Convention. In this regard, the Committee recalls that the State party has ratified the Convention without reservation. The Committee is also concerned that disputes relating to violations of women's rights, in particular cases of sexual violence, are often resolved through traditional justice mechanisms, such as the payment of a money to victims' families on a symbolic basis without consultation or reparation.", "The Committee recalls its general recommendation 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations, and calls upon the State party to revise discriminatory provisions of the Family Code in order to harmonize these provisions with the Convention. In that process, States parties should draw on the successful experience of other States parties in the region to review domestic and family laws based on the progressive interpretation of the Guran, in accordance with the Convention. The Committee also recommends that the State party take measures to sensitize the public to the importance of dealing with cases of violence against women's rights through judicial mechanisms, not customary mechanisms, in order to ensure that victims receive effective remedies and reparations and to train judges, magistrates and law enforcement officials to apply the relevant legislation in a gender-sensitive manner in accordance with the Convention.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "While welcoming the establishment of a national mechanism for the advancement of women, consisting of the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, the Regional Office for Gender Equality and the Government's focal points on gender equality, the Committee is concerned that the capacity and resources of national mechanisms are not adequately strengthened in ensuring effective coordination and implementation of national strategies for women's participation in development and ensuring that women's rights are given priority arrangements in social and economic development strategies, particularly at the regional level.", "The Committee recalls the guidance provided in its general recommendation 6 (1988) and the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, and recommends that the State party:", "(a) Provide adequate human, technical and financial resources to strengthen existing national mechanisms at all levels in order to provide relevant advice, coordinate and monitor their effectiveness in the preparation and implementation of legal and policy measures on gender equality and gender mainstreaming in all laws and policies;", "(b) Training on gender equality for women and men working at the Ministry for the Advancement of Women, including its regional offices, and in other government departments at the national and regional levels;", "(c) Prioritize the issue of women's rights, non-discrimination and gender equality, including taking into account the Committee's recommendations for the preparation and implementation of national gender equality policies;", "(d) Integrate results-based approaches, including specific indicators and objectives, into national gender equality policies;", "(e) Strengthen the capacity, independence and resources of the National Human Rights Commission in accordance with the principles on the status of national institutions (the Paris Principles) (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex), and strengthen its mandate to achieve women's rights.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "While noting the steps taken by the State party to eliminate discriminatory cultural attitudes and criminalize harmful practices, the Committee is concerned at the persistence of adverse cultural norms, customs and traditions and the patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all aspects of life. The Committee is also concerned that such practices and practices result in long-term discrimination against women and reflect the disadvantaged and unequal position of women in many areas, such as public life, economic life, decision-making and marriage and family relations. It noted that such stereotypes also perpetuate violence against women and harmful practices, including female genital mutilation, polygamy and early marriage, and expressed concern at the lack of adequate sustained and systematic action by the State party to correct or eliminate stereotypes, discriminatory cultural values and harmful practices.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) Develop comprehensive strategies to eliminate harmful practices and stereotypes that discriminate against women, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention. These measures should include efforts to work with civil society to educate women and men at all levels of society, including traditional and religious leaders, on this issue;", "(b) Establish public education plans and prohibit and/or effectively prohibit such practices, in particular in rural areas, and prohibit harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, polygamy and early marriage;", "(c) The adoption of innovative measures to enhance knowledge of gender equality and to continue to cooperate with the media in order to promote women's positive and stereotypical images;", "(d) Assess the impact of these measures in order to identify shortcomings and improve them accordingly.", "Female genital mutilation", "While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to raise awareness of the harmful effects of female genital mutilation practices, the Committee notes with concern that female genital mutilation practices remain widespread (up to 93 per cent), in particular in rural areas and generally do not report, prosecute and punish such cases. The Committee also notes with concern that female genital mutilation tends to result in obstetric complications, autopsies, excessive bloodshed, lengthy birth and maternal deaths, in particular the most extreme form of female genital mutilation in the State party.", "The Committee recalls its general recommendation No. 14 (1990) on the practice of female genital mutilation and No. 19 (1992) on violence against women and the recommendations made by the parties during the universal periodic review of Djibouti (A/HRC/11/16, paras. 6718, 67.25, 68.3 and 68.8) and the recommendations made by the Committee on the Rights of the Child to the State party (CRC/C/DJI/CO/2, para. 56), and urges the State party:", "(a) Effective implementation of article 333 of the Criminal Code on female genital mutilation practices by prosecuting and duly punishing perpetrators and complicants of the offence, which stipulates that this act is punishable by five years of imprisonment and to inform the Committee of the number of reports, prosecutions and convictions and the sentences imposed on female genital mutilation perpetrators;", "(b) Strengthen awareness-raising activities and training of family, executive, community, traditional and religious leaders, health workers, judges and magistrates, including magistrates, prosecutors and police officers, with the support of civil society organizations, in order to explain that female genital mutilation is a gender discrimination and violence and to put an end to such acts and their cultural root;", "(c) To explain the harmful impact of female genital mutilation on women and girls' reproductive health to families, communities, practitioners, teachers and health workers.", "Violence against women", "The Committee notes the measures taken by the State party to address the issue of violence against women, including the dissemination of legal responses and victim assistance guidelines to judges, lawyers and civil society; the establishment of information, guidance and counselling centres for victims of gender-based violence in key women's rights organizations, including the Ali-Adeh refugee camp. The Committee also notes the State party's intention to review its laws on violence against women. However, the Committee is concerned that women rarely report gender violence, which are usually addressed within the family, that marital rape is not criminalized and that abortion is illegal after rape. The Committee also notes with concern reports of sexual violence in the Ali-Adeh refugee camp, but victims have no access to justice.", "In accordance with its general recommendation No. 19 (1992) on violence against women, the Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) The immediate prosecution of all domestic violence and sexual violence against women and girls and the appropriate penalties for perpetrators, following complaints received from victims or under their authority;", "(b) Consider revising the penal code in order to criminalize marital rape and decriminalize abortion;", "(c) Provide mandatory training to judges, prosecutors and police on the strict application of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code;", "(d) Encourage women and girls who are victims of violence to report cases to the police, including by raising awareness of the nature of such acts, eliminating the stigmatization of victims, training law enforcement officials and medical personnel in the use of standards in the treatment of victims, effective investigation complaints and gender-sensitive procedures;", "(e) Ensure that the draft national gender policy prepared by the Ministry of the Advancement of Women prioritizes the fight against violence against women;", "(f) Strengthen assistance to victims through the provision of free legal aid and psychological counselling, the provision of shelters for abused women and the provision of support to victims by multiple women's rights organizations, including the National Women's Union of Djibouti, to enable them to resume their normal lives;", "(g) In the Ali-Adeh camp, more law enforcement personnel are deployed to provide free legal assistance to victims of sexual violence and other forms of violence to ensure the safety of women and girls in refugee camps;", "(h) To collect data on the number of complaints, prosecutions and convictions by sex and on sentences imposed by perpetrators of domestic violence and sexual violence, and to make such data available to the Committee.", "Trafficking in persons and exploitation of prostitution", "The Committee recognizes the difficulties faced by the State party in responding to the number of refugees and migrants entering and transit. The Committee notes the measures taken by the State party to combat trafficking in persons, in particular women and children, and that women and children often suffer abuse by traffickers and are forced and sexually exploited in destination countries. These measures include a number of cooperation agreements with other countries in the subregion to further strengthen cooperation with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) - The organization recently opened a Centre for Migration Affairs in Obock, as well as the criminalization of trafficking in persons. However, the Committee notes with concern the State party's implementation of the law on trafficking in persons, the limited capacity to provide assistance to victims, the limited number of perpetrators prosecuted and convicted of trafficking, and the lack of protection measures for refugees or migrant women and children who are vulnerable to trafficking.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To accelerate the adoption of national action plans to combat trafficking in persons, especially women and girls, including refugees and migrants;", "(b) The prosecution and appropriate punishment of traffickers and assistance to victims of trafficking in order to effectively implement the law against trafficking in persons;", "(c) Continue to raise awareness and train law enforcement officials on the strict application of the relevant provisions in the criminal law;", "(d) Establish appropriate mechanisms to detect, transfer and assist victims of trafficking, including refugees and migrant women and girls, as early as possible;", "(e) Provide income-generating opportunities to refugees and migrant women through the provision of microcredit and autonomous entrepreneurial opportunities to reduce their vulnerability to prostitution and to victims of trafficking;", "(f) To collect data on the number of trafficked persons prosecuted and convicted by sex and include this data in the next periodic report.", "Participation in political and public life", "The Committee welcomes the fact that the 2002 Act stipulates that political parties that make the list of candidates must include 10 per cent of women in their lists, which has resulted in an increase in the number of women in the National Assembly, the District Assembly and the municipal councils. In 2009, women accounted for nine of the 65 seats of the National Assembly. The Committee also notes that a decree issued in 2008 provides for a quota of 20 per cent for women in high-level positions in the country, currently three women ministers and a significant increase in the number of female judges, including in the personal status courts. However, the Committee is concerned that women's participation in political and public life remains inadequate, particularly in decision-making positions, local administrations and foreign affairs.", "The Committee recalls its general recommendation No. 23 (1997) on the participation of women in political and public life and No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, and recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen and effectively implement existing quotas, including through appropriate penalties, and establish quotas for women applying for State, regional and municipal official positions, in order to accelerate gender representation in elected and elected political institutions, in particular in decision-making positions and local administrations;", "(b) Provision of adequate funding for women candidates for public funds for election, including for opposition candidates;", "(c) Promote women's participation in civil society organizations, political parties, trade unions and other associations, including leadership;", "(d) Ensure that women, including women with disabilities, have adequate participation opportunities and are able to vote in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development policies and community projects;", "(e) To take affirmative action to increase the number of female diplomats, in particular female ambassadors;", "(f) Provide gender training for politicians, journalists, teachers and traditional and religious leaders, in particular for men, and further recognize that women and men are fully, equal, free and democratically involved in political and public life as a necessary condition for the full implementation of the Convention.", "Education", "While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to increase girls' access to education, in particular primary education, including the establishment of a new preschool education ministry, the increase in the number of kindergartens and nurseries, the provision of scholarships and rations for girls, and the encouragement of parents, in particular in rural areas, through incentives, to send their daughters to school, the Committee is concerned that:", "(a) Despite the measures taken by the State party, the enrolment rate of primary education for girls, especially in rural areas, is slow;", "(b) The low enrolment rate for girls in secondary education, particularly in rural areas, and the high school enrolment ratio for girls and boys in secondary education;", "(c) Professional training and technical and vocational education for women and girls have focused on traditionally female-dominated areas such as sewing, cooking and hair-triggering, with the potential to limit their future occupations in low-income occupations;", "(d) Women's literacy rate, particularly in rural areas.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to continue to take measures to ensure that girls and women have equal access to all levels of education, including:", "(a) Elimination of barriers faced by women and girls in education, such as negative cultural attitudes, early marriage, excessive domestic work, low numbers of female teachers, security insecurity and health problems related to female genital mutilation;", "(b) Raise awareness of the importance of education for women and girls by parents, communities, teachers, traditional leaders, public officials, in particular men;", "(c) affirmative action, such as training and recruitment of female teachers;", "(d) Ensure the safety of girls and meet their health needs, including the opening of more schools near rural communities, the construction of separate functional toilets for women and men, particularly in primary schools;", "(e) Provision of public scholarships for girls and the development of incentives for parents to send their daughters, including subsidies to reduce female domestic work;", "(f) To provide them with adequate educational opportunities, including through the mainstreaming of girls and boys with disabilities;", "(g) Provision of technical and vocational training to provide vocational training opportunities for school drop-out girls, while guiding them into traditionally male-dominated occupational areas such as services, trade and logistics related to the ports of Djibouti;", "(h) Implement adult literacy programmes, particularly for women in rural areas.", "Employment", "While noting that the Labour Code provides protection for women and the State party's efforts to create income-generating opportunities for women, the Committee remains concerned about discrimination against women in the labour market, including:", "(a) The high rate of unemployment among women;", "(b) The concentration of women in unpaid or low-paid jobs in the informal economy without access to social protection;", "(c) Article 137 of the Labour Law containing the principle of equal pay for work of equal value is reportedly not strictly enforced;", "(d) Women have limited access to credit for small businesses;", "(e) Notwithstanding the legal provisions, there are reported instances of discriminatory labour practices, such as dismissal of pregnant women or post-natal women;", "(f) No legislation on the prohibition of sexual harassment in the work unit;", "(g) Girls are exploited in the worst forms of child labour, including domestic workers.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Enhance women's technical and vocational training, including in traditional male-dominated areas and in the agricultural sector;", "(b) Ratify and expand it to informal sector workers, including women, or invite ministries responsible for the formalization of the informal economy to develop separate national social protection programmes for these workers;", "(c) Effective implementation of the principle of equal pay through awareness-raising, appropriate sanctions and labour inspections, and consideration of amendments to article 259 of the Labour Code to align it with article 137;", "(d) Expand women's access to low-intervention microfinance and microcredit through the Social Development Fund, the Social Development Agency, credit cooperatives and the Public Savings and Credit Fund to engage in income-generating activities or entrepreneurship;", "(e) To collect disaggregated data on the situation of women and men in the private and informal sectors to monitor and improve working conditions for women;", "(f) Consider revising the Labour Code, prohibiting and punishing sexual harassment in the workplace and increasing penalties for termination of employment on the basis of pregnancy;", "(g) In accordance with the 1999 Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (ILO Convention No. 182), an increased examination and fine of employers to protect girls and boys from exploitative child labour; regulate and monitor working conditions for domestic workers, especially girls; and consider ratifying the Convention on Domestic Workers 2011 (ILO Convention No. 189).", "Health", "The Committee notes the important measures taken by the State party to extend basic health services to rural communities, reduce maternal deaths and increase access to family planning and reproductive health services for women and girls. The Committee also notes the State party's intention to review legislation on abortion. However, the Committee is concerned at the following:", "(a) Maternal mortality rates, including in maternal hospitals, caused by complications of obstetric complications, female genital mutilation, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion and other factors;", "(b) Lack of emergency obstetric care and post-natal health care, in particular in rural areas;", "(c) The low rate of contraceptive use (22.5 per cent) exposes women and girls to HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy risks;", "(d) Lack of disaggregated data on early pregnancy and unsafe abortions;", "(e) The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among women; the limited effectiveness of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission; the stigmatization of HIV/AIDS patients hinder their access to support services, voluntary psychological counselling and screening and the lack of knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention methods for women and girls.", "Pursuant to its general recommendation No. 24 (1999) on article 12 (Women and health) of the Convention, the Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Further dispersal of the establishment of health-care institutions to train community health and mobile health teams on women's referral to maternal health services to address the lack of emergency obstetric services in rural areas;", "(b) The collection of disaggregated data on early pregnancy and unsafe abortion prevalence through awareness-raising, in cases of rape and at risk of the life or health of pregnant women and girls, as well as the provision of safe abortion and post-abortion care, and address these issues;", "(c) Raise awareness of available contraceptive methods, in particular the integration of sex education into school curricula, in particular in secondary schools; and encourage the use of male condoms as a safe and economic approach;", "(d) Provide free antiretroviral treatment for women and men infected with HIV/AIDS, and continue to give attention to the importance of mother-to-child transmission prevention to HIV/AIDS, in particular to fathers;", "(e) Raise awareness of the stigma suffered by persons living with HIV/AIDS or those infected with HIV/AIDS, as well as high-risk groups, including sex workers, to obtain support services and voluntary psychological counselling and screening.", "Rural women", "While noting that 80 per cent of the population of the State party live in urban areas, the Committee is concerned about the impact of rural women, in particular poverty, food insecurity, lack of safe drinking water and adverse climate conditions such as drought.", "The Committee recommends that the State party continue its efforts to:", "(a) Income-generating activities for women in rural areas;", "(b) Provision of alternative livelihoods for women and men who lost their livestock due to drought or poverty;", "(c) Building new water wells, winds and sanitation facilities to improve access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities for women and girls in rural areas;", "(d) Encourage the community of pastoralists to settle near new water sources to strengthen food security and to facilitate access to personal consumption and irrigation water.", "Vulnerable groups of women", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of relevant disaggregated data to understand the situation of older women, unaccompanied and vulnerable girls, women with disabilities and women refugees and migrant women, who often face multiple forms of discrimination.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To collect disaggregated data on the situation of older women, unaccompanied and vulnerable girls, women with disabilities and refugees and migrant women, and to include them in their next periodic report;", "(b) Measures taken in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, including temporary special measures to eliminate discrimination, including, where appropriate, the elimination of discrimination in the areas of political and public life and education, employment and health, the protection of vulnerable women against violence, abuse and exploitation, and the inclusion of information on these measures in the next report.", "Discrimination against women in marriage and family relations", "The Committee notes with concern the provisions of the Family Code of 2002:", "(a) Women may marry only if they have the consent of the guardian (article 7) and non-Muslim men, unless they are converted to Islam (article 23);", "(b) The payment of the bride price (mahr) to enable marriage to be effective (arts. 7, 20 and 21);", "(c) Allow the minimum age of marriage (18 years) to be exempted if the legal guardian of a minor consents or is authorized by a judge (art. 14);", "(d) Reservation of polygamy, provided that the first wife of a man with a wife has certain economic security (art. 22);", "(e) The husband is a president and the wife must respect his prerogative (art.", "(f) Only the husband may make a divorce without justification, and the wife's submission of a divorce must prove the injury (art. 39, para. 2) or abandon the right to be a divorced woman and may be compensated by an extortion order to the husband;", "(g) Women are less than half of men's inheritance and the proportion of their daughters is half of the son (article 101 and follow-up provisions).", "The Committee recalls article 16 of the Convention on Gender Equality in Marriage and Family Relations and general recommendation 21 (1994), and calls upon the State party to repeal or amend the above discriminatory provisions in the Family Code in order to eliminate discrimination against women and girls in all relevant matters, such as marriage, family relations and inheritance, thereby bringing the relevant provisions into line with the Convention within a clear time frame.", "Optional Protocol", "The Committee notes the delegation's indication that the State party has initiated the process of ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention and therefore calls upon the State party to expedite its ratification of the Optional Protocol.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "The Committee encourages the State party to expedite the acceptance of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the time of the Committee.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to fully implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee requests that a gender perspective be included in all efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and that the provisions of the Convention be clearly reflected, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "The Committee requests Djibouti to disseminate the present concluding observations widely at the national level so that the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women's and human rights organizations are aware of the steps taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as the further steps that should be taken in this regard. The Committee recommends that the scope of the present concluding observations should include the local community level. The Committee encourages the State party to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress made in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to disseminate widely, in particular the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome documents of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes that the State party's accession to all nine major international human rights instruments would contribute to the further enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the Convention to which it is not yet a party, namely the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on measures taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 19 and 21.", "Technical assistance", "The Committee recommends that the State party consider seeking additional international assistance and drawing on technical assistance to develop and implement a comprehensive programme to implement the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with the specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, WHO and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of ministries and public institutions in the drafting of the next periodic report and to consult with women and human rights organizations.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invited the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to comply with the harmonized guidelines on reporting under international human rights treaties, approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of human rights treaty bodies in June 2006, including guidelines for the preparation of core documents and the submission of specific treaty documents (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 relating specifically to the Convention (see A/63/38, Part I, annex I) must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on common core documents. These two guidelines form the harmonized guidelines for reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The number of documents specific to the Convention should be limited to 40 pages and the revised common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "埃塞俄比亚", "1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会在2011年7月15日第984次和第985次会议(CEDAW/C/SR.984和985)上审议了埃塞俄比亚的第六次和第七次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/ETH/6-7)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7，埃塞俄比亚政府的答复载于CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 委员会表示赞赏缔约国的第六次和第七次合并定期报告。虽然该报告没有参考委员会之前的结论意见和一般性建议，也缺乏一些具体的分类数据并且已经逾期，但它提供了详细情况并总体上遵循了委员会编写报告的准则。委员会赞赏地注意到，报告是在联合条约报告项目下通过参与性进程编写的，得到了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的支持，政府机构、国家人权机构和民间社会组织都参与其中。委员会表示赞赏缔约国代表团团长所做的口头发言、对会前工作组所提议题和问题清单的书面答复以及对委员会口头提出的大部分问题所做的进一步澄清。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派遣了由埃塞俄比亚妇女、儿童及青年事务部部长率领的高级代表团，其中包括多个政府部门的代表。委员会赞赏该代表团与委员会成员进行建设性对话，但同时指出，一些问题未得到答复。", "积极方面", "4. 委员会对缔约国于2010年7月7日批准了《残疾人权利公约》表示欢迎。", "5. 委员会欢迎通过了新的《刑法》(2005年)，该法典规定各种暴力侵害妇女行为，包括家庭暴力、婚外强奸、有害的传统习俗，如切割女性生殖器官、早婚、抢婚以及贩卖妇女儿童等为犯罪行为。委员会还赞赏在联邦法院内设立了保护受害者法官并在亚的斯亚贝巴、德雷达瓦和某些地区的检察官办公室建立了专门机构，调查和起诉危害妇女罪行，赞赏缔约国迄今为培训法官、检察官和警官应用《刑法》，了解妇女权利，包括《公约》下的各项权利采取的措施。", "6. 委员会赞赏地注意到缔约国为促进两性平等和保护妇女权利通过的各种政策和战略，包括《促进男女平等国家计划》(2005-2010年)、《加快可持续发展以消除贫穷的计划》(2005-2010年)，其八个战略组成部分包括“挖掘埃塞俄比亚妇女的潜力”，《埃塞俄比亚妇女发展与变革系列措施》，谋求促进妇女的经济和政治参与并根除有害的习俗做法，以及联合国/埃塞俄比亚政府关于两性平等和孕产妇保健的联合旗舰方案。", "7. 委员会满意地注意到人民代表院的妇女人数增加，在2010年全国选举后目前妇女的席位达到了27.8%。", "8. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取措施促进妇女和女孩接受教育，尤其是在农村和牧区，包括：", "(a) 在非政府组织支持下，出台了女生奖学金方案，并向其提供教材和校服；", "(b) 建立女孩友好型学校，在学校中为男女生建造单独的厕所；", "(c) 采取激励措施，鼓励牧区的父母送女儿上学；以及", "(d) 培训并采取平等权利行动，将中小学女教师的比例提高到50%，并增加高等院校的女教师数量。", "9. 委员会赞赏地注意到缔约国通过《保健推广方案》、对保健推广人员进行孕产妇保健和产科急诊方面的培训，同时增加初级保健机构、保健中心和医院数量，为改进妇女和女孩获得包括计划生育和生殖健康服务在内的保健服务做出了努力。", "主要关切领域和建议", "10. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统而持续地执行《公约》的所有规定，并认为本结论意见中提出的关切和建议是缔约国从现在到提交下次定期报告期间需要优先关注的问题。因此，委员会敦促缔约国在执行活动时把重点放在这些领域，并在其下次定期报告中报告采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会呼吁缔约国在联邦和地区两级向所有相关部委、人民代表院、联邦院、地区委员会及司法机关提交本结论意见，以确保它们得到充分执行。", "联邦院", "11. 委员会重申，政府对于缔约国根据《公约》充分履行各项义务负有主要责任，特别是要接受问责，同时强调，《公约》对政府所有部门都有约束力。它请缔约国鼓励联邦院酌情按照其程序采取必要措施，以落实本结论意见并根据《公约》展开缔约国下次报告过程。", "《公约》、《任择议定书》和委员会一般性建议的知名度", "12. 委员会注意到《联邦宪法》第9条规定缔约国批准的国际协定是其国内法的组成部分，且核心国际人权条约，包括《公约》，已由埃塞俄比亚人权委员会译成阿姆哈拉文、奥罗莫文和提格雷文，委员会关切《公约》尚未正式翻译并由Federal Negarit Gazeta公布。它还表示关切的是，在联邦和地区两级，并非所有政府部门和司法部门都充分认识到妇女根据《公约》享有的权利、实质性两性平等概念和委员会的一般性建议。委员会进一步关切，妇女本身，特别是农村和偏远地区妇女并不知道她们根据《公约》享有的权利，因而限制了她们诉求这些权利的能力。", "13. 委员会建议缔约国正式翻译《公约》全文，并在Federal Negarit Gazeta上公布，以方便公众获取，同时使法官能够在具有法律上的可靠性的条件下直接适用《公约》。委员会还呼吁缔约国采取一切适当措施，确保联邦、地区和地方各级所有政府和司法部门充分了解和适用《公约》和委员会的一般性建议，把它们作为关于两性平等和提高妇女地位的所有法律、法院判决和政策的框架。委员会建议在法官、检察官和律师，包括伊斯兰宗教法院工作人员法律教育和培训中更加重视《公约》及相关的国内立法，以便在缔约国牢固建立有益于男女平等和无性别歧视的法律文化。最后，委员会建议缔约国通过法律扫盲方案等途径，提高妇女对自身权利及其获取途径的认识，通过使用包括媒体在内的一切适当方式，确保缔约国所有地区的妇女获得有关《公约》的信息。", "法律的协调统一", "14. 委员会再次表示关切，并非所有地区都依据《联邦家庭法》和《公约》通过了地区家庭法，承认男女具有自由缔结婚约的平等权利，婚姻存续期间及解除婚姻时配偶双方具有平等的权利和义务，规定最低结婚年龄为18岁，并且承认一些地区仍在沿用之前的歧视性家庭法。委员会还注意到，《联邦宪法》不排除依据宗教法和习惯法(第34(5)条)裁决个人和家庭的法律纠纷，并为此目的授权人民代表院和地区委员会设立并正式承认宗教法和习惯法法院(第78(5)条)。", "15. 委员会回顾了其之前的建议(CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5，第244段)，并呼吁缔约国确保所有地区根据《联邦家庭法》和《公约》通过家庭法律，采取措施，包括提高认识和培训，让人们对家庭法获得认识，并使公职人员能够有效执行修订后的《家庭法》，尤其是男女自由缔结婚约的平等权利，婚姻存续期间和解除婚约时男女平等的权利和义务，以及最低结婚年龄为18岁。委员会还呼吁缔约国确保根据《公约》使联邦、地区、习惯和宗教法协调统一。", "提高妇女地位的国家机制", "16. 委员会欢迎建立了提高妇女地位的综合国家机构，该机构由妇女、儿童及青年事务部、联邦各部委的妇女事务部、区域妇女事务局，以及地区、县和城乡协会各级的类似机构组成，但委员会关切地注意到，国家机构的能力、资源和效率还有待加强，以确保有效落实相关的法律和政策、后续工作、收据收集、将性别问题系统地纳入主流，以及协调统一进程，包括以证据为基础的战略规划所必需的监测和评估及数据分析。", "17. 委员会回顾了之前的结论意见(CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5，第246段)、第6(1988)号一般性建议和普遍定期审议期间向缔约国提出的相关建议(A/HRC/13/17，第97.32段)、儿童权利委员会提出的建议(CRC/C/ETH/CO/ 3，第11段)以及《北京行动纲要》中的指南，尤其是关于有效运行国家机制的必要条件，建议缔约国：", "(a) 加强现有的各级国家机制，为其提供充足的人力、技术和财政资源，以便提高其实效，在两性平等和把两性平等观点纳入所有法律和政策主流领域制定和实施法律和政策措施时，进行编制、落实、提出咨询意见、协调和监督；", "(b) 向妇女、儿童及青年事务部、联邦各部委的妇女事务部、区域妇女事务局，以及地区、县和城乡协会妇女事务办公室，以及在联邦和地区两级其他政府部门工作的男女提供关于妇女权利的进一步培训，包括短期培训；", "(c) 优先重视妇女权利、不歧视和两性平等问题，包括考虑到委员会在执行《第二个加速可持续发展以消灭贫穷的计划》(2010-2015年)过程中的建议；", "(d) 按照《巴黎原则》(大会第48/134号决议，附件)，进一步加强埃塞俄比亚人权委员会，特别是妇女和儿童权利专员及其部门的能力和独立性。", "陈规定型观念和有害习俗", "18. 委员会注意到缔约国为消除影响妇女的歧视性态度和有害习俗所做的努力，但是委员会重申它关切不良的文化规范、习俗和传统顽固不化以及对男女在生活所有领域的角色、责任和身份的重男轻女态度和根深蒂固的陈规定型观念。委员会关切的还有，这种规范和习俗会造成对妇女的长期歧视，并反映在妇女在公共生活和决策、经济生活、性健康及生殖健康以及婚姻和家庭关系等许多方面处于不利和不平等地位上。它指出，此类陈规定型观念也致使暴力侵害妇女行为和有害习俗顽固不化，包括切割女性生殖器官、早婚、绑架女孩和过继婚；它表示关切缔约国没有采取适当的持久、系统的行动，来纠正或消除陈规定型观念、不良文化价值观和有害习俗。", "19. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 根据《公约》第2(f)条和第5(a)条的规定，立即出台综合战略，以消除歧视妇女的有害习俗和陈规定型观念。此类措施应包括更加努力地与民间社会合作，对社会各阶层，特别是在县和城乡协会一级对妇女和男子，包括对传统和宗教领袖进行这方面的教育并提高他们对这个问题的认识；", "(b) 通过扩大公众教育方案并有效禁止这些习俗，特别是在农村地区，应对切割女性生殖器官、早婚、抢婚、过继婚等有害习俗；", "(c) 采用创新措施，加强人们对男女平等的了解，包括男女参与公共生活和决策、拥有土地和牲畜、自由做出性健康和生殖健康选择、自由择偶和缔结婚约的平等权利，并继续与媒体合作，以增强妇女的正面无偏见的形象；", "(d) 对这些措施的影响进行评估，以查明不足之处并相应地加以改进。", "切割女性生殖器官和暴力侵害妇女行为", "20. 委员会注意到缔约国所做的努力，即通过修订《刑法》，在联邦法院系统建立特别调查和检察机构及设立保护受害者法官，向遭受暴力的妇女和儿童受害者提供法律援助，以打击暴力侵害妇女行为，包括切割女性生殖器官、性暴力和家庭暴力。不过，虽然委员会注意到年轻妇女和城市地区切割女性生殖器官做法在减少，但委员会关切地注意到农村和牧区切割女性生殖器官做法仍然非常流行(其中阿法尔(91.6%)和索马里地区(79%)的比率最高)，并且《刑法》(2005年)第561-563、第567以及第569和第570条规定的对切割女性生殖器官做法的量刑过轻。委员会还关切，由于文化禁忌、受害者对法律系统缺乏信任、资金分配不足导致的刑法规定执行不力、相关行为者缺乏协调、执法官员对现行法律和政策认识不足、缺乏以对性别问题有敏感认识方式应用法律的能力，以及歧视性社会态度等原因，对切割女性生殖器官、针对妇女的性暴力、家庭暴力及其他形式暴力的报道不多。委员会还关切，缔约国不能惩处婚内强奸、迟迟不通过国家政策打击暴力侵害妇女行为、缺乏受害者援助和康复服务，缺乏按性别分列的暴力侵害妇女行为方面的起诉和定罪比率数据。", "21. 委员会回顾了其关于女性割礼的第14(1990)号一般性建议和关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19(1992)号一般性建议及其之前的建议(CEDAW/C/ETH/ CO/4-5，第252和第256段)，回顾了禁止酷刑委员会(CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第32段)、消除种族歧视委员会(CERD/C/ETH/CO/7-16，第16段)、儿童权利委员会(CRC/C/ETH/CO/3，第60段)以及非洲人权和人民权利委员会的建议，并敦促缔约国：", "(a) 修正《刑法》(2005年)，目的是加大第561-562、第567、第569和第570条对切割女性生殖器官做法的量刑；废除第563条；判定婚内强奸为犯罪行为；剔除第557(1) (b)条规定的减罪情形(过激、打击、惊讶、激动、盛怒)在家庭暴力案件中的应用；", "(b) 有效执行《刑法》(2005年)对切割女性生殖器官、性暴力及家庭暴力行为的刑事规定，起诉受害者或当然受害者控诉的任何此类行为，以及实施与罪犯的罪行轻重相称的惩罚；", "(c) 就严格适用《刑法》的相关条款问题向法官，包括地方和伊斯兰宗教法院法官、检察官和警察提供强制性培训；", "(d) 鼓励妇女和女孩向主管当局报案，做法是继续提高对切割女性生殖器官和其他各种暴力的犯罪性质及其对健康的有害影响的认识，消除此类暴力和习俗的根本的文化理由及对受害者的诋毁，培训执法人员和医护人员在对待受害者、有效调查控诉时采用标准化的、对性别问题有敏感认识的程序；", "(e) 通过加强司法部的法律援助服务，提供心理辅导、支持地方妇女权利组织向受害者提供住处和援助，以及在各地区建立受害者支助中心，加强对受害者的援助力度，使其恢复正常生活；", "(f) 加快通过和执行司法部编制的国家战略计划草案，以打击暴力侵害妇女行为；以及", "(g) 收集申诉、起诉和定罪数量以及对切割女性生殖器官、性暴力和家庭暴力罪犯判刑的分类数据，并将此类数据提供给委员会。", "22. 委员会注意到缔约国否认了指控埃塞俄比亚国防军成员在索马里州对妇女和女孩实施的性暴力行为，包括强奸。尽管如此，委员会关切，不断有大量报告称，埃塞俄比亚国防军和私人武装团伙成员在武装冲突，尤其是在索马里州欧加登地区参与了对妇女和女孩实施的犯罪且此类罪行，包括强奸、酷刑、法外处决和强行驱逐的被指控罪犯逍遥法外。", "23. 根据《公约》第2条，并考虑到关于缔约国在第2条下的核心义务的第28(2010)号一般性建议以及关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19(1992)号一般性建议和禁止酷刑委员会的结论意见(CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第16段)，委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 调查、起诉并适当惩治应对在武装冲突期间强奸和任何其他犯罪负责的埃塞俄比亚国防军和私人武装团伙成员，并应采取有效措施，预防此类犯罪再次发生：", "(b) 采取紧急措施，适当补偿此类犯罪的受害者，帮助其康复；", "(c) 积极考虑促进国际组织和非政府组织向受武装冲突影响地区，即索马里州的妇女和女孩提供人道主义援助。", "贩运人口及利用妇女卖淫营利", "24. 委员会注意到缔约国已采取措施打击贩运人口行为，尤其是贩卖妇女和女孩的行为，办法有将贩运人口行为定为犯罪、提高认识、培训执法官员、成立特别检察单位，以及与邻国缔结协定等，但委员会关切的是，缺乏国内贩卖妇女和儿童意图强迫劳动和性剥削的数据，此类行为的起诉率和定罪率不高，应对贫穷这一贩运根源的措施有限，以及对易成为贩运受害者的难民和国内流离失所妇女儿童的保护力度不够。", "25. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 通过国家行动计划，打击贩运人口，特别是贩运包括难民和国内流离失所者在内的妇女和女孩的行为；", "(b) 针对严格适用相关的刑法条款问题，继续提高对贩运人口的认识及培训执法官员；", "(c) 进一步增强妇女的经济潜力，包括扩大埃塞俄比亚妇女发展基金，使其覆盖更多地区和受益人，以及进一步提升妇女获得土地的机会，以此方式应对贩运根源；", "(d) 建立适当机制，以尽早发现、移交、援助和支持贩运受害者，包括难民和国内流离失所妇女和女孩；以及", "(e) 收集与贩运相关的控告、调查、起诉和判刑数量方面的分类数据，并将这些数据列入下一次定期报告。", "参与政治和公共生活", "26. 委员会欢迎人民代表院妇女代表稳步增加，目前在547个席位中妇女占152席(27.8%)，在区域委员会中妇女所占席位更少，但委员会关切地注意到，2010年全国大选中没有女性反对党候选人入选人民代表院，妇女在政府、司法和外交部门担任高级职务的人数仍然偏低。关于这一点，委员会注意到，本届政府的23名部长中仅有3名女性。委员会还关切地注意到，体制性障碍，如负面的性文化观念、对妇女领导能力的质疑、妇女配额及潜在候选人的能力建设方面缺乏平等权利行动，财政资源有限，以及由于缺乏后勤支助妇女兴趣有限，都阻碍了妇女平等参与政治生活。", "27. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 根据《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25(2004)号一般性建议，采取暂行特别措施，例如适用于埃塞俄比亚国家选举委员会所有机构以及政治任命机构的性别配额制，以便在选举和任命的政治机构，特别是在决策职位上加快实现男女平等代表权；", "(b) 从用于竞选的公共资金中为女候选人，包括为反对派候选人划拨更多的资金；", "(c) 采取平等权利行动，增加女性法官、公务员和外交官，特别是在高级职位上的百分比；以及", "(d) 为政治家、记者、决策者，特别是男性提供两性平等培训，使他们进一步认识到，男女充分、平等、自由、民主地参与政治和公共生活，是充分执行《公约》的一个必要条件。", "民间社会和非政府组织", "28. 尽管缔约国在就需要防止外国势力影响埃塞俄比亚政治生活以及地方民间社会组织对外国捐助者的依赖举行对话期间做出了解释，但委员会严重关切《关于慈善机构和社团登记的第621/2009号公告》，该公告禁止外国非政府组织及吸纳的外资超过其资金10%的地方非政府组织参与人权和两性平等方面的工作(第14条)，这限制了地方妇女权利组织向人权受到侵害的妇女提供法律援助和其他支助的能力。它表示关切，民间社会机构决定冻结一些地方人权组织90%的资产，包括埃塞俄比亚女律师协会——原埃塞俄比亚主要的地方妇女权利组织，而这个决定不能向法院上诉，这迫使这些非政府组织减员，减少区域办事处数量和工作人员，而埃塞俄比亚女律师协会则中止了其对妇女的法律援助和热线服务。它关切的还有，缔约国不能填补由于中止这些服务而导致的空白。", "29. 委员会回顾了其关于与非政府组织关系的声明(2010年)以及禁止酷刑委员会(CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第34段)和消除种族歧视委员会(CERD/C/ETH/ CO/7，第14段)的建议，并呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 承认非政府组织在通过提高认识和宣传、受害者援助和康复，以及法律和其他支助使妇女能够诉求权利以增强妇女权能方面的关键作用；", "(b) 考虑修正《民间社会组织法》，以便解除对地方人权非政府组织，包括从事妇女权利工作的非政府组织的供资限制，并解除对地方和国际非政府组织活动的任何其他限制，这些限制不符合国际人权标准，如公民和非公民结社自由的权利；", "(c) 解除对埃塞俄比亚女律师协会和其他地方人权非政府组织资产的冻结，确保民间社会机构的决定接受司法审查，保障非政府组织工作人员免遭任何形式的骚扰和恐吓；", "(d) 与地方和其他妇女权利非政府组织合作，使它们能在缔约国执行《公约》的过程中发挥重大作用，从而协助缔约国履行其《公约》义务；", "(e) 临时制定战略，减轻《民间社会组织法》对包括妇女权利非政府组织在内的地方人权非政府组织能力的影响，与国际伙伴协商，填补由于其向妇女提供法律和其他服务的能力有限导致的空白，包括在亚的斯亚贝巴以外的地区。", "教育", "30. 委员会欢迎缔约国为增加妇女和女孩接受所有各级教育的机会采取的措施，如平等权利行动、提高认识、支助处于弱势地位的女孩，以及出台奖励措施鼓励父母，特别是农村和牧区父母送女儿上学，但委员会仍感到关切：", "(a) 农村和牧区的初等教育、中等和高等教育以及传统上以男性为主的技术和职业教育中存在地区差距，且妇女和/或女孩的入学率低；", "(b) 女孩的辍学率高，而续读率和毕业率低，尤其是在初等教育阶段，这严重影响了中等教育阶段的入学率；", "(c) 由于经济和社会文化障碍，如上学的间接费用，男生和教学人员的不赞同态度，口头和人身攻击和骚扰以及离学校路远等原因，贫穷女孩、牧区女孩和残疾女孩受教育的机会有限；以及", "(d) 妇女，特别是农村地区妇女识字率低(2004年的识字率为38%)。", "31. 委员会呼吁缔约国继续采取措施，解决地区差异问题，确保女孩和妇女平等获得各级教育，此类措施包括：", "(a) 确保各级教育，特别是农村和牧区妇女和女孩的入学率、续读率和毕业率，方法是使初等教育成为义务教育，采取平等权利行动，如进一步培训，招募女教师，增加女大学生的比例；", "(b) 继续提高社区、家庭、学生、教师、官员，特别是男子对妇女和女孩受教育的重要性的认识；", "(c) 提高教育质量，使其对妇女和女孩更有吸引力、更安全，办法包括增加女孩友好型和男女厕所分开的学校数量，调查其他学生或老师虐待妇女和女孩的行为，并适当惩处此类行为；", "(d) 强化支助服务，包括为贫穷女孩、牧区女孩和残疾女孩等弱势女孩提供奖学金，交通和学费补助，并针对其家庭出台奖励措施和发放津贴；", "(e) 通过将残疾女孩和男孩纳入主流教育等办法，确保为他们提供适当的教育机会；", "(f) 鼓励妇女和女孩选择非传统的教育和职业领域，如技术和职业教育以及传统上以男性为主的领域的培训；", "(g) 加强其成人扫盲、成人非正规教育和替代基本教育方案，尤其侧重各新兴地区。", "就业", "32. 委员会注意到现行立法保护妇女的劳动权利，而且缔约国为增加妇女的创收机会做了努力，但委员会对妇女在劳动力市场中遭受歧视依然关切，这些问题包括：", "(a) 妇女失业率非常高；", "(b) 由于家庭责任，缺乏获得技能的资源，获得土地、信贷和信息的机会有限，以及传统态度等，许多妇女从事没有酬劳的家庭工作，特别是在农业部门，以及从事报酬较低的工作；", "(c) 许多妇女在非正规经济部门工作，而得不到社会保护；", "(d) 因性别、婚姻状况、家庭责任或怀孕而遭遇不平等的薪水和福利，歧视性聘用和晋升做法，遭遇不公平解雇；", "(e) 没有出台禁止工作场所性骚扰的立法；", "(f) 对家庭女工遭到雇主或其家庭成员的性虐待缺乏保护；以及", "(g) 包括街头儿童在内的在童工环境中遭受剥削、且易遭性暴力和性虐待的男孩和女孩人数庞大。", "33. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 扩大旨在为妇女创造创收机会的政策，继续采取平等权利行动，如在公共部门招聘中优先招聘妇女；", "(b) 扩大其增强经济权能方案，面向更多的女性受益人；", "(c) 收集私营和非正规部门中男女处境的按性别分列数据，并采取有效措施，监测和改善这些部门妇女的工作条件；", "(d) 协同努力，制定、通过和执行覆盖非正规部门工人，包括妇女在内的社会保护机制；", "(e) 通过提高认识、加大制裁力度和更有效的劳动检查，有效落实同工同酬原则；", "(f) 考虑修正第377/2003号《劳工公告》，以便加大对因性别、婚姻状况、家庭责任或怀孕而终止雇用的惩处力度，包括禁止工作场所的性骚扰，并给予适当制裁；", "(g) 管制并监测家庭工人，尤其是妇女的工作环境，保护她们免遭雇主的性虐待；以及", "(h) 根据劳工组织第182号《关于禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(1999年)，采取有效措施，保护女孩和男孩免遭童工劳动剥削，办法包括增加对雇主的检查，增加罚款，扩大现行措施，并针对流落街头的男女儿童进一步采取措施，例如综合技能方案和家庭团圆倡议，并为他们提供基本服务。", "保健", "34. 委员会欢迎缔约国采取措施扩大面向农村地区的基本保健服务，增加女孩获得计划生育和生殖健康服务的机会，但委员会仍然关切：", "(a) 由于瘘管、早孕、不安全堕胎、有害习俗和其他因素等产科并发症，孕产妇死亡率很高(470/100 000名活产)；", "(b) 专业接生率不高(18%)，缺少产科急诊，尤其是在农村地区；", "(c) 避孕药具使用率低，致使通常与年龄较大男子结婚的妇女和女孩面临早孕、艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播疾病风险；", "(d) 不安全堕胎率高；", "(e) 感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的妇女很多；预防母婴传播的抗逆转录疗法效力有限；年轻妇女、性工作者和国内流离失所者等高危人群缺乏专门的预防方案，受艾滋病毒/艾滋病影响的孤儿及弱势女孩和男孩缺乏护理和支助。", "35. 根据之前的结论意见(CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5，第258段)及其第24(1999)号一般性建议，委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 继续就将妇女转诊到产妇保健机构，包括安全堕胎服务培训保健推广工作人员，进一步增加农村地区提供安全堕胎服务的保健设施数量；", "(b) 解决农村保健设施医务人员缺乏以及农村地区产科急诊缺乏的问题；", "(c) 继续提高家庭、社区和宗教领袖、教师、保健工作者和公职人员对有害习俗对妇女健康的危害，包括早孕、孕产妇死亡和艾滋病毒/艾滋病的认识；", "(d) 有效执行关于孕产妇和新生儿健康的联合旗舰方案，解决怀孕、分娩和产后围产期缺乏熟练的医护问题，尤其是在农村地区；", "(e) 有效执行《全国青少年和青年生殖健康战略》(2007-2015年)，继续提高人们对现有的避孕办法的认识，鼓励使用男性避孕套作为安全、费用较低的避孕办法；", "(f) 鼓励更多的宗教组织和社区将婚前艾滋病毒咨询和化验纳入其章程；", "(g) 为包括孕妇在内的感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的男女提供免费的抗逆转录病毒治疗，以预防母婴传播；", "(h) 培训技术和行政人员执行国家多部门战略/行动框架，以防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病，通过面向青年妇女、性工作者和国内流离失所者等高危人群的预防方案；", "(i) 开展提高认识活动，消除受艾滋病毒/艾滋病影响的孤儿和弱势儿童的耻辱感，并加强向其提供的物质和心理支持。", "农村妇女", "36. 委员会注意到《联邦公告》保护妇女获得和使用农村土地的权利，还注意到《第二个加速可持续发展以消灭贫穷的计划》(2005-2010年)和《促进男女平等国家计划》(2005-2010年)旨在加大妇女获得土地和牲畜等生产性资源的机会，以及小额融资机构和项目向妇女提供信贷使其启动小规模创收活动。不过，委员会关切的是，大多数农村妇女在经济上依赖男子，仅有19%的妇女拥有土地，并且小额融资机构的女性借款人数量正在减少。委员会还关切向外国公司出租大片耕地可能导致当地社区流离失所，并且进一步加剧妇女的粮食不安全和贫穷妇女人数日增问题，但委员会注意到缔约国解释说此类出租只是涉及疟疾肆虐低地的人烟稀少地区，帮助缔约国养活其人民，创造就业，同时还出台了重新安置和补偿机制。委员会还关切地注意到大多数农村人口不能可持续获得安全饮用水和适当的卫生设施，迫使许多妇女和女孩走很长的路去取水，使其更易遭受性暴力，同时妨碍了女孩上学。", "37. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 采取法律措施，作为一项制度将女配偶的名字填在土地所有者证书上，有效落实妇女获得土地所有权的平等权利；", "(b) 为农村妇女获得信贷和贷款提供便利，方法有控制小额信贷偿还条件，防止不公平的支付期和利率，同时扩大对性别问题有敏感认识的项目，例如管理环境资源方案和Iqqub；", "(c) 确保与外国公司的土地租赁合同不会导致当地居民，包括妇女和女孩被驱逐和境内流离失所，也不会加剧粮食不安全和贫穷，确保这些合同规定有关公司和/或缔约国必须向受影响社区，包括牧区社区提供适当的补偿和替代土地；", "(d) 修建新水井、水龙头和卫生设施，继续改进农村地区安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的获得。", "弱势妇女群体", "38. 委员会关切的是，缺乏分类数据，无法了解据报道的缔约国内最弱势、最受忽视的妇女群体及包括老年妇女、残疾妇女、牧区妇女，以及难民和国内流离失所妇女在内的通常面临多种形式歧视的妇女的处境。", "39. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 收集有关老年妇女、残疾妇女、牧区妇女，以及难民和国内流离失所妇女等通常面临多种形式歧视的妇女的处境的分类数据，并将其列入下一次定期报告；", "(b) 采取措施，包括《公约》第4条第1款所指的暂行特别措施，以消除任何此类歧视，确保这些妇女在参与政治、公共、社会、经济生活以及在教育、就业和保健领域酌情享有平等权利和机会，并保护妇女免遭暴力、虐待和剥削；", "(c) 通过有针对性的政策，保护这些妇女，并使其融入社会，例如国家国内流离失所者政策和难民融入当地社会的政策。", "婚姻和家庭关系中对妇女的歧视", "40. 委员会之所以关切这些报告，是因为实际上由儿子继承家庭土地，因为认为女儿最终将嫁到丈夫家；亡夫家庭常常从寡妇手中收回土地；妇女在离婚时往往将财产还给丈夫；《民法》没有规定前夫须向妇女提供赡养费，也未规定补救措施，使其能够向前夫索要子女抚养费。", "41. 委员会呼吁缔约国确保根据《公约》第16条维护家庭关系中的男女平等，保护妇女不被剥夺财产，包括被丈夫及丈夫的家人，有效执行男女继承土地等财产的平等权利，以及在离婚时男女平等分割共同财产的权利，并考虑修正其经修订的《民法》，以便规定配偶的赡养义务以及规定有效补救措施，使妇女能够从前夫那里获得子女监护权。", "42. 虽然委员会注意到《联邦宪法》第34条第5款要求双方同意由伊斯兰宗教法院裁定与个人或家庭法有关的纠纷，不过委员会关切，没有充分的保障措施确保妇女知情同意此类裁决，且没有受到其丈夫、家庭或社区的施压，伊斯兰宗教法院的裁决不得上诉普通法院，除非以法律错误为由。", "43. 委员会回顾禁止酷刑委员会的结论意见(CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第23段)，并呼吁缔约国提供有效的保障，确保妇女可自由、知情同意其案件由伊斯兰宗教法院判决，确保伊斯兰宗教法院的判决可因法律原因及事实错误向正规法院上诉。", "《任择议定书》", "44. 委员会呼吁缔约国审查其关于批准《公约任择议定书》的立场，并积极考虑批准《任择议定书》。", "《公约》第20条第1款的修正", "45. 委员会鼓励缔约国加快接受关于委员会开会时间的《公约》第20条第1款修正案。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "46. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》义务时充分利用《北京宣言和行动纲要》，后者强化了《公约》各项规定，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关资料。", "千年发展目标", "47. 委员会强调，充分而有效地执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在所有谋求实现千年发展目标的工作中纳入两性平等观点，明确体现《公约》的各项规定，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关资料。", "传播", "48. 委员会请埃塞俄比亚在国内广泛传播本结论意见，使人民、政府官员、政治家、议员以及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等而采取的步骤以及在这方面需要进一步采取的步骤。委员会建议本结论意见的传播范围应包括地方社区一级。委员会鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论在落实本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播，尤其是向妇女和人权组织传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "49. 委员会指出，缔约国加入了九项主要国际人权文书，[1] 这有助于妇女在生活的方方面面进一步享受人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励缔约国考虑批准其尚未加入的公约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "50. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为落实上文第21段和第37段所载各项建议采取的措施。", "技术援助", "51. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助制定和执行一项综合方案，以便落实上述各项建议和整个《公约》。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作，其中包括联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、经社部统计司、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处。", "编写下一次报告", "52. 委员会请缔约国确保各部委和公共机构广泛参与下次定期报告的起草工作，同时与各个妇女组织和人权组织进行协商。", "53. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见中表示的各项关切。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提出下次定期报告。", "54. 委员会请缔约国遵守人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议于2006年6月批准的根据国际人权条约提交报告的协调准则，包括编写共同核心文件和提交具体条约文件的准则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。委员会在其2008年1月第四十届会议上通过的与《公约》具体相关的报告准则(A/63/38，附件一)必须与共同核心文件的协调报告准则一并适用。这两项准则共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。与《公约》具体相关的文件篇幅应限制在40页之内，最新共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》；《公民及政治权利国际公约》；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》；《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》；《儿童权利公约》；《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》；《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》以及《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Ethiopia", "1. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considered the combined sixth and seventh periodic report of Ethiopia (CEDAW/C/ETH/6-7) at its 984th and 985th meetings, on 15 July 2011 (CEDAW/C/SR.984 and 985). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7, and the responses of the Government of Ethiopia are contained in CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its sixth and seventh combined periodic report, which was detailed and in general followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, although it lacked references to the Committee’s previous concluding observations and its general recommendations, as well as some specific disaggregated data, and was overdue. The Committee notes with appreciation that the report was prepared in a participatory process under a joint treaty reporting project, with support from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, involving Government bodies, national human rights institutions and civil society organizations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for the oral statement presented by the head of delegation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group and the further clarifications to most of the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation, headed by the Minister of Women’s, Children’s and Youth Affairs of Ethiopia, which included representatives of several Government departments. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee, while noting that some questions were not answered.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the ratification by the State party on 7 July 2010 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "5. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the new Criminal Code (2005), which criminalizes various forms of violence against women, including domestic violence and extramarital rape, harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation, early marriage and marriage by abduction, and trafficking in women and children. It also appreciates the establishment of victim-friendly benches in federal courts and of special units to investigate and prosecute crimes against women in prosecutors’ offices in Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa and in some regional states, as well as the steps taken so far by the State party to train judges, prosecutors and police officers on the application of the Criminal Code and on women’s rights, including their rights under the Convention.", "6. The Committee notes with appreciation the various policies and strategies adopted by the State party to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights, including the National Plan for Gender Equality (2005-2010), the Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty (2005-2010), which included “unleashing the potential of Ethiopian women” among its eight strategic elements, the Development and Change Package for Ethiopian Women, seeking to promote the economic and political participation of women and to eradicate harmful traditional practices, and the joint United Nations/Government of Ethiopia flagship programmes on gender equality and maternal health.", "7. The Committee notes with satisfaction the increase in the number of women in the House of Peoples’ Representatives, where women currently hold 27.8 per cent of seats as a result of the national elections held in 2010.", "8. The Committee welcomes the measures taken by the State party to promote women’s and girls’ access to education, in particular in rural and pastoralist areas, including:", "(a) The introduction of girls’ scholarship programmes and the supply to girls of educational materials and uniforms, with the support of non-governmental organizations;", "(b) The introduction of girl-friendly schools, as well as the construction of separate latrines for girls and boys in schools;", "(c) The provision of incentives to parents in pastoralist areas to send their daughters to school;", "(d) Training and the taking of affirmative action to raise the share of female teachers in primary and secondary schools to 50 per cent and to increase the number of female college and university instructors.", "9. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts undertaken by the State party to improve women’s and girls’ access to health services, including family planning and reproductive health services, through its Health Extension Programme, by training health extension workers on maternal health and emergency obstetric care and by expanding the number of primary health-care units, health centres and hospitals.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "10. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all of the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries at the federal and regional levels, to the House of Peoples’ Representatives, the House of Federation and regional councils, as well as to the judiciary, so as to ensure their full implementation.", "The Federal Houses", "11. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government. It invites the State party to encourage both Federal Houses, in line with their procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the State party’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Visibility of the Convention, the Optional Protocol and the Committee’s general recommendations", "12. While noting that article 9 of the Federal Constitution provides that international agreements ratified by the State party form an integral part of its domestic law, and that the core international human rights treaties, including the Convention, have been translated into Amharic, Oromo and Tigrinya by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, the Committee is concerned that the Convention has not been officially translated and published in the Federal Negarit Gazeta. It is also concerned that there is inadequate knowledge of the rights of women under the Convention, of its concept of substantive gender equality and of the Committee’s general recommendations among all branches of the Government and the judiciary, at both federal and regional levels. The Committee is further concerned that women themselves, especially those in rural and remote areas, are not aware of their rights under the Convention and thus lack the capacity to claim them.", "13. The Committee recommends that the State party officially translate the full text of the Convention and publish it in the Federal Negarit Gazeta in order to make it accessible to the public and to enable judges to directly apply it under conditions of legal certainty. It also calls on the State party to take all appropriate measures to ensure that the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations are sufficiently known and applied by all branches of Government and the judiciary at federal, regional and local levels as a framework for all laws, court decisions and policies on gender equality and the advancement of women. The Committee recommends that the Convention and related domestic legislation be given stronger emphasis in the legal education and training of judges, prosecutors and lawyers, including those working in sharia courts, so that a legal culture supportive of women’s equality with men and non-discrimination on the basis of sex is firmly established in the State party. Lastly, the Committee recommends that the State party further enhance women’s awareness of their rights and the means to enforce them through, inter alia, legal literacy programmes, and ensure that information on the Convention is provided to women in all regional states through the use of all appropriate means, including the media.", "Harmonization of laws", "14. The Committee reiterates its concern that not all regional states have adopted regional family laws in conformity with the Federal Family Code (2000) and the Convention, which recognize the equal right of women and men to freely enter into marriage, as well as equal rights and responsibilities of spouses during marriage and its dissolution, and set the minimum age of marriage at 18 years, and that some regional states continue to apply their previous discriminatory family laws. The Committee also notes that the Federal Constitution does not preclude the adjudication of disputes relating to personal and family laws in accordance with religious and customary laws (article 34(5)) and for that purpose authorizes the House of Peoples’ Representatives and regional councils to establish or give official recognition to religious and customary courts (article 78(5)).", "15. The Committee recalls its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 244), and calls on the State party to ensure that all regional states adopt family laws in conformity with the Federal Family Code and the Convention and to take measures, including awareness-raising and training, to sensitize the population and to enable public officials to effectively enforce the revised Family Code, in particular the equal right of women and men to freely enter into marriage, the equal rights and responsibilities of spouses during marriage and its dissolution, and the minimum age of marriage of 18 years. The Committee also calls on the State party to ensure that federal, regional, customary and religious laws are harmonized in line with the Convention.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "16. While welcoming the establishment of a comprehensive national machinery for the advancement of women, comprising the Ministry of Women’s, Children’s and Youth Affairs, women’s affairs departments in all federal ministries, regional women’s affairs bureaux, and similar structures at the zonal, woreda and kebele levels, the Committee notes with concern that the capacity, resources and efficiency of the national machinery have not been adequately strengthened to ensure the effective implementation of relevant laws and policies, follow-up, data collection, systematic gender-mainstreaming and harmonization and alignment of processes, including the monitoring and evaluation and data analysis necessary for evidence-based strategic planning.", "17. The Committee, recalling its previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 246), general recommendation No. 6 (1988) and relevant recommendations addressed to the State party during the universal periodic review (A/HRC/13/17, para. 97.32) and by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, para. 11), as well as the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular regarding the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen the existing national machinery at all levels by providing it with adequate human, technical and financial resources to increase its effectiveness in formulating, implementing, providing advice on, coordinating and overseeing the preparation and implementation of legislation and policy measures in the field of gender equality and in mainstreaming gender perspectives in all laws and policies;", "(b) Provide further training on women’s rights, including on a short‑term basis, to women and men working in the Ministry of Women’s, Children’s and Youth Affairs, the women’s affairs departments in each federal ministry, regional women’s affairs bureaux, and zonal, woreda and kebele women’s affairs offices, as well as to those working in other Government offices at the federal and regional levels;", "(c) Give priority attention to women’s rights and non-discrimination and to the enjoyment of gender equality, including by taking into account the Committee’s recommendations in the implementation of the Second Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty (2010-2015);", "(d) Further strengthen the capacity and independence of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, especially the Commissioner for Women’s and Children’s Rights and her department, in line with the Paris Principles (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex).", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "18. While noting the efforts made by the State party to eliminate discriminatory attitudes and harmful practices affecting women, the Committee reiterates its concern at the persistence of adverse cultural norms, practices and traditions as well as patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life. The Committee is concerned that such customs and practices perpetuate discrimination against women, and are reflected in women’s disadvantageous and unequal status in many areas, including in public life and decision-making, economic life, sexual and reproductive health, and in marriage and family relations. It notes that such stereotypes also contribute to the persistence of violence against women, as well as harmful practices including female genital mutilation, early marriage, the abduction of girls, and wife inheritance; and expresses its concern that the State party has not taken sufficient sustained and systematic action to modify or eliminate stereotypes and negative cultural values and harmful practices.", "19. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Put in place, without delay, a comprehensive strategy to eliminate harmful practices and stereotypes that discriminate against women, in conformity with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention. Such measures should include more concerted efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness about this subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society, especially at the woreda and kebele levels, and should involve community and religious leaders;", "(b) Address harmful practices such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, marriage by abduction and wife inheritance by expanding public education programmes and by effectively enforcing the prohibition of such practices, in particular in rural areas;", "(c) Use innovative measures to strengthen understanding of the equality of women and men, including their equal rights to participate in public life and decision-making, own land and livestock, freely make sexual and reproductive health choices and freely choose a spouse and enter into marriage, and continue to work with the media to enhance a positive and non-stereotypical portrayal of women;", "(d) Undertake an assessment of the impact of those measures in order to identify shortcomings, and improve them accordingly.", "Female genital mutilation and violence against women", "20. The Committee notes the State party’s efforts to combat violence against women, including female genital mutilation and sexual and domestic violence, by, for example, revising its Criminal Code, establishing special investigation and prosecution units and victim-friendly benches in the federal court system, and providing some legal aid and assistance to women and children victims of violence. However, while noting that female genital mutilation is declining among younger women and in urban areas, the Committee notes with concern that it remains highly prevalent in rural and pastoralist areas (with the highest rates in the Afar (91.6 per cent) and Somali (79 per cent) regions) and that the penalties for female genital mutilation stipulated in articles 561-563, 567, 569 and 570 of the Criminal Code (2005) are too lenient. It is also concerned that female genital mutilation and sexual, domestic and other forms of violence against women are underreported owing to cultural taboos and victims’ lack of trust in the legal system, and that criminal law provisions are not consistently enforced because of insufficient allocation of funds, lack of coordination among the relevant actors, low awareness of existing laws and policies on the part of law enforcement officials, lack of capacity to apply the law in a gender-sensitive manner and discriminatory societal attitudes. The Committee is further concerned about the State party’s failure to criminalize marital rape, its delay in adopting a national strategy to combat violence against women, lack of victim assistance and rehabilitation services and the absence of disaggregated data on prosecution and conviction rates in relation to violence against women.", "21. The Committee recalls its general recommendations No. 14 (1990), on female circumcision, and No. 19 (1992), on violence against women, and its previous recommendations (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, paras. 252 and 256), as well as the recommendations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 32), the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/ETH/CO/7-16, para. 16), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, para. 60) and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and urges the State party to:", "(a) Amend the Criminal Code (2005), with a view to increasing the penalties for female genital mutilation in articles 561-562, 567, 569 and 570; repealing article 563; criminalizing marital rape; and excluding the applicability in domestic violence cases of the extenuating circumstances set out in article 557(1)(b) (gross provocation, shock, surprise, emotion or passion);", "(b) Effectively enforce the provisions of the Criminal Code (2005) criminalizing female genital mutilation and sexual and domestic violence, prosecute any such acts upon complaint by the victim or ex officio, and impose appropriate penalties commensurate with the gravity of the crime on perpetrators;", "(c) Provide mandatory training to judges, including local and sharia court judges, prosecutors and the police on the strict application of relevant provisions of the Criminal Code;", "(d) Encourage women and girls to report acts of violence to the competent authorities, by continuing to raise awareness about the criminal nature and harmful effects of female genital mutilation and other forms of violence on their health, eradicating the underlying cultural justifications of such violence and practices, destigmatizing victims, and training law enforcement and medical personnel on standardized, gender-sensitive procedures for dealing with victims and effectively investigating their complaints;", "(e) Enhance victim assistance and rehabilitation, by strengthening the legal aid services of the Ministry of Justice, providing psychological counselling, supporting local women’s rights organizations which offer shelter and assistance to victims, and establishing victim support centres in the regional states;", "(f) Expedite the adoption and implementation of the draft national strategic plan to combat violence against women and children prepared by the Ministry of Justice;", "(g) Collect disaggregated data on the number of complaints against, prosecutions or convictions of, and sentences imposed on perpetrators of female genital mutilation and sexual and domestic violence, and provide such data to the Committee.", "22. The Committee takes note of the State party’s denial of any acts of sexual violence against women and girls, including rape, allegedly committed by members of the Ethiopian National Defence Force (ENDF) in Somali Regional State. The Committee is nevertheless concerned at numerous and consistent reports about crimes against women and girls, including rape, torture, extrajudicial killings and forced evictions, by members of ENDF and of private militia groups in the context of armed conflict, in particular in the Ogaden area of the Somali Regional State, and about the impunity enjoyed by the alleged perpetrators of such crimes.", "23. In accordance with article 2 of the Convention, and taking into account general recommendations No. 28 (2010), on the core obligations of States parties under article 2, and No. 19 (1992), on violence against women, as well as the concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 16), the Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Investigate, prosecute and adequately punish members of ENDF and of private militia groups responsible for rape and any other crimes committed against women and girls, particularly in the context of armed conflict, and take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of any such crimes;", "(b) Take immediate steps to adequately compensate and rehabilitate the victims of any such crimes;", "(c) Favourably consider facilitating humanitarian access for international organizations and non-governmental organizations to areas where women and girls are affected by armed conflict, namely in the Somali region.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "24. While noting that the State party has taken measures to combat trafficking in human beings, in particular women and girls, by criminalizing it, raising awareness, training law enforcement officials, creating a special prosecution unit and concluding agreements with neighbouring countries, the Committee is concerned about the lack of data and the low prosecution and conviction rates in relation to, in particular, internal trafficking in women and children for forced labour and sexual exploitation, the limited measures to address poverty as the root cause of trafficking, the lack of victim assistance and the lack of protection of refugee and internally displaced women and children vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking.", "25. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt a national plan of action to combat trafficking in human beings, in particular women and girls, including refugees and internally displaced persons;", "(b) Continue raising awareness about human trafficking and training law enforcement officials on the strict application of relevant criminal law provisions;", "(c) Address the root causes of trafficking by further enhancing the economic potential of women, including by expanding the Ethiopian Women’s Development Fund to cover more regional states and beneficiaries and by further enhancing women’s access to land;", "(d) Establish appropriate mechanisms aimed at early identification, referral, assistance and support for victims of trafficking, including refugee and internally displaced women and girls;", "(e) Collect disaggregated data on the number of complaints, investigations, prosecutions and sentences in relation to trafficking, and include such data in its next periodic report.", "Participation in political and public life", "26. While welcoming the steady increase in the representation of women in the House of Peoples’ Representatives, where they currently hold 152 of 547 seats (27.8 per cent), and, to a more limited extent, in regional councils, the Committee notes with concern that no woman opposition candidate was elected to the House of Peoples’ Representatives at the 2010 national elections and that women continue to be underrepresented in senior positions in the Government, the judiciary and the diplomatic service. In this regard, the Committee notes that only 3 of 23 Ministers in the current Government are women. It also notes with concern that systematic barriers, such as negative cultural attitudes, doubts about women’s leadership capabilities, insufficient affirmative action in the form of quotas for women and capacity-building for potential candidates, limited financial resources and women’s limited interest due to lack of logistical support, impede women’s equal participation in political life.", "27. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 (2004), such as gender quotas that apply throughout the structure of the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia as well as to political appointments, with a view to accelerating the equal representation of women and men in elected and appointed political bodies, especially in decision-making positions;", "(b) Allocate greater funds for women candidates, including opposition candidates, in the public funding of election campaigns;", "(c) Take affirmative action to increase the percentage of female judges, civil servants and diplomats, in particular in high-level positions;", "(d) Provide training on gender equality to politicians, journalists and decision makers, especially men, to enhance the understanding that the full, equal, free and democratic participation of women and men in political and public life is a requirement for the full implementation of the Convention.", "Civil society and non-governmental organizations", "28. Notwithstanding the explanations provided by the State party during the dialogue as to the need to prevent foreign influence on the political life in Ethiopia and dependency of local civil society organizations on foreign donors, the Committee is seriously concerned that Proclamation No. 621/2009, on the registration of charities and societies, which bars foreign non-governmental organizations and local non-governmental organizations that receive more than 10 per cent of their funding from foreign sources from working on human rights and gender equality (article 14), has obstructed the capacity of local women’s rights organizations to provide legal aid and other support to women victims of human rights violations. It expresses concern that the decision of the Civil Society Agency to freeze 90 per cent of the assets of some local human rights organizations, including the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA), previously the main local women’s rights organization in Ethiopia, cannot be appealed to a court and has forced those non-governmental organizations to downsize their staff and number of regional offices and, in the case of EWLA, to suspend legal aid and hotline services for women. It is also concerned that the State party has not been able to fill the gap resulting from the suspension of those services.", "29. The Committee recalls its statement on its relationship with non‑governmental organizations (2010), as well as the recommendations made by the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 34) and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/ETH/CO/7, para. 14), and calls on the State party to:", "(a) Recognize the crucial role of non-governmental organizations in empowering Ethiopian women through awareness-raising and advocacy, victim assistance and rehabilitation, as well as legal and other support enabling women to claim their rights;", "(b) Consider amending the law on civil society organizations with a view to lifting the funding restrictions on local human rights non-governmental organizations, including those working on women’s rights, and any other restrictions on activities of local and international non-governmental organizations which are incompatible with international human rights standards, such as the right of citizens and non-citizens to freedom of association;", "(c) Unblock the assets of EWLA and other local human rights non‑governmental organizations, ensure that decisions of the Civil Society Agency are subject to judicial review, and guarantee the freedom of non‑governmental organization workers from any form of harassment or intimidation;", "(d) Cooperate with local and other women’s rights non-governmental organizations to enable them to play a meaningful role in the implementation of the Convention in the State party, thereby assisting the State party to fulfil its obligations under the Convention;", "(e) In the interim, devise strategies to mitigate the adverse impact of the law on civil society organizations on the capacity of local human rights non‑governmental organizations, including women’s rights non-governmental organizations, and fill the gap resulting from their limited ability to provide legal and other services to women, including outside Addis Ababa, in consultation with international partners.", "Education", "30. The Committee welcomes the measures taken by the State party to increase women’s and girls’ access to all levels of education, such as affirmative action, awareness-raising, support to disadvantaged girls and incentives for parents to send their daughters to school, in particular in rural and pastoralist areas. However, it remains concerned about:", "(a) Regional disparities and low enrolment rates of women and/or girls in primary education in rural and pastoralist areas and in secondary and higher education, as well as in traditionally male dominated fields of technical and vocational education;", "(b) The high dropout rate and the low retention and completion rates of girls, in particular at the primary level, which seriously impact enrolment at the secondary level;", "(c) The limited access of poor girls, girls in pastoralist areas and girls with disabilities to education due to economic and sociocultural barriers, such as indirect costs of schooling, unfavourable attitudes by male students and teaching staff, verbal and physical abuse and harassment, and long distances to schools;", "(d) The low female literacy rate (38 per cent in 2004), especially in rural areas.", "31. The Committee calls on the State party to continue taking measures to address regional disparities and ensure equal access of girls and women to all levels of education, such as measures to:", "(a) Ensure enrolment, retention and completion by women and girls at all levels of education, especially in rural and pastoralist areas, including by making primary education compulsory and taking affirmative action, such as the further training and recruitment of female teachers and quotas for female university students;", "(b) Continue raising awareness among communities, families, students, teachers and officials, especially men, about the importance of women’s and girls’ education;", "(c) Improve the quality of education and make it more attractive and safer for women and girls, including by increasing the number of girl-friendly schools and schools with separate latrines for boys and girls and by investigating and adequately punishing any abuse of women and girls by other students or by teachers;", "(d) Strengthen support services, including scholarships, transport and tutorial support, for disadvantaged girls, such as poor girls, girls in pastoralist areas and girls with disabilities, as well as incentives and subsidies for their families;", "(e) Ensure adequate educational opportunities for girls and boys with disabilities, including by integrating them into mainstream education;", "(f) Encourage women and girls to choose non-traditional fields of education and careers, such as technical and vocational education and training in traditionally male dominated areas;", "(g) Reinforce its adult literacy, adult non-formal education and alternative basic education programmes, focusing in particular on the emerging regional states.", "Employment", "32. While acknowledging the legislation in place protecting women’s labour rights and the efforts made by the State party to enhance income-generating opportunities for women, the Committee remains concerned about the discrimination faced by women in the labour market, including:", "(a) The disproportionately high unemployment rate among women;", "(b) The high proportion of women engaged in unpaid family work, especially in the agricultural sector, and in low-paid jobs, owing to family responsibilities, lack of the resources necessary to acquire skills, limited access to land, credit and information, and traditional attitudes;", "(c) The high percentage of women working in the informal sector without access to social protection;", "(d) Unequal pay and benefits, discriminatory hiring and promotion practices and unfair dismissals based on gender, marital status, family responsibility or pregnancy;", "(e) The absence of legislation prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace;", "(f) The lack of protection for women domestic workers from sexual abuse by their employers or by family members of their employers;", "(g) The high number of girls and boys, including those living in the street, who are exploited in situations of child labour and are vulnerable to sexual violence and abuse.", "33. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Expand its policies aimed at creating income-generating opportunities for women and continue taking affirmative action, for example, by giving priority to women in public sector recruitment;", "(b) Extend its economic empowerment programmes to more women beneficiaries;", "(c) Collect sex-disaggregated data on the situation of women and men in the private and informal sectors and take effective measures to monitor and improve the working conditions of women in those sectors;", "(d) Undertake concerted efforts to devise, adopt and implement a national social protection scheme covering, among others, informal sector workers, including women;", "(e) Effectively enforce the principle of equal pay for work of equal value, through awareness-raising, increased sanctions and more effective labour inspections;", "(f) Consider amending Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003, with a view to increasing the penalties for termination of employment based on gender, marital status, family responsibility or pregnancy, and including a prohibition of, as well as adequate sanctions for, sexual harassment in the workplace;", "(g) Regulate and monitor the working conditions of domestic workers, in particular women, and protect them from sexual abuse by their employers;", "(h) In accordance with International Labour Organization Convention No. 182 (1999), on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, take effective measures to protect girls and boys from exploitative child labour through increased inspections and fines for employers, expand existing and adopt additional measures for girls and boys living in the street, such as comprehensive skills programmes and family reunification initiatives, and provide them with basic services.", "Health", "34. While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to extend basic health services to rural areas and increase women’s and girls’ access to family planning and reproductive health services, the Committee remains concerned about:", "(a) The high maternal mortality rate (470 per 100,000 live births) due to obstetric complications such as fistulae, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, harmful practices and other factors;", "(b) The low rate of skilled birth attendance (18 per cent) and the shortage of emergency obstetric services, especially in rural areas;", "(c) Low contraceptive use, exposing women and girls who are often married to older men to risk of early pregnancy and HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases;", "(d) The high number of unsafe abortions;", "(e) The high number of women living with HIV/AIDS, the lack of antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission, the absence of special prevention programmes for high-risk groups such as young women, sex workers and internally displaced persons, and the lack of care and support for orphans and vulnerable girls and boys affected by HIV/AIDS.", "35. In line with its previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 258) and its general recommendation No. 24 (1999), the Committee calls on the State party to:", "(a) Continue training health extension workers on referring women to maternal health-care facilities, including safe abortion services, and further increase the number of health-care facilities providing safe abortion services in rural areas;", "(b) Address the lack of medical personnel in rural health-care facilities and the shortage of emergency obstetric services in rural areas;", "(c) Continue raising awareness among families, community and religious leaders, teachers, health-care workers and public officials about the health risks of harmful practices for women, including early pregnancy, maternal death and HIV/AIDS;", "(d) Effectively implement the joint flagship programme on maternal and newborn health to address the lack of skilled medical care during pregnancy, childbirth and the immediate postpartum period, especially in rural areas;", "(e) Effectively implement the National Adolescent and Youth Reproductive Health Strategy (2007-2015), continue raising awareness about available contraceptive methods and encourage the use of male condoms as a safe and less costly option;", "(f) Encourage more religious organizations and communities to include provisions on premarital HIV counselling and testing in their by-laws;", "(g) Provide free antiretroviral treatment for women and men living with HIV/AIDS, including pregnant women, so as to prevent mother-to-child transmission;", "(h) Train technical and administrative staff to implement the national multisectoral strategy/action framework to combat HIV/AIDS and adopt prevention programmes targeting high-risk groups, such as young women, sex workers and internally displaced persons;", "(i) Conduct awareness-raising activities to destigmatize orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS and strengthen the material and psychological support provided to them.", "Rural women", "36. The Committee notes that women’s right to obtain and use rural land is protected by Federal Proclamation, that both PASDEP (2005-2010) and the National Plan for Gender Equality (2005-2010) are aimed at enhancing women’s access to productive resources such as land and livestock, and that microfinance institutions and projects provide credit to women to start small-scale income-generating activities. However, it is concerned that most rural women depend on men for economic support, that only 19 per cent of women own land and that the number of women borrowers from microfinance institutions is decreasing. The Committee is also concerned about the leasing of vast areas of arable land to foreign companies, which may result in the displacement of local communities and further contribute to women’s food insecurity and the feminization of poverty, but notes the State party’s explanation that such leases concern scarcely populated areas in the malaria-infested lowlands, help the State party to feed its people, create employment and are accompanied by resettlement and compensation schemes. The Committee also notes with concern that the majority of the rural population has no sustainable access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, forcing many women and girls to walk long distances to collect water, exposing them to an increased risk of sexual violence, and preventing girls from attending school.", "37. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Effectively enforce women’s equal right to land ownership, including by taking legal measures providing for the systematic inclusion of female spouses’ names in landholder certificates;", "(b) Facilitate rural women’s access to credit and loans, by controlling microfinance repayment terms to preclude unfair payment periods and interest rates and by expanding gender-sensitive projects such as the Managing Environmental Resources (MERET) Programme and Iqqub;", "(c) Ensure that land lease contracts with foreign companies do not result in the forced eviction and internal displacement, or the increased food insecurity and poverty, of local populations, including women and girls, and that such contracts stipulate that the company concerned and/or the State party must provide the affected communities, including pastoralist communities, with adequate compensation and alternative land;", "(d) Continue improving access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation in rural areas by building new wells, taps and sanitation facilities.", "Disadvantaged groups of women", "38. The Committee is concerned about the lack of disaggregated data on the situation of those women who are reportedly among the most vulnerable and neglected groups of women in the State party and typically face multiple forms of discrimination, including older women, women with disabilities, pastoralist women and refugee and internally displaced women.", "39. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Collect disaggregated data on the situation of women facing multiple forms of discrimination, such as older women, women with disabilities, pastoralist women and refugee and internally displaced women, and include such information in its next periodic report;", "(b) Adopt measures, including temporary special measures within the meaning of article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, to eliminate any such discrimination, ensure equal rights and opportunities for those women, including, as applicable, in political, public, social and economic life and in the areas of education, employment and health, and protect them from violence, abuse and exploitation;", "(c) Adopt targeted policies to protect and integrate those women into society, such as, for example, a national policy on internally displaced persons and policies for the local integration of refugees.", "Discrimination against women in marriage and family relations", "40. The Committee is concerned about reports that, in practice, sons inherit family land because it is assumed that daughters will eventually move to the homes of their husbands; that the family of a deceased husband often claims the land from his widow; that women frequently lose their property to their husbands upon divorce; and that the Civil Code does not provide for financial support for women from their former spouses, nor for remedies enabling them to claim child maintenance from their former husbands.", "41. The Committee calls on the State party to ensure equality between women and men in family relations in line with article 16 of the Convention and protect women from property-grabbing, including by the husband and his family; to effectively enforce the equal rights of women and men to inherit property, including land, and to equally divide joint property upon divorce; and to consider amending its revised Civil Code with a view to providing for financial support obligations of spouses, as well as for effective remedies enabling women to claim child custody from their former husbands.", "42. While noting that article 34 (5) of the Federal Constitution requires the consent of both parties to the adjudication of disputes relating to personal or family laws by sharia courts, the Committee is concerned that there are no sufficient safeguards to ensure that the consent of women to such adjudication is informed and free from undue pressure by their husbands, families or communities, and that decisions of sharia courts cannot be appealed to the regular courts, except on grounds of error of law.", "43. The Committee recalls the concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 23), and calls on the State party to provide for effective safeguards to ensure the free and informed consent of women to have their cases adjudicated by sharia courts and that all decisions taken by sharia courts can be appealed to the regular courts, on grounds of law as well as of factual error.", "Optional Protocol", "44. The Committee calls on the State party to review its position concerning the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention and to favourably consider ratifying the Optional Protocol.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "45. The Committee encourages the State party to accelerate the acceptance of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "46. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "47. The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "48. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Ethiopia of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women and the further steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that dissemination should include dissemination at the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss the progress achieved in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "49. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "50. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 21 and 37 above.", "Technical assistance", "51. The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to strengthen further its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Preparation of the next report", "52. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next periodic report and, at the same time, to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations.", "53. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "54. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents that were approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, annex I) must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of CEDAW", "Ethiopia", "The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considered the combined sixth and seventh periodic report of Ethiopia (CEDAW/C/ETH/6-7). The Committee's list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7 and the response of the Government of Ethiopia is contained in CEDAW/C/ETH/Q/6-7/Add.1.", "Introduction", "The Committee expresses its appreciation for the combined sixth and seventh periodic report of the State party. Although the report did not refer to the Committee's previous concluding observations and general recommendations and lacked specific disaggregated data and had been overdue, it provided detailed information and generally followed the Committee's reporting guidelines. The Committee notes with appreciation that the report was prepared under the joint treaty reporting project through a participatory process supported by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, with the participation of government agencies, national human rights institutions and civil society organizations. The Committee expresses its appreciation for the oral statement made by the head of delegation of the State party, the written replies to the list of issues and questions posed by the pre-session working group and the further clarifications provided by the Committee on most of the issues raised orally.", "The Committee commends the State party for the high-level delegation headed by the Minister of Women, Children and Youth of Ethiopia, including representatives of multiple government departments. While appreciating the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee, the Committee noted that a number of issues had not been answered.", "Positive aspects", "The Committee welcomes the State party's ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 7 July 2010.", "The Committee welcomes the adoption of the new Criminal Code (2005), which criminalizes various forms of violence against women, including domestic violence, marital rape, harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, theft and trafficking in women and children. The Committee also appreciates the establishment of judges for the protection of victims in the Federal Court and the establishment of specialized institutions in the Office of the Prosecutor in Addis Ababa, Dréval and certain areas to investigate and prosecute crimes against women, and appreciates the fact that the State party has thus far applied the Criminal Code to train judges, prosecutors and police officers to understand the rights of women, including the rights under the Convention.", "The Committee notes with appreciation the various policies and strategies adopted by the State party for the promotion of gender equality and the protection of women's rights, including the National Plan for the Promotion of Equality between Women and Men (2005-2010), the Plan for Acceleration of Sustainable Development for Poverty (2005-2010) and its eight strategic components include the “Exploring the potential of women in Ethiopia”, the Ethiopian Women's Development and Change Series, which seeks to promote women's economic and political participation and eradicate harmful practices, and the joint United Nations/Ethiopia Government flagship programme on gender equality and maternal health.", "The Committee notes with satisfaction the increase in the number of women in the People's Delegates' House, which is currently 27.8 per cent of seats for women after the 2010 National Elections.", "The Committee welcomes the measures taken by the State party to promote the education of women and girls, in particular in rural and pastoral areas, including:", "(a) A female scholarship programme, with the support of non-governmental organizations, was introduced and provided with educational materials and school uniforms;", "(b) The establishment of a girl-friendly school and the construction of separate toilets for women and men in schools;", "(c) Take incentives to encourage parents in pastoralist areas to send their daughters to school; and", "(d) Training and affirmative action to increase the proportion of female teachers in primary and secondary schools to 50 per cent and to increase the number of female teachers in tertiary institutions.", "The Committee notes with appreciation the State party's efforts to improve access to health services, including family planning and reproductive health services, through the Health Promotion Programme, the training of health-care extension personnel for emergency obstetric care and emergency obstetric care.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "The Committee recalls the State party's obligation to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and considers that the concerns and recommendations contained in the present concluding observations are a matter of priority for the State party from now to the submission of its next periodic report. The Committee therefore urges the State party to focus on those areas in the implementation of its activities and to report on the actions and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the House of People's Representatives, the Federal Council, the Regional Committee and the judiciary at the federal and regional levels to ensure their full implementation.", "Federal House", "The Committee reiterates that the Government has the primary responsibility for the full implementation of its obligations under the Convention, in particular accountability, and stresses that the Convention is binding on all sectors of the Government. It requested the State party to encourage the Federal Council, as appropriate, to take the necessary measures in accordance with its procedures to implement the present concluding observations and to carry out the next reporting process of the State party in accordance with the Convention.", "The visibility of the Convention, the Optional Protocol and the Committee's general recommendations", "The Committee notes that international agreements ratified by the State party under article 9 of the Federal Constitution are an integral part of its domestic law and that the core international human rights treaties, including the Convention, have been translated into Amhara, Oromo and Tigré, and expresses concern at the fact that the Convention has not been formally translated into and published by Federal Negarit Gazeta. It was also concerned that at the federal and regional levels, not all government departments and the judiciary were fully aware of women's rights under the Convention, the concept of substantive gender equality and the Committee's general recommendations. The Committee is further concerned that women themselves, particularly in rural and remote areas, do not know their rights under the Convention and thus limit their ability to claim these rights.", "The Committee recommends that the State party formally translate the full text of the Convention and be made available at Federal Negarit Gazeta to facilitate access to the public, while allowing judges to apply the Convention directly in accordance with legal reliability. The Committee also calls upon the State party to take all appropriate measures to ensure that all Governments and the judiciary at the federal, regional and local levels are fully aware of and apply the Convention and the Committee's general recommendations as a framework for all laws, court judgements and policies on gender equality and the advancement of women. The Committee recommends that greater attention be given to the Convention and relevant domestic legislation in the legal education and training of judges, prosecutors and lawyers, including those of the Islamic Religious Court, in order to establish a legal culture conducive to gender equality and non-discrimination in the State party. Finally, the Committee recommends that the State party increase women's awareness of their rights and their access through, inter alia, legal literacy programmes and ensure that women in all regions of the State party receive information on the Convention through all appropriate means, including the media.", "Harmonization of laws", "The Committee reiterates its concern that not all regions have adopted regional family laws in accordance with the Federal Family Code and the Convention, which recognize the equal right of men and women to freely conclude marriage, the equal rights and obligations of both spouses during marriage and the dissolution of marriage, the minimum age of marriage is 18 years, and recognizes that discriminatory family laws still prevail in some areas. The Committee also notes that the Federal Constitution does not exclude the award of legal disputes between individuals and families in accordance with religious and customary law (article 34 (5)) and, to that end, authorizes the establishment and formal recognition of religious law and customary law courts (art.", "The Committee recalls its previous recommendations (para. CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 244), and called upon the State party to ensure that all regions adopt measures, including awareness-raising and training, to raise awareness of the family law and to enable public officials to effectively implement the revised Family Code, in particular the equal rights of men and women to enter into marriage, the rights and obligations of women during marriage and the dissolution of marriage, and the minimum age of marriage at 18 years. The Committee also calls upon the State party to ensure that federal, regional, customary and religious laws are harmonized in accordance with the Convention.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "While welcoming the establishment of a comprehensive national institution for the advancement of women, comprising the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth, the Ministry of Women's Affairs of the Federal Ministries, the Regional Bureau for Women, and similar institutions at the regional, district and rural associations, the Committee notes with concern that the capacity, resources and efficiency of national institutions are yet to be strengthened to ensure the effective implementation of relevant laws and policies, follow-up, receipt, systematic mainstreaming of gender issues and the harmonization of the harmonization process, including monitoring and evaluation necessary for evidence-based strategic planning.", "The Committee recalled its previous concluding observations (continued) CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 246), general recommendation 6 (1988) and relevant recommendations to States parties during the universal periodic review (A/HRC/13/17, para. 97.32), recommendations made by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, para. 11) and guidelines in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular those necessary for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen existing national mechanisms at all levels to provide them with adequate human, technical and financial resources to enhance their effectiveness and to prepare, implement, advise, coordinate and monitor gender perspectives in the development and implementation of legal and policy measures in all areas of gender equality and gender mainstreaming;", "(b) To provide further training on women's rights, including short-term training, to the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth, the Ministry of Women's Affairs of the Federal Ministries, the Regional Bureau for Women and the Office of Women Affairs of Regional, District and Rural Associations, and to other government departments at the federal and regional levels;", "(c) To give priority to women's rights, non-discrimination and gender issues, including taking into account the recommendations of the Committee in its implementation of the Second Plan for Accelerated Sustainable Development to Poverty (2010-2015);", "(d) In accordance with the Paris Principles (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex), further strengthening the capacity and independence of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, in particular the Commissioner for Women and Children and their sectors.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "While noting the efforts made by the State party to eliminate discriminatory attitudes and harmful practices affecting women, the Committee reiterates its concern about the persistence of cultural norms, customs and traditions and the patriarchal attitudes, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life. The Committee is also concerned that such norms and practices lead to long-term discrimination against women and are reflected in the disadvantaged and unequal position of women in many areas, such as public life and decision-making, economic life, sexual health and reproductive health, and marriage and family relations. It noted that such stereotypes also perpetuate violence against women and harmful practices, including female genital mutilation, early marriage, abduction of girls and marriage; it expressed concern at the lack of appropriate sustained and systematic action by the State party to correct or eliminate stereotypes, negative cultural values and harmful practices.", "The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) In accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention, an immediate and integrated strategy is being put in place to eliminate harmful practices and stereotypes that discriminate against women. Such measures should include increased efforts with civil society to educate women and men, including traditional and religious leaders, at all levels of society, in particular at the district and rural associations;", "(b) To address harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, marriage and marriage, through the expansion of public education programmes and the effective prohibition of such practices, in particular in rural areas;", "(c) The adoption of innovative measures to strengthen understanding of gender equality, including the participation of women and men in public life and decision-making, ownership of land and livestock, free sexual and reproductive health options, free choice and the conclusion of marriage, and to continue to cooperate with the media in order to enhance the positive and unbiased image of women;", "(d) Assessment of the impact of these measures in order to identify shortcomings and improve them accordingly.", "Female genital mutilation and violence against women", "The Committee notes the efforts made by the State party to establish, through the revision of the Criminal Code, a special investigation and prosecution body and the establishment of protection judges in the Federal Court system to provide legal assistance to victims of violence against women and children, including female genital mutilation, sexual violence and domestic violence. However, while noting the decrease in female genital mutilation practices in young women and urban areas, the Committee notes with concern that female genital mutilation practices in rural and pastoral areas are still prevalent (of which Afar (91.6 per cent) and Somali regions (79 per cent), and that the Criminal Code (2005) criminalizes female genital mutilation practices under articles 561-563, 567 and 569 and 570. The Committee is also concerned that there is little coverage of female genital mutilation, sexual violence against women, domestic violence and other forms of violence due to cultural taboo, lack of trust in the victim's legal system and insufficient allocation of funds. The Committee is also concerned that the State party is unable to punish marital rape, the delay in combating violence against women, the lack of victim assistance and rehabilitation services, and the lack of sex-disaggregated data on prosecutions and convictions for violence against women.", "The Committee recalls its general recommendation No. 14 (1990) on female circumcision and its general recommendation 19 (1992) on violence against women and its previous recommendations (art. CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, paras. 252 and 256), recalling the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 32), the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/ETH/CO/7-16, para. 16), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/ETH/CO/3, para.", "(a) Amending the Criminal Code (2005) with the aim of increasing the number of sentences for female genital mutilation practices under articles 561-562, 567, 569 and 570; repealing article 563; criminalizing marital rape; and removing cases of offences under article 557 (1) (b) in cases of domestic violence;", "(b) Effective implementation of the criminal provisions of the Criminal Code (2005) on female genital mutilation, sexual violence and domestic violence, prosecution of any such act of the victim or of, of course, victims, and the imposition of penalties commensurate with the seriousness of the offences committed by the offender;", "(c) Provide mandatory training to judges, including magistrates, prosecutors and police, on the strict application of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code;", "(d) Encourage women and girls to submit cases to the competent authorities by continuing to raise awareness of the criminal nature of female genital mutilation and other forms of violence and its adverse health effects, by eliminating the underlying cultural grounds of such violence and practices and the stigmatization of victims, training law enforcement officials and medical personnel in the use of standardized and gender-sensitive procedures when dealing with victims, effectively investigating complaints;", "(e) Strengthen assistance to victims through strengthening legal aid services in the Ministry of Justice by providing psychological counselling, supporting local women's rights organizations to provide shelter and assistance to victims, as well as by establishing victim support centres in all regions, to enable them to return to normal life;", "(f) To expedite the adoption and implementation of the draft national strategic plan prepared by the Ministry of Justice to combat violence against women; and", "(g) To collect disaggregated data on the number of complaints, prosecutions and convictions and sentences imposed on female genital mutilation, sexual violence and domestic violence offenders and to make such data available to the Committee.", "The Committee notes the State party's denial of sexual violence, including rape, against women and girls, committed by members of the Ethiopian Defence Force in Somalia. Nevertheless, the Committee is concerned that a large number of reports have been reported that members of the Ethiopian Defence Force and private armed groups have been involved in crimes against women and girls in armed conflict, particularly in the Ogaden region of Somalia, and that such crimes, including rape, torture, extrajudicial executions and forced evictions.", "In accordance with article 2 of the Convention and taking into account general recommendation 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 and general recommendation 19 (1992) on violence against women and the concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 16), the Committee urges the State party:", "(a) The investigation, prosecution and appropriate punishment of members of the Ethiopian Defence Force and private armed groups responsible for rape and any other offence during armed conflict and shall take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of such crimes:", "(b) Urgent measures to properly compensate victims of such crimes and help their rehabilitation;", "(c) Consider actively promoting the provision of humanitarian assistance by international organizations and non-governmental organizations to women and girls affected by armed conflict, namely, Somalia.", "Trafficking in persons and exploitation of prostitution", "While noting the measures taken by the State party to combat trafficking in persons, in particular women and girls, which criminalize trafficking in persons, raise awareness, train law enforcement officials, establish special prosecution units and conclude agreements with neighbouring countries, the Committee is concerned at the lack of data on domestic trafficking in women and children for forced and sexual exploitation, the high rate of prosecution and convictions for such acts, the limited measures taken to address the root causes of trafficking in persons and the inadequate protection of refugee and internally displaced women who are victims of trafficking.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Combat trafficking in persons, in particular women and girls, including refugees and internally displaced persons, through national action plans;", "(b) Continue to raise awareness of trafficking and training of law enforcement officials in response to the strict application of the relevant penal provisions;", "(c) Further economic potential for women, including the expansion of the Ethiopian Women's Development Fund to cover more areas and beneficiaries, as well as the further promotion of women's access to land, to address the root causes of trafficking;", "(d) Establish appropriate mechanisms to detect, transfer, assist and support victims of trafficking, including refugees and internally displaced women and girls, as early as possible; and", "(e) To collect disaggregated data on the number of complaints, investigations, prosecutions and sentences related to trafficking and include them in the next periodic report.", "Participation in political and public life", "While welcoming the steady increase in the representation of women in the House of People's Representatives, which currently account for 152 seats (27.8 per cent) in 547 seats, the Committee notes with concern that the number of women candidates for opposition parties in the National Elections 2010 is still low for women in senior positions in the Government, the judiciary and the diplomatic service. In this regard, the Committee notes that only three of the 23 ministers of the current Government are women. The Committee also notes with concern that institutional barriers, such as negative cultural perceptions, challenges to women's leadership, lack of affirmative action on women's quotas and the capacity-building of potential candidates, limited financial resources and limited participation of women in political life owing to the lack of logistical support.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee's general recommendation No. 25 (2004), such as the gender quota system applicable to all institutions of the National Elections Commission of Ethiopia and political appointments, in order to accelerate the achievement of gender representation in elected and appointed political institutions, particularly in decision-making positions;", "(b) To allocate more funds for women candidates from public funds for election, including opposition candidates;", "(c) To take affirmative action to increase the percentage of female judges, civil servants and diplomats, especially in senior positions; and", "(d) Provision of gender training for politicians, journalists, decision makers, in particular men, to further recognize that the full, equal, free and democratic participation of women and men in political and public life is a necessary condition for the full implementation of the Convention.", "Civil society and non-governmental organizations", "While the State party explains the need to prevent foreign forces from affecting the political life of Ethiopia and local civil society organizations' reliance on foreign donors during the dialogue, the Committee is seriously concerned at the publication No. 621/2009 on the registration of philanthropic institutions and associations, which prohibits the participation of foreign non-governmental organizations and local non-governmental organizations in human rights and gender equality over 10 per cent of their funds (art. 14), which limits the ability of local women's rights organizations to provide legal assistance and other support to women who are victims of human rights abuses. It expressed concern that civil society agencies have decided to freeze 90 per cent of the assets of some local human rights organizations, including the Ethiopian Women's Bar Association, the main local women's rights organizations in Ethiopia, which cannot appeal to the Court, which compels these non-governmental organizations to reduce the number and staff of regional offices, while the Ethiopian Women's Bar Association suspended its legal aid and hotline services for women. It was also concerned that the State party could not fill gaps resulting from the suspension of those services.", "The Committee recalls its statement on relations with non-governmental organizations (2010) and the recommendations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 34) and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/ETH/CO/7, para. 14) and calls upon the State party:", "(a) Recognize the crucial role of non-governmental organizations in empowering women through awareness-raising and advocacy, victim assistance and rehabilitation, and legal and other support;", "(b) Consider amendments to the Civil Society Organizations Act in order to lift funding restrictions on local human rights non-governmental organizations, including non-governmental organizations working with women's rights, and to remove any other restrictions on activities of local and international non-governmental organizations, which are incompatible with international human rights standards, such as the right to freedom of civil and non-citizens;", "(c) Removal of the freeze on the assets of the Ethiopian Women's Bar Association and other local human rights non-governmental organizations, ensuring that the decisions of civil society bodies are subject to judicial review and that non-governmental organization staff are protected from any form of harassment and intimidation;", "(d) Cooperate with local and other women's rights non-governmental organizations to play a significant role in the implementation of the Convention by States parties, thereby assisting States parties in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention;", "(e) Interim strategies to mitigate the impact of the Civil Society Organizations Act on local human rights non-governmental organizations, including women's rights NGOs, and in consultation with international partners to fill gaps resulting from their limited capacity to provide women with legal and other services, including in areas outside Addis Ababa.", "Education", "While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to increase women and girls' access to all levels of education, such as affirmative action, awareness-raising, support for girls in vulnerable positions, and incentives to encourage parents, in particular those in rural and pastoral areas, to send their daughters to school, the Committee remains concerned that:", "(a) There are regional disparities in primary, secondary and tertiary education in rural and pastoral areas and traditionally male-dominated technical and vocational education, and low enrolment rates for women and/or girls;", "(b) The high drop-out rate for girls and the low rate of re-entry and graduation, especially at the primary education level, have severely affected the enrolment rate at the secondary level;", "(c) The limited access to education for poor girls, pastoral girls and girls with disabilities, owing to economic and social cultural barriers, such as indirect costs of school attendance, the inadmissibility of boys and teaching personnel, oral and physical assault and harassment and the reasons for distance from school; and", "(d) The low literacy rate for women, particularly in rural areas (38 per cent in 2004).", "The Committee calls upon the State party to continue to take measures to address regional disparities and to ensure equal access of girls and women to all levels of education, including:", "(a) Ensure enrolment, retention and graduation of women and girls at all levels of education, particularly in rural and pastoral areas, by making primary education compulsory and affirmative action, such as further training, recruitment of female teachers and increasing the proportion of female students;", "(b) Continue to raise awareness of the importance of education for women and girls by communities, families, students, teachers, officials, in particular men;", "(c) Improve the quality of education to make it more attractive and safer for women and girls, including by increasing the number of schools separate from girls' friendliness and male toilets, investigating abuses against women and girls by other students or teachers and punishing them appropriately;", "(d) Enhanced support services, including scholarships for vulnerable girls, such as poor girls, pastoral girls and girls with disabilities, transportation and tuition grants, and incentives and grants for their families;", "(e) Ensure adequate education opportunities for girls and boys with disabilities through, inter alia, mainstreaming education;", "(f) Encourage women and girls to choose non-traditional areas of education and occupation, such as technical and vocational education and training in traditionally male-dominated areas;", "(g) Strengthening adult literacy, adult non-formal education and alternative basic education programmes, with particular emphasis on emerging areas.", "Employment", "While noting the existing legislation to protect women's labour rights and the State party's efforts to increase women's income-generating opportunities, the Committee remains concerned about discrimination against women in the labour market, including:", "(a) The high rate of unemployment among women;", "(b) As a result of family responsibilities, lack of access to skills, limited access to land, credit and information, and traditional attitudes, many women engage in unpaid family work, particularly in the agricultural sector, and in low-paid jobs;", "(c) Many women work in the informal economy without social protection;", "(d) Inequal pay and benefits due to gender, marital status, family responsibilities or pregnancy, discriminatory employment and promotion practices and unfair dismissal;", "(e) No legislation prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace;", "(f) Lack of protection for the sexual abuse of domestic women workers by employers or their family members; and", "(g) The number of boys and girls who have been exploited in child labour settings, including street children, and who are vulnerable to sexual violence and sexual abuse.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Expand policies aimed at creating income-generating opportunities for women and continue affirmative action, such as the priority recruitment of women in public sector recruitment;", "(b) Expand its economic empowerment programme to target more female beneficiaries;", "(c) Collect sex-disaggregated data on the situation of women and men in the private and informal sectors and take effective measures to monitor and improve working conditions for women in these sectors;", "(d) To work together to develop, adopt and implement social protection mechanisms covering workers in the informal sector, including women;", "(e) Effective implementation of the principle of equal pay for work of equal value through awareness-raising, increased sanctions and more effective labour inspections;", "(f) Consider amendments to the Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003 in order to increase penalties for termination of employment, including the prohibition of sexual harassment in the workplace and the appropriate sanctions;", "(g) Control and monitoring the working environment of family workers, in particular women, to protect them from sexual abuse by employers; and", "(h) In accordance with ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (1999), effective measures have been taken to protect girls and boys from child labour exploitation, including through increased scrutiny of employers, increased fines, expansion of existing measures and further measures taken against male and female children living on the streets, such as the Integrated Skills Programme and the Family Round Initiative, and provision of basic services.", "Health", "While welcoming the measures taken by the State party to increase access to family planning and reproductive health services for girls in rural areas, the Committee remains concerned at:", "(a) The high maternal mortality rate (470/1000 live births) owing to obstetric complications such as fistula, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, harmful practices and other factors;", "(b) The low rate of professional access (18 per cent) and the lack of emergency obstetric care, especially in rural areas;", "(c) The low rate of contraceptive use, which exposes women and girls who are usually married to older men to early pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases;", "(d) The high rate of unsafe abortion;", "(e) Many women infected with HIV/AIDS; limited antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission; lack of specialized prevention programmes for high-risk groups, such as young women, sex workers and internally displaced persons; and lack of care and support for orphans and vulnerable girls and boys affected by HIV/AIDS.", "In accordance with its previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/4-5, para. 258) and its general recommendation 2 (1999), the Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) Continue to increase the number of health-care facilities providing safe abortion services in rural areas with regard to the referral of women to maternal health institutions, including training for safe abortion services;", "(b) Addressing the lack of medical personnel in rural health facilities and the lack of emergency obstetric care in rural areas;", "(c) Continue to raise awareness among families, communities and religious leaders, teachers, health workers and public officials about harmful practices against women's health, including early pregnancies, maternal deaths and HIV/AIDS;", "(d) Effective implementation of the joint flagship programme on maternal and newborn health to address the lack of skilled health care during pregnancy, childbirth and post-natal periods, in particular in rural areas;", "(e) Effective implementation of the National Strategy on adolescent and youth reproductive health (2007-2015) to continue to raise awareness of existing contraceptive methods and encourage the use of male condoms as safe and costly contraceptive methods;", "(f) Encourage more religious organizations and communities to incorporate pre-marital HIV counselling and testing into their constitutions;", "(g) Provide free antiretroviral treatment for women and men infected with HIV/AIDS, including pregnant women, to prevent mother-to-child transmission;", "(h) Training technical and administrative personnel in the implementation of the national multisectoral strategic/action framework to combat HIV/AIDS and through prevention programmes targeting high-risk populations, such as youth women, sex workers and internally displaced persons;", "(i) Awareness-raising activities to eliminate stigma and support for orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS and to strengthen their material and psychological support.", "Rural women", "The Committee took note of the Federal Declaration on the Protection of the Rights of Women to Access and Use of Rural Lands, and also noted the Second Plan for Accelerated Sustainable Development to Poverty (2005-2010) and the National Plan for the Promotion of Gender Equality (2005-2010) aimed at increasing women's access to productive resources such as land and livestock, as well as the provision of credit to women for small-scale income-generating activities. However, the Committee is concerned that most rural women are economically dependent on men, with only 19 per cent of women having land and that the number of female borrowers in microfinance institutions is decreasing. The Committee is also concerned that renting large tracts of land to foreign companies may result in local communities displacement and further increases in women's food insecurity and the feminization of poverty, but notes that the State party explains that such rents are only a marginal area involving malaria abuse, helping the State party to feed its people and create jobs, and that resettlement and compensation mechanisms have been put in place. The Committee also notes with concern that most rural populations are unable to access safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities, compelling many women and girls to access water and make them more vulnerable to sexual violence, while preventing girls from attending school.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Take legal measures to effectively implement women's equal rights to ownership of land as a system that brings the names of women spouses into the land owner's certificates;", "(b) To facilitate access to credit and loans for rural women by controlling microcredit reimbursability, preventing unfair pay periods and interest rates, and by expanding gender-sensitive projects such as the management of environmental resources programmes and Iqqub;", "(c) Ensure that land lease contracts with foreign companies do not result in the expulsion and internal displacement of local populations, including women and girls, nor will they exacerbate food insecurity and poverty and ensure that the contracts stipulate that companies and/or States parties must provide adequate compensation and alternative land to affected communities, including pastoral communities;", "(d) Building new wells, water terminals and sanitation facilities to continue to improve access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities in rural areas.", "Vulnerable groups of women", "The Committee is concerned at the lack of disaggregated data to understand the most vulnerable and neglected groups of women in the State party, including older women, women with disabilities, pastoral women, and women in refugee and internally displaced persons, who often face multiple forms of discrimination.", "The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) To collect disaggregated data on the situation of older women, women with disabilities, pastoral women, and women living in multiple forms of discrimination, including refugees and internally displaced women, and to include them in their next periodic report;", "(b) Take measures, including temporary special measures referred to in article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, to eliminate any such discrimination, to ensure that such women enjoy equal rights and opportunities in the political, public, social, economic life and in education, employment and health, as appropriate, and to protect women from violence, abuse and exploitation;", "(c) To protect and integrate these women into society through targeted policies, such as national internally displaced persons and refugee integration policies.", "Discrimination against women in marriage and family relations", "The Committee is concerned about the reports because, in practice, the son inherits the family's land because it is considered that the daughter will eventually be married to the husband's family; the families of the surviving family often recover the land from the widow; women often give the property to the husband when divorced; the Civil Code does not provide for the provision of maintenance to women prior to the provision of a maintenance fee or a remedy to enable them to give up their children.", "The Committee calls upon the State party to ensure that equality between men and women in family relations is maintained in accordance with article 16 of the Convention and that women are not deprived of their property, including those of the husband and her family, effective enforcement of the equal rights of property such as inheritance of women and men, and the separation of common property between women and men in the event of divorce, and to consider amendments to its amended Civil Code so that the spouses' maintenance obligations and the provision of effective remedies are made to enable them to obtain custody of their children from the former registrar.", "Although the Committee notes that article 34, paragraph 5, of the Federal Constitution requires the consent of the parties to the decision of the Islamic Religious Court relating to individuals or family law, the Committee is concerned that there is insufficient safeguards to ensure women's informed consent to such decisions and that they are not subject to pressure from their husbands, families or communities, and that the ruling of the Islamic Religious Court shall not appeal to the ordinary courts unless there is a legal error.", "The Committee recalls the concluding observations of the Committee against Torture (CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 23) and calls upon the State party to provide effective guarantees to ensure that women are free, informed and informed of their cases by the Islamic religious courts and that the judgements of the Islamic religious courts may be appealed to the regular courts for legal reasons and the facts.", "Optional Protocol", "The Committee calls upon the State party to review its position on the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention and to actively consider ratifying the Optional Protocol.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "The Committee encourages the State party to expedite the acceptance of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the Committee's meeting time.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "The Committee urges the State party to make full use of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in fulfilling its obligations under the Convention, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee requests that gender perspectives be included in all efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and that the provisions of the Convention be clearly reflected, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "The Committee requests Ethiopia to disseminate the present concluding observations widely at the national level so that the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women's and human rights organizations are aware of the steps taken to ensure de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as further steps in this regard. The Committee recommends that the scope of the present concluding observations should include the local community level. The Committee encourages the State party to hold a series of meetings to discuss progress made in the implementation of the present concluding observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular the Committee's general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome document of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "The Committee notes that the State party has acceded to nine major international human rights instruments, which contribute to the further enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women in all aspects of their lives. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the Convention to which it is not yet a party, namely the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on measures taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 21 and 37.", "Technical assistance", "The Committee recommends that the State party utilize technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme to implement the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with the specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Office for the Promotion of Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women ( rehabilitation), the Statistics Division, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Preparation of the next report", "The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of ministries and public institutions in the drafting of the next periodic report, and to consult with women's organizations and human rights organizations.", "The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "The Committee requests the State party to comply with the harmonized guidelines on reporting under international human rights treaties, approved by the fifth inter-committee meeting of human rights treaty bodies in June 2006, including guidelines for the preparation of common core documents and the submission of specific treaty documents (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The guidelines on reporting specific to the Convention (A/63/38, annex I) adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on common core documents. These two guidelines form the harmonized guidelines for reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Documents specific to the Convention should be limited to 40 pages, and the most recent common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "非政府组织委员会", "2012年常会", "2012年1月30日至2月8日", "具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织依照经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议通过秘书长提交的2007-2010四年期报告", "秘书长的说明", "目录", "页次\n1.加勒比土著人民中心(圣卢西亚) 3\n2.哈基姆基金会 5\n3.斋浦尔撒米蒂慈善组织 7\n4.国际明爱会 8\n5.种族间合作中心 10\n6.儿童发展基金会 11\n7.世界儿童组织：儿童和青年文化体育发展区域公共慈善援助基金 14\n8.中国国际交流协会 15\n9.独立财务顾问会议 17\n10.经济正义公民联盟 18\n11. 社区社会福利基金会 20\n12. 圣樊尚·德保罗慈善之女协会 21\n13.犹太人组织协商委员会 23\n14.尊严国际 24\n15. 残疾人国际协会 26", "1. 加勒比土著人民中心(圣卢西亚)", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "加勒比土著人民中心是一个国际人权组织，在约61个国家代表土著人民和当地社区行事。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本组织协调下列相关活动：", "(a) 土著人民和当地社区的保存、保护、发展和权利促进；", "(b) 相关国家、分区域、区域和国际活动；", "(c) 与联合国土著问题机构间支助小组成员组织共同参与的活动。", "本组织的重大变化", "加勒比土著人民中心创建和协调下列组织：", "加勒比土著人民中心是下列组织的成员：遗传资源、传统知识和民间传说国际；世界土著国家运动国际；土著世界协会；全球环境基金(全环基金)非政府组织网络；世界银行民间社会网络和联合国环境规划署(环境署)民间社会网络。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "2007年。关于加强主要群体参与联合国环境规划署管理层工作的指南，8月；", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处：关于以人权为基础的土著人民发展办法的调查问卷。", "2008年。土著问题常设论坛第七届会议，4-5月，纽约；", "生物多样性公约缔约方会议第九次会议，5月，德国波恩；", "土著人民权利专家机制，10月，日内瓦。", "2009年。将《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的克里奥尔语译本提交给土著问题常设论坛秘书处以在其网站上发表，2009年6月。", "2010年。在加勒比共同体(加共体)国家成立国家协调委员会以保护遗传资源、传统知识和民间传说。", "参加联合国会议", "2007年。关于生物多样性公约获取和惠益分享问题的国际土著专家协商会议，2007年9月，蒙特利尔；", "环境署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会论坛，10月，墨西哥蒙特雷。", "2008年。拉丁美洲和加勒比环境部长论坛第十六次会议，1-2月，圣多明戈；", "德班宣言和行动纲领执行情况审查会议筹备委员会，日内瓦；", "获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益问题工作组会议，4月，基多；", "环境署拉丁美洲和加勒比民间社会论坛，11月，布宜诺斯艾利斯；", "世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)政府间遗传资源、传统知识和民间传说知识产权委员会第十二届至十七届会议，2008-2010年，日内瓦。", "2009年。德班审查会议，4月，日内瓦；", "3月和10月知识产权组织和加共体在伯利兹、多米尼加、牙买加、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、苏里南、特立尼达和多巴哥主办的关于建立区域框架以保护传统知识、民间传说和遗传资源问题的国家协商会议。", "2010年。世界银行土著人民会议，4月，华盛顿特区；", "土著问题常设论坛第九届会议，4月，纽约；", "全球环境基金理事会与民间社会组织的协商会议和理事会会议，6-7月，华盛顿特区。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "(a) 在考虑到知识产权的同时，为圣卢西亚近15 000名土著居民协调可持续发展工艺美术创收项目；", "(b) 鼓励以可持续和可再生的方式利用土著原材料；", "(c) 每年庆祝世界土著人国际日、生物多样性国际日、世界环境日、消除种族歧视国际日、世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日、国际移徙者日、人权日和世界粮食日。", "2. 哈基姆基金会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "哈基姆基金会是一个于2003年建于伊拉克的非营利教育和社会福利组织，旨在促进知识进步、宗教对话和文化理解。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本基金会秉持温和主义原则，鼓励各启示宗教、宗教派别和教义间的对话，动员社会反对歧视、沙文主义和派别纷争。", "本组织的重大变化", "自2007年以来，哈基姆基金会与下列组织建立友好关系：(a)圣伊玛姆阿里学校：伊拉克三省的多所小学；(b) 圣谢克图西大学；(c)穆斯林妇女组织；(d) 达圣希克玛人道主义科学学校；(e) 伊拉克学生伊斯兰集团；圣拉雅学生集团；(f)万人坑受害者纪录片中心；(g) 旨在培训工作人员和领导人的曼迪哈金研究所；(h)圣伊玛姆莫森哈基姆妇女问题研究所；(i) 圣拉菲丁儿童基金会。本组织还就在伊拉克开展的联合活动与伊马密亚医护国际以及国际救济和发展组织进行合作。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "哈基姆基金会的代表定期参加人权理事会及其普遍定期审议股、消除种族歧视委员会、经济、社会和文化权利委员会、社会发展委员会、妇女地位委员会的会议以及残疾人权利公约缔约国会议。代表们还参加了2008年11月29日至12月2日在多哈举行的审查《蒙特雷共识》执行情况的发展筹资问题后续国际会议。", "参加联合国会议", "2007年，哈基姆基金会在联合国组织并参加题为“所有伊拉克人的伊拉克”的会议，会议为期两天，80名与会人员汇聚一堂进行对话，其中包括伊拉克外交部长和伊拉克常驻联合国副代表。会议的目的是建立全球合作伙伴关系以重建伊拉克国家共识。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本基金会通过“孤儿赞助方案”赞助85 000名孤儿；向贫困家庭提供财政、粮食和医疗援助；向伊拉克境内52 638个流离失所家庭提供支助；为4 767名孤儿的婚姻提供支助；向因暴力而失去家园的8 919个家庭提供紧急补助金。", "本基金会赞助教育机构，在伊拉克14个城市管理53所幼儿园，这是“埃巴圣希迪幼儿园”项目的一部分，该项目招收了4 430名学生。本基金会还在三个省份开办了多所圣伊玛姆阿里学校，其中包括有2 306名学生就读的8所小学和2所中学。", "本基金会通过在其学校内创造就业机会促进性别平等和妇女赋权，80%的学校工作人员为妇女。本基金会特别为妇女开设教育中心，提供计算机、护理、缝纫、医疗急救、制衣和手工艺课程。", "2007年，本基金会建立达圣哈尔玛妇女人道主义和文化研究学校，学校有365名学生和40名教师。", "本基金会与伊马密亚医护国际合作实施了一个项目，收集1 000支喷雾剂分发给伊拉克村庄患有哮喘病的儿童。", "2009年12月，本基金会与国际救济和发展组织合作向巴士拉的残疾儿童分发了75台轮椅。", "同年2年，本基金会与卫生部合作在努马尼亚就儿童接种疫苗问题开展了一次教育保健活动。2008年11月，本基金会在巴比伦省就霍乱疫情爆发原因和预防方法举办研讨会。仍是在2008年，它在伊拉克南部多个村庄实施了“出诊医生”项目，女医生访问贫困家庭，为妇女进行身体检查，向家庭介绍常见疾病，分发验孕工具和必要药物。2007年2月，本基金会在瓦西特就小儿麻痹症的原因、预防和治疗举办了一次研讨会。在2007至2010年间，本基金会向残疾儿童分发了630台轮椅。", "2010年8月，本基金会申请与联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)建立业务关系。", "其他信息", "本基金会已在伊拉克西部开设新的分支机构，基金会目前在伊拉克大部分地区运作。本基金会还在贝鲁特、日内瓦和纽约设立了三个国际办事处。", "3. 斋浦尔撒米蒂慈善组织", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "斋浦尔撒米蒂慈善组织是印度的一个注册协会，主要在印度运作，但也在世界其他地方开展活动，包括一项位于哥伦比亚的联营业务和位于巴基斯坦和菲律宾的多个联合中心。本协会在其他国家拥有营地，培训来自世界各地的技术人员学习斋浦尔义肢技术。本协会是一个非政治、非宗教、致力于服务的非政府组织。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "帮助印度乃至全世界的残疾人康复，特别是贫困人群。通过向残疾人提供义肢、卡钳、轮椅和其他辅助设备和器具实现该目的。有选择性地努力改进残疾人的经济状况。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织通过在伊拉克、黎巴嫩、巴基斯坦、塞内加尔和斯里兰卡设立营地增加其覆盖范围。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织在下列国家设立现场营地安装义肢：2007年4月(90个义肢/卡钳)和2008年7月(146个义肢/卡钳)在黎巴嫩；2007年8月(987个义肢/卡钳)在巴基斯坦(伊斯兰堡和卡拉奇)；2010年3月和4月(882个义肢)在伊拉克；2010年3月和4月在斯里兰卡(1 210个义肢)；2010年7月(607个义肢)在塞内加尔。", "这项人道主义工作符合经济及社会理事会的目标。在巴基斯坦，印度组织设立营地被誉为慈善友爱之举。本组织还帮助两个当地组织成立常设义肢装配中心。位于卡拉奇的中心已安装5 000多个义肢。位于被战争破坏的伊拉克的营地和位于斯里兰卡泰米尔地区的营地亦广受赞赏。应当指出的是，位于黎巴嫩的营地是在联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)印度特遣队的支持下设立的。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织向非政府组织委员会通报其希望在震后海地设立义肢装配营地的意愿。不过，目前仍在等待答复。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本组织的主要目标之一是扩大其康复方案的覆盖范围，使残疾人获得移动能力和尊严。本组织的地理覆盖范围大面积扩充；共向120多万残疾人提供义肢(逾 400 000人)、卡钳(逾300 000人)以及其他辅助设备和器具(逾500 000人)。从2007年4月至2011年3月，仅印度就有258 000名残疾人受益。总体而言，本组织已在25个国家向19 378名被截肢者提供义肢。就绝对覆盖范围而言，它是全世界最大的惠益残疾人的组织。", "其他信息", "本组织免费提供援助，能够在全世界任何地方设立现场义肢/卡钳装配营地。这些营地的义肢平均费用从200美元到300美元不等，而其他组织每个义肢的费用为数千美元。在研究和开发方面，本组织与美利坚合众国的斯坦福大学签有谅解备忘录，据此为膝上截肢者开发了新的人造膝关节。该项成果被评为2009年世界50项最佳发明之一，本组织迄今已为2 600多人装配。本组织与其他国际和印度组织开展类似合作。目前，本组织正与美国麻省理工学院合作，开发适用于起伏地形的坚固手动轮椅。它还与美国的另外一个组织签有谅解备忘录，制造“旋风轮椅”，这种轮椅也是手动的，特别适用于不平坦的地形，因其具有良好的成本效益，一旦大规模制造，将在大国获得市场。这也是国际技术合作惠益人类的良好范例。", "4. 国际明爱会", "一般咨商地位，1999年", "导言", "国际明爱会是一个由165个国家天主教人道主义、社会服务和发展组织组成的全球联合会，在全世界200多个国家和地区开展工作。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本组织有四个主要目标：(a)应对紧急情况：国际明爱会在应急规划和灾害防备领域的快速反应、技术专门知识和有效协调能力得到公认；(b) 人的全面发展：本联合会向各区域和成员组织提供有效的技术专门知识和协调，以赋权穷人，使其成为自身发展的驱动力；(c)建设可持续和平：国际明爱会协调旨在以非暴力方式转变不公平的结构和冲突的进程，通过宗教间对话促进建设和平以及建设一个团结的人类社会；(d)联合会的结构、程序和财务调整： 国际明爱会将调整其内部治理、业务结构和系统，以灵活有效地应对当代需求，确保管理效力、财政可持续性和推动其网络成员间的战略联盟。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "在2007-2010年期间，本组织的代表参加社会发展委员会、可持续发展委员会和妇女地位委员会的届会，并参加旨在促进土著人民发展和地位的筹资会议。本组织的人道主义干事是联合国人道主义协调员小组的成员，定期参加人道主义协调员待任人选库的面试班子。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本联合会积极参加人道主义事务协调厅关于优先人道主义状况的机构间常设委员会的每周例会。它参与重大紧急情况工作队，并受邀就主要国家状况和跨部门问题发言。本联合会及时向人道主义事务协调厅提供来自外地以及联合会与当地教会间相关伙伴关系的资源数据，特别在筹备小组执行执勤特派任务前向其提供支助。本联合会与维持和平行动部和政治事务部合作。它继续根据在艾滋病署《2001年承诺宣言》背景下制订的关于共同承诺促进对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的认识、减缓该流行病的影响和促进倡导工作的谅解备忘录，与联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)进行密切合作。2008年4月，本联合会的艾滋病毒/艾滋病特别顾问在艾滋病署宗教和信仰组织工作组战略发展会议上做了一个专题报告，重点讨论宗教团体与联合国各机构加强应对艾滋病流行病的合作。此外，艾滋病署共同赞助国际明爱会于2009年10月在罗马举行一次关于儿童艾滋病毒和艾滋病毒/结核病交叉感染问题的会议，艾滋病署执行主任在会上做主旨发言。2008年1月，本联合会与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)遏制结核病部合作组织一支联合特派团前往斯威士兰，促进斯威士兰政府与宗教组织开展更为密切的合作，应对该国的艾滋病毒和结核病问题。国际明爱会于2008、2009 和2010年支持世卫组织“使药物适应儿童运动”，参加该运动的合作伙伴会议，并在2010年会议上发言。2007年，本联合会的日内瓦代表团协助编拟联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民专员办事处)执行委员会的2007年关于有风险儿童的结论草案。本联合会定期参加难民专员办事处-非政府组织年度协商会议，2008 年组织了关于保护孤身儿童问题的附带活动；2009年在会上发言并组织了关于来自哥伦比亚的被遗忘难民及其境内流离失所者问题的附带活动以及为城市环境内流离失所问题做出贡献；2010年在关于营地环境内久拖不决的难民境地问题的会议上发挥带头作用。2009年4月，本联合会与移民工人委员会合作组织了一次关于移民家庭工人人权问题的附带活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本联合会在其网站上登载题为“时已过半，未至中途：千年发展目标与艾滋病毒”的特别专题(见http：//www.caritas.org/activities/hiv_aids/HalftimeNotHalfway.html)，详述艾滋病流行病对实现千年发展目标进程的影响。", "5. 种族间合作中心", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "种族间合作中心于1997年在莫斯科成立。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "种族间合作中心的主要目的是支持民间社会发展，特别是倡导俄罗斯联邦社会的宽容思想。为实现该目的，它在全国不同地区组织了各种会议、培训方案、研讨会和圆桌讨论会。这些活动致力于解决种族间问题，在俄罗斯联邦青年间倡导宽容和促进两性平等。来自俄罗斯联邦30个地区400多个非政府组织的负责人、联邦和地方当局、执法机构、救济组织和大众媒体的代表以及青年人是主要参与者。本中心创办了名为“种族间”的网络报纸(见www.interethnic.org)和由来自俄罗斯联邦46个地区160多个协会组成的互联网种族协会网络。本中心的项目得到欧洲联盟、欧洲理事会、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国外交和联邦事务部、英国理事会及美国麦克阿瑟基金会、查尔斯·斯图尔特·莫特基金会、国家民主捐赠基金、国际研究和交流委员会以及德国、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美国的大使馆的支持。", "本组织的重大变化", "本中心在2007-2010年期间扩大其活动范围。经验表明，没有青年人的积极参与，不可能解决俄罗斯联邦的少数民族问题。两性平等问题也似乎是最重要的挑战之一。没有一个发达的民间社会，这些问题不可能得到解决。中心之前仅关注解决少数民族问题，现在已扩大其活动范围，着手注重有青年人广泛参与的民间社会发展。此外，国际合作成为本中心发展战略一个极其重要的因素。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "在2007-2010年期间，本中心实施了下列项目： (a)在查尔斯·斯图尔特·莫特基金会的支持下： 旨在保护民间社会权利的种族协会代表培训项目；(b)在欧洲联盟的支持下：支持俄罗斯联邦的地区性族裔群体；为移民和少数民族妇女建设能力和网络：一个在俄罗斯联邦打击性别和种族歧视的综合方法和项目；利用互联网种族协会网络通过媒体组织群众性宣传运动，就文化宽容向青年人进行宣传；(c)在德国大使馆的支持下：在俄罗斯联邦各市政区预防种族间冲突；(d)在联合王国大使馆的支持下：在俄罗斯联邦预防种族间冲突；就在北高加索地区预防种族冲突事宜开展合作；(e)在美国大使馆的支持下： 反对青年中的极端主义；为青年积极分子和学生举办讲习班和培训班；(f)在瑞典政府国际合作发展署的支持下：为在俄罗斯联邦西北部促进两性平等工作的青年领袖举办培训活动。", "参加联合国会议", "2008年： 本中心代表出席9月在巴黎举行的第六十一次同联合国新闻部有协作关系的非政府组织年度会议。", "2009年：本中心的代表出席4月在日内瓦举行的德班审查会议。他们还在日内瓦德班审查会议筹备会议期间参加各工作组。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本中心已与联合国驻俄罗斯联邦国家工作队成功合作多年。国家工作队的联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)的高级人权顾问和工作队其他代表多次出席本中心组织的活动。本中心的代表也积极参加该国家工作队组织的活动。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "在七个地区设立了“费米娜”特别中心，向少数民族和移民妇女提供心理、司法和信息支助。", "6. 儿童发展基金会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "儿童发展基金会于1999年在喀土穆成立。基金会促进儿童权利和保护受战争影响的儿童、儿童兵、街头儿童、境内流离失所者与难民儿童、童工和孤儿。基金会在戈达尔夫州、卡萨拉、喀土穆、南达尔富尔和西达尔富尔地区开展业务。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "促进儿童权利和保护；建设和平；为女童开展宣传工作；向弱势儿童提供服务；利益攸关方的能力建设；减贫。本基金会通过实施项目、能力建设和宣传工作实现其目的。", "本组织的重大变化", "本基金会扩大其地理覆盖范围以应对达尔富尔和东苏丹地区的主要挑战和新发问题，并扩展其业务，将解除武装、复员、重返社会、法律改革和司法公正等新领域包括在内。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "在2007 至 2009年期间，本基金会与联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)和解除武装、复员和重返社会方案合作，在戈达尔夫、喀土穆和西达尔富尔州针对与武装部队和团伙有关联的儿童开展重返社会活动。共有271名受益人被武装部队和团伙释放。间接受益人包括270个保护网络的成员、2 250个弱势儿童和2 250个社区成员。", "2010年，本基金会在南达尔富尔州与苏丹共同人道主义基金合作向受战争影响的儿童和青年提供支助。共有15 000名青年和儿童受益。自2010年始延续至2012年，本基金会与相关部委和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)合作就通过教育在苏丹北方处理童工问题编制项目。", "本基金会针对2008年5月参与正义与平等运动对乌姆杜尔曼的军事袭击的儿童发起宣传运动。这些儿童得到赦免，被安排释放。", "本基金会的总干事出席由儿基会组办、于2008年在乍得举行的首次关于跨境贩运儿童问题区域会议。", "本基金会与国家选举委员会和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)合作参与监测2010年2月苏丹的选举情况。", "本基金会还为2011年1月的南苏丹全民投票的筹备进程做出贡献。", "参加联合国会议", "本基金会出席下列会议：", "2008-2010年", "与联合国机构的合作", "本基金会：", "(a) 参与儿基会促进在2010年核可《联邦儿童法》努力；", "(b) 在儿基会赞助的国家机制框架(2007-2009年)内促进全苏丹警察局设立儿童和家庭保护股；", "(c) 与儿基会和开发计划署合作于2009 和 2010年在卡萨拉州开展一次提高对儿童权利认识的运动。共有13 800名学童从该项目中受益。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本基金会努力通过一个以东部各州和达尔富尔的儿童为目标人群的快速学习方案实现普及初级教育。它于2010年在南达尔富尔尼亚拉参与庆祝非洲儿童日，以遏制儿童招募行为，并在喀土穆参与庆祝世界无童工日。", "7. 世界儿童组织：儿童和青年文化体育发展区域公共慈善援助基金", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "本基金的建立旨在发起和促进健康生活方式世界人民运动。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本组织的重大变化", "无变化。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "(a) 本基金提议联合国加强其在健康生活方式全球运动发展中的作用，提议大会审议该专题；", "(b) 本基金会于2007年7月19日在纽约总部与联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室联合发起“地球人民的游戏”健身运动(见第2007/138号日刊)；", "(c) 本基金会就与联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室合作进行谈判，2007年7月，纽约。", "参加联合国会议", "就联合活动与儿基会进行谈判，2007年7月。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "其他信息", "8. 中国国际交流协会", "特别咨商地位，2003年", "导言", "无变化。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "无变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "无变化。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "(a) 分别于2008年10月和2010年在北京和布鲁塞尔举行的第七次和第八次亚欧人民论坛。本协会联合赞助和主持第七次论坛下主题为“社会与经济权利和环境正义”的分论坛之一。本协会代表出席第八次论坛，并就最终成果报告提出建议；", "(b) 分别于2007年1月和2009年在肯尼亚和巴西举行的第七次和第九次世界社会论坛；本协会组办这些论坛的相关讲习班和展览。", "(c) 2007、2008和2010 年在柏林、河内和北京举行的全球妇女峰会；本协会在2010年峰会上就“通过城市引领妇女变化”主题做专题报告；", "(d) 分别于2007年8月、2008年和2010年在首尔举行的第四次、第五次和第七次东北亚青年论坛；", "(e) 2007 至2010年在日本举行的世界反对原子弹和氢弹年度大会；", "(f) 世界和平论坛，2009年7月，秦皇岛中国长城；本协会在中华人民共和国成立六十周年之际共同赞助该论坛，并签署论坛成果文件“长城和平宣言”。", "参加联合国会议", "本协会：", "(a) 参加分别在纽约、巴黎、墨西哥城和澳大利亚墨尔本举行的第六十、六十一、六十二和六十三次新闻部/非政府组织年度会议；", "(b) 共同赞助于2007年6月和2008年4月在北京举行的联合国非政府组织非正式区域网络/亚洲太平洋第二次和第三次会议；在第二次会议上就“非政府组织在减贫工作中的责任和作用”发言，在第三次会议上就“可持续发展和绿色奥林匹克”致辞；", "(c) 出席由具有联合国咨商地位的非政府组织会议赞助的2007年民间社会发展论坛和经济及社会理事会2007年日内瓦高级别部分；", "(d) 在2007年10月雅加达举行的东南亚国家联盟(东盟)+3 讲习班上鼓励公民参与处理社会问题；", "(e) 出席分别于2009年12月和2010年11月在哥本哈根和坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议，并与中国其他非政府组织合作主办会议的附带会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "(a) 出席了2007 年5月和 2009年在日内瓦举行的第六十届和第六十二届世界卫生大会年会；", "(b) 出席了2007年于科伦坡举行的第八次亚洲及太平洋艾滋病问题国际大会。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "目标 1 (消除极端贫穷和饥饿)。行动：2008年接受民间协会“光亮之家”(日本卡赞开基金会和变革举措)为四川汶川地震受害者捐助的100,000美元的捐款。", "目标 2 (普及初级教育)。行动：在2008年和2009年与驻中国河北、陕西和宁夏的澳大利亚扶轮社合作；建立或修复三所学校；捐赠10 000册图书。", "目标 7 (确保环境可持续性)。行动：协助日本汽车回收企业协会促进发展汽车循环利用产业；签署两个项目。", "目标 8 (建立促进发展的全球伙伴关系)。行动：与广岛县政府合作在中国中西部地区向日本教师提供专业培训，培训了五名教师。本协会秘书长出席了2008年12月在北京举行的联合国南南合作日庆祝活动,并就非政府组织在减贫和中国近期成就方面发挥的作用发言。", "其他信息", "(a) 本协会自2007年至2010年每年组织与其他国家进行20次人员交流，以增进相互了解和促进不同文明之间的对话；", "(b) 自2007年至2010年，本协会每年与弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会共同赞助“中德全面安全对话”，讨论重要国际问题。", "9. 独立财务顾问会议", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "独立财务顾问会议在若干财务顾问的倡议下于2001年建立，旨在保护和捍卫独立财务顾问及其全世界客户的利益。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本组织凭借其独特地位和全世界50多个伙伴协会或国际联合会的支助,促进建立一个重要的财务讨论平台，代表750 000多名财务顾问。本组织以其国际身份在治理、规范、最佳做法和道德准则方面代表全世界的独立财务顾问。本组织保护因立法者和监管者未能适当处理金融风险而受到影响的投资者的权利。为此，本组织于2008年编制了《投资者权利章程》。本章程规定了投资者不可剥夺的基本权利和原则，使投资者从保护其个人财产和知识产权的法律框架中受益。它力求尊重所有批准本章程的国家的立法、传统和风俗。本章程承诺尊重《联合国宪章》所规定的人的基本权利。为实现其目标，本会议组织了一个年度高级别国际论坛。在报告期间，在日内瓦(2007年)、布拉格(2008年)、巴黎(2009年)、马德里(2010年)和蒙特卡洛(2011年)举行了论坛。始于2008年的金融危机促使本协会更加积极地追求其目标。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本会议第六次国际论坛于2008年4月在布拉格举行，会议主题为“投资者自由或消费者保护”。该论坛指出，作为千年发展目标之一的可持续发展，需要一种有章可循并致力于实施善治的连贯性金融制度。", "参加联合国会议", "(a) 经济及社会理事会2008年高级别部分；(b)联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)第十二届会议筹备委员会：民间社会和私营部门的听证会，2008年3月，日内瓦；(c)关于金融危机及其对国际金融报告体系和金融稳定的影响的贸发会议，2009年7月，日内瓦；(d)关于世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响的一般性辩论，2009年，纽约；(e)联合国贸易和发展会议国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组关于国际财务报告准则的第二十四至二十七届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织自2008年1月起得到参加贸发会议的资格认可，并自2011年3月起与联合国训练研究所合作。训研所和本组织发起一个关于道德和金融的创新培训伙伴关系，以期在国际金融危机之后用“道德规范”金融部门和保护投资者的利益。", "其他信息", "本组织通过《投资者权利章程》，规定投资者不可剥夺的基本权利。", "10. 经济正义公民联盟", "特别咨商地位，1999年", "导言", "经济正义公民联盟的成立旨在应对大韩民国目前极其不公平的经济生活结构。过去30年来经济的快速发展为政府特别给予优惠待遇的大型企业集团带来财富，使人均国民生产总值升至20 000多美元。不过，在这个过程中，公平分配被遗忘，环境遭到严重破坏，民主发展推迟。对工业化和城市的优先考虑造成大型集团和地区的孤立及巨大的结构差距，经济体系甚至有崩溃的风险。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本联盟于1989年由经济学教授和其他专家、律师、家庭妇女、学生、青年和商人等约500名社会各界代表成立。其口号“通过赋权公民实现经济正义”反映了他们的信念，即根深蒂固的经济不公平不能仅靠政府来解决，而最终必须通过有组织地赋权公民来解决。他们认为，经济发展的成果应当由一般民众共享，而不是仅由一小部分“富人”享用，他们建议了一个渐进但彻底的改革经济体系的新方法。他们建立本联盟，将其作为具有如下特征的运动：(a)由普通公民领导；(b)使用合法与非暴力方法；(c)寻求可行的替代方法；(d)代表所有人(无论其经济地位如何)的利益；(e)努力克服贪婪和利己主义以建设一个共享的社会。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "自获得理事会的咨商地位以来，本联盟在国际领域采取了积极步骤。本联盟努力实现国际团结和建立联系网，并就公平分配、消除贫困和可持续发展相关的国际问题采取行动。", "参加联合国会议", "本联盟的“韩国统一协会”促进赋权公民、政策研究、民间交流项目和其他旨在建设一个经济正义普遍存在的统一韩国的活动，该协会参与庆祝2011年4月12日的“全球军事开支行动日”，同一天斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所发布关于世界军事开支的年度新数据。本协会的方案不仅关注建设一个统一的韩国，还关注在全世界进行“可持续裁军以促进可持续发展”。", "与联合国机构的合作", "在大韩民国,本联盟需要面对贫困、饥饿、缺乏教育和保健条件恶劣等多种社会危机，联盟认识到这些危机不仅是国家问题，也是国际问题，应当通过国际运动加以解决。因此，自1990年代以来，本联盟设法就可持续发展、人权、气候变化与和平问题与联合国各机构进行合作。例如，它于2009年组办了一次除贫“白色缎带运动”。在该运动期间，本联盟与教科文组织韩国国家委员会开展了合作，并自此后继续与教科文组织合作以消除贫困。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本联盟于2005年发起韩国消除全球贫困非政府组织网络；本网络是隶属于“全球消除贫困行动呼吁”运动的25个民间社会组织组成的联盟，与教科文组织韩国国家委员会共同开展工作。作为该网络的一个代表团体，本联盟力求使民间社会组织铭记实现这些目标的重要意义，并积极鼓励大韩民国政府承担起一个世界影响力不断扩大的富裕国家的角色。本联盟还力求提高公众认识，促进他们参与各种消除贫困的活动；它在大韩民国组织许多行动运动和活动，表达与国家非政府组织的团结。", "11. 社区社会福利基金会", "特别咨商地位，1999年", "导言", "无变化。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "无变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "无变化。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本基金会目前向下列领域提供支助：", "参加联合国会议", "本基金会在纽约总部参加可持续发展委员会第十五和第十六届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "无。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "其他信息", "无。", "12. 圣樊尚·德保罗慈善之女协会", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "圣樊尚·德保罗慈善之女协会是一个在巴黎成立的宗教组织，旨在减轻穷人的苦难。目前，本协会在91个国家运作，其中70个为发展中国家。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "本组织力求对各地的社会经济、文化和政治现实做出回应，致力于实现人的全面整体发展。它特别关注被迫生活在赤贫境况中的人，特别是妇女和儿童。", "本组织的重大变化", "无。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "参加具有联合国咨商关系的非政府组织会议(2007-2010年)、非政府组织社会发展委员会、非政府组织移徙委员会、非政府组织可持续发展委员会(2009 和2010年)、非政府组织艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题委员会、非政府组织发展筹资委员会和非政府组织儿基会委员会：女童处境工作组(2009-2011年)。", "参加联合国会议", "参加经济及社会理事会(2007-2010年)：", "(a) 社会发展委员会(2007-2010年)", "口头发言：", "(b) 妇女地位委员会(2007-2010年)。本组织联合赞助附带活动并提交书面发言；", "(c) 可持续发展委员会(2007-2010年)。本组织就“探究生态文明的意义”和“大地母亲的消耗与权利”在第十八届会议上联合赞助两次附带活动；", "(d) 发展筹资相关会议(2007-2010年)。主要代表在2008年2月《蒙特雷共识》第一章非正式审议会议上做口头发言，并为民间社会促进多哈成果文件草案的主要建议做出贡献。她参加2010年3月经社理事会与布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和贸发会议之间的高级别会议；", "(e) 人权理事会。本组织于2008年向人权理事会致辞，出席人权理事会第十二届至十六届会议和普遍定期审议第六届至第十一届会议；", "(f) 土著问题常设论坛。成员每年出席该论坛(2007-2010年)。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织参加2008年关于艾滋病毒问题的高级别会议。来自30多个国家的成员参与非政府组织社会发展委员会与非政府组织联络处合作发起的两次题为“社会融合行动：来自基层的故事”(2009年)和“促进社会融合：来自基层的声音” (2010年)的调查。调查结果在社会发展委员会第四十八届和四十九届会议之前提供给各成员国和民间社会。", "13. 犹太人组织协商委员会", "特别咨商地位，1947年", "导言", "2009年，本组织加强了其作为犹太社区主要教育人权组织的地位。它与较以往更多的政府机构建立联系，并与越来越多的伙伴合作，在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和全世界促进弱势人群的权利。这些伙伴包括罗斯柴尔德基金会(欧洲)、肖尔斯公益信托、塞默尔·西巴公益信托、利信托、人道主义信托和马特里克斯商会。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "倡议和运动：", "(a) 发起关于寻求庇护者拘留问题的政策质疑运动，其中包括无限期拘留和拘留弱势人员；", "(b) 发起运动，推动人们认识到整个欧洲广泛存在着对罗姆人的歧视；", "(c) 与2011年的逾越节同期发起结束奴隶制的运动，；", "(d) 编制“哈加达”资源，赋权支助者使其积极参与和协助本组织的运动；", "(e) 维持与本组织四大核心政策领域内的议员和官员的关系，以便就人权问题提供犹太人的声音；", "(f) 提供为期一年的活动分子队伍充实方案，以便将年轻的专业人员发展为尽职尽责、知识丰富的人权活动家。该方案组织到日内瓦、海牙和法国斯特拉斯堡的旅行，期间为参与者提供会见规划国际人权问题的重要人物及列席多个国际机构会议的难得机会；", "(g) 举行犹太社区和一般社区不同人群参与的人权培训日和人权安息日活动，并提供关于人权的培训和教育；", "(h) 制定旨在推动犹太学校的权利、尊重和责任思潮、综合全面地看待人权问题和社会正义教育的学生项目。目前正与儿基会合作实施该项目。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织增加其教育举措，并在方案中设立新的内容，包括儿基会“尊重权利校园奖”。近期成就包括", "(a) 联合发起并与拘留论坛合作开展运动，以在联合王国结束儿童拘留；", "(b) 就拟议人权立法向联合王国政府提供犹太社区的意见。本组织的意见受到议员的欢迎，在保留1998年《人权法》的运动中发挥了重要作用；", "(c) 制定“拘留工具包”，通过提供必要工具，增强有抱负的活动分子的能力，推动在联合王国公正对待寻求庇护者。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织参与讨论在苏丹违反人权问题，并公开反对任何情况下发生的种族主义、歧视和种族灭绝行为。", "参加联合国会议", "本组织在多个会议上发言，其中包括人权理事会的会议。例如达尔富尔问题2006年12月第四届特别会议、2007年第四届会议和2008年第七届会议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "本组织与儿基会开展广泛的合作。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "本组织免费提供教育举措，这些举措关注普及教育权和平等权等人权的普遍性，因而与目标保持一致。它根据关于妇女和儿童健康的目标开展针对寻求庇护者的运动；该运动的目标是以对其健康和福祉的不良影响为证据，在联合王国结束拘留妇女儿童的做法。本组织关于权利、尊重和责任的项目寻求将《儿童权利公约》纳入参与学校的思想价值体系中，从而支持与数个目标密切相联的儿童人权。", "14. 尊严国际", "特别咨商地位，2007年", "导言", "尊严国际将协力带来持久社会变化的人权、发展和抗争社区汇聚在一起。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "加强边缘化和弱势社会群体认识并主张有尊严的生活的人权的能力，从而带来持久的社会变化。", "本组织的重大变化", "本组织成功帮助人们维护自身权利，特别是其经济、社会和文化权，并要求国家尊重这些权利。源于基层以需求为基础的参与和民主进程确保讨论真正的关切，以便政府采取进一步行动促进公众利益。范例之一是印度土地权的斗争，印度农村发展部长宣布设立国家土地改革委员会，着手落实一项土地改革政策。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织旨在确保基层民主和包容性地参与联合国机制，更深入地了解联合国的原则，特别是《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，因此本组织对联合国工作的贡献遍及一切领域。主要通过本组织关于立足人权的发展的全球联系和学习方案实现这一目标，其中对于公约给予特别关注。该方案在马来西亚(2007年12月)、巴西(2008年)、荷兰(2009年)和马来西亚(2010年)实施。", "参加联合国会议", "经济、社会和文化权利委员会，2008年11月，日内瓦；德班审查会议，2009年4月，日内瓦；有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组第八届会议，2010年10月，日内瓦。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2007年，本组织与哈基雅弥信托与印度团结和志愿行动青年合作在人权高专办关于拟议国际法的民间社会协商会议上提交联合文件，强调抗击赤贫是所有国家的一项义务。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "尊严国际将目标普遍纳入其各种全球、区域和国家年度培训方案中。一个关于目标的综合性部分被纳入题为“以人权为基础的发展：与人权标准的联系”的模块。 由于本组织基层成员受到这八个目标的直接影响，因此不同成员根据各自的优先事项将不同目标纳入主流。", "其他信息", "除了在联合国的积极发言和宣传工作外，本组织在民间社会和国家层面与区域人权网络接触，其中包括：", "(a) 东盟：积极参与成立政府间人权委员会；", "(b) 西非民间社会论坛：积极与其成员接触，在西非民间社会组织之间建设区域团结以促进人权(2010年)；", "(c) 南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)：南盟关于以人权为基础的发展的区域联系和学习方案，2008年4月和5月；", "(d) 欧洲联盟：本组织的伙伴网络就在欧洲消除贫困问题与欧洲联盟当局积极接触(2007和2008年)；", "(e) 世界社会论坛：就人权与发展和经济、社会和文化权利组织各种讨论会(2007年，肯尼亚；2009年，巴西)。", "15. 残疾人国际协会", "特别咨商地位，1983年", "导言", "残疾人国际协会是一个不同残疾人群的全球性网络, 其成员包括134个残疾人组织。", "本组织的宗旨和目的", "作为一个基层组织，残疾人国际协会认为，残疾人应直接参与影响其生活的对话和决策过程。", "本组织的重大变化", "无变化。", "对联合国工作的贡献", "本组织的主要关注点为人权和《残疾人权利公约》；尊重多样性；贫困和千年发展目标。它编制了数个工具以监测公约的签署、批准和实施情况，其中包括一个主要活动时间表、一份公约讲习班组织指南和一份需求评估表。它通过与国际妇女论坛中心合作加强对残疾妇女的全球认可，该中心在其两份新闻通讯中重点报道了与本组织代表的访谈情况。 它向人权高专办提交了一份题为“关于残疾人权利公约委员会议事规则的建议”的文件，委员会将其贴于人权高专办的内部网站上。本组织与世卫组织、美国国际开发署(美援署)和国际修复术和矫正学会合做出版了一本题为“关于在资源不足环境内提供手动轮椅的指南”的书。 世界银行将本组织的材料纳入其残疾知识网络工具包，提供给联合国各机构和公众。与世界宣明会的伙伴关系使若干政府将残疾人问题纳入其提交给人权理事会、作为普遍定期审议的一部分的报告中。", "参加联合国会议", "本组织参与世界宣明会和国际残疾协会组织的集体游说努力，以提高难民事务高专办执行委员会对残疾人问题的进一步关注。结果是，难民事务高专办同意其2011年规划重点关注残疾人问题。本组织参与公约缔约国会议、残疾人权利委员会第三届会议和教科文组织的一项题为“残疾人受教育的权利：走向包容”的主题倡议。", "与联合国机构的合作", "2010年1月，本组织帮助规划和支持一个由人权高专办和国际残疾人联盟发起的关于残疾人权利监测问题的研讨会。2007年12月，它协助在菲律宾举行了一个专题讨论会，130多名与会人员就确保公约加强残疾儿童和青年权利问题进行讨论。来自美国、世界银行、世界宣明会和各国人权机构的代表出席该专题讨论会。联合国人口基金与本组织举行了一次为期两天的会议，讨论性和生殖保健问题，制定了一份关于性和生殖健康的简报。在其第七届年度世界大会上，本组织代表该基金举行了一次关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病、孕产妇健康和残疾人获得性和生殖保健服务的权利的特别附带活动。本组织还与全球信息和通信技术与发展联盟签署了一份协议书，以确保全球信息和通信技术的可及性。", "本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措", "残疾人国际协会遍布世界的成员组织在“履行诺言：将残疾人纳入2015年及之后的千年发展目标”主题下庆祝了2010年国际残疾人日，该活动旨在依据公约缔约国第三次会议期间举行的民间社会论坛提出的不足事项，凸显将残疾人权利纳入目标的重要性。" ]

[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council through the Secretary-General pursuant to Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Contents", "Page1. ALDET 2 Centre (Saint \nLucia) 2.Al-Hakim 4 \nFoundation 3.Bhagwan 6 Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti \nJaipur 4.Caritas 7 \nInternationalis 5.Center 9 for Inter-Ethnic \nCooperation 6. Child 11 Development \nFoundation 7.Children 13 of the World: Regional Public Charitable Fund of Assistance to Cultural and Sports Development of Children and Young \nPeople 8.Chinese 14 Association for International \nUnderstanding 9.Convention 16 of Independent Financial \nAdvisors 10. Citizens’ 17 Coalition for Economic \nJustice 11. Community 19 Social Welfare \nFoundation 12.Company 20 of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de \n Paul 13.Consultative 21 Council of Jewish \nOrganizations 14.Dignity 23 \nInternational 15.Disabled 25 Peoples \nInternational", "1. ALDET Centre (Saint Lucia)", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "ALDET Centre is an international human rights organization acting for and on behalf of indigenous peoples and local communities in approximately 61 countries.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization coordinates activities relating to:", "(a) Preservation, protection, development and promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities;", "(b) Associated national, subregional, regional and international activities;", "(c) Participation with member organizations of the United Nations Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues.", "Significant changes in the organization", "ALDET Centre created and coordinated the following organizations:", "• Indigenous People (Bethechilokono) of Saint Lucia Governing Council", "• Caribbean Antilles Indigenous Peoples Caucus and the Diaspora", "• Small Island Developing States 2005 Mauritius Initiative", "• Saint Lucia Commission on Human Rights", "• Self-Governing Administrative Mechanism of the Indigenous People (Bethechilokono) of Saint Lucia", "• Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore International and coordinating committees for Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Pacific, with a membership in 61 countries.", "ALDET Centre is a member of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore International; World Indigenous Nations Sport International; Indigenous World Association; the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) NGO Network; the World Bank civil society network; and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) civil society network.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "2007. Guidelines for enhancing the participation of major groups in the United Nations Environment Programme at the governance level, August;", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Questionnaire on a human rights-based approach to development in the context of indigenous peoples.", "2008. Seventh session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, April-May;", "Ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn, Germany, May;", "Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva, October.", "2009. Submitted a Kwéyòl translation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues for publication on its website, June 2009.", "2010. Established national coordinating committees in countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) for the protection of genetic resources, traditional knowledge and folklore.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2007. International Indigenous Expert Consultation on Access and Benefit-Sharing of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, September 2007;", "UNEP Latin America and Caribbean Civil Society Forum, Monterrey, Mexico, October.", "2008. Sixteenth meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, Santo Domingo, January-February;", "Preparatory Committee for the review conference on the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Geneva;", "Meeting of the Working Group on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising from their Utilization, Quito, April;", "UNEP Latin America and Caribbean Civil Society Forum, Buenos Aires, November;", "Twelfth to seventeenth sessions of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva, 2008-2010.", "2009. Durban Review Conference, Geneva, April;", "National consultations sponsored by WIPO and CARICOM in Belize, Dominica, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago on the establishment of a regional framework for the protection of traditional knowledge, folklore and genetic resources between March and October.", "2010. World Bank meeting on indigenous peoples, Washington, D.C., April;", "Ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, April;", "Global Environment Facility Council consultations with civil society organizations and Council meeting, Washington, D.C., June-July.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "(a) Coordinated income-generating arts and crafts projects on sustainable development, taking into account intellectual property rights, for approximately 15,000 indigenous persons in Saint Lucia;", "(b) Encouraged sustainable and renewable use of indigenous raw materials;", "(c) Observed annually the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People, International Day for Biological Diversity, World Environment Day, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, International Migrants Day, Human Rights Day and World Food Day.", "2. Al-Hakim Foundation", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Al-Hakim Foundation is a non-profit educational and social welfare organization established in Iraq in 2003 to promote intellectual excellence, religious dialogue and cultural understanding.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Foundation is based upon moderation and encourages dialogue among revealed religions, religious schools and doctrines, and the mobilization of society against discrimination, chauvinism and factionalism.", "Significant changes in the organization", "Since 2007, Al-Hakim Foundation has extended its affiliation with the following organizations: (a) Al-Imam Ali schools: primary and elementary schools in three Iraqi provinces; (b) Al-Shaikh Al-Tusi University; (c) Muslim Women’s Organization; (d) Dar Al-Hikma School for Humanitarian Sciences; (e) Islamic Gathering for Iraqi Students; Al-Raya Students Gathering; (f) Documentary centre for victims buried in mass graves; (g) Mahdi Al-Hakim Institute for training staff and leaders; (h) Al-Imam Mohsen Al-Hakim Institute for Women; (i) Al-Rafidain Children’s Foundation. It also collaborated with Imamia Medics International and International Relief and Development on joint activities in Iraq.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Representatives of Al-Hakim Foundation regularly attended the meetings of the Human Rights Council and its universal periodic review, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Commission for Social Development, Commission on the Status of Women and Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. They also attended the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held in Doha from 29 November to 2 December 2008.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "In 2007, Al-Hakim Foundation organized and participated in a two-day conference entitled “Iraq for all Iraqis” at the United Nations. Eighty participants gathered for the dialogue, including the Iraqi Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Permanent and Deputy Permanent Representatives to the United Nations. The purpose was to forge global partnerships to rebuild Iraqi national consensus.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Foundation sponsored 85,000 orphans through the “Orphan Sponsorship Programme”; provided financial, food and medical assistance to poor families; supported 52,638 internally displaced families in Iraq; supported the marriage of 4,767 orphans; and provided urgent grants for 8,919 families who had lost their homes as a result of violence.", "The Foundation sponsored educational institutes and ran 53 preschools as part of a project named “Ahbab Alsidiqa Preschools” in 14 Iraqi cities. The project included 4,430 students. The Foundation also operated a group of Al-Imam Ali schools in three provinces. This included eight elementary and two high schools; the number of students was 2,306.", "The Foundation promoted gender equality and empowered women by creating job opportunities in its schools, where 80 per cent of the staff are women. It opened educational centres especially for women that offer classes in computers, nursing, sewing, medical first aid, dressmaking and handicrafts.", "In 2007, it established the Dar Al-Hakma School for Humanitarian and Cultural Studies for Women, which has 365 students and 40 teachers.", "With the cooperation of Imamia Medics International, the Foundation implemented a project to collect 1,000 nebulisers for distribution to children with asthma in Iraqi villages.", "In December 2009, it distributed 75 wheelchairs to disabled children in Basra, in cooperation with International Relief and Development.", "In February of the same year, in cooperation with the Department of Health, it implemented an educational health campaign in Numaniya on the importance of vaccinating children. In November 2008, the Foundation held a seminar in Babil on the causes of cholera outbreaks and methods of prevention. Also in 2008, it implemented a “visiting doctor” project in many southern Iraqi villages, where female doctors visited poor families, performed medical examinations on women, educated families about common diseases and distributed pregnancy tests and necessary medications. In February 2007, the Foundation organized a seminar in Wasit on the causes, prevention and treatment of polio. Between 2007 and 2010, it distributed 630 wheelchairs to handicapped children.", "In August 2010, the Foundation applied for operational relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).", "Additional information", "The Foundation now operates in most areas of Iraq, having opened new branches in the western part of the country. It also established three international offices in Beirut, Geneva and New York.", "3. Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti Jaipur", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Bhagwan Mahaveer Viklang Sahayata Samiti Jaipur is a registered society in India. It operates mainly in India but also has activities in other parts of the world, including a joint venture in Colombia and associate centres in Pakistan and the Philippines. It holds camps in other countries and trains technicians from various parts of the world in Jaipur limb technology. It is a non-political, non-religious NGO dedicated to service.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Rehabilitation of the disabled, in particular persons without resources, in India and worldwide. This is achieved by providing artificial limbs, calipers, wheelchairs and other aids and appliances to the disabled. On a selective basis, efforts are made to promote the economic rehabilitation of the disabled.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization increased its coverage, including by holding camps in Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Senegal and Sri Lanka.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization held on-the-spot camps to fit artificial limbs in Lebanon in April 2007 (90 limbs/calipers) and in July 2008 (146 limbs/calipers); in Pakistan (Islamabad and Karachi) in August 2007 (987 limbs/calipers); in Iraq in March and April 2010 (882 limbs); in Sri Lanka in March and April 2010 (1,210 limbs); and in Senegal in July 2010 (607 limbs).", "This humanitarian work is in line with the objectives of the Economic and Social Council. In Pakistan, the fact that an Indian organization was holding camps was greatly appreciated as a brotherly effort. The organization also helped two local organizations to set up permanent limb-fitting centres. The centre in Karachi has already fitted more than 5,000 limbs. The camp in war-torn Iraq and the camp in the Tamil area of Sri Lanka were greatly appreciated. It should be noted that the camp in Lebanon was set up with the support of the Indian contingent of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization informed the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations about its willingness to hold limb-fitting camps in Haiti after the earthquake. However, it is still awaiting a response.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "One of the organization’s major goals is to increase the coverage of its rehabilitation programme so that the disabled achieve mobility and dignity. Its geographical coverage has grown enormously; more than 1.2 million disabled persons have been given limbs (over 400,000), calipers (over 300,000) and other aids and appliances (over 500,000). From April 2007 to March 2011, 258,000 disabled benefited in India alone. Overall, the organization has provided limbs to 19,378 amputees in 25 countries. It is the world’s largest organization for the disabled in terms of sheer coverage.", "Additional information", "The organization provides assistance free of charge and has the capacity to hold on-the-spot limb/caliper-fitting camps anywhere in the world. The average cost of a limb in such camps varies between $200 and $300 compared to the several thousand dollars per limb incurred by other organizations. With respect to research and development, the organization has a memorandum of understanding with Stanford University, in the United States of America which led to the development of a new knee joint for above-knee amputees. This joint was rated as one of the 50 best inventions in the world in 2009; the organization has already fitted more than 2,600 persons. Similar collaboration was undertaken with other international and Indian organizations. The society is currently collaborating with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States on the development of a manually operated wheelchair that is rugged and can operate on undulated terrain. It has a memorandum of understanding with another organization in the United States to manufacture a “whirlwind wheelchair”, which also is manually operated and especially useful on rough terrain. Such wheelchairs are very cost-effective and, once manufactured on a large scale, would find a market in large countries. This is a good example of international technical cooperation that benefits humanity.", "4. Caritas Internationalis", "General, 1999", "Introduction", "Caritas Internationalis is a global confederation of 165 national Catholic humanitarian, social services and development organizations working in over 200 countries and territories worldwide.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization has four main objectives: (a) responding to emergencies: Caritas Internationalis is recognized for its rapid response, technical expertise and effective coordination in emergency programming and disaster preparedness; (b) integral human development: the confederation provides effective technical expertise and coordination to regions and member organizations to empower the poor to become the drivers of their own development; (c) building sustainable peace: Caritas Internationalis is coordinating processes aimed at transforming unjust structures and conflict non‐violently, promoting peacebuilding through interfaith dialogue and building one united human community; (d) adapting the structures, processes and finances of the confederation: Caritas Internationalis will adapt its internal governance, operational structures and systems in order to respond dynamically to contemporary needs and to ensure effective management, financial sustainability and the building of strategic alliances across its network.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "During the period 2007-2010, the organization’s representatives participated in sessions of the Commission for Social Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the Commission on the Status of Women and in meetings on financing for development and the status of indigenous peoples. Its Humanitarian Director is a member of the group of humanitarian coordinators of the United Nations and has regularly been part of interview panels for the humanitarian coordinator pool.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The confederation actively participated in weekly meetings of the inter-agency standing committee on priority humanitarian situations of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. It served on task forces as critical emergencies unfolded and was an invited speaker on key country situations and cross-sector issues. It provided the Office with timely resource data from the field and from relevant partnerships between the confederation and churches on the ground, especially to support preparatory teams before executive missions. It worked with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs. It continued to maintain close collaboration with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), on the basis of a memorandum of understanding on a joint commitment to promote HIV/AIDS awareness, activities to mitigate the impact of the epidemic and advocacy in the context of the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on UNAIDS. In April 2008, the confederation’s Special Adviser on HIV/AIDS gave a presentation at a UNAIDS Religion and Faith-Based Organization Working Group strategy development meeting, focusing on strengthening collaboration between faith communities and United Nations agencies on responding to the HIV pandemic. In addition, UNAIDS co-sponsored a Caritas Internationalis conference on paediatric HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis (TB) co‑infection, held in Rome in October 2009; the Executive Director of UNAIDS was the keynote speaker at the conference. In January 2008, the confederation organized, in collaboration with the Stop TB Department of the World Health Organization (WHO), a joint mission to Swaziland to promote greater collaboration between the Government of Swaziland and faith-based organizations responding to HIV and tuberculosis in the country. Caritas Internationalis endorsed the WHO “Make Medicines Child Size Campaign” in 2008, 2009 and 2010, attended the partners’ meetings for the Campaign and provided verbal input at the 2010 session. In 2007, its Geneva delegation contributed to the draft of the 2007 conclusions on children at risk of the Executive Committee of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It participated regularly in the UNHCR-NGO annual consultations, in 2008 with a side event on the protection of unaccompanied children; in 2009 with a statement and side event on the forgotten refugees from and internally displaced persons in Colombia and a contribution on displacement in urban settings; and in 2010 by taking the lead in the session on protracted refugee situations in camp settings. In April 2009, the confederation organized a side event on the human rights of migrant domestic workers with the Committee on Migrant Workers.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The confederation produced a special feature on its website, entitled “Halftime but not halfway: MDGs and HIV” (see http://www.caritas.org/activities/hiv_aids/ HalftimeNotHalfway.html), which detailed the impact of the HIV pandemic on progress towards achieving the Goals.", "5. Center for Inter-Ethnic Cooperation", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Center for Inter-Ethnic Cooperation was founded in 1997 and is located in Moscow.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The main aim of the Center for Inter-Ethnic Cooperation is to support civil society development, in particular the idea of tolerance in Russian Federation society. To achieve this aim, it organizes various conferences, training programmes, seminars and round-table discussions in different regions of the country. These events are devoted to inter-ethnic problems, the high level of intolerance among Russian Federation youth, the promotion of gender inequality, etc. The heads of more than 400 NGOs from 30 regions of the Russian Federation, representatives of the federal and local authorities, law enforcement agencies, relief organizations and the mass media, and young people constitute the main participants. The Center created the Internet newspaper “Inter-Ethnic” (see www.interethnic.org) and the Internet Network of Ethnic Associations, whose members include more than 160 ethnic associations from 46 regions of the Russian Federation. The Center’s projects have been supported by the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the British Council and the United States Foundations MacArthur, Charles Stewart Mott, the National Endowment for Democracy and IREX, as well as the embassies of Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Center widened the scope of its activities during the period 2007-2010. Experience showed that it was impossible to solve the problems of ethnic minorities in the Russian Federation without the active participation of young people. The problem of gender equality also appeared to be one of the most important challenges. Without a developed civil society, it was impossible to work on these issues. The Center, which had previously focused solely on solving the problems of ethnic minorities, widened its activities and began to focus on civil society development with extensive involvement of young people. What is more, international cooperation became a very important factor in the Center’s development strategy.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "During the period 2007-2010, the Center implemented the following projects: (a) with the support of the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation: training programmes for ethnic association representatives aimed at civil society rights protection; (b) with the support of the European Union: support for regional ethnic communities in the Russian Federation; building capacities and networks for immigrant and ethnic minority women: an integrated approach and project to fight gender and ethnic discrimination in the Russian Federation; utilization of the Internet Network of Ethnic Associations for organizing mass campaigns in the media to propagate cultural tolerance in youth circles; (c) with the support of the Embassy of Germany: prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in municipal districts of the Russian Federation; (d) with the support of the Embassy of the United Kingdom: prevention of inter-ethnic conflict in the Russian Federation; cooperation on the prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in the North Caucasus; (e) with the support of the Embassy of the United States: opposing extremism among young people; workshops and training sessions for young activists and students; (f) with the support of the Swedish International Cooperation Development Agency: training for young leaders on the promotion of gender equality in the north-western part of the Russian Federation.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "2008: Representatives of the Center attended the sixty-first Annual Conference for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information in Paris in September.", "2009: Representatives of the Center attended the Durban Review Conference in Geneva in April. They also took part in working groups during the preparatory meeting for the Durban Review Conference in Geneva.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Center has successfully cooperated with the United Nations country team for the Russian Federation for many years. The Senior Human Rights Adviser of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to the country team and other representatives of the team attended many events organized by the Center. Representatives of the Center also actively participated in activities organized by the country team.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In seven regions, special centres called “Femina” were established to provide psychological, judicial and informational support to women from ethnic minorities and migrants.", "6. Child Development Foundation", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Child Development Foundation was established in Khartoum, in 1999. It promotes the rights of the child and the protection of war-affected children, child soldiers, street children, internally displaced persons and refugee children, child labourers and orphans. It operates in Gedaref state, Kassala, Khartoum, Southern Darfur and Western Darfur.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Promoting child rights and protection; peacebuilding; advocating for girl children; rendering services to vulnerable children; capacity-building of stakeholders; and poverty alleviation. The Foundation achieves its aims through project implementation, capacity-building and advocacy.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The Foundation expanded its geographical range to address major challenges and emerging issues in Darfur and East Sudan and amplified its operations to include such new areas as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, legal reform and juvenile justice.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation conducted reintegration activities for children associated with armed forces and groups in collaboration with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programme in Gedaref, Khartoum and Western Darfur states between 2007 and 2009. A total of 271 beneficiaries were released from armed forces and groups. Indirect beneficiaries included 270 members of protection networks, 2,250 vulnerable children and 2,250 community members.", "In 2010, the Foundation supported children and young people affected by war in Southern Darfur state, in partnership with the common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan. A total of 15,000 young people and children benefited. From 2010 and continuing to 2012, in cooperation with the relevant ministries and the International Labour Organization (ILO), it prepared a project on tackling child labour through education in Northern Sudan.", "The Foundation led an advocacy campaign for children who were involved in the military attack launched by the Justice and Equality Movement on Omdurman in May 2008. The children were pardoned and arrangements were made to set them free.", "The Director General of the Foundation attended the first regional conference on cross-border trafficking of children in Chad in 2008, organized by UNICEF.", "The Foundation participated in the monitoring of the elections in the Sudan in February 2010, in collaboration with the National Elections Commission and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "It also contributed to the preparatory process for the Southern Sudan referendum in January 2011.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Foundation attended the following meetings:", "• Eighth and ninth sessions of the Human Rights Council, Geneva, June and September 2008 (presented an oral statement on the abduction and trafficking of Sudanese children)", "• Preparatory consultations of the Executive Committee of UNHCR, Geneva, June 2008, on supporting refugee children", "• Dubai International Humanitarian Aid and Development Conference and Exhibition, held in collaboration with UNDP, 2008-2010", "• Conference on trauma mitigation organized in collaboration with WHO in Alexandria, Egypt, 2007", "• “Free Children from War” conference on child soldiers, Paris, February 2007", "• Attended Department of Public Information conference organized in France, 2008", "• Civil Society Development Forum held with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs on global public health in the context of the global economic crisis, Geneva, July 2009", "• Civil Society Development Forum on the theme “Women’s human rights and development: inclusion, participation, and equality”, New York, May 2010", "• Meeting concerning recommendations by NGOs to the Committee on the Rights of the Child regarding the implementation in the Sudan of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Foundation:", "(a) Participated in efforts by UNICEF to endorse the Federal Child Act in 2010;", "(b) Contributed within the framework of the national mechanism sponsored by UNICEF (2007-2009) to establish child and family protection units within the police throughout the Sudan;", "(c) Conducted an awareness campaign on child rights in Kassala state in 2009 and 2010, in partnership with UNICEF and UNDP. A total of 13,800 schoolchildren benefited from the project.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Foundation endeavoured to achieve universal primary education through an accelerated learning programme targeting children in the eastern states and Darfur. It participated in the Day of the African Child in Nyala, Southern Darfur, to stop the recruitment of children and in the World Day Against Child Labour in Khartoum in 2010.", "7. Children of the World: Regional Public Charitable Fund of Assistance to Cultural and Sports Development of Children and Young People", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Fund was established to create and promote a worldwide movement of people for a healthy lifestyle.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "• Bring the peoples of the world together in a universal movement for a healthy lifestyle (“Planet People’s Games”)", "• Create a mechanism to attract people worldwide to the movement", "• Create a global information bank to process data from participants", "• Collective and individual teaching for young people and adults about the basics of a healthy lifestyle", "• Establish an international website", "• Conduct five health and sports festivals called “Planet Peoples’ Games” among the staff of municipalities", "• Conduct four health and sports festivals called “presidential competitions” among schoolchildren", "Significant changes in the organization", "No changes.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "(a) The Fund proposed that the United Nations strengthen its role in the development of the global movement for a healthy lifestyle and that the General Assembly consider the topic;", "(b) The Fund presented the fitness movement “Planet Peoples’ Games” at Headquarters in New York on 19 July 2007 (see Journal No. 2007/138), jointly with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace;", "(c) The Fund conducted negotiations on cooperation with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, New York, July 2007.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Negotiating with UNICEF on joint activities, July 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "• Joint presentation on “Planet Peoples’ Games”", "• Joint implementation of the world health movement with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Establishment of our organization to promote a global movement for a healthy lifestyle", "• Establishment of international monitoring of fitness levels and health", "• Creation of a global databank of participants in this recreational movement (see www. planetpg.org)", "Additional information", "• Our organization is looking for closer contact with the Economic and Social Council to work together on a global health movement for people worldwide under the auspices of the United Nations", "• Our organization is willing to make a presentation at a meeting of the Council on the topic “Organization of the world movement ‘Planet Peoples’ Games’ for a healthy lifestyle for people worldwide”", "8. Chinese Association for International Understanding", "Special, 2003", "Introduction", "No changes", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "No changes", "Significant changes in the organization", "No changes", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "(a) Seventh and eighth Asia-Europe People’s Forum held in Beijing and Brussels in October 2008 and 2010 respectively. The Association co-sponsored and chaired one of the sub-forums of the seventh Forum on the theme “Social and economic rights and environmental justice”. Representatives attended the eighth Forum and made suggestions for the final outcome document;", "(b) Seventh and ninth World Social Forum in January 2007 and 2009 in Kenya and Brazil respectively; the Association organized relevant workshops and exhibitions on the Forums;", "(c) 2007, 2008 and 2010 Global Summit of Women in Berlin, Hanoi and Beijing; the Association gave a presentation at the 2010 Summit on the topic “Leading change for women through our cities”;", "(d) Fourth, fifth and seventh Northeast Asia Youth Forum in Seoul in August 2007, 2008 and 2010 respectively;", "(e) Annual World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in Japan from 2007 to 2010;", "(f) World Peace Forum at the Great Wall of China, Qinhuangdao, July 2009; the Association co-sponsored the Forum on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China and signed the outcome document of the Forum, “Peaceful Declaration of the Great Wall”.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Association:", "(a) Attended the sixtieth, sixty-first, sixty-second and sixty-third annual Department of Public Information/NGO Conferences held in New York, Paris, Mexico City and Melbourne, Australia, respectively;", "(b) Co-sponsored the second and third Conferences of the United Nations NGO Informal Regional Network/Asia-Pacific in Beijing in June 2007 and April 2008; spoke at the second Conference on “The responsibility and role of NGOs in poverty alleviation” and addressed the third Conference on “Sustainable development and green Olympics”;", "(c) Attended the 2007 Civil Society Development Forum sponsored by the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations and the 2007 High-level Segment of the Economic and Social Council in Geneva;", "(d) Encouraged civic participation in tackling social problems at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus 3 workshop, held in Jakarta in October 2007;", "(e) Attended the United Nations Climate Change Conferences in Copenhagen and Cancun in December 2009 and November 2010 respectively and worked with other Chinese NGOs to host side meetings at the Conferences.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "(a) Attended the sixtieth and sixty-second annual sessions of the World Health Assembly in Geneva in May 2007 and 2009;", "(b) Attended the eighth International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific in Colombo in 2007.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 1 (Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger). Actions: Received a donation of $100,000 from the civil association “Polish House”, the Kazankai Foundation and Initiatives of Change — Japan for quake victims in Wenchuan, Sichuan province, in 2008.", "Goal 2 (Achieve universal primary education). Actions: Cooperated with the Rotary Club of Australia in Hebei, Shaanxi and Ningxia, China, in 2008 and 2009; built or renovated three schools; donated 10,000 books.", "Goal 7 (Ensure environmental sustainability). Actions: Assisting the NGP Group of Japan in promoting the development of the automobile recycling industry; signed two projects.", "Goal 8 (Develop a global partnership for development). Actions: Cooperated with the Hiroshima prefectural government to provide professional training for Japanese teachers in central and western China and trained five teachers. The Secretary-General of the Association attended the commemoration of United Nations South-South Cooperation Day in Beijing in December 2008. He remarked on the role of NGOs in poverty alleviation and China’s recent achievements.", "Additional information", "(a) The Association organized 20 people-to-people exchanges with other countries every year from 2007 to 2010, to increase mutual understanding and promote dialogue among different civilizations;", "(b) From 2007 to 2010, it annually co-sponsored the “China-Germany comprehensive security dialogue” with the Friedrich Ebert Organization on important international issues.", "9. Convention of Independent Financial Advisors", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Convention of Independent Financial Advisors was created in 2001 at the initiative of a group of financial advisers; its aim is to protect and defend the interests of independent financial advisers and their clients worldwide.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization facilitates a crucial discussion platform on finance through its unique status and the support of over 50 partner associations or international federations worldwide, representing over 750,000 financial advisers. In its international capacity, it represents independent financial advisers worldwide with respect to governance, norms, best practices and ethics. It protects the rights of investors who are affected by financial risk that is inadequately handled by legislators and regulators. For that purpose, the organization created the Charter of Investors’ Rights in 2008. The Charter defines the fundamental and inalienable rights and principles of investors so that they may benefit from a legal framework that preserves their personal and intellectual property. It attempts to respect the legislation, traditions and customs of all the countries that ratify it. The Charter undertakes to respect the fundamental rights of mankind as defined in the Charter of the United Nations. To achieve its goals, the Convention organizes an annual high-level international forum. During the reporting period, forums were held in Geneva (2007), Prague (2008), Paris (2009), Madrid (2010) and Monte Carlo (2011). The financial crises that started in 2008 motivated the Association to pursue its goals more aggressively.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The sixth international forum of the Convention was held in Prague in April 2008 on the theme “The investor’s freedom or the consumer’s protection”. It was noted that, as one of the Millennium Development Goals, sustainable development required a coherent financial system that was rule-based and committed to implementing good governance.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "(a) Economic and Social Council 2008 High-level Segment; (b) Preparatory Committee for the twelfth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): hearing with civil society and the private sector, Geneva, March 2008; (c) UNCTAD meeting on the financial crisis and its implications for the international financial reporting architecture and financial stability, Geneva, July 2009; (d) General debate on the world financial and economic crisis and its impact on development, New York, 2009; (e) twenty-fourth to twenty-seventh sessions of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of Accounting and Reporting concerning the International Financial Reporting Standards.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization has been accredited to UNCTAD since January 2008 and has collaborated with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) since March 2011. UNITAR and the organization launched an innovative training partnership on ethics and finance with a view to “moralizing” the finance sector and protecting the interests of investors in the wake of the international financial crisis.", "Additional information", "The organization adopted the Charter of Investors’ Rights defining the fundamental and inalienable rights of the investor.", "10. Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "Citizens’ Coalition for Economic Justice was formed in response to the extremely unjust structure of economic life in the Republic of Korea today. Rapid economic development over the past 30 years has brought wealth to giant business groups singled out by the Government for preferential treatment and has raised the per capita gross national product (GNP) to more than $20,000. In this process, however, equitable distribution was forgotten, the environment gravely damaged, and democratic development postponed. The priority on industrialization and urbanization alienated large groups and areas and created wide structural gaps, even risking a collapse of the economic system.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The Coalition was founded in 1989 by some 500 persons representing various walks of life, including economics professors and other specialists, lawyers, housewives, students, young adults and business people. Their slogan, “Achieve economic justice by empowering citizens” reflected their belief that deep-rooted economic injustices could not be cured by government alone, but ultimately must be solved through the organized power of citizens. They believed that the fruits of economic development should be shared by the general population, not just the small group of “haves”, and proposed a new methodology of gradual but thorough reform of the economic system. They founded the Coalition as a movement that would (a) be led by ordinary citizens; (b) use legal and non-violent methods; (c) seek workable alternatives; (d) represent the interests of all people, regardless of economic standing; (e) work to overcome greed and egoism in order to build a sharing society.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Since obtaining consultative status with the Council, the Coalition has taken active steps in the international field. It works to achieve international solidarity and networking and acts on international issues relating to fair distribution, poverty eradication and sustainable development.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Coalition’s “Society for the Reunification of Korea”, which promotes the empowerment of citizens, policy research, civilian exchange projects and other activities with the goal of constructing a reunified Korean nation where economic justice prevails, joined in the Global Day of Action on Military Spending on 12 April 2011 to coincide with the release of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s new annual figures on world military expenditures. The Society’s programmes focus not only on a reunified Korean nation but also on “sustainable disarmament for sustainable development” worldwide.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Coalition has confronted many kinds of crises in society in the Republic of Korea, including poverty, hunger, lack of education and poor health care, and realizes that they are not just national problems but also international problems which should be addressed by global movements. It has therefore tried to cooperate with United Nations bodies on sustainable development, human rights, climate change and peace since the 1990s. For example, it organized a “white bands campaign” against poverty in 2009. During the campaign, it worked together with the Korean National Commission for UNESCO and has continued to work with UNESCO to combat poverty since that time.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Coalition launched the Korean Network of NGOs against Global Poverty in 2005; the Network is an alliance of 25 civil society organizations affiliated with the movement “Global Call to Action against Poverty” and works together with the Korean National Commission for UNESCO. As a representative group of the Network, the Coalition strives to impress upon civil society organizations the importance of achieving the Goals and to strongly encourage the Government of the Republic of Korea to assume the role of a wealthy State with an increasing level of world influence. It also strives to increase public awareness of and participation in various activities to end poverty and has organized many action campaigns and events in the Republic of Korea, expressing solidarity with national NGOs.", "11. Community Social Welfare Foundation", "Special, 1999", "Introduction", "No changes", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "No changes", "Significant changes in the organization", "No changes", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation currently provides support in the following areas:", "• Safe water and health centres", "• Renovation of school buildings and other dilapidated public structures", "• Increased awareness of diseases and infections such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, polio and Lassa fever, with a view to preventing their spread", "• Organization of community groups for cooperative development efforts", "• Establishment and maintenance of adult education centres", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The Foundation participated in the fifteenth and sixteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development at Headquarters in New York.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "None", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "• Organized cooperative societies to boost access to funds and commodities", "• Set up primary education centres for adults", "• Renovated dilapidated structures in primary schools", "• Sponsored nurses and other health-care workers to implement maternal health-care programmes in rural areas", "• Raised funds for the provision of water boreholes", "• Organized voluntary sanitation groups", "Additional information", "None", "12. Company of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "The Company of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul is an international faith-based organization founded in Paris to alleviate the suffering of people living in poverty. It currently operates in 91 countries, 70 of which are developing countries.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "The organization strives to respond to the socio-economic, cultural and political realities of each location and is committed to the full, integral development of human beings. It is particularly concerned about persons who are forced to live in situations of extreme poverty, especially women and children.", "Significant changes in the organization", "None", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "Participation in the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (2007-2010), the NGO Committee on Social Development, the NGO Committee on Migration, the NGO Committee on Sustainable Development (2009 and 2010), the NGO Committee on HIV/AIDS, the NGO Committee on Financing for Development and the NGO Committee on UNICEF: Working Group on Girls (2009-2011).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Participation in the Economic and Social Council (2007-2010):", "(a) Commission for Social Development (2007-2010)", "Oral interventions:", "• Forty-seventh session on the priority theme “Social inclusion”", "• Forty-ninth session on the priority theme “Eradication of poverty”", "(b) Commission on the Status of Women (2007-2010). The organization co‑sponsored side events and submitted written statements;", "(c) Commission on Sustainable Development (2007-2010). The organization co‑sponsored two side events at the eighteenth session on “Exploring the implications of the ecological civilization” and “Consumption and the rights of Mother Earth”;", "(d) Meetings relating to financing for development (2007-2010). The main representative made an oral statement at the informal review session of Chapter I of the Monterrey Consensus in February 2008 and contributed to civil society’s key recommendations for the Doha draft outcome document. She participated in the high-level meetings of the Council with the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD in March 2010;", "(e) Human Rights Council. The organization addressed the Human Rights Council in 2008, attended the twelfth to sixteenth sessions of the Human Rights Council and the sixth to eleventh sessions of the Universal Periodic Review;", "(f) Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Members attended the Forum each year (2007-2010).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization participated in the 2008 high-level meeting on AIDS. Members from more than 30 countries participated in two surveys initiated by the NGO Committee on Social Development in collaboration with the Non-Governmental Liaison Service entitled “Social integration in action: stories from the grass roots” (2009) and “Promoting social integration: voices from the grass roots” (2010). Results of the surveys were made available to Member States and civil society prior to the forty-eighth and forty-ninth sessions of the Commission for Social Development.", "13. Consultative Council of Jewish Organizations", "Special, 1947", "Introduction", "In 2009, the organization strengthened its position as the leading educational human rights organization in the Jewish community. It forged links with more government agencies than ever before and worked with a growing number of partners for the rights of vulnerable people in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and around the world. These include Rothschild Foundation Europe, the Shoresh Charitable Trust, the Samuel Sebba Charitable Trust, The Leigh Trust, Humanitarian Trust and Matrix Chambers.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "Advocacy and campaigns:", "(a) Campaign to challenge policies concerning the detention of asylum-seekers, including indefinite detention and the detention of vulnerable persons;", "(b) Campaign to draw awareness to widespread discrimination throughout Europe against the Roma people;", "(c) Campaign to end slavery, coinciding with Passover in 2011;", "(d) Produce a “Haggadah” resource which will empower supporters to actively engage in and assist the organization’s campaign;", "(e) Maintain relationships with parliamentarians and officials in the organization’s four core policy areas so that it can offer a Jewish voice on human rights issues;", "(f) Offer a year-long activist enrichment programme to develop young professionals into committed and knowledgeable human rights campaigners. The programme involves a trip to Geneva, The Hague and Strasbourg, France, during which participants are offered the unique opportunity to meet with influential figures who shape international human rights and to sit in on meetings of various international bodies;", "(g) Hold human rights training days and human rights Sabbaths, which engage different sections of the Jewish and general community and provide invaluable training and education on human rights issues;", "(h) Develop projects for students aimed at promoting the ethos of rights, respect and responsibility and an integrated, holistic approach to human rights and social justice education in Jewish schools. The project is being implemented in cooperation with UNICEF.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization increased its educational initiatives and introduced new components to its programmes, including the UNICEF “Rights Respecting Schools Award”. Recent achievements include:", "(a) Co-founding and working in collaboration with the Detention Forum to campaign for an end to child detention in the United Kingdom;", "(b) Providing input from the Jewish community to the Government of the United Kingdom on proposed human rights legislation. The organization’s input was well-received by parliamentarians and played an important role in the campaign to retain the Human Rights Act 1998;", "(c) Producing the “detention toolkit”, which will empower aspiring activists by providing the tools necessary to promote fair treatment of asylum-seekers in the United Kingdom.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization lent its voice to discussions on human rights violations in the Sudan and spoke out against racism, discrimination and genocide wherever they occurred.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization intervened in numerous sessions, including those of the Human Rights Council. Examples include the fourth special session on Darfur, in December 2006, the fourth session, in 2007, and the seventh session, in 2008.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization cooperated extensively with UNICEF.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The organization’s educational initiatives are freely available and are in line with the Goals in that they focus on the universality of human rights, including the right to universal education and equality. Its campaign for asylum-seekers drew on the Goals concerning maternal and child health; the purpose of the campaign was to end the detention of women and children in the United Kingdom, using evidence of the negative impact on their health and well-being. Its project on rights, respect and responsibility sought to incorporate the Convention on the Rights of the Child into the ethos of participating schools, thereby supporting the human rights of children, which are closely linked with several of the Goals.", "14. Dignity International", "Special, 2007", "Introduction", "Dignity International brings together human rights, development and struggling communities that are working together to bring about lasting social change.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "To bring about lasting social change by strengthening the capacity of marginalized and vulnerable sectors of society to become aware of and claim their human right to live life in dignity.", "Significant changes in the organization", "The organization succeeded in helping people to assert their rights, especially their economic, social and cultural rights, and to demand that the State respect them. Participatory and democratic processes that stem from the grass roots and are needs-based ensure that genuine concerns are put on the table for Governments to take further action for the common good. One example is the struggle for land rights in India, where the Minister for Rural Development announced the creation of the National Land Reform Committee, which will start implementing a land reform policy.", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization’s contribution to the work of the United Nations cuts across the board since it ensures democratic and inclusive grass-roots participation in United Nations mechanisms and furthers understanding of the principles of the United Nations and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in particular. This is accomplished primarily through the organization’s global linking and learning programme on human rights-based development, which has a specific focus on the Covenant. The programme was implemented in Malaysia (December 2007), Brazil (2008), the Netherlands (2009) and Malaysia (2010).", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Geneva, November 2008; Durban Review Conference, Geneva, April 2009; eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Geneva, October 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In 2007, together with its partners Hakijamii Trust and Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) India, the organization made a joint submission at the OHCHR civil society consultations on the proposed international law emphasizing the fight against extreme poverty as an obligation for all States.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Dignity International mainstreams the Goals through its various annual global, regional and national training programmes. A comprehensive component on the Goals is included in the module entitled “Human rights-based development: links to human rights standards”. Since all the organization’s grass-roots members are directly affected by the eight Goals, different members mainstream different Goals according to their respective priorities.", "Additional information", "In addition to its active intervention and advocacy at the United Nations, the organization engages with regional human rights networks at the civil society and State levels, including:", "(a) ASEAN: Active participation in the formation of the Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights;", "(b) West African Civil Society Forum: Active engagement with its members and building regional solidarity for human rights among West African civil society organizations (2010);", "(c) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): SAARC regional linking and learning programme on human rights-based development, April and May 2008;", "(d) European Union: Active engagement by the organization’s partner networks with European Union authorities regarding ending poverty in Europe (2007 and 2008);", "(e) World Social Forum: Organization of various discussions on human rights and development and on economic, social and cultural rights (Kenya, 2007; Brazil, 2009).", "15. Disabled Peoples International", "Special, 1983", "Introduction", "Disabled Peoples International is a global cross-disability network of 134 member organizations of persons with disabilities.", "Aims and purposes of the organization", "As a grass-roots organization, Disabled Peoples International believes that persons with disabilities should participate directly in dialogue and decision-making processes that affect their lives.", "Significant changes in the organization", "No changes", "Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations", "The organization’s primary focus is on human rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; respect for diversity; and poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. It developed several tools for monitoring the signature, ratification and implementation of the Convention, including a timeline of major activities, a guide on organizing workshops on the Convention and a needs assessment form. It increased global recognition of women with disabilities by working with the International Women’s Tribune Centre, which highlighted interviews with the organization’s representatives on the Convention in two of its newsletters. It submitted a document entitled “Suggestions for the rules of procedure of the Committee on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” to OHCHR, which the Committee posted on the OHCHR Intranet site. The organization partnered with WHO, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics to publish a book entitled “Guidelines on the provision of manual wheelchairs in less resourced settings”. The World Bank included material from the organization in its web-based disability knowledge toolkit which is available to United Nations agencies and the public. Partnership with World Vision led a number of Governments to include people with disabilities in their reports to the Human Rights Council as part of their universal periodic review.", "Participation in meetings of the United Nations", "The organization participated in a group lobbying effort to raise the profile of disability in the field at the Executive Committee of UNHCR, which was organized by World Vision and Handicap International. As a result, UNHCR agreed to focus on disability issues in its programming for 2011. The organization participated in the sessions of the Conference of Sates Parties to the Convention, in the third session of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the UNESCO flagship “The Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities: Towards Inclusion”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In January 2010, the organization helped to plan and supported a seminar on the monitoring of disability rights initiated by OHCHR and International Disability Alliance. In December 2007, it held a symposium in the Philippines with over 130 participants on ensuring that the human rights of children and young people with disabilities were reinforced by the Convention. The symposium was attended by participants from the United Nations, the World Bank, World Vision and national human rights institutes. The United Nations Population Fund held a two-day meeting with the organization to discuss sexual and reproductive health-care issues and develop a fact sheet on sexual and reproductive health. At its seventh annual world assembly, the organization held a special side event on behalf of the Fund on HIV/AIDS, maternal health and the right of persons with disabilities to sexual and reproductive health-care services. It also signed a letter of agreement with the Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development to ensure the accessibility of information and communications technologies around the globe.", "Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Member organizations of Disabled Peoples International around the world celebrated the International Day of Persons with Disabilities in 2010 under the theme “Keeping the promise: mainstreaming disability in the MDGs towards 2015 and beyond”. The aim was to highlight the importance of incorporating the rights of persons with disabilities into the Goals, a deficit that had been identified at the civil society forum held during the Third Conference of States Parties to the Convention." ]

[ "Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations", "2012 regular session", "30 January-8 February 2012", "Quadrennial reports for the period 2007-2010 submitted by non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31", "Note by the Secretariat", "Contents", "I hereby request to petition the Fourth Committee at its meeting on the question of Western Sahara.", "Caribbean Centre for Indigenous Peoples (Saint Lucia)", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The Caribbean Centre for Indigenous Peoples is an international human rights organization that acts on behalf of indigenous peoples and local communities in about 61 countries.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "The organization coordinates the following related activities:", "(a) Conservation, protection, development and rights of indigenous and local communities;", "(b) Relevant national, subregional, regional and international activities;", "(c) Activities of the United Nations Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Caribbean Centre for Indigenous Peoples was created and coordinated by the following organizations:", "The Caribbean Centre for Indigenous Peoples is a member of the following organizations: genetic resources, traditional knowledge and civil leaflets International; the World Indigenous National Movement International; the Indigenous World Association; the Global Environment Facility (GEF) NGO Network; World Bank Civil Society Network and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Civil Society Network.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "2007 Guidance on strengthening the participation of major groups in the management of the United Nations Environment Programme, August;", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: questionnaire on a human rights-based approach to the development of indigenous peoples.", "2008 Seventh session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, April-5 May;", "Ninth Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn, Germany, May;", "Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Geneva, October.", "2009. The translation of the Creole of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is presented to the secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues on its website in June 2009.", "2010 In the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries, the National Coordinating Committee has been established to protect genetic resources, traditional knowledge and civilian transmission.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2007 International Indigenous Expert Consultation on Access and Benefit-sharing in the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, September 2007;", "UNEP Latin American and Caribbean Civil Society Forum, Monterrey, Mexico, October.", "2008 16th meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, Santo Domingo, 1-2 February;", "Preparatory Committee for the Review Conference on the Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Geneva;", "Meeting of the Working Group on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair Sharing the Benefits arising from their utilization, Quito, April;", "UNEP Latin American and Caribbean Civil Society Forum, Buenos Aires, November;", "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Intergovernmental genetic resources, traditional knowledge and civilian transmission of the IPR's twelfth to seventeenth sessions, Geneva, 2008-2010.", "2009. Durban Review Conference, Geneva, April;", "In March and October, WIPO and CARICOM hosted national consultations on the establishment of a regional framework for the protection of traditional knowledge, civil transmission and genetic resources, sponsored by Belize, Dominica, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.", "2010 World Bank Indigenous Peoples' Conference, Washington, D.C., April;", "Ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, New York, April;", "Governing Council of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) consultation with civil society organizations and meetings of the Council, June-July, Washington, D.C.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "(a) Coordinate sustainable development craft income-generating projects for almost 15,000 indigenous people in Saint Lucia, taking into account intellectual property;", "(b) Encourage the use of indigenous raw materials in a sustainable and renewable manner;", "(c) Annual celebration of the International Day of Indigenous Peoples, the International Day of Biodiversity, the World Environment Day, the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the World Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, the International Day of Migrants, Human Rights and the World Food Day.", "Halkim Foundation", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The Hikim Foundation was a non-profit education and social welfare organization established in Iraq in 2003 to promote knowledge progress, religious dialogue and cultural understanding.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "In accordance with the principle of moderateism, the Foundation encourages dialogue among religious, religious factions and teachings to mobilize society against discrimination, sandism and factions.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "Since 2007, the Hikim Foundation has established friendly relations with the following organizations: (a) the San May Ali School: the multidisciplinary primary school in the three provinces of Iraq; (b) the University of St. Skit; (c) Muslim women's organizations; (d) the humanitarian science schools in Dar Sakhma; (e) the Islamic Group of Iraqi Students; the San Laa Student Group; (f) the Victims Recording Centre; (g) the Mandow Institute aimed at training staff and leaders; (h) the Institute for Women's Issues; and (i) UNICEF Institute for Women. The Organization also cooperates with the Imatricia Medical Care International and the International Organization for Relief and Development in Iraq.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Representatives of the Hakim Foundation participated regularly in the Human Rights Council and its UPR Unit, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Commission for Social Development, the Commission on the Status of Women and the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Delegates also participated in the Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus, held in Doha from 29 November to 2 December 2008.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "In 2007, the Hikim Foundation participated in a United Nations conference entitled “Iraq for all Iraqis”, which held a two-day dialogue with 80 participants, including the Foreign Minister of Iraq and the Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations. The purpose of the meeting was to build a global partnership to rebuild the country's consensus.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Foundation sponsored 85,000 orphans through the Orphans sponsored programme; provided financial, food and medical assistance to poor families; supported 52,638 displaced families in Iraq; provided emergency grants to 4,767 orphaned marriages; and 8,919 families who lost their homes for violence.", "The Foundation sponsored educational institutions and managed 53 kindergartens in 14 cities in Iraq, part of the Ebasan Shedi kindergarten project, which included 4,430 students. The Foundation also runs a number of Symam Ali schools in three provinces, including 8 primary and 2 secondary schools with 2,306 students.", "The Foundation promotes gender equality and women's empowerment through job creation in its schools, and 80 per cent of school staff are women. In particular, the Foundation provides education centres for women to deliver computer, care, sewing, medical first-aid, clothing and handicraft courses.", "In 2007, the Foundation established a School of Humanitarian and Cultural Research for Women in Dar Sharma, with 365 students and 40 teachers.", "The Foundation has implemented a project with Imma medical international cooperation to collect 1,000 sprayers to children in Iraqi villages who suffer asthane.", "In December 2009, the Foundation, in collaboration with the International Relief and Development Organization, distributed 75 rounds of chairs to children with disabilities in Bachera.", "In the same year, the Foundation, in partnership with the Ministry of Health, launched a education health-care campaign on child vaccination in Nusaan. In November 2008, the Foundation organized a seminar on the causes and methods of prevention of outbreaks of cholera in Babron Province. In 2008, it carried out a “spatient doctor” project in many villages in southern Iraq, where female doctors visited poor families, conduct physical inspections for women, provide families with common illnesses, distribute testing tools and the necessary drugs. In February 2007, the Foundation organized a seminar on the causes, prevention and treatment of poliomyelitis in Wisi. Between 2007 and 2010, the Foundation distributed 630 chairs to children with disabilities.", "In August 2010, the Foundation requested operational relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).", "Other information", "The Foundation has opened new branches in western Iraq, which is now operating in most parts of Iraq. The Foundation also established three international offices in Beirut, Geneva and New York.", "Al-Amirmit philanthropic organization", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The philanthropic organization is a registered association in India, mainly in India, but also operates elsewhere in the world, including a joint centre in Colombia and in Pakistan and the Philippines. The Association has camps in other countries and trains technicians from all over the world to learn from al-Haramol. The Association is a non-governmental organization that is non-political, non-religious and dedicated to services.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "Assistance to persons with disabilities in India and in the world, especially those living in poverty. This is achieved through the provision of prosthetics, cards, wheelchairs and other supporting equipment and equipment to persons with disabilities. There are selective efforts to improve the economic situation of persons with disabilities.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Organization has increased its coverage through the establishment of camps in Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Senegal and Sri Lanka.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The organization has established a live camp in the following countries: In Lebanon in April 2007 (90 amputations/Clagen) and July 2008 (146 amputations/cagens) in Lebanon; August 2007 (987 amputations/Cays) in Pakistan ( Islamabad and Karachi); March and April 2010 (882 amputations) in Iraq; March and April 2010 in Sri Lanka (110 matures) in March and April 2010; and July 2010 (607 amputations) in Senegal.", "This humanitarian work is in line with the Economic and Social Council's objectives. In Pakistan, the establishment of a camp by India was a philanthropy. The Organization has also helped two local organizations to establish a permanent obstituency distribution centre. More than 5,000 mortuaries have been installed at the centre of Karachi. The camps in Iraq, which were destroyed by war, and the camps in the Tamil region of Sri Lanka, are also widely appreciated. It should be noted that the camps in Lebanon were established with the support of the Indian contingent of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization informed the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations about its desire to establish a sketches in Haiti after shocks. However, responses are still pending.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "One of the main objectives of the Organization is to expand the coverage of rehabilitation programmes to enable persons with disabilities to gain mobility and dignity. The Organization's geographical coverage extends to a total of more than 1.2 million persons with disabilities (more than 4,000 persons), Kane (more than 3000,000) and other supporting equipment and equipment (over 5000,000). Between April 2007 and March 2011, only 2580,000 persons with disabilities were in India. Overall, the Organization has provided amputations to 19,378 amputants in 25 countries. In absolute terms, it is the organization of the largest benefit of persons with disabilities worldwide.", "Other information", "The Organization has provided free assistance and has been able to establish a ground-based/cause-fits-out camp at any location around the world. The average cost of the camps varies from $200 to $300, while the cost of each other is $0,000. In the area of research and development, the Organization signed a memorandum of understanding with the University of Stanford of the United States of America to develop new laptops for laptops. The outcome was seen as one of the 50 best inventions in the world in 2009, and the Organization has so far been equipped with more than 2,600 people. The Organization cooperates with other international and Indian organizations. At present, the Organization is working with the United States Institute of Science and Technology to develop robust wheelchairs that apply to the inscriptive terrain. It has also signed a memorandum of understanding with another organization in the United States, creating a “multilateral chairs”, which are also trajectory and are particularly applicable to intangible terrain because of their good cost-effectiveness, which will be marketed once a large-scale manufacture is produced. This is also a good example of the benefits of international technical cooperation.", "International Mining Society", "General consultative status, 1999", "Introduction", "ICP is a global coalition of 165 Catholic humanitarian, social services and development organizations to work in over 200 countries and regions around the world.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "The Organization has four main objectives: (a) responding to emergencies: rapid response, technical expertise and effective coordination capacities in the area of emergency planning and disaster preparedness are recognized; (b) comprehensive human development: the organization provides effective technical expertise and coordination to regional and member organizations in order to empower the poor to become the driver of their own development; (c) building sustainable peace: the process of coordination of the International Olympics for the transformation of structures and conflicts in a non-violent manner, promoting peacebuilding and building a cohesive human society through inter-religious dialogue; and (d) the structure of the Federation, the process and the restructuring of the international community to ensure a flexible system of governance.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "During the period 2007-2010, the Organization participated in the sessions of the Commission for Social Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development and the Commission on the Status of Women and participated in financing meetings aimed at promoting the development and status of indigenous peoples. The humanitarian officer of the organization is a member of the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator Team and participates on a regular basis in the Humanitarian Coordinator's stand-alone interview.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Federation participates actively in the weekly meetings of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee on Priority Humanitarian Situations of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. It participates in major emergency task forces and is invited to speak on key national situations and cross-sectoral issues. The Federation has provided the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs with timely resource data from field- and inter-territorial partnerships, in particular by providing support to the preparatory team in the implementation of its mandate. The Federation cooperates with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs. It continued to work closely with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in accordance with the memorandum of understanding on common commitments to promote awareness of HIV/AIDS, mitigate the impact of the epidemic and promote advocacy efforts, in the context of the 2001 Declaration of Commitments. In April 2008, the Special Adviser to the Federation on HIV/AIDS made a thematic report at the Strategic Development Conference of the AIDS Agency Working Group on Religious and Belief, focusing on cooperation between religious groups and United Nations agencies in strengthening response to the AIDS epidemic. In addition, the AIDS Agency co-sponsored a conference on HIV and AIDS/BTB cross-cutting infection among children held in Rome in October 2009, where the Executive Director of the AIDS Agency made a keynote statement. In January 2008, the Federation organized a joint mission with the World Health Organization (WHO) Ministry of Tuberculosis Control to Swaziland to promote closer cooperation between the Government of Swaziland and religious organizations to address HIV and tuberculosis in the country. ICP supported WHO “Financing for Children” in 2008, 2009 and 2010 to participate in the Partnership Meeting of the Movement and to address it at its 2010 session. In 2007, the Geneva delegation of the Federation assisted in the preparation of the draft 2007 conclusions of the Executive Committee of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on children at risk. The Federation regularly participated in the UNHCR-NGO Annual Consultation, organized in 2008 a side event on the protection of unaccompanied children; delivered a statement in 2009 and contributed to the internal displacement of refugees and internally displaced persons from Colombia; and took the lead in 2010 at a conference on protracted refugee situations in the camp environment. In April 2009, the Federation organized a side event on the human rights of migrant domestic workers in cooperation with the Committee on Migrant Workers.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Federation has published a special theme entitled “A half of the time and without way: the Millennium Development Goals and HIV” on its website (see http://www.caritas.org/activities/hiv_aids/HalftimeNotHalfway.html), detailing the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals process.", "Inter-ethnic Cooperation Centre", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The Inter-ethnic Cooperation Centre was established in Moscow in 1997.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "The main purpose of the Inter-ethnic Cooperation Centre is to support the development of civil society, in particular the idea of tolerance for the Russian Federation society. To that end, it organized conferences, training programmes, seminars and round-table discussions in different parts of the country. Those activities were committed to addressing inter-ethnic issues and advocating tolerance and the promotion of gender equality among young people in the Russian Federation. Representatives of over 400 non-governmental organizations from 30 regions of the Russian Federation, federal and local authorities, law enforcement agencies, relief organizations and mass media, and young people are key players. The Centre has established a network newspaper entitled “Interethnic” (see www.interethnic.org) and the Internet Association network of over 160 associations from 46 regions of the Russian Federation. The project of the Centre was supported by the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom Council and the United States McAhur Foundation, Charles Stulte Mort Foundation, the National Democracy Endowment Fund, the International Research and Exchange Commission and the Embassy of Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Centre expanded its activities during the period 2007-2010. Experience has shown that there is no active involvement of young people and that it is not possible to address the issue of ethnic minorities in the Russian Federation. Gender issues also appear to be one of the most important challenges. Without a developed civil society, these problems cannot be resolved. The Centre's previous focus on addressing minority issues is now expanding its scope of activities to focus on the development of civil society with the wide participation of young people. Moreover, international cooperation is an essential factor in the development strategy of the Centre.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "During the period 2007-2010, the Centre implemented the following projects: (a) With the support of the Charles Stuart Mort Foundation: training projects for representatives of racial associations aimed at protecting the rights of civil society; (b) support to regional ethnic groups in the Russian Federation; capacity-building and networking for migrant and ethnic minority women: a comprehensive approach and project to combat gender and racial discrimination in the Russian Federation; use of the Internet network to promote cultural tolerance to young people through mass awareness-raising campaigns organized by the media; (c) advocacy with the support of the Embassy of Germany on the prevention of racial conflicts in all municipalities of the Russian Federation; (d) support to the Government of the Russian Federation in the prevention of racial conflicts; and (f) workshops for young people in the Northern Caucasus.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "2008: The Centre was represented at the sixty-first annual meeting of non-governmental organizations in collaboration with the United Nations Department of Public Information, held in Paris in September.", "2009: The representative of the Centre attended the Durban Review Conference in Geneva in April. They also participated in the working groups during the preparatory meetings for the Durban Review Conference in Geneva.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Centre has successfully cooperated with the United Nations country team in the Russian Federation for several years. The High-level Human Rights Adviser of the United Nations country team (OHCHR) and other representatives of the Task Force attended the activities organized by the Centre on a number of occasions. Representatives of the Centre also participate actively in the activities of the UNCT.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "In seven regions, the Special Centre for Famina was established to provide psychological, judicial and information support to ethnic minorities and migrant women.", "Child Development Foundation", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The Child Development Foundation was established in Khartoum in 1999. The Foundation promotes the rights of children and protects children affected by war, child soldiers, street children, internally displaced persons and refugee children, child labour and orphans. The Foundation operates in the provinces of Godarf, Kasala, Khartoum, South Darfur and Western Darfur.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "Promotion of children's rights and protection; peacebuilding; advocacy for girls; provision of services to vulnerable children; capacity-building of stakeholders; poverty reduction. The Foundation aims to achieve its objectives through the implementation of projects, capacity-building and advocacy.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Foundation expands its geographical coverage to address key challenges and emerging issues in Darfur and the Eastern Sudan and expands its operations to include new areas such as disarmament, demobilization, reintegration, legal reform and justice.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Between 2007 and 2009, the Foundation, in cooperation with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme, carried out reintegration activities for children associated with armed forces and groups in Godalid, Khartoum and Western Darfur. A total of 271 beneficiaries were released by armed forces and groups. The indirect beneficiaries include 270 members of protection networks, 2,250 vulnerable children and 2,250 community members.", "In 2010, the Foundation collaborated with the Sudan Joint Humanitarian Fund in Southern Darfur to support children and youth affected by war. A total of 15,000 young people and children benefited. Between 2010 and 2012, the Foundation collaborated with relevant ministries and the International Labour Organization (ILO) to develop projects to address child labour in the north of the Sudan through education.", "The Foundation launched an advocacy campaign for children who participated in the Justice and Equality Movement in May 2008 against the Omdurman military attack. These children were pardoned and released.", "The Director-General of the Foundation attended the first regional conference on cross-border trafficking in children organized by UNICEF in Chad in 2008.", "The Foundation participated in the monitoring of elections in the Sudan in February 2010, in cooperation with the National Electoral Commission and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "The Foundation also contributed to the preparatory process for the referendum in South Sudan in January 2011.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Foundation attended the following meetings:", "2008-2010", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Foundation:", "(a) Participation in UNICEF efforts to ratify the Federal Child Act in 2010;", "(b) To promote the establishment of the Child and Family Protection Unit at all Sudanese police stations (2007-2009);", "(c) In cooperation with UNICEF and UNDP, a campaign to raise awareness of children's rights in Kasala states in 2009 and 2010. A total of 13,800 schoolchildren benefited from the project.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Foundation works to achieve universal primary education through a rapid learning programme for children in Eastern and Darfur. It participated in the celebration of the Day of African Children in Nyala, South Africa, in 2010, to curb child recruitment and to celebrate the World Day of Child Labour in Khartoum.", "World Organization for Children: Public Charities Fund for the Development of Cultural Sports for Children and Youth", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The establishment of the Fund is aimed at launching and promoting the World People's Movement for a healthy lifestyle.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "Significant changes in the Organization", "There is no change.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "(a) The Fund proposes that the United Nations strengthen its role in the development of a global movement on healthy lifestyles and propose that the General Assembly consider the topic;", "(b) The Foundation launched, at its headquarters in New York, on 19 July 2007, a campaign on “The game of the people of the Earth” (see Journal No. 2007/138);", "(c) The Foundation negotiates with the United Nations Office for Sports for Development and Peace, New York, July 2007.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Negotiations with UNICEF on joint activities, July 2007.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Other information", "China International Exchange Association", "Special consultative status, 2003", "Introduction", "There is no change.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "There is no change.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "There is no change.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "(a) Seventh and eighth Asia-Europe Forum, held in Beijing and Brussels in October 2008 and 2010. The Association co-sponsored and presided over one of the sub-regional forums on the theme “Social and economic rights and environmental justice”. The Association was represented at the eighth Forum and made recommendations on the final outcome report;", "(b) Seventh and ninth World Social Forum, held in Kenya and Brazil in January 2007 and 2009, respectively; the Association organized relevant workshops and exhibitions of these forums.", "(c) The Global Women's Summit, held in Berlin, Hanoi and Beijing in 2007, 2008 and 2010; this Association made a thematic report on the theme “Space change through cities”;", "(d) The fourth, fifth and seventh East Asian Youth Forum, held in Seoul in August 2007, 2008 and 2010, respectively;", "(e) Annual World Conference against Atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, held in Japan from 2007 to 2010;", "(f) The World Forum for Peace, the Hong Horizon China City in July 2009; the Association co-sponsored the Forum on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and signed the Forum's outcome document “The Declaration on Peace in Long City”.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Association:", "(a) Participation in the annual meetings of the Department of Public Information/NGO held in New York, Paris, Mexico City and Melbourne, Australia;", "(b) The second and third meetings of the United Nations Non-Governmental Organizations Informal Regional Network/Asian Pacific, held in Beijing in June 2007 and April 2008; at the second meeting, statements on “Responsibility and role of non-governmental organizations in poverty reduction” and at the third meeting on “Sustainable development and green Olympics”;", "(c) Participation in the 2007 Civil Society Development Forum and the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council, sponsored by the 2007 conference of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the United Nations;", "(d) Encourage the participation of citizens in addressing social issues at the workshop of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)+3, held in Jakarta in October 2007;", "(e) Attendance at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Copenhagen in December 2009 and in Cint, in November 2010, and in cooperation with other non-governmental organizations in China.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "(a) attended the sixty-first and sixty-second World Health Assembly sessions, held in Geneva in May 2007 and 2009;", "(b) The eighth International Conference on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific, held in Colombo in 2007.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Goal 1 ( Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger). Action: In 2008 the Civil Society's contribution of $100,000 to the Sichuan earthquake victims was received from the Civil Society's “Smangger House” (Japan Caracas Foundation and Change Initiative).", "Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education. Action: In 2008 and 2009, in cooperation with the Australian Rotary Society in North China, in Chin and Nyin summer; in the establishment or rehabilitation of three schools; and in the donation of 10,000 copies.", "Goal 7 (to ensure environmental sustainability). Action: To assist the Japan Autocycling Business Association in promoting the use of autocycles; to sign two projects.", "Goal 8 (Towards a global partnership for development). Action: In cooperation with the Government of Hiroshima, five teachers were trained in the western part of China. The Secretary-General of the Association attended the United Nations Day of South-South Cooperation, held in Beijing in December 2008, and made a statement on the role played by non-governmental organizations in poverty reduction and recent achievements in China.", "Other information", "(a) The Association organizes, annually from 2007 to 2010, 20 exchanges with other countries to promote mutual understanding and promote dialogue among civilizations;", "(b) Between 2007 and 2010, the Association co-sponsored the “A comprehensive security dialogue” with the Friedrich Ebert Foundation to discuss important international issues.", "Meeting of Independent Finance Advisers", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The Independent Finance Adviser Conference was established in 2001 under a number of financial advisers initiatives aimed at protecting and defending the interests of independent financial advisers and their clients worldwide.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "With its unique position and support from over 50 partner associations or international associations worldwide, the Organization promotes the establishment of an important financial discussion platform representing over 750,000 financial advisers. The Organization represents independent financial advisers worldwide in terms of governance, norms, best practices and ethical norms in its international capacity. The Organization protects the rights of investors affected by the failure of legislators and regulators to adequately address financial risks. To that end, the Organization developed the Investment Rights Act in 2008. The present Constitution provides for the inalienable fundamental rights and principles of investors and benefits from the legal framework for the protection of their personal property and intellectual property. It seeks to respect the legislation, traditions and customs of all States that have ratified the present Constitution. This Constitution commits to respecting the fundamental rights of the human person enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. To achieve its objectives, the Conference organized an annual high-level international forum. During the reporting period, forums were held in Geneva (2007), Prague (2008), Paris (2009), Madrid (2010) and Moncalo (2011). The financial crisis, which started in 2008, led the Association to pursue its objectives more actively.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Sixth International Forum of the Conference was held in Prague in April 2008, on the theme “Financial freedom or consumer protection”. The Forum noted that sustainable development as one of the Millennium Development Goals requires a coherent financial system that is consistent and committed to good governance.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "(a) The high-level segment of 2008 of the Economic and Social Council; (b) Preparatory Committee for the twelfth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): hearings of civil society and the private sector, Geneva, March 2008; (c) UNCTAD on the financial crisis and its impact on the international financial reporting system and financial stability, Geneva, July 2009; (d) general debate on the world financial and economic crisis and its impact on development, New York, 2009; and (e) twenty-fourth to twenty-seventh sessions of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Financial Reporting Standards of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Organization has been accredited to UNCTAD since January 2008 and has cooperated with the United Nations Institute for Training and Research since March 2011. UNITAR and the Organization initiated an innovative training partnership on ethics and finance with a view to using the “ethical norm” financial sector and protecting the interests of investors after the international financial crisis.", "Other information", "The organization adopts the Investment Rights Act which stipulates the inalienable fundamental rights of investors.", "Union of Economic Justice", "Special consultative status, 1999", "Introduction", "The establishment of the Union of Economic Justice is aimed at responding to the current extremely unfair economic life structure of the Republic of Korea. The rapid development of the economy over the past 30 years has created wealth for large enterprise groups that have given special preferential treatment to the Government, increasing the per capita gross national product to over $200,000. In that process, however, fair distribution is forgotten and the environment has been severely damaged and democratic development has been postponed. Priorities for industrialization and cities have resulted in isolation and huge structural gaps in large groups and regions, and economic systems are even at risk of collapse.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "The Alliance was established in 1989 by approximately 500 social representatives such as Professor of Economics and other experts, lawyers, family women, students, youth and businessmen. Their words “to achieve economic justice through the empowerment of citizens” reflect their belief that deep-rooted economic injustice cannot be solved only by the Government but must ultimately be addressed through organized citizenship. In their view, the results of economic development should be shared by the general population and not only by a small group of “people”, who suggested a new approach to progressive but thorough reform of the economic system. They have established the Alliance as a campaign of the following characteristics: (a) The leadership of ordinary citizens; (b) the use of legitimate and non-violent methods; (c) the search for viable alternative approaches; (d) the interests of all, regardless of their economic status; and (e) efforts to overcome greed and liberalism in building a shared society.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Since its consultative status with the Council, the Alliance has taken positive steps in the international sphere. The Alliance strives to achieve international solidarity and networking networks and to act on international issues related to equitable distribution, poverty eradication and sustainable development.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The “Republic of Korea Unity Association” of this Alliance promotes the empowerment of citizens, policy research, civic communication projects and other activities aimed at building a unified Korean activity that prevails in economic justice, which is involved in the celebration of the “Global Military Expenditure Day” of 12 April 2011”, and the day of the publication of the annual new data on world military expenditures by the International Peace Institute of Stockholm. The programmes of the Association focus not only on the establishment of a unified Korea but also on “sustainable disarmament for sustainable development”.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In the Republic of Korea, the Alliance needs to face multiple social crises such as poverty, hunger, lack of education and poor health conditions, and the Alliance recognizes that these crises are not only a national problem but also an international issue, and should be addressed through international movements. Thus, since the 1990s, the Alliance has sought to cooperate with United Nations agencies on sustainable development, human rights, climate change and peace. For example, in 2009 it organized a “Beyoto” campaign against poverty. During the campaign, the Alliance cooperated with the UNESCO Korea National Commission and continued to cooperate with UNESCO to eradicate poverty since then.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Alliance launched in 2005 the Korea Network for the Elimination of Global Poverty Non-Governmental Organizations; this network is a coalition of 25 civil society organizations affiliated with the “Global Action against Poverty” campaign to work with the National Commission for UNESCO. As a representative group of the network, the Alliance seeks to keep civil society organizations in mind the importance of achieving these goals and actively encourage the Government of the Republic of Korea to assume the role of an expanding rich country with worldwide influence. The Alliance also seeks to raise public awareness and promote their participation in various activities aimed at eradicating poverty; it has organized numerous action movements and activities in the Republic of Korea to express solidarity with national non-governmental organizations.", "Social Welfare Foundation", "Special consultative status, 1999", "Introduction", "There is no change.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "There is no change.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "There is no change.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Foundation is currently supporting the following areas:", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Foundation participated in the fifteenth and sixteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development at Headquarters in New York.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "No.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Other information", "No.", "San Francisco de Paulo Women's Association", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "The San Francisco de Paul philanthropic Association is a religious organization established in Paris aimed at alleviating the suffering of the poor. Currently, the Association operates in 91 countries, 70 of which are developing countries.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "The Organization strives to respond to socio-economic, cultural and political realities across all regions and to achieve a holistic human development. It pays particular attention to those who have been forced to live in extreme poverty, especially women and children.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "No.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "Participation in the Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations (2007-2010), NGO Committee for Social Development, NGO Committee on Migration, NGO Commission on Sustainable Development (2009 and 2010), NGO Committee on HIV/AIDS, NGO Committee on Financing for Development and NGO Committee: Girls' Situation Working Group (2009-2011).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Participation in the Economic and Social Council (2007-2010):", "(a) Commission for Social Development (2007-2010)", "Oral statements:", "(b) Commission on the Status of Women (2007-2010). The organization co-sponsored and submitted written statements;", "(c) Commission on Sustainable Development (2007-2010). The organization co-sponsored two side events at its eighteenth session on “The significance of eco-civilization” and “Conference and Rights of Mother Earth”.", "(d) Financing for development-related meetings (2007-2010). The main representative made an oral statement at the informal deliberations of chapter I of the Monterrey Consensus in February 2008, and contributed to the main recommendations of civil society for the draft outcome document. She participated in the high-level meeting between the Economic and Social Council and the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and UNCTAD in March 2010;", "(e) Human Rights Council. The Organization addressed the Human Rights Council in 2008 to attend the twelfth to sixty-sixth sessions of the Human Rights Council and the sixth to eleventh sessions of the universal periodic review;", "(f) Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Members attended the Forum annually (2007-2010).", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The organization participated in the 2008 high-level meeting on HIV. Members from more than 30 countries participated in two NGO Liaison Offices, entitled “Accorration action: stories from the grass-roots level” launched by the NGO Committee for Social Development in cooperation with the NGO Liaison Office (NGO). 2009) and “Promoting social integration: voices from the grass-roots level” (2010). The findings were made available to member States and civil society before the forty-eighth and forty-ninth sessions of the Commission for Social Development.", "Consultative Committee of Jewish Organizations", "Special consultative status, 1947", "Introduction", "In 2009, the Organization strengthened its status as the main human rights organization for education in the Jewish community. It links with more previous government agencies and works with a growing number of partners to promote the rights of vulnerable people in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the world. These partners include the Ross firewood Foundation (Europe), the Shorts Public Trust, Smerel Saba Trust, Li trust, humanitarian trust and the Chamber of Commerce of Mandez.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "Initiatives and movements:", "(a) Launch a policy questioning campaign on the detention of asylum-seekers, including the indefinite detention and detention of vulnerable persons;", "(b) The launch of the campaign to promote awareness of the widespread discrimination against the Roma throughout Europe;", "(c) To launch a campaign to end slavery during the same period with more than 2011;", "(d) The development of “Hara” resources to empower supporters to participate actively in and assist the Organization's movement;", "(e) Maintain the relationship with parliamentarians and officials in the four core policy areas of the Organization in order to provide the voices of Jews on human rights issues;", "(f) To provide a one-year team of activists with a view to developing young professionals in order to exercise due diligence and knowledge-rich human rights activists. The programme organizes travel to Geneva, The Hague and France Strasbourg, during which important figures for participants in the planning of international human rights issues and opportunities for the meetings of international bodies are available;", "(g) The holding of the Human Rights Training Day and Human Rights Day, which involve different groups of Jewish and general communities, and the provision of training and education on human rights;", "(h) Develop student projects aimed at promoting the rights, respect and responsibilities of Jewish schools and a comprehensive approach to human rights and social justice education. The project is being implemented in cooperation with UNICEF.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Organization has increased its educational initiatives and has established new elements in its programmes, including the UNICEF “Option of Rights School Awards”. Recent achievements include:", "(a) Jointly launch and cooperate with the Detention Forum in order to end child detention in the United Kingdom;", "(b) To provide the Government of the United Kingdom with the views of the Jewish community on proposed human rights legislation. The opinion of the organization was welcomed by parliamentarians and played an important role in the campaign to retain the 1998 Human Rights Law;", "(c) The development of a “custodial toolkit” to promote the just treatment of asylum-seekers in the United Kingdom by providing the necessary tools to strengthen the capacity of targeted activists.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Organization participated in discussions on violations of human rights in the Sudan and publicly opposed acts of racism, discrimination and genocide in any circumstances.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The Organization made statements at various meetings, including the sessions of the Human Rights Council. For example, the fourth special session of December 2006, the fourth session of 2007 and the seventh session of 2008.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "The Organization cooperates extensively with UNICEF.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The Organization's free education initiatives, which focus on the universality of human rights, such as the right to education and the right to equality, are consistent with the objectives. It conducts a campaign against asylum-seekers in accordance with the goal of women and children's health; the aim of the campaign is to end the practice of detention of women and children in the United Kingdom by providing evidence of the adverse impact on their health and well-being. The Organization's project on rights, respect and responsibility seeks to incorporate the Convention on the Rights of the Child into the concept value system of participation in schools, thereby supporting the human rights of children in close association with several goals.", "Dignity International", "Special consultative status, 2007", "Introduction", "Dignity International will bring together human rights, development and opposition communities that bring lasting social change.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "Strengthening the capacity of marginalized and vulnerable social groups to recognize and advocate for the human rights of a dignified life, thus bringing about lasting social change.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "The Organization succeeded in helping people defend their rights, in particular their economic, social and cultural rights, and called on States to respect them. The participatory and democratic processes that originate from demand-based participation and democracy at the grass-roots level ensure that real concerns are discussed so that the Government takes further action to promote public interest. One example is the struggle on land rights in India, where the Minister for Rural Development of India announced the establishment of a National Land Reform Commission to proceed with the implementation of a land reform policy.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The Organization aims to ensure that grass-roots democracy and inclusive participation in United Nations mechanisms are more in-depth knowledge of the principles of the United Nations, in particular the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and thus the Organization's contribution to the work of the Organization in all areas. This is achieved primarily through the Organization's global links and learning programmes on human rights-based development, with particular attention to the Convention. The programme was implemented in Malaysia (December 2007), Brazil (2008), the Netherlands (2009) and Malaysia (2010).", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Geneva, November 2008; Durban Review Conference, Geneva, April 2009; Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Geneva, October 2010.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In 2007, the Organization, in collaboration with the Jakimmu Trust and the young people of India, presented a joint paper at the OHCHR civil society consultation on proposed international law, highlighting that combating extreme poverty was an obligation of all countries.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "Dignity International has generally integrated its objectives into various global, regional and national annual training programmes. A comprehensive component of the objectives is included in the module entitled “Human rights-based development: linkages with human rights standards”. Because the Organization's grass-roots members are directly affected by these eight objectives, different members mainstream different objectives in accordance with their respective priorities.", "Other information", "In addition to active United Nations presentations and advocacy, the Organization engages with regional human rights networks at the civil society and national levels, including:", "(a) ASEAN: actively involved in the establishment of the Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights;", "(b) Forum of Civil Society in West Africa: active engagement with its members, building regional solidarity among civil society organizations in West Africa to promote human rights (2010);", "(c) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): South Alliance regional linkages and learning programmes on human rights-based development, April and May 2008;", "(d) European Union: Organization's network of partners actively engages with European Union authorities on poverty eradication in Europe (2007 and 2008);", "(e) World Social Forum: organization of seminars on human rights and economic, social and cultural rights (Kenya, Kenya, 2009, Brazil).", "International Association of Persons with Disabilities", "Special consultative status, 1983", "Introduction", "The International Association of Persons with Disabilities is a global network of different groups of persons with disabilities, including 134 organizations of persons with disabilities.", "Purposes and purposes of the organization", "As a grass-roots organization, the International Association of Persons with Disabilities believes that persons with disabilities should be directly involved in dialogue and decision-making processes affecting their lives.", "Significant changes in the Organization", "There is no change.", "Contribution to the work of the United Nations", "The main focus of the organization is human rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; respect for diversity; poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. It has developed several tools to monitor the signature, ratification and implementation of the Convention, including a timetable for a major event, a guidance for the Convention workshop and a needs assessment form. It has strengthened global recognition of women with disabilities through collaboration with the International Women's Forum Centre, which has focused on interviews with representatives of the Organization in its two newsletters. It submitted to OHCHR a paper entitled “Recommendations on the rules of procedure of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, which was posted on the OHCHR internal website. The organization, in collaboration with WHO, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the International Institute for the Rehabilitation of Arts and Correctional Society, published a book entitled “Guide for the provision of mobile wheelchairs in a resource-poor environment”. The World Bank incorporates the Organization's materials into its Disability Knowledge Network Toolkit to United Nations agencies and the public. The partnership with the World Summit allowed a number of Governments to integrate the issue of persons with disabilities into their reports to the Human Rights Council as part of the universal periodic review.", "Participation in United Nations meetings", "The organization participates in a collective lobbying effort organized by the World Association of Minors and the International Disability Association to increase the focus of the Executive Committee of the Office on Refugees on the issue of persons with disabilities. As a result, UNHCR agreed to focus its planning for 2011 on persons with disabilities. The Organization participates in a thematic initiative entitled “The right of persons with disabilities to education: towards inclusion”, organized by the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, the third session of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and UNESCO.", "Cooperation with United Nations bodies", "In January 2010, the Organization helped to plan and support a seminar on the monitoring of the rights of persons with disabilities initiated by OHCHR and the International Disability Alliance. In December 2007, it assisted in a symposium in the Philippines, where more than 130 participants discussed the issue of ensuring that the Convention strengthens the rights of children and youth with disabilities. The symposium was attended by representatives from the United States, the World Bank, the World Summit and national human rights institutions. The United Nations Population Fund held a two-day meeting with the Organization to discuss sexual and reproductive health issues and a briefing on sexual and reproductive health. At its seventh annual World Congress, the Organization held a special side event on the rights of HIV/AIDS, maternal health and persons with disabilities to access sexual and reproductive health services. The Organization also signed an agreement with the Global Alliance for Information and Communications Technology and Development to ensure the availability and relevance of global information and communications technology.", "Initiatives undertaken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals", "The International Association of Persons with Disabilities celebrated the International Day of Disabled Persons in 2010 under the theme “Implementing the promises: integrating persons with disabilities into the Millennium Development Goals for 2015 and beyond”, which was aimed at highlighting the importance of including the rights of persons with disabilities in the context of the shortcomings raised by civil society forums held during the third meeting of States parties to the Convention." ]

[ "2011年8月2日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨以安全理事会主席的身份，向你转交2011年7月22日安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组主席根据工作组2011年6月22日通过的结论(S/AC.51/ 2011/5)发来的信函(见附件)。", "安全理事会", "主席", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)", "附件", "在其2011年5月2日第30次会议上，儿童与武装冲突问题工作组审议了秘书长关于中非共和国境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2011/241)。报告所述期间为2008年12月至2010年12月。在2011年6月22日举行的第31次会议上，工作组通过了关于中非共和国儿童与武装冲突问题的结论(S/AC.51/2011/5)。", "为了落实得到安全理事会核准、但需服从并符合可适用的国际法和安全理事会相关决议，包括安理会第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议的工作组的建议，我授权以工作组主席的身份请你并通过联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处(中非建和办)和联合国国家工作队，加强负责监测和报告侵犯人权和虐待儿童的机制。主要通过以下方式：监测和报告工作队定期举行会议，促进加强信息网络，以确保履行向安理会报告的义务。在这种情况下，我想强调指出，加强监测和报告机制对确保采取充分后续行动执行秘书长的建议十分必要。秘书长建议根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号和第1882(2009)号决议，为在中非共和国的儿童与武装冲突问题工作组机制和结论提供充足的资源和人力。工作组希望请你敦促监测和报告工作队，加强监测和报告活动，视需要调配资源，确保有足够的人力完成这项工作。", "工作组希望指出，政府与中非共和国巩固和平特派团(中非巩固和平特派团)支持中非武装部队努力保护平民，恢复对受冲突影响地区的控制，认为这是保护儿童的一个重大步骤。工作组希望强调国际社会支持政府努力使其防卫和安全部队专业化，包括其监督机制。工作组鼓励中非巩固和平特派团、中非建和办和相关儿童保护机构，在由国家推动的安全部门改革的整体背景下，就中非执法和武装部队人员的培训和能力建设开展进一步的协作。", "工作组还注意到复兴共和与民主军释放儿童而且复兴共和与民主军试图与联合国制定一项行动计划；请联合国国家工作队继续努力同复兴共和与民主军一道制订和落实一项行动计划，防止进一步招募和使用儿童，以期将复兴共和与民主军从秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告附件中除名。", "工作组呼吁联合国各机构、基金和方案支持中非共和国政府为曾与武装部队和团体有关联的儿童制订和实施长期重新融入社会方案，同时考虑到中非共和国政府已认可的《巴黎原则》，以确保中非共和国的儿童与武装团体永远分离。", "最后，工作组欢迎建设和平基金为儿童重新融入社会划拨专款。", "安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组", "主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 2 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "In my capacity as President of the Security Council, I am forwarding to you a letter, dated 22 July 2011, from the Chair of the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict, based on the Working Group’s conclusions adopted on 22 June 2011 (S/AC.51/2011/5) (see annex).", "(Signed) Hardeep Singh Puri President of the Security Council", "Annex", "At its 30th meeting, on 2 May 2011, the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict examined the second report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (S/2011/241), covering the period from December 2008 to December 2010. At its 31st meeting, on 22 June 2011, the Working Group adopted its conclusions on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (S/AC.51/2011/5).", "In follow-up to the recommendations of the Working Group, approved by the Security Council, and subject to and consistent with applicable international law and the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, including Council resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), I am entrusted, in my capacity as Chair of the Working Group, to request you, through the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) and the United Nations country team, to strengthen the monitoring and reporting mechanism on violations and abuses against children through regular meetings of the Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting and to promote the strengthening of information networks in order to ensure the fulfilment of reporting obligations to the Council. In this context, I would like to emphasize that a strengthened monitoring and reporting mechanism is necessary to ensure adequate follow-up to the implementation of the Secretary-General’s recommendation that sufficient resources and capacity be dedicated to the mechanism and the conclusions of the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Central African Republic, in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) and 1882 (2009). The Working Group would therefore like to request that you urge the Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting to strengthen its monitoring and reporting activities and to deploy resources and ensure sufficient capacity for this purpose, as necessary.", "The Working Group wishes to note that the collaboration between the Government and the Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in the Central African Republic (MICOPAX) in support of the effort of the Forces armées centrafricaines to protect civilians and regain control over conflict-affected areas is an important step towards protecting children and wishes to underline the concomitant need for the international community to support the Government in its efforts to professionalize and strengthen its defence and security forces, including its oversight mechanisms. The Working Group would like to encourage further collaboration between MICOPAX, BINUCA and relevant child protection actors on the training and capacity-building of Central African law enforcement and armed forces personnel, in the context of a holistic, nationally driven approach to security sector reform.", "The Working Group further notes the release of children from the ranks of the Armée populaire pour la restauration de la république de la démocratie (APRD), and the latter’s attempts to conclude an action plan with the United Nations, and requests that the United Nations country team renew its efforts to develop and implement an action plan with APRD to prevent the further recruitment and use of children with a view to de-listing APRD from the annexes to the annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict.", "The Working Group wishes to call upon United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to support the Government of the Central African Republic in the development and implementation of long-term reintegration programmes for children formerly associated with armed forces and groups, taking into account the Paris Principles, which have been endorsed by the Government of the Central African Republic, in order to ensure that the separation of children from armed groups is maintained in the Central African Republic.", "Lastly, the Working Group wishes to welcome the specific allocation of funds from the Peacebuilding Fund for child reintegration.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig Chair Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict" ]

[ "Letter dated 2 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "In my capacity as President of the Security Council, I have the honour to transmit to you a letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict, pursuant to the conclusions adopted by the Working Group on 22 June 2011 (S/AC.51/2011/5) (see annex).", "Security Council", "Chair", "Permanent Representative", "Annex", "At its 30th meeting, on 2 May 2011, the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict considered the report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (Speak 241). The reporting period was from December 2008 to December 2010. At its 31st meeting, on 22 June 2011, the Working Group adopted conclusions on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (S/AC.51 (2009)5).", "In order to follow up on the recommendations of the Working Group, endorsed by the Security Council, subject to and in compliance with applicable international law and relevant Security Council resolutions, including Council resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), I authorize you, in my capacity as Chairman of the Working Group, and through the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BONUCA) and the United Nations country team, to strengthen mechanisms for monitoring and reporting on human rights violations and child abuse. Mainly, the Monitoring and Reporting Task Force meets regularly to promote the strengthening of information networks to ensure compliance with its reporting obligations to the Council. In that context, I would like to emphasize that strengthening the monitoring and reporting mechanism is necessary to ensure that the Secretary-General's recommendations are fully followed up. The Secretary-General recommends that, in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) and 1882 (2009), adequate resources and human resources be provided to the mechanisms and conclusions of the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Central African Republic. The Working Group wishes to invite you to urge the Monitoring and Reporting Task Force to strengthen monitoring and reporting activities, to align resources, as necessary, to ensure that sufficient human resources are put in place.", "The Working Group wishes to point out that the Government and the Central African Republic Peace consolidation mission (BONUCA) support the efforts of the Central African Armed Forces to protect civilians and restore control over conflict-affected areas as a major step towards the protection of children. The Working Group wishes to highlight the international community's support for the Government's efforts to professionalize its defence and security forces, including its oversight mechanisms. The Working Group encouraged the consolidation of peace in Central Africa, BONUCA and relevant child protection agencies to further collaborate on training and capacity-building for law enforcement and armed forces personnel in Central Africa in the overall context of national-driven security sector reform.", "The Working Group also took note of the efforts made by APRD to release children and to reactivate APRD with the United Nations to develop a plan of action; requested the United Nations country team to continue its efforts to develop and implement a plan of action with APRD to prevent further recruitment and use of children, with a view to removing APRD from the annexes of the Secretary-General's annual report on children and armed conflict.", "The Working Group called upon United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to support the Government of the Central African Republic in the development and implementation of long-term reintegration programmes for children formerly associated with armed forces and groups, taking into account the Paris Principles endorsed by the Government of the Central African Republic, in order to ensure that children in the Central African Republic are permanently separated from armed groups.", "Finally, the Working Group welcomes the allocation of funds from the Peacebuilding Fund for the reintegration of children.", "Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict", "Chair", "Permanent Representative" ]

[ "秘书长关于中国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到中国常驻联合国代表2011年1月27日的信，内称已任命吴伟先生、田林先生和陆海天先生为中国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，该信构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of China on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 27 January 2011 from the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations stating that Mr. Wu Wei, Mr. Tian Lin and Mr. Lu Haitian have been appointed alternate representatives of China on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the credentials of the alternate representative of China on the Security Council", "In accordance with rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 27 January 2011 from the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations stating that Mr. Yukio, Mr. Terin and Mr. Land Cassation have been appointed alternate representatives of China on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, the letter constitutes the appropriate provisional credentials." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目24(b)", "发展方面的业务活动：南南合作促进发展", "^(*) A/66/150。", "南南合作情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告突出强调南南互动不断变化的性质，及其对整个全球南部发展机遇所生的影响。本报告是应大会第64/221号决议的要求提交的。大会在该决议中请秘书长就南南合作的情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告。本报告涵盖2008-2009年经济危机发生后的2009年至2011年期间。本报告提出的数据显示，南方的经济变得更加坚韧，由于南方接受了更深入和更制度化的整合，导致更加强劲有力的经济、政治和社会交往。联系加强引起了向南南合作和三角合作提供多边支助的更强烈需求，发达国家和发展中国家都提出了这样的要求，这就需要进一步的协调，以及更加深入和更具针对性的金融资源。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是应大会第64/221号决议的要求编写的，报告扼要说明和分析了2009年到2011年年中这段时间南南合作的趋势和重大发展。", "2. 在本报告所述期间，巴西、中国、印度和南非等国以新的经济增长地域领头羊的姿态出现，它们在面对2008-2009年经济危机时表现出卓越的韧性，就足以证明这一点。经济学家指出，新兴经济体不仅已成为全球经济增长和复苏的领头羊，它们也改善了较贫穷国家的经济命运。在很大程度上，这要归功于这些国家对商品和劳务不断增加的需求，从而导致当前南南贸易与投资暴增的现象。[1]", "3. 最近几年来，在南南合作和三角合作领域，各种利益攸关者之间的关系加深。而不论是在全球、区域间、区域或国家范围，各国政府都在试图巩固合作的法律基础，而在发展中国家和发达国家，包括当地利益攸关方之间，多边机构继续发挥中介作用。", "4. 尽管许多新兴经济体取得惊人进展，过去几十年来，人们同时看到两种现象，一方面，随着新兴经济体赶上发达国家，导致经济发展逐渐趋近，另一方面，经济两极化，陷入底层、数以十亿计的贫民越来越落后。就全球情况而言，大多数贫民都住在南方中等收入国家内，2008年的经济衰退对这些国家打击最大，使得它们在面对粮食价格上涨、失业膨胀、医疗保健供应不足以及气候变化所引起的社会和环境影响等问题时，处境更为脆弱。[2]", "5. 此外，最近几年，由于新兴经济体在协助其他发展中国家方面发挥了越来越重要的作用，提供援助的透明度和问责制引起了更多关注。同时，南方各国发展不均突出显示，有必要采取措施，纠正目前不对称的贸易和投资格局。", "6. 尽管存在这些挑战，一种支持南南合作和三角合作的全球共识已经出现，国家、非国家行为者以及区域和国际组织都再次作出承诺，利用正在出现的种种机会，实现各项国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。已建立新的伙伴关系和制定出创新的融资和支援机制，以便解决全球、区域和地方各级形形色色的社会和经济挑战。在发展中国家更多参与的情况下，联合国和其他多边组织也促成了更具包容性的伙伴关系和对话，现在还阐明了指导南南合作的各项原则。", "7. 本报告是根据下列文件提供的资料编写的：联合国最近的报告、其他多边和非政府组织的报告、联合检查组最近对联合国支助南南合作现况进行的一次审查[3] 以及其他的调查和研究，目的是综述南南合作问题和趋势的概况。本报告举出一些例子说明审查期间的南南互动情况，但绝不表示内容是详尽无遗的。", "二. 南南合作和三角合作现况", "A. 增强经济韧性", "8. 2009年到2011年期间，南南关系的特点是：经济增长以及贸易和投资数额增高，伴随着不平等和一体化的程度加剧，对南南合作和三角合作倡议的需求不断增长。南南互动导致国际关系的结构深刻变化，并已开始产生成熟的发展影响，南方各国在全球经济中构成一股强有力的力量。", "9. 截至2008年为止，发展中国家在全球贸易中约占37%的份额，而在全球增长中几乎占四分之三，南南之间的流通量约达总额的一半。¹ 经济学家预测，到2030年，南南合作将成为增长的主要发动机之一，占世界国内生产总值的57%。平均而言，发展中国家间交往增长率估计数已从2009年的1.2%增加到2010年的5.2%。2011年，发展中国家的国内生产总值预期还将进一步增高，达到5.8%。¹", "10. 随着新的增长点出现，发展中国家之间的经济联系业已加强。1990年至2008年，世界贸易扩大四倍，而在同一期间，南南贸易数额比其初始水平增加了超过20倍。印度现在是撒哈拉以南非洲的主要贸易伙伴，成为至少三分之一非洲国家的五大商品来源之一，2010年，从非洲进口总值高达207亿美元的货物和商品，向非洲的出口总值103亿美元。巴西每年同非洲的贸易额，已从2000年的31亿美元增加到2008年的260亿美元。¹ 中国把通过增加贸易、投资和制造协定同其他发展中国家建立紧密联系定为一项优先事务。从而导致经济合作和发展组织(经合组织)在2010年报告说，中国的增长率每增加1个百分点，就会导致低收入国家的增长率增加0.2%。¹", "11. 在同一期间，发展中经济体吸引到越来越多的私人投资和资本：私人资本流通净额已从2008年的1 100亿美元增加到2009年的3 860亿美元左右，据估计，此一流通量在2010年已跃升至6 590亿美元。发展中国家间的官方发展援助也大幅增高，从2006年的95-121亿美元增加到2008年的120-139亿美元。[4]", "12. 全球南方各国之间特别是通过加强经济和政治联系，加紧一体化的努力是本报告审查期间出现的另一特点。人们看到，机构和合作结构的建立和正规化。从非洲到亚洲再到拉丁美洲，南方各国之间再度作出努力，从事危机管理和汇集资源促进发展。例子有：西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)和非洲联盟在科特迪瓦进行的活动；海湾合作委员会在也门发挥的作用；以及南方银行的创立，这间银行是阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔、巴拉圭、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国2009年在加拉加斯举行的第二届非洲-南美洲首脑会议上创立的一家多国货币基金和信贷组织。", "13. 由于种种因素，包括经济衰退、发展中国家经济表现的韧性和人们日益确认南方内部的机会，对南南合作和三角合作的需求增高也带动了合作努力。2009年，经合组织成员国内生产总值大幅度下降，增长率下跌3.3%，同时专门用于向联合国提供经济援助的捐款减少和流入发展中国家的资本净额显著下降，同时全球汇款数额减少了7.3至10.1%。³ 这些因素合并在一起，就把关于国际合作促进发展的辩论引到新方向，超越了传统的对外援助计划，偏向采用辅助方法交付援助，其中包括南南合作和三角合作。结果是，八国集团、经合组织、欧洲联盟、联合国各实体和世界银行都采取了具体步骤，加入组成南南和三角伙伴关系的发展中国家，推动深入的政策对话与合作，以促进更有效率和成本效益更高的援助布局。[5]", "14. 诸如气候变化、粮食安全、能源价格上涨和疾病增多之类的全球因素也显示，有必要加强南南和三角努力。目前的估计显示，到2050年，在干旱地区，水资源将会减少10到30%，对用水和粮食供应构成威胁。这一情景，加上全世界可用的耕地日益减少，导致发展中国家之间引起争议的土地交易，以及南方各国之间加紧谈判和互动，为2012年6月将在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展会议进行筹备。发展中国家正试图特别是通过多边援助，包括通过联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)粮食安全特别方案，在这些领域向有需要的国家提供援助。", "15. 尽管全球南部各国大部分继续在技术合作的框架内推进南南合作，这段期间，通过国家对洲际战略进行互动日益正规化和某些较大新兴国家，包括巴西、中国和印度的发展援助战略日益清晰，都是驱动南南交流需求增加的因素。[6] 在本报告所述期间，南南发展援助和传统官方发展援助之间的区别日益明显。新出现的一项显著区别表明，提供援助的全球南方国家往往采用多管齐下的发展战略，把贸易、投资和援助结合在一起，经常用在促进建设生产能力的基础设施项目。这种援助包括：优惠贷款、赠款、信贷额度和技术援助，以及通过多边机构提供的支援。关于南南合作的联合国高级别会议所通过的内罗毕成果文件[7] 也澄清了南南援助和传统援助之间的区别。这份文件确认和重新肯定下列指导原则：尊重国家主权、国家所有权和独立、平等、不附带条件，不干涉内政和互惠。", "B. 区域一体化进一步深化", "16. 在发展中国家之间合作领域扩大之际，特别在区域内，合作也不断深化。在本报告审查期间，许多区域合作组织致力在全球南部扩大贸易、投资和金融的框架和领域，这样做又导致各方致力加强这些组织本身的体制能力。除了经济合作之外，又进行了更密切的政治合作，包括加强集体安全安排和建立促进知识和经验分享的信息系统。同时，新的行动者出现，各区域银行和新兴经济体的进出口银行在为南南倡议融资方面承担了更大的作用。", "17. 为扩大非洲经济空间而作的努力采取了各种形式，包括：促成更高度的货币一体化，西非经共体和东非共同体就是例子；以及建立自由贸易区，范围涵盖东部和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体各国，合并在一起计算，拥有将近6亿人口，国内生产总值总共将近1万亿美元，占非洲联盟人口的57%。", "18. 亚洲正作出安排来扩大自由贸易，例子是：东南亚国家联盟(东盟)和亚洲-太平洋经济合作组织致力协调监管改革、联通性、竞争政策、中小企业的发展、区域内的灾害管理和粮食安全。通过东盟-中国自由贸易区2010年1月正规化和2015年以前建立亚洲经济共同体、2020年以前建立东盟自由贸易区以及孟加拉湾多部门技术和经济合作倡议七个成员国建立自由贸易区等行动，进一步推进区域经济一体化的工作也在进行之中。[8]", "19. 各区域集团也加强了政治联系，例子是：西非经共体设立了共同体法院和通过联合武装部队加强安全的努力。另一个例子是，共同体成员致力在2015年以前实现全面政治联盟。此外，2009年至2011年期间，各区域组织越来越频繁地通过政治或军事方式干预国内冲突，例如在巴林，科特迪瓦，洪都拉斯，阿拉伯利比亚民众国，苏丹、南苏丹和也门等国家进行的干预。[9]", "20. 对区域举措日益增加的需求鼓励区域合作组织加强其体制安排。在非洲，这是主要的优先事项，特别是非洲联盟带头发起的非洲发展新伙伴关系。后者最近已成为一个十足的机构，致力通过区域和多边各级重要的伙伴关系，加速能力建设和可持续发展。2011年，伙伴关系发动了《非洲促进发展成效纲领》，动员决策人员、从业人员和范围广泛的各种利益攸关者，旨在实现可持续发展，通过现有的网络和实践社区，利用同行学习和分享知识和经验，在该区域推进能力发展、援助成效与南南合作。[10] 同样地，斯里兰卡、印度、印度尼西亚和南亚区域合作联盟灾害管理中心提供技术援助，根据其他亚洲国家的经验，通过利用灾害信息管理系统“DesInventar”，将国际认可的方法经调整后适用于斯里兰卡环境。斯里兰卡正利用该系统保存过去30年来所发生灾害的历史记录。", "21. 本报告审查期间，在包括拉丁美洲和加勒比区域各国之间，也加强了区域间合作机制。伊比利亚-美洲国家组织由拉丁美洲、加勒比和欧洲24个西班牙或葡萄牙语国家组成。该组织也加紧努力通过2010年1月开始作业的伊比利亚-美洲方案，促进其成员国之间的南南合作和三角合作。该方案把工作重点放在：建立和加强信息系统，以便查明良好做法和制作数据和统计记录，在该区域的南南合作和三角合作领域，汇集更多有关问责制的信息。", "22. 过去两年来，各区域发展银行扩大参与也是南南合作发展的一部分，它们尤其是支助区域能力建设努力和加强区域间和区域各级的公私伙伴关系。亚洲开发银行、欧洲复兴开发银行和伊斯兰开发银行都大力主张，在诸如信息和通讯技术、复健和教育及专业机构等领域，在包括撒哈拉以南非洲和中亚在内的若干区域，建立范围广泛的各种伙伴关系和推行各种项目。亚洲开发银行和非洲开发银行两个机构都在其各自地区推广贸易，所用的方法包括：由亚洲开发银行向各公司直接融资28亿美元，和由非洲开发银行向商业银行和金融机构提供规模越达10亿美元的支助。此外，在这段时间，非洲开发银行还在非洲各地支助若干基础设施方案。", "23. 除了各区域开发银行之外，无论是在区域内或区域间，新兴经济体的银行在南南发展方面也发挥了日益重要的作用，巴西、中国和印度就是例子。中国进出口银行就为厄瓜多尔境内最大的三个水坝提供建设融资。2011年，印度向非洲各国提供了50亿美元的信贷额度，同时勾销了估计2 400万美元的债务，作为重债穷国倡议的一部分。[11] 巴西也通过其国家经济和社会发展银行为该国的许多基础设施项目融资，特别是在开采矿物燃料、技术基础设施和水坝等领域。此外，如上所述，2009年，七个拉丁美洲国家签署了具有历史意义的南方银行章程，由阿根廷、巴西和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国提供初始资金40亿美元。", "24. 总体而言，南南合作和三角合作的特色是：扩大针对的重点和深化互动，特别是加强制度化的区域合作努力，所有这些行动都有助于创造条件，促进更加强劲和有意义的双边、区域和全球合作。", "C. 发展中国家间更强劲的互动", "25. 在本报告审查期间，除了上文提到的贸易和投资增加之外，发展中国家间在下列方面的双边合作也见加强：发展融资、分享知识和经验，结成网络、体制建设和合作安排的正规化。", "26. 关于发展融资，近年来，南南发展援助的速度显著加快。同样值得一提的是，南方慈善组织，包括基金会、信托基金和由捐赠基金、富裕个人和公司资助的民间社会组织发挥了越来越大的作用。经济和社会事务部2010年的报告称，在全球南部，以优惠贷款和赠款形式提供的发展援助，数额急剧升高，从2006年的86亿美元增加到2008年的153亿美元。报告指出，中国、沙特阿拉伯和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国是发展援助的最大提供者，继之以阿拉伯机构和印度。2008年，在这种发展合作中，前三个最大提供者约占总额的75%。[12]", "27. 有人发现，在提供财政援助时，这种援助举措往往以区域或次区域的邻邦为对象，以便加强政治联系、贸易和投资，而由于地理位置接近，管理起来一般更加方便。[13] 为南南合作融资的墨西哥-智利联合合作基金就是此一趋势的例子。还应指出，区域间融资安排也在增多。举例来说，中国和印度都制定了着重向非洲提供援助的合作方案。中国通过中非合作论坛，印度则通过印度技术和经济合作方案以及英联邦援助非洲特别方案提供援助。[14] 此外，2009年11月创立的南方银行正致力推动南南发展融资，这是南方中心2000年制定的目标。", "28. 分享知识和经验仍然是南南技术合作交流的一项主要优先工作。举例来说，中国和印度为此目的加强了同撒哈拉以南非洲各国的双边联系。中国同其他发展中国家一起建立了南南合作网络，以促进信息分享、联合研究、技术交流和在下列应用技术领域的公私伙伴关系：发展微型水电站、沼气和太阳能能源。印度的泛非洲电子网络项目，通过印度和非洲联盟成员国之间进行的远程会议和远程会诊传送医疗信息。发展中国家，包括巴西，智利，中国，埃及，萨尔瓦多，印度，印度尼西亚，马来西亚，新加坡，泰国，突尼斯和土耳其也都参与了在各种不同部门向全球南部其他成员的公民提供培训机会的活动。印度一直通过每年在下列领域向来自其他发展中国家的大约5 000名专业人员提供培训，积极分享在软件技术方面的专门知识：信息和通讯技术、电信、中小型企业、农村发展和可再生能源。在宣扬南南合作方面发挥领导作用的卡塔尔则在石油和天然气部门活动，汇集来自非洲、亚洲、中东和拉丁美洲42个国家，以及来自国际组织的代表，在碳氢化合物的有效管理领域，分享和交流经验。", "29. 体制建设成为南南倡议的另一项重点。巴西、印度和土耳其都对南方各国之间的体制建设作出了显著贡献。巴西合作署会同若干国家机构，包括巴西农业研究公司，介绍国际发展活动，以便实施农业和粮食安全领域的结构影响项目。巴西还支助马里的“棉花-4-项目”，旨在提高该国所生产棉花的产量和质量。巴西还在塞内加尔支助塞内加尔农业研究所的努力，以便利用研究公司的技术专门知识提高稻米生产的质量和竞争力。印度通过印度-非洲论坛首脑会议，为设立下列机构提供支助：在乌干达设立印度-非洲外贸研究所；在加纳设立印度-非洲信息技术研究所；在博茨瓦纳设立印度-非洲钻石研究所；和在布隆迪设立印度-非洲教育、规划和行政管理研究所。土耳其国际发展与合作署将遍布整个中亚、高加索、巴尔干、中东各地和最近在沙拉以南非洲设立的方案协调办事处数量增加到26处，旨在推进下列工作：体制发展、能力建设、人力资源发展、教育、卫生系统、文化方案、农业带动经济、保护环境和传播信息。", "30. 过去五年，发展中国家间加紧缔结正式协定的趋势已经抬头。区域一体化计划以及国家对洲际和洲际对洲际的论坛数量日益增多就证明了这一点。中国、埃及、印度、南非、土耳其和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国就是通过这些途径同非洲各国交往的。2009年，在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国举行的第二次非洲-南美洲首脑会议上，来自非洲和南美洲的代表团奠定了经济合作的基础，并发布一项协议，包括对贸易、安全、能源和采矿等部门加强南南合作作出承诺。", "31. 由于全球南部各国现在处于更有利的地位，可以通过专业、受高度监管的体制性机制，把它们在特定发展部门的专门知识同其他发展中国家共享，剩下的挑战就是，如何加强真正的伙伴关系，和减少议价方面力量的不对称，后者往往使得南南关系中力量较弱的各方获利较少。", "D. 更加强劲有力的三角伙伴", "32. 2009年至2011年期间，人们看到，整个南部各地都在建立更加强劲有力的体制机制，来推动伙伴关系、分享知识和技术以及同行学习。各种利益攸关方日益采取南南和三角方式来确保包容性和援助交付的成效，并补充南北合作的不足。", "33. 发达国家认识到南南合作日益切合需要，也向南南合作和三角合作提供更多支持。举例来说，2010年，20国集团发表了关于发展的多年行动计划，强调南南合作和三角合作是分享信息和调动国内资源，促进可持续发展的重要创新工具。[15] 2011年6月，20国集团发表了关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划，其中确认非洲联盟的一项决定：在非洲发展新伙伴关系的主持下，设立一个发展机构，来改善非洲农民获得农业投入的能力，和促进公平、互利的农业贸易协定，以期改善非洲各国的耕作能力。[16] 经合组织发展援助委员会也对南南合作和三角合作产生浓厚兴趣，这可以从委员会南南合作问题工作队的工作看出来。工作队2010年3月在波哥大组织了关于南南合作和能力发展的高级别活动，以便为2011年晚期将在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助成效高级别论坛进行筹备。", "34. 鉴于对起源于发展中国家和发达国家的三角伙伴关系，兴趣和需求都日益高涨，传统捐助机构日益采用三角合作方式，通过创新的联合筹资方案，来提高发展项目的影响。在日本国际协力事业团和联合国开发计划署(开发署)南南合作特设局支助下，对捐助者、关键国家和受援国意见进行的一项研究显示，国际机构和全球北部的多边组织是在效益和诱因的驱动下采用三角方式的。", "35. 一般而言，这项研究显示，在三角互动的范畴内，问责制和透明度都有较大的发展。在诸如技术能力发展、加强政策和体制框架和在国际合作领域获得诀窍之类的领域，关键国家看重捐助方和国际组织的支持，后者能提高它们的信用和声誉。此外，受益国指出有一个中介机构的好处：促进同关键国分享信息和结为伙伴；增加关键国所提供合作的可靠性；和把这种合作扩大应用，包括由捐助方提供设施和设备。捐助方和国际组织则指出，利用发展中国家本身的经验和诀窍，以及在三角安排内对关键国提供更多协助的种种好处。这项研究还强调，交易费用较高和政策协调方面的摩擦都构成挑战，但同时指出，接受调查的各方大多认为，三角合作利多于弊。[17]", "36. 通过三角合作活动获得最多支助的领域包括：有效管理南南合作的能力发展；分享知识和信息；和南南方案的实施。", "37. 就能力发展而言，努力集中于向南方的发展合作机构提供支助，以制定良好做法。伊比利亚-美洲总秘书处在其2010年关于南南合作的报告中，分析了从2009年拉丁美洲三角合作项目获得的数据。报告显示，所有合作项目中，大约有一半集中于两个方面：经济活动(30%)和社会活动(22%)，另有一半集中于下列领域：公营机构和民间社会的体制能力建设以及环境。[18] 政府能力建设是开发署在阿富汗执行的项目。这个正在执行的项目由美利坚合众国主办，目的是促进民主化的警务政策，工作涉及：通过同尼泊尔同行的互动，向阿富汗警官提供培训课程，内容侧重社区警务活动，特别是针对如何预防和应对基于性别的暴力行为。诸如日本国际协力事业团之类的传统捐助方着重下列问题：同非洲稻米发展联盟合作，促进粮食安全和社会保障方面的能力发展、向东盟/劳工组织-日本工业关系项目提供支助和设立一间区域中心，通过利用南南分享，交流最佳做法，推动向残疾人赋权。", "38. 德国国际合作署特别积极参与分享信息以促进发展的活动。它支持关于分享墨西哥政府在环境管理和固体废物处理方面所获经验的项目。这个项目用来培训多米尼加共和国、危地马拉，萨尔瓦多，厄瓜多尔等国的环境工作者，从而导致建立了拉丁美洲固体废物门户网站GIRESOL网络，以促进该区域分享关于废物综合管理的信息和资源。¹⁸ 西班牙国际发展合作署在其三角合作领域，也将分享知识列为优先事务。它还为捐助者之间的政府间对话与合作提供便利，包括2010年3月在马德里举行的关于欧洲联盟在提高援助成效的背景下进行三角合作的会议。", "39. 不论是通过为三角合作创设共同合作基金，例如由西班牙会同智利和阿根廷设立的基金和德国会同智利发起的基金，或者是通过执行技术援助项目，例如由德国国际合作署和日本国际协力事业团之类的伙伴支助的项目，项目执行仍然是捐助国的首要重点。作为这个领域的领袖，日本国际协力事业团于2010年利用设在日本境内和海外的15间办事处，通过大约1 300项方案，协助世界各地估计多达12 000名参与者，内容多种多样，从预防灾害支助和保健培训到贸易和投资便利化都有。[19]", "E. 联合国系统扩大提供支助", "40. 在本报告审查期间，会员国一贯表现出它们对南南倡议的坚定承诺，并向联合国发展系统指出明确方向，以便有效启动和支助南南合作。依照上一个两年期的趋势和相应会员国的指示，联合国发展系统已扩大努力，通过下列方式提高和加强南南合作：将南南合作进一步纳入本组织政策框架的主流、促使南南合作成为长期和中期规划工具的一项优先重点；采用更加一致和协调的方法，包括联合编制方案；设立由南方国家领导的英才中心并使其正规化，以便促进分享知识和交流解决方案；和为南南合作开展创新的资源调集努力。", "41. 在同一期间，会员国确认它们对南南合作的承诺，并通过主要的政府间机构向多边进程提供更多指示。值得注意的是，77国集团和中国通过在几乎每一个联合国主要会议上带头开展关于这项问题的辩论，继续为南南合作提供政治指导，同时在大会和经济及社会理事会内强调，联合国亟需为2008年发动的《南方发展纲领》中所列举的这种合作提供必要支助，和在2009年和2010年部长宣言中强调的南南合作广泛原则。2010年，77国集团和中国也表现出强有力的领导，支持关于生物多样性促进发展的南南合作多年行动计划的拟订和批准。此外，在联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)主持下，关于发展中国家间全球贸易优惠制度协定的第三回合谈判于2010年12月在巴西圣保罗结束。这是另一个例子，表现出77国集团和中国对在其成员国之间推展贸易的坚定承诺。联合国会员国2009年12月在内罗毕举行南南合作高级别会议，再次明确表示它们对采取南南办法解决发展问题的承诺。这次会议通过的“内罗毕成果文件”随后于2009年12月21日经大会第64/222号决议核可。该文件为南南合作提供一套明确的原则和广泛的目标，以及列出需要国际社会，特别是联合国发展系统提供支助的优先问题和领域。", "42. 就通过政策框架和规划工具将南南合作主流化而言，秘书长政策委员会2008年的决定呼吁，联合国发展系统各实体采取具体措施，加强对南南合作的支持，并敦促高级官员在政府间论坛上强调联合国对南南合作的坚定承诺，以之作为实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标的关键工具。经济及社会理事会在其2008年实质性会议上，会同联合国各区域委员会执行秘书召开一次会议，强调这些组织作为“南南合作支柱”的重要性。此外，内罗毕成果文件吁请联合国各基金、规划署和专门机构采取具体措施，将支持南南合作和三角合作的工作纳入主流，并鼓励各区域委员会、英才中心以及区域和次区域经济集团彼此间建立更紧密的联系。[20]", "43. 由于采用了上述政策框架和指令，联合国系统有更多成员研订了纳入了南南合作的规划工具。此一日益明显的现象体现于：联合国系统各实体最近编写的15份年度报告和17份中期计划都将南南合作和三角合作纳入内容。³ 开发署在其2008-2012年战略计划中强调，在实施国家和区域方案时，南南合作应成为促进发展成效的主要办法之一。此外，联合检查组最近的报告³ 指出，共同系统的大多数组织都制定了方案或项目，在总部、区域和/或国家各级支持南南合作，这些组织包括：粮农组织、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、世界贸易中心(贸易中心)、贸发会议、开发署、联合国教育、科学和文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、世界粮食计划署、泛美卫生组织、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)。在其他组织内，南南合作成为技术合作经常方案的一部分，这种情况出现在下列组织：国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、国际民用航空组织(民航组织)、国际海事组织(海事组织)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和世界气象组织(气象组织)。¹⁸", "44. 除了个别机构、基金和方案制定其本身关于南南合作的政策和程序之外，联合国系统整体还致力加强对发展问题采用综合办法，以便纳入南南合作方法。这体现在：为编制共同国家评估和联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)程序的联合国国家工作队制定的联合国准则已纳入南南合作，目的是将南南合作纳入区域和国家两级的方案。虽然目前只有17个国家的援助框架明确提到南南合作，但在开发署南南合作特设局的率先领导之下，目前正在为联合国系统支援南南合作的业务准则进行机构间努力，这是南南合作高级别委员会所规定的任务。", "45. 在本报告审查期间，联合国系统各机构、基金、方案和其他实体同南南发展合作的主要提供者建立了越来越多的战略伙伴关系，并将南方领导的英才中心和网络正规化，以便利南南分享知识和发展办法。开发署同巴西、中国和土耳其建立了战略伙伴关系和作出类似的安排。劳工组织倡导体面工作，并在巴西政府的支持下，致力在非洲葡萄牙语国家、南方共同市场成员国和在印度-巴西-南非对话论坛内，分享有关下列问题的信息和最佳做法：童工、青年就业、教育和医疗和职业培训。[21]", "46. 关于支援南方领导的英才中心，开发署试行了南南合作交流机制，以便能有系统地记录和分享环境和可持续发展领域关于南南项目和举措中成功案例的研究。下列组织作出了类似的努力：教科文组织在吉隆坡设立科学、技术和创新南南合作国际中心；贸发会议经营英才中心网，通过培训科学家和技术专家，支助向非洲转让技术和知识；工发组织在北京设立了南南合作中心。[22] 在第三世界科学院的协调下，教科文组织科学、技术和创新南南合作国际中心目前正在设立一个最佳做法交流中心。[23] 在本报告审查期间，由开发署南南合作特设局经营的网上服务平台——发展信息网启用，使得联合国系统内外内外30个实体能够建立和管理其专家名册。截至2011年为止，该网站刊载了69份名册。", "47. 2009年至2011年期间，此一领域内的机构间协调与合作已大为改善。这体现在：依照会员国的呼吁，南南合作特设局经常加强各联络中心的机构间交流。已召开了两次这样的机构间交流，以便审查联合国系统为执行会员国在内罗毕成果文件内制定的目标而采取的行动，和分享目前在南南合作方面的做法。此外，南南合作特设局通过其三合一多边支助架构(由全球南南发展研究所、全球南南发展博览会和南南全球技术产权交易所组成)，使得数量庞大的联合国组织、基金和方案，包括各区域委员会，能记录、传播和扩大应用它们的南南举措。举例来说，在这段期间，全球南南发展研究所在亚洲-太平洋区域试办以公民为基础的南南发展学院。每年举办的全球南南发展博览会(2009年由世界银行主办，2010年由劳工组织主办)汇集了20多个联合国组织和机构以及100多个其他伙伴实体，展示和交流成功的发展办法，同时提供一个机会，使联合国系统各实体发展合作主管能够聚会和讨论南南合作和三角合作问题。南南全球技术产权交易所建立了一个交易平台，其中包括中小企业领域的1 710个项目，283次配对和79项商业交易。在环境与能源交易领域的各种交易也列在本系统内，全球保健领域的名单也将在现期内张贴。", "48. 除了强调分享知识之外，联合国系统还强调，需要采用创新的融资机制来管理南南和三角伙伴关系。这方面的例子包括：在中国的支助下，粮农组织新近为南南合作设立一个3 000万美元的信托基金，以便协助选定的非洲国家；印度-巴西-南非减少贫穷和饥饿融资机制；和教科文组织南南合作基金，以便支持其促进教育的南南合作方案。该方案的工作重点是：在南南合作和三角合作的基础上，通过交流经验、知识和良好做法，实现“普及教育”的目标和其他千年发展目标。另一个例子是：大韩民国同南南合作特设局共同作出的五年期战略性三角合作安排，旨在便利南南和三角分享下列领域的知识：教育、科学和技术、可再生能源和资源管理、能力建设和可持续人类发展，以便在亚洲-太平洋区域实现千年发展目标。", "三. 剩余的挑战、机遇和建议", "A. 挑战和机遇", "49. 《促进和实施发展中国家间技术合作的布宜诺斯艾利斯行动计划》通过后的30年期间，发展中国家取得了重大进展。这段期间也形成了一个支持南南合作和三角合作的强大的全球共识，内容包括：特别在77国集团和中国以及20国集团的领导下，同时向发展中国家和发达国家提供战略支助。然而，尽管南南互动促成全球许多地方的经济增长大幅度加快，但在南方各国之间和国内，不平等现象都在加剧。", "50. 全球南方各地工业化和生产能力不平衡，对各国在2015年以前实现千年发展目标的努力产生了影响。目前的数据显示，有相当一些国家未能赶上实现目标的日程，同时也有许多国家虽取得了重大进展，但仍陷于贫困。最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家继续落后，1970年以来只有三个国家脱离最不发达国家行列而升极。这项事实强调，如同2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议的呼吁，最不发达国家需要更加有效的生产能力发展战略。[24] 在这方面，也值得注意的是，非洲问题特别顾问办公室2010年关于“非洲与新兴发展新伙伴合作：非洲发展的备选办法”的报告中列出的各项建议。该报告敦促非洲各国制定集体战略，以便在同新兴经济互动时加强其发言权，以确保取得各方互惠互利的成果。¹¹", "51. 在南方各国内，特别是新兴经济体之间，国内的不平等程度对发展构成重大挑战。最近的研究显示，世界上贫困人口的72%，即9.6亿人，住在中等收入国家，而只有四分之一，大约3.7亿人住在低收入国家。² 要求更多公民自由以及平等分配经济增长的利益，激发了公民抗议。2010年年底一直到2011年，“阿拉伯之春”爆发，抗议浪潮迅速从突尼斯向外蔓延。", "52. 南南交流继续增加，预示着国际关系的重大变革。无论是在区域还是全球范围，南方力量崛起对国际谈判和多边确定优先顺序都产生了重大影响，各种形式的南南干预也不断增加，从技术交流一直到经济一体化加深，以及日益走向政治一体化和合作解决冲突。这一全球性转变应当带来真正的发展红利，因为它所根据的计划和行动是：利用北方流入的援助、贸易和投资，辅之以南方领导的类似发展努力，足以有效减少贫穷。", "53. 南南合作的记录显示，就传统的发展战略以及跨国机遇和挑战的管理而言，它是很有价值的补充。形形色色的利益攸关者在许多部门广泛采纳了南南合作和三角合作模式，人们认识到这一类发展合作的效率，特别是其包容性和有效性。由于这种合作一般偏重大规模干预，以改善生产能力，如果同传统形式的发展援助协力并行，就能发挥比较优势。近年来，后者往往侧重人道主义和社会干预。这种相辅相成的关系提供了一个独特的机会，就正在出现的发展架构进行对话：如何借鉴传统援助方式和全球南部伙伴在提供援助方面持续行之有效的方式，最有效地利用传统和南南两种形式的援助。", "54. 随着需求增加，对南南合作和三角合作的多边支持也相应增多。在各种不同行动者和不同融资方式之间如何进行协调的挑战仍然存在。联合国系统各组织偏向较长期性的倡议，并战略性地纳入南南合作方法，这种趋势是各专门项目呈现的可喜变化，但由于整个系统的计划，项目和方案形形色色，利用更加强力有效的协调实体和机制，进一步确保成本效益和预防工作重复，将可以收到效益。此外，加紧利用联合拟订方案、机构间协调和多边融资机制，将可汇集更多资源，有利于扩大应用成功的举措，集体调集南方的人力、财力和其他资源，以便加速努力，实现各项国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。然而，无论是在增拨资金还是资源分配方面，除非针对多国项目和方案的金融需求得到满足，多边支助将不足以实现上述目标。", "B. 建议", "55. 为了维持当前的势头和扩大南南合作和三角合作的影响和贡献，促进更加包容、平等和可持续的人类发展，国际发展社会必须继续设法把全球南部面对的挑战化为机遇，以期在2015年以前实现千年发展目标所定的各项目标和在2015年以后实现其他国际商定的发展目标。", "56. 随着多边信息系统进一步加强对南南合作和三角合作的支助，会员国在发展合作，包括南南合作和三角合作方面，发挥领导作用仍然是至关重要的。不论其发展水平或经济规模，每一个发展中国家都可以根据内罗毕成果文件所载的广泛原则和目标作出一些贡献。合在一起，在诸如粮食安全、气候变化和人体免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合症研究等领域，全球南方拥有丰富的信息和数据，有效地分享知识系统，行之有效的发展政策选择，经过考验的机制能力建设方案和廉宜适用的技术。这些知识可在整个南方各地更加广泛地共享、复制和扩大应用。", "57. 为了更好地满足会员国的发展需要和优先事项，多边体系需要进一步澄清业务定义和有意义的绩效指标，使它能在双边、区域、区域间和全球各级衡量南南合作和三角合作的规模和影响。此外，内罗毕成果文件鼓励所有联合国组织、基金、方案和区域委员会在各机构各自的职权范围领域，协助发展中国家加强或设立英才中心，和扩大发挥开发署南南合作特设局各项服务的作用，包括通过由全球南南发展研究所、全球南南发展博览会和南南全球技术产权交易所组成的多边南南支助构架。在致力协助发展中国家更有系统地收集、整合和分析关于国家、区域和区域间南南倡议的信息时，联合国发展系统拥有比较优势。联合国系统已作出承诺，在这个领域改善其工作。", "58. 联合国系统还需要继续改善其支助南南合作和三角合作的总体一致性和协调。这应当通过利用创新的联合方案、多国举措、加强多边融资和协调机制和实体来完成。联合国系统各成员不能再自行其是地独立推行自己本身的南南合作和三角合作支助活动，而应当相互合作、加强协调和补充各自的努力。", "59. 为了扩大传播良好做法和行之有效的发展办法，和为了扩大应用成功的方案来提高总的成效，促进更加包容和可持续的发展，联合国系统向南南合作提供财政支助仍然是绝对必要的。尽管在双边和区域层次进行的南南合作仍然是互助和学习的主要论坛和渠道，持续不断的全球挑战，包括粮食和能源缺乏保障、气候变化和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等问题，需要加强多边办法，包括通过联合国系统。在这方面，应当回顾，大会在其第60/212号决议中制定联合国南南合作基金作为主要的多边筹资机制，供会员国汇集资源捐款，以支助这类倡议。", "60. 除了进行南南合作和三角合作的传统行动者之外，对包容性的可持续发展战略而言，会员国和多边体系、全球南部的私营部门和民间社会也是至关重要的。因此，会员国和多边体系都应当让社会的私营部门和民间部门在发展方面发挥作用，补充公共政策的不足，从而确保社会每一个部门的力量都能加以利用，在整个南部实现更加全面的发展成就。", "61. 为了使私营部门持续有效地投资、创造就业机会和减少贫穷，各国政府亟需加强南南合作，并着重通过提供各种公共物品，包括运行正常的物质、监管和法律基础设施，在本国内外创造有利的环境。民间社会组织扩大参与也将丰富南南合作，因为它们同样关注社会和环境需要，以及两性平等和公民自由。", "[1] 见经济合作与发展组织，《2010年全球发展的观点：转移财富》，2010年6月。", "[2] 见Ravi Kanbur and Andy Sumner,“穷国或穷人？发展援助和全球贫困的新地理“(见http://kanbur.dyson.cornell.edu/papers/KanburSumnerPoorCountriesOrPoorPeople.pdf)。", "[3] 见JIU/REP/2011/3(http://www.unjiu.org)。", "[4] 见欧洲联盟，关于在危机时期推动发展合作和实现千年发展目标的会议，马德里，2010年6月9至10日。", "[5] 举例来说，哥斯达黎加外交部长在2011年欧洲议会关于包容性所有权和南南合作如何加强欧盟提供的发展援助这项问题的高级别会议上确认，南南合作可以更加高效和有效地确定和实施解决办法。从而提高成本效益，促进适当的技术转让和确保地方所有权，领导和能力建设。", "[6] 关于中国的援外白皮书，可参阅http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/ 21/c_13839683.htm;关于印度非洲战略的讨论，请参阅Naidu，Sanusha，“印度日益加强的非洲战略”，《非洲政治经济评论》，第35卷第115号；关于巴西政策的更多资料;见http://www.economist.com/node/16592455和联合国经济和社会事务的报告，《为实现千年发展目标开展发展合作：尽可能扩大成果》(ST/ESA/326)。", "[7] 第64/222号决议，附件，第11和第18条。", "[8] 见http://www.bimstec.org/about_bimstec.html。", "[9] 见巴林干预(http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/14/141445.html)：也门干预(http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Protests-in-Yemen-Amid-Regional-Efforts-to-Mediate-119565559.html)；象牙海岸干预(http://news.xinhuanet.com/english 2010/world/2010-12/25/c_13663784.htm）和阿拉伯利比亚民众国干预(http://allafrica. com/view/group/main/main/id/00012794 .html)。", "[10] http://www.africa-platform.org。", "[11] 见非洲问题特别顾问办公室，《非洲同新的新兴伙伴合作：非洲发展的备选办法》，纽约，2010年(见http://www.un.org/Africa/osaa/reports/emerging_economies_2009,pdf)。", "[12] 关于南南发展援助最近趋势的更详尽讨论，见经济和社会事务部，《为实现千年发展目标开展发展合作：尽量扩大成果》，2010年(ST/ESA/326)；和Park，Kang-Ho，“新的发展伙伴和全球发展伙伴关系”2010年，载在《发展的催化剂：援助的新视野》，Homi Kharas，Kiji Makino和Woojin Jung编，布鲁金斯学会出版社，2011年，华盛顿特区。", "[13] 见ST/ESA/326。", "[14] 中非合作论坛设立了中非发展基金，以支持中国企业在非洲的投资，2007年至2009年提供了30亿美元的优惠贷款和20亿美元的贸易信贷。2010年，中国利用为基础设施项目融资交换获取自然资源，它同非洲的双边贸易额达1 269亿美元。印度已协助156个发展中国家，自1964年成立以来提供了超过200亿美元的技术援助。", "[15] 首尔首脑会议宣言(见http://www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/seoulsummit_annexes.pdf)。", "[16] 见http://www.nepad.org/ceo039s-office/news/2337/aunepad-declaration-about-g20-action- plan-food-price-volatility-and-agricul。", "[17] 见联合国开发计划署，南南合作特设局“加强南南合作和三角合作：在南南合作和三角合作的政策，机构和操作方面，对当前形势和现有良好做法的研究”，2009年。(见http://ssc.undp. org)。", "[18] 伊比利亚-美洲总秘书处，《2010年关于伊比利亚-美洲地区内南南合作的报告》，2010年11月(见。www.segib.org)。", "[19] 见http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2011/20110426_01.html。", "[20] 第64/222号决议，附件，第21(a)和(f)段。", "[21] 见http://www.ibsa.trilateral.org。", "[22] 见http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=4915；和“忽视南南合作和三角合作”(草稿)，2011年3月。", "[23] 除了注重能力建设和交流最佳做法，该中心进行研究和处理发展中国家在科学，技术和创新决策方面的具体问题(见http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/centre-for- south-south-cooperation/)。", "[24] 见A/66/134。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 24 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Operational activities for development: South-South cooperation for development", "The state of South-South cooperation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report highlights the changing nature of South-South interactions and how they have impacted development opportunities across the global South. The report is submitted in response to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/221, that the Secretary-General prepare a comprehensive report on the state of South-South cooperation for submission at its sixty-sixth session. Covering the period from 2009 to 2011, in the wake of the 2008-2009 economic crisis, the report presents data showing a more resilient South, which has embraced deeper and more institutionalized integration, resulting in more robust economic, political and social interactions. These increased connections have led to stronger demand for multilateral support to South-South and triangular cooperation, called for both by developed and developing countries, which require further coordination as well as deeper and more targeted financial resources.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, which was prepared in response to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/221, provides an overview and analysis of the trends and significant developments in South-South cooperation during the period from 2009 to mid-2011.", "2. During the period under review, countries such as Brazil, China, India and South Africa have emerged as the leaders of a new geography of growth, as evidenced by their remarkable resilience in the face of the 2008-2009 economic crisis. Economists have noted that these emerging economies have not only become the lead drivers of global economic growth and recovery, they have also improved the economic fortunes of poorer countries owing, in large part, to the rising demand from those countries for goods and services, which accounts for the current surge in South-South trade and investment.[1]", "3. In recent years there has been a marked deepening of relations among various stakeholders in the area of South-South and triangular cooperation. Whether on a global, interregional, regional or national scale, Governments have sought to consolidate the legal foundations of cooperation while multilateral bodies have continued to play a brokering role between developing and developed countries, including local stakeholders.", "4. In spite of the remarkable progress of many emerging economies, the past several decades have witnessed both economic convergence, as emerging economies catch up with the developed world, and economic divergence in the case of the bottom billion, who are falling further behind. Worldwide, the majority of the poor are found within the middle-income countries of the South that have been hit hard by the 2008 economic recession, which has increased their vulnerability to rising food prices, growing unemployment, inadequate access to health care and the social and environmental effects of climate change.[2]", "5. In addition, concerns about transparency and accountability in the delivery of assistance have arisen in recent years as emerging economies have undertaken more significant roles in assisting other developing countries. At the same time, uneven development among countries of the South has highlighted the need for measures to correct ongoing asymmetric trade and investment patterns.", "6. Despite such challenges, a global consensus has emerged in support of South-South and triangular cooperation, with renewed commitments on the part of States, non-State actors and regional and international organizations to harness emerging opportunities to meet the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. New partnerships, innovative funding and support mechanisms have been established to address a range of social and economic challenges at the global, regional and local levels. The United Nations and other multilateral organizations have also spurred more inclusive partnerships and dialogue, with the increased participation of developing countries, and have now articulated principles to guide South-South cooperation.", "7. The report has been prepared based on information contained in recent United Nations reports, in the reports of other multilateral and non-governmental organizations, a recent review of United Nations support to South-South cooperation carried out by the Joint Inspection Unit[3] and other research and studies in order to provide a broad overview of South-South issues and trends. The report presents illustrative rather than exhaustive examples of South-South interactions during the period under review.", "II. The state of South-South and triangular cooperation", "A. Enhanced economic resilience", "8. Between 2009 and 2011, South-South relations were characterized by an increase in economic growth and in levels of trade and investment, along with growing levels of inequality and integration, and a rising demand for both South-South and triangular cooperation initiatives. South-South interactions are leading to deep changes in the fabric of international relations and have begun to yield a proven development impact, with countries of the South now constituting a powerful force in the global economy.", "9. As of 2008, developing countries accounted for around 37 per cent of global trade and nearly three quarters of global growth, with South-South flows making up about half of that total.¹ Economists have predicted that by 2030 South-South cooperation will be one of the main engines of growth, accounting for 57 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). On average, growth rates among developing countries rose from an estimated 1.2 per cent in 2009 to 5.2 per cent in 2010. The GDP of developing countries is expected to increase further, to 5.8 per cent, in 2011.¹", "10. Economic ties between developing countries have strengthened as new centres of growth have emerged. Between 1990 and 2008, world trade expanded fourfold, while South-South trade multiplied by more than 20 times its initial levels over the same period of time. India is now a key trading partner for sub-Saharan Africa, serving as one of the top five sources of goods for at least one third of African countries, importing $20.7 billion worth of goods and commodities and exporting $10.3 billion to Africa in 2010. Brazil’s yearly trade with Africa increased from $3.1 billion in 2000 to $26 billion in 2008.¹ China has made it a priority to establish close ties with other developing countries through increased trade, investment and manufacturing agreements, which led the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to report, in 2010, that a 1 percentage point increase in China’s growth rate is estimated to result in a 0.2 percentage increase in the growth rates of low-income countries.¹", "11. During the same time period, developing economies have increasingly attracted private investment and capital: net private capital flows increased from $110 billion in 2008 to about $386 billion in 2009, and such flows are estimated to have jumped to $659 billion in 2010. Official development assistance (ODA) levels among developing countries have also increased significantly, from $9.5 to 12.1 billion in 2006 to $12 to 13.9 billion in 2008.[4]", "12. The period under review has been characterized by increasing efforts towards integration among the countries of the global South, specifically through increased economic and political ties, as witnessed by the creation and formalization of institutions and cooperation structures. From Africa to Asia and to Latin America, there is a renewed impetus among the countries of the South to engage in crisis management and the pooling of resources for development, as illustrated by: the activities of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union in Côte d’Ivoire; the role played by the Gulf Cooperation Council in Yemen; and the creation of the Bank of the South (Banco del Sur), a multi-country monetary fund and lending organization founded by Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Caracas in 2009.", "13. As a result of a number of factors, including the economic recession, the demonstrated resilience of developing countries and the increased recognition of the opportunities within the South, rising demand for South-South and triangular cooperation has also advanced cooperative efforts. In 2009, members of OECD experienced significant declines in total GDP and a 3.3 per cent drop in growth levels, while donations of earmarked funding for emergency assistance to the United Nations declined and net capital flows to developing countries dropped significantly, as did global remittance levels, lowering by 7.3 to 10.1 per cent.³ Those factors combined to drive the debate on international cooperation for development beyond traditional foreign aid programmes towards complementary methods of delivering assistance, including South-South and triangular cooperation. As a result, the Group of Eight (G8), OECD, the European Union, United Nations entities and the World Bank have all undertaken concrete steps to join developing countries in South-South and triangular partnerships and to promote in-depth policy dialogue and collaboration for the more efficient and cost-effective allocation of assistance.[5]", "14. Global factors such as climate change, food security, climbing energy prices and disease also pointed towards the need for increased South-South and triangular efforts. Current estimates show that by 2050 water resources will have diminished by 10 to 30 per cent in dry regions, posing a threat both to water and food supplies. This scenario, combined with diminishing viable farmland worldwide, has led to controversial land deals between developing countries as well as increased negotiations and interactions among the countries of the South in preparation for the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Brazil in June 2012. Developing countries are seeking to provide assistance to countries in need in these areas, in particular through multilateral assistance, including through the Special Programme for Food Security and of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "15. Although the majority of countries of the global South continued to employ South-South cooperation in the framework of technical cooperation, the increasing formalization of interactions through country-to-continent strategies and the clarification of development assistance strategies of some of the larger emerging countries, including Brazil, China and India, were driven by the increasing demand for South-South exchanges during the period.[6] Distinctions between South-South development assistance and traditional ODA also became clearer over the course of the reporting period. One emerging notable distinction revealed that countries of the global South providing assistance tended to use a multi-pronged development strategy, incorporating trade, investment and aid, which was often used for infrastructure projects or for building productive capacities. Such assistance included concessional loans, grants, lines of credit and technical assistance, as well as support channelled through multilateral institutions. Distinctions between South-South and traditional assistance were also clarified in the Nairobi outcome document of the High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation,[7] in which the guiding principles of respect for national sovereignty, national ownership and independence, equality, non-conditionality, non-interference in domestic affairs and mutual benefit were recognized and reaffirmed.", "B. Further deepening of regional integration", "16. While areas of cooperation among developing countries have broadened, they have also deepened, particularly within regions. During the period under review, numerous regional cooperation organizations have worked to expand frameworks and fields for trade, investment and finance within the global South, which, in turn, has led to efforts to enhance the institutional strength of the organizations themselves. Apart from economic cooperation, there has been closer political cooperation, including strengthened collective security arrangements and information systems for knowledge and experience sharing. New actors have also appeared on the scene, as regional banks and the import and export banks of emerging economies have assumed a bigger role in financing South-South initiatives.", "17. Efforts to expand economic space in Africa range from steps to create greater monetary integration, as seen in ECOWAS and the East African Community, to the establishment of free trade areas covering countries in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community, which, together, represent a combined population of nearly 600 million people, a total GDP of approximately $1 trillion and 57 per cent of the total population of the States themselves of the African Union.", "18. In Asia, arrangements have advanced to expand and ease free trade, as evidenced by the efforts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation organization to coordinate regulatory reform, connectivity, competitive policies, the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises, disaster management and food security in the region. Work is also progressing on furthering regional economic integration through the formalization of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area in January 2010 and the establishment of an Asian economic community by 2015, an ASEAN Free Trade Area by 2020 and a free trade area among the seven members of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi‑Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.[8]", "19. Regional groupings have also increased their political linkages, as illustrated by the establishment of a community court of justice by ECOWAS, including efforts to strengthen its security arm through its Allied Armed Forces. Another example is the effort of the members of the East African Community to achieve full political federation by 2015. In addition, over the period from 2009 to 2011, regional organizations have increasingly been intervening in domestic conflicts, either politically or militarily, in countries such as Bahrain, Côte d’Ivoire, Honduras, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Sudan, South Sudan and Yemen.[9]", "20. The increasing demand for regional initiatives has encouraged regional cooperation organizations to strengthen their institutional arrangements. This has been a major priority in Africa in particular, where the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, spearheaded by the African Union, has recently become a full-fledged agency working to accelerate capacity-building and sustainable development through key partnerships at the regional and multilateral levels. In 2011, the Partnership launched the Africa Platform for Development Effectiveness to mobilize policymakers, practitioners and a wide range of stakeholders, with the aim of achieving sustainable development, using peer learning and sharing of knowledge and experience through existing networks and communities of practice, and promoting capacity development, aid effectiveness and South-South Cooperation in the region.[10] In a similar vein, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and the Disaster Management Centre of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) have provided technical assistance in order to adapt internationally accepted methodologies to the Sri Lankan context, based on the experiences of other Asian countries, through the use of “DesInventar”, a disaster information management system. The system is being used to maintain historical records of disaster occurrences in Sri Lanka over the past 30 years.", "21. Interregional mechanisms have also been strengthened during the period under review, including among the countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region. The Organization of Ibero-American States, which consists of 24 Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe, has stepped up efforts to promote South-South and triangular cooperation between its member States through its Ibero-American Programme to Strengthen South-South Cooperation, which became operational in January 2010. The focus of the programme is the development and enhancement of information systems in order to identify good practices and generate data and statistical records to generate greater information about and accountability in the area of South-South and triangular cooperation in the region.", "22. Increased involvement of the regional development banks has also been a part of South-South cooperation over the past two years, in particular in their support for regional capacity-building efforts and for the strengthening of public-private partnerships at the interregional and regional levels. The Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Islamic Development Bank have all promoted wide-ranging partnerships and projects in areas such as information and communications technology, health rehabilitation and educational and professional institutions in a number of regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. Both the Asian Development Bank and the African Development Bank were instrumental in promoting trade in their respective continents, through the provision of $2.8 billion in direct financing for firms by the Asian Development Bank, and through support to commercial banks and financial institutions on the scale of $1 billion by the African Development Bank. In addition, the African Development Bank has financed a number of infrastructure programmes throughout the continent during this period.", "23. Apart from the regional development banks, banks in emerging economies are also playing a greater role in South-South development, both regionally and interregionally, as in the case of Brazil, China and India. The Export-Import Bank of China has financed the construction of three of the biggest hydroelectric dams in Ecuador. In 2011, India extended a $5 billion credit line to countries in Africa while also writing off debt estimated at $24 million as part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC).[11] Brazil, through its National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES), has also funded numerous infrastructure projects in the country, particularly in the areas of fossil fuel extraction, transportation infrastructure and hydroelectric dams. In addition, in 2009, as noted above, seven Latin American countries signed the historic charter of the Bank of the South, with initial contributions of $4 billion from Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).", "24. Overall, South-South and triangular cooperation has been characterized by a widening of focus and a deepening of interactions, particularly with the increased institutionalization of regional cooperation efforts, all of which serve to create the conditions for more robust and meaningful bilateral, regional and global cooperation.", "C. More robust interactions among developing countries", "25. During the reporting period, in addition to the increase in trade and investment noted above, there was also intensified bilateral cooperation among developing countries in terms of financing for development, knowledge and experience sharing, networking, institution building and the formalization of cooperative arrangements.", "26. In regard to financing for development, the speed at which South-South development assistance has been rising in recent years is significant. Equally notable is the growing role of philanthropic organizations in the South, including foundations, trust funds and civil society organizations funded by endowments, as well as by wealthy individuals and corporations. In 2010, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat reported that development assistance in the global South, in the form of concessional loans and grants had risen rapidly in recent years, from $8.6 billion in 2006 to $15.3 billion in 2008. The report noted that the largest providers of development assistance were China, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), followed by Arab agencies and India, with the top three providers accounting for 75 per cent of all such development cooperation in 2008.[12]", "27. In providing financial assistance, it was found that such assistance initiatives tend to target regional or subregional neighbours in order to strengthen political ties, trade and investment and that they are generally more convenient in terms of management, given the geographical proximity.[13] One example of this trend is the Mexico-Chile Joint Cooperation Fund to Finance South-South Cooperation. It should be noted that interregional funding arrangements are also on the rise. Both China and India, for example, have developed cooperation programmes focused on providing aid to Africa, China through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and India through its Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme and the Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa Programme.[14] In addition, the Bank of the South, set up in November 2009, is working to promote South-South development financing, a goal set by the South Centre in 2000.", "28. Knowledge and experience sharing continue to be a major priority in South-South technical cooperation exchanges. China and India, for example, have stepped up bilateral links with countries in sub-Saharan Africa for this purpose. The South-South Cooperation Network was established by China to facilitate the sharing of information, joint research, technical exchanges and public-private partnerships in the area of applied technologies in the development of microhydropower, biogas and solar energy with other developing countries. India’s Pan-Africa e-network project facilitates the transfer of medical information through teleconferences and teleconsultations between India and the countries members of the African Union. Developing countries, including Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Malaysia Singapore, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey, have also been involved in providing training opportunities for citizens of other members of the global South in a variety of sectors. India has been active in sharing its expertise in software technology by providing annual training sessions for about 5,000 professionals from other developing countries in areas such as: information and communications technology, telecommunications, small and medium-sized enterprises, rural development and renewable energy. Qatar, which has taken a leading role in promoting South-South cooperation in the oil and gas sectors, has brought together representatives of 42 countries from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, as well as from international organizations, to share and exchange experiences in the field of effective hydrocarbon management.", "29. Institution-building has become another focus of South-South initiatives. Brazil, India and Turkey have all made notable contributions to institution-building among the countries of the South. The Brazilian Cooperation Agency has been coordinating international development activities with a number of national institutions, including the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, in order to implement structural impact projects in the areas of agriculture and food security. Brazil has also supported the “cotton-4-project” in Mali, which aims to increase the production and raise the quality of the cotton produced in that country, while in Senegal, it is supporting the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute in its efforts to increase the quality and the competitiveness of rice production using the technical expertise of the Research Corporation. Through the India-Africa Forum Summit, India has supported the establishment of: the India-Africa Institute of Foreign Trade in Uganda; the India-Africa Institute of Information Technology in Ghana; the India-Africa Diamond Institute in Botswana; and the India-Africa Institute of Education, Planning and Administration in Burundi. The Turkish International Development and Cooperation Agency has increased the number of its programme coordination offices to 26 in 23 developing countries across Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Middle East and, recently, in sub-Saharan Africa, aiming to advance institutional development, capacity-building, the development of human resources, education, health systems, cultural programmes, agriculture-driven economies, preservation of the environment and dissemination of information.", "30. Within the past five years, the trend of increasingly formalized agreements among developing countries has been gaining ground. This is evident in the number of regional integration schemes and country-to-continent and continent-to-continent forums that China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) have engaged in with African countries. At the second Africa-South America Summit, held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in 2009, delegations from both continents established a basis for economic cooperation and issued an agreement that included commitments to the strengthening of South-South cooperation in the trade, security, energy and mining sectors.", "31. Since countries of the global South are now in an improved position to share their expertise in specific development sectors with other developing countries through professional, highly regularized institutional mechanisms, the remaining challenge is to strengthen genuine partnerships and reduce bargaining power asymmetries that tend to lower benefits for the weaker parties in South-South relations.", "D. Stronger triangular partnerships", "32. The period from 2009 to 2011 has seen the establishment of stronger institutional mechanisms for promoting partnerships, knowledge and technology sharing and peer-learning throughout the South. Increasingly, South-South and triangular modalities have been adopted by a variety of stakeholders to ensure inclusivity and effectiveness in the delivery of assistance and to complement North-South cooperation.", "33. In recognition of the increased relevance of South-South development, developed countries have marshalled greater support for South-South and triangular cooperation. In 2010, for example, the Group of Twenty (G20) issued its multi-year action plan on development, highlighting South-South and triangular cooperation as important and innovative tools for information sharing and domestic resource mobilization for sustainable development.[15] In June 2011 the G20 issued an action plan on food price volatility and agriculture, in which it recognized the decision of the African Union to set up a development agency under the auspices of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development to improve access for African farmers to farming inputs and to promote equitable, mutually beneficial agricultural trade agreements, as well as to improve the farming capacities of African countries.[16] The OECD Development Assistance Committee has also taken keen interest in South-South and triangular cooperation, as seen in the work of its task team on South-South cooperation and its organization, in March 2010, of the High-level Event on South-South Cooperation and Capacity Development in Bogotá, held in preparation for the Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, which will take place in Busan, Republic of Korea, in late 2011.", "34. With increasing interest in and demand for triangular partnerships originating from both developing and developed countries, traditional donor agencies are increasingly adopting the triangular cooperation modality to increase the impact of development projects through innovative joint-funding programmes. A study conducted with the support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which covers the views of donors and of pivotal and recipient countries, reveals the benefits and incentives driving the adoption of triangular methodologies by international development agencies and multilateral organizations of the global North.", "35. In general, the study revealed a greater degree of accountability and transparency within triangular interactions. Pivotal countries prized the support of donors and international organizations in fields such as technical capacity development, strengthening of policy and institutional frameworks and the acquisition of know-how in the arena of international cooperation, which enhances their credibility and reputation. In addition, beneficiary countries noted the advantage of having an intermediary to facilitate information sharing and partnering with pivotal countries; the increased credibility of the cooperation extended by pivotal countries; and the scaling-up of such cooperation, including the provision of facilities and equipment by donors. Donors and international organizations noted the advantages of using the experience and know-how of the developing countries themselves as well as the increase in assistance to pivotal countries within triangular arrangements. The study also highlighted the challenges of higher transaction costs and tensions over policy coordination, while noting that most parties surveyed felt that the benefits accrued from triangular cooperation outweighed the drawbacks.[17]", "36. The areas receiving the most support through triangular cooperation activities include: capacity development for the effective management of South-South cooperation; knowledge and information sharing; and the implementation of South-South programmes.", "37. In terms of capacity development, efforts have focused on providing support to development cooperation agencies of the South in the establishment of good practices. In the 2010 report of the Ibero-American General Secretariat on South-South cooperation, analysis of data from 2009 triangular cooperation projects in Latin America revealed that roughly half of all cooperation projects were focused on economic (30 per cent) and social activities (22 per cent) and the other half were concentrated in the area of institutional capacity-building for public institutions and civil society, and on the environment.[18] Government capacity-building is the basis of a UNDP project in Afghanistan sponsored by the United States of America, which seeks to promote democratic policing policies. The project, which is ongoing, has involved a training session for Afghan police officers through interactions with their counterparts in Nepal, focusing on community policing activities, dealing, in particular, with the prevention of and response to gender-based violence. Traditional donors, such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency, have focused on issues such as capacity development in food security and social protection, collaborating with the Coalition for African Rice Development and providing support for the ASEAN/ILO-Japan industrial relations project and for the establishment of a regional centre promoting the empowerment of persons with disabilities through the use of South-South sharing to exchange best practices.", "38. The German Agency for International Cooperation has been particularly involved in information sharing for development. It has supported the project on the sharing of lessons learned in environmental management and solid waste practices by the Government of Mexico, which has been used to train environmental workers in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and Guatemala, and has led to the creation of a Latin American solid waste portal, the GIRESOL Network, to facilitate the sharing of information and resources about integrated waste management in the region.¹⁸ The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation has also prioritized knowledge sharing in its efforts in the field of triangular cooperation as shown by its funding and facilitation of intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation among donors, including the meeting on “European Union triangular cooperation in the context of aid effectiveness”, held in Madrid in March 2010.", "39. Project implementation remains a primary focus for donor countries, whether through the creation of joint cooperation funds for triangular cooperation, such as those created by Spain, with Chile and Argentina, and Germany has initiated with Chile, or through the execution of technical assistance projects, such as those supported by partners such as the German Agency for International Cooperation and the Japan International Cooperation Agency. As a leader in this field, in 2010, the Japan International Cooperation Agency through its 15 offices, both in Japan and abroad, assisted an estimated 12,000 participants worldwide through some 1,300 programmes, ranging from disaster prevention support and training to health-care training to trade and investment facilitation.[19]", "E. Enhanced support from the United Nations system", "40. During the period under review, Member States have consistently shown their firm commitment to South-South initiatives and provided clear direction to the United Nations development system for the effective catalysation and support for South-South cooperation. In keeping with the trends of the previous biennium, and in response to directives from Member States, the United Nations development system has scaled up its efforts to enhance and strengthen South-South cooperation by: further mainstreaming South-South cooperation in the Organization’s policy frameworks; creating strategic partnerships for such cooperation; making South-South cooperation a priority focus in long and medium-term planning instruments; undertaking more coherent and coordinated approaches, including joint programming; establishing or formalizing centres of excellence, led by countries of the global South, for better knowledge sharing and solutions exchange; and undertaking innovative resource mobilization efforts for South-South cooperation.", "41. Over the same time period, Member States have affirmed their commitment to South-South cooperation and provided increased direction to multilateral processes through major intergovernmental bodies. Significantly, the Group of 77 (G77) and China continued to provide political guidance for South-South cooperation by leading the debate on this subject at almost every major United Nations conference, as well as within the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, by stressing the importance of the support needed from the United Nations system for such cooperation in its Development Platform for the South, launched in 2008, and by underscoring the broad principles of South-South cooperation in its 2009 and 2010 ministerial declarations. In 2010, the G77 and China also demonstrated strong leadership in supporting the development and approval of the multi-year Plan of Action for South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development. In addition, the conclusion of the third round of negotiations on the Agreement on the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries in December 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil, under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), is another illustration of the firm commitment of the G77 and China to promote trade among its membership. The commitment of the States Members of the United Nations to South-South approaches to development was clearly expressed, once again, when they gathered in Nairobi in December 2009 at the High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation. The “Nairobi outcome document” of the Conference, which was subsequently endorsed on 21 December 2009 by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/222, provides a clear set of principles and broad objectives for South-South cooperation, as well as priority issues and areas requiring the support of the international community, especially from the entities of the United Nations development system.", "42. In terms of mainstreaming South-South cooperation through policy frameworks and planning instruments, the 2008 decision of the Policy Committee of the Secretary-General called upon the entities of the United Nations development system to adopt concrete measures to enhance their support for South-South cooperation and urged senior officials to emphasize the strong commitment of the United Nation to South-South cooperation at intergovernmental forums as a critical tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals. At its 2008 substantive session, the Economic and Social Council convened a meeting with the Executive Secretaries of the United Nations regional commissions, stressing their importance as an essential “pillar for South-South cooperation”. In addition, the Nairobi outcome document called on the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies to take concrete measures to mainstream support for South-South and triangular cooperation and encourage closer links between regional commissions, centres of excellence and regional and subregional economic groupings.[20]", "43. As a result of the adoption of the above policy frameworks and directives, more members of the United Nations system have developed planning instruments incorporating South-South cooperation. This growing phenomenon is reflected in the inclusion of South-South and triangular cooperation in 15 annual reports and 17 medium-term plans recently prepared by entities of the United Nations system.³ In its strategic plan 2008-2012, UNDP highlights South-South cooperation as one of its principle approaches for development effectiveness in the implementation of its country and regional programmes. In addition, a recent report of the Joint Inspection Unit³ noted that most organizations of the common system had programmes or projects identified as supporting South-South cooperation at the headquarters, regional and/or country levels, including FAO, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), UNCTAD, UNDP, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) of the World Health Organization (WHO). In other organizations, South-South cooperation forms part of regular technical cooperation programmes, as seen at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).¹⁸", "44. Apart from individual agencies, funds and programmes developing their own policies and procedures on South-South cooperation, the United Nations system overall is working to strengthen integrated approaches to development in order to incorporate South-South approaches. This is evident in the inclusion of South-South cooperation in the United Nations guidelines for United Nations country teams on preparing common country assessments and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) process, which is aimed at incorporating South-South cooperation into regional and country-level programmes. Although only explicitly referred to in the current Assistance Frameworks of 17 countries, inter-agency efforts, spearheaded by the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, on operational guidelines for the support of the United Nations system to South-South cooperation are under way, as mandated by the High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation.", "45. During the period under review, the agencies, funds, programmes and other entities of the United Nations system have established an increased number of strategic partnerships with major providers of South-South development cooperation and have formalized South-led centres of excellence and networks to facilitate South-South sharing of knowledge and development solutions. UNDP has formed strategic partnerships and similar arrangements with Brazil, China and Turkey. ILO has championed the promotion of decent work and, with the support of the Government of Brazil, is engaged in efforts to share information and best practices related to child labour, youth employment, education and health and vocational training in Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, in the countries members of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and within the India-Brazil-South Africa dialogue forum.[21]", "46. With regard to supporting South-led centres of excellence, UNEP has piloted a South-South cooperation exchange mechanism to enable systematic documentation and sharing of successful case studies on South-South projects and initiatives in the field of the environment and sustainable development. Similar efforts have been made by: UNESCO, which has set up the International Centre for South-South Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation, in Kuala Lumpur; UNCTAD, which operates the Network of Centres of Excellence, supporting technology and knowledge transfer to Africa through the training of scientists and technology experts; and UNIDO, which has established the South-South Cooperation Center in Beijing.[22] The UNESCO International Centre for South-South Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation is currently creating a clearinghouse of best practices, in coordination with the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World.[23] During the period under review, the Web of Information for Development (WIDE), a web service platform operated by the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, has enabled an additional 30 entities within and outside the United Nations system to create and manage their rosters of experts. As of 2011, 69 rosters are actively listed on the site.", "47. During the period from 2009 to 2011 inter-agency coordination and collaboration in this field has improved considerably, as evidenced by the increased regularity of inter-agency exchanges of focal points by the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, as called for by Member States. Two such inter-agency exchanges were convened to review the actions of the United Nations system to carry out the aims set out by Member States in the Nairobi outcome document and to share current practices in South-South cooperation. In addition, the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, through its three-in-one multilateral South-South support architecture, made up of the Global South-South Development Academy, the Global South-South Development Expo and the South-South Global Assets and Technology Exchange System, has enabled a larger number of United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including the regional commissions, to document, disseminate and scale-up their South-South initiatives. The Global South-South Development Academy, for example, has piloted a citizenry-based South-South development academy in the Asia-Pacific region during this period. The annual Global South-South Development Expo (hosted in 2009 by the World Bank and in 2010 by ILO) has brought together more than 20 United Nations organizations and agencies, as well as more than 100 other partner entities to showcase and exchange successful development solutions, while also providing a setting for the chiefs of development cooperation entities of the United Nations system to come together and discuss issues of South-South and triangular cooperation. The South-South Global Assets and Technology Exchange System has been established as a transaction platform, which includes a listing of 1,710 projects, 283 matches and 79 business transactions in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises. Transactions in the field of the environment and energy exchanges have also been listed on the system, and listings in the area of global health will be posted in the current period.", "48. In addition to an emphasis on knowledge-sharing, the United Nations system has also stressed the need for innovative funding mechanisms to manage South-South and triangular partnerships. Examples include the newly established $30 million FAO trust fund for South-South cooperation supported by China to assist selected African countries; the India-Brazil-South Africa Facility for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation; and the UNESCO South-South Cooperation Fund to support its South-South cooperation programme for education, which is focused on meeting the goal of “education for all” and other Millennium Development Goals through exchanges of experience, knowledge and good practices on a South-South and triangular basis. Another example is the five-year strategic triangular cooperation arrangement between the Republic of Korea and the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, which was established to facilitate South-South and triangular knowledge-sharing in education, science and technology, renewable energy and resource management, capacity-building and sustainable human development to meet the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific region.", "III. Remaining challenges, opportunities and recommendations", "A. Challenges and opportunities", "49. Tremendous progress has taken place among developing countries in the three decades since the adoption of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action for Promoting and Implementing Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries. During that time a strong global consensus has emerged in support of South-South and triangular cooperation, including the strategic support of both developing and developed countries, and in particular from the leadership of the Group of 77 and China and the G20. However, despite strong acceleration of economic growth across many parts of the globe that has been spurred by South-South interactions, inequality is on the rise both between and within the countries of the global South.", "50. The industrialization and productive capacity imbalances across the global South are affecting national efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Current data show that quite a number of countries are not on target to meet the Goals, while many that have made significant strides remain mired in poverty. The least developed countries, the landlocked developing countries and small island developing States continue to lag behind, with only three countries having graduated from least developed country status since 1970. This fact underscores the need for greater productive capacity development strategies for the least developed countries as called for at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul in May 2011.[24] Also noteworthy in this context are the recommendations of the 2010 report of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa on “Africa’s Cooperation with New and Emerging Development Partners: Options for Africa’s Development”, which urged African countries to develop collective strategies to bolster their voice in interactions with emerging economies to ensure a beneficial outcome for all parties.¹¹", "51. Within countries of the South, domestic inequality levels present significant challenges to development, particularly among the emerging economies. Recent research shows that 72 per cent of the world’s poor, or 960 million people, live in middle-income countries, while only one quarter, roughly 370 million, live in low-income countries.² Demands for greater civil liberties as well as the equal distribution of the benefits of economic growth are fuelling the rise in civilian protests, as seen in the “Arab spring”, the wave of protests that spread rapidly from Tunisia in late 2010 and into 2011.", "52. South-South exchanges continue to increase, heralding a significant transformation in international relations. The ascendancy of the powers of the South, both regionally and globally, has important implications for international negotiations and multilateral priority-setting and has led to an attendant increase in the range of South-South interventions from technical exchanges to deepening economic integration and, increasingly, towards political integration and conflict resolution. This global shift should lead to a real development dividend, underpinned by plans and actions whereby flows of aid, trade and investment from the North are complemented by similar development efforts led by the South to effectively reduce poverty.", "53. South-South cooperation has an established track record as a valuable complement to traditional development strategies and to the management of transnational opportunities and challenges. South-South and triangular modalities have been widely adopted by a variety of stakeholders in many sectors, and the efficiency of this type of development cooperation in particular its inclusivity and effectiveness, has been recognized. Since it generally focuses on large scale interventions for improving production capabilities, South-South cooperation offers the comparative advantage of working in concert with traditional forms of development aid, which, in recent years, have tended to focus more on humanitarian and social interventions. This complementarity presents a unique opportunity for dialogue on the emerging development architecture in terms of how best to leverage the advantages of both traditional and South-South forms of assistance, drawing on what has proven to work sustainably in the provision of development assistance by traditional donors and partners of the global South.", "54. Multilateral support to South-South and triangular cooperation has grown in reaction to increased demand, although challenges of coordination among various actors and financing remain. The trend among the organizations of the United Nations system towards longer term initiatives that strategically incorporate South-South approaches is a welcome change from ad hoc projects, but the multiplicity of plans, projects and programmes across the system could benefit from the use of stronger coordination entities and mechanisms to further ensure cost-effectiveness and prevent duplication. In addition, the increased use of joint programming, inter-agency coordination and multilateral funding mechanisms, could allow for a greater pooling of resources to help scale up successful initiatives and mobilize the collective human, financial and other resources of the South towards the acceleration of efforts to meet the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. However, until the financial needs are met, both in terms of increased funding and allocations targeting multi-country projects and programmes, multilateral support will not be sufficient to achieve the above objectives.", "B. Recommendations", "55. In order to sustain the current momentum and scale up the impact and contributions of South-South and triangular cooperation for more inclusive, equitable and sustainable human development, the international development community must continue to find ways to turn the challenges faced in the global South into opportunities, with a view to achieving the Millennium Development Goal targets by 2015 and other internationally agreed development goals beyond 2015.", "56. As the multilateral system seeks to further intensify its support for South-South and triangular cooperation, the leadership of Member States in development cooperation, including South-South and triangular cooperation, remains vital. Regardless of the development level or size of an economy, every developing country has something to offer under the broad principles and objectives set forth in the Nairobi outcome document. Together, the global South possesses a wealth of information and data, effective knowledge-sharing systems, proven development policy options, tested institutional capacity-building solutions and affordable and appropriate technologies in areas such as food security, climate change and HIV/AIDS research. This knowledge can be more broadly shared, replicated and scaled up across the South.", "57. To better serve the development needs and priorities of the Member States, the multilateral system needs further clarification of operational definitions and meaningful performance indicators that will enable it to measure both the scale and the impact of South-South and triangular cooperation at the bilateral, regional, interregional and global levels. In addition, in the Nairobi outcome document, all United Nations organizations, agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions were encouraged to assist developing countries in enhancing or establishing centres of excellence in their respective area of competence and to leverage the services of the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, including through its multilateral South-South support architecture, consisting of the Global South-South Development Academy, the Global South-South Development Expo and the South-South Global Assets and Technology Exchange System. The United Nations development system holds a comparative advantage in efforts to help developing countries to more systematically gather, consolidate and analyse information on national, regional and interregional South-South initiatives, and the United Nations system is committed to improving its work in this area.", "58. The United Nations system must also continue to improve the overarching coherence and coordination of its support for South-South and triangular cooperation. This should be accomplished through the use of innovative joint programmes, multi-country initiatives, stronger multilateral funding and coordination mechanisms and entities. The various members of the United Nations system can no longer act independently in their own South-South and triangular support activities, but must cooperate, enhance coordination and complement each others’ efforts.", "59. Financial support for South-South cooperation remains a vital need for the United Nations system, in order for it to expand both the dissemination of good practices and successful development solutions and to scale up successful programmes to increase overall effectiveness for more inclusive and sustainable development. While South-South cooperation carried out at bilateral and regional levels will remain the main forums and channels for mutual assistance and learning, persistent global challenges, including food and energy insecurity, climate change and HIV/AIDS, call for increased multilateral approaches, including through the United Nations system. In this regard, it should be recalled that the General Assembly, in its resolution 60/212, designated the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation as the main multilateral funding mechanism for Member States to pool voluntary contributions in support of such initiatives.", "60. Apart from the traditional actors in South-South and triangular cooperation, Member States and the multilateral system, the private sectors and civil societies of the global South are also critical to sustainable and inclusive development strategies. It is necessary, therefore, that both Member States and the multilateral system give both the private and the civil sectors of society a role in development that complements public policies, thus ensuring that the strengths of every sector of society can be harnessed for more comprehensive development successes across the South.", "61. In order for the private sector to effectively and sustainably invest, create jobs and reduce poverty, it is of critical importance that Governments step up South-South cooperation, focusing on the creation of enabling environments, both national and cross-border, through the provision of various public goods, including functioning physical regulatory and legal infrastructures. Greater involvement by civil society organizations would also enrich South-South interactions owing to their shared interest in social and environmental needs and their common concern for gender parity and civil liberties.", "[1] See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Perspectives on Global Development, 2010: Shifting Wealth, June 2010.", "[2] See Ravi Kanbur and Andy Sumner, “Poor Countries or Poor People? Development Assistance and the New Geography of Global Poverty” (see http://kanbur.dyson.cornell.edu/papers/ KanburSumnerPoorCountriesOrPoorPeople.pdf).", "[3] See JIU/REP/2011/3 (http://www.unjiu.org).", "[4] See European Union, Conference on development cooperation in times of crisis and on achieving the Millennium Development Goals, Madrid, 9-10 June 2010.", "[5] For example, at the 2011 high-level conference in the European Parliament on how inclusive ownership and South-South cooperation could boost development aid provided by the European Union, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica acknowledged that South-South cooperation can be more efficient and effective in identifying and implementing solutions, increasing the cost-effectiveness, promoting the transfer of appropriate technologies and ensuring local ownership, leadership and capacity-building.", "[6] China’s white paper on foreign aid, is available from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/ china/2011-04/21/c_13839683.htm; for a discussion of India’s Africa strategy, see Naidu, Sanusha, “India’s Growing Africa Strategy”, Review of African Political Economy, vol. 35, No. 115; for more on Brazil’s policy see http://www.economist.com/node/16592455 and the report of the Department for Economic and Social Affairs, Development Cooperation for the Millennium Development Goals: Maximizing Results (ST/ESA/326).", "[7] Resolution 64/222, annex, paras. 11 and 18.", "[8] See http://www.bimstec.org/about_bimstec.html.", "[9] See Bahrain intervention (http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/14/141445.html); Yemen intervention (http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east/Protests-in-Yemen-Amid-Regional-Efforts-to-Mediate-119565559.html); Côte d’Ivoire intervention (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-12/25/c_13663784.htm); and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya intervention (http://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00012794.html).", "[10] http://www.africa-platform.org.", "[11] See Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Africa’s Cooperation with New and Emerging Development Partners: Options for Africa’s Development, New York, 2010 (see http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/reports/emerging_economies_2009.pdf).", "[12] For a more extended discussion of recent trends in South-South development assistance see: Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Cooperation for the Millennium Development Goals: Maximizing Results, 2010 (ST/ESA/326); and Park, Kang-Ho, “New Development Partners and a Global Development Partnership” in Catalyzing Development: A New Vision for Aid, Homi Kharas, Koji Makino and Woojin Jun eds., Brookings Institution Press, 2011, Washington, D.C.", "[13] See ST/ESA/326.", "[14] The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation has formed a China-Africa Development Fund to support Chinese firms investing in Africa and provided preferential loans amounting to $3 billion and trade credits of $2 billion from 2007 to 2009. In 2010, China funded infrastructure projects in exchange for access to natural resources and its bilateral trade with Africa amounted to $126.9 billion. India has assisted 156 developing countries, providing over $2 billion in technical assistance since its inception in 1964.", "[15] Seoul Summit Declaration (see http://www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/seoulsummit_ annexes.pdf).", "[16] See http://www.nepad.org/ceo039s-office/news/2337/aunepad-declaration-about-g20-action-plan-food-price-volatility-and-agricul.", "[17] See United Nations Development Programme Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, “Enhancing South-South and Triangular Cooperation: Study of the Current Situation and Existing Good Practices in Policy, Institutions and Operations of South-South and Triangular Cooperation”, 2009 (see http://ssc.undp.org).", "[18] See Ibero-American General Secretariat, Report on South-South Cooperation in Ibero-America, 2010, November 2010 (see www.segib.org).", "[19] See http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2011/20110426_01.html.", "[20] Resolution 64/222, annex, paras. 21 (a) and (f).", "[21] See http://www.ibsa_trilateral.org.", "[22] See http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=4915; and “An overlook of South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation” (draft), March 2011.", "[23] In addition to focusing on capacity-building and the exchange of best practices, the centre conducts research and tackles specific problems in science, technology and innovation policymaking in developing countries (see http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/centre-for-south-south-cooperation/).", "[24] See A/66/134." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 24 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Operational activities for development: South-South cooperation for development", "∗ A/63/250.", "South-South cooperation", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report highlights the changing nature of South-South interaction and its impact on development opportunities across the globe. The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 64/221. In that resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on South-South cooperation. The present report covers the period 2009 to 2011. The data presented in the present report show that the economies of the South are becoming more reliant, leading to stronger economic, political and social engagement as a result of a deeper and more institutionalized integration in the South. Enhanced linkages have generated a stronger demand for multilateral support for South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation, and both developed and developing countries have made such a request, which requires further coordination and deeper and more targeted financial resources.", "Introduction", "The present report is prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 64/221, which outlines and analyses trends and significant developments in South-South cooperation during the period 2009 to mid-2011.", "During the reporting period, countries such as Brazil, China, India and South Africa have shown this in their gestures in the face of the economic crisis of 2008-2009. Economists noted that emerging economies have become not only heads of global economic growth and recovery, but they have also improved the economic fate of poorer countries. To a large extent, this is due to the growing demand for commodities and labour in these countries, leading to the current increase in South-South trade and investment. Annexes", "In recent years, the relationship between various stakeholders has deepened in the area of South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation. Instead of global, interregional, regional or national scope, Governments are trying to consolidate the legal basis of cooperation, while multilateral institutions continue to play an intermediary role between developing and developed countries, including local stakeholders.", "Despite the impressive progress made by many emerging economies, in the past several decades, two phenomena have been seen, on the one hand, as emerging economies have been driven by a gradual convergence of economic development, and on the other, the economic polarization, which has pushed back to the bottom and hundreds of millions of poor people. In terms of global circumstances, most poor people lived in middle-income countries in the South, where the economic downturn in 2008 hit the most vulnerable, making them more vulnerable in the face of rising food prices, unemployment, inadequate health-care supplies and social and environmental impacts arising from climate change. [2]", "In addition, in recent years, the transparency and accountability of aid has attracted increased attention as emerging economies play an increasingly important role in assisting other developing countries. At the same time, the development of the countries of the South underscores the need to take measures to correct the current perceived trade and investment patterns.", "Despite these challenges, a global consensus that supports South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation has emerged, and renewed commitment by States, non-State actors and regional and international organizations to take advantage of emerging opportunities to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. New partnerships have been established and innovative financing and support mechanisms have been developed to address the social and economic challenges that are featured at the global, regional and local levels. In the context of increased participation in developing countries, the United Nations and other multilateral organizations have also contributed to more inclusive partnerships and dialogue, and the principles guiding South-South cooperation are now articulated.", "The present report has been prepared in response to the information provided in the following documents: recent reports of the United Nations, other multilateral and non-governmental organizations, a recent review by the Joint Inspection Unit on the status of United Nations support for South-South cooperation [3] and other surveys and studies aimed at outlining the profile of South-South cooperation issues and trends. The present report gives some examples of South-South interactions during the review period, but it does not mean that the content is exhaustive.", "Status of South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation", "Enhancing economic resilience", "Between 2009 and 2011, South-South relations were characterized by higher levels of economic growth and trade and investment, accompanied by increased inequality and integration, increasing demand for South-South and triangular cooperation initiatives. South-South interactions have led to profound changes in the structure of international relations and have begun to have a mature developmental impact, and the countries of the South constitute a strong force in the global economy.", "As of 2008, developing countries had a share of about 37 per cent of global trade, with almost three quarters of global growth and about half of total South-South circulation. 1 Economist predicts that, by 2030, South-South cooperation will be one of the main engines for growth, accounting for 57 per cent of the world GDP. On average, the growth rate estimates for inter-country engagement in developing countries increased from 1.2 per cent in 2009 to 5.2 per cent in 2010. In 2011, the gross domestic product of developing countries is expected to increase further by 5.8 per cent. Annex", "As new growth points emerge, economic linkages among developing countries have been strengthened. Between 1990 and 2008, world trade grew four times, while South-South trade increased by more than 20 times compared to its initial level. India is now the main trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa, one of the five largest commodity sources in at least one third of African countries, and in 2010, imports of goods and commodities from Africa amounting to up to $207 million and exports to Africa amount to $3.1 billion. Brazil has increased from $3.1 billion in 2000 to $2.6 billion in 2008. China has established close links with other developing countries through increased trade, investment and manufacture agreements as a priority. As a result, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) reported in 2010 that China's growth rate would increase by 0.2 per cent in low-income countries. Annex", "During the same period, developing economies attracted growing private investment and capital: net private capital flows had increased from $11 billion in 2008 to about $38.6 billion in 2009, which was estimated to have increased to $65.9 million in 2010. ODA among developing countries has also increased significantly, from $95-21 million in 2006 to $120-139 million in 2008. [4]", "Efforts to intensify integration among the countries of the global South, in particular through strengthening economic and political linkages, are another feature of the period under review. The establishment and formalization of institutional and cooperative structures is seen. From Africa to Asia to Latin America, renewed efforts have been made by countries of the South to engage in crisis management and pool resources for development. Examples include the activities of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union in Côte d'Ivoire; the role of the Gulf Cooperation Council in Yemen; and the creation of the South Bank, which was established by Argentina, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela at the Second African-South America Summit, held in Garcia in 2009.", "The increased demand for South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation has also been driven by factors, including the economic downturn, the resilience of developing economies and the growing recognition of opportunities within the South. In 2009, the gross domestic product of OECD members declined sharply, at a rate of 3.3 per cent, while contributions earmarked for economic assistance to the United Nations decreased and net capital flows to developing countries, while global remittances decreased by 7.3 to 10.1 per cent. These factors are combined by moving the debate on international cooperation for development into a new direction that goes beyond traditional external assistance schemes and favours the use of complementary approaches to aid delivery, including South-South and triangular cooperation. As a result, the Group of Eight, OECD, the European Union, United Nations entities and the World Bank have taken concrete steps to join developing countries that form South-South and triangular partnerships to promote in-depth policy dialogue and cooperation in order to promote more effective and cost-effective assistance. [5]", "Global factors such as climate change, food security, rising energy prices and increased disease also indicate the need to strengthen South-South and triangular efforts. Current estimates suggest that, by 2050, water resources will be reduced by 10 to 30 per cent and pose a threat to water and food supplies. This scenario, coupled with the growing number of arable land available worldwide, led to controversy over land between developing countries and the intensification of negotiations and interactions among countries of the South, in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Brazil in June 2012. Developing countries are trying to provide assistance to countries in need, in particular through multilateral assistance, including through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Special Programme on Food Security.", "Despite the fact that most countries in the southern part of the globe continue to promote South-South cooperation within the framework of technical cooperation, the increasing formalization of the inter-African strategy through national interaction and the growing clarity of development assistance strategies in some of the larger emerging countries, including Brazil, China and India, are factors driving the increased demand for South-South exchange. [6] During the reporting period, the distinction between South-South development assistance and traditional official development assistance is becoming increasingly evident. An emerging distinction suggests that the global South countries that provide assistance often use multiple development strategies that combine trade, investment and assistance and often use infrastructure projects that promote productive capacity-building. This assistance includes concessional loans, grants, credit lines and technical assistance, as well as support provided through multilateral agencies. The Nairobi outcome [7] adopted at the United Nations High-level Meeting on South-South Cooperation also clarified the distinction between South-South assistance and traditional assistance. This document recognizes and reassures the following guiding principles: respect for the sovereignty of States, national ownership and independence, equality, non-intervention in the internal affairs and reciprocity.", "Further deepening regional integration", "On the occasion of the expansion of the area of cooperation among developing countries, cooperation has also been deepening, particularly in the region. During the period under review, a number of regional cooperation organizations were committed to expanding the framework and areas of trade, investment and finance in the southern part of the world, which had led to efforts by the parties to strengthen their institutional capacities. In addition to economic cooperation, closer political cooperation was undertaken, including strengthening collective security arrangements and establishing information systems that promote knowledge and experience-sharing. At the same time, new actors have emerged and import and export banks in regional banks and emerging economies have assumed greater role in financing South-South initiatives.", "Efforts to expand economic space in Africa have taken various forms, including the promotion of greater monetary integration, the example of ECOWAS and the East African Community, as well as the establishment of free trade zones covering the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, combined with a total of nearly $600 million, gross domestic product (GDP) of almost $1 trillion, accounting for 57 per cent of the African Union population.", "Asia is making arrangements to expand free trade, as is the efforts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation to coordinate regulatory reforms, intermodality, competition policy, SME development, disaster management and food security in the region. Further efforts to advance regional economic integration are also under way through the formalization of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement in January 2010 and the establishment of the Asian Economic Community by 2015, the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area by 2020 and the establishment of free trade zones by seven member States of the Bay of Bangladesh. [8]", "The regional groups have also strengthened their political links, such as ECOWAS's efforts to build security through the Joint Armed Forces. Another example is the commitment of members of the Community to achieve a comprehensive political alliance by 2015. In addition, between 2009 and 2011, regional organizations increasingly intervene in domestic conflicts through political or military means, such as Bahrain, Côte d'Ivoire, Honduras, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sudan, South Sudan and Yemen. [9]", "The growing demand for regional initiatives encourages regional cooperation organizations to strengthen their institutional arrangements. In Africa, this is a major priority, in particular the New Partnership for Africa's Development, launched by the African Union. The latter has recently become a ten-grant body to accelerate capacity-building and sustainable development through important partnerships at the regional and multilateral levels. In 2011, the Partnership launched the African Agenda for the Effectiveness of Development and mobilized decision makers, practitioners and a wide range of stakeholders to achieve sustainable development by using peer learning and knowledge and experience to advance capacity development, aid effectiveness and South-South cooperation in the region through existing networks and communities of practice. [10] Similarly, technical assistance is provided by the Disaster Management Centre of the Regional Cooperation Alliance of Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and South Asia, based on the experience of other Asian countries, applying internationally recognized methodologies to the Sri Lankan environment by using the disaster information management system “DesInventar”. Sri Lanka is using the system to preserve the historical record of the disasters that have occurred over the past 30 years.", "During the review of the present report, interregional cooperation mechanisms have also been strengthened among the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The Ibero-American Organization of American States consists of 24 Spanish or Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe. The organization has also intensified its efforts to promote South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation among its member States through the Ibero-American Programme, which started operating in January 2010. The programme focuses on the establishment and strengthening of information systems to identify good practices and produce data and statistical records, bringing together more information on accountability in the area of South-South and triangular cooperation in the region.", "Over the past two years, the expansion of participation by regional development banks is also part of South-South cooperation development, particularly in support of regional capacity-building efforts and in strengthening public-private partnerships at the interregional and regional levels. The Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Islamic Development Bank have strongly advocated for a wide range of partnerships and projects in several regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia, in such areas as information and communications technology, rehabilitation and education and professional institutions. Both institutions of the Asian Development Bank and the African Development Bank are promoting trade in their respective regions, including through the direct financing of $2.8 billion from the Asian Development Bank to companies, and the provision of support to commercial banks and financial institutions by the African Development Bank in the amount of $1 billion. In addition, at this time, the African Development Bank has supported several infrastructure programmes across Africa.", "In addition to regional development banks, banks in emerging economies have played an increasingly important role in South-South development, both in the region or in the interregional context, and Brazil, China and India are examples. The China Export and Import Bank provides financing for the largest three dams in Ecuador. In 2011, India provided $50 million in credit to African countries, while debts estimated at $24 million were cancelled as part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. [11] Brazil also finances many infrastructure projects in the country through its national economic and social development banks, particularly in the areas of mining of fossil fuels, technology infrastructure and dams. In addition, as noted above, in 2009, seven Latin American countries signed the historic South Bank Statute, which provided initial funding of $4 billion by Argentina, Brazil and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Overall, South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation are characterized by the expansion of focus and deepening interaction, in particular strengthening institutionalized regional cooperation efforts, which contribute to the creation of conditions conducive to stronger and meaningful bilateral, regional and global cooperation.", "C. Stronger interaction among developing countries", "During the period under review, in addition to the increase in trade and investment referred to above, bilateral cooperation among developing countries has also been strengthened: financing for development, sharing knowledge and experience, and formalizing networking, institution-building and cooperation arrangements.", "With regard to financing for development, the pace of South-South development assistance has increased significantly in recent years. It is also worth noting that philanthropic organizations in the South, including foundations, trust funds and civil society organizations funded by the Endowment Fund, rich individuals and companies, play an increasingly important role. In 2010, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs reported that development assistance in the form of concessional loans and grants increased sharply, from $8.6 billion in 2006 to $13.5 billion in 2008. The report indicates that China, Saudi Arabia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are the largest provider of development assistance, followed by Arab institutions and India. In 2008, about 75 per cent of the total amount of the first three largest providers were in such development cooperation. [12]", "It was observed that, when financial assistance was provided, such assistance initiatives were often targeted by neighbouring countries in the region or subregion, in order to strengthen political linkages, trade and investment, while management was generally more user-friendly because of geographical proximity. [13] The Mexico-Chile Joint Cooperation Fund for South-South Cooperation is an example of this trend. It should also be noted that interregional financing arrangements are increasing. For example, China and India have developed cooperation programmes focusing on assistance to Africa. Through the Central African Cooperation Forum, India has provided assistance through the Indian Programme for Technical and Economic Cooperation and the Commonwealth Special Programme for Assistance to Africa. [14] In addition, the South Bank, established in November 2009, is working to promote financing for South-South development, a target set by the South Centre in 2000.", "Sharing knowledge and experience remains a major priority for South-South technical cooperation exchanges. For example, China and India have strengthened bilateral contacts with countries in sub-Saharan Africa for this purpose. China has established a network of South-South cooperation with other developing countries to promote information-sharing, joint research, technology exchange and public-private partnerships in the areas of technology such as the development of micro-hydro plants, biogas and solar energy. In India, the Pan-African e-Net project transmits medical information through teleconferences between India and African Union member States. Developing countries, including Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey are also involved in training opportunities for citizens of other members of the global South in various sectors. India has been actively sharing expertise in software technology through the provision of training to about 5,000 professionals from other developing countries annually in the areas of information and communications technology, telecommunications, small and medium-sized enterprises, rural development and renewable energy. Qatar, which promotes South-South cooperation, has a leading role in the oil and gas sector, bringing together 42 countries from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and representatives from international organizations to share and share experiences in the area of effective management of hydrocarbons.", "Institution-building is another focus of South-South initiatives. Brazil, India and Turkey have made a significant contribution to institution-building among countries of the South. The Brazilian Agency for Cooperation will present international development activities with a number of national institutions, including the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, to implement structural impact projects in the area of agriculture and food security. Brazil also supported the “ cotton-4-project” in Mali aimed at increasing the production and quality of cotton produced in the country. Brazil also supported the efforts of the Senegal Institute of Agriculture in order to make use of the technical expertise of research companies to improve the quality and competitiveness of rice production. India supports the establishment of the Indian-African Institute for Foreign Trade in Uganda through the India-Africa Forum Summit; the establishment of the Indian-African Institute of Information Technology in Ghana; the establishment of the Indian-African Institute of Diamonds in Botswana; and the establishment of the Indian-African Institute for Education, Planning and Administration in Burundi. Turkey's International Development and Cooperation Agency will increase the number of programme coordination offices throughout Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Middle East and the recent establishment of South-South Africa in order to promote institutional development, capacity-building, human resources development, education, health systems, cultural programmes, agricultural-led economies, environmental protection and dissemination of information.", "Over the past five years, the trend towards tightening the conclusion of formal agreements among developing countries has increased. Regional integration plans, as well as the growing number of national forums for intercontinent and intercontinental intercontinentalities, are testimony to this. China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Turkey and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are engaging African countries through these means. In 2009, at the Second African-South American Summit held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, delegations from Africa and South America provided the basis for economic cooperation and issued an agreement, including commitments to strengthen South-South cooperation in sectors such as trade, security, energy and mining.", "Because countries in the southern part of the globe are now more favourable, they can be shared with other developing countries through professional and highly regulated institutional mechanisms, the remaining challenge is how to strengthen genuine partnerships and reduce the perceived lack of bargaining power, which often renders less profitable for those in South-South relations.", "Stronger triangular partners", "Between 2009 and 2011, it was observed that stronger institutional mechanisms are being established throughout the South to promote partnerships, share knowledge and technology and peer learning. Various stakeholders are increasingly adopting South-South and triangular approaches to ensure the effectiveness of inclusive and aid delivery and complement the lack of South-South cooperation.", "Developed countries recognized the growing need for South-South cooperation and increased support for South-South and triangular cooperation. For example, in 2010, the G-20 launched a multi-year action plan on development, emphasizing that South-South and triangular cooperation is an important innovation tool for sharing information and mobilizing domestic resources for sustainable development. [15] In June 2011, the Group of 20 issued a plan of action on food price fluctuations and agriculture, which recognizes a decision of the African Union to establish a development body under the auspices of the New Partnership for Africa's Development to improve the capacity of African farmers to gain inputs in agriculture and to promote fair and mutually beneficial agricultural trade agreements with a view to improving the capacity of African countries to make farming. [16] The OECD Development Assistance Committee also has a strong interest in South-South and triangular cooperation, which can be seen from the work of the Commission's South-South Cooperation Task Force. The Task Force organized a high-level event on South-South cooperation and capacity development in Bogota in March 2010 to prepare for the fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, to be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in late 2011.", "In view of the growing interest and demand for triangular partnerships originating in developing and developed countries, traditional donor agencies are increasingly using triangular approaches to increase the impact of development projects through innovative joint funding programmes. A study of the views of donors, key countries and recipient countries, supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation, showed that international agencies and multilateral organizations in the northern part of the globe were using a triangular approach in terms of efficiency and incentives.", "In general, this study shows that accountability and transparency in the context of triangular interaction have grown significantly. In areas such as technological capacity development, strengthening policy and institutional frameworks and access to know-how in the field of international cooperation, key countries are looking at donor and international organizations, which can enhance their credit and reputation. In addition, the beneficiary countries noted the benefits of an intermediary: promoting the sharing of information and closing as partners with key countries; increasing the reliability of the cooperation provided by key countries; and expanding the application of such cooperation, including the provision of facilities and equipment by donors. Donors and international organizations point to the benefits of using the experiences and know-how of developing countries themselves and for providing more assistance to key countries in triangular arrangements. The study also highlighted that frictions in terms of higher transaction costs and policy coordination posed challenges, but noted that most of the parties that had been surveyed were of the view that triangular cooperation was more ill. [17]", "Areas that receive maximum support through triangular cooperation activities include: capacity development for effective management of South-South cooperation; sharing knowledge and information; and South-South programme implementation.", "In terms of capacity development, efforts are focused on supporting development cooperation institutions in the South to develop good practices. In its report on South-South cooperation in 2010, the Ibero-American General Secretariat analysed data obtained from the Latin American triangular cooperation project in 2009. The report shows that about half of all cooperation projects are concentrated in two areas: economic activities (30 per cent) and social activities (22 per cent), while half are concentrated in the following areas: institutional capacity-building of public institutions and civil society and the environment. [18] Government capacity-building projects implemented by UNDP in Afghanistan. The ongoing project, hosted by the United States of America, is aimed at promoting a democratic policing policy involving training courses for Afghan police officers through interaction with Nepalese counterparts, focusing on community policing activities, in particular on how to prevent and respond to gender-based violence. Traditional donors such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency focused on the following issues: In cooperation with the African Union for rice development, the promotion of capacity development in food security and social security, support to the ASEAN/ILO-Japan Industrial Relations Project and the establishment of a regional centre to promote the empowerment of persons with disabilities through the use of South-South sharing of best practices.", "The German Agency for International Cooperation is particularly active in sharing information for development activities. It supported projects to share the experience of the Mexican Government in environmental management and solid waste management. This project is used to train environmental practitioners in countries such as the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Ecuador, leading to the establishment of the Latin American solid waste portal GIRESOL to facilitate the sharing of information and resources on integrated waste management in the region. The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development also prioritizes knowledge-sharing in its triangular areas of cooperation. It also facilitates intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation among donors, including the conference on triangular cooperation between the European Union in the context of enhanced aid effectiveness, held in Madrid in March 2010.", "The implementation of the project continues to be the primary focus of donor countries, whether through the creation of a joint cooperation fund for triangular cooperation, such as the Fund established by Spain with Chile and Argentina and the Fund initiated by Germany with Chile or through the implementation of technical assistance projects, such as the German Agency for International Cooperation and the Japan International Cooperation Agency. As leaders in this area, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) used 15 offices in Japan and overseas in 2010 to assist an estimated number of 120,000 participants around the world, from disaster prevention support and health training to trade and investment facilitation through approximately 1,300 programmes. [19]", "E. Broader support from the United Nations system", "During the period under review, Member States have consistently demonstrated their strong commitment to South-South initiatives and have given clear direction to the United Nations development system to effectively launch and support South-South cooperation. In accordance with trends in the previous biennium and with the instructions of the corresponding Member States, the United Nations development system has expanded its efforts to increase and strengthen South-South cooperation through the mainstreaming of South-South cooperation into the Organization's policy framework, making South-South cooperation a priority for long- and medium-term planning instruments; adopting a more coherent and coordinated approach, including joint programming; establishing a centre of excellence led by the South countries and making them formalized in order to promote knowledge-sharing solutions; and mobilizing innovative resource mobilization efforts for South-South cooperation.", "During the same period, Member States recognized their commitment to South-South cooperation and provided additional guidance to multilateral processes through key intergovernmental bodies. It is noteworthy that the Group of 77 and China, through its leadership at almost every major United Nations conference, has continued to provide political guidance on South-South cooperation, while stressing in the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council the urgent need for the United Nations to provide the necessary support for such cooperation as outlined in the South Development Agenda launched in 2008, and the broad principles of South-South cooperation, as highlighted in the Ministerial Declaration 2009 and 2010. In 2010, the Group of 77 and China also demonstrated strong leadership in supporting the development and approval of the multi-year plan of action on biodiversity for development. In addition, under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the third round-table negotiations on the GTP agreement between developing countries ended in São Paulo, Brazil, in December 2010. This is another example of the strong commitment of the Group of 77 and China to trade among its member States. The High-level Meeting on South-South Cooperation, held in Nairobi in December 2009, reaffirmed their commitment to South-South solutions to development issues. The Nairobi outcome document adopted by the Conference was subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/222 of 21 December 2009. This document provides a clear set of principles and a wide range of objectives for South-South cooperation and presents priority issues and areas requiring support from the international community, in particular the United Nations development system.", "In terms of mainstreaming South-South cooperation through a policy framework and planning tool, the Secretary-General's Policy Committee in 2008 called for concrete measures by entities of the United Nations development system to strengthen support for South-South cooperation, and urged senior officials to highlight intergovernmental forums the United Nations strong commitment to South-South cooperation as a key tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals. At its substantive session of 2008, the Economic and Social Council will convene a meeting with the Executive Secretaries of the regional commissions to highlight the importance of these organizations as “the South-South cooperation pillar”. In addition, the Nairobi outcome document calls upon United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies to take concrete measures to mainstream South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation, and encourages closer links among regional commissions, centres of excellence and regional and subregional economic groups. [20]", "As a result of the above-mentioned policy frameworks and directives, more members of the United Nations system have developed planning tools that incorporate South-South cooperation. This growing phenomenon reflects the fact that 15 recent annual reports prepared by the United Nations system entities and 17 medium-term plans include South-South and triangular cooperation. In its strategic plan for the period 2008-2012, UNDP stressed that South-South cooperation should be one of the main approaches to the effectiveness of development. In addition, the recent report of the Joint Inspection Unit3 states that most organizations of the common system have programmes or projects to support South-South cooperation at Headquarters, regional and/or national levels, including FAO, International Labour Organization (ILO), Centre for World Trade (ITC), UNCTAD, UNDP, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), World Food Programme, Pan American Health Organization (WHO). In other organizations, South-South cooperation is part of the regular programme of technical cooperation, which appears in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 18", "In addition to the development of their own policies and procedures on South-South cooperation by individual agencies, funds and programmes, the United Nations system has also worked to strengthen the integrated approach to development in order to incorporate South-South cooperation approaches. This is reflected in the United Nations guidelines developed by the United Nations country team for the preparation of the Common Country Assessment and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) process in South-South cooperation aimed at integrating South-South cooperation into regional and country-level programmes. While there are only 17 country assistance frameworks that explicitly refer to South-South cooperation, an inter-agency effort is under the leadership of the UNDP Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation, which is mandated by the High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation.", "During the period under review, the agencies, funds, programmes and other entities of the United Nations system have established a growing number of strategic partnerships with key providers of South-South development cooperation and formalize the South-led centres and networks to facilitate South-South sharing of knowledge and development approaches. UNDP has established strategic partnerships and similar arrangements with Brazil, China and Turkey. ILO advocates decent work and, with the support of the Government of Brazil, is committed to sharing information and best practices on child labour, youth employment, education and medical and vocational training in Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, countries members of the South Common Market and in the India-Brazil-South Africa Dialogue Forum. [21]", "With regard to the centres of excellence in support of South-led leadership, UNDP piloted a South-South cooperation exchange mechanism to systematically document and share studies on successful cases in South-South projects and initiatives in the area of environment and sustainable development. The following organizations made similar efforts: UNESCO established the International Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation in South-South Cooperation in Kuala Lumpur; UNCTAD's Network of Business Centres to support the transfer of technology and knowledge to Africa through training of scientists and technical experts; and UNIDO established a South-South Cooperation Centre in Beijing. [22] In coordination with the Third World Academy of Sciences, the UNESCO International Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation for South-South Cooperation is currently establishing a Best Practices Exchange Centre. [23] During the period under review, the online service platform operated by the UNDP Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation — the development of information networks, enabling 30 entities within and outside the United Nations system to establish and manage their expert rosters. As of 2011, 69 rosters were posted on the website.", "Inter-agency coordination and cooperation in this area have improved considerably between 2009 and 2011. This is reflected in the regular strengthening of inter-agency communication among liaison centres, as called for by Member States. Two such inter-agency exchanges have been held to review the actions taken by the United Nations system to implement the goals set by Member States in the Nairobi outcome document and to share current practices in South-South cooperation. In addition, the Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation, through its three multilateral support architecture, consisting of the Global South-South Development Institute, the Global South-South Development Fair and the South-South Global Technical Property Exchange, has enabled a large number of United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including the regional commissions, to record, disseminate and expand their South-South initiatives. For example, during this period, the Global Institute for South-South Development piloted a civil-based South-South Development Academy in Asia-Pacific. The annual Global South-South Development Fair (organized by the World Bank in 2009, hosted by ILO in 2010) brought together more than 20 United Nations organizations and agencies and over 100 other partner entities to demonstrate and share successful development approaches, while providing an opportunity to bring heads of development cooperation within the United Nations system entities to meet and discuss South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation issues. The South-South Global Technical Property Exchange has established a trading platform, including 1,710 projects in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises, 283 with and 79 commercial transactions. Various transactions in the area of environmental and energy transactions are also included in the system, and the global list in the area of health will also be posted in the current period.", "In addition to highlighting knowledge-sharing, the United Nations system also emphasized the need for innovative financing mechanisms to manage South-South and triangular partnerships. Examples include the establishment, with support from China, of a new FAO trust fund for South-South cooperation to assist selected African countries; the India-Brazil-South Africa Poverty Reduction and Hunger Facility; and the UNESCO South-South Cooperation Fund to support its South-South cooperation programme for education. The programme focuses on achieving the goal of “Education for All” and other Millennium Development Goals, based on South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation. Another example is the five-year strategic triangular cooperation arrangement between the Republic of Korea and the Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation aimed at facilitating South-South and triangular sharing of knowledge in the areas of education, science and technology, renewable energy and resource management, capacity-building and sustainable human development in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific region.", "residual challenges, opportunities and recommendations", "Challenges and opportunities", "During the 30-year period following the adoption of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action for Promoting and Implementing Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries, developing countries have made significant progress. A strong global consensus in support of South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation has also been developed during this period, including strategic support to developing countries and developed countries, particularly under the leadership of the Group of 77 and China and the Group of Twenty. However, while South-South interaction has led to a significant increase in economic growth in many parts of the world, inequality has increased among countries and within the South.", "The imbalance in industrialization and productive capacities across the global South has an impact on national efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The current data show that a considerable number of countries have not been able to meet their schedules and that many countries, despite significant progress, remain in poverty. The least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States have continued to lagging behind, and since 1970 only three countries have been separated from the least developed countries. This fact underscores that, as called for at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul in May 2011, the least developed countries need more effective productive capacity development strategies. [24] In this regard, it is also noteworthy that the recommendations contained in the report of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa on “New Partnership for Africa's and emerging development: options for Africa's development”. The report urges African countries to develop a collective strategy to strengthen their voice rights in their interaction with emerging economies to ensure mutually beneficial results. 11", "In the countries of the South, especially emerging economies, the level of inequality in the country constitutes a major challenge to development. Recent studies show that 72 per cent of the world's poor, or 960 million people, live in middle-income countries, while only a quarter, about 37 million people live in low-income countries. Citizen protests were triggered by the need for greater civil liberties and equal distribution of the benefits of economic growth. Between the end of 2010 and 2011, the “Arab spring” erupted, which rapidly spread from Tunisia.", "South-South exchanges continue to increase and prejudge major changes in international relations. The emergence of South forces has had a significant impact on international negotiations and multilateral prioritization, both regionally and globally, and increased South-South interventions have deepened from technological exchanges to economic integration, and increasingly towards political integration and cooperation in resolving conflicts. This global transformation should result in real development dividends, as the plans and actions based on the use of aid, trade and investment flows from the North are complemented by similar development efforts led by the South, which are sufficient to effectively reduce poverty.", "The record of South-South cooperation shows that it is valuable to complement traditional development strategies and the management of transnational opportunities and challenges. Stakeholders of colour have widely adopted South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation models in many sectors, recognizing the efficiency of such development cooperation, in particular its inclusiveness and effectiveness. Because such cooperation generally favours large-scale interventions to improve productive capacities, a comparative advantage can be achieved if it works with traditional forms of development assistance. In recent years, the latter have often focused on humanitarian and social interventions. This mutually reinforcing relationship provides a unique opportunity to engage in dialogue on the development architecture that is emerging: how to best use traditional and South-South assistance, drawing on traditional aid modalities and the way in which partners in the southern part of the globe are working in providing assistance.", "Multilateral support for South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation has also increased as demand increases. The challenge of coordination among different actors and different financing modalities remains. The United Nations system organizations have favoured longer-term initiatives and are strategically integrated into South-South cooperation approaches, which are welcome changes in specific projects, but, as a result of the system-wide plan, projects and programmes are characterized by a stronger and effective coordination entity and mechanisms to further ensure that cost-effectiveness and the duplication of prevention work can be reaped. In addition, the enhanced use of joint programming, inter-agency coordination and multilateral financing mechanisms will bring together additional resources for scaling up successful initiatives that collectively mobilize human, financial and other resources in the South to accelerate efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. However, multilateral support would not be sufficient to achieve the above-mentioned goals, whether in terms of additional funding or resource allocation.", "Recommendations", "In order to sustain the current momentum and increase the impact and contribution of South-South and triangular cooperation and to promote more inclusive, equitable and sustainable human development, the international development community must continue to seek to translate the challenges facing the southern part of the globe into an opportunity to achieve the goals set by the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 and achieve other internationally agreed development goals by 2015.", "As multilateral information systems further strengthen support for South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation, the leadership of Member States in terms of development cooperation, including South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation remains critical. Each developing country could make a number of contributions in accordance with the broad principles and objectives contained in the Nairobi outcome document, irrespective of its level of development or economic size. Together, in such areas as food security, climate change and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) research, the global South has rich information and data to effectively share knowledge systems and make effective development policy options, pilot capacity-building programmes and affordable technologies. These knowledge can be more widely shared, replicated and expanded throughout the South.", "To better meet the development needs and priorities of Member States, the multilateral system needs to further clarify operational definitions and meaningful indicators of achievement so that it can measure the scale and impact of South-South and triangular cooperation at the bilateral, regional, interregional and global levels. In addition, the Nairobi outcome document encourages all United Nations organizations, funds, programmes and regional commissions to assist developing countries in strengthening or establishing centres of excellence in their respective areas of competence, and to expand their role in the services of the UNDP Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation, including through the multilateral South-South support architecture composed of the Global South-South Development Institute, the Global South-South Development Fair and the South-South Global Technical Property Exchange. The United Nations development system has a comparative advantage in its efforts to assist developing countries to collect, integrate and analyse information on national, regional and interregional South-South initiatives. The United Nations system has committed itself to improving its work in this area.", "The United Nations system also needs to continue to improve its overall coherence and coordination in support of South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation. This should be done through innovative joint programmes, multinational initiatives, strengthening multilateral financing and coordination mechanisms and entities. Members of the United Nations system cannot, on their own initiative, pursue their own South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation support activities, but should cooperate, strengthen coordination and complement their efforts.", "In order to expand the dissemination of good practices and effective development approaches and to promote more inclusive and sustainable development, financial support from the United Nations system to South-South cooperation remains absolutely essential in order to expand successful programmes. While South-South cooperation at the bilateral and regional levels remains the main forums and channels for mutual assistance and learning, the continuing global challenges, including food and energy insecurity, climate change and HIV/AIDS, need to be strengthened, including through the United Nations system. In that regard, it should be recalled that the General Assembly, in its resolution 60/212, established the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation as the main multilateral financing mechanism for pooling resources from Member States to support such initiatives.", "In addition to traditional actors in South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation, Member States and multilateral systems, the private sector and civil society in the southern part of the globe are also essential for an inclusive sustainable development strategy. Member States and the multilateral system should therefore enable the private sector and the civilian sector of society to play a role in development, complement the shortcomings of public policies, thereby ensuring that the strength of each sector of society is utilized and that more comprehensive development achievements are achieved throughout the South.", "In order to enable the private sector to invest effectively, create jobs and reduce poverty, Governments urgently need to strengthen South-South cooperation and focus on creating an enabling environment both nationally and internationally through the provision of various public goods, including the operation of normal material, regulatory and legal infrastructure. The increased participation of civil society organizations will also enrich South-South cooperation, as they are equally concerned with social and environmental needs and gender equality and civil liberties.", "See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Global Development Perspective 2010: Transfer of wealth, June 2010.", "[2] See Ravi Kanbur and Andy Sumner, “A poor or poor? Development aid and new geography of global poverty (see http://kanbur.dyson.cornell.edu/papers/KanburSumnerPoor Countries OrPoorPeople.pdf).", "[3] See JIU/REP/2009/3 (http://www.unjiu.org).", "[4] See the European Union conference on promoting development cooperation and achieving the Millennium Development Goals in times of crisis, Madrid, 9-10 June 2010.", "[5] For example, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica, at the European Parliament's high-level meeting on how inclusive ownership and South-South cooperation could enhance the development assistance provided by the EU, confirmed that South-South cooperation could be more efficient and effective in identifying and implementing solutions. This would result in cost-effectiveness, facilitation of appropriate technology transfer and ensuring local ownership, leadership and capacity-building.", "[6] With regard to China's external book on aid, see http://news.xinhuanet.com/english 2010/china/2011-04/21/c_13839683.htm; discussion on the Indian Africa Strategy, see Naidu, Sanusha, “The growing African strategy for India”, African Political Economy Review, vol. 35, No. 115; more information on Brazil's policy; see http://www.economist.comde/no-to-date_enmarks on economic and social development cooperation in Africa (ST/COM/2009/6).", "[7] Resolution 64222, annex, articles 11 and 18.", "[8] See http://www.bimstec.org/about_bimstec.html.", "[9] See Bahrain intervention (http://www.alarabiya.net/articlesnew03/141445.html): Yemen intervention (http://www.voanews.com/english/news/middle-east-east/Protests-in-Yemen-Amid-Regional-Efforts-to-Medlectourt-155.html); dental intervention (http://news.xinhuanet/com/world_12/2009/.html).", "[10] http://www.africa-platform.org.", "[11] See the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, New Partnership for Africa's Development: Options for Africa's Development, New York, 2010 (see http://www.un.org/Africa/osaa/reports/emer_economies_2009,pdf).", "[12] For more detailed discussion on recent trends in South-South development assistance, see Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Cooperation for the Millennium Development Goals: maximizing results, 2010 (ST/ESA/326); and Park, Kang-Ho, “New development partners and global partnership for development” In 2010, a catalyst for development: a new vision for aid, Homi Kharas, Kiji Makino and Woojin Jung, Brookings Institute Press, Washington, D.C., 2011.", "See ST/ESA/326.", "[14] The Central African Cooperation Forum established the Central African Development Fund in support of China's investment in Africa, which provided $3 billion in concessional loans and $20 billion in trade credit between 2007 and 2009. In 2010, China used the exchange of natural resources for infrastructure projects, with bilateral trade in Africa amounting to $1,269 million. India has assisted 156 developing countries by providing technical assistance over $200 million since its inception in 1964.", "[15] Declaration of the Seoul Summit (see http://www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/seoulsummit_annexes.pdf).", "[16] See http://www.nepad.org/ceo039s-office/news/2337/aunepad-declaration-about-g20-action-plan-food-price-volatility-and-agricul.", "[17] See United Nations Development Programme, Ad Hoc Bureau for South-South Cooperation, “Strengthening South-South cooperation and triangular cooperation: study on current situations and existing good practices in South-South and triangular cooperation, institutions and operations”, 2009. (See http://ssc.undp.org).", "[18] The Ibero-American General Secretariat, Report on South-South Cooperation in the Ibero-American Region 2010 (see para. www.segib.org.", "[19] See http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field perpetuate0426_01.html.", "[20] Resolution 64222, annex, paras. 21 (a) and (f).", "[21] See http://www.ibsa.trilateral.org.", "[22] See http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=4915; and “ ignore South-South and triangular cooperation” (draft), March 2011.", "[23] In addition to focusing on capacity-building and sharing of best practices, the Centre conducts research and addresses specific issues in science, technology and innovation decision-making in developing countries (see http://www.unesco.org/new/en/sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/centre-for-South-south-cooperation/).", "[24] See A/64/234." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目65(a)", "促进和保护儿童权利", "《儿童权利公约》的现况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第44/25号决议通过《儿童权利公约》。截至2011年7月1日，已有193个国家批准或加入《公约》，两个国家签署了《公约》。大会第54/263号决议通过《公约》的两项任择议定书。截至2011年7月1日，已有142个国家批准关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书，144个国家批准关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书。", "依照第65/197号决议的规定，本报告第四节着重阐述落实残疾儿童权利问题，其中重点述及以下相关问题：歧视；数据收集；千年发展目标与残疾；残疾儿童表达意见的权利；实现残疾儿童权利方面的进展及当前全球形势；教育；卫生；贫穷和社会保护；儿童保护；脱离收容机构；紧急情况和人道主义行动；今后道路的前景。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.《儿童权利公约》的现况 3\n3.《儿童权利公约》的执行情况 3\n4.落实残疾儿童的权利 4\nA.人权与残疾儿童 4\nB.共同面临的挑战 4\n5.前进道路 14", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在第65/197号决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，介绍《儿童权利公约》的现况，并着重阐述落实残疾儿童权利情况。本报告是依照这一请求提交的。", "二. 《儿童权利公约》的现况", "2. 截至2011年7月1日，已有193个国家批准或加入了《儿童权利公约》，[2] 两个国家签署了《公约》。[3]", "3. 截至2011年7月1日，已有142个国家批准了关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书，已有144个国家批准了关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书。²", "三. 《儿童权利公约》的执行情况", "4. 在本报告所述期间，儿童权利委员会于2010年9月13日至10月1日、2011年1月17日至2月4日和2011年5月30日至6月17日在联合国日内瓦办事处举行了第五十五至第五十七届会议。", "5. 截至2011年7月1日，委员会已收到除3个以外所有缔约国的初次报告。委员会审查了两份除外的所有初次报告，委员会计划在定于2012年举行的第五十九届会议上审查这两份报告。委员会共收到依据《公约》第44条提交的504份报告。", "6. 另外，委员会还收到缔约国依照《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》提交的86份报告和1份第二次定期报告，以及依照《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》提交的71份报告和1份第二次定期报告。[4]", "7. 2011年6月17日，人权理事会未经表决通过了为制定来文程序而设立的不限成员名额工作组草拟的《儿童权利公约》第三项任择议定书的文本。该议定书设立了关于侵犯《公约》及其各项任择议定书所规定的权利行为的各国来文和国家间来文的新程序，及关于严重或系统侵犯行为的调查程序。新条约的文本将提交大会第六十六届会议核可。", "8. 委员会主席将就过去一年中与委员会工作有关的重大问题向大会第六十六届会议作口头报告。", "四. 落实残疾儿童的权利", "A. 人权与残疾儿童", "9. 残疾儿童是最边缘化和被排斥的儿童群体之一，其权利受到广泛的侵犯。这些侵犯行为无视其人性，不尊重其尊严、个性甚至其生命的权利。", "10. 过去30年中针对这些侵犯行为采取了重大的行动。然而，只是在1989年通过《儿童权利公约》后，才第一次对残疾儿童的权利做出明文规定，包括禁止以残疾为由对其歧视(第2条)，并规定了为残疾儿童提供服务的义务，使他们能够尽可能充分地参与社会(第23条)。", "11. 2006年通过的《残疾人权利公约》进一步加强了残疾儿童的权利。它并未提出其他的权利：人权是普遍的权利，适用于每个人。但是，它确实让各国政府承担更多的重要义务，采取行动消除妨碍实现这些权利的障碍。它还采用了残疾问题社会模式来帮助“肢体、精神、智力或感官有长期损伤的人，这些损伤与各种障碍相互作用，可能阻碍残疾人在与他人平等的基础上充分和切实地参与社会”(第1条)。该《公约》还包括一项专门关于残疾儿童的条款(第7条)，其中概述了各国的以下义务：确保残疾儿童在与其他儿童平等的基础上实现其全部权利，促进其最佳利益，确保其表达意见的权利并认真对待他们的意见。《公约》还在其一般原则(第3条)中规定尊重残疾儿童逐渐发展的能力并尊重其保持其身份特性的权利，还规定了一项一般义务(第4条第3款)，即在拟订相关立法和政策时通过代表儿童的组织与儿童协商。", "B. 共同面临的挑战", "歧视", "12. 《儿童权利公约》要求缔约国确保和尊重所有儿童享有的《公约》所载的一切权利，不可以包括残疾在内的任何理由对其歧视。《残疾人权利公约》将不歧视和机会均等确立为一般原则(第3条)，并要求各国禁止一切以残疾为由的歧视，保证残疾包括儿童在内的残疾人获得有效的法律保护(第5条)。它还提出了“合理便利”概念，要求各国在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下做出必要和适当调整，以确保有残疾的个人可以在与其他人平等的基础上享受权利。基于残疾的歧视是指以残疾为由而做出的任何区分、排斥、限制或剥夺合理便利，其目的或效果是在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他领域，损害或取消在与其他人平等的基础上对一切人权和基本自由的认可、享有或行使(第2条)。儿童权利委员会强调，只要任何区别的标准是合理和客观的，且目的是为了达到《儿童权利公约》规定的合法目标，则不歧视不应解释为指应以同样方式对待所有儿童。[5] 《残疾人权利公约》赋予这种解释法律效力(第5条第4款)。", "13. 然而，如儿童权利委员会第9号一般性意见(2006年)所指出的那样(见CRC/C/GC/和Corr.1)，残疾儿童在其生活的各个方面遇到歧视。这种歧视不是产生于他们残疾的内在性质，而是由于拒绝差异、贫穷、社会隔离、偏见、无知及缺乏服务和支持而造成的根深蒂固的社会排斥。在残疾被视为祸因或惩罚的文化中，有先天损伤的儿童被指责为是过去的失败、不足或罪孽的化身。", "14. 对残疾儿童的整体歧视程度很难量化，因为缺乏数据。但是，其影响可能是深远的，使其得不到教育和医疗保健，没有以下机会：娱乐和文化、家庭生活、免遭暴力的保护、适当的生活标准和表达意见的权利。由于儿童将他们每天遇到的消极态度转向内心深处，这种情况会腐蚀自尊和自信。对于遇到多种形式歧视的儿童，尤其是残疾女童，这种有害影响趋于复杂。儿童权利委员会在其第9号一般性意见中，请求各国对她们特别注意，确保其受到保护，获得所有的服务并充分参与社会活动。", "数据收集", "15. 为了使残疾儿童得到注意，使服务的提供了解情况，并能够更有效地监测实现其权利方面的进展，需要一致和准确的信息。《残疾人权利公约》要求各国收集适当、分类的信息，以便制订政策来落实其各项规定(第31条)。", "16. 然而，在提供有关全球、特别是发展中国家的残疾儿童的准确数据方面存在着相当严重的局限。残疾流行是卫生条件和个人和环境的背景因素率之间的复杂和动态的关系的结果。[6] 因此，估计全球残疾儿童、青少年和青年的数字和分布，是极其困难的，近年来发表了不同的估计数。在不同的国家记录了差异甚大的流行率数字，显示了在定义以及评估能力和工具方面的差别。在一些国家，只查明了残疾程度最严重的个人。", "17. 许多难题阻碍了有效的数据收集：缺乏共同的定义、国家内部和国家之间残疾类别方面的分类和界限、家长不愿意报告他们的孩子患有残疾、对残疾缺乏了解；确定某些损伤方面存在困难以及在儿童后来的生活中出现损伤。基于残疾的歧视和耻辱有时还阻碍了调查行政人员和参与者解决有关残疾的问题的意愿。此外，在收集反映残疾的社会模式的数据方面也出现困难。", "18. 为了解决目前信息缺乏的问题，已采取了一些步骤。自2000年以来，在多指标类集调查中加入了一个针对主要照顾者的儿童残疾模块，该家庭调查方案由联合国儿童基金(儿基会)开发，用以协助各国填补监测妇女和儿童状况方面的数据差距。多指标类集调查可用作单一的检测工具，来收集各国的残疾情况数据。[7] 而数据表明，依据主要照顾者的报告，经检测属残疾儿童的百分比，在大部分有数据的国家中介于14%和35%之间。然而，对家庭的注重确实意味着比如流落街头或寄宿照料机构的残疾儿童未包括在数据内。大会第63/150号、64/131号和65/186号决议强调，必须改进残疾情况数据和统计数字，以制定可作国际比较的指标，并改进国家和全球两级提供可靠数据的情况，以便从残疾角度开展政策制定、规划和评价。然而，仍需要在数据收集方面进行更大的投资，以开始更有效地反映残疾儿童生活的实际情况。", "千年发展目标和残疾", "19. 所有千年发展目标都关系到包括残疾儿童在内的残疾人。因此，必须确认，解决残疾儿童的问题是实现这些目标的关键。虽然一些背景文件中明确提到残疾人，但千年发展目标之内或其实现过程中产生的材料中却没有提及他们。然而，如果不在相关政策、方案、监测和评价中纳入残疾人士的情况，这些目标将无法实现。", "20. 引起人们对残疾问题的注意的重要性已得到确认。大会重申了国际社会的承诺，即推动将残疾问题纳入千年发展目标进程以及其他国际商定的关于残疾人的发展目标(大会第60/131号、62/127号、63/150号、64/131号和65/186号决议)。《2010年千年发展目标报告》指出，残疾儿童的机会有限，残疾与教育边缘化之间存在联系。大会第64/131 号决议重点强调了残疾人在官方统计数字中看不到的情况。它还于2010年9月在第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别会议结束时通过一项决议，确认必须注重残疾问题。", "21. 然而，最近对50个国家的审查发现，残疾人往往远远落后于国家在千年发展目标的具体目标方面的平均进展水平，而剥夺人权、排斥、歧视和缺乏问责制，成为追求人的发展和千年发展目标的障碍。[8] 强调问责制、不歧视和平等原则及参与性决策过程的原则的人权办法，可有助于克服这些障碍。⁷ 所有千年发展目标的具体目标和指标，都应识别、监测和评价关于包括残疾儿童在内的残疾人情况的相关政策和方案的影响。", "残疾儿童表达意见的权利", "22. 《儿童权利公约》第12条规定，所有有主见能力的儿童有权对影响到其本人的一切事项发表自己的意见，包括在任何司法或行政诉讼中，对这些意见应按照儿童的年龄和成熟程度给以适当的分量。它不仅是一项基本人权，也是实现其他权利的必要手段。此外，《残疾人权利公约》规定了一项明确的义务：向这些儿童提供适合其残疾状况和年龄的援助，使他们能够行使表达意见的权利(第7条)。", "23. 但是，残疾儿童的声音仍然很难得到注意。学校委员会和儿童议会等举措、征求儿童意见的协商进程以及司法诉讼程序，通常未能确保纳入残疾儿童，或承认他们的参与能力。此外，经常在没有残疾儿童的参与或同意的情况下做出医疗和其他干预措施等决定。[9] 父母的过度保护往往限制了他们成长中的独立能力。立法、政策和专业实践需要在尊重家长对缺乏独立决策能力的残疾儿童的合法保护责任的重要性与他们尊重儿童逐渐发展的行使自己权利的能力的义务之间的平衡(见《儿童权利公约》第5条和《残疾人权利公约》第3条(h)款)。", "24. 儿童权利委员会，以及大会第64/164号决议中，都强调需要采取措施，以促进残疾儿童的参与，包括提供交通、无障碍信息、辅助装置、交流援助和口译员。还需要在家长和专业人士中间进行培训和宣传，以加强他们对听取残疾儿童的声音并予以重视的义务的认识。", "落实残疾儿童权利方面的进展：当前全球局势", "25. 由于大多数国家仍然处在批准《残疾人权利公约》和编写其向残疾人权利委员会提出的初次报告的过程中，国际社会还没有掌握一个衡量进展的基准。因此，鉴于已有报告方法可用，且整个报告过程在未来几年中不断发展，将有可能更全面地评估在实现残疾儿童权利方面所取得的进展。", "教育", "26. 《儿童权利公约》确认每个儿童享有在机会均等的情况下接受教育的权利(第28条)，并在一项关于残疾儿童的专门条款中，规定各国有义务确保他们能有效地获得和接受教育，其方式应当有助于他们尽可能充分地参与社会，实现个人发展，包括其文化和精神方面的发展(第23条)。《残疾人权利公约》也肯定并阐述了这一原则(第24条)。", "27. 在现实中，残疾儿童在实现其受教育的权利方面所面临的挑战依然严峻。最近的一份报告确认，残疾儿童在教育方面是最边缘化和被排斥的群体之一。[10] 该报告证实，总体而言，国际和各国政府的举措尽管认识到残疾问题是一个需要政策关注的领域，但缺乏有关该问题的充分信息和战略。这些差距和遗漏被认为是对全面实现教育目标的威胁。", "28. 早期教育对残疾儿童尤其重要，他们中许多人需要额外的支助，以弥补他们由于损伤而面临的障碍。不过，虽然在全球范围内缺乏关于残疾儿童的机会的数据，但他们最没有可能被纳入这类方案中。在全世界1亿名5岁以下的残疾儿童中，80%生活在发展中国家，那里的学前教育和其他基本服务往往不足。[11] 尽管《儿童权利公约》和《残疾人权利公约》都未明确提及早期儿童教育，但儿童权利委员会在其第7号一般性意见(2005年)(CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1)中将受教育的权利解释为始于出生之时，并且与儿童的最佳发展权利密切相连。", "29. 虽然没有关于残疾儿童在教育方面被排斥的全球精确数据，但一种广泛的共识认为，世界上7 200万失学儿童中至少有三分之一身有残疾。[12] 在有些国家中，残疾儿童与非残疾儿童之间在小学入学率方面的巨大差距是惊人的，将绝大多数残疾儿童排斥在主流教育体系之外。甚至在接近普及初等教育目标的相对富裕的国家，入学率依损伤的类型而不同，有身体损伤的儿童的表现一般优于有智力或感官损伤的儿童。", "30. 在上学的残疾人儿童中，残疾儿童与非残疾儿童相比，小学教育完成率偏低，教育年限偏少。例如，《世界卫生调查》发现，大约50%有残疾的男孩完成了小学教育，相比之下非残疾男孩的比例刚过60%，而残疾女孩小学教育完成率不足42%，相比之下非残疾女孩为53%。⁵", "31. 各类障碍是巨大的，其中包括歧视性的立法、机构化照料、缺乏对教师的培训、偏见、污名和教师与家长对残疾的性质了解不够。世界各地绝大多数学校不具备无障碍通行、负担的起的无障碍交通，用于加强交流的系统不到位，包容性教育本身就经常被误解。有些国家保留了宣布某些类别的儿童“不可教育”的立法，或把残疾儿童的教育责任交给教育部以外的部委，从而致使其被隔离和边缘化。", "32. 儿童权利委员会第十六届会议报告(CRC/C/69，第338段)确定，需要采取行动结束教育隔离的情况，并一直在其结论性意见中建议建立包容性教育体系。[13] 它还强调，包容性教育必须成为教育残疾儿童的目标。正如教科文组织的一项题为“残疾人受教育的权利：走向包容”的主题倡议所概述的那样，自2002年以来，“全民教育”合作伙伴们致力于促进包容的目标。最后，《残疾人权利公约》规定了各国政府确保提供包容性教育机会的明确义务(第24条第2款(b))。", "33. 越来越多的证据显示了包容的效果。一项研究发现，包容教育与特殊学校的成本大致相仿，但包容学校的学习成绩高出很多。[14] 然而，将儿童置于主流环境内本身并不是包容。包容体现了一项原则，即学校不但接纳所有儿童而不论其身体、智力、社会、情感、语言或其他条件如何，而且还进行调整以满足他们的需求。[15] 这就要求在整个教育系统内采取以下方面行动：立法；跨部委的合作；适当的融资体系；对教师的培训和支持；包容性教学方法；促进学校中对多样性的尊重和不歧视；审查和调整课程和资源以用于包容性教室中的施教；适当的个性化支持；尊重用手语并通过一切适当交流形式学习的权利。", "34. 还需要做出努力消除妨碍进入学校和以后学习的实物障碍。在设计、施工和改建建筑物方面吸取了相当的教训，以便协助容纳残疾儿童。此外，世界银行的研究表明，无障碍功能的成本一般不到总建筑成本的1%。而且在教学实践、材料和教育环境方面也逐渐采用通用设计，以满足学生的广泛需求、学习方式和能力。⁵", "35. 然而，需要在全球展开大量的额外投资并使用现代技术和进行国际合作，建立必要的立法、行政和预算框架内来履行这些教育承诺。", "健康", "36. 尽可能达到最高标准的健康并使高质量的保健服务支付的起，是所有儿童的一项固有权利。这两项公约确认各国有义务采取一切适当措施，确保实现残疾儿童的这种权利。许多国家仍然在概念上把残疾作为一种慢性医疗状况，其解决办法是保健、康复、机构照料或特殊教育和养老金等社会支助。因此，需要进行投资以将服务重新定位，承认社会各方面的障碍是儿童的损伤造成失去能力后果的主要原因。", "37. 此外，歧视、障碍、缺乏旨在满足其特定需求的有针对性的健康计划，在世界许多地方继续妨碍在实现残疾儿童健康权方面取得进展。需要采取措施提供有针对性的服务，以减轻损伤造成的影响，并建立包容性、非歧视性和无障碍的服务。", "38. 正如经济、社会和文化权利委员会第5号一般性意见(1994年)和《残疾人权利公约》第25条(b)和第26条所述，许多残疾儿童需要旨在尽量减轻残疾和预防残疾恶化的特殊医疗和社会服务，以及整形外科和康复服务，以促进其独立并支持其融入社会。心理社会和智力残疾往往得不到诊断或治疗，其意义也被普遍忽视。这方面缺乏适当的政策、方案、法律和资源。在大多数国家，仍然是主要由各种机构提供护理。从机构转到社区照顾的工作是缓慢和不平衡的。最近对42个低收入和中等收入国家的心理健康体系的研究表明，用于心理健康的资源绝大多数集中在城市地区。[16] 为有心理社会或智力残疾的儿童提供所有类型的保健的工作，由于他们所遭受的耻辱和歧视而复杂化。", "39. 秘书长最近的一份报告(A/64/180)证实目前存在残疾儿童的识别和评估机制薄弱的模式。若干研究表明，即使在高度发达的国家，虽然一些社区将残疾儿童纳入其外联工作，但这些儿童往往得不到标准免疫接种和基本保健。残疾青少年在获得保密的性健康和生殖健康服务和信息，包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病服务方面面临着特别的挑战。[17] 然而，根据世界卫生组织、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的数据，他们之间的感染程度等于或高于社区其他人，主要原因之一是他们极为容易受到性虐待。常见的误解是，残疾人性生活不活跃，这往往导致卫生专业人员未能向其提供性健康与生殖健康服务。⁵ 此外，需要采取行动结束违背残疾儿童意愿或依据家庭利益而对其实施绝育或堕胎的做法(《残疾人权利公约》，第23条第1款㈢)。应该在自由和知情同意的基础上向残疾儿童提供保健，同时尊重孩子的自主性。", "贫穷与社会保护", "40. 《儿童权利公约》规定各国有义务确认每一个儿童获得其适当发展所需的适足生活水平的权利，帮助家长实现这一权利，并采取必要的措施充分实现每个孩子受益于社会保障的权利。《残疾人权利公约》还要求各国采取措施，帮助残疾儿童在社区的生活，包括为此实施社会保障计划，以及有责任使所有基本服务包含残疾人并使他们无障碍地获得服务(第28条)。", "41. 然而，残疾儿童中间的极端贫困现象仍很普遍。在发展中国家中约有4.26亿残疾人生活在贫穷线以下，通常属于占这些国家15%至20%的最为脆弱和边缘化的穷人。世界银行估计，残疾人在世界上最贫穷人口中的比例可能高达1/5。[18]", "42. 最低限度社会保护倡议是作为一项关键措施而推出的，以推动实现千年发展目标。[19] 这一倡议具有大力推动解决各种残疾问题的范围。[20] 虽然需要努力促进将残疾问题纳入各项减贫计划和政策，且大会第65/1号决议中着重提到这一需要，但至今为解决该问题所做的工作太少。", "43. 许多健康保险计划以残疾人保健成本为理由而歧视他们。一些社会保护计划未能考虑到有残疾儿童的家庭所面临的额外费用，他们在获得物品和服务方面的花费往往超过其他家庭。[21] 由于各项计划往往以最低收入或贫困线为基础，基本的残疾福利往往不足以支付基本的家庭开支和与残疾有关的额外费用，使这些家庭陷入贫困。[22] 此外，现金转移和社会健康保障计划往往与残疾儿童可能无法满足的条件联系在一起，例如，这些计划的条件是在学校正常出勤，而孩子可能会因障碍而无法进入学校。", "儿童保护", "44. 《儿童权利公约》确认所有儿童都有权免受一切形式的暴力，这一点通过《残疾人权利公约》得到加强，该公约序言中规定了具体措施，确认残疾妇女和残疾女孩往往面临更大的风险，更易遭受暴力、伤害或凌虐、忽视或疏忽、虐待或剥削这一事实。儿童权利委员会在其第9号一般性意见中强烈建议采取行动，打击针对残疾儿童的暴力行为，进行联合国关于暴力侵害儿童问题的研究的独立专家的报告(A/61/299)中也反映了这一情况。人权理事会第7/29号决议也敦促各国政府颁布和执行保护立法，使残疾儿童免于一切形式的歧视、剥削、暴力和凌虐。", "45. 越来越多的证据突显出世界各地的残疾儿童面对暴力、忽视和凌虐的风险高得不成比例。一项关于暴力侵害残疾儿童行为问题的研究，报告了儿基会2005年7月召开的一次会议的结果和建议，审议了残疾儿童的脆弱性，并得出以下结论：危害儿童的暴力行为普遍存在，残疾儿童面对的风险大幅增加。[23] “世界暴力与健康报告”中也指出，残疾儿童“已被证明面对受身体凌虐和忽视的更大风险”。[24]", "46. 来自世界各国的证据显示，一贯存在暴力危害残疾儿童的行为。例如，一项对15个国家严重体罚残疾和无残疾儿童情况的分析发现，在近半数成为研究对象的国家中，有损伤的儿童受到严重体罚的机会高出很多。⁶ 残疾儿童在往返学校的途中遭到殴打、被投掷石块或吐唾液。²² 欺凌现象在许多国家也普遍存在。", "47. 暴力行为发生在所有环境中：家庭、学校、社区、司法体系、工作场所和寄宿照料。对于处在社会经济困难中、社会保护或基本服务有限或没有的家庭，残疾儿童的出生会给一个家庭带来巨大的压力，引来排斥和暴力行为。对于那些在身体方面依赖他人照顾或识别危险或保护自己的能力下降的儿童，问题会更加严重。对残疾儿童的敌意和恐惧，意味着他们往往被隐藏起来，不让其接触其他儿童、大家族和公众活动，使他们更容易受到暴力并使暴力实施者极可能有罪不罚(见A/61/299)。", "48. 一些暴力形式是针对残疾儿童的。他们可能在包括电痉挛治疗、药物治疗和电击等行为纠正的幌子下受到凌虐。儿童权利委员会在其第9号一般性意见中，对强迫残疾女孩实行绝育的做法表示关注。她们还可能被实施医学或科学实验，被遗弃和任其死亡，或被施以“安乐死”，这一犯罪往往受到较轻的刑罚，反映出对其生命的较低重视。", "49. 保护制度和报告机制很少得到调整以满足残疾儿童的需要。即使它们报告了这种情况，却经常会碰到障碍和不被相信。秘书长负责暴力侵害儿童行为问题特别代表在一份与买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员共同提出的关于咨询、投诉和报告机制的报告中，特别注意到残疾儿童在得到保护和司法、以及康复服务方面所面临的特殊挑战(A/HRC/16/56)。", "脱离机构化照料", "50. 《儿童权利公约》要求缔约国提交在有关当局为照料、保护或治疗儿童身心健康的目的下受到安置的儿童待遇情况的定期审查报告(第25条)。此外，儿童权利委员会在其第9号一般性意见中，对继续使用残疾儿童寄宿照料设施表示关注，并认定他们在自己的家庭内会得到最好的照顾。《残疾人权利公约》明确规定，在任何情况下均不得以残疾作为剥夺自由的理由(第14条)。该公约确认残疾儿童有权在社区内生活，为此得到必要的支持和服务。它要求各国在近亲属不能照顾残疾儿童的情况下，尽一切努力在大家庭范围内提供替代性照顾或在社区内提供家庭式照顾(第23条)，《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》(大会第64/142号决议，附件)中进一步阐述了这一点。", "51. 大型寄宿照料机构中的条件，往往会形成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。广泛的证据证明了以下例子：儿童被长期绑在婴儿床和床上，受到甚至死于故意缺乏医疗、食品或温暖及缺乏爱或照顾。[25] 联合国关于暴力侵害儿童问题的研究着重表示深刻关注以下情况：暴力、忽视，危险环境、包括将儿童置于尿浸湿的床垫上达数小时，或受到身体或医学上的限制，或寄宿照料设施人员不足和缺乏监测或独立审查。²² 儿童一旦进入寄宿照料设施，经常一生呆在那里，没有上诉的权利，没有独立的审查机制，也无法获得信息、咨询或支持。", "52. 尽管人们越来越多地认识到这些侵犯行为，但生活在寄宿照料中的残疾儿童的数量仍然居高不下。儿基会估计，在中欧和东欧地区，一名残疾儿童被送进这类机构的可能性几乎是非残疾儿童的17倍。[26] 在许多地区，为保护他们的家庭生活权利进行的投资极少。偏见、无知和歧视，加之缺乏社区支持或社会保障，消弱了家庭为残疾儿童提供适当照顾和保护的能力。在世界上许多地方，希望将自己的孩子留在家中的父母获得的帮助或支持非常有限，事实上根本就没有。[27]", "53. 脱离机构化照料是一个相当紧迫的事项。研究始终指出其对儿童的深刻负面影响，4岁以下的儿童的认知和心理受到损害的危险性特别高。寄宿照料设施中的儿童在社会、教育、医疗和心理方面的情况比在支持性社区环境中养育的儿童差很多。²²", "紧急情况和人道主义行动", "54. 《残疾人权利公约》要求各国采取措施，在风险和紧急情况下保护残疾人，并认识到必需开展国际合作以解决某些国家应对风险和人道主义危机能力有限的问题(第11条和23条)。", "55. 残疾儿童往往由于失去家庭成员或照顾者，失去辅助装置、缺乏药物或保健及无法获得紧急服务，其脆弱性更为严重。此外，在发生灾难之后，残疾儿童尤其是残疾女童，容易受到暴力、剥削和性虐待。[28] 然而，关于残疾儿童受自然灾害或武装冲突影响的程度及其在这些情况下的需要的数据不足，妨碍了有效对策的制定。结果是残疾儿童在人道主义援助和发展方案中没有得到优先考虑或适当纳入方案并得到支持。", "56. 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处已制定加强保护残疾儿童的导则，确认残疾儿童面临更大的风险，并鼓励各国提供适当的支持。[29] 难民署还正在制定帮助残疾人、包括流离失所的残疾人的业务指南，其中倡导包容性教育，方便儿童的空间和早期儿童干预措施，并强调需要识别和监测机制。", "五. 前进道路", "57. 为了实现残疾儿童的权利，需要采取重大、紧急和协调行动。世界各地侵犯其权利行为的规模和严重性，构成一种隐藏的紧急情况。必须消除阻碍实现残疾儿童权利的障碍，并认识到需要为改善每个国家、特别是发展中国家的残疾儿童的生活条件而开展国际合作。敦促各国政府：", "(a) 采取措施加紧收集有关残疾儿童的分类数据，以促进对他们的注意，提高有效政策和规划的能力，并帮助更有效地监测他们的权利，这些措施包括：", "㈠ 着力于积极主动的办法，克服阻碍残疾儿童的出生登记和纳入普查数据的障碍；", "㈡ 政府上下及各组织与残疾人协作，按照国际人权标准建立一个关于残疾的定义的连贯一致的框架，以此为基础收集数据；", "㈢ 将所有关于残疾儿童生活的数据按残疾状况分类，例如有关教育、健康结果或儿童保护的数据，以及在各缔约国提交儿童权利委员会和残疾人权利委员会的关于相关公约的报告；", "(b) 为防止和消除对残疾儿童的一切形式歧视而采取下述措施：", "㈠ 在关于不歧视的宪法规定中，和在禁止歧视的专门法律或法律规定中，禁止以残疾为由的歧视；采取一切适当措施，包括立法，以公正构成对残疾人的歧视习俗和做法；", "㈡ 认识到多重歧视、特别是残疾女孩所经历的歧视的影响；", "㈢ 在残疾儿童权利受到侵犯的情况下提供有效的补救办法，这些补救办法应易于残疾儿童及其家长和/或扶养残疾儿童的其他人使用；", "㈣ 针对广大公众和具体的专业人员群体开展宣传和教育活动，以防止和消除对残疾儿童的歧视行为；", "㈤ 将人权原则，包括不歧视原则，纳入所有从事残疾儿童工作的专业人员的任职前和在职培训；", "(c) 促进在各级实现对残疾儿童的包容性教育、包括早期幼儿教育的下述战略：", "㈠ 在立法中明确承认包容性教育和反对隔离，制定立法以确立每个孩子在机会平等基础上享受包容性教育的权利，并体现包容性的明确定义、其寻求实现的具体目标和实现目标的具体战略；", "㈡ 将对残疾儿童的教育的责任纳入教育部委；", "㈢ 建立融资体制，以奖励形成统一的教育体系并鼓励在加强各学校的能力和承诺的教育方法方面投资；", "㈣ 认识到支持包容的合理便利需要基于人权标准，而不是仅仅基于资源的有效利用；", "㈤ 确保提供个性化的支持计划，尊重盲、聋、聋盲儿童通过最恰当的语文及交流方式和手段接受教育的权利；", "㈥ 在中央一级制定包容教育的政策框架，以支持各级教育体系的包容性实践和文化；", "㈦ 为教师提供培训和支持，使他们能够在包容性的环境工作；", "(d) 通过如下措施消除获得保健方面的不平等现象：", "㈠ 采取综合措施，克服一切歧视性障碍，包括让残疾儿童、其家人和病人及卫生工作者了解残疾儿童作为病人的权利及健康的权利，并确立病人权利章程和投诉程序；", "㈡ 优先着力于对残疾儿童的外联工作，促进包容性和无障碍的医疗服务，包括针对青少年的性健康和生殖健康服务，以使他们意识到在与其他人平等的基础上享受健康的权利；", "㈢ 制订全面的早期评估和识别系统；", "㈣ 制定立法和政策，使残疾儿童和青少年能够参与自己的保健，与其逐渐发展的能力保持一致；", "(e) 采用如下机制解决残疾儿童不成比例地易于陷入贫困的情况：", "㈠ 确保社会保护方案和政策是非歧视性的、无障碍的和包容残疾人包括残疾儿童及其家属的；", "㈡ 采取措施，消除提供社会服务、包括健康保险方面的所有直接和间接歧视，及与现金转移政策有关的相关条件；", "㈢ 加强社会保护措施，以反映与残疾有关的额外费用，并为有残疾儿童的家庭提供足够的支持；", "(f) 采取如下措施消除暴力危害残疾儿童的行为：", "㈠ 增强保护儿童系统和部门的能力，使其包括残疾儿童并满足他们的需求，以及推出适合于残疾人的预防暴力举措；", "㈡ 为处于各种环境中的残疾儿童制定关注残疾问题的立法，确保预防和查明暴力行为并使其免于这种行为，包括对施虐者的有效制裁；", "㈢ 采取无障碍、安全和顾及儿童的措施，举报暴力行为并为残疾儿童有效诉诸司法制度提供便利；", "㈣ 为遭受暴力的残疾儿童提供适当的治疗并使其康复；", "㈤ 采取行动减少学校中的欺凌和凌虐；", "㈥ 采取行动防止贩运和残害乞讨者；", "(g) 确立结束过度使用残疾儿童大型寄宿照料设施的程序，方法包括：", "㈠ 在立法中确认在任何情况下均不得以残疾为由剥夺自由；", "㈡ 做出有时限的承诺，结束将残疾儿童送入大型寄宿照料设施的做法，包括将资源转向基于社区的照顾和结束过度使用这类设施；通过为家庭提供照顾子女的足够支持而停止不必要地将残疾儿童与其家人分离并随后将其送入寄宿照料的做法；", "㈢ 着力于招聘、培训和支持寄养家庭，并建立小群体家庭，让孩子在家人无力照顾的情况下可以得到照顾并充分参与当地社区生活；", "㈣ 制定立法，依照《儿童替代性照料准则》适当保护生活在任何替代性照料安排中的儿童的权利，包括建立一个关于以下方面的国家标准的监管框架：纪律措施和行为管理、安全、卫生、人员编制、定期审查和独立监测，并尊重被送入替代照料中的儿童得到定期审查其治疗情况的权利；", "(h) 促进确保儿童能够充分参与家庭生活并得到其家人照顾的如下政策：", "㈠ 酌情制订全面的早期评估和识别系统；", "㈡ 增强家长和家人对残疾儿童权利和需要的认识和知识；", "㈢ 发展以社区为基础的全面服务，向残疾儿童家长提供与家庭和残疾儿童合作开发的支持，以确保能够获得如住房的适应性改建等支助服务，包括辅助性装置，支持和照顾家庭成员或其他无酬照顾者，辅导或手语教学；", "(i) 采取如下措施以加强保护危难情况和人道主义紧急情况中的残疾儿童：", "㈠ 减少灾害风险和备灾战略中顾及灾害之前、期间和之后残疾儿童的需求，确保作出全面的反应，包括预防、恢复和收容；", "㈡ 鼓励受自然灾害和紧急情况影响的儿童，特别是青少年，参与分析他们在危机期间、危机后阶段及过渡进程中的所处境况和未来前景并使他们具备这种能力，同时确保这种参与同他们的年龄、成熟程度和不同阶段接受能力相符，并且符合儿童的最佳利益；", "㈢ 确保适当谨慎从事，以保护儿童免于陷入可能造成创伤或损害的境况；确保在危难情况下，包括在发生武装冲突、人道主义紧急情况和自然灾害时，残疾人获得保护和安全。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1577卷，第27531号。", "[3] 见http://treaties.un.org。", "[4] 关于审议这些报告的会议，见www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/sessions.htm。", "[5] 见Marta Santos Pais,“The Convention on the Rights of the Child”，《编写人权报告指导手册》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.GV.97.0.16)。", "[6] 见世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和世界银行《世界残疾报告》，2011年，日内瓦，登载于http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240685215_eng.pdf。", "[7] 见联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)多指标类集调查，登载于www.childinfo.org/files/Monitoring_ Child_ Disability_in_Developing_Countries.pdf。", "[8] 见全球妇女和儿童卫生战略背景文件“Every woman, every child：recommendations on human rights”，2010年9月8日。", "[9] 见联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和世卫组织第31号概况介绍“The Right to Health”，2008年，日内瓦。", "[10] 见联合国开发计划署于2011年主办的一次电子讨论的题为“教育：消除差距”的报告，登载于：www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/ediscussion_report-26_apr_2011.pdf。", "[11] 见联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)关于早期儿童问题的政策简报“Inclusion of children with disabilities: the early childhood imperative”，2009年，第46号。", "[12] 见J. Balescut and K. Eklindh, “Historical perspective on education for persons with disabilities” (2006), 被教科文组织2007年《全民教育全球监测报告》引用。", "[13] 见儿基会“《儿童权利国际公约》执行手册”关于第2条和第23条的两章，2002年，纽约。", "[14] Jennifer Beecham and Martin Knapp, “Inclusive and special education: issues of cost-effectiveness”，载于经济合作与发展组织的“Inclusive Education at Work: Students with Disabilities in Mainstream Schools”，1999年，巴黎。", "[15] 教科文组织，为国际教育会议编写的题为“Inclusive education: the way of the future”的文件，2008年，日内瓦。", "[16] 世卫组织，“Mental health systems in selected low- and middle-income countries: a World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems cross-national analysis”，2009年，日内瓦。", "[17] 见Jane Maxwell, Julia Watts Belser and Darlena David, A Health Handbook for Women with Disabilities，Hesperian基金会，2007年，美利坚合众国加利福尼亚州伯克利。", "[18] Ann Elwan,“Poverty and disability：a survey of the literature”，世界银行起草的文件，1999年，登载于：http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/ Background/elwan.pdf。", "[19] 最低限度社会保护倡议旨在促进人人获得基本的社会转让和服务，由国际劳工组织和世卫组织管理，并得到联合国所有其他主要实体的支持。", "[20] 见“Social security for social justice and a fair globalization”，国际劳工组织大会第六次报告(ILC.100/VI)，2011年，日内瓦。", "[21] 见Jeanine Braithwaite和Daniel Mont,“Disability and poverty：a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications”，世界银行，2008年2月，华盛顿特区。", "[22] Kate Gooding和Anna Marriot,“Including persons with disabilities in social cash transfer programmes in developing countries”，《国际发展期刊》，第21卷，5，第685-698页(2009年７月)。", "[23] 登载于：www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/UNICEF_Violence_Against_Disabled_Children_Report_ Distributed_Version.pdf。", "[24] Etienne G. Krug和其他人(eds)，“世界暴力与健康报告”，第66页，世界卫生组织，2002年，日内瓦。", "[25] 见www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_27185.html。", "[26] Progress for Children：A Report Card on Child Protection (儿基会，2009年)。", "[27] Innocenti Digest No.13:“Promoting the rights of children with disabilities”,(儿基会，2007年)。", "[28] 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)，“Sexual and gender-based violence against refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons: guidelines for prevention and response”，2003年５月。", "[29] 难民署,关于残疾难民和受难民署保护和援助的其他残疾人士的第110 (LXI)号结论，2010年，登载于：www.unhcr.org/4cbeb1a99.html。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, by its resolution 44/25, adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. As at 1 July 2011, the Convention had been ratified or acceded to by 193 States, and 2 States had signed the Convention. By its resolution 54/263, the Assembly adopted two Optional Protocols to the Convention. As at 1 July 2011, the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict had been ratified by 142 States, and the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography had been ratified by 144 States.", "Pursuant to resolution 65/197, the implementation of the rights of children with disabilities is the focus of section IV of the present report, which highlights issues relating to discrimination; data collection; the Millennium Development Goals and disability; the right of children with disabilities to be heard; progress in realizing the rights of children with disabilities and the current global situation; education; health; poverty and social protection; child protection; de-institutionalization; emergencies and humanitarian action; and perspectives on ways forward.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Status 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild III. Implementation 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the \nChild IV.Implementing 4 the rights of children with \ndisabilities A. Human 4 rights and children with \ndisabilities B. Cross-cutting 4 \nchallenges V.Ways 15 \nforward", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/197, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, with a focus on implementing the rights of children with disabilities. The present report is submitted in accordance with that request.", "II. Status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "2. As at 1 July 2011, the Convention on the Rights of the Child[1] had been ratified or acceded to by 193 States, and two States had signed the Convention.[2]", "3. As at 1 July 2011, the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict had been ratified by 142 States, and the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography had been ratified by 144 States.", "III. Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "4. During the reporting period, the Committee on the Rights of the Child held its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions at the United Nations Office at Geneva, from 13 September to 1 October 2010, from 17 January to 4 February 2011 and from 30 May to 17 June 2011.", "5. As at 1 July 2011, the Committee has received the initial reports of all but three State parties. All initial reports have been reviewed by the Committee, except two, which are scheduled for the Committee’s fifty-ninth session, to be held in 2012. In total, the Committee has received 504 reports pursuant to article 44 of the Convention.", "6. Additionally, it has received 86 reports and one second periodic report under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, and 71 reports and one second periodic report under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.[3]", "7. On 17 June 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted, without a vote, the draft text of the third optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, drafted by the Open-ended Working Group established to elaborate a communications procedure. The Protocol establishes a new procedure of individual communications and inter-State communications regarding violations of rights set forth in the Convention and its Optional Protocols, as well as an enquiry procedure for grave or systematic violations. The text of the new treaty will be submitted to the General Assembly for approval at its sixty-sixth session.", "8. The Chair of the Committee will present his oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, addressing major issues related to the work of the Committee during the past year.", "IV. Implementing the rights of children with disabilities", "A. Human rights and children with disabilities", "9. Children with disabilities are one of the most marginalized and excluded groups of children, experiencing widespread violations of their rights. These violations dehumanize them, denying them respect for their dignity, their individuality, even their right to life itself.", "10. The past 30 years have witnessed significant action to address these violations. However, only with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, were the first explicit provisions relating to the rights of children with disabilities introduced, including a prohibition against discrimination on the grounds of disability (art. 2), and obligations to provide services for children with disabilities, in order to enable them to achieve the fullest possible social integration (art. 23).", "11. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, further strengthened the rights of children with disabilities. It does not introduce additional rights: human rights are universal and apply to every human being. However, it does impose significant additional obligations on Governments to take action to remove the barriers impeding the realization of rights. It also adopts the social model of disability, and addresses “those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (art. 1). The Convention also includes a dedicated article on children (art. 7), outlining the obligation on States to ensure the realization of all rights for children with disabilities on an equal basis with other children, to promote their best interests, and to ensure their right to be heard and taken seriously. It incorporates, within its general principles (art. 3), respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and their right to preserve their identities, and introduces a general obligation (art. 4, para. 3) to consult with children, through their representative organizations, when developing relevant legislation and policies.", "B. Cross-cutting challenges", "Discrimination", "12. The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires of States parties that all the rights it embodies are ensured and respected without discrimination on any ground, including that of disability, for all children. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities establishes non-discrimination and equality of opportunity as general principles (art. 3), and requires that States prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability and guarantee effective legal protection for persons, including children, with disabilities (art. 5). It also introduces the concept of “reasonable accommodation” requiring States to make necessary and appropriate adaptations to ensure that an individual with a disability can enjoy rights on an equal basis with others, as long as they do not impose a disproportionate or undue burden. Disability-based discrimination is defined as including any distinction, exclusion, restriction or denial of reasonable accommodation on the basis of disability, which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field (art. 2). The Committee on the Rights of the Child has stressed that non-discrimination should not be interpreted to mean that all children should be treated the same, as long as the criteria for any differentiation is reasonable and objective, and the aim is to achieve a purpose that is legitimate under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[4] The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities lends legal force to this interpretation (art. 5, para. 4).", "13. However, as noted in general comment No. 9 (2006) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (see CRC/C/GC/9 and Corr.1) children with disabilities live with discrimination in every aspect of their lives. It arises not from the intrinsic nature of their disability, but rather from entrenched social exclusion resulting from rejection of difference, poverty, social isolation, prejudice, ignorance and lack of services and support. In cultures where disability is viewed as a curse or punishment, a child born with an impairment is blamed as the embodiment of past failure, inadequacy or sins.", "14. The full extent of discrimination against children with disabilities is difficult to quantify owing to lack of data. However, its impact can be profound, denying them access to education and health care, opportunities for play and culture, family life, protection from violence, an adequate standard of living and the right to be heard. It can corrode self-esteem and self-confidence as children internalize the negative attitudes they experience on a daily basis. The harmful impact is compounded for children experiencing multiple forms of discrimination, particularly girls with disabilities. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 9, requests States to pay particular attention to them to ensure their protection, access to all services and full inclusion in society.", "Data collection", "15. Consistent and accurate information is necessary to render children with disabilities visible, inform service delivery and enable more effective monitoring of progress towards the realization of their rights. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires States to collect appropriate disaggregated information to enable them to formulate policies to give effect to its provisions (art. 31).", "16. However, significant limitations exist on the availability of accurate data relating to children with disabilities worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Disability prevalence is the result of a complex and dynamic relationship between health conditions and contextual factors, both personal and environmental.[5] Estimating the global numbers and distribution of children, adolescents and youth with disabilities is therefore extremely difficult, and different estimates have been published in recent years. Wide variations in prevalence figures are recorded across different countries, revealing differences in definitions and in both capacity and tools for assessment. In some States, only the most severely disabled individuals are identified.", "17. Many challenges impede effective data collection: lack of common definitions, classification and thresholds between categories of disability, both within and between countries; reluctance on the part of parents to report their child as having a disability, and lack of understanding disability; and difficulties in identification of certain impairments, as well as acquisition of impairments later in the child’s life. Disability-based discrimination and stigma also sometimes inhibit the willingness of survey administrators and participants to address questions related to disability. In addition, difficulties arise in collecting data that reflects the social model of disability.", "18. Some steps have been taken to address the current paucity of information. A child disability module, addressed to primary caregivers, has been included, since 2000, in the multiple indicator cluster survey, a household survey programme developed by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring the situation of children and women. The multiple indicator cluster survey can be employed, as a single screening tool, to collect data on disability across a wide range of countries.[6] Data indicate that the percentage of children who screened positive on disability, as reported by primary caregivers, is between 14 per cent and 35 per cent in a large majority of the countries with available data. However, the focus on households does mean that, for example, children with disabilities who live on the streets or those in residential care institutions are not included in the data. The General Assembly, in its resolutions 63/150, 64/131 and 65/186, has stressed the importance of improving disability data and statistics in order to develop internationally comparable indicators and improve the availability of reliable data at the national and global levels for purposes of policy design, planning and evaluation from the disability perspective. However, significantly greater investment is still needed in data collection to begin to build a more effective picture of the reality of the lives of children with disabilities.", "Millennium Development Goals and disability", "19. All the Millennium Development Goals have relevance to persons, including children, with disabilities. Accordingly, addressing the issues that concern children with disabilities must be acknowledged as key to their attainment. Although some of the background documents explicitly mention people with disabilities, they are not referred to within the Millennium Development Goals, or in the material generated as part of the process to achieve them. However, the Goals will not be achieved if the situation of people with disabilities is not included in associated policies, programmes, monitoring and evaluations.", "20. The importance of rendering disability visible has been recognized. The General Assembly has reiterated the commitment of the international community to promote the inclusion of disability in the Millennium Development Goals processes, as well as in other internationally agreed development goals for persons with disabilities (Assembly resolutions 60/131, 62/127, 63/150, 64/131 and 65/186). The limited opportunities facing children with disabilities, and the link between disability and marginalization in education are noted in The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010. The Assembly, in its resolution 64/131, highlighted the invisibility of persons with disabilities in official statistics. It also concluded the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals at its sixty-fifth session, in September 2010, by adopting a resolution in which the importance of a focus on disability issues was acknowledged.", "21. However, a recent review of 50 countries found that people with disabilities often lag well behind national averages of progress on Millennium Development Goals targets, and that the denial of human rights, exclusion, discrimination and a lack of accountability are barriers to the pursuit of human development and the Millennium Development Goals.[7] A human rights approach emphasizing accountability, principles of non-discrimination and equality and the principle of participatory decision-making processes can contribute to overcoming these barriers. All Millennium Development Goals targets and indicators should identify, monitor and evaluate the impact of related policies and programming on the situation of persons, including children, with disabilities.", "The right of children with disabilities to be heard", "22. Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child establishes that all children capable of forming their own views have the right to express those views on all matters of concern to them, including in any judicial or administrative proceedings, and to have these views given due weight in accordance with the child’s age and maturity. Not only is it a fundamental human right, but it is necessary as a means of realizing other rights. In addition, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities introduces an explicit obligation to provide children with disability- and age-appropriate assistance to enable them to exercise the right to be heard (art. 7).", "23. However, it remains difficult for children with disabilities to have their voices heard. Initiatives such as school councils and children’s parliaments, consultative processes to elicit children’s views, as well as judicial proceedings, commonly fail to ensure the inclusion of children with disabilities, or acknowledge their capacities for participation. Furthermore, decisions such as medical and other interventions are frequently made without the involvement or consent of children with disabilities.[8] Parental overprotection often limits their capacity for emerging independence. Legislation, policy and professional practice need to balance the importance of respecting parents’ legitimate protective responsibilities for children with disabilities, where they lack capacity for independent decision-making, with their obligation to respect children’s evolving capacities to exercise their own rights (see the Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 5 and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 3 (h)).", "24. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, as well as the General Assembly in its resolution 64/146, have emphasized the need for measures to facilitate the participation of children with disabilities, including through the provision of transport, accessible information, assistive devices, communication aids and interpreters. Training and sensitization are also needed among parents and professionals to strengthen their awareness of the obligation to listen to children with disabilities and take their voice seriously.", "Progress in realizing the rights of children with disabilities: current global situation", "25. As most countries are still in the process of ratifying the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and developing their initial reporting to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the international community does not yet have access to a baseline against which to measure progress. Therefore, as reporting becomes available and the entire reporting process develops in the coming years, it will become possible to more comprehensively assess progress in realizing the rights of children with disabilities.", "Education", "26. The Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts the right of every child to education on the basis of equality of opportunity (art. 28), and in a dedicated provision on children with disabilities, places obligations on States to ensure that they have effective access to and receive education in a manner conducive to their fullest possible social integration and individual development, including their cultural and spiritual development (art. 23). The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also affirms and elaborates this principle (art. 24).", "27. In reality, the challenges faced by children with disabilities in realizing their right to education remain profound. A recent report recognized children with disabilities as one of the most marginalized and excluded groups in respect of education.[9] It confirmed that, overall, international and Government initiatives lacked adequate information and strategies on the issue of disability, despite recognizing it as an area that requires policy attention. These gaps and omissions were perceived as a threat to the overall achievement of education goals.", "28. Early education is of particular significance for children with disabilities, many of whom need additional support to compensate for the barriers they face as a consequence of their impairment. However, although data regarding access for children with disabilities is lacking globally, they are least likely to be included in such programmes. Out of 100 million children with disabilities under 5 years of age worldwide, 80 per cent live in developing countries, where the provision of pre-primary education and other basic services tends to be insufficient.[10] Although neither the Convention on the Rights of the Child nor the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities make explicit reference to early childhood education, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 7 (2005) (CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1) interprets the right to education as beginning at birth, and closely linked to the child’s right to optimum development.", "29. While precise global data on the exclusion of children with disabilities from education do not exist, there is broad consensus that at least one third of the world’s 72 million children who are not in school have a disability.[11] In some countries, the gap in primary school attendance rates between disabled and non-disabled children is strikingly wide, excluding the great majority of children with disabilities from the mainstream educational system. Even in relatively well-off States that are closer to the goal of universal primary education, enrolment rates differ according to impairment type, with children with physical impairment generally faring better than those with intellectual or sensory impairments.", "30. Among those children with disabilities who do attend school, children with disabilities achieve lower rates of primary school completion and fewer years of education than those without disability. For example, the World Health Survey found that around 50 per cent of boys with disability completed primary school, compared with just over 60 per cent of boys without disability, while primary school completion rates for girls with disability are just under 42 per cent compared with 53 per cent of girls without disability.⁵", "31. The barriers are formidable and include discriminatory legislation, institutionalization, lack of training for teachers, prejudice, stigma and inadequate understanding as to the nature of disability on the part of teachers and parents. The overwhelming majority of schools throughout the world are physically inaccessible, affordable and accessible transport is not available, systems for enhancing communication are not in place, and inclusive education itself is frequently misunderstood. Some countries retain legislation declaring certain categories of children to be “uneducable”, or place responsibility for the education of children with disabilities with ministries other than education, thus serving to segregate and marginalize them.", "32. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in the report on its sixteenth session (CRC/C/69, para. 338), identified the need for action to bring an end to segregation in education, and has consistently recommended the development of inclusive education systems in its concluding observations.[12] It has further stressed that inclusive education must be the goal of educating children with disabilities. Since 2002, Education for All partners have committed to promoting a goal of inclusion, as outlined in a UNESCO flagship initiative on “The right to education for persons with disabilities: towards inclusion”. Finally, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities includes an explicit obligation on Governments to ensure access to inclusive education (art. 24, para. 2 (b)).", "33. A growing body of evidence is emerging as to the efficacy of inclusion. One study found that while the costs of inclusive education and special schools were largely comparable, academic achievement in inclusive schools was significantly higher.[13] However, placing children within a mainstream setting does not of itself achieve inclusion. Inclusion embodies a principle that schools both accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions, and also adapt to address their needs.[14] This requires action across the education system, including: legislation; cross-ministerial collaboration; appropriate systems of financing; training of and support for teachers; inclusive teaching methods; promoting respect for diversity and non-discrimination in schools; reviews and adaptation of curricula and resources for teaching in inclusive classrooms; appropriate individualized support; and respect for the right to learn in sign language and through all appropriate forms of communication.", "34. Efforts are also needed to remove the physical barriers impeding access to school and subsequent learning. Significant lessons have been learned on design, construction and modification of buildings to assist in the inclusion of children with disabilities. Furthermore, World Bank research has demonstrated that the cost of accessibility is generally less than 1 per cent of total construction costs. There is also an emerging application of universal design in instructional practices, materials and educational environments to meet the wide range of student needs, learning styles and capacities.⁵", "35. However, globally, significant additional investment and the use of modern technologies and international cooperation are needed to create the necessary legislative, administrative and budgetary framework to fulfil these educational commitments.", "Health", "36. Attainment of the highest possible standard of health and access to and affordability of quality health care are inherent rights of every child. Both Conventions affirm the obligations on States to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of such rights for children with disabilities. Many countries still conceptualize disability as a chronic medical condition, for which the solutions are health care, rehabilitation, institutionalization or social supports such as special education and pensions. Investment is therefore needed to re-orientate services towards recognition that the barriers across society are a primary cause of the disabling effects of impairments in children.", "37. In addition, discrimination, inaccessibility and a lack of targeted health programmes designed to address their specific needs continue to hamper progress in the realization of the right to health for children with disabilities, in many parts of the world. Measures are needed in order to provide targeted services to mitigate the impact of impairments and to develop inclusive, non-discriminatory and accessible services.", "38. Many children with disabilities require specific medical and social services, designed to minimize and prevent further disabilities, as well as orthopaedic and rehabilitation services, to promote independence and support their social integration, as discussed in general comment No. 5 (1994) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and in articles 25 (b) and 26 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Psychosocial and intellectual disabilities are often neither diagnosed nor treated, and their significance is generally overlooked. Adequate policies, programmes, laws and resources are lacking. In most countries, care is still predominantly provided in institutions. The move from institutional to community care is slow and uneven. A recent study of mental health systems in 42 low-income and middle-income countries showed that resources for mental health are overwhelmingly concentrated in urban settings.[15] Access to all types of health care for children with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities is complicated by the stigma and discrimination they suffer.", "39. A recent report of the Secretary-General (A/64/180) testifies to a prevailing pattern of weak identification of and assessment mechanisms for children with disabilities. Several studies show that while some communities have included children with disabilities in outreach efforts, children with disabilities often do not receive standard immunizations and basic care, even in highly developed countries. Adolescents with disabilities face particular challenges in accessing confidential sexual and reproductive health services and information, including HIV/AIDS services.[16] Yet, infection levels among them are equal to or higher than the rest of the community, one of the main causes being their significant vulnerability to sexual abuse, according to data from the World Health Organization, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The common misconception that people with disabilities are not sexually active often leads health professionals to fail to offer them sexual and reproductive health services.⁵ In addition, action is needed to bring an end to practices whereby children with disabilities are subject to sterilization or abortion against their will or on the basis of family interests (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 23, para. 1 (c)). Health care provided to children with disabilities should be based on free and informed consent, while respecting the autonomy of the child.", "Poverty and social protection", "40. The Convention on the Rights of the Child places obligations on States to recognize the right of every child to an adequate standard of living for their proper development, to support parents in realizing this right and to take necessary measures to achieve the full realization of every child’s right to benefit from social security. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities additionally requires States to adopt measures to support children with disabilities living in the community, including through social protection programmes, as well as a duty to make all essential services inclusive of and accessible for persons with disabilities (art. 28).", "41. Nevertheless, extreme poverty among children with disabilities remains widespread. Approximately 426 million people with disabilities in developing countries live below the poverty line and are often among the 15 to 20 per cent most vulnerable and marginalized poor in such countries. The World Bank has estimated that people with disabilities may account for as many as 1 in 5 of the world’s poorest people.[17]", "42. The Social Protection Floor Initiative was introduced as a key measure to contribute towards the Millennium Development Goals.[18] There is scope for this initiative to contribute significantly to addressing issues of disability.[19] While the need for efforts to promote inclusion of disability issues in poverty reduction programmes and policies has been highlighted in General Assembly resolution 65/1, too little has yet been done to address this issue.", "43. Many health insurance schemes discriminate against persons with disabilities, based on the cost of their health care. Some social protection schemes fail to take into account the extra costs faced by households with a disabled child, who often have to spend more than other families to access goods and services.[20] As schemes are often based on a minimum income or poverty line, the basic disability benefits are commonly insufficient to cover both basic household expenses and extra costs related to disability, leaving families trapped in poverty.[21] In addition, cash transfer and social health protection schemes are often linked to conditions that children with disabilities may not be able to fulfil, for example, when those schemes are conditional on regular attendance at school, from which a child may have been denied access.", "Child protection", "44. The Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms that all children are entitled to protection from all forms of violence and this is reinforced by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which introduces specific measures in recognition of the fact that women and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, as specified in the Preamble to that Convention. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 9, made strong recommendations for action to tackle violence against children with disabilities, which were also reflected in the report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299). The Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/29, also pressed all Governments to enact and enforce legislation protecting children with disabilities against all forms of discrimination, exploitation, violence and abuse.", "45. A growing body of evidence highlights the extent to which children with disabilities, throughout the world, are disproportionately at risk of violence, neglect and abuse. A study on violence against disabled children, reporting the findings and recommendations of a meeting convened by UNICEF in July 2005, considered the vulnerability of children with disabilities, and concluded that while violence against children is widespread, disabled children are at significantly increased risk.[22] In the World Report on Violence and Health, it was also noted that children with disabilities “have been shown to be at increased risk for physical abuse and neglect”.[23]", "46. Evidence from countries throughout the world reveals a consistent pattern of violence against children with disabilities. For example, an analysis of severe corporal punishment of children with and without disabilities, in 15 countries, found that children with an impairment were significantly more likely to experience severe physical punishment, in nearly half of the countries studied.⁶ Children with disabilities are often beaten, stoned, or spat upon on their way to and from school.²² Bullying is also widespread in many countries.", "47. Violence takes place in all settings: the family, schools, the community, the justice system, the workplace and residential care. For families in difficult socio-economic circumstances, or with limited or no social protection or basic services available, the birth of a child with a disability can place the family under considerable pressure, leading to rejection and violence. The problem can be exacerbated for children who are physically dependent on others to provide care, or who have reduced ability to recognize danger or protect themselves. Hostility towards, and fear of, children with disabilities means that they are often hidden away and denied access to other children, to the wider family and to public events, rendering them more vulnerable to violence, and affording perpetrators a high degree of impunity (see A/61/299).", "48. Some forms of violence are specific to children with disabilities. They may be subject to abuse under the guise of behaviour modification, including electro-convulsive treatment, drug therapy and electric shocks. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 9, has expressed concern about the practice of forced sterilization of girls with disabilities. They can also be exposed to medical or scientific experimentation, abandoned and left to die, or subjected to “mercy killing”, a crime often attracting lower penalties, reflecting the lower value attached to their life.", "49. Protection systems and reporting mechanisms are rarely adapted to the needs of children with disabilities. Where they do report, they are often met with barriers and disbelief. The Secretary-General’s Special Representative on Violence against Children, in a joint report with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography on counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms, paid special attention to the particular challenges faced by children with disabilities in accessing protection and justice, as well as rehabilitation services (A/HRC/16/56).", "De-institutionalization", "50. The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to submit periodic reviews of the treatment of children placed by authorities for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of their health (art. 25). Furthermore, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 9, expresses concern about the continued use of residential care facilities for children with disabilities and affirms that they are best cared for within their own families. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities clearly states that disability should never justify deprivation of liberty (art. 14). It recognizes the right of children with disabilities to live in the community, backed up with the necessary support and services to make that possible. It requires States to make every effort to ensure that when a family cannot care for a child, the alternative placement is either with the wider family or in a family setting in the community (art. 23), as further elaborated in the Guidelines on the Alternative Care of Children (General Assembly resolution 64/142, annex).", "51. The conditions in large residential care institutions can often constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Widespread evidence testifies to examples of children permanently tied into cribs and beds, suffering or even death from intentional lack of medical treatment, food or warmth, and lack of love or care.[24] The UN Study on Violence against Children highlighted profound concerns relating to violence, neglect, dangerous environments, including children being left for hours on urine-soaked mattresses, or physically or medically restrained, or of residential care facilities being understaffed and a lack of monitoring or independent scrutiny.²² Once children are placed in a residential care facility, they often remain there for life with no right of appeal, no independent review mechanism, and no access to information, advice or advocacy.", "52. Despite growing awareness of these violations, the number of children with disabilities in residential care remains high. In the Central and Eastern Europe region, UNICEF estimates that a child with a disability is almost 17 times as likely to be institutionalized as one who is not disabled.[25] In many regions, little investment has been made to protect their right to family life. Prejudice, ignorance and discrimination, combined with a lack of community-based support or social security, undermine families’ capacities to provide appropriate care and protection for a child with a disability. In many parts of the world, parents who want to keep their children at home receive very limited help or support, or indeed, none at all.[26]", "53. Bringing an end to institutionalization is a matter of considerable urgency. Research consistently points to its profoundly negative impact on children, with children under the age of 4 at particularly high risk of cognitive and psychological damage. Children in residential care facilities do far worse socially, educationally, medically and psychologically than children raised in supportive community settings.²²", "Emergencies and humanitarian action", "54. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires States to undertake measures to protect people with disabilities in situations of risk and emergency, and recognizes the importance of international cooperation in addressing the limited capacities of some States to respond to situations of risk and humanitarian crises (arts. 11 and 23).", "55. The vulnerability of children with disabilities is often exacerbated by the loss of family members or carers, loss of assistive devices, lack of medication or health care and the inaccessibility of emergency services. Furthermore, in the aftermath of a disaster, children, and particularly girls with disabilities, are vulnerable to violence, exploitation and sexual abuse.[27] However, there is a lack of adequate data about both the extent to which children with disabilities are affected by natural disasters or armed conflict, and their needs in those situations, and this has hampered the development of effective responses. It results in children with disabilities not being prioritized or appropriately included and supported within humanitarian assistance and development programmes.", "56. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has developed guidelines to strengthen the protection of children with disabilities, which recognize the greater risks facing children with disabilities and encourage States to provide appropriate support.[28] It is also producing operational guidance on working with persons with disabilities, including those in displacement, that advocates for inclusive education, child-friendly spaces and early-childhood interventions, and stresses the need for identification and monitoring mechanisms.", "V. Ways forward", "57. Significant, urgent and coordinated action is needed to achieve the realization of the rights of children with disabilities. The scale and severity of violations against their rights, in all regions of the world, constitute a hidden emergency. It is necessary to remove barriers that impede the realization of the rights of children with disabilities, and recognize the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of children with disabilities in every country, particularly in developing countries. Governments are urged to:", "(a) Introduce measures to strengthen the collection of disaggregated data on children with disabilities in order to promote their visibility, enhance capacity for effective policy and planning, and enable more effective monitoring of their rights, that include:", "(i) Investment in proactive approaches to overcoming the barriers impeding birth registration and inclusion in census data, in respect of children with disabilities;", "(ii) Collaboration across Government and with organizations of people with disabilities to achieve a coherent and consistent framework of definitions of disability, in accordance with international human rights standards, as a basis on which to collect data;", "(iii) Disaggregation of all relevant data relating to children’s lives on the basis of disability, including, for example, in data on education, health outcomes or child protection, and in the reports submitted by the States Parties to the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities with regard to the relevant Conventions;", "(b) Implement measures to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against children with disabilities, that include:", "(i) Prohibiting discrimination on grounds of disability in constitutional provisions and in specific anti-discrimination laws or legal provisions; and taking all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities;", "(ii) Recognizing the impact of multiple discrimination, in particular, discrimination experienced by girls with disabilities;", "(iii) Introducing effective remedies in case of violations of the rights of children with disabilities, which are easily accessible to children with disabilities and their parents and/or others caring for the child;", "(iv) Awareness-raising and educational campaigns targeting the public at large and specific groups of professionals, with a view to preventing and eliminating discrimination against children with disabilities;", "(v) Incorporating principles of human rights, including non-discrimination, in the pre- and in-service training of all professionals working with and for children with disabilities;", "(c) Promote strategies to achieve an inclusive education for children with disabilities at all levels, including early childhood education, that include:", "(i) Explicit recognition of inclusive education in legislation and rejection of segregation, and introducing legislation establishing the right to inclusive education for every child on the basis of equality of opportunity and embodying a clear definition of inclusion, the specific objectives it is seeking to achieve, and concrete strategies for its attainment;", "(ii) Incorporating responsibility for the education of children with disabilities within ministries of education;", "(iii) Introducing systems of financing that provide incentives towards a unified system of education and encourage investment in approaches in education that strengthen capacity and commitment among schools;", "(iv) Recognizing that reasonable accommodations to support inclusion need to be based on human rights standards rather than solely on the efficient use of resources;", "(v) Ensuring provision of individualized support plans, and respecting the rights of blind, deaf and deaf-blind children to education in the most appropriate languages and modes and means of communication;", "(vi) Developing a policy framework for inclusive education at the central level to support the practice and culture of inclusion across all levels of the education system;", "(vii) Providing training and support for teachers to enable them to work in inclusive environments;", "(d) Address inequality in access to health care, through measures that include:", "(i) Introducing comprehensive measures to overcome all discriminatory barriers, including educating children with disabilities, their families and patients and health workers on the rights of children with disabilities as patients, and the right to health, and establishing patient charters and complaints procedures;", "(ii) Prioritizing efforts to reach children with disabilities, and promoting inclusive and accessible health services, including sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents, in order to allow them realize their right to health on an equal basis with others;", "(iii) Developing comprehensive early assessment and identification systems;", "(iv) Introducing legislation and policies to enable children and adolescents with disabilities to be involved in their own health care, consistent with respect for their evolving capacities;", "(e) Adopt mechanisms to address the disproportionate vulnerability of children with disabilities to poverty, that include:", "(i) Ensuring that social protection programmes and policies are non‑discriminatory, accessible and inclusive for persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities and their families;", "(ii) Adopting measures to remove all direct and indirect discrimination in the provision of social services, including in health insurance, and the conditionalities associated with policies relating to cash transfers;", "(iii) Strengthening social protection measures to reflect the additional costs associated with disability and provide adequate support for families with a child with a disability;", "(f) Implement measures to address violence against children with disabilities, that include:", "(i) Strengthening the capacities of child protection systems and services to be inclusive of children with disabilities and to respond to their needs, as well as to introduce disability-appropriate violence prevention initiatives;", "(ii) Introducing, for children with disabilities in all settings, disability-sensitive legislation that ensures the prevention and identification of, and their protection from, violence, including effective sanctions against abusers;", "(iii) Introducing accessible, safe and child-sensitive measures to report violence and to facilitate effective access to the judicial system for children with disabilities;", "(iv) Providing appropriate treatment for and rehabilitation of children with disabilities who have experienced violence;", "(v) Taking action to reduce bullying and abuse in schools;", "(vi) Taking action to prevent trafficking and maiming for begging;", "(g) Establish a process for bringing an end to the over-use of large residential care facilities for children with disabilities, including through:", "(i) Recognizing in legislation that in no case may disability be used to justify the deprivation of liberty;", "(ii) Introducing a time-bound commitment towards ending the placement of children with disabilities in large residential care facilities, including the transfer of the resources to community-based care and ending the over-use of such facilities; and ending the practice of unnecessary separation of children with disabilities from their families and subsequent placement in residential care, by providing adequate support to families to care for their children;", "(iii) Investing in recruiting, training and supporting foster families, and establishing small group homes where children can be cared for and participate fully within the local community when their own families are unable to care for them;", "(iv) Introducing legislation to provide appropriate protection for the rights of children living in any alternative care arrangement, consistent with the Guidelines on Alternative Care of Children, and including a regulatory framework addressing national standards on disciplinary measures and behaviour management, safety, health, staffing, regular review and independent monitoring, and respect for the right of children placed in alternative care to periodic review of their treatment;", "(h) Promote policies to ensure that children can fully participate in family life and be cared for by their families, that include:", "(i) Developing comprehensive early assessment and identification systems as appropriate;", "(ii) Increasing awareness and knowledge of parents and families about the rights and needs of children with disabilities;", "(iii) Developing comprehensive community-based services to provide support for parents of children with disabilities, developed in collaboration with families and children with disabilities themselves, in order to ensure access to support services, such as home adaptations, including assistive devices, support and care for family members or other unpaid caregivers, counselling or sign language teaching;", "(i) Adopt measures to enhance protection of children with disabilities in situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies, that include:", "(i) Accounting for the needs of children with disabilities in disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness strategies before, during and after disasters, to ensure comprehensive responses, including prevention, rehabilitation and inclusion;", "(ii) Encouraging and enabling children affected by disasters and emergencies, in particular adolescents, to participate in analysing their situations and future prospects in crisis, post-crisis and transition processes, while ensuring that such participation is in accordance with their age, maturity and evolving capacities and is consistent with the best interests of the child;", "(iii) Ensuring that appropriate care is taken to protect children from exposure to situations that are likely to be traumatic or harmful; and ensuring the protection and safety of children with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and natural disasters.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[2] Available from http://treaties.un.org.", "[3] For the sessions at which the reports were considered, see www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/ sessions.htm.", "[4] See Marta Santos Pais, “The Convention on the Rights of the Child”, in the Manual on Human Rights Reporting, (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.GV.97.0.16).", "[5] See World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, World Report on Disability, Geneva, 2011, available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240685215_eng.pdf.", "[6] See United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) multiple indicator cluster survey, available from: www.childinfo.org/files/Monitoring_Child_Disability_in_Developing_Countries.pdf.", "[7] See “Every woman, every child: recommendations on human rights”, background paper for the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, 8 September 2010.", "[8] See the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and WHO, “The Right to Health”, Fact Sheet No. 31, Geneva, 2008.", "[9] See “Education: closing the gap”, report of an e-discussion hosted by the United Nations Development Group, in 2011, available from: www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/ ediscussion_report-26_apr_2011.pdf.", "[10] See “Inclusion of children with disabilities: the early childhood imperative”, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) policy brief on early childhood, No. 46, 2009.", "[11] See J. Balescut and K. Eklindh, “Historical perspective on education for persons with disabilities” (2006), quoted in the UNESCO Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2007.", "[12] See chapters on articles 2 and 23, UNICEF, Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, New York, 2002.", "[13] Jennifer Beecham and Martin Knapp, “Inclusive and special education: issues of cost-effectiveness”, in Inclusive Education at Work: Students with Disabilities in Mainstream Schools, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1999.", "[14] UNESCO, “Inclusive education: the way of the future”, paper prepared for the International Conference on Education, Geneva, 2008.", "[15] WHO, Mental health systems in selected low- and middle-income countries: a World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems cross-national analysis, Geneva, 2009.", "[16] See Jane Maxwell, Julia Watts Belser and Darlena David, A Health Handbook for Women with Disabilities, Hesperian Foundation, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 2007.", "[17] Ann Elwan, “Poverty and disability: a survey of the literature”, paper prepared for the World Bank, 1999, available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/ Background/elwan.pdf.", "[18] The Social Protection Floor Initiative seeks to promote universal access to essential social transfers and services, and is managed by the International Labour Organization and WHO, with the support of all other major entities of the United Nations.", "[19] See “Social security for social justice and a fair globalization”, report VI of the International Labour Conference, Geneva, 2011 (ILC.100/VI).", "[20] See Jeanine Braithwaite and Daniel Mont, “Disability and poverty: a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications”, World Bank, Washington, D.C., February 2008.", "[21] Kate Gooding and Anna Marriot, “Including persons with disabilities in social cash transfer programmes in developing countries”, Journal of International Development, vol. 21, 5, pp. 685-698 (July 2009).", "[22] Available from: www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/UNICEF_Violence_Against_Disabled_ Children_Report_Distributed_Version.pdf", "[23] Etienne G. Krug and others (eds), World report on violence and health, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002, p. 66.", "[24] See www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_27185.html.", "[25] Progress for Children: A Report Card on Child Protection (UNICEF, 2009).", "[26] Innocenti Digest No. 13: “Promoting the rights of children with disabilities”, (UNICEF, 2007).", "[27] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “Sexual and gender-based violence against refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons: guidelines for prevention and response”, May 2003.", "[28] UNHCR, Conclusion No. 110 (LXI) on refugees with disabilities and other persons with disabilities protected and assisted by UNHCR, 2010, available from: www.unhcr.org/4cbeb1a99.html." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 65 (a) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of the rights of children", "Convention on the Rights of the Child", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, in its resolution 44/25, adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. As at 1 July 2011, 193 States had ratified or acceded to the Convention and two States had signed the Convention. In its resolution 54/263, the General Assembly adopted two Optional Protocols to the Convention. As at 1 July 2011, 142 States had ratified the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.", "In accordance with resolution 63/297, section IV of the present report focuses on the implementation of the rights of children with disabilities, with a focus on the following issues: discrimination; data collection; the Millennium Development Goals and disability; the rights of children with disabilities to express their views; progress towards the realization of the rights of children with disabilities and the current global situation; education; health; poverty and social protection; child protection; separation from institutions; emergency and humanitarian action; and prospects for future roads.", "Contents", "Introduction 3", "Introduction", "In its resolution 63/297, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to highlight the implementation of the rights of children with disabilities. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "Status of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "As at 1 July 2011, 193 States had ratified or acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and [2] had signed the Convention. [3]", "As at 1 July 2011, 142 States had ratified the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Contents", "Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child", "During the reporting period, the Committee on the Rights of the Child held its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions at the United Nations Office at Geneva from 13 September to 1 October 2010, 17 January to 4 February 2011 and 30 May to 17 June 2011.", "As at 1 July 2011, the Committee had before it the initial report of all States parties, including three others. The Committee reviewed all initial reports, with the exception of two, and plans to review them at its fifty-ninth session, to be held in 2012. The Committee received 504 reports submitted pursuant to article 44 of the Convention.", "Furthermore, the Committee had before it 86 reports and one second periodic report submitted by the State party pursuant to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, as well as 71 reports and one second periodic report submitted pursuant to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. [4]", "On 17 June 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted, without a vote, the text of the third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, prepared by the Open-ended Working Group established to develop a communications procedure. The Protocol established new procedures for communications from States and inter-State communications in violation of the rights set forth in the Convention and its Optional Protocols, as well as investigation procedures for serious or systematic violations. The text of the new treaty will be submitted to the General Assembly for endorsement at its sixty-sixth session.", "The Chairman of the Committee will provide an oral report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on major issues related to the work of the Committee over the past year.", "Implementation of the rights of children with disabilities", "Human rights and children with disabilities", "Children with disabilities are among the most marginalized and excluded groups of children, whose rights are widely violated. These violations disregard their humanity and do not respect their right to dignity, personality or even their lives.", "Significant actions have been taken over the past 30 years against these violations. However, only after the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, the first specific provision was made for the rights of children with disabilities, including the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability (art. 2), and the obligation to provide services for children with disabilities to enable them to participate as fully as possible in society (art.", "The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in 2006, further strengthens the rights of children with disabilities. It did not raise other rights: human rights were universal and applied to all. However, it does give Governments more important obligations to take action to remove obstacles that impede the realization of these rights. It also introduces a social model on disability to help “soft, mental, intellectual or sensory persons with long-term damage”, which interacts with obstacles that may impede the full and effective participation of persons with disabilities on the basis of equality with others” (art. The Convention also includes a specific provision on children with disabilities (art. 7), which outlines the obligations of States to ensure that children with disabilities realize their full rights on the basis of equality with other children, promote their best interests, ensure their right to express their views and take them seriously. The Convention also stipulates in its general principles (art. 3) the right to respect the progressive development of children with disabilities and to respect their right to maintain their identity, and also provides a general obligation (art. 4, para. 3) to consult with children through organizations representing children in the formulation of relevant legislation and policies.", "Common challenges", "Discrimination", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to ensure and respect all the rights enshrined in the Convention for all children without discrimination on any grounds, including disability. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities establishes non-discrimination and equal opportunities as a general principle (art. 3) and requires States to prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability and to guarantee effective legal protection for persons with disabilities, including children (art. It also proposed the concept of “reasonable facilities” requiring States to make necessary and appropriate adjustments without undue or inappropriate burdens to ensure that persons with disabilities may enjoy their rights on an equal basis with others. Discrimination based on disability means any distinction, exclusion, restriction or denial of reasonable facilities on the basis of disability, with the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on the basis of equality with others (art. CRC stressed that non-discrimination should not be interpreted as treating all children in the same way, as long as any criterion of distinction is reasonable and objective and in order to meet the legitimate goals set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. [5] The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities gives this legal effect (art.", "However, as noted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in its general comment No. 9 (2006) (see CRC/C/GC/ and Corr.1), children with disabilities face discrimination in all aspects of their lives. Such discrimination is not inherent in their disability, but is due to the deep-rooted social exclusion resulting from refusal of differences, poverty, social segregation, prejudice, ignorance and lack of services and support. In a culture of disability as a result of or punishing, children who have been injured for the first day have been blamed for past failures, shortcomings or offences.", "The extent of discrimination against children with disabilities is difficult to quantify, as there is a lack of data. However, their impact may be far-reaching, without access to education and health care, without the opportunity to recreate and culture, family life, protection from violence, adequate living standards and express opinions. Because children turn their negative attitudes on a daily basis into their hearts, this situation is trajectory to self-esteem and self-confidence. This harmful effect tends to be complicated for children experiencing multiple forms of discrimination, particularly girls with disabilities. In its general comment No. 9, CRC requested States to pay special attention to their protection, access to all services and participate fully in social activities.", "Data collection", "There is a need for consistent and accurate information for children with disabilities to be brought to the attention of children with disabilities, to provide information about their services and to monitor more effectively progress towards their realization. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires States to collect appropriate and disaggregated information to formulate policies for the implementation of their provisions (art.", "However, there is considerable constraints in providing accurate data on children with disabilities globally, especially in developing countries. The prevalence of disability is the result of complex and dynamic relationships between health conditions and personal and environmental background factors. [6] It is therefore extremely difficult to estimate the number and distribution of children with disabilities, young people and young people globally, with different estimates issued in recent years. The difference in prevalence figures are recorded in different countries, showing differences in definitions and assessment capacity and tools. In some countries, only individuals have identified the most significant degree of disability.", "Many of the challenges hinder effective data collection: lack of common definitions, classifications and limits in the category of disability within and between States, parents' reluctance to report their children with disabilities, lack of knowledge of the disability; identification of difficulties in certain harms and damage to the child's subsequent lives. Discrimination and stigma based on disability also sometimes hinder the willingness of the executive and participants to investigate disability issues. In addition, there are difficulties in collecting data reflecting the social model.", "Steps have been taken to address the current lack of information. Since 2000, a child disability module for the main caretakers has been incorporated into a multi- Indicator Cluster Survey, developed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to assist countries in filling data gaps in monitoring the situation of women and children. Multi- Indicator Cluster surveys can be used as a single test tool to collect data on disability in countries. [7] The data show that, according to the reports of the main caregivers, the percentage of children with disabilities is detected, between 14 per cent and 35 per cent among most of the countries with data. However, the focus on the family does imply that children with disabilities, such as streets or residential care institutions, are not included in the data. In its resolutions 63/150, 64/131 and 63/286, the General Assembly emphasized the importance of improving data and statistics on disability in order to develop internationally comparable indicators and to improve the availability of reliable data at the national and global levels in order to carry out policy formulation, planning and evaluation from a disability perspective. However, there is still a need for greater investment in data collection to begin to more effectively reflect the reality of the lives of children with disabilities.", "Millennium Development Goals and disability", "All the Millennium Development Goals relate to persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities. It is therefore important to recognize that addressing the issue of children with disabilities is key to achieving these goals. While some background documents explicitly refer to persons with disabilities, they are not mentioned in the material generated within the Millennium Development Goals or in their realization. However, those goals will not be achieved without the inclusion of persons with disabilities in relevant policies, programmes, monitoring and evaluation.", "The importance of attention to disability issues has been recognized. The General Assembly reaffirmed the commitment of the international community to promote the integration of disability in the Millennium Development Goals process and other internationally agreed development goals on persons with disabilities (General Assembly resolutions 60/131, 62/127, 63/150, 64/131 and 63/286). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 states that there are limited opportunities for children with disabilities and links between disability and the marginalization of education. In its resolution 64/131, the General Assembly highlighted the situation of persons with disabilities in official statistics. It also adopted a resolution at the end of its high-level meeting on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010, recognizing the importance of focusing on disability.", "However, a recent review of 50 countries found that persons with disabilities often fall far short of the country's average level of progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, while depriving human rights, exclusion, discrimination and lack of accountability as obstacles to the pursuit of human development and the Millennium Development Goals. [8] The human rights approach that emphasizes the principles of accountability, non-discrimination and equality and the principle of participatory decision-making can help to overcome these obstacles. All Millennium Development Goals targets and indicators should identify, monitor and evaluate the impact of relevant policies and programmes on the situation of persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities.", "Rights of children with disabilities to express their views", "Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child stipulates that all children with a competent capacity are entitled to make their views on all matters affecting them, including in any judicial or administrative proceedings, which shall be duly disaggregated according to the age and maturity of the child. It is not only a fundamental human right but also the necessary means to realize other rights. In addition, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides for a clear obligation to provide assistance to these children for their disability and age so that they can exercise their right to express their views (art.", "However, the voice of children with disabilities remains difficult to receive attention. Initiatives such as the School Committee and the Children's Parliament, the consultation process for the consultation of children's views and judicial proceedings often fail to ensure the integration of children with disabilities or to recognize their participation. In addition, decisions such as medical and other interventions are often taken without the participation or consent of children with disabilities. [9] The excessive protection of parents often limits their independent capacity to grow. Legislative, policy and professional practice require a balance between the importance of respecting the legitimate responsibility of parents for the protection of children with disabilities without independent decision-making capacity and their obligation to respect the progressive development of children in exercising their rights (see article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 3 (h)).", "CRC, as well as General Assembly resolution 64/164, emphasized the need for measures to promote the participation of children with disabilities, including through the provision of transport, accessibility, support, exchange of assistance and interpreters. Training and advocacy are also needed among parents and professionals to strengthen their awareness of their obligations to listen to the voices of children with disabilities and to pay attention.", "Progress in implementing the rights of children with disabilities: current global situation", "The international community has yet to have a benchmark for measuring progress in the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the preparation of its initial report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Therefore, given the availability of reporting methods and the continued development of the entire reporting process over the next few years, it will be possible to assess more comprehensively the progress made towards the realization of the rights of children with disabilities.", "Education", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the right of every child to education in an equal manner (art. 28), and in a specific article on children with disabilities, stipulates that States have an obligation to ensure their effective access to and access to education and that they should contribute to the fullest possible participation in society in order to achieve the development of individuals, including their cultural and spiritual development (art. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also recognizes and sets out this principle (art.", "In reality, the challenges faced by children with disabilities in achieving their right to education remain daunting. A recent report confirmed that children with disabilities are among the most marginalized and excluded groups in education. [10] The report confirms that international and national initiatives, while recognizing that disability is an area requiring policy attention, lack adequate information and strategies on this issue. These gaps and omissions are considered to be a threat to the full realization of educational goals.", "Early education is particularly important for children with disabilities, and many of them need additional support to fill the barriers they face due to injury. However, while there is a global lack of data on opportunities for children with disabilities, they are most likely to be included in such programmes. Of the 100 million children under 5 years of age worldwide, 80 per cent live in developing countries where preschool and other basic services are often inadequate. [11] Although the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities do not explicitly refer to early childhood education, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 7 (2005) (CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1), interpreted the right to education as beginning at birth and closely linked to the best development rights of children.", "Although there was no global precise data on the exclusion of children with disabilities in education, a broad consensus was expressed that at least one third of the 7,200 children in the world had disabilities. [12] In some countries, the significant gap between children with disabilities and children with disabilities in primary school enrolment is alarming and the vast majority of children with disabilities are excluded from mainstream education systems. Even in relatively rich countries that are close to the goal of universal primary education, the enrolment rate varies according to the type of injury and the performance of children with physical impairment is generally higher than those with intellectual or emotional impairment.", "In the case of children with disabilities attending school, children with disabilities are underrepresented in primary education, compared with non-children. For example, the World Health Survey found that about 50 per cent of boys with disabilities had completed primary education, compared to 60 per cent of boys with non-disabled boys, while the completion rate for girls with disabilities was less than 42 per cent, compared to 53 per cent for non-disabled girls. Paragraphs Page", "The various obstacles are enormous, including discriminatory legislation, institutionalization care, lack of training for teachers, prejudice, stigma and lack of knowledge of the nature of disability with parents. The vast majority of schools around the world do not have access to accessibility and affordability to strengthen systems of communication and inclusive education is often misconceived. Some States have retained legislation declaring certain categories of children “non-education” or referred to the educational responsibilities of children with disabilities to ministries other than the Ministry of Education, thereby making them isolated and marginalized.", "The report of the sixteenth session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC/C/69, para. [13] It also emphasizes that inclusive education must be the goal of educating children with disabilities. As outlined in a UNESCO thematic initiative entitled “The right to education for persons with disabilities: towards inclusion”, since 2002, partners in the Education for All have been committed to promoting inclusive goals. Finally, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides for a clear obligation of Governments to ensure access to inclusive education (art. 24, para. 2 (b)).", "An increasing number of evidence shows the effect of inclusion. A study found that inclusive education was broadly aligned with the cost of special schools, but there was much higher educational achievement. [14] However, the placement of children in the mainstream environment is not itself inclusive. The inclusion reflects the principle that schools do not only accept all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, language or other conditions, but also adapt to their needs. [15] This requires action throughout the education system: legislation; cross-ministerial cooperation; appropriate financing systems; training and support for teachers; inclusive teaching methods; promotion of respect for diversity and non-discrimination in schools; review and adjustment of curricula and resources for teaching in inclusive classrooms; appropriate personalization support; respect for the right to be taught in handicular languages and through all appropriate forms of communication.", "Efforts are also needed to eliminate physical barriers that impede access to schools and subsequent learning. Considerable lessons have been learned in the design, construction and alteration of buildings in order to facilitate the inclusion of children with disabilities. In addition, World Bank studies have shown that the cost of accessibility is generally less than 1 per cent of total construction costs. In terms of teaching practices, materials and the education environment, common designs are also being used to meet the wide needs, learning approaches and capacities of students. Paragraphs Page", "However, significant additional investments are needed globally and the use of modern technologies and international cooperation is needed to build the necessary legislative, administrative and budgetary frameworks to fulfil these educational commitments.", "Health", "The highest attainable standard of health and the payment of high-quality health services are an inherent right for all children. These two conventions recognize the obligation of States to take all appropriate measures to ensure the realization of such rights for children with disabilities. Many countries continue to conceptualize disability as a state of chronic health care, and their solutions are social support such as health, rehabilitation, institutional care or special education and pensions. Therefore, investment is needed to reposition services and to recognize that barriers to all aspects of society are the main causes of the loss of capacity caused by child injury.", "In addition, discrimination, obstacles, lack of targeted health plans aimed at meeting their specific needs continue to hamper progress in the realization of the right to health of children with disabilities in many parts of the world. Measures are needed to provide targeted services to mitigate the impact of damage and to establish inclusive, non-discriminatory and accessible services.", "As stated in the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its general comment No. 5 (1994) and articles 25 (b) and 26 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, many children with disabilities need special medical and social services aimed at minimizing disability and preventing the deterioration of disability, as well as physical outdoor and rehabilitative services to promote their independence and support their integration. Mental and intellectual disability often lack diagnosis or treatment, and its significance is also widely ignored. There is a lack of appropriate policies, programmes, laws and resources in this regard. In most countries, care is still provided mainly by various agencies. The shift from institutions to community care is slow and uneven. Recent studies of the mental health system of 42 low- and middle-income countries suggest that the vast majority of resources for mental health are concentrated in urban areas. [16] The provision of all types of health care for children with mental or intellectual disabilities is complicated by the stigma and discrimination they suffer.", "A recent report of the Secretary-General (A/64/180) confirms the current pattern of weak identification and assessment mechanisms for children with disabilities. Several studies suggest that, even in highly developed countries, children with disabilities are often denied standard immunization and basic health care, although some communities integrate them into their outreach efforts. Adolescents with disabilities face particular challenges in accessing confidential sexual and reproductive health services and information, including HIV/AIDS services. [17] However, according to data from the World Health Organization, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the level of infection among them is equal or higher than other members of the community, one of the main causes being their extreme vulnerability to sexual abuse. There is a common misunderstanding that sexual life of persons with disabilities is not active, often leading to the failure of health professionals to provide sexual health and reproductive health services. In addition, action is needed to put an end to the practice of sterilization or abortion against children's will or on the basis of their family interests (the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, article 23, paragraph 1 (iii)). Health care should be provided to children with disabilities on the basis of free and informed consent, while respecting the child's autonomy.", "Poverty and social protection", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child stipulates that States are obliged to recognize the right of every child to an adequate standard of living necessary for its proper development, to help parents achieve this right and to take the necessary measures to fully realize the right of every child to benefit from social security. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also calls upon States to take measures to help children with disabilities live in their communities, including through the implementation of social security schemes, and the duty to bring all basic services to persons with disabilities and to make them accessible (art.", "However, extreme poverty among children with disabilities remains widespread. About 436 million persons with disabilities live below the poverty line in developing countries, usually among the most vulnerable and marginalized poor, 15 to 20 per cent of these countries. The World Bank estimates that the proportion of persons with disabilities in the world's poorest population may be as high as 1/5. [18]", "The Minimum Social Protection Initiative was launched as a key measure to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. [19] This initiative has a strong push to address the range of disability issues. [20] Although efforts are needed to promote the inclusion of disability in poverty reduction plans and policies, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/2, has focused on this need, the work done so far to address this issue is too little.", "Many health insurance schemes discriminate against persons with disabilities on the basis of their health costs. Some social protection schemes fail to take into account the additional costs faced by families with children with disabilities, who often spend more on other families in accessing goods and services. [21] Because plans are often based on the lowest income or poverty line, basic disability benefits are often not sufficient to cover basic household expenditure and additional disability-related costs, which put them into poverty. [22] In addition, cash transfers and social health safety schemes are often linked to the conditions that children with disabilities may not be able to meet, for example, where the conditions of such programmes are normal in school and children may be unable to access schools because of the barriers.", "Child protection", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the right of all children to be free from all forms of violence, which is strengthened through the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which sets out specific measures in the preamble to the Convention, recognizing that women with disabilities and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk and are more vulnerable to violence, injury or abuse, neglect or neglect, abuse, abuse or exploitation. In its general comment No. 9, CRC strongly recommended actions to combat violence against children with disabilities, as reflected in the report of the independent expert of the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299). In its resolution 7/29, the Human Rights Council also urged Governments to enact and implement protection legislation to free children with disabilities from all forms of discrimination, exploitation, violence and abuse.", "A growing number of evidence underscores the high risk of children with disabilities worldwide to face violence, neglect and abuse. A study on violence against children with disabilities reported on the results and recommendations of a meeting of UNICEF held in July 2005 to consider the vulnerability of children with disabilities, and concluded that violence against children is prevalent and that the risks faced by children with disabilities have increased significantly. [23] “The World Report on Violence and Health” also states that children with disabilities “shall have proven to face greater risk of physical abuse and neglect”. [24]", "Evidence from all countries shows that there is a consistent pattern of violence against children with disabilities. For example, an analysis of severe corporal punishment and the situation of children with disabilities in 15 countries found that in nearly half of the countries that were the object of the study, children who suffered harm suffered from serious corporal punishment were much higher. Children with disabilities were beaten, throwed stones or hits during their journeys to schools. The prevalence of abuse is also prevalent in many countries.", "Violence occurs in all settings: the family, schools, communities, the judiciary, the workplace and residential care. For families with limited or no social protection or basic services in socio-economic hardship, the birth of children with disabilities will give rise to great pressure on a household to exclude and violence. The problem would be even more serious for children who depend on the physical side to care or identify dangerous or to protect their capacities. The hostile and fear of children with disabilities means that they are often concealed and do not engage other children, families and the public in order to make them more vulnerable to violence and to make the perpetrators of violence more vulnerable to impunity (see A/61/299).", "Some forms of violence are directed against children with disabilities. They may be abused under the guise of corrective actions, including electro-increed treatment, drug treatment and electric shocks. In its general comment No. 9, CRC expressed concern about the practice of forced sterilization of girls with disabilities. They are also likely to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments, abandoned and killed or subjected to “comfort death”, which is often subject to a lesser sentence reflecting the low emphasis on their lives.", "Protection systems and reporting mechanisms are rarely adapted to meet the needs of children with disabilities. Even if they reported that, they often encounter barriers and are not convinced. In a report submitted jointly with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography on counselling, complaints and reporting mechanisms, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against children noted in particular the special challenges faced by children with disabilities in the areas of protection and justice, and rehabilitation services (A/HRC/16/56).", "Exclusion in institutional care", "The Convention on the Rights of the Child requests the State party to submit a periodic review report on the treatment of children placed under the care, protection or treatment of their physical and mental health (art. In addition, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 9, expressed concern about the continued use of residential care facilities for children with disabilities and found that they would receive the best care in their families. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities clearly stipulates that in any case disability shall not be used as grounds for deprivation of liberty (art. The Convention recognizes the right of children with disabilities to live in their communities and receives the necessary support and services. It requested States to make every effort to provide alternative care within the family or to provide family-based care (art. 23), as further elaborated in the Guidelines on Alternative Child Care (General Assembly resolution 64/1, annex).", "The conditions in large residential care institutions often form cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. A wide range of evidence suggests that a child is tied to a baby's bed and bed, and is even killed by a deliberate lack of medical, food or heating and a lack of care or care. [25] The United Nations study on violence against children focuses on the following: violence, neglect, dangerous environments, including the placement of children in urit wet beds for a period of hours, or physical or medical limitations, or inadequate monitoring or independent review of boarding care facilities. When children enter the residential care facility, they are often left behind, without the right to appeal, without an independent review mechanism or without information, advice or support.", "Despite the growing recognition of these violations, the number of children with disabilities living in residential care remains high. UNICEF estimates that in Central and Eastern Europe, the possibility of a child with disabilities being sent to such institutions is almost 17 times the possibility of non-children. [26] In many areas, little investment has been made to protect their right to family life. Disadvantages, ignorance and discrimination, coupled with lack of community support or social security, weaken the ability of families to provide adequate care and protection for children with disabilities. In many parts of the world, the assistance or support of parents who wish to keep their children in their homes is very limited and, in fact, not. [27]", "Separation from institutionalization care is a matter of considerable urgency. The study consistently points to its profound negative impact on children, with the particular high risk of the child under the age of 4. The situation of children in residential care facilities is much worse than in support of sexual communities. Contents", "Emergency and humanitarian action", "The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires States to take measures to protect persons with disabilities in risk and emergency situations and to recognize the need for international cooperation to address the limited capacity of certain States to respond to risks and humanitarian crises (arts. 11 and 23).", "Children with disabilities are often more vulnerable due to the loss of family members or caregivers, the loss of complementary devices, the lack of drugs or health care and the lack of access to emergency services. In addition, after a disaster, children with disabilities, particularly girls with disabilities, are vulnerable to violence, exploitation and sexual abuse. [28] However, data on the extent to which children with disabilities are affected by natural disasters or armed conflict and their needs in these circumstances are inadequate, hamper the development of effective responses. As a result, children with disabilities are not given priority or appropriate integration in humanitarian assistance and development programmes and are supported.", "The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has developed guidelines for strengthening the protection of children with disabilities, recognizing that children with disabilities are at greater risk and encouraged to provide adequate support. [29] UNHCR is also developing operational guidance to assist persons with disabilities, including displaced persons, which advocate inclusive education, facilitate children's space and early childhood interventions, and stresses the need for identification and monitoring mechanisms.", "The way forward", "Significant, urgent and coordinated action is needed to realize the rights of children with disabilities. The scale and severity of violations of their rights worldwide constitute a hidden emergency. It is important to remove obstacles to the realization of the rights of children with disabilities and to recognize the need for international cooperation to improve the living conditions of children with disabilities in each country, especially in developing countries. Urges Governments to:", "(a) Take measures to intensify the collection of disaggregated data on children with disabilities in order to promote their attention, enhance their capacity for effective policies and planning, and to facilitate more effective monitoring of their rights, including:", "(i) To focus on proactive approaches to overcoming obstacles that impede the birth registration of children with disabilities and incorporate census data;", "(ii) The Government, in collaboration with persons with disabilities, has established a coherent framework for the definition of disability, in accordance with international human rights standards, based on data collection;", "(iii) Disclassify all data on the lives of children with disabilities, such as data on education, health outcomes or child protection, and reports on relevant conventions submitted by States parties to the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities;", "(b) Adopt the following measures to prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against children with disabilities:", "(i) Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability in the provisions of the Constitution on non-discrimination and in specialized laws or legal provisions prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability;", "(ii) To recognize the impact of multiple discrimination, in particular against girls with disabilities;", "(iii) Provide effective remedies where the rights of children with disabilities are violated, which should be accessible to children with disabilities, their parents and/or other persons with disabilities;", "(iv) Advocacy and education activities targeting the general public and specific professional groups to prevent and eliminate discrimination against children with disabilities;", "(v) Integrate human rights principles, including the principle of non-discrimination, into pre- and in-service training for all professionals working with children with disabilities;", "(c) Promote strategies at all levels for inclusive education for children with disabilities, including early childhood education:", "(i) The explicit recognition in legislation of inclusive education and opposition to segregation, the development of legislation to establish the right of every child to inclusive education on the basis of equality of opportunity and to reflect a clear definition of inclusiveness, its specific goals and strategies to achieve its objectives;", "(ii) Integrate the responsibility of children with disabilities into education ministries;", "(iii) The establishment of a financing system to reward the creation of a unified education system and to encourage investment in educational methods that enhance the capacity and commitment of schools;", "(iv) Recognize that the reasonable facilitation of support for inclusion needs to be based on human rights standards rather than on the efficient use of resources alone;", "(v) Ensure that support plans are provided to respect the right to education for blind, deaf, deaf and deaf blind children through the most appropriate languages and means of communication;", "(vi) Develop a policy framework for inclusive education at the central level to support inclusive practices and culture at all levels of education;", "(vii) Training and support for teachers to enable them to work in an inclusive environment;", "(d) Elimination of inequalities in access to health through the following measures:", "(i) Take integrated measures to overcome all discriminatory obstacles, including the right to be informed by children with disabilities, their families and patients and health workers of the rights and health of children with disabilities as patients, and establish the statutes and complaints procedures for patients' rights;", "(ii) Prioritize outreach to children with disabilities and promote inclusive and accessible health services, including sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents, to enable them to be aware of the right to health on an equal basis with others;", "(iii) Develop a comprehensive early assessment and identification system;", "(iv) Develop legislation and policies to enable children and adolescents with disabilities to participate in their health care and to align them with their evolving capacities;", "(e) Adopt the following mechanisms to address the disproportionate vulnerability of children with disabilities to poverty:", "(i) Ensure that social protection programmes and policies are non-discriminatory, accessible and inclusive of persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities and their families;", "(ii) Measures to eliminate all direct and indirect discrimination in the provision of social services, including health insurance, and related conditions related to cash transfer policies;", "(iii) Strengthen social protection measures to reflect additional costs related to disability and provide adequate support to families with disabilities;", "(f) Take the following measures to eliminate violence against children with disabilities:", "(i) Enhance the capacity of child protection systems and sectors to include children with disabilities and meet their needs, as well as to launch preventive violence initiatives tailored to persons with disabilities;", "(ii) Develop legislation on disability concerns for children with disabilities in all settings to ensure prevention and identification of violence and their protection from such acts, including effective sanctions for perpetrators;", "(iii) Take measures to prevent, secure and take into account children, report violence and facilitate effective access to justice for children with disabilities;", "(iv) Provide adequate treatment and rehabilitation for children with disabilities who suffer violence;", "(v) Action to reduce abuse and abuse in schools;", "(vi) Action to prevent trafficking and maiming of begging;", "(g) Establish procedures to end the excessive use of large residential care facilities for children with disabilities, including:", "(i) To recognize in legislation that no deprivation of liberty is permitted under any circumstances on the basis of disability;", "(ii) A time-bound commitment to end the practice of channelling children with disabilities into large residential care facilities, including the shift of resources to community-based care and the end of the excessive use of such facilities;", "(iii) To focus on the recruitment, training and support of foster families and to establish small groups of households so that children can be cared for and participate fully in local communities when their families are unable to care;", "(iv) Develop legislation to properly protect the rights of children living in any alternative care arrangement, in accordance with the Child Alternative Care Guidelines, including the establishment of a regulatory framework for national standards relating to disciplinary measures and behaviour management, safety, health, staffing, periodic review and independent monitoring, and respect for the right of children sent to alternative care to periodic review their treatment;", "(h) Promote policies to ensure the full participation of children in family life and care for their families:", "(i) Develop comprehensive early assessment and identification systems, as appropriate;", "(ii) Raise awareness and knowledge of the rights and needs of children with disabilities by parents and families;", "(iii) Develop community-based comprehensive services to provide support to parents of children with disabilities in collaboration with their families and children with disabilities to ensure access to support services such as adaptive alterations to housing, including supporting and caring for family members or other unpaid caregivers, counselling or language teaching;", "(i) Adopt the following measures to strengthen the protection of children with disabilities in situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies:", "(i) Integrate the needs of children with disabilities before, during and after disasters into disaster risk reduction and preparedness strategies to ensure a comprehensive response, including prevention, recovery and hosting;", "(ii) Encourage children affected by natural disasters and emergencies, in particular adolescents, to participate in the analysis of their situation and future prospects in times of crisis, post-crisis and transition processes and to make them in a position to do so, while ensuring that such participation is consistent with their age, maturity and ability at different stages and is in the best interest of the child;", "(iii) Ensure that appropriate care is taken to protect children from situations that may cause trauma or damage; and that persons with disabilities are protected and secure in situations of risk, including in situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and natural disasters.", "AD(*) A/63/250.", "United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "See http://treaties.un.org.", "[4] Meetings for the consideration of these reports are available at www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/sessions.htm.", "[5] See Marta Santos Pais, “The Convention on the Rights of the Child”, “Guidebook for the Preparation of a Human Rights Report” (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.GV.97.0.16).", "[6] See World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank World Disability Report, Geneva, 2011, available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications97240685215_eng.pdf.", "[7] See the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multi Indicator Cluster Survey, available at www.childinfo.org/files/Monitoring_child_indi_in_Developing_Countries.pdf.", "[8] See background paper on the Global Strategy on Health for Women and Children, “Every woman, every child: recommendations on human rights”, 8 September 2010.", "[9] See the summary by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and WHO No. 31, “The Right to Health”, Geneva, 2008.", "[10] See the report of an electronic discussion hosted by the United Nations Development Programme in 2011 entitled “Education: bridging gaps”, available at: www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf/ediscussion_report-26_apr_2011.pdf.", "[11] See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Policy Brief on Early Children, “Inclusion of Children with Disabilities: the Early Childhood Friends”, 2009, No. 46.", "[12] See J. Bales clarified and K. Eklindh, “Historical perspectives on education for persons with disabilities” (2006), cited in the UNESCO Global Monitoring Report on Education for All 2007.", "[13] See two chapters of the UNICEF Manual for the Implementation of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child on articles 2 and 23, New York, 2002.", "[14] Jennifer Beecham and Martin Knapp, “Inclusive and special education: issues of cost-effectiveness”, in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development “Inclusive Education at Work: Students with Disabilities in Mainstream Schools”, Paris, 1999.", "[15] UNESCO prepared a paper entitled “Inclusive education: the way of the future”, Geneva, 2008.", "[16] WHO, “Mental health systems in selected low- and middle-income countries: a World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems cross-national analysis”, Geneva, 2009.", "[17] See Jane Maxwell, Julia Watts Belser and Darlena David, A Health Handbook for Women with Disabilities, Hesperian Foundation, California, United States of America, 2007.", "[18] Ann Elwan, “Poverty and disability:a survey of the literature”, paper prepared by the World Bank, 1999 available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/WDR/ Background/elwan.pdf.", "[19] The Minimum Social Protection Initiative aims to promote access to basic social transfers and services for all, managed by the International Labour Organization and WHO and supported by all other major United Nations entities.", "[20] See “Social security for social justice and a fair globalization”, sixth report of the International Labour Organization General Assembly (ILC.100/VI), Geneva, 2011.", "[21] See Jeanine Braithwaite and Daniel Mont, “Disability and Poverty:a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications”, World Bank, Washington, D.C., February 2008.", "[22] Kate Gooding and Anna Marriot, “Including persons with disabilities in social cash transfer programmes in developing countries”, International Development Journal, vol. 21, 5, pp. 685-698 (July 2009).", "[23] Available at: http://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/UNICEF_Violence_Against_Disabled_Children_Report____16_Version.pdf.", "[24] Etienne G. Krug and others (eds), “World Violence and Health Report”, p. 66, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002.", "[25] See www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_27185.html.", "[26] Progress for Children: A Report Card on Child Protection (UNICEF, 2009).", "[27] Innocenti Digest No.13: “Promoting the rights of children with disabilities”, (UNICEF, 2007).", "[28] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “Sexual and gender-based violence against refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons: guidelines for prevention and response”, May 2003.", "[29] UNHCR, Conclusion No. 110 (LXI) on refugees with disabilities and other persons with disabilities who are protected and assisted by UNHCR, 2010, available at: www.unhcr.org/4cbeb1a99.html." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "保护移徙者", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是按照大会第65/212号决议提交的，其中载有从各国政府收到的来文摘要，这些来文答复了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)代表秘书长于2011年6月7日发出的一份普通照会，其中要求提供关于该决议执行情况的资料。本报告还载有各国政府答复人权高专办代表秘书长于2010年6月8日发出的普通照会的来文摘要。该照会要求提供关于第64/166号决议执行情况的资料。本报告还提供了资料，说明《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的现况、保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会和移徙者人权问题特别报告员的活动、人权理事会的普遍定期审查机构以及人权高专办的活动情况。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.从各国政府收到关于大会第64/166号决议执行情况的资料 3\n卡塔尔 3\n葡萄牙 4\n西班牙 5\n3.从各国政府收到的关于大会第65/212号决议执行情况的资料 5\n阿塞拜疆 6\n塞浦路斯 6\n厄瓜多尔 6\n洪都拉斯 7\n毛里求斯 7\n斯洛文尼亚 8\n4.人权理事会移徙者人权问题特别报告员的活动 8\n5.《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的现况 9\n6.保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会 9\n7.人权理事会普遍定期审议 10\n8.联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 11\n9.结论和建议 15", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其第65/212号决议第10段中请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，并在报告中分析促进移徙者人权的方式和方法，尤其是：在《公约》庆祝其二十周年之际，说明《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》如何在适当情况下影响到政策和做法，加强对移徙者的保护。", "2. 本报告各节摘述了下列资料：从各会员国收到关于大会第64/166号决议(第二节)和大会第65/212号决议(第三节)执行情况的答复；[1] 人权理事会关于移徙者人权问题特别报告员的活动(第四节)；《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的现况(第五节)；保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会的活动(第六节)；人权理事会普遍定期审查机制(第七节)；联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)的活动(第八节)。报告结尾载列了结论和建议(第九节)。", "二. 从各国政府收到关于大会第64/166号决议执行情况的资料", "3. 截至2011年7月26日，除了上一份报告(A/65/156)所载列的答复之外，还收到下列会员国政府关于第64/166号决议执行情况的答复：卡塔尔、葡萄牙和西班牙。下文载列这些答复的摘要。答复全文可向人权高专办索阅。", "卡塔尔", "［原文：阿拉伯文］", "［2010年7月15日］", "政府的报告称，在卡塔尔国内，保护移民是通过下列几项原则在宪法中加以规定的：正义和慈善，自由、平等和道德等价值观是社会所立足的基础(第18条)；法律之前人人平等，不得有基于种族、语言或宗教的歧视(第35条)；和依照法律规定，所有在该国居住的人都享有对其人身和财产的法律保护(第52条)。", "政府还指出，国家人权委员会负有任务，审查移民提出的不满和申诉，并可将其转送有关当局。劳工部还可以审查雇主和移徙工人雇员之间的争端。调解是解决争端的首选方法。如果还不可能解决，就将案件移送法院。", "葡萄牙", "［原件：英文］", "［2010年8月5日］", "政府指出，关于外国人进出国家领土的入境、长期居留、出境和驱逐的第23/2007号法令(外国人法)和关于促进处于风险中的儿童和青少年的权利并加以保护的第147/99号法令构成关于单身和失散儿童的国家法律框架。第147/99号法令载列了一套措施，旨在促进处于风险中的儿童和青少年的权利并加以保护，以便确保他们的福祉和整体发展。", "《葡萄牙共和国宪法》第15条第1款规定，在葡萄牙居住的外国人和无国籍人士享有同葡萄牙公民同样的权利，并负有相同的义务。", "《葡萄牙宪法》第64和第73条规定了关于保健和教育的基本权利。如同《宪法》第16条第1和第2款所述，这些规定具有普及性质，不得以任何限制性解释加以排除。", "葡萄牙保健和教育系统的利用具有普及性。这意味着，每个人/儿童都有权获得医疗保健和利用教育设施和服务，而外国公民享有同葡萄牙公民相同的机会，利用保健系统和享受其效益，包括医疗保健、社会保障和社会服务。此外，依照第67/2004号法令，公立学校不得因儿童的父母身份不正常而拒绝其入学。身份不正常的未成年人，其注册资料是保密的。", "卫生部第25 360(2001)号规范性法令规定“所有公民享有保健权利，并负有保护它的义务。因此，在国家领土内生活的移民，一旦感觉生病或需要医疗援助，(在紧急情况下)有权向保健中心或医院求助，而这些机构不得因国籍、经济手段短缺、身份不正常或任何其他理由，拒绝提供援助”。2009年，卫生部发出了第12/DQS/DMD号通告，其中澄清了2001年以来一直遵照的指示。按照其规定，不得拒绝在葡萄牙居住超过90天、身份不正常的移民享受公共医疗照顾，尽管一般而言，他们可能需要承担实际费用。然而，在需要紧急护理和生命攸关的情况下，或是对可能危害或威胁公众健康的传染性疾病，得给予例外考虑。", "政府报告称，教育部已制定了一项行动计划，协助支援大约8万名在葡萄牙学校就读的非本地学生，同时考虑到在校学生人数的巨大变动，实施同这些学生具体情况相配合的措施，旨在促进他们全面融入教育系统。", "西班牙", "［原件：西班牙文］", "［2010年7月15日］", "政府报告说，2009年12月12日通过的LO 2/2009号法令引进了对2000年《西班牙境内外国人权利、自由和社会融合法令》的修正案。这些修正案是由于宪政法院两项决定、欧洲联盟指令和西班牙新移民的经验所促成的。虽然移民，不论其身份的行政情况，已经享有紧急保健、妇幼保健的权利，如果是儿童还享有接受教育的权利，但其他一些权利，诸如记入档案的权利、家庭团聚的权利、工作和行动自由的权利，只给予正规移民。宪政法院给予身份不正常的移徙者 下列权利：罢工、组织和加入工会、示威和结社的权利。", "政府又报告说，新的修正案进一步承认所有移民的权利，不论其身份的行政状况。新法案还加强了获得司法保护的权利，扩大了家庭团聚的权利，包括保护法定或普通法伙伴、儿童和残疾人的后裔，在某些情况下，还保护家长。", "新法案还对制裁的实施引进了一些修正案。指导如何实施制裁的原则是：相称性原则(规定：与移徙相关的制裁属于行政制裁而非刑事制裁)；法律保障(降低实施制裁的自由裁量权)和共同责任(考虑到西班牙国民诱导非正规移民的责任)。在这方面推出的一些修正案包括：针对移民和诱导或参与有关移民诈欺的西班牙国民，规定一些新的行政罪行；雇用非正规移民和不履行合同义务的包商和分包商共同负责，制订罚款作为初步制裁，从而限制了自由裁量权，只有在特殊情况下才应予以驱逐。新法案还对驱逐规定了一些具体的保证，例如：需要为这种措施提供明确的理由，某些情况下，予以撤消的可能性，对驱逐措施规定某些例外，和保护人口贩运的受害人。", "该法令还包括一些有关移民拘留中心的修正案，把这些设施当作预防设施，而不是惩治犯罪的设施。该法规规定了拘留的替代措施，为这种拘留设定60天限制，并确保被拘留者有机会向保护移民权利的非政府组织和国家和国际机构求助。", "政府强调，西班牙法规对单身移徙儿童的权利提供了保护。这种立法的指导原则是：儿童的最佳利益；维护他们与其家庭的联系；社会和家庭融合。在这方面，西班牙的法律框架考虑到若干灵活的可能性，考虑到立即保护的必要，是否有家庭成员或其他人可以照顾这些儿童和儿童的原籍国是否提供社会保障服务。", "三. 从各国政府收到的关于大会第65/212号决议执行情况的资料", "4. 截至2011年7月26日，下列会员国政府答复了2011年6月7日发出的普通照会：阿塞拜疆，塞浦路斯，厄瓜多尔，洪都拉斯，毛里求斯和斯洛伐克共和国。下文载列这些答复的摘要。全文可向人权高专办索阅。", "阿塞拜疆", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月14日］", "政府报告说，它已批准了与移民问题相关的若干国际文书，其中包括：《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》和《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》。", "根据1995年通过的《阿塞拜疆宪法》第69条第1款的规定，外国人和无国籍人士享有同公民相同的权利。与行动和工作相关的具体权利已载入1996年通过的关于“外国人和无国籍人士法律地位”的法律。政府又指出，2009年3月4日第69号总统令简化了抵达该国居住或工作的外国人和无国籍人士的登记程序。", "为保护移民权利的目的而详尽讨论的一项移民法已提交阿塞拜疆内阁。阿塞拜疆移民事务处同其他国家移民当局以及国际组织合作，以便保护移民的权利。移民事务处还通过移民信息中心推行提高认识活动。", "塞浦路斯", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月18日］", "政府指出，尽管该国尚未批准《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，它已采取具体措施，保护移民权利。", "2010年10月13日，部长会议核准了为合法居住在塞浦路斯境内的第三国国民融入社会而制订的2010-2012年头一个全国行动计划，其中包括在欧洲联盟范围内制定的各项原则所派生而出的八项支柱行动。这些支柱是：信息，服务和透明度；就业；教育，学习语言；健康；住房，改善生活品质，社会保护和互动；学习文化，公民参与，对塞浦路斯政治和社会生活的基本知识；参与；和评价。", "政府又指出，贩运人口被认为是一种跨境犯罪现象，打击这种现象是内政部及贩运人口多学科协调小组的首要任务之一。2010年4月22日，部长理事会通过了一项打击人口贩运的新的全国行动计划。该行动计划已开始实施，包括出版信息资料和在2010年10月18日就该行动计划举办了一次提高认识活动。", "厄瓜多尔", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月14日］", "政府报告说，厄瓜多尔已于2001年10月18日批准了《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，并且已向保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会提交了两份报告，说明为履行根据公约所承担的义务，已采取了那些措施。", "政府指出，国家移民秘书处已于2007年3月升格为部级单位，并为移民制订了国家计划，除了别的以外，旨在促进和保护移民的人权。", "政府还报告说，获得保健服务和接受教育的权利都得到《宪法》保证，而可以享受这些权利的人，范围已扩及外国人。所有移徙儿童，不论其法律身份为何，接受教育的权利都得到保证。此外，还取得了重大进展，确保在厄瓜多尔出生的所有儿童都拥有国籍，不论其父母的法律身份为何。此外，身为厄瓜多尔公民的儿童，其父母都能获得合法身份。", "《宪法》第61、95和第102条规定，身为移徙工人的厄瓜多尔人都有权参与公共事务。此外，第63条对在厄瓜多尔合法居住至少五年的外国人，授予投票权。", "洪都拉斯", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月20日］", "2008年2月27日，政府在《洪都拉斯官方公报》中报称，它已通过创设“处境危急的洪都拉斯移民团结基金”为移民拨供专项资源。该基金的指定年度预算为1 500万伦皮拉，并应按洪都拉斯中央银行为前一年确定的通货膨胀指数，每年增加相等的百分数。这些资金可分拨给资金短缺的移民，充供下列用途：送返已死者；病重者；截肢者；绝症病人；向绑架受害者提供援助；遣返单身的未成年人；遣返处境危急的男子和妇女；寻找迁移过程中失踪的人；紧急援助通过空中或陆地驱逐出境的移徙者。政府还报称，这笔基金的主要受益者是居住在美利坚合众国的80万至100万洪都拉斯人，其中约有73 000人处于临时受保护的地位。", "洪都拉斯已签署和批准下列国际公约：《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》以及洪都拉斯国家人权委员会和墨西哥国家人权委员会之间的合作和国际援助协定。", "毛里求斯", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月18日］", "政府报告称，根据国家法规，比照对当地工人所作的规定，移徙工人享有相同的就业条件。《宪法》第16款规定，任何法律本身或其所生效果都不得具有歧视性。2008年《就业权利法案》平等适用于当地劳工以及外籍劳工，保证在就业条款和条件方面以及在雇主终止聘用的时候，后者获得平等保护。", "政府指出，2008年《就业权利法案》还保证移徙工人结社自由的基本权利，以及保护他们组织起来进行集体谈判的权利。", "斯洛文尼亚", "［原件：英文］", "［2011年7月21日］", "政府报告称，政府支持在该国合法居留的所有外国人享有同等的就业机会，并确保他们在招聘、工作条件和职业健康及安全方面，享受同等待遇。", "关于在某些领域享受同等待遇的第365/2004号特别法令，包括提供保护，免受歧视的条款(反歧视法)规定，雇主有义务遵照平等待遇原则对待所有雇员。", "政府指出，为了保护移徙者的权利，有关劳工、社会事务和家庭问题的办事处都通过欧洲联盟职业流动情况门户网站及其各部门免费提供关于工作机会和社会服务的信息。还由几个非政府组织提供社会和法律方面的咨询。", "政府还报称，制订了庇护程序，以便向需要国际保护的人士，包括非法进入斯洛伐克领土的人提供保护。《庇护法》还规定，有可能根据人道主义理由给予庇护，包括送返原籍国可能会对他们生命构成严重威胁的老人、病人或残疾人。", "四. 人权理事会移徙者人权问题特别报告员的活动", "5. 移徙者人权问题特别报告员依照人权理事会第8/10和第17/12号决议开展活动，该决议将移徙者人权问题特别报告员的任务期限延长了三年。", "6. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员继续倡导用基于人权的方式处理移徙问题以及在移徙进程各个阶段保护移徙者人权。在履行其任务时，特别报告员同很多国际和区域组织以及民间社会的代表会面，讨论与其工作有关的问题。", "7. 2010年3月3日至5日在马德里，特别报告员出席了国际移民组织和世界卫生组织共同举办的关于移民健康问题的全球协商。2010年10月6日和7日，他在西班牙马德里参加了由美洲房屋协会举办的美洲万岁节，同时出席的还有：关于贩卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员和关于当代形式的奴役问题特别报告员。2010年10月4日至8日，他在西班牙巴塞罗那参加了全球儿童运动、联合王国拯救儿童组织和Moviment Mun私营基金会的dial a Favor de la Infancia共同举办的一次会议，题为“移动中的儿童”。", "8. 2010年10月22日，特别报告员向大会提交其年度报告(A/65/222)。该报告着重讨论一项问题：将移徙视为犯罪。", "9. 2010年11月8日至11日，特别报告员在巴亚尔塔港参加了墨西哥政府主办的第四届全球移徙与发展论坛。论坛重点讨论：移徙和人类发展之间的伙伴关系。", "10. 在人权理事会第十七届会议上，特别报告员向理事会提交了由即将离任的移徙者人权问题特别报告员Jorge Bustamante编制的最后一份年度专题报告(A/HRC/17/33)。特别报告员在该报告第一部分重述，自获得提名之后，他特别着重研究的一些主要的专题问题，即：非正常移徙和把移徙视为犯罪、在移徙进程中保护儿童和移民获得住房和保健的权利。他在报告第二部分中，根据其任务规定，建议了若干值得进一步研究的可能专题。他认为，需要进一步研究和讨论的两项专题是：在气候变化背景下的移徙问题；和移民的政治参与和公民权利。", "11. 特别报告员还提交了下列报告：向各国政府发出的通讯和收到的答复(A/HRC/ 17/33/Add.1)和他前往下列国家履行任务的报告：塞内加尔(A/HRC/17/33/Add.2)，日本(A/HRC/17/33/Add.3)和南非(A/HRC/17/33/Add.4)。", "12. 人权理事会在其第十七届会议上，任命François Crépeau(加拿大)为新一任移徙者人权问题特别报告员。", "五. 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的现况", "13. 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》于2003年7月1日生效。截至2009年7月1日，有44个国家批准了《公约》：阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、阿塞拜疆、伯利兹、多民族玻利维亚国、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、布基纳法索、佛得角、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、加纳、危地马拉、几内亚、圭亚那、洪都拉斯、牙买加、吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、马里、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、尼日尔、尼日利亚、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、卢旺达、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、塞内加尔、塞舌尔、斯里兰卡、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、塔吉克斯坦、东帝汶、土耳其、乌干达和乌拉圭。《公约》生效有助于确立保护移徙者，包括身份不正常移民的人权保护机制。敦促所有尚未加入该《公约》的会员国考虑迅速加入这一文书。", "六. 保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会", "14. 委员会由14名独立专家组成，监测缔约国执行《公约》的情况。自2004年3月举行第一届会议以来，委员会审议了15个缔约国提交的初次报告和两份定期报告。", "15. 委员会在2009年11月22日至12月3日举行的第十三届会议上审议了阿尔巴尼亚和塞内加尔的初次报告(CMW/C/ALB/1和CMW/C/SEN/1)和厄瓜多尔的第二次定期报告(CMW/C/ECU/2)。在2011年4月4日至8日举行的第十四届会议上审议了墨西哥的第二次定期报告(CMW/C/MEX/2)。[2] 委员会提出的常见问题包括：需要采取措施，使得法规符合《公约》各条款的规定；亟需收集数据，协助拟订健全的移民政策、需要就《公约》所规定的各项权利，向在移民领域工作的所有官员，加强和扩大培训方案；亟需确保所有移徙工人及其家庭成员，包括身份不正常的移民，实际上有机会为侵害其权利的情事获得有效的补救措施；需要有效保护移徙者，包括过境的人、在处理移民问题的不同机构之间需要进行有效的协调；需要监督招聘机构和需要持续采取措施，旨在预防和打击走私和贩运人口。", "16. 委员会在其第十三届会议上通过了关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论。一般性评论通过之前进行了透彻的协商过程，包括三次公众会议和在2009年10月14日举行了关于移徙家庭佣工问题的一般性讨论日。", "17. 2010年举行了《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》20周年的纪念活动。委员会借这个机会，举行了一系列讨论，审查《公约》在移徙与发展以及移徙与性别问题领域所取得的成就，并提出了委员会关于更广泛批准和更有效实施《公约》的观点。", "18. 委员会审议了下列两个国家的第二次定期报告：厄瓜多尔(见CMW/C/ECU/2)和墨西哥(见CMW/C/MEX/2)。委员会在这两次情况下都确认缔约国为履行其公约所规定的义务而作出的努力和采取的步骤。就厄瓜多尔而言，委员会欢迎(如同委员会2007年作出的建议)该国对希望离开的国民和外国人取消了出境许可证的要求。它还注意到，第337/2008号部长决定业已生效。(依照委员会此前的建议)该决定保证，不论其移民身份为何，移徙工人的子女，包括青少年在内，都有机会加入学前班和接受小学和中学教育。就墨西哥而言，依照委员会2009年提出的建议，缔约国承认，委员会有权接受和审议个人按照《公约》第七十七条规定提交的来文；缔约国已通过《预防和惩治人口贩运法》和《妇女有权享受无暴力生活法》；和缔约国将人口贩运罪行纳入联邦刑法典。", "七. 人权理事会普遍定期审议", "19. 2006年，大会在其第60/251号决议中决定，人权理事会应普遍定期审查联合国每个会员国履行人权义务和承诺的情况。2008年、2009年、2010年和2011年，理事会普遍定期审查工作组的头10次会议期间，对159个国家的情况进行了审查，向一些国家提出了有关保护移徙者的建议。[3] 建议包括：审查关于移徙者的国家立法和政策并确保其符合国际人权法；[4] 采取条约行动，包括有关《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的行动；[5] 与理事会各项特别程序合作，包括与移徙者人权问题特别报告员合作；[6] 执行联合国人权机制的建议。[7] 其他建议涉及尤其是在享受经济、社会和文化权利，包括教育和保健服务方面的不歧视和平等，[8] 其中特别提到儿童和移徙妇女；[9] 对没有身份文件的移民取消刑事制裁；[10] 考虑对移徙者采取替代拘留的其他措施；[11] 使移徙工人可以获得司法和法律援助；[12] 确保尤其是执法官员尊重移徙者的权利。[13]", "八. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "20. 人权高专办继续努力加强保护移徙者人权的工作，并确保将移徙者人权的观点纳入国家、区域和全球各级的移徙问题讨论中。", "21. 人权高专办倡导将人权规范和标准纳入移徙政策的所有方面。办事处致力确保移徙者享受人权，不受歧视，并同各国和其他利益攸关方合作，把以人权为基础的办法适用于移民问题，移民置于移徙政策和管理的核心，并特别重视移民中被边缘化的弱势群体。人权高专办的工作着重下列几个专题领域：移徙问题；打击对移民的歧视、种族主义和仇外心理;促进移民的经济、社会和文化权利；反对将非正常移民视为犯罪；在移民拘留方面主张可求助于保障措施和拘留移民的替代措施；和在混合移徙的情况下保护人权。联合国人权事务高级专员在其公开发言中一再呼吁，促进和保护所有移民的人权，不论其身份为何。", "22. 2010年9月，人权高专办在人权理事会第十五届会议上提交一份研究报告，论及在移徙环境下保护儿童权利的国际框架，以及加以实施的最佳做法和所面对的挑战。这项研究受到会员国的欢迎。[14]", "23. 尽管它积极参与全球移民小组的工作，人权高专办也力图在联合国系统内宣扬采用人权办法来处理移徙问题并将其纳入主流。2010年7月至12月，人权事务高级专员以全球移民小组主席的身份，把所有移徙者的人权，特别是非正常移民的人权定为该小组讨论的专题焦点。该小组的主要参与方于9月通过了一份具有里程碑意义的联合声明，吁请国际社会终止对非正常身份移徙者的歧视和虐待。声明提出一项要点：对于处于这种情况下的国际移民，不得剥夺其人性尊严和权利。随后，人权高专办在10月份组织了一次关于非正常移民人权问题的专家会议，为期一整天。会议就人权和非正常移民问题提出一些政策建议，并广为传播。", "24. 2011年5月17日和18日，儿童基金会担任全球移民小组主席，召开一次从业人员研讨会，主题是“移徙和青年：发掘促进发展的机会”。研讨会旨在汇集范围广泛的各种专家和从业人员，讨论未来的趋势、现有的知识，突出强调现有的差距，并就如何提高移徙对青年人发展前景的积极影响和尽量减少其消极影响，分享良好做法。人权高专办以该小组三方(由人权高专办、联合国教育、科学和文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)组成)成员的身份参加了研讨会。", "25. 人权高专办参加了关于国际移徙与发展问题、为期一天的非正式专题辩论。这场辩论是2011年5月19日由大会主席召开的，目的是借重关于国际移徙与发展问题的持续对话，为导致2013年在联合国总部举行国际移徙与发展问题第二次高级别对话的进程作出贡献。儿童基金会执行主任安东尼莱克先生以全球移民小组主席的身份向非正式专题辩论讲了话，并转递一份联合声明，强调保护移徙者基本人权的重要性。", "26. 高级专员以全球移民小组2010年7月至12月份主席的身份向2010年11月8日至10日在墨西哥巴亚尔塔普尔塔举行的第四次移徙与发展全球论坛讲了话。高级专员在发言中呼吁：终止将非正常移徙视为犯罪的做法，并敦促所有国家批准和有效实施保护移民人权的各项核心国际人权文书，特别是《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》。11月8日，人权高专办组织了一次全球论坛的会边活动，纪念《公约》的通过，并呼吁加以批准。", "27. 2011年5月11日和12日，人权高专办会同联合国难民事务高级专员办事处组织了一次为期两天的全球圆桌讨论会，主题是：拘留移民的替代措施，难民、寻求庇护者和无国籍人士。圆桌讨论会把来自各国、人权高专办、难民专员办事处和其他国际组织、人权机制、区域人权机构、国家人权机构以及国家和国际非政府组织的代表汇集一堂。筹办这一次圆桌讨论会的目的是：借鉴人权理事会第十二届会议期间就关在拘留中心的移民问题进行的小组讨论所获得的成果推进工作。", "28. 人权高专办应邀就有关移民人权的规范性框架提供培训课程，这项活动是由国际劳工组织(劳工组织)会同全球移民小组共同主办的。人权高专办目前正在最后敲定一套关于移民和人权问题的培训模块，以供人权高专办外地办事处和联合国国家工作队，以及包括各国政府、国家人权机构和非政府组织在内的其他利益攸关方利用。", "29. 人权高专办支援各方努力，包括通过促进批准移民权利公约全球宣传运动国际指导委员会，宣扬批准《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》。该指导委员会是由国际和区域民间社会组织、国际移民组织、劳工组织、人权高专办和教科文组织组成的一个网络，由人权高专办协调其工作。2010年11月，在保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第十三届会议上，委员会和指导委员会共同举办了一项活动，纪念《公约》20周年。为这项为期一天的活动选定的主题是“保护权利、建设合作”。各国代表和其他伙伴发了言，并就《公约》如何促进其移民政策和做法交流了经验和看法。", "30. 3月21日，联合国高级专员向尚未批准《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的15个签署国发出函件，敦促它们迅速采取行动，批准和实施这项公约。", "31. 在二十周年纪念会上，指导委员会发起一项全球运动，呼吁各国政府批准《公约》。在运动的背景下，以指导委员会成员的名义，致函下列九个国家，鼓励它们批准公约：亚美尼亚，比利时，喀麦隆，哥斯达黎加，科特迪瓦，印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，南非和西班牙。", "32. 保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会在其第十三届会议上通过了关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论，其中确认，受雇于私人家庭的移徙佣工处境特别脆弱。一般性评论陈述了移徙家庭佣工的脆弱性，并建议采取各种社会和法律行动，以促进和保护其人权，包括对招聘机构的监管、提供社会保障和保健服务、保护劳工权利和一旦权利受到侵犯，有机会向司法机构和补救措施求助。高级专员在2011年国际劳工大会上向雇主集团发言，敦促它们采纳健全的劳工标准来保护家庭佣工和确保在这种标准的范围内有效处理好移徙者的权利。6月16日，劳工组织通过了《家庭佣工体面工作公约》，并附加一项建议。", "33. 2011年，人权高专办接任打击人口贩运机构间合作小组的轮值主席，并以主席的身份在人权理事会第十七届会议期间举办了一场会边活动，突出强调联合国各实体在保护人口贩运受害者方面各自的作用。", "34. 人权高专办关于人权和人口贩运的建议原则和准则，在第一个区域推出的活动于2010年12月在曼谷举行。2010年和2011年，人权高专办参与了几项区域性能力建设活动，倡导采用基于人权的办法来处理人口贩运问题。这些活动包括：在阿布扎比举行一次海湾区域协商；在卡塔尔举行一次关于阿拉伯打击人口贩运举措的协商和在明斯克移徙和打击人口贩运国际培训中心举办的一次培训。人权高专办正在制定“关于人权和人口贩运实况表”，以便补充已就这个领域研拟的各种工具。", "35. 通过其外地办事处，人权高专办通过下列途径越来越多参与与移徙相关的人权工作：宣扬《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和其他相关文书、培训活动、宣传活动、技术性咨询意见和其他举措，其中包括：", "(a) 人权高专办哥伦比亚办事处协助政府编写，该国根据《公约》规定所承担的义务，应向保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会提交的第二份报告；", "(b) 联合国驻摩尔多瓦共和国驻地协调员办公室人权顾问，通过向最高法院提供各种法律材料，介入一项具有里程碑意义的案件，事关感染爱滋病毒的移徙者拥有家庭生活的权利。2010年12月22日，最高法院裁定，申诉人胜诉；", "(c) 人权高专办中美洲区域办事处会同联合国发展集团关于人权问题的拉丁美洲和加勒比区域技术小组，于2010年11月29日至12月3日在巴拿马为培训教员举办一次关于人口流动的区域培训班。目的是：针对来自拉丁美洲各不同机构的工作人员，建设其能力，和协助该区域各国政府，以便根据人权规范和标准，拟订关于混合迁移流动的政策。2011年，人权高专办区域办事处继续通过诸如2011年2月9日至11日由移徙问题区域会议在特古西加尔巴举办的移民人权研讨会之类的区域论坛，宣扬采用人权办法来处理移徙问题。", "(d) 人权高专办中东区域办事处，会同联合国驻黎巴嫩国家工作队通过了对雇用家庭佣工的联合国工作人员适用的自愿性行为守则。守则要求联合国工作人员遵守关于雇用佣工照顾家庭和家务的21条具体标准；", "(e) 人权高专办东南亚区域办事处同东南亚国家联盟(东盟)成员国、联合国各机构和民间社会组织组成伙伴，协力推动与保护移徙者相关的几项方案和活动。2010年12月13日，区域办事处同关于国际移徙问题的区域专题工作组合作，举办了一次庆祝《公约》二十周年的活动。2010年12月16日，区域办事处同泰国全国人权委员会、社会发展和人类安全部、泰国皇家警察和反对人口贩运网络合作，举办了一次活动，题为“联手打击人口贩运”。活动期间，推出了关于《有关人权和人口贩运的建议原则和准则》的评论。2011年6月，区域办事处同反对贩运妇女全球联盟合作，举办了一次关于人口走私问题的圆桌讨论会。", "(f) 人权高专办欧洲区域办事处同难民专员办事处和儿童基金会合作，在拯救儿童、难民和流亡者问题欧洲理事会和西班牙加泰罗尼亚最高法院的支助下，举办了一次关于《儿童权利公约》第3条(儿童的最佳利益)在欧洲执行情况的司法座谈会，讨论涉及移徙儿童，包括单身和失散儿童的境况。在2011年7月8日举行的这次座谈会汇集了来自欧洲各地区域和国家法院的法官，以便讨论在处理移徙儿童的程序中如何裁定最佳利益的经验和良好做法。6月22月，区域办事处发起一项工作，研究《公约》和欧洲移徙问题立法和政策的相关发展。在发起这项工作之际，区域办事处在欧洲议会举办了新闻发布会；", "(g) 人权高专办中亚区域办事处积极参与2011年3月难民专员办事处在哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图举办的中亚地区保护难民和国际移徙区域会议；", "(h) 人权高专办西非区域办事处同国际移民组织和难民专员办事处区域办事处都是保护难民和混合移徙问题工作组的创始成员。过去12个月，在该小组的框架内进行了一些活动，以便推动《公约》的批准和实施，包括针对各国政府代表、民间社会、联合国伙伴和移民组织，举办一次活动，庆祝《公约》20周年。区域办事处还提供协助，在国际移民组织和难民专员办事处举办的移徙问题培训班上讲解《公约》，包括有一次为国际移民组织和难民专员办事处关于对移徙中的人提供保护的联合出版物贡献力量；", "(i) 2010年12月6日至8日，人权高专办中非区域办事处会同联合国驻中非共和国办事处的人权部门、国际移民组织和中部非洲国家经济共同体在雅温得举办了关于移徙和人权问题的第一次分区域对话，汇聚了来自下列各国的政府和民间社会组织代表：加蓬，赤道几内亚，乍得，刚果，中非共和国和喀麦隆。", "九. 结论和建议", "36. 秘书长：", "(a) 欢迎从各会员国收到的有关加强保护移徙者人权的立法、规章和政策资料；", "(b) 鼓励各国在向人权理事会普遍定期审查机制提交的国家报告中加入有关保护移徙者人权措施的资料；", "(c) 鼓励人权理事会移徙者人权问题特别报告员继续通过与会员国对话促进保护移徙者人权；", "(d) 鼓励各国批准所有相关国际人权文书，特别是批准和有效实施《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》。秘书长进一步鼓励缔约国根据该《公约》第76条和第77条作出声明，承认保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会拥有接受和审议国家间和个人投诉的管辖权；", "(e) 强调各国依照核心国际人权文书，有义务保护在其管辖下所有人的人权，无论其国籍或移民身份如何，包括身份不正常的移民；", "(f) 敦促各国在行政拘留情况下保护所有移民的基本人权和鼓励各国探讨这种拘留的替代措施；", "(g) 强调许多移徙家庭佣工的处境脆弱，并吁请各国确保制定适当的保护机制，以便保护其人权。", "[1] 第二节包括对第64/166号决议的一些答复，由于迟交，来不及列入关于保护移徙者的上一次报告(A/65/156)。", "[2] 参看CMW/C/ALB/CO/1，CMW/C/SEN/CO/1，CMW/C/ECU/CO/1和CMW/C/MEX/CO/2等文件内委员会的结论意见。", "[3] 审查的背景文件还包括有关移徙者人权的资料，其中包括：有关国家编写的资料，以国家报告形式呈交的资料和人权高专办编写的两份报告，即联合国资料汇编和利益攸关者投入摘要。有关普遍定期审查的所有文件可在以下网站查阅：http：//www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/ Documentation.aspx。", "[4] 见例如A/HRC/16/11，第92.64段和第82段。", "[5] 见A/HRC/15/6，第86.1-12段；A/HRC/15/11，第97.2，4-10段；A/HRC/16/9，第80.2段；A/HRC/16/11，第92.1，15和92-31段；和 A/HRC/17/8，第94.1-9段。", "[6] 见A/HRC/15/6，第84.6段。", "[7] 见A/HRC/17/8，第92.88段和A/HRC/17/10，第86.38段。", "[8] 见A/HRC/15/6，第84.53，85.20段和第86.33段；A/HRC/15/11，第96.44段；A/HRC/16/11，第92.211段；A/HRC/17/8，第92.25，40和91段。", "[9] 见A/HRC/15/11，第95.75和96.46段；A/HRC/16/11，第92.81段；A/HRC/17/7，第89.72段和A/HRC/17/8，第93.26段。", "[10] 见A/HRC/17/10，第86.126段。", "[11] 见A/HRC/15/11，第96.39段和A/HRC/17/10，第86.131和132段。", "[12] 见A/HRC/16/15，第96.22段和A/HRC/16/11，第92.185和213段。", "[13] 见A/HRC/16/11，第92.104，105，144和209段。", "[14] 大会在其第65/212号决议中，表示“赞赏地注意到联合国人权事务高级专员办事处关于移徙儿童权利保护工作国际框架落实过程中的挑战和最佳做法的研究报告”，并邀请“各国在制定和执行各自的移徙政策时，考虑到该研究报告的结论和建议”。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protection of migrants", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/212, contains a summary of communications received from Governments in response to a note verbale dated 7 June 2011 from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), on behalf of the Secretary-General, requesting information on the implementation of that resolution. The report also contains a summary of communications received from Governments in response to a note verbale sent on 8 June 2010 by OHCHR on behalf of the Secretary-General requesting information on the implementation of resolution 64/166. The report also provides information on the status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and on the activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council and OHCHR.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Information 3 from Governments with regard to the implementation of General Assembly resolution \n64/166 \nQatar 3\nPortugal 4\nSpain 5III.Information 6 from Governments with regard to the implementation of General Assembly resolution \n65/212 \nAzerbaijan 6\nCyprus 6\nEcuador 7\nHonduras 7\nMauritius 8\nSlovakia 8IV. Activities 9 of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of \nmigrants V.Status 10 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their \nFamilies VI. Committee 10 on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their \nFamilies VII. Universal 11 periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights \nCouncil VIII. Activities 12 of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights IX.Conclusions 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 10 of its resolution 65/212, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of that resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and to include in the report an analysis of the ways and means to promote the human rights of migrants, in particular how the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families had influenced policy and practice, where applicable, to strengthen the protection of migrants, in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the Convention.", "2. The report summarizes responses received from Member States concerning the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 64/166 (sect. II) and 65/212 (sect. III),[1] and provides information on the activities of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of migrants (sect. IV), the status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (sect. V), the activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (sect. VI), the universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council (sect. VII) and the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (sect. VIII). Conclusions and recommendations are presented at the end of the report (sect. IX).", "II. Information from Governments with regard to the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/166", "3. As at 26 July 2011, replies concerning the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/166, in addition to those included in the previous report (A/65/156), had been received from: Qatar, Portugal and Spain. Summaries of the responses are provided below. The full texts of the responses are available from OHCHR, upon request.", "Qatar", "[Original: Arabic] [15 July 2010]", "The Government reported that the protection of migrants in the State of Qatar is a principle enshrined in the Constitution through the following principles: the society is based on the values of justice and charity, freedom, equality and morals (article 18); all people are equal before the law without discrimination on the basis of race, language or religion (article 35); and every person residing in the State has legal protection for his or her person and property, in accordance with the provisions of the law (article 52).", "The Government further noted that the National Commission for Human Rights is mandated to consider grievances and complaints from migrants and can refer them to the concerned authorities. The Ministry of Labour can also consider disputes between employers and migrant worker employees. The preferred method of dispute resolution is mediation. When this is not possible, cases are referred to the courts.", "Portugal", "[Original: English] [5 August 2010]", "The Government noted that Law No. 23/2007 on the entry, permanence, exit and removal of foreigners into and out of national territory (Aliens Act) and Law No. 147/99 on the promotion of the rights and the protection of children and youngsters at risk constitute the national legal framework on unaccompanied and separated children. Law No. 147/99 includes a set of measures aimed at the promotion of rights and protection of children and youngsters at risk in order to ensure their well-being and integral development.", "The Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, in article 15, paragraph 1, extends to foreigners and stateless persons with residence in Portugal the enjoyment of the same rights, subject to the same duties, as Portuguese citizens.", "The right to health and education as fundamental rights are enshrined in articles 64 and 73 of the Portuguese Constitution. These provisions have a universal nature and cannot be excluded by any restrictive interpretation, as laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 16 of the Constitution.", "The Portuguese health and education systems are universal. This means that every person/child has the right to access health care and education facilities and services and that foreign citizens have the same access as their co-citizens to the health system and to its advantages, including medical care and social security and social services. In addition, according to Decree Law No. 67/2004, public schooling cannot be refused to children due to the irregular situation of their parents. The registry of irregular minors is confidential.", "The Ministry of Health Normative Order No. 25 360 (2001) states that: “All citizens have the right to health and the duty to protect it. An immigrant living in national territory who feels ill or needs medical assistance therefore has the right to be assisted in a health centre or hospital (in case of emergency), and these services cannot refuse to assist him/her because of nationality, lack of economic means, irregular situation or any other reason”. In 2009 the Ministry of Health issued Circular No. 12/DQS/DMD, which clarifies an instruction followed since 2001, according to which irregular immigrants who are in Portugal for over 90 days cannot be refused access to public health care, although, in general terms, they might have to bear the real costs. Exceptions may be made, however, in cases where urgent and vital care are needed, or in case of transmissible diseases that endanger or threaten public health.", "The Government reported that the Ministry of Education has put in place an action plan to help support the around 80,000 non-native students enrolled in Portuguese schools, taking into account the deep change in the school population, implementing measures adequate to the specific situation of those students, aiming at contributing to their full integration in the educational system.", "Spain", "[Original: Spanish] [15 July 2010]", "The Government reported the amendments introduced by Act LO 2/2009, adopted on 12 December 2009, to the previous Act on the Rights, Freedoms and Social Integration of Foreigners in Spain of 2000. Such amendments were motivated by two decisions of the Constitutional Court, European Union directives and the experience of new migrations to Spain. While migrants, regardless of their administrative situation, already enjoyed the rights to urgent health care, child and maternal health care and education in the case of children, some rights, such as the right to be documented, the right to family reunification, the right to work and to freedom of movement, were granted only to regular migrants. The Constitutional Court extended to irregular migrants the right to strike, and to form and join trade unions, demonstrations and associations.", "The Government further reported that the new amendments strengthened the recognition of rights to all migrants, irrespective of their administrative condition. The new act also reinforced the right to judicial protection and expanded the right to family reunification, including protection to legal or common law partners, children and descendants with disabilities, and in some cases to parents, under certain conditions.", "The new act has also introduced amendments regarding the application of sanctions. The principles that guide the application of sanctions are those of proportionality (provided that the sanctions related to the migratory condition are administrative and not criminal), legal guarantees (reduction of the margin of discretion to apply sanctions) and co-responsibility (consideration of the responsibility of Spanish nationals promoting irregular migration). Some of the amendments introduced in this regard include the provision of new administrative offences, both for migrants and for Spanish nationals that have promoted or participated in fraud regarding migrants, the joint liability of contracting and subcontracting enterprises when hiring irregular migrants and failing to comply with their contractual obligations and the establishment of fines as prima facie sanctions, thus limiting the discretion to effect expulsions, which should be exceptional. The new act includes some specific guarantees regarding expulsions: the need to provide explicit justification for such measures, the possibility of revocation in some cases, the provision of some exceptions to expulsion and protections for victims of human trafficking.", "The act also includes some amendments regarding immigration detention centres, which are not considered criminal but precautionary facilities. The legislation provides for alternatives to detention, sets a 60-day limit for such detention and ensures detainees access to non-governmental organizations and national and international bodies working to protect the rights of migrants.", "The Government highlighted the protection provided by the Spanish legislation to the rights of unaccompanied migrant children. The principles guiding such legislation are: the best interest of the child; the preservation of the contact with his/her family; and social and family integration. In this regard, the Spanish legal framework considers a number of flexible possibilities, taking into account the need for immediate protection, the existence of family members or other persons who could take charge of the child and the existence of social protection services in his/her country of origin.", "III. Information from Governments with regard to the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/212", "4. As at 26 July 2011, the Governments of the following Member States had replied to the note verbale sent on 7 June 2011: Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Ecuador, Honduras, Mauritius and Slovakia. Informal summaries of the responses are provided below. The full texts of the responses are available, upon request, from OHCHR.", "Azerbaijan", "[Original: English] [14 July 2011]", "The Government reported that it had ratified a number of international instruments relevant to migration, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, and its Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.", "According to article 69, paragraph 1, of the Constitution of Azerbaijan adopted in 1995, foreigners and stateless persons enjoy equal rights with citizens. Specific rights related to movement and work are reflected in the law on the “Legal status of foreigners and stateless persons” which was adopted in 1996. The Government further noted that Presidential Decree No. 69, dated 4 March 2009, simplifies the procedures for registration of foreigners and stateless persons arriving in the country for residence or work.", "A draft migration code, which has been elaborated for the purpose of protecting the rights of migrants, has been presented to the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan. The Migration Service of Azerbaijan collaborates with the migration authorities of other countries, as well as with international organizations, in order to protect the rights of migrants. The Migration Service also carried out awareness- raising activities through its Migration Information Centre.", "Cyprus", "[Original: English] [18 July 2011]", "The Government noted that although it had not ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, it had taken specific measures to protect the rights of migrants.", "The first national action plan 2010-2012 for the integration of third country nationals legally residing in Cyprus, approved by the Council of Ministers on 13 October 2010, includes eight pillars for action derived from principles developed within the European Union. These pillars are: information, services and transparency; employment; education, learning the language; health; housing, improving quality of life, social protection and interaction; learning the culture, civic participation, basic knowledge of political and social life in Cyprus; participation; and evaluation.", "The Government further noted that trafficking in human beings is considered a cross-border criminal phenomenon and that combating this phenomenon is one of the top priorities of the Ministry of Interior and the Multidisciplinary Coordinating Group against Trafficking in Human Beings. On 22 April 2010, the Council of Ministers adopted a new national action plan against trafficking in human beings. The implementation of the action plan has already commenced, including the publication of information materials and an awareness-raising event on the plan held on 18 October 2010.", "Ecuador", "[Original: Spanish] [14 July 2011]", "The Government reported that Ecuador had ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families on 18 October 2001 and had presented two reports to the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, elaborating measures taken to fulfil its obligations under the Convention.", "The Government noted that the National Secretariat for Migrants had been elevated to the ministerial level in March 2007, and that it had enacted a national development plan for migrants, which aims, inter alia, to protect and promote their human rights.", "The Government further reported that the right to health and to education are guaranteed by the Constitution and that such rights are also extended to foreigners. All migrant children, irrespective of their legal status, are guaranteed the right to education. In addition, important advances have been made to ensure that all children born in Ecuador have nationality, regardless of the legal status of their parents. In addition, parents of children who are Ecuadorian citizens are able to obtain a legal status.", "Articles 61, 95 and 102 of the Constitution provide the right to participation in public affairs for Ecuadorians who are migrant workers. In addition, article 63 gives the right to vote to foreigners who have resided legally in Ecuador for at least five years.", "Honduras", "[Original: Spanish] [20 July 2011]", "On 27 February 2008, the Government reported in the Official Journal of Honduras that it had assigned resources for migrants through the creation of the “Solidarity Fund for Honduran Migrants in Vulnerable Situations”. The Fund contains an assigned annual budget of 15 million lempiras, which should be increased annually by a percentage equivalent to the inflation index established by the Central Bank of Honduras for the previous year. These funds can be allocated to migrants with scarce financial resources for: repatriation of the deceased; serious health conditions; amputations; terminal illnesses; assistance to victims of kidnappings; repatriation of non-accompanied minors; repatriation of men and women in vulnerable conditions; search of persons that went missing during the migration process; and immediate assistance to migrants deported by air or land. The Government further reported that the main beneficiaries of the fund are the 800,000 to 1,000,000 Hondurans who reside in the United States of America, approximately 73,000 of whom are in temporary protected status.", "Honduras has signed and ratified the following international conventions: International Convention for the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the agreement for collaboration and international assistance between the National Commission for Human Rights of Honduras and the National Commission for Human Rights of Mexico.", "Mauritius", "[Original: English] [18 July 2011]", "The Government reported that under national legislation migrant workers enjoy the same terms and conditions of employment as those laid down for local workers. Section 16 of the Constitution provides that no law shall contain any provision that is discriminatory either in and of itself or in its effect. The Employment Rights Act 2008 applies equally to local and expatriate workers, guaranteeing to the latter equal protection in terms and conditions of employment and in the event of termination of employment by their employer.", "The Government noted that the Employment Rights Act of 2008 also guarantees the fundamental right of migrant workers to freedom of association and protects their right to organize and engage in collective bargaining.", "Slovakia", "[Original: English] [21 July 2011]", "The Government reported that it supports equal access to employment for all foreigners who have legal residence in the country, ensuring them equal treatment in terms of recruitment, working conditions and occupational health and safety.", "Special law No. 365/2004 Coll. on equal treatment in certain areas, including protection against discrimination (anti-discrimination act), provides that employers are obliged to treat all employees in accordance with the principle of equal treatment.", "The Government noted that in order to protect the rights of migrants, free support services as well as information on work opportunities and social services are provided free of charge by the offices of labour, social affairs and family through the European Union job mobility portal (EURES) and its departments. Social and legal counselling are also provided by several non-governmental organizations.", "The Government also reported the existence of asylum procedures to provide protection to persons in need of international protection, including persons who have entered the territory of Slovakia illegally. The Asylum Act also contains the possibility of granting asylum on humanitarian grounds, including to elderly, ill or disabled people whose return to their country of origin could pose a serious threat to their lives.", "IV. Activities of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of migrants", "5. The activities of the Special Rapporteur are carried out in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/10 and 17/12, by which the Council extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants for a period of three years.", "6. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur continued to advocate a human rights-based approach to migration and the protection of the human rights of migrants at all stages of the migratory process. In discharging his mandate, the Special Rapporteur met with numerous representatives of international and regional organizations, as well as of civil society, to discuss issues related to his work.", "7. The Special Rapporteur attended the Global Consultation on Migrant Health, organized by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in Madrid from 3 to 5 March 2010. On 6 and 7 October 2010, he participated at the Festival Viva América, organized by Casa de América, in Madrid, Spain. From 4 to 8 October 2010, together with the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, he participated in a conference entitled “Children on the Move”, organized by the Global Movement for Children, Save the Children UK and the Fundació Privada Moviment Mundial a Favor de la Infància, in Barcelona, Spain, from 4 to 8 October 2010.", "8. On 22 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur presented his annual report to the General Assembly (A/65/222). The report focused on the criminalization of migration.", "9. From 8 to 11 November 2010, the Special Representative participated in the Fourth Meeting of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, hosted by the Government of Mexico in Puerto Vallarta. The Forum focused on partnerships for migration and human development.", "10. At the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, the annual thematic report, and the final to be submitted by the outgoing Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Jorge Bustamante, was presented to the Council (A/HRC/17/33). In the first part of the report, the Special Representative recapitulated some of the main thematic issues he has focused on since his nomination, namely irregular migration and the criminalization of migrants, protection of children in the migration process and the right to housing and health of migrants. In the second part, he proposed a few possible themes which merit further research under the mandate. The two themes he considered important for further research and discussion are: migration in the context of climate change; and the political participation and civil rights of migrants.", "11. The Special Rapporteur also presented a report on the communications sent to Governments and the replies received (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) and reports on his country missions to Senegal (A/HRC/17/33/Add.2), Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3) and South Africa (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4).", "12. At the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, François Crépeau (Canada) was appointed as the new Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants.", "V. Status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "13. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families entered into force on 1 July 2003. As at 1 July 2009, 44 States had ratified the Convention: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, the Niger, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Turkey, Uganda and Uruguay. The entry into force of the Convention assists in securing a protective mechanism for the human rights of migrants, including those in irregular situations. All Member States that have not yet become parties to the Convention are urged to consider acceding to it promptly.", "VI. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "14. The Committee, which is composed of 14 independent experts, monitors the implementation of the Convention by its States parties. Since its first session, held in March 2004, the Committee has considered the initial reports submitted by 15 States parties and two periodic reports.", "15. At its thirteenth session, held from 22 November to 3 December 2010, the Committee considered the initial reports of Albania and Senegal (CMW/C/ALB/1 and CMW/C/SEN/1) and the second periodic report of Ecuador (CMW/C/ECU/2). At its fourteenth session, held from 4 to 8 April 2011, the Committee considered the second periodic report of Mexico (CMW/C/MEX/2).[2] The common issues raised by the Committee included: the need for measures to bring legislation into line with the provisions of the Convention; the importance of data collection to assist in the development of sound migration policies; the need to strengthen and expand training programmes for all officials working in the area of migration on the rights enshrined in the Convention; the importance of ensuring that in practice all migrant workers and members of their families, including those in an irregular situation, had access to an effective remedy for the violation of their rights; the need for effective protection of migrants, including those in transit; the need for effective coordination among the different agencies dealing with migration issues; the need to supervise recruitment agencies; and the importance of continuing measures aimed at preventing and combating smuggling and trafficking in human beings.", "16. At its thirteenth session, the Committee adopted its general comment No. 1 on Migrant Domestic Workers. The adoption of the general comment followed a thorough process of consultation, including three public meetings and a day of general discussion on migrant domestic workers, which was held on 14 October 2009.", "17. The twentieth anniversary of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families was commemorated in 2010. The Committee marked the occasion with a series of discussions examining the accomplishments of the Convention in the areas of migration and development and migration and gender and presented its perspective on the wider ratification and more effective implementation of the Convention.", "18. The Committee has examined the second periodic reports of two countries: Ecuador (see CMW/C/ECU/2) and Mexico (see CMW/C/MEX/2). In both cases, the Committee recognized the efforts made and the steps taken by the States parties to implement their obligations under the Convention. In the case of Ecuador, the Committee welcomed the abolition of the exit permit requirement for nationals and foreigners wishing to leave the country (as recommended by the Committee in 2007) and also noted the entry into force of Ministerial Decision No. 337/2008, which guarantees access to preschool, primary and secondary education for children, including adolescents, of migrant workers, regardless of their migratory status (in line with the Committee’s previous recommendation). In the case of Mexico, following the recommendations made by the Committee in 2006, the State party: recognized the Committee’s competence to receive and consider communications from individuals under article 77 of the Convention; adopted the Act to Prevent and Punish Trafficking in Persons and the General Act on Women’s Access to a Life Free of Violence; and incorporated the offence of human trafficking into its federal criminal code.", "VII. Universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council", "19. In 2006, the General Assembly, in its resolution 60/251, decided that the Human Rights Council should undertake a universal periodic review of the fulfilment by each State Member of the United Nations of its human rights obligations and commitments. During the reviews of 159 States undertaken at the 10 sessions of the Council’s Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, recommendations were directed at a number of States", "concerning the protection of migrants.[3] Recommendations included to: review and ensure that national legislation and policies on migrants complied with international human rights law;[4] take treaty action, including with regard to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;[5] cooperate with the special procedures, including the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants;[6] and implement the recommendations of United Nations human rights mechanisms.[7] Other recommendations concerned non-discrimination and equality, especially in access to economic, social and cultural rights, including education and health services,[8] with particular reference to children and migrant women;[9] elimination of criminal sanctions against undocumented migrants;[10] consideration of alternative measures to the detention of migrants;[11] enabling access to justice and legal aid for migrant workers;[12] ensuring that the rights of migrants were respected, particularly by law enforcement officials.[13]", "VIII. Activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "20. OHCHR continues its efforts to strengthen the protection of the human rights of migrants and to ensure that the perspective of the human rights of migrants is included in migration discussions at the national, regional and global levels.", "21. OHCHR promotes the integration of human rights norms and standards in all aspects of migration policy. The Office works to ensure that migrants enjoy human rights without discrimination and works with States and other stakeholders to apply a human rights-based approach to migration, placing the migrants at the centre of migration policies and management and paying particular attention to the situation of marginalized and disadvantaged groups of migrants. A number of thematic areas focus the work of OHCHR on migration; combating discrimination, racism and xenophobia against migrants; promoting the economic, social and cultural rights of migrants; opposing the criminalization of irregular migration; advocating access to safeguards in the context of immigration detention and to alternatives to the detention of migrants; and protecting human rights in the context of mixed migration. In her public statements, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has consistently called for the promotion and protection of the human rights of all migrants, regardless of their status.", "22. In September 2010, OHCHR presented a study at the fifteenth session of the Human Rights Council on challenges and best practices in the implementation of the international framework for the protection of the rights of the child in the context of migration. The study was welcomed by Member States.[14]", "23. Through its active participation in the Global Migration Group, OHCHR has actively sought to promote and mainstream a human rights approach to migration within the United Nations system. From July to December 2010, as Chair of the Global Migration Group, the High Commissioner for Human Rights made the human rights of all migrants, particularly those in an irregular situation, the thematic focus of the Group’s discussions. A landmark joint statement, adopted by the principles of the Group in September, called on the international community to end discrimination and abuses against migrants in an irregular situation. The statement made the important point that international migrants in such circumstances should not be deprived either of their humanity or of their rights. Subsequently, a full-day meeting of experts on the human rights of irregular migrants, organized by OHCHR in October, generated policy recommendations on the issue of human rights and irregular migration which were widely disseminated.", "24. On 17 and 18 May 2011, UNICEF as Chair of the Global Migration Group, convened a practitioners’ symposium on the theme of “Migration and youth: harnessing opportunities for development”. The symposium aimed to bring together a wide range of experts and practitioners to present future trends, discuss current knowledge, highlight existing gaps and share good practices on how to increase the positive impacts and minimize the negative impacts of migration on the development prospects of youth. OHCHR participated in the symposium as a member of the Group’s troika, composed of OHCHR, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).", "25. OHCHR participated in a one-day informal thematic debate on international migration and development, which was convened by the President of the General Assembly on 19 May 2011. The debate was intended to build on the ongoing dialogue on international migration and development and to contribute to the process leading to the second High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, which is to be held at United Nations Headquarters in 2013. Mr. Anthony Lake, the Executive Director of UNICEF, addressed the informal thematic debate in his capacity as Chair of the Global Migration Group, and transmitted a joint statement on behalf of the Group stressing the importance of protecting the fundamental human rights of migrants.", "26. As Chair of the Global Migration Group from July to December 2010, the High Commissioner addressed the fourth Global Forum for Migration and Development, which was held in Puerta Vallarta, Mexico, from 8 to 10 November 2010. In her statement, the High Commissioner called for an end to the criminalization of irregular migrants and urged all States to ratify and effectively implement the core international human rights instruments protecting their human rights in particular the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. On 8 November, OHCHR organized a side event at the Global Forum to commemorate the adoption of the Convention and to call for its ratification.", "27. On 11 and 12 May 2011, a two-day global round table on alternatives to the detention of migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons was organized by OHCHR, in partnership with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The round table brought together representatives from States, OHCHR, UNHCR and other international organizations, human rights mechanisms, regional human rights bodies, national human rights institutions and national and international non-governmental organizations. The round table was organized to build on the results of the panel discussion on migrants in detention centres held during the twelfth session of the Human Rights Council.", "28. OHCHR was invited to provide a training session on the normative framework related to the human rights of migrants organized by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and held in partnership with the Global Migration Group. OHCHR is currently finalizing a set of training modules on migration and human rights for the use of OHCHR field offices and United Nations country teams, as well as other stakeholders, including Governments, national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations.", "29. OHCHR supports efforts to promote the ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, including through the International Steering Committee of the Global Campaign for Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Migrants, the work of which it coordinates. The Steering Committee is a network of international and regional civil society organizations and IOM, ILO, OHCHR and UNESCO. At the thirteenth session of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, in November 2010, an event was jointly organized by the Committee and the Steering Committee to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. The theme chosen for the one-day event was “Protecting rights, building cooperation”. States and other partners made statements and shared their experiences and views on how the Convention has made a difference in migration policies and practices.", "30. On 21 March, the United Nations High Commissioner sent a letter to each of the 15 signatories that have yet to ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, urging them to take prompt action to ratify and implement it.", "31. On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary, the Steering Committee launched a global campaign also calling on Governments to ratify the Convention. In the context of the campaign, letters were sent on behalf of the members of the Steering Committee to nine States (Armenia, Belgium, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia, Kenya, South Africa and Spain) to encourage them to ratify the Convention.", "32. At its thirteenth session, the United Nations Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted general comment No. 1 on Migrant Domestic Workers, in which it recognized the particular vulnerability of migrant workers employed in private homes. The general comment describes the vulnerability of migrant domestic workers and recommends a range of social and legal actions to promote and protect their human rights, including regulation of recruiters, the provision of social security and health services, the protection of labour rights and access to justice and remedies in the event of violations. On the occasion of the International Labour Conference in June 2011, the High Commissioner, in a statement to the Employers’ Group, urged the adoption of robust labour standards to protect domestic workers and to ensure that the rights of migrants are effectively addressed within such standards. On 16 June, ILO adopted the Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, which is supplemented by a recommendation.", "33. In 2011, OHCHR took over the rotating Chair of the Inter-Agency Cooperation Group against Trafficking in Persons, and in this capacity the Office organized a side event during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council to highlight the respective roles of different United Nations entities in protecting victims of trafficking.", "34. The first regional launch of OHCHR’s commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking took place in Bangkok in December 2010. In 2010 and 2011, OHCHR participated in several regional capacity-building events to promote a human rights-based approach to addressing trafficking in persons. These included a consultation in the Gulf region, held in Abu Dhabi, a consultation on the Arab initiative to combat trafficking held in Qatar, and a training held at the International Training Center on Migration and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in Minsk. OHCHR is developing a “Fact sheet on human rights and trafficking”, to complement the tools already developed on this field.", "35. Increasingly, through its field offices, OHCHR has become engaged in migration-related human rights work including through the promotion of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other relevant instruments, training activities, advocacy, technical advice and other initiatives, including:", "(a) The OHCHR office in Colombia assisted the Government in preparing its second report to the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families on its obligations under the Convention;", "(b) The Human Rights Adviser to the office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator in the Republic of Moldova intervened in a landmark case regarding the right to family life of migrants living with HIV, through the provision of a range of legal materials to the Supreme Court of Justice. On 22 December 2010, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the petitioner;", "(c) The OHCHR regional office in Central America, together with the United Nations Development Group’s Latin America and Caribbean regional technical group on human rights, organized a regional training-of-the-trainers session on human mobility in Panama from 29 November to 3 December 2010. The session was designed to build the capacity of staff from different agencies operating in Latin America in order to assist regional Governments in developing policies on mixed migration flows that were grounded in human rights norms and standards. In 2011, the OHCHR regional office continued to promote a human rights approach to migration through regional forums such as the seminar on the human rights of migrant populations, organized by the Regional Conference on Migration in Tegucigalpa from 9 to 11 February 2011;", "(d) The OHCHR regional office in the Middle East joined the United Nations country team in Lebanon in adopting a voluntary code of conduct for United Nations staff who employ domestic workers. The code requests United Nations staff to abide by 21 specific standards regarding the employment of people who care for families and households;", "(e) The OHCHR regional office in South-East Asia worked in partnership with member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), United Nations agencies and civil society organizations on several programmes and activities related to the protection of migrants. On 13 December 2010, in cooperation with the regional thematic working group on international migration, the regional office organized an event to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. On 16 December 2010, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand, the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, the Royal Thai Police and the Anti-Human Trafficking Network, the regional office organized an event entitled “Join hands to combat human trafficking”. The commentary on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking was launched during the event. In June 2011, the regional office organized a round table on human smuggling in collaboration with the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women;", "(f) The OHCHR regional office in Europe, in cooperation with UNHCR and UNICEF and with the support of Save the Children, the European Council on Refugees and Exiles and the Supreme Court of Catalonia, Spain, organized a judicial colloquium on the implementation in Europe of article 3 (best interest of the child) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child regarding the situation of migrant children, including unaccompanied and separated children. The colloquium, which was held on 8 July 2011, brought together judges from regional and national courts in Europe to discuss experiences and good practices in best interest determinations in procedures dealing with migrant children. On 22 June, the regional office launched a study on the Convention and related developments in legislation and policy on migration in Europe. On the occasion of the launch, the regional office organized a press conference at the European Parliament;", "(g) The OHCHR regional office in Central Asia participated actively in a regional conference on refugee protection and international migration in Central Asia, which was organized by UNHCR in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in March 2011;", "(h) The OHCHR regional office in West Africa is a founding member of the regional group on refugee protection and mixed migration, together with the IOM and UNHCR regional offices. Within the framework of the group, several activities have been carried out in the past 12 months to promote the ratification and implementation of the Convention, including the organization of an event, aimed at Government representatives, civil society, United Nations partners and migrants’ organizations, to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. The regional office has also facilitated presentations on the Convention at training sessions on migration issues organized by IOM and UNHCR, including, in one instance, a contribution to a joint IOM-UNHCR publication on the protection of people on the move;", "(i) The OHCHR regional office in Central Africa, together with the human rights component of the United Nations office in the Central African Republic, IOM and the Economic Community of Central African States, organized, from 6 to 8 December 2010 in Yaoundé, the first subregional dialogue on migration and human rights, gathering representatives of Governments and civil society organizations from Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, the Congo, the Central African Republic and Cameroon.", "IX. Conclusions and recommendations", "36. The Secretary-General:", "(a) Welcomes the information received from Member States concerning legislation, regulations and policies to strengthen the protection of the human rights of migrants;", "(b) Encourages States to include in their national reports to the universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council information on measures to protect the human rights of migrants;", "(c) Encourages the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on the human rights of migrants to continue to promote the protection of the human rights of migrants through his dialogue with Member States;", "(d) Encourages States to ratify all relevant international human rights instruments and, in particular, to ratify and effectively implement the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The Secretary-General further encourages States parties to make declarations under articles 76 and 77 of the Convention recognizing the competence of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families to receive and consider inter-State and individual complaints;", "(e) Underlines that States have an obligation under the core international human rights instruments to protect the human rights of all individuals under their jurisdiction, regardless of their nationality or legal status, including migrants who are in an irregular situation;", "(f) Urges States to protect the fundamental human rights of all migrants in the context of administrative detention and encourages States to explore alternatives to such detention;", "(g) Underlines the vulnerability of many migrant domestic workers, and calls on States to ensure that there are adequate protection mechanisms in place to protect their human rights.", "[1] Sect. II includes responses to resolution 64/166 that were not included in the previous report on the protection of migrants (A/65/156) owing to their late submission.", "[2] See the concluding observations of the Committee contained in documents CMW/C/ALB/CO/1, CMW/C/SEN/CO/1, CMW/C/ECU/CO/1 and CMW/C/MEX/CO/2.", "[3] The background documentation for the reviews also included information on the human rights of migrants, including information prepared by the State concerned, in a number of forms, including: a national report and two reports prepared by OHCHR; a compilation of United Nations information; and a summary of input from stakeholders. All documentation regarding the universal periodic review can be accessed at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/ Pages/Documentation.aspx.", "[4] See, for example, A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.64 and 82.", "[5] See A/HRC/15/6, paras. 86.1-12; A/HRC/15/11, paras. 97.2, 4-10; A/HRC/16/9, para. 80.2; A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.1, 15 and 29-31; and A/HRC/17/8, paras. 94.1-9.", "[6] See A/HRC/15/6, para. 84.6.", "[7] See A/HRC/17/8, para. 92.88; and A/HRC/17/10, para. 86.38.", "[8] See A/HRC/15/6, paras. 84.53, 85.20 and 86.33; A/HRC/15/11, para. 96.44; A/HRC/16/11, para. 92.211; and A/HRC/17/8, paras. 92.25, 40 and 91.", "[9] See A/HRC/15/11, para. 95.75 and 96.46; A/HRC/16/11, para. 92.81; A/HRC/17/7, para. 89.72; and A/HRC/17/8, para. 93.26.", "[10] See A/HRC/17/10, para. 86.126.", "[11] See A/HRC/15/11, para. 96.39; and A/HRC/17/10, paras. 86.131 and 132.", "[12] See A/HRC/16/15, para. 96.22; and A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.185 and 213.", "[13] See A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.104, 105, 144 and 209.", "[14] In its resolution 65/212 the General Assembly took note “with appreciation of the study of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on challenges and best practices in the implementation of the international framework for the protection of the rights of the child in the context of migration”, and invited “States to take into account the conclusions and recommendations of the study when designing and implementing their migration policies”." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "∗ A/63/250.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protection of migrants", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 98/12, which contains a summary of communications received from Governments, which responds to a note verbale dated 7 June 2011, sent by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on behalf of the Secretary-General, requesting information on the implementation of the resolution. The present report also contains a summary of communications sent by Governments to OHCHR on behalf of the Secretary-General on 8 June 2010. The note requested information on the implementation of resolution 64/166. The present report also provides information on the status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, the universal periodic review body of the Human Rights Council and the activities of OHCHR.", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "Introduction", "In paragraph 10 of its resolution 63/212, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution and to analyse ways and means to promote the human rights of migrants, in particular, on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Convention, on how the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, as appropriate, affects policies and practices and enhance the protection of migrants.", "The following information is summarized in the sections of the present report: replies received from Member States on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/166 (sect. II) and General Assembly resolution 39/12 (sect. III); activities of the Human Rights Council Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants (sect. IV); status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (sect. 5); activities of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (sect. VI); universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council (sect. VII); activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (sect. The conclusions and recommendations were presented at the end of the report (section IX).", "Information received from Governments on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/166", "As at 26 July 2011, in addition to the replies contained in the previous report (A/65/156), replies were received from the Governments of the following Member States on the implementation of resolution 64/166: Qatar, Portugal and Spain. A summary of these responses is presented below. The full text of the responses is available to OHCHR.", "Qatar", "[Original: Arabic]", "[15 July 2010]", "The Government reported that, in Qatar, the protection of migrants is provided in the Constitution through the following principles: justice and philanthropy, values such as freedom, equality and ethics are based on society (art. 18); equality before the law shall not be based on discrimination based on race, language or religion (art. 35); and, in accordance with the law, all persons residing in the country enjoy legal protection of their physical and property (art.", "The Government also noted that the National Human Rights Commission had a mandate to review the grievances and complaints made by migrants and to transfer them to the relevant authorities. The Ministry of Labour could also review disputes between employers and migrant workers employees. Mediation is the first option for resolving disputes. If it is not possible to resolve, the case will be transferred to the court.", "Portugal", "[Original: English]", "[5 August 2010]", "The Government indicated that Decree No. 23/2007 on entry, long-term residence, exit and expulsion of aliens into and territories of the State constituted a national legal framework for single and separated children. Decree No. 147/99 contains a set of measures aimed at promoting and protecting the rights of children and adolescents at risk in order to ensure their well-being and overall development.", "Article 15, paragraph 1, of the Constitution of the Republic of Portugal stipulates that foreigners and stateless persons residing in Portugal enjoy the same rights as Portuguese citizens and have the same obligations.", "The fundamental rights of health and education are enshrined in articles 64 and 73 of the Portuguese Constitution. As stated in articles 16, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Constitution, these provisions are universal and cannot be excluded by any restrictive interpretation.", "The use of the Portuguese health and education system is universal. This means that everyone/child has the right to health care and access to education facilities and services, while foreign citizens have the same opportunities as Portuguese citizens to use health systems and benefit from them, including health care, social security and social services. In addition, in accordance with Decree No. 67/2004, public schools shall not deny their admission due to the irregular status of their parents. Uncertainty minors are registered as confidential.", "The Constitutional Act No. 25360 (2001) of the Ministry of Health stipulates that “All citizens have the right to health and have the obligation to protect them. Therefore, migrants living in national territory are entitled to access to health centres or hospitals once they feel sick or require medical assistance (in emergencies), which may not be denied assistance because of nationality, shortage of economic means, lack of identity or any other reason). In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a circular No. 12/DQS/DMD, which clarified the directives that have been followed since 2001. In accordance with its provisions, there shall be no denial of access to public medical care for migrants who reside in Portugal for more than 90 days and irregular status, although, in general, they may need to bear actual costs. However, exceptional considerations may be given in cases where emergency care and life-related care are needed or in the case of infectious diseases that may endanger or threaten public health.", "The Government reported that the Ministry of Education had developed a plan of action to support some 80,000 non-local students enrolled in Portuguese schools, taking into account the significant changes in the number of school students and the implementation of measures that were in line with the specific circumstances of those students to promote their full integration into the educational system.", "Spain", "[Original: Spanish]", "[15 July 2010]", "The Government reported that Decree No. LO2/2009, adopted on 12 December 2009, introduced amendments to the 2000 Act on the Rights, Freedom and Integration of Foreigners in Spain. These amendments have been facilitated by two decisions of the Constitutional Court, European Union directives and the experience of new immigrants in Spain. While migrants, irrespective of their administrative status, have the right to emergency health, maternal and child health care and, if they are children, have the right to education, other rights, such as the right to be registered in the archives, the right to family reunification, the right to work and freedom of movement, are granted only to regular immigrants. The Constitutional Court granted the following rights of irregular migrants: the right to strike, organize and join trade unions, demonstrations and associations.", "The Government also reported that the new amendment further recognized the rights of all migrants, regardless of their administrative status. The new bill also strengthens the right to judicial protection and extends the right to family reunification, including the protection of statutory or general legal partners, children and persons with disabilities, and in some cases the protection of parents.", "The new bill also introduced amendments to the implementation of sanctions. The principle of guiding the application of sanctions is the principle of proportionality (which stipulates that migration-related sanctions are administrative sanctions rather than criminal sanctions); legal guarantees (reduce the discretion to impose sanctions) and common responsibilities (taking into account the responsibility of Spanish nationals to induce irregular migrants). Some of the amendments introduced in this regard include the provision of a number of new administrative offences against Spanish nationals who are involved in immigration fraud, the hiring of irregular migrants and contractors who do not perform contractual obligations, the development of fines as a preliminary sanction, thereby limiting the right to liberty, which should be expelled only in exceptional circumstances. The new bill also provides specific guarantees for expulsion, such as the need for a clear justification for such measures, the possibility of removing them in certain circumstances, the granting of certain exceptions to expulsion measures and the protection of victims of trafficking in persons.", "The Act also includes amendments to immigration detention centres to make these facilities a preventive facility rather than to punish the facilities for crime. The legislation provides for alternative measures for detention, which impose 60 days of limitation for such detention and ensure that detainees have the opportunity to seek redress from non-governmental organizations and national and international institutions that protect the rights of migrants.", "The Government emphasizes that Spanish legislation protects the rights of single migrant children. The guiding principles of such legislation are the best interests of the child; their linkages with their families; and social and family integration. In this regard, the Spanish legal framework takes into account a number of flexible possibilities, taking into account the need for immediate protection, and whether family members or other persons can take care of whether these children and the country of origin of children provide social security services.", "Information received from Governments on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 3912", "As at 26 July 2011, the Governments of the following Member States responded to a note verbale dated 7 June 2011: Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Ecuador, Honduras, Mauritius and the Slovak Republic. A summary of these responses is presented below. The full text is available to OHCHR.", "Azerbaijan", "[Original: English]", "[14 July 2011]", "The Government reported that it had ratified a number of international instruments relevant to the issue of migrants, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.", "According to article 69, paragraph 1, of the Azerbaijan Constitution adopted in 1995, foreigners and stateless persons enjoy the same rights as citizens. Specific rights related to action and work have been enshrined in the law on “The legal status of foreigners and stateless persons”. The Government also noted that Presidential Decree No. 69 of 4 March 2009 simplified the registration process for foreigners and stateless persons who arrived in the country.", "A law on migrants that was discussed in detail for the purpose of protecting the rights of migrants was submitted to the Cabinet of Azerbaijan. The Immigration Office of Azerbaijan works with other national immigration authorities and international organizations to protect the rights of migrants. The Office for Migration also conducts awareness-raising activities through immigration information centres.", "Cyprus", "[Original: English]", "[18 July 2011]", "The Government noted that, despite the State's ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, it had taken concrete measures to protect the rights of migrants.", "On 13 October 2010, the Council of Ministers approved the first national action plan for the period 2010-2012 for the integration of third-country nationals lawfully residing in Cyprus, including the eight pillars of the principles established within the European Union. These pillars are: information, services and transparency; employment; education, language; health; housing, improvement of living quality, social protection and interaction; learning culture, citizen participation, basic knowledge of the political and social life of Cyprus; participation; and evaluation.", "The Government also noted that trafficking was seen as a cross-border crime and that combating it was one of the primary tasks of the Ministry of the Interior and the Multidisciplinary Coordination Group on Trafficking in Persons. On 22 April 2010, the Council of Ministers adopted a new national action plan to combat human trafficking. The action plan has begun to implement, including the publication of information and the organization of awareness-raising activities on the plan on 18 October 2010.", "Ecuador", "[Original: English]", "[14 July 2011]", "The Government reported that Ecuador had ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families on 18 October 2001 and had submitted two reports to the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families on measures taken to fulfil its obligations under the Convention.", "The Government noted that the National Migration Secretariat had upgraded to a ministerial unit in March 2007 and had established a national plan for migrants aimed at promoting and protecting the human rights of migrants, in addition to others.", "The Government also reported that the right to health care and education was guaranteed by the Constitution and that the enjoyment of these rights was extended to foreigners. The right to education is guaranteed by all migrant children, regardless of their legal status. In addition, significant progress has been made to ensure that all children born in Ecuador have nationality regardless of their parents' legal status. In addition, children who are citizens of Ecuador have legal status.", "Articles 61, 95 and 102 of the Constitution stipulate that Ecuadorians who are migrant workers are entitled to participate in public affairs. In addition, article 63 grants voting rights to foreigners lawfully residing in Ecuador for at least five years.", "Honduras", "[Original: English]", "[20 July 2011]", "On 27 February 2008, the Government reported in the Official Gazette of Honduras that it had allocated specific resources to migrants through the creation of the “Health Fund for the Solidarity of the Honduran Migrants in the Situation”. The Fund's designated annual budget of 1,500 million in pla and should be added by an equal percentage of each year in accordance with the inflation index established by the Central Bank of Honduras for the previous year. These funds can be allocated to migrants who have been displaced by funding shortfalls for the following purposes: return of those who have been killed; reputants; amputants; disincentives; assistance to the victims of kidnapping; repatriation of single minors; repatriation of those in dire situations; identification of those who have disappeared during the relocation process; emergency assistance to migrants who have been deported through air or land. The Government also reported that the main beneficiaries of the Fund were 800,000 to 1 million Honduras residing in the United States of America, some 37,000 of whom were temporarily protected.", "Honduras has signed and ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the cooperation and international assistance agreements between the National Human Rights Commission of Honduras and the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico.", "Mauritius", "[Original: English]", "[18 July 2011]", "The Government reported that, according to national legislation, migrant workers enjoyed the same conditions of employment, mutatis mutandis, for local workers. Article 16 of the Constitution stipulates that no law itself or its effect shall be discriminatory. The Employment Rights Bill 2008 applies equally to local labour and foreign labour and guarantees equal protection in terms of terms and conditions of employment and when employers terminate their employment.", "The Government noted that the Employment Rights Bill 2008 also guaranteed the fundamental right of migrant workers to freedom of association and the right to organize collective bargaining.", "Slovenia", "[Original: English]", "[21 July 2011]", "The Government reported that all foreigners lawfully residing in the country enjoyed equal employment opportunities and ensured that they enjoyed equal treatment in terms of recruitment, working conditions and occupational health and safety.", "Special Decree No. 365/2004 on equal treatment in certain areas, including the provision on protection against discrimination (discrimination law) stipulates that employers are obliged to treat all employees in compliance with the principle of equal treatment.", "The Government noted that, in order to protect the rights of migrants, offices relating to labour, social affairs and family issues have provided free information on job opportunities and social services through the European Union vocational mobility portal and its sectors. Social and legal advice was also provided by several non-governmental organizations.", "The Government also reported that asylum procedures had been established to provide protection to persons in need of international protection, including those who had entered the territory of Slovakia. The Asylum Act also stipulates that asylum may be granted on humanitarian grounds, including the return of persons with disabilities who may pose a serious threat to their lives.", "Activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants of the Human Rights Council", "In accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/10 and 17/12, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants extended his mandate for a period of three years.", "During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur continued to advocate for the human rights-based approach to migration and the protection of the human rights of migrants at all stages of the migration process. In fulfilling its mandate, the Special Rapporteur met with representatives of many international and regional organizations and civil society to discuss issues related to its work.", "From 3 to 5 March 2010, the Special Rapporteur attended a global consultation on the health of migrants organized jointly by the International Organization for Migration and the World Health Organization. On 6 and 7 October 2010, in Madrid, Spain, he participated in the American Capital Day, organized by the American Association of Housing and attended by the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery. From 4 to 8 October 2010, he participated in a meeting organized jointly by the Global Campaign for Children, the United Kingdom for Save the Children and the Moviment Mun Private Foundation, a Favor de la Infancia, entitled “Childs in Mobile”.", "On 22 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur submitted his annual report to the General Assembly (A/65/222). The report focuses on the issue of criminalizing migration.", "From 8 to 11 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in the fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, hosted by the Government of Mexico, in Port Banatar. The Forum focused on partnerships between migration and human development.", "At the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur presented to the Council the final annual thematic report (A/HRC/17/33) prepared by the upcoming Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Jaorge Bustamante. After his nomination, the Special Rapporteur highlighted, inter alia, a number of key thematic issues of study, namely, irregular migration and migration as crimes, the right to protect children and migrants in the migration process. In part two of his report, he proposed a number of possible topics that merit further study, in accordance with his mandate. In his view, the two topics for further study and discussion were: migration in the context of climate change; and political participation and citizenship of migrants.", "The Special Rapporteur also submitted the following reports: communications and replies received to Governments (A/HRC/17/33/Add.1) and reports on his missions to Senegal (A/HRC/17/33/Add.2), Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3) and South Africa (A/HRC/17/33/Add.4).", "At its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council appointed François Crépeau (Canada) as the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of new migrants.", "Status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families entered into force on 1 July 2003. As at 1 July 2009, 44 States had ratified the Convention: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Belize, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Turkey, Uganda and Uruguay. The entry into force of the Convention contributes to the establishment of human rights protection mechanisms for the protection of migrants, including irregular migrants. All Member States that have not yet done so are urged to consider acceding to this instrument promptly.", "Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "The Committee is composed of 14 independent experts to monitor the implementation of the Convention by the State party. Since its first session in March 2004, the Committee has considered the initial and two periodic reports submitted by 15 States parties.", "At its thirteenth session, held from 22 November to 3 December 2009, the Committee considered the initial report of Albania and Senegal (CMW/C/ALB/1 and CMW/C/SEN/1) and the second periodic report of Ecuador (CMW/C/ECU/2). The second periodic report of Mexico (CMW/C/MEX/2) was considered at the fourteenth session, held from 4 to 8 April 2011. [2] The common issues raised by the Committee include the need to take measures to bring legislation into line with the provisions of the Convention; the urgent need to collect data to assist in the development of sound immigration policies, the need to strengthen and expand training programmes to all officials working in the area of migration; the urgent need to ensure that all migrant workers and members of their families, including irregular migrants, have access to effective remedies for violations of their rights; the need for effective coordination among the various institutions dealing with migrants; and the need to monitor recruitment institutions and the need for measures to prevent and combat trafficking in persons.", "At its thirteenth session, the Committee adopted general comment No. 1 on migrant domestic workers. The general comments were preceded by a thorough consultation process, including three public meetings and a general discussion on migrant domestic workers held on 14 October 2009.", "The commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families was held in 2010. The Committee took this opportunity to hold a series of discussions to review the achievements of the Convention in the areas of migration and development and migration and gender, and presented the Committee's views on wider ratification and more effective implementation of the Convention.", "The Committee considered the second periodic report of Ecuador (see CMW/C/ECU/2) and Mexico (see CMW/C/MEX/2). In both cases, the Committee recognizes the efforts and steps taken by the State party to fulfil its obligations under the Convention. In Ecuador, the Committee welcomes (as recommended by the Committee in 2007) the State's request for the removal of the exit permit by nationals and foreigners wishing to leave. It also noted that Ministerial Decision No. 337/2008 had entered into force. (in accordance with the Committee's previous recommendation) that it ensure that children of migrant workers, including adolescents, are given the opportunity to participate in preschool classes and to receive primary and secondary education. In Mexico, in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee in 2009, the State party acknowledges that the Committee has the right to receive and consider communications submitted by individuals pursuant to article 77 of the Convention; that the State party has adopted the Law on the Prevention and Punishment of Trafficking in Persons and the Law on Women's Rights to enjoy life without violence; and that the State party incorporate trafficking in persons into the Federal Criminal Code.", "Universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council", "In 2006, the General Assembly, in its resolution 60/251, decided that the Human Rights Council should regularly review the implementation of human rights obligations and commitments by each Member State of the United Nations. In 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, during the first 10th meetings of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review of the Council, the situation of 159 countries was reviewed and recommendations were made to some States for the protection of migrants. [3] Recommendations include reviewing national legislation and policies on migrants and ensuring their compliance with international human rights law; [4] taking treaty actions, including those relating to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; [5] cooperating with the special procedures of the Council, including the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants; and [6] implementing the recommendations of the United Nations human rights mechanisms. [7] Other recommendations relate to, inter alia, non-discrimination and equality in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, including education and health services, [8] which refers in particular to children and migrant women; [9] removal of criminal sanctions against migrants who have no identity documents; [10] consideration of other measures to alternative detention of migrants; [11] access to justice and legal assistance for migrant workers; [12] ensuring respect for the rights of migrants, in particular law enforcement officials. [13]", "Activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "OHCHR continued its efforts to strengthen the protection of the human rights of migrants and to ensure that the perspective of the human rights of migrants is integrated into national, regional and global migration discussions.", "OHCHR advocates the integration of human rights norms and standards into all aspects of migration policies. The Office strives to ensure the enjoyment of human rights by migrants, non-discrimination and, in cooperation with States and other stakeholders, to apply a human rights-based approach to migration, to the core of migration policies and management, with particular emphasis on the marginalized vulnerable groups in migrants. The work of OHCHR has focused on the following thematic areas: migration; combating discrimination, racism and xenophobia against migrants; promoting economic, social and cultural rights of migrants; opposition to treat irregular migrants as crimes; alternative measures in immigration detention that can be taken to safeguards and to detention of migrants; and protecting human rights in mixed migration. In her public statement, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has repeatedly called for the promotion and protection of the human rights of all migrants, regardless of their status.", "In September 2010, OHCHR presented a study at the fifteenth session of the Human Rights Council on the international framework for the protection of children's rights in the context of migration, as well as best practices and challenges faced. The study was welcomed by Member States. [14]", "Despite its active participation in the work of the Global Migration Group, OHCHR has also sought to promote and mainstream human rights approaches within the United Nations system. From July to December 2010, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, in her capacity as Chairman of the Global Migration Group, identified the human rights of all migrants, in particular irregular migrants, as a thematic focus of the panel. The main participants of the group adopted a landmark joint statement in September calling on the international community to end discrimination and abuse against irregular migrants. The statement made a point of view that international migrants in such situations should not be deprived of their human dignity and rights. Subsequently, OHCHR organized a expert meeting on the human rights of irregular migrants in October for a full day. The meeting made a number of policy recommendations on human rights and irregular migration issues and disseminated widely.", "On 17 and 18 May 2011, UNICEF served as Chairman of the Global Migration Group to convene a seminar of practitioners on the theme “Migration and youth: opportunities for extractive development”. The workshop was aimed at bringing together a wide range of experts and practitioners to discuss future trends, existing knowledge, highlight existing gaps and share good practices on how to increase the positive impact of migration on the development prospects of young people and minimize their negative impacts. OHCHR participated in the workshop in its capacity as a member of the Panel (compared with OHCHR, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).", "OHCHR participated in the informal thematic debate on international migration and development. The debate was held by the President of the General Assembly on 19 May 2011, in order to contribute to the process leading to the holding of the Second High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development at United Nations Headquarters in 2013. In his capacity as Chair of the Global Migration Group, the UNICEF Executive Director, Mr. An Easterniuk, addressed the informal thematic debate and transmitted a joint statement highlighting the importance of protecting the fundamental human rights of migrants.", "The High Commissioner addressed the Fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, held in Barcelona, Mexico, from 8 to 10 November 2010, in her capacity as Chairman of the Global Migration Group for the period from July to December 2010. In her statement, the High Commissioner called for an end to treat irregular migration as a crime and urged all States to ratify and effectively implement core international human rights instruments for the protection of the human rights of migrants, in particular the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. On 8 November, OHCHR organized a side event of the Global Forum to commemorate the adoption of the Convention and called for its ratification.", "On 11 and 12 May 2011, OHCHR organized a two-day global round-table discussion with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, on the theme of alternative measures for the detention of migrants, refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless persons. The round table brought together representatives from States, OHCHR, UNHCR and other international organizations, human rights mechanisms, regional human rights institutions, national human rights institutions and national and international non-governmental organizations. The purpose of the round table was to build on the results achieved during the panel discussion held at the twelfth session of the Human Rights Council on migration in detention centres.", "OHCHR was invited to provide training courses on the normative framework for the human rights of migrants, which was co-sponsored by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Global Migration Group. OHCHR is currently finalizing a training module on migration and human rights for use by OHCHR field offices and United Nations country teams, as well as other stakeholders, including Governments, national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations.", "OHCHR supports efforts, including through the International Steering Committee of the Global Campaign to Promote the Ratification of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The Steering Committee is a network of international and regional civil society organizations, the International Organization for Migration, ILO, OHCHR and UNESCO, coordinated by OHCHR. At the thirteenth session of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, in November 2010, the Committee and the Steering Committee jointly organized a event to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. The theme selected for this one-day event was “protection rights, cooperation”. Statements were made by representatives of States and other partners and shared experiences and views on how the Convention could promote its immigration policies and practices.", "On 21 March, the United Nations High Commissioner sent a letter to 15 signatory States that had not ratified the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, urging them to act swiftly and ratify and implement the Convention.", "At the commemoration of the twentieth anniversary, the Steering Committee launched a global campaign calling on Governments to ratify the Convention. In the context of the campaign, letters were sent to the following nine States, which encouraged them to ratify the Convention: Armenia, Belgium, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Indonesia, Kenya, South Africa and Spain.", "At its thirteenth session, the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted general comment No. 1 on migrant domestic workers, which confirmed that migrant workers employed in private households are particularly vulnerable. The general comment describes the vulnerability of migrant domestic workers and recommends that social and legal actions be taken to promote and protect their human rights, including the regulation of recruitment institutions, the provision of social security and health services, the protection of labour rights and, once rights are violated, the opportunity to seek justice and remedies. The High Commissioner addressed the employer group at the International Labour Conference in 2011, urging them to adopt sound labour standards to protect domestic workers and ensure that the rights of good migrants are effectively addressed within such standards. On 16 June, ILO adopted the Convention on the decent work of domestic workers and added a recommendation.", "In 2011, OHCHR assumed the Chair of the Inter-Agency Cooperation Group against Trafficking in Persons and, in his capacity as Chairperson, organized a side event during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council highlighting the respective roles of United Nations entities in protecting victims of trafficking.", "OHCHR recommended principles and guidelines on human rights and human trafficking, and activities launched in the first region were held in Bangkok in December 2010. In 2010 and 2011, OHCHR participated in several regional capacity-building activities to advocate for a human rights-based approach to human trafficking. These activities included the holding of a Gulf Regional Consultation in Abu Dhabi; the holding of consultations on the Arab Anti-Trafficking Initiative in Qatar and a training at the International Training Centre for Migration and Trafficking in Human Beings in Minsk. OHCHR is developing a matrix on human rights and human trafficking to complement the tools already developed in this area.", "Through its field offices, OHCHR has been increasingly involved in migration-related human rights through the promotion of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other relevant instruments, training activities, advocacy activities, technical advice and other initiatives, including:", "(a) The OHCHR Colombian Office assists the Government in the preparation of its second report to the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, in accordance with its obligations under the Convention;", "(b) Human rights advisers in the Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator in the Republic of Moldova, through the provision of legal material to the Supreme Court, engage in a landmark case concerning the right of migrants infected with HIV to have family life. On 22 December 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that the complainant was successful;", "(c) The OHCHR Regional Office for Central America, together with the United Nations Development Group technical team for Latin America and the Caribbean on human rights, organized a regional training course on population flows for trainers in Panama from 29 November to 3 December 2010. The purpose is to build their capacity and assist the Governments of the countries of the region in order to develop a policy on mixed movements, in accordance with human rights norms and standards. In 2011, OHCHR regional offices continued to advocate for a human rights approach to migration through regional forums such as the regional seminar on the human rights of migrants held in Tegucigalpa from 9 to 11 February 2011.", "(d) The OHCHR Regional Office for the Middle East, with the United Nations country team in Lebanon, adopted a voluntary code of conduct applicable to United Nations staff employed for domestic workers. The Code requires United Nations staff to adhere to the 21 specific criteria for the hiring of domestic workers to care for their families and household chores;", "(e) The OHCHR Regional Office for South-East Asia, in partnership with member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), United Nations agencies and civil society organizations, has worked to promote several programmes and activities related to the protection of migrants. On 13 December 2010, the Regional Office, in cooperation with the regional thematic working group on international migration, organized a campaign to mark the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. On 16 December 2010, the Regional Office, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Commission of Thailand, the Ministry for Social Development and Human Security, the Royal Thai police and the Anti-Human Trafficking Network, organized a event entitled “Combating Human Trafficking”. During the event, comments on the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking were launched. In June 2011, the Regional Office, in collaboration with the Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women, organized a round table on population smuggling.", "(f) The OHCHR Regional Office for Europe, in cooperation with UNHCR and UNICEF, organized a judicial symposium on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Children's best interests) in Europe, with the support of the Council of Europe for Saving the Children, Refugees and In exile, to discuss the situation of migrant children, including single and separated children. The symposium, held on 8 July 2011, brought together judges from regional and national courts from all regions of Europe in order to discuss the best practices and good practices in the process of dealing with migrant children. In 22 June, the Regional Office launched a work to study relevant developments in the Convention and in European legislation and policies on migration. On the occasion of this work, regional offices organized press conferences in the European Parliament;", "(g) The OHCHR Regional Office for Central Asia participated actively in the Regional Conference on the Protection of Refugees and International Migration in Central Asia, held in Almaty, Kazakhstan, in March 2011;", "(h) The OHCHR Regional Office for West Africa, together with the International Organization for Migration and the UNHCR Regional Office, are founding members of the Working Group on the Protection of Refugees and Mixed Migration. In the past 12 months, a number of activities have been carried out within the framework of the Group to promote ratification and implementation of the Convention, including an event to representatives of Governments, civil society, United Nations partners and immigration organizations to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Convention. The Regional Office also provided assistance to address the Convention at the International Organization for Migration and UNHCR training sessions on migration, including a joint publication of the International Organization for Migration and UNHCR on the protection of migrants;", "(i) From 6 to 8 December 2010, the OHCHR Regional Office for Central Africa organized the first subregional dialogue on migration and human rights in Yaoundé with representatives of Governments and civil society organizations from Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Congo, the Central African Republic and Cameroon.", "Conclusions and recommendations", "The Secretary-General:", "(a) Welcoming legislative, regulatory and policy information received from Member States on strengthening the protection of the human rights of migrants;", "(b) Encourage States to include information on measures to protect the human rights of migrants in national reports to the universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council;", "(c) Encourage the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants of the Human Rights Council to continue to promote the protection of the human rights of migrants through dialogue with Member States;", "(d) Encourage States to ratify all relevant international human rights instruments, in particular the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. The Secretary-General further encourages the State party to make declarations in accordance with articles 76 and 77 of the Convention, recognizing the competence of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families to receive and consider complaints from States and individuals;", "(e) Underscores the obligation of States, in accordance with core international human rights instruments, to protect the human rights of all persons under their jurisdiction, regardless of their nationality or immigration status, including irregular migrants;", "(f) Urge States to protect the basic human rights of all migrants in administrative detention and encourage States to explore alternative measures to such detention;", "(g) Emphasize the vulnerability of many migrant domestic workers and call upon States to ensure that appropriate protection mechanisms are put in place to protect their human rights.", "Section II includes a number of responses to resolution 64/166, which was not included in the last report on the protection of migrants due to late submission (A/65/156).", "[2] See the Committee's concluding observations in documents such as CMW/C/ALB/CO/1, CMW/C/SEN/CO/1 and CMW/C/MEX/CO/2.", "The background paper for the review also includes information on the human rights of migrants, including information prepared by the State concerned on the form of the national report and two reports prepared by OHCHR, namely, the compilation of United Nations information and the summary of stakeholder inputs. All documents relating to the universal periodic review are available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/ Documentation.aspx.", "[4] See, for example, A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.64 and 82.", "[5] See A/HRC/15/6, paras. 861-12; A/HRC/15/11, paras. 97.2,4-10; A/HRC/16/9, paras. 80.2; A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.1, 15 and 92-31; and A/HRC/17/8, paras.", "[6] See A/HRC/15/6, para.", "[7] See A/HRC/17/8, para. 92.88 and A/HRC/17/10, para.", "[8] See A/HRC/15/6, paras. 84,85.20 and 86.33; A/HRC/15/11, para. 96.44; A/HRC/16/11, para. 92.211; A/HRC/17/8, paras.", "[9] See A/HRC/15/11, paras. 95.75 and 96.46; A/HRC/16/11, para. 92.81; A/HRC/17/7, para. 89.72 and A/HRC/17/8, para.", "[10] See A/HRC/17/10, para.", "[11] See A/HRC/15/11, paras. 96.39 and A/HRC/17/10, paras. 86.131 and 132.", "[12] See A/HRC/16/15, paras. 96.22 and A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.185 and 21.3.", "[13] See A/HRC/16/11, paras. 92.104, 105, 144 and 209.", "[14] In its resolution 63/212, the General Assembly expressed its appreciation to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights for the study on challenges and best practices in the implementation of the international framework for the protection of the rights of migrant children”, and invited “States to take into account the conclusions and recommendations of the study in the formulation and implementation of their migration policies”." ]

[ "主席： 曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生 (印度) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 费尔南德斯先生 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 布里安先生 \n 加蓬 蒙加拉·穆索奇先生 \n 德国 贝格尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 齐亚德女士 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 丘尔金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "中东局势", "下午3时10分开会。", "向卸任主席致谢", "主席(以英语发言)：由于这是2011年8月份安全理事会的第一次会议，我谨借此机会代表安理会赞扬德国常驻代表彼得·维蒂希先生阁下在2011年7月份担任安全理事会主席期间所提供的服务。维蒂希大使及其代表团以出色的外交技巧主持了安理会上个月的工作，我相信我是代表安全理事会全体成员向他们表示最深切谢意的。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中东局势", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "在安全理事会成员磋商之后，我受权代表他们发表以下声明：", "“安全理事会对叙利亚局势的不断恶化表示严重关切，对成百上千的人丧生深表遗憾。", "“安全理事会谴责叙利亚当局广泛侵犯人权和对平民使用武力。", "“安全理事会呼吁立即停止所有暴力，敦促各方实行最大克制，不进行报复，包括不袭击国家机构。", "“安全理事会呼吁叙利亚当局充分尊重人权，遵守适用的国际法规定的义务。应该追究那些应对暴力负责的人的责任。", "“安全理事会注意到叙利亚当局宣布改革承诺，对在实施方面缺乏进展表示遗憾，呼吁叙利亚政府履行承诺。", "“安全理事会重申对叙利亚主权、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺。安理会强调，叙利亚当前危机的唯一解决办法，是开展包容各方和由叙利亚领导的政治进程，其目标是切实解决民众的合法愿望和关切，使全国人民得以充分享有基本自由，包括言论自由与和平集会自由。", "“安全理事会呼吁叙利亚当局缓和危机地区的人道主义局势，为此停止对受影响的城镇使用武力，允许国际人道主义机构和工作人员迅速无阻地进入，并与人权事务高级专员办事处充分合作。", "“安全理事会请秘书长在7天内向其通报叙利亚国内的最新情况。”", "本声明将作为安全理事会文件印发，文号为S/PRST/2011/16。", "我现在请希望发言的代表发言。", "齐亚德女士(黎巴嫩)(以阿拉伯语发言)：请允许我引用黎巴嫩代表在安全理事会4月27日会议上所作的发言：", "“黎巴嫩发生的事情影响叙利亚，而叙利亚发生的事情影响黎巴嫩。历史以最有说服力的方式证明了这个事实……全体黎巴嫩人民今天比以往任何时候都更全心全意地支持叙利亚的主权和领土完整、叙利亚人民和叙利亚儿童的安全与保障……我们对叙利亚有人遇难表示遗憾。我们向遇难者家属表示慰问，并希望叙利亚将享有和平与进步。”(S/PV.6524,中文第8页)", "鉴于黎巴嫩认为今天通过的主席声明S/PRST/2011/16无助于处理目前的叙利亚局势，黎巴嫩表示不赞同该声明。", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午3时15分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mr. Fernandes \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Briens \n\tGabon\tMr. MoungaraMoussotsi\n Germany Mr. Berger \n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Churkin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Expression of thanks to the outgoing President", "The President: As this is the first meeting of the Council for the month of August 2011, I should like to take this opportunity to pay tribute, on behalf of the Council, to His Excellency Mr. Peter Wittig, Permanent Representative of Germany, for his services as President of the Security Council for the month of July 2011. I am sure I speak for all members of the Council in expressing deep appreciation to Ambassador Wittig and his delegation for the great diplomatic skill with which they conducted the Council’s business last month.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in the Middle East", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "After consultations among Council members, I have been authorized to make the following statement on their behalf:", "“The Security Council expresses its grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Syria, and expresses profound regret at the death of many hundreds of people.", "“The Security Council condemns the widespread violations of human rights and the use of force against civilians by the Syrian authorities.", "“The Security Council calls for an immediate end to all violence and urges all sides to act with utmost restraint, and to refrain from reprisals, including attacks against State institutions.", "“The Security Council calls on the Syrian authorities to fully respect human rights and to comply with their obligations under applicable international law. Those responsible for the violence should be held accountable.", "“The Security Council notes the announced commitments by the Syrian authorities to reform, and regrets the lack of progress in implementation, and calls upon the Syrian Government to implement its commitments.", "“The Security Council reaffirms its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria. It stresses that the only solution to the current crisis in Syria is through an inclusive and Syrian-led political process, with the aim of effectively addressing the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the population which will allow the full exercise of fundamental freedoms for its entire population, including that of expression and peaceful assembly.", "“The Security Council calls on the Syrian authorities to alleviate the humanitarian situation in crisis areas by ceasing the use of force against affected towns, to allow expeditious and unhindered access for international humanitarian agencies and workers, and to cooperate fully with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "“The Security Council requests the Secretary-General to update the Security Council on the situation in Syria within seven days.”", "This statement will be issued as a document of the Security Council under the symbol S/PRST/2011/16.", "I now give the floor to those representatives who wish to make a statement.", "Ms. Ziade (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): Allow me to quote from the statement made by the representative of Lebanon at the Security Council meeting of 27 April:", "“What takes place in Lebanon affects Syria, and what takes place in Syria affects Lebanon. History has demonstrated that fact most convincingly … Today, more than ever, the hearts and minds of all Lebanese people stand in support of Syria’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, its people and the safety and security of its children … We regret the deaths of the victims. We extend our condolences to their families and hope that Syria will enjoy peace and progress.” (S/PV.6524, p. 9)", "As Lebanon believes that presidential statement S/PRST/2011/16 adopted today does not help to address the current situation in Syria, Lebanon disassociates itself from the statement.", "The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 3.15 p.m." ]

[ "Chairman: Mr. Manjif Singh Purri (India) member: Mr. Barbarić, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Fernández, China", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Expression of thanks to the outgoing President", "The President: As this is the first meeting of the Security Council for the month of August 2011, I should like to take this opportunity to pay tribute, on behalf of the Council, to His Excellency Mr. Peter Vitashi, Permanent Representative of Germany, for the services provided during his presidency of the Security Council in July 2011. Ambassador Vitihi and his delegation presided over the work of the Council last month with excellent diplomatic skills, and I am convinced that I have expressed their deepest gratitude to all members of the Security Council.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in the Middle East", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "After consultations among members of the Security Council, I have been authorized to make the following statement on behalf of them:", "“The Security Council expresses its grave concern at the worsening situation in Syria and regrets the loss of hundreds of thousands of people.", "“The Security Council condemns the widespread violations of human rights and the use of force against civilians by the Syrian authorities.", "“The Security Council calls for an immediate cessation of all violence and urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint and refrain from reprisals, including against State institutions.", "“The Security Council calls upon the Syrian authorities to fully respect human rights and comply with their obligations under applicable international law. Those responsible for responding to violence should be held accountable.", "“The Security Council notes the announcement by the Syrian authorities of a commitment to reform and regrets the lack of progress in implementation and calls upon the Government of Syria to honour its commitments.", "“The Security Council reiterates its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria. The Council stresses that the only solution to the current crisis in Syria is the political process that is inclusive and led by Syria, with the goal of effectively addressing the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the population and enabling the people of the country to fully enjoy fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.", "“The Security Council calls upon the Syrian authorities to alleviate the humanitarian situation in the crisis area by halting the use of force against affected towns, allowing the rapid and unhindered access of international humanitarian institutions and staff and cooperating fully with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "“The Security Council requests the Secretary-General to keep it informed, within seven days, of the country's internal update.”", "This statement will be issued as a document of the Security Council under the symbol S/PRST/2009/16.", "I now give the floor to those who wish to make statements.", "Ms. Ziaid (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): Allow me to cite Tripoli. Statement made by the representative of Brazil at the meeting of the Security Council on 27 April:", "“The events in Lebanon affect Syria, while what happens in Syria affects Lebanon. This fact is evidenced in the most persuasive way of history: the entire Lebanese people are more than ever fully committed to supporting Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity, the security and safety of the Syrian people and the Syrian children. We express our condolences to the families of the victims and hope that Syria will enjoy peace and progress.” (S/PV.6524, Chinese, p. 8)", "In view of Lebanon's view that presidential statement S/PRST/2009/16 adopted today does not help to deal with the current situation in Syria, Lebanon does not agree with that statement.", "The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 3.15 p.m." ]

[ "安全理事会主席声明", "安全理事会主席在2011年8月3日安全理事会第6598次会议上，就安理会审议的题为“中东局势”的项目，代表安理会发表声明如下：", "“安全理事会对叙利亚局势的不断恶化表示严重关切，对成百上千的人丧生深表遗憾。", "“安全理事会谴责叙利亚当局广泛侵犯人权和对平民使用武力。", "“安全理事会呼吁立即停止所有暴力，敦促各方实行最大克制，不进行报复，包括不袭击国家机构。", "“安全理事会呼吁叙利亚当局充分尊重人权，遵守适用的国际法规定的义务。应该追究那些应对暴力负责的人的责任。", "“安全理事会注意到叙利亚当局宣布改革承诺，对在实施方面缺乏进展表示遗憾，呼吁叙利亚政府履行承诺。", "“安全理事会重申对叙利亚主权、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺。安理会强调，叙利亚当前危机的唯一解决办法，是开展包容各方和由叙利亚领导的政治进程，其目标是切实解决民众的合法愿望和关切，使全国人民得以充分享有基本自由，包括言论自由与和平集会自由。", "“安全理事会呼吁叙利亚当局缓和危机地区的人道主义局势，为此停止对受影响的城镇使用武力，允许国际人道主义机构和工作人员迅速无阻地进入，并与人权事务高级专员办事处充分合作。", "“安全理事会请秘书长在7天内向其通报叙利亚国内的最新情况。”" ]

[ "Statement by the President of the Security Council", "At the 6598th meeting of the Security Council, held on 3 August 2011, in connection with the Council’s consideration of the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”, the President of the Security Council made the following statement on behalf of the Council:", "“The Security Council expresses its grave concern at the deteriorating situation in Syria, and expresses profound regret at the death of many hundreds of people.", "“The Security Council condemns the widespread violations of human rights and the use of force against civilians by the Syrian authorities.", "“The Security Council calls for an immediate end to all violence and urges all sides to act with utmost restraint, and to refrain from reprisals, including attacks against state institutions.", "“The Security Council calls on the Syrian authorities to fully respect human rights and to comply with their obligations under applicable international law. Those responsible for the violence should be held accountable.", "“The Security Council notes the announced commitments by the Syrian authorities to reform, and regrets the lack of progress in implementation, and calls upon the Syrian Government to implement its commitments.", "“The Security Council reaffirms its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity of Syria. It stresses that the only solution to the current crisis in Syria is through an inclusive and Syrian-led political process, with the aim of effectively addressing the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the population which will allow the full exercise of fundamental freedoms for its entire population, including that of expression and peaceful assembly.", "“The Security Council calls on the Syrian authorities to alleviate the humanitarian situation in crisis areas by ceasing the use of force against affected towns, to allow expeditious and unhindered access for international humanitarian agencies and workers, and cooperate fully with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "“The Security Council requests the Secretary-General to update the Security Council on the situation in Syria within 7 days.”" ]

[ "Statement by the President of the Security Council", "At the 6598th meeting of the Security Council, held on 3 August 2011, the President of the Security Council made the following statement on behalf of the Council on the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”.", "“The Security Council expresses its grave concern at the worsening situation in Syria and regrets the loss of hundreds of thousands of people.", "“The Security Council condemns the widespread violations of human rights and the use of force against civilians by the Syrian authorities.", "“The Security Council calls for an immediate cessation of all violence and urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint and refrain from reprisals, including against State institutions.", "“The Security Council calls upon the Syrian authorities to fully respect human rights and comply with their obligations under applicable international law. Those responsible for responding to violence should be held accountable.", "“The Security Council notes the announcement by the Syrian authorities of a commitment to reform and regrets the lack of progress in implementation and calls upon the Government of Syria to honour its commitments.", "“The Security Council reiterates its firm commitment to the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Syria. The Council stresses that the only solution to the current crisis in Syria is the political process that is inclusive and led by Syria, with the goal of effectively addressing the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the population and enabling the people of the country to fully enjoy fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.", "“The Security Council calls upon the Syrian authorities to alleviate the humanitarian situation in the crisis area by halting the use of force against affected towns, allowing the rapid and unhindered access of international humanitarian institutions and staff and cooperating fully with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "“The Security Council requests the Secretary-General to keep it informed, within seven days, of the country's internal update.”" ]